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converted_docs | 199823 | > {width="1.8847222222222222in"
> height="2.8958333333333335in"}
>
> Elizabeth C. O'Quinn
>
> Bachelor of Science
>
> Wofford College, 2006
>
> Major: Biology, Pre-medical
>
> Emphasis: Computational Science
>
> Faculty Advisor: Dr. Angela B. Shiflet
>
> Program: Research Alliance in Math & Science
>
> ORNL: <oquinnec@ornl.gov>
>
> Personal: <oquinnec@gmail.com>
**Research Area: Computational Biology/Vascular Remodeling/Kinetics**
Intimal hyperplasia (IH), the thickening of the tunica intima of a blood
vessel, is a universal response of an artery to injury. The occlusion of
an artery due to IH can occur in a stenosed artery that has been treated
with balloon angioplasty or that has been injured, and is a significant
reason for late bypass failure. In an artery which illustrates IH,
vascular smooth muscle cells migrate from the tunica media (middle) to
the tunica intima (inner) layer of the artery wall in response to
biochemical gradients of various cytokines, such as platelet derived
growth factor (PDGF). IH may be stimulated, enhanced, or inhibited by
cytokines released from invading inflammatory cells and by cellular
signaling after the denudation of endothelial cells lining an artery. In
order to predict which patients will develop IH following vascular
injury and to understand the conditions under which estrogen and hormone
replacement therapy have beneficial and/or detrimental influence on the
development of IH, my project is to develop a conceptual theoretical
model that describes the processes involved in IH using ArgoUML, a
Unified Modeling Language tool for diagrammatically modeling
object-oriented system designs. This conceptual model will be integrated
into a mathematical model of vascular remodeling under development by
Oak Ridge National Laboratory in collaboration with the Vascular
Research Laboratory at the University of Tennessee Medical Center in
Knoxville.
**Research Mentors:**
Kara Kruse, M.S.E. and Richard Ward, Ph.D.
Modeling and Simulation Group
Computational Sciences and Engineering Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
\(865\) 574-5154
<krusekl@ornl.gov>/<wardrc1@ornl.gov>
| en |
markdown | 546605 | # Presentation: 546605
## Coordinate Variable Identification with the axis Attribute
- Russ Rew, UCAR Unidata
- GO-ESSP, June 2007
## Summary of Axis Proposal
- Clarifies ambiguity in when to use **axis** attribute
- to identify horizontal coordinate variables
- to specify orientation of coordinate system
- Resolves CF inconsistency in prohibition for rotated latitude / longitude
- Prohibits use for auxiliary coordinate variables
- Recommends use for coordinate variables
- Points out benefits compared to status quo
## The Process: a Model for CF Decisions?
- Vigorous email debate and discussion (39 postings, 9 participants, 3 months)
- Proposal drafted when email died down
- Proposal entered as Trac ticket, further discussion invited
- No discussion occurred
- Proposal adopted
- No test file yet for compliance validation ...
## Why No Discussion on Trac Wiki?
- Interested participants already voiced opinions on email?
- Proposal not very controversial?
- Arguing against a public proposal is harder/riskier than discussing with email?
- Too much effort required to offer a counter-proposal?
- CF Wiki site is unfamiliar or hard to use?
## Email Versus Wiki
- Email or forums for permanent record of issues, debate, and discussion
- Email requires participation
- short efforts (minutes)
- over a long period (months)
- Wiki for collaborative editing and maintenance of concrete proposals and documents
- Wiki needs committed participant
- large effort (hours)
- short time interval (days) | en |
markdown | 199288 | # Presentation: 199288
## RTO West Formation Process
- Vancouver, B.C.
- December 4, 2002
## RTO West Formation
- RTO West followed FERC Order 2000 directive regarding collaborative process.
- We expect parties in each region will work together to identify the appropriate RTO regions...and develop a timely application in accordance with the Final Rule.
- We encourage Canadian and Mexican entities to participate in continued RTO consultations and, if appropriate, formation and filings for cross-border RTOs.
- RTO West has benefited from active and strong Canadian participation in RTO West processes from the outset.
## RTO West Formation
- RTO West formed in Fall of 1999 by Northwest transmission owners – Includes Avista, BPA, Puget Sound Energy, Portland General Electric, Nevada Power, Sierra Pacific Power Company, Idaho Power Company, Pacificorp, Northwestern Energy, and British Columbia Power Authority. Known as the filing utilities
- Filing utilities determined that extensive public involvement was a key principle in developing the RTO West filings. Particularly true in the Pacific Northwest and Canada.
- Created an extensive public process to encourage feedback and advice on all major issues in the filing documents.
## Regional Representatives Group
- RTO West formed the Regional Representatives Group (RRG).
- RRG consists of public power participants (public generators, rural co-ops, transmission dependent utilities/BPA customers), marketers, the environmental community, Tribes, states, Canadian representatives, and the filing utilities. Representatives are self-selected.
- RRG is the principal region-wide mechanism for getting feedback on RTO West proposals. While self-selected representatives sit at the table, RRG meetings are open to everyone.
- Need in the future for the RRG to be more collaborative than it has been in the recent past where focus has been on getting filings submitted to FERC in a timely manner.
## Technical Work Groups
- RTO West formed technical work groups open to all interested parties to participate in developing the filing documents. Used extensively for the Stage 1 filing.
- The Market Design and Tariff Work Groups have been meeting to follow through on the directions from FERC in its Stage 2 Order to RTO West.
- The extensive technical work is now going through some review and evaluation and resolution of some of the outstanding crucial open questions.
## Stakeholder Collaborative Process
- Stakeholder groups formed by self-selection to participate in developing work products of the designated work groups.
- Each work group has stated objective. Filing utilities develop straw proposals for work groups to consider. Stakeholders and filing utilities discuss issues and seek consensus on approaches and solutions.
- If consensus is not reached within work groups, filing utilities determine whether to (1) prepare a straw proposal, (2) refer particular issues to RRG (for review and input) and then to filing utilities, or (3) take other action to move forward.
- Filing utilities responsible for final drafting of documents. Send out drafts for final stakeholder review and comment before filing.
## Seams Resolution Processes
- The three western RTO development efforts (RTO West, California Independent System Operator, and WestConnect) have formed the Seams Steering Group – Western Interconnection (SSG-WI). The activities of the SSG-WI and its work groups are set out on its website – _[www.ssg-wi.com](http://www.ssg-wi.com/)__. Three representatives and an alternate from each RTO effort serve on SSG-WI._
- Five work groups are open to all interested parties. They include congestion management, price reciprocity, planning, market monitoring, and common systems interface coordination. Their schedules and work plans are on website. Currently developing an issues list for submission to FERC in early January.
- FERC is placing reliance on SSG-WI to develop approaches for enhancing an open western market.
## Collaboration Opportunities
- RTO West information can be found at the RTO West website – _[www.rtowest.com](http://www.rtowest.com/)__. This includes a vast amount of information about RTO West from the outset to the present._
- You can sign up for the RRG list server and receive all e-mails that are sent to the RRG. To subscribe to the exploder send an e-mail to: _[Listserv@list.rtowest.com](mailto:Listserv@list.rtowest.com)__. In the body of the e-mail type “subscribe RRGA-L John Doe” (Don’t put the quotes in when you type it in.) Do not put any other words in the body, i.e., no signature blocks, confidentiality blocks, etc._
- For direct contacts with RTO West, you can call Chris Elliott or Judy Welch at (503) 262-9421 or Sarah Dennison-Leonard at (503) 219-9649 or Bud Krogh at (206) 464-1872. The names of all representatives on the RRG are on the RTO West website. | en |
all-txt-docs | 072289 | Braille Materials in CATALAN
1. Library of Congress, NLS materials:
Titles in braille (BRF) acquired for the NLS Special
Foreign Library Collection. Available through NLS
cooperating libraries from the Multistate Center
East:
Antologa General de la Poesa Catalana
(poetry anthology) (BRF 1263)
Antologa Potica (BRF 1164)
Diccionari Breu Castell-Catal (Spanish-
Catalan Dictionary) (BRF 1044)
Diccionari Breu Catal-Castell (Catalan-
Spanish Dictionary) (BRF 1043)
Gramtica Catalana (Catalan grammar for
Spanish speakers) (BRF 1094)
Recull de Contes Catalans (1850-1950)
(Stories in Catalan) (BRF 1074)
Tirant lo Blanch (BRF 1413)
2. Other U.S source:
Audio-Forum
One Orchard Park Road
Madison, CT 06443
Tel.: 800-243-1234, fax: (203) 245-0769,
E-mail: info@audioforum.com
www.audioforum.com
(sells audio language learning materials)
3. Foreign source:
Organitzaci Nacional de Cecs
Impremta Braille de l'ONCE
Pere IV, 78-84 - 1 planta
08005 Barcelona
SPAIN
Tel.: (34-3) 300-14-54
(braille press)
| en |
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06 10440 CYPRESS ELEMENTARY 44465 5459 418 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10620 DAVIS JOINT UNIFIED 74571 9691 619 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10680 DEATH VALLEY UNIFIED 648 69 12 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10710 DEHESA ELEMENTARY 1763 158 15 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10740 DEL MAR UNION ELEMENTARY 27153 3119 132 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10770 DEL NORTE COUNTY UNIFIED 28705 4849 1137 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10800 DEL PASO HEIGHTS ELEMENTARY 17405 3111 1073 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10860 DELANO JOINT UNION HIGH 62383 3753 1065 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10890 DELANO UNION ELEMENTARY 47319 7814 2674 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00039 DELHI UNIFIED 11283 2822 504 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 10980 DELPHIC ELEMENTARY 121 11 3 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11010 DELTA VIEW JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 586 94 22 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11040 DENAIR UNIFIED 6282 1391 229 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11100 DESERT CENTER UNIFIED 1241 106 12 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11110 DESERT SANDS UNIFIED 170321 29499 4910 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11130 DI GIORGIO ELEMENTARY 1026 202 58 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00065 DINUBA UNIFIED 22990 5546 1693 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11220 DIXIE ELEMENTARY 21382 2479 108 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11280 DIXON UNIFIED 20098 4524 327 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00033 DOS PALOS ORO LOMA JOINT UNIFIED 11833 2992 815 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11430 DOUGLAS CITY ELEMENTARY 931 105 21 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11460 DOWNEY UNIFIED 121195 25335 3290 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11490 DRY CREEK JOINT ELEMENTARY 44100 6910 314 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11520 DUARTE UNIFIED 28869 6063 727 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00019 DUBLIN UNIFIED 30106 4535 203 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11550 DUCOR UNION ELEMENTARY 1390 272 72 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11610 DUNHAM ELEMENTARY 840 92 10 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11670 DUNSMUIR ELEMENTARY 2503 252 54 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11700 DUNSMUIR JOINT UNION HIGH 2927 139 21 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11730 DURHAM UNIFIED 5182 1136 117 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11760 EARLIMART ELEMENTARY 10137 2111 980 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11780 EAST NICOLAUS JOINT UNION HIGH 3212 189 19 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11820 EAST SIDE UNION HIGH 499728 26416 3087 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11850 EAST WHITTIER CITY ELEMENTARY 72925 11813 973 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11870 EASTERN SIERRA UNIFIED 4172 680 62 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11910 EASTSIDE UNION ELEMENTARY 16818 3390 537 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 11940 EDISON ELEMENTARY 5010 922 131 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12030 EL CENTRO ELEMENTARY 41212 6769 1668 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12070 EL DORADO UNION HIGH 125008 6464 381 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12090 EL MONTE CITY ELEMENTARY 86321 14147 3904 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12120 EL MONTE UNION HIGH 182722 10034 2413 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12150 EL NIDO ELEMENTARY 1188 213 41 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12180 EL RANCHO UNIFIED 63211 14052 1936 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12210 EL SEGUNDO UNIFIED 16733 2758 91 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00026 EL TEJON UNIFIED 8018 1690 232 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12330 ELK GROVE UNIFIED 233693 55048 7332 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12360 ELK HILLS ELEMENTARY 400 70 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12420 ELKINS ELEMENTARY 321 34 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12600 ELVERTA JOINT ELEMENTARY 3084 314 39 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12630 EMERY UNIFIED 6907 526 47 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12690 EMPIRE UNION ELEMENTARY 29989 5055 680 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12750 ENCINITAS UNION ELEMENTARY 65731 7206 516 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12810 ENTERPRISE ELEMENTARY 32168 4394 1082 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12840 ESCALON UNIFIED 15405 3480 483 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12880 ESCONDIDO UNION ELEMENTARY 154883 23871 3613 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12910 ESCONDIDO UNION HIGH 157640 7794 824 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12930 ESPARTO UNIFIED 5147 1075 117 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 12960 ETIWANDA ELEMENTARY 52731 9239 332 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13000 ETNA UNION ELEMENTARY 3185 266 36 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13020 ETNA UNION HIGH 5344 456 65 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00052 EUREKA CITY UNIFIED 33534 5109 1217 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13080 EUREKA UNION ELEMENTARY 32478 5023 213 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13140 EVERGREEN ELEMENTARY 90631 13436 1095 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13170 EVERGREEN UNION ELEMENTARY 6372 866 139 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13200 EXETER UNION ELEMENTARY 13478 2273 498 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13230 EXETER UNION HIGH 16441 1014 189 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13290 FAIRFAX ELEMENTARY 8730 1656 511 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13360 FAIRFIELD-SUISUN UNIFIED 120595 25928 2999 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13470 FALL RIVER JOINT UNIFIED 9408 1640 271 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13500 FALLBROOK UNION ELEMENTARY 60259 6910 1147 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13530 FALLBROOK UNION HIGH 74478 3051 339 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00035 FARMERSVILLE UNIFIED 9464 2484 815 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13710 FEATHER FALLS UNION ELEMENTARY 386 45 14 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00037 FERNDALE UNIFIED 2943 522 55 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13740 FIELDBROOK ELEMENTARY 919 106 5 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13800 FILLMORE UNIFIED 18561 4240 844 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13840 FIREBAUGH-LAS DELTAS JOINT UNIFIED 8637 2340 671 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13860 FLOURNOY UNION ELEMENTARY 193 25 9 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13890 FOLSOM-CORDOVA UNIFIED 106031 19490 2514 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13920 FONTANA UNIFIED 163645 43464 8891 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 13980 FORESTHILL UNION ELEMENTARY 7222 975 79 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14010 FORESTVILLE UNION ELEMENTARY 7574 877 124 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14040 FORKS OF SALMON ELEMENTARY 231 12 3 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14070 FORT BRAGG UNIFIED 14664 2268 388 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14100 FORT JONES UNION ELEMENTARY 1582 111 24 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14130 FORT ROSS ELEMENTARY 662 86 19 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00011 FORT SAGE UNIFIED 2255 401 69 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14160 FORTUNA UNION ELEMENTARY 7264 816 222 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14190 FORTUNA UNION HIGH 21062 1106 179 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14220 FOUNTAIN VALLEY ELEMENTARY 56548 7553 282 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14250 FOWLER UNIFIED 9120 2055 478 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14340 FRANKLIN ELEMENTARY 2923 434 45 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14370 FRANKLIN-MCKINLEY ELEMENTARY 84501 13060 2914 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14400 FREMONT UNIFIED 204139 37323 2411 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14430 FREMONT UNION HIGH 211398 8581 558 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14490 FRENCH GULCH-WHISKEYTOWN ELEMENTARY 408 44 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14520 FRESHWATER ELEMENTARY 2502 413 94 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14550 FRESNO UNIFIED 400733 88877 30395 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14700 FRUITVALE ELEMENTARY 18026 3160 187 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14730 FULLERTON ELEMENTARY 115958 16071 2235 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14760 FULLERTON JOINT UNION HIGH 251685 12339 1614 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14790 GALT JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 26512 4810 610 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14820 GALT JOINT UNION HIGH 35344 2049 259 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14880 GARDEN GROVE UNIFIED 283052 57196 10519 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14910 GARFIELD ELEMENTARY 360 65 11 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14940 GARVEY ELEMENTARY 55957 8129 2512 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14950 GATEWAY UNIFIED 28403 4726 874 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14970 GAZELLE UNION ELEMENTARY 415 53 14 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15000 GENERAL SHAFTER ELEMENTARY 1280 243 72 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15090 GERBER UNION ELEMENTARY 3752 619 159 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15150 GEYSERVILLE UNIFIED 1885 340 41 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15180 GILROY UNIFIED 50693 11450 1535 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15240 GLENDALE UNIFIED 225526 37912 7134 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15270 GLENDORA UNIFIED 38325 8226 489 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15390 GOLD OAK UNION ELEMENTARY 8885 1053 82 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15450 GOLD TRAIL UNION ELEMENTARY 5974 697 24 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15480 GOLDEN FEATHER UNION ELEMENTARY 2540 323 80 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 91134 GOLDEN PLAINS UNIFIED 8314 2202 537 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00068 GOLDEN VALLEY UNIFIED 10536 2233 51 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15510 GOLETA UNION ELEMENTARY 71265 5473 384 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00046 GONZALES UNIFIED 8685 2259 643 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15600 GORMAN ELEMENTARY 139 10 2 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15690 GRANT ELEMENTARY 2899 451 38 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15750 GRANT JOINT UNION HIGH 186417 16692 3972 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15780 GRASS VALLEY ELEMENTARY 25749 2734 521 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15810 GRATTON ELEMENTARY 572 120 21 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15840 GRAVENSTEIN UNION ELEMENTARY 6212 728 24 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15870 GRAVES ELEMENTARY 170 21 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 15990 GREEN POINT ELEMENTARY 186 26 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16050 GREENFIELD UNION ELEMENTARY 38992 7269 1593 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16080 GREENFIELD UNION ELEMENTARY 14452 2782 748 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16110 GRENADA ELEMENTARY 1137 142 37 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00051 GRIDLEY UNIFIED 9633 1976 484 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16230 GROSSMONT UNION HIGH 457775 23070 2030 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16260 GUADALUPE UNION ELEMENTARY 5836 1097 276 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16320 GUERNEVILLE ELEMENTARY 5698 569 108 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16323 GUSTINE UNIFIED 8933 1897 360 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16325 HACIENDA LA PUENTE UNIFIED 121395 26722 3681 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16410 HAMILTON UNION ELEMENTARY 2804 469 101 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16440 HAMILTON UNION HIGH 3432 215 40 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16470 HANFORD ELEMENTARY 41109 6592 1522 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16500 HANFORD JOINT UNION HIGH 62477 3623 623 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16530 HAPPY CAMP UNION ELEMENTARY 1300 167 41 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16560 HAPPY VALLEY ELEMENTARY 1345 123 12 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16570 HAPPY VALLEY UNION ELEMENTARY 6087 791 102 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16620 HARMONY UNION ELEMENTARY 4796 554 78 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16650 HART-RANSOM UNION ELEMENTARY 4059 698 76 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16680 HAWTHORNE ELEMENTARY 77431 13277 3606 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16740 HAYWARD UNIFIED 162671 29931 3611 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00044 HEALDSBURG UNIFIED 15302 2783 294 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16830 HEBER ELEMENTARY 3816 706 140 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16860 HELENDALE ELEMENTARY 5618 599 60 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 16920 HEMET UNIFIED 130008 22011 3999 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17040 HERMOSA BEACH CITY ELEMENTARY 19377 1500 75 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00014 HESPERIA UNIFIED 77972 18558 2922 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17160 HICKMAN ELEMENTARY 1284 293 60 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17190 HILLSBOROUGH CITY ELEMENTARY 10670 1588 67 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17220 HILMAR UNIFIED 10961 2365 399 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17340 HOLLISTER SCHOOL DISTRICT 43018 7631 859 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17400 HOLT UNION ELEMENTARY 958 142 14 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17430 HOLTVILLE UNIFIED 9156 2093 398 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17490 HOPE ELEMENTARY 15056 1426 129 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17520 HOPE ELEMENTARY 653 84 23 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17580 HORICON ELEMENTARY 1541 97 7 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17620 HORNBROOK ELEMENTARY 799 68 13 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17640 HOT SPRINGS ELEMENTARY 390 36 7 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17760 HOWELL MOUNTAIN ELEMENTARY 4057 432 10 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17850 HUENEME ELEMENTARY 57238 9037 2051 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 17880 HUGHES-ELIZABETH LAKES UNION ELEMENTARY 4042 591 24 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00060 HUGHSON UNIFIED 7946 1782 316 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18030 HUNTINGTON BEACH CITY ELEMENTARY 85294 9030 572 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18060 HUNTINGTON BEACH UNION HIGH 325569 14253 1317 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18120 HYDESVILLE ELEMENTARY 1353 166 29 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18160 IGO ONO PLATINA UNION ELEMENTARY 1080 120 21 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18210 IMPERIAL UNIFIED 16653 2650 326 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18240 INDIAN DIGGINGS ELEMENTARY 135 14 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18270 INDIAN SPRINGS ELEMENTARY 288 47 14 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18390 INGLEWOOD UNIFIED 119667 26632 6992 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 84500 IRVINE UNIFIED 148203 26562 1632 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18510 ISLAND UNION ELEMENTARY 1640 285 53 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18660 JACOBY CREEK ELEMENTARY 2704 281 33 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18690 JAMESTOWN ELEMENTARY 9337 507 101 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18730 JAMUL-DULZURA UNION ELEMENTARY 8495 1316 61 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18780 JANESVILLE UNION ELEMENTARY 3666 546 52 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18810 JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY 263 36 5 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18840 JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY 6730 1712 38 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18870 JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY 87094 10414 1346 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18930 JEFFERSON UNION HIGH 142100 6404 456 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 18990 JOHN SWETT UNIFIED 15199 2972 220 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19050 JOHNSTONVILLE ELEMENTARY 1318 211 46 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19140 JULIAN UNION ELEMENTARY 4266 572 95 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19110 JULIAN UNION HIGH 4700 283 17 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19170 JUNCTION CITY ELEMENTARY 731 71 3 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19200 JUNCTION ELEMENTARY 4071 558 40 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19230 JUNCTION ELEMENTARY 203 24 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19260 JURUPA UNIFIED 102162 24833 4643 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32340 KASHIA ELEMENTARY 58 7 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19320 KELSEYVILLE UNIFIED 12050 2221 290 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19380 KENTFIELD ELEMENTARY 11317 1251 95 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19410 KENWOOD ELEMENTARY 4447 224 11 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19440 KEPPEL UNION ELEMENTARY 19030 3510 754 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19490 KERMAN UNIFIED 16085 3827 1056 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19540 KERN UNION HIGH 525152 31033 6032 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19590 KERNVILLE UNION ELEMENTARY 12906 1227 320 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19620 KEYES UNION ELEMENTARY 5262 1015 206 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19650 KING CITY JOINT UNION HIGH 32676 2130 425 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19680 KING CITY UNION ELEMENTARY 14635 2595 652 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19700 KINGS CANYON JOINT UNIFIED 43270 9598 2825 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19740 KINGS RIVER UNION ELEMENTARY 3408 781 259 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19770 KINGS RIVER-HARDWICK UNION ELEMENTARY 3024 523 71 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19800 KINGSBURG JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 13718 2137 433 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19830 KINGSBURG JOINT UNION HIGH 15580 885 150 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19860 KIRKWOOD ELEMENTARY 342 59 12 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19890 KIT CARSON UNION ELEMENTARY 1987 325 35 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19920 KLAMATH RIVER UNION ELEMENTARY 525 50 14 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19950 KLAMATH-TRINITY JOINT UNIFIED 6242 1276 376 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 19980 KNEELAND ELEMENTARY 298 50 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20010 KNIGHTS FERRY ELEMENTARY 496 114 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20040 KNIGHTSEN ELEMENTARY 2127 336 29 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20070 KONOCTI UNIFIED 23111 3867 1138 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20130 LA CANADA UNIFIED 18598 4660 208 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20160 LA GRANGE ELEMENTARY 77 11 2 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20190 LA HABRA CITY ELEMENTARY 51990 8098 1730 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20220 LA HONDA-PESCADERO UNIFIED 4040 709 47 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20250 LA MESA-SPRING VALLEY 131155 17614 1890 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20310 LAFAYETTE ELEMENTARY 28755 4275 173 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20370 LAGUNA BEACH UNIFIED 32114 3555 163 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20430 LAGUNA JOINT ELEMENTARY 403 34 2 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20460 LAGUNA SALADA UNION ELEMENTARY 37149 4737 94 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20490 LAGUNITA ELEMENTARY 192 26 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20520 LAGUNITAS ELEMENTARY 3789 474 50 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20610 LAKE ELEMENTARY 392 73 13 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00027 LAKE ELSINORE UNIFIED 99144 22750 2807 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20640 LAKE TAHOE UNIFIED 37362 6165 637 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20670 LAKEPORT UNIFIED 11747 2118 462 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20700 LAKESIDE JOINT ELEMENTARY 2725 317 33 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20730 LAKESIDE UNION ELEMENTARY 7399 1308 140 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20760 LAKESIDE UNION ELEMENTARY 2981 568 164 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20790 LAKESIDE UNION ELEMENTARY 42271 6159 475 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20820 LAMMERSVILLE ELEMENTARY 1875 374 27 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20850 LAMONT ELEMENTARY 16150 3078 954 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20880 LANCASTER ELEMENTARY 96860 17373 3892 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 20910 LARKSPUR ELEMENTARY 13439 1415 44 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22380 LAS LOMITAS ELEMENTARY 11090 1323 13 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21000 LAS VIRGENES UNIFIED 64755 14604 489 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21060 LASSEN UNION HIGH 28552 1108 132 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21090 LASSEN VIEW UNION ELEMENTARY 2892 363 96 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21150 LATON JOINT UNIFIED 3452 801 113 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21180 LATROBE ELEMENTARY 1930 247 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21210 LAWNDALE ELEMENTARY 48902 8149 1670 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42580 LAYTONVILLE UNIFIED 2856 490 130 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21240 LE GRAND UNION ELEMENTARY 2667 541 104 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21270 LE GRAND UNION HIGH 8890 699 159 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 09665 LEGGETT VALLEY UNIFIED 612 129 34 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21330 LEMON GROVE ELEMENTARY 34903 5316 664 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21360 LEMOORE UNION ELEMENTARY 23630 4057 629 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21400 LEMOORE UNION HIGH 35408 2042 342 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21420 LENNOX ELEMENTARY 30830 6520 2334 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21480 LEWISTON ELEMENTARY 1848 193 50 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21540 LIBERTY ELEMENTARY 1880 185 3 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21570 LIBERTY ELEMENTARY 2030 218 54 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21600 LIBERTY UNION HIGH 68066 3757 192 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21660 LINCOLN ELEMENTARY 105 7 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21690 LINCOLN UNIFIED 47345 9321 1695 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21810 LINDEN UNIFIED 11752 2355 261 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21870 LINDSAY UNIFIED 16101 4010 1476 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21900 LINNS VALLEY-POSO FLAT UNION 592 74 15 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21930 LITTLE LAKE CITY ELEMENTARY 35530 5767 555 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21960 LITTLE SHASTA ELEMENTARY 341 47 7 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21990 LIVE OAK ELEMENTARY 22378 1786 302 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22050 LIVE OAK UNIFIED 9451 2085 567 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22110 LIVERMORE VALLEY JOINT UNIFIED 76247 15520 1183 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22170 LIVINGSTON UNION ELEMENTARY 14632 2771 584 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22230 LODI UNIFIED 159946 34073 6273 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22320 LOLETA UNION ELEMENTARY 1409 173 37 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22350 LOMA PRIETA JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 3739 497 48 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22410 LOMPOC UNIFIED 58015 12130 2127 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22440 LONE PINE UNIFIED 2417 404 92 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22500 LONG BEACH UNIFIED 529216 107394 31064 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22560 LOOMIS UNION ELEMENTARY 22232 2829 211 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22590 LOS ALAMITOS UNIFIED 50985 7919 307 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22620 LOS ALAMOS ELEMENTARY 1608 281 63 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22650 LOS ALTOS ELEMENTARY 39252 5050 212 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22710 LOS ANGELES UNIFIED 4638918 888621 248359 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22740 LOS BANOS UNIFIED 34164 8156 941 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22830 LOS GATOS UNION ELEMENTARY 27338 3618 192 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22800 LOS GATOS-SARATOGA JOINT UNION 53591 2683 121 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22860 LOS MOLINOS UNIFIED 3686 686 143 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22890 LOS NIETOS ELEMENTARY 16488 2707 350 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22920 LOS OLIVOS ELEMENTARY 1754 263 22 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 22950 LOST HILLS UNION ELEMENTARY 2646 494 153 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23010 LOWELL JOINT ELEMENTARY 35987 5187 379 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23040 LUCERNE ELEMENTARY 3569 352 40 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00015 LUCERNE VALLEY UNIFIED 6529 1274 232 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23080 LUCIA MAR UNIFIED 70366 11784 1340 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23130 LUTHER BURBANK ELEMENTARY 4173 561 58 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23160 LYNWOOD UNIFIED 73522 19929 5182 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23340 MADERA UNIFIED 79342 18440 5512 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23430 MAGNOLIA ELEMENTARY 63043 8305 2005 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23460 MAGNOLIA UNION ELEMENTARY 236 32 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23530 MAMMOTH UNIFIED 8058 1302 167 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23550 MANCHESTER UNION ELEMENTARY 845 108 33 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00025 MANHATTAN BEACH UNIFIED 35332 5488 150 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23610 MANTECA UNIFIED 98280 22182 1839 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23670 MANTON JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 408 47 12 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23700 MANZANITA ELEMENTARY 1062 199 32 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23730 MAPLE CREEK ELEMENTARY 52 13 2 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23760 MAPLE ELEMENTARY 541 104 25 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23800 MARCUM-ILLINOIS UNION ELEMENTARY 960 119 22 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23820 MARICOPA UNIFIED 1945 408 69 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23940 MARIPOSA COUNTY UNIFIED 17800 2660 404 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 23970 MARK TWAIN UNION ELEMENTARY 8268 944 146 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24000 MARK WEST UNION ELEMENTARY 13524 1479 208 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24030 MARTINEZ UNIFIED 30632 5145 233 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24090 MARYSVILLE JOINT UNIFIED 55854 12006 3078 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00038 MATTOLE UNIFIED 548 72 16 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24150 MAXWELL UNIFIED 2084 438 78 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24180 MCCABE UNION ELEMENTARY 2891 311 16 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24210 MCCLOUD UNION ELEMENTARY 1643 177 46 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24230 MCFARLAND UNIFIED 12384 2940 1063 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24300 MCKINLEYVILLE UNION ELEMENTARY 13902 1777 270 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24330 MCKITTRICK ELEMENTARY 240 44 10 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24360 MCSWAIN UNION ELEMENTARY 4918 774 122 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24390 MEADOWS UNION ELEMENTARY 2135 379 82 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24480 MENDOCINO UNIFIED 5807 712 95 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00022 MENDOTA UNIFIED 10662 2470 840 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24540 MENIFEE UNION ELEMENTARY 50083 5292 491 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24570 MENLO PARK CITY ELEMENTARY 24829 2747 101 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24600 MERCED CITY ELEMENTARY 82573 14342 3749 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24630 MERCED RIVER UNION ELEMENTARY 1011 176 35 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24660 MERCED UNION HIGH 157397 10002 2114 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24690 MERIDIAN ELEMENTARY 708 84 14 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24720 MESA UNION ELEMENTARY 3699 369 33 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24750 MIDDLETOWN UNIFIED 9098 1828 241 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24780 MIDWAY ELEMENTARY 655 105 23 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24870 MILL VALLEY ELEMENTARY 29875 3374 150 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24900 MILLBRAE ELEMENTARY 23237 2668 96 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24930 MILLVILLE ELEMENTARY 1484 198 34 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 24500 MILPITAS UNIFIED 63678 10968 732 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25020 MINERAL ELEMENTARY 214 15 3 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25110 MISSION UNION ELEMENTARY 415 80 7 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25130 MODESTO CITY ELEMENTARY 132042 21878 6050 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25150 MODESTO CITY HIGH 279778 15839 2592 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25190 MODOC JOINT UNIFIED 6283 1109 228 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25230 MOJAVE UNIFIED 14555 3228 825 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25290 MONROE ELEMENTARY 1166 306 78 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25320 MONROVIA UNIFIED 45032 8620 1463 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25350 MONSON-SULTANA JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 1991 521 117 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25380 MONTAGUE ELEMENTARY 2027 258 68 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25410 MONTE RIO UNION ELEMENTARY 2459 203 38 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25440 MONTEBELLO ELEMENTARY 494 80 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25470 MONTEBELLO UNIFIED 172637 38983 10280 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25500 MONTECITO UNION ELEMENTARY 6678 617 44 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25530 MONTEREY PENINSULA UNIFIED 90637 14417 1948 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25650 MONTGOMERY ELEMENTARY 799 99 9 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25690 MOORPARK UNIFIED 34566 8561 798 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25740 MORAGA ELEMENTARY 17600 2283 90 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25770 MORELAND ELEMENTARY 47345 5833 508 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25800 MORENO VALLEY UNIFIED 164793 42652 6362 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25830 MORGAN HILL UNIFIED 56877 12137 872 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25860 MORONGO UNIFIED 75102 11959 2630 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 25980 MOTHER LODE UNION ELEMENTARY 16730 1986 228 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26070 MOUNTAIN ELEMENTARY 1280 122 10 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26100 MOUNTAIN EMPIRE UNIFIED 11252 2355 417 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26130 MOUNTAIN HOUSE ELEMENTARY 351 61 7 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27040 MOUNTAIN UNION ELEMENTARY 1312 173 39 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00018 MOUNTAIN VALLEY UNIFIED 2975 488 122 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26190 MOUNTAIN VIEW ELEMENTARY 62269 11949 3955 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26220 MOUNTAIN VIEW ELEMENTARY 21876 3845 261 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26310 MOUNTAIN VIEW-LOS ALTOS UNION 103129 3351 212 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26280 MOUNTAIN VIEW-WHISMAN ELEMENTARY 63876 5653 515 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26340 MT. BALDY JOINT ELEMENTARY 320 27 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26370 MT. DIABLO UNIFIED 264065 46647 3842 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26400 MT. PLEASANT ELEMENTARY 21619 3353 359 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26040 MT. SHASTA UNION ELEMENTARY 7560 767 165 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26430 MULBERRY ELEMENTARY 205 28 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26460 MUPU ELEMENTARY 858 106 11 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26490 MUROC JOINT UNIFIED 11263 2355 221 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00029 MURRIETA VALLEY UNIFIED 67637 15675 570 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26640 NAPA VALLEY UNIFIED 109634 19322 2081 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26670 NATIONAL ELEMENTARY 55824 7245 1927 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00036 NATOMAS UNIFIED 26973 4812 540 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26760 NEEDLES UNIFIED 8366 1482 486 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26820 NEVADA CITY ELEMENTARY 15626 1665 107 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26880 NEVADA JOINT UNION HIGH 82919 3898 419 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26910 NEW HAVEN UNIFIED 71560 14723 1123 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 26970 NEW HOPE ELEMENTARY 1865 311 82 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27030 NEW JERUSALEM ELEMENTARY 2367 342 18 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27060 NEWARK UNIFIED 42623 8515 496 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27120 NEWCASTLE ELEMENTARY 3178 356 13 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27180 NEWHALL ELEMENTARY 63751 7748 722 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27200 NEWMAN-CROWS LANDING UNIFIED 10300 2474 398 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27240 NEWPORT-MESA UNIFIED 197001 28325 3461 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27300 NICASIO ELEMENTARY 659 87 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27450 NORRIS ELEMENTARY 10304 1628 90 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27480 NORTH COUNTY JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 3520 562 92 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27510 NORTH COW CREEK ELEMENTARY 1696 239 23 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27590 NORTH MONTEREY COUNTY UNIFIED 26284 5651 785 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27600 NORTH SACRAMENTO ELEMENTARY 49485 7120 2566 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 03030 NORTHERN HUMBOLDT UNION HIGH 42433 1811 194 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27690 NORWALK-LA MIRADA UNIFIED 127403 28135 3537 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27720 NOVATO UNIFIED 54413 9238 680 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27750 NUESTRO ELEMENTARY 337 57 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27780 NUVIEW UNION ELEMENTARY 9439 1251 210 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27810 OAK GROVE ELEMENTARY 100353 14607 1368 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27840 OAK GROVE UNION ELEMENTARY 5381 662 39 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27850 OAK PARK UNIFIED 15118 3763 226 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27870 OAK RUN ELEMENTARY 684 83 19 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27900 OAK VALLEY UNION ELEMENTARY 1545 293 79 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 27930 OAK VIEW UNION ELEMENTARY 2688 414 23 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00062 OAKDALE JOINT UNIFIED 25398 5030 588 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28050 OAKLAND UNIFIED 401002 71505 21399 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28080 OAKLEY UNION ELEMENTARY 27424 5144 342 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28140 OCEAN VIEW ELEMENTARY 96917 12312 1523 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28170 OCEAN VIEW ELEMENTARY 17792 3009 689 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28250 OCEANSIDE UNIFIED 134715 25782 4058 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28270 OJAI UNIFIED 24190 4739 592 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28320 OLD ADOBE UNION ELEMENTARY 24861 2841 186 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28470 ONTARIO-MONTCLAIR ELEMENTARY 186501 33640 7759 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28500 OPHIR ELEMENTARY 1996 237 7 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28530 ORANGE CENTER ELEMENTARY 1861 393 181 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28650 ORANGE UNIFIED 221042 42237 4114 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28680 ORCHARD ELEMENTARY 9449 1057 107 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28710 ORCUTT UNION ELEMENTARY 33707 4949 275 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28830 ORICK ELEMENTARY 458 58 12 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28860 ORINDA UNION ELEMENTARY 18938 2848 59 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00045 ORLAND JOINT UNIFIED 12167 2511 470 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 28950 ORO GRANDE ELEMENTARY 1054 148 53 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29100 OROVILLE CITY ELEMENTARY 21823 2973 890 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29130 OROVILLE UNION HIGH 51039 2716 702 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29160 OUTSIDE CREEK ELEMENTARY 755 99 22 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29190 OWENS VALLEY UNIFIED 693 102 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29220 OXNARD ELEMENTARY 120478 19161 3603 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29270 OXNARD UNION HIGH 295809 15675 1971 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29280 PACHECO UNION ELEMENTARY 8082 1031 103 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29340 PACIFIC ELEMENTARY 729 69 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29370 PACIFIC GROVE UNIFIED 18708 2468 149 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00031 PACIFIC UNIFIED 515 67 10 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29400 PACIFIC UNION ELEMENTARY 2985 421 91 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29430 PACIFIC UNION ELEMENTARY 4952 470 85 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29490 PAJARO VALLEY JOINT UNIFIED 108184 22279 4068 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29540 PALERMO UNION ELEMENTARY 7851 1213 382 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29550 PALM SPRINGS UNIFIED 167106 27130 4992 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29580 PALMDALE ELEMENTARY 109477 23485 5077 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29610 PALO ALTO UNIFIED 75420 10553 621 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29640 PALO VERDE UNIFIED 31052 4591 870 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29670 PALO VERDE UNION ELEMENTARY 2807 505 179 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29700 PALOS VERDES PENINSULA UNIFIED 62464 11349 303 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 06390 PANAMA BUENA VISTA UNION ELEMENTARY 96452 15400 2124 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29770 PANOCHE ELEMENTARY 128 12 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29790 PARADISE ELEMENTARY 2586 400 52 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29820 PARADISE UNIFIED 40649 6173 845 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29850 PARAMOUNT UNIFIED 81691 20302 4910 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29910 PARLIER UNIFIED 13341 3394 1165 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 29940 PASADENA UNIFIED 206983 34311 5967 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00048 PASO ROBLES JOINT UNIFIED 34288 6857 1086 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30030 PATTERSON JOINT UNIFIED 18953 4749 756 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30090 PENINSULA UNION ELEMENTARY 417 68 16 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30180 PERRIS ELEMENTARY 41128 6767 1541 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30210 PERRIS UNION HIGH 115339 9655 1515 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30230 PETALUMA CITY ELEMENTARY 30142 2813 288 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30250 PETALUMA JOINT UNION HIGH 71058 5350 371 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30330 PIEDMONT CITY UNIFIED 10991 2732 90 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30360 PIERCE JOINT UNIFIED 6147 1349 155 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30390 PINE RIDGE ELEMENTARY 990 170 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30450 PINER-OLIVET UNION ELEMENTARY 15009 1674 58 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30480 PIONEER UNION ELEMENTARY 5027 577 72 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30510 PIONEER UNION ELEMENTARY 6684 1030 101 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30520 PIONEER UNION ELEMENTARY 1428 182 48 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30600 PITTSBURG UNIFIED 56556 12569 1674 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30630 PIXLEY UNION ELEMENTARY 4169 817 292 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30660 PLACENTIA-YORBA LINDA UNIFIED 154713 32302 2623 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30720 PLACER HILLS UNION ELEMENTARY 16311 2027 76 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30750 PLACER UNION HIGH 101412 4807 249 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30780 PLACERVILLE UNION ELEMENTARY 16145 1751 277 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30810 PLAINSBURG UNION ELEMENTARY 567 77 18 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30840 PLANADA ELEMENTARY 5656 1077 309 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30870 PLAZA ELEMENTARY 427 91 18 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30900 PLEASANT GROVE JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 1181 152 25 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30930 PLEASANT RIDGE UNION ELEMENTARY 21077 2350 115 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30960 PLEASANT VALLEY ELEMENTARY 7823 765 14 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 30990 PLEASANT VALLEY ELEMENTARY 68358 9217 558 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31020 PLEASANT VALLEY JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 682 129 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31050 PLEASANT VIEW ELEMENTARY 1756 347 100 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00020 PLEASANTON UNIFIED 64693 13669 370 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31140 PLUM VALLEY ELEMENTARY 601 76 21 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31180 PLUMAS ELEMENTARY 341 62 13 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31170 PLUMAS UNIFIED 20891 3200 429 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31230 POINT ARENA JOINT UNION HIGH 5604 221 42 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31290 POLLOCK PINES ELEMENTARY 9722 1218 84 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31320 POMONA UNIFIED 173752 42181 9640 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31350 POND UNION ELEMENTARY 649 122 36 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31380 POPE VALLEY UNION ELEMENTARY 707 168 22 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00064 PORTERVILLE UNIFIED 94308 14250 4618 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31470 PORTOLA VALLEY ELEMENTARY 6756 840 25 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31400 POTTER VALLEY COMMUNITY UNIFIED 2214 432 73 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31530 POWAY UNIFIED 163930 34882 1307 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31620 PRINCETON JOINT UNIFIED 1255 258 35 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31650 QUARTZ VALLEY ELEMENTARY 345 24 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31680 RAISIN CITY ELEMENTARY 1482 346 132 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31710 RAMONA CITY UNIFIED 34429 7735 673 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31740 RANCHO SANTA FE ELEMENTARY 5647 737 36 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31830 RAVENDALE-TERMO ELEMENTARY 102 6 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31860 RAVENSWOOD CITY ELEMENTARY 35727 6758 1449 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31920 RAYMOND-KNOWLES UNION ELEMENTARY 1163 124 24 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31950 READY SPRINGS UNION ELEMENTARY 4924 555 88 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32010 RED BLUFF JOINT UNION HIGH 40761 2137 310 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 31980 RED BLUFF UNION ELEMENTARY 17706 2450 528 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32040 REDDING ELEMENTARY 36808 4416 891 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32070 REDLANDS UNIFIED 125358 24427 3356 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00032 REDONDO BEACH UNIFIED 66021 8486 615 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32130 REDWOOD CITY ELEMENTARY 93031 11900 1309 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32160 REED UNION ELEMENTARY 13621 1610 86 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32250 REEDS CREEK ELEMENTARY 1308 147 29 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32270 REEF-SUNSET UNIFIED 18284 2916 793 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32310 RESCUE UNION ELEMENTARY 28242 4313 278 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32370 RIALTO UNIFIED 127418 34262 7217 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32400 RICHFIELD ELEMENTARY 1048 174 40 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32430 RICHGROVE ELEMENTARY 3471 767 327 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 21450 RICHLAND-LERDO UNION ELEMENTARY 16808 3051 957 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32520 RICHMOND ELEMENTARY 1127 145 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32610 RIM OF THE WORLD UNIFIED 33662 7243 669 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32640 RINCON VALLEY UNION ELEMENTARY 39161 3384 363 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32710 RIO BRAVO-GREELEY UNION ELEMENTARY 3798 701 139 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32730 RIO DELL ELEMENTARY 3289 440 124 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32760 RIO ELEMENTARY 25079 4196 694 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32790 RIO LINDA UNION ELEMENTARY 97091 12963 3042 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32880 RIPON UNIFIED 15534 3537 273 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33110 RIVER DELTA JOINT UNIFIED 13007 2309 355 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00061 RIVERBANK UNIFIED 17196 3942 587 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00040 RIVERDALE JOINT UNIFIED 5923 1451 417 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33150 RIVERSIDE UNIFIED 249206 49869 7791 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33210 ROBERTS FERRY UNION ELEMENTARY 347 61 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33240 ROBLA ELEMENTARY 19352 3045 784 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33270 ROCKFORD ELEMENTARY 1201 196 63 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00013 ROCKLIN UNIFIED 46401 8952 450 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33330 ROHNERVILLE ELEMENTARY 5058 703 98 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33390 ROMOLAND ELEMENTARY 14690 1744 383 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33480 ROSEDALE UNION ELEMENTARY 28726 5346 205 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33510 ROSELAND ELEMENTARY 11167 1412 361 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33570 ROSEMEAD ELEMENTARY 27925 3796 950 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33600 ROSEVILLE CITY ELEMENTARY 64959 7673 662 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33630 ROSEVILLE JOINT UNION HIGH 141537 6728 328 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33660 ROSS ELEMENTARY 2616 458 21 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00006 ROSS VALLEY ELEMENTARY 23261 2690 166 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33690 ROUND VALLEY JOINT ELEMENTARY 793 85 5 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33720 ROUND VALLEY UNIFIED 2440 497 136 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33750 ROWLAND UNIFIED 116204 24394 3863 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33840 SACRAMENTO CITY UNIFIED 367142 67978 17019 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33860 SADDLEBACK VALLEY UNIFIED 216013 41527 1698 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33900 SALIDA UNION ELEMENTARY 20925 3732 302 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33930 SALINAS CITY ELEMENTARY 79906 10213 2097 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 33980 SALINAS UNION HIGH 166628 14903 2651 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34050 SAN ANTONIO UNION ELEMENTARY 1695 264 54 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34080 SAN ARDO UNION ELEMENTARY 762 129 33 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34140 SAN BENITO HIGH 50128 2904 221 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34170 SAN BERNARDINO CITY UNIFIED 257783 62482 21380 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34230 SAN BRUNO PARK ELEMENTARY 35407 4326 246 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34290 SAN CARLOS ELEMENTARY 25376 2943 113 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34320 SAN DIEGO CITY UNIFIED 1028056 162732 31252 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34380 SAN DIEGUITO UNION HIGH 143445 10576 529 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34410 SAN FRANCISCO UNIFIED 739426 69392 11652 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34425 SAN GABRIEL UNIFIED 43079 6933 1223 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34440 SAN JACINTO UNIFIED 35208 7456 1558 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34590 SAN JOSE UNIFIED 242031 40959 5887 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34620 SAN JUAN UNIFIED 364553 62386 6974 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34680 SAN LEANDRO UNIFIED 63463 9798 852 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34710 SAN LORENZO UNIFIED 73617 13744 1738 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34740 SAN LORENZO VALLEY UNIFIED 24960 4314 276 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34770 SAN LUCAS UNION ELEMENTARY 623 133 38 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34800 SAN LUIS COASTAL UNIFIED 89989 9111 774 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34880 SAN MARCOS UNIFIED 82004 14664 1687 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34860 SAN MARINO UNIFIED 15317 3284 208 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34980 SAN MATEO UNION HIGH 214427 8602 371 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 34920 SAN MATEO-FOSTER CITY ELEMENTARY 121420 13206 1175 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35010 SAN MIGUEL JOINT UNION ELEMENT 4173 731 80 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35040 SAN PASQUAL UNION ELEMENTARY 2756 444 29 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35070 SAN PASQUAL VALLEY UNIFIED 4356 890 290 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35090 SAN RAFAEL CITY ELEMENTARY 54473 4818 787 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35110 SAN RAFAEL CITY HIGH 75855 2508 279 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35130 SAN RAMON VALLEY UNIFIED 120768 24486 413 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35220 SAN YSIDRO ELEMENTARY 30305 3800 1087 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35250 SANGER UNIFIED 37057 8203 1725 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35310 SANTA ANA UNIFIED 275620 66777 15916 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35360 SANTA BARBARA ELEMENTARY 85907 7309 1322 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35370 SANTA BARBARA HIGH 182199 10201 1056 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35490 SANTA CLARA ELEMENTARY 184 23 4 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35430 SANTA CLARA UNIFIED 129602 16689 1360 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35590 SANTA CRUZ CITY ELEMENTARY 56534 3621 506 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35600 SANTA CRUZ CITY HIGH 111255 6291 570 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35670 SANTA MARIA JOINT UNION HIGH 119169 6655 1209 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 05580 SANTA MARIA-BONITA ELEMENTARY 77111 12757 3613 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35700 SANTA MONICA-MALIBU UNIFIED 107256 11932 1117 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35730 SANTA PAULA ELEMENTARY 29280 4798 898 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35760 SANTA PAULA UNION HIGH 33527 1779 263 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35790 SANTA RITA UNION ELEMENTARY 20374 2645 212 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35810 SANTA ROSA ELEMENTARY 67960 6345 1110 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35830 SANTA ROSA HIGH 193322 14037 1195 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35850 SANTA YNEZ VALLEY UNION HIGH 20907 1093 91 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35880 SANTEE ELEMENTARY 58886 9065 566 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35910 SARATOGA UNION ELEMENTARY 19789 3059 89 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 35940 SAUCELITO ELEMENTARY 201 35 8 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 36000 SAUSALITO ELEMENTARY 10878 588 112 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 36030 SAVANNA ELEMENTARY 29035 3515 521 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 00043 SCOTTS VALLEY UNIFIED 17111 2918 96 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 36210 SEELEY UNION ELEMENTARY 3132 572 115 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 36240 SEIAD ELEMENTARY 380 40 5 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 36270 SELMA UNIFIED 27686 6127 1692 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 36360 SEQUOIA UNION ELEMENTARY 2208 295 64 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 36810 SILVER FORK ELEMENTARY 230 18 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 37350 SOUTH BAY UNION ELEMENTARY 6685 1062 178 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 37620 SOUTHERN KERN UNIFIED 17591 4139 558 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 39210 THREE RIVERS UNION ELEMENTARY 2597 292 51 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39300 TIPTON ELEMENTARY 2863 538 121 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39420 TORRANCE UNIFIED 143574 24533 1793 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00047 TRACY JOINT UNIFIED 66812 15406 930 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39600 TRAVER JOINT ELEMENTARY 1383 261 93 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39630 TRAVIS UNIFIED 27552 5172 347 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39690 TRES PINOS UNION ELEMENTARY 870 135 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39720 TRINIDAD UNION ELEMENTARY 1956 157 38 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39750 TRINITY CENTER ELEMENTARY 522 32 5 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39800 TRINITY UNION HIGH 8961 426 75 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39840 TRONA JOINT UNIFIED 2360 518 133 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39870 TULARE CITY ELEMENTARY 52252 9019 2418 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39930 TULARE JOINT UNION HIGH 69858 4244 1006 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 39940 TULELAKE BASIN JOINT UNIFIED 2628 549 165 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40050 TURLOCK JOINT ELEMENTARY 67793 10356 1721 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40080 TURLOCK JOINT UNION HIGH 78348 4257 570 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40150 TUSTIN UNIFIED 111074 20568 2136 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40200 TWAIN HARTE-LONG BARN UNION ELEMENTARY 7323 742 105 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40230 TWIN HILLS UNION ELEMENTARY 5847 762 38 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00012 TWIN RIDGES ELEMENTARY 2366 227 34 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40260 TWO ROCK UNION ELEMENTARY 1845 235 37 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40300 UKIAH UNIFIED 38922 7245 1562 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40320 UNION ELEMENTARY 44167 6085 280 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40380 UNION HILL ELEMENTARY 2578 310 33 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40410 UNION JOINT ELEMENTARY 62 8 1 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00016 UPLAND UNIFIED 78543 15187 2074 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40470 UPPER LAKE UNION ELEMENTARY 5573 714 187 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40500 UPPER LAKE UNION HIGH 9142 375 69 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40590 VACAVILLE UNIFIED 83243 16588 1324 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 91135 VAL VERDE UNIFIED 54827 13883 2143 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40650 VALLE LINDO ELEMENTARY 6208 970 169 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40680 VALLECITO UNION ELEMENTARY 12264 1193 156 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40710 VALLECITOS ELEMENTARY 2174 290 59 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40740 VALLEJO CITY UNIFIED 125110 24865 3066 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40800 VALLEY HOME JOINT ELEMENTARY 1622 314 12 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00069 VALLEY-CENTER-PUMA UNIFIED 22020 4685 449 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 40980 VENTURA UNIFIED 119477 21397 2567 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41040 VICTOR ELEMENTARY 73856 10675 2647 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 36972 VICTOR VALLEY UNION HIGH 111307 10197 2134 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41130 VINELAND ELEMENTARY 4749 998 374 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41160 VISALIA UNIFIED 126224 27844 6462 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41220 VISTA DEL MAR UNION ELEMENTARY 603 93 18 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41190 VISTA UNIFIED 149217 30903 3698 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41250 WALNUT CREEK ELEMENTARY 50213 4046 153 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41280 WALNUT VALLEY UNIFIED 60723 13642 1047 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00042 WARNER UNIFIED 2106 357 51 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41400 WASCO UNION ELEMENTARY 25207 3531 1067 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41430 WASCO UNION HIGH 28783 1485 353 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41460 WASHINGTON COLONY ELEMENTARY 2959 477 127 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 41610 WASHINGTON UNION ELEMENTARY 6698 708 48 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41640 WASHINGTON UNION HIGH 17605 1216 447 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00063 WATERFORD UNIFIED 9236 2342 309 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41790 WAUGH ELEMENTARY 5450 830 31 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41820 WAUKENA JOINT UNION ELEMENTARY 1074 217 63 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41880 WEAVER UNION ELEMENTARY 8172 1533 460 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41910 WEAVERVILLE ELEMENTARY 4059 425 75 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 41980 WEED UNION ELEMENTARY 4054 444 105 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 32550 WEST CONTRA COSTA UNIFIED 243711 46251 8168 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42000 WEST COVINA UNIFIED 59433 12281 1203 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 14580 WEST FRESNO ELEMENTARY 5560 1161 599 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42060 WEST PARK ELEMENTARY 1770 294 96 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42270 WEST SIDE UNION ELEMENTARY 1273 209 23 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 02670 WEST SONOMA COUNTY UNION HIGH 52274 2759 216 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42140 WESTERN PLACER UNIFIED 23106 4217 736 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42150 WESTMINSTER ELEMENTARY 86810 12916 2624 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42180 WESTMORLAND UNION ELEMENTARY 2805 464 153 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42210 WESTSIDE ELEMENTARY 2508 684 93 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42120 WESTSIDE UNION ELEMENTARY 50311 8312 731 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42300 WESTWOOD UNIFIED 2249 500 120 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42330 WHEATLAND ELEMENTARY 10775 1957 233 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42350 WHEATLAND UNION HIGH 11116 501 99 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 42450 WHITTIER CITY ELEMENTARY 69237 10533 1658 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 42510 WILLIAM S. HART UNION HIGH 208710 17070 898 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42540 WILLIAMS UNIFIED 5047 1106 202 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42560 WILLITS UNIFIED 13421 2548 446 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42600 WILLOW CREEK ELEMENTARY 601 70 6 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42630 WILLOW GROVE UNION ELEMENTARY 349 53 3 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42710 WILLOWS UNIFIED 9922 2160 499 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42750 WILMAR UNION ELEMENTARY 3078 291 17 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42810 WILSONA ELEMENTARY 9877 2249 665 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 00034 WINDSOR UNIFIED 25113 5312 345 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42900 WINSHIP ELEMENTARY 771 96 23 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42930 WINTERS JOINT UNIFIED 9096 2147 169 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42960 WINTON ELEMENTARY 10391 2011 593 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 42990 WISEBURN ELEMENTARY 11362 1694 43 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43020 WOODLAKE UNION ELEMENTARY 9956 1774 661 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43050 WOODLAKE UNION HIGH 13230 864 247 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
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06 43140 WOODSIDE ELEMENTARY 3194 472 16 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43170 WOODVILLE ELEMENTARY 3152 708 256 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43200 WRIGHT ELEMENTARY 13472 1487 168 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43370 YOSEMITE JOINT UNION HIGH 24923 1191 73 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43380 YREKA UNION ELEMENTARY 9568 1079 284 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43410 YREKA UNION HIGH 17471 864 198 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43470 YUBA CITY UNIFIED 67350 13056 2007 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
06 43560 YUCAIPA-CALIMESA JOINT UNIFIED 48412 10101 1272 sd04_CA.txt 06DEC2006
| en |
converted_docs | 102146 | C E R T A L E R T
**=============================================================**
# ADVISORY \* CAUTIONARY \* NON-DIRECTIVE
**AIRPORT SAFETY AND OPERATIONS DIVISION AAS-300**
FOR INFORMATION, CONTACT Bruce Landry, (202) 267-8729
=============================================================
**DATE: 11/04/2004 NO. 04-14**
**TO: AIRPORT OPERATORS CERTIFICATED UNDER 14 CFR PART 139**
**TOPIC:** **ENFORCEMENT POLICY -- SUBMISSION OF ACM TO FAA IN**
**ACCORDANCE WITH PART 139.101 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS**
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
On February 10, 2004, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
published in the Federal Register a revision to 14 C.F.R. Part 139,
Certification of Airports. The revision, which became effective on June
9, 2004, modifies and clarifies several existing operating requirements
in 14 C.F.R. Part 139; requires the certification of airports serving
scheduled air carrier operations conducted in aircraft with more than 9
seats, but less than 31 passenger seats; and creates four classes of
airports, Class I through IV, based on the type of air carrier
operations served.
Revised 14 C.F.R. § 139.101(c) provides that persons required to have an
airport operating certificate under 14 C.F.R. Part 139 shall submit an
Airport Certification Manual (ACM) to the FAA for approval within
certain specified time periods, depending on their class of airport.
Class I airports are required to submit their ACMs 6 months after June
9, 2004, and Class II, III, & IV airports are required to submit their
ACMs 12 months after June 9, 2004. These dates were intended to provide
airport operators an opportunity to revise or develop their manuals, as
appropriate, in accordance with the revised rules. They also allowed
time for airport operators to work with the FAA and for the FAA to
respond to any questions or concerns relative to the implementation of
the revised rule.
Since the publication of the rule in the Federal Register, FAA Airports
regional and headquarters personnel have held numerous airport
conferences, seminars, and meetings with airport operators to discuss
the revised rule. The FAA has provided sample ACMs and established an
FAA Airports public website where it has posted the revised rule,
answers to frequently-asked questions, the class for each airport, and
other information relative to the implementation of the revised rule.
An airport operator's submission of an ACM for FAA approval is critical
to the FAA's oversight process and the continued safety of certificated
airports. Therefore, the FAA will strictly enforce the time periods
provided in 14 C.F.R. § 139.101(c) for submission of an ACM. Airport
operators, who are required to have an Airport Operating Certificate
under 14 C.F.R. Part 139, and who fail to submit their ACMs to the
appropriate FAA Airports office by the dates provided in 14 C.F.R. §
139.101(c) are subject to enforcement action, including civil penalty
action.
> OSB
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
[11/4/2004]{.underline}
Benedict D. Castellano, Manager Date
Airport Safety and Operations Division
# DISTRIBUTION: CERTALERT Distribution List
| en |
all-txt-docs | 423212 | Equal Employment Opportunity Commission c. North Gibson School Corporation
00-3117
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 00-3117
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
NORTH GIBSON SCHOOL CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Indiana, Evansville Division
Honorable Larry J. McKinney, Judge
BRIEF OF THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION AS APPELLANT
C. GREGORY STEWART
General Counsel
PHILIP B. SKLOVER
Associate General Counsel
CAROLYN L. WHEELER
Assistant General Counsel
GEOFFREY L.J. CARTER
Attorney
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
COMMISSION
Office of General Counsel
1801 L Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20507
(202) 663-4728
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION 1
STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES 2
STATEMENT OF THE CASE 2
A. Nature of the Case and Course of Proceedings 2
B. Statement of Facts 3
C. District Court Decision 9
STANDARD OF REVIEW 14
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT 14
ARGUMENT 16
I. THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE DISTRICT COURT'S DECISION TO GRANT
NORTH GIBSON'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE COMMISSION'S CLAIMS
FOR MONETARY DAMAGES. . . . . . . . . 16
A. The district court erred when it held that the Commission could not
proceed with its ADEA claims against North Gibson on grounds that the
Commission lacked a timely filed underlying charge of age discrimination
and its
claims against North Gibson would not sufficiently
vindicate the public interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B. Assuming that the Commission's action in this case
must be based on a timely charge of age discrimination,
the district court erred when it failed to recognize that
a reasonable jury could find that this action is based on such a charge
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
II. THE DISTRICT COURT ERRED WHEN IT DISMISSED THE
COMMISSION'S CLAIM FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF TO PREVENT FUTURE AGE
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ANTHIS AND SCHLETER. . . . . . 28
CONCLUSION 31
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
SEVENTH CIRCUIT RULE 30(D) STATEMENT REGARDING APPENDIX
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
APPENDIXTABLE OF AUTHORITIES
CASES PAGE(S)
Albermarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405 (1975) . . . . 23, 24
Anderson v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 852 F.2d 1008
(7th Cir. 1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 30
EEOC v. American & Efird Mills, Inc., 964 F.2d 300
(4th Cir. 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19
22
EEOC v. Crown Point Community School Corporation,
No. 2:93 CV 237, 1997 WL 54747, 72 Fair Emp. Prac.
Cases (BNA) 1803 (N.D. Ind. Jan. 2, 1997) . . . . . . . . 5
EEOC v. Frank's Nursery & Crafts, Inc., 177 F.3d 448
(6th Cir. 1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
EEOC v. Harris Chernin, Inc., 10 F.3d 1286 (7th Cir. 1993)11, 13, 17, 20, 21,
22, 24, 31
EEOC v. Harvey L. Walner & Associates, 91 F.3d 963
(7th Cir. 1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
EEOC v. Johnson Higgins, Inc., 91 F.3d 1529 (2d Cir. 1996) . . 26
EEOC v. Kidder, Peabody & Co., 156 F.3d 298 (2d Cir. 1998) . . 22
EEOC v. Pan American World Airways, Inc., 897 F.2d 1499
(9th Cir. 1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
EEOC v. Tire Kingdom, Inc., 80 F.3d 449 (11th Cir. 1996) . . 18, 19, 22
EEOC v. Waffle House Inc., 193 F.3d 805 (4th Cir. 1999),
petition for cert. filed, No. 99-1823, 68 U.S.L.W. 3726
(May 15, 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp.,
500 U.S. 20 (1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 22
Heiar v. Crawford County, Wisconsin, 746 F.2d 1190
(7th Cir. 1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Kamberos v. GTE Automatic Electric, Inc., 603 F.2d 598
(7th Cir. 1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Majeske v. City of Chicago, 218 F.3d 816 (7th Cir. 2000) . . . 14
Massey v. Wheeler, 221 F.3d 1030 (7th Cir. 2000) . . . . . . . . 14
Occidental Life Insurance Co. v. EEOC, 432 U.S. 355 (1977) . . 19
Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products,
120 S. Ct. 2097 (2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 25
Solon v. Gary Community Sch. Corp., 180 F.3d 844
(7th Cir. 1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 29
31
United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544 (1979) . . . . . . . 24
STATUTES
28 U.S.C. 451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
28 U.S.C. 1291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
28 U.S.C. 1331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
28 U.S.C. 1337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
28 U.S.C. 1343 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
28 U.S.C. 1345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
29 U.S.C. 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29 U.S.C. 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 29
30
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 ("ADEA"),
29 U.S.C. 621 et seq., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
29 U.S.C. 626(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
29 U.S.C. 626(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 30
29 U.S.C. 626(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 28
29 U.S.C. 626(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 00-3117
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
NORTH GIBSON SCHOOL CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Indiana, Evansville Division
Honorable Larry J. McKinney, Judge
BRIEF OF THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION AS APPELLANT
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION
On September 3, 1998, the Commission brought this action under the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 ("ADEA"), 29 U.S.C. 621 et
seq., alleging that defendant-appellee North Gibson School Corporation
("North Gibson") engaged in unlawful employment discrimination in
violation of the ADEA. R.1.<1> Specifically, the Commission alleged
that North Gibson unlawfully discriminated based on age when it offered
and paid lower early retirement benefits to employees age 56 and
over than it offered and paid to employees age 55. See id. at p. 1.
The district court's jurisdiction was based on 28 U.S.C. 451, 1331,
1337, 1343, 1345. Id. 1.
The district court entered judgment in favor of North Gibson on June
21, 2000. A1. The district court's June 21, 2000 order and judgment
is a final judgment that disposes of all claims as to all parties.
On August 16, 2000, the Commission timely filed its notice of appeal.
R.160. This Court has jurisdiction over the Commission's appeal under
28 U.S.C. 1291. There are no prior or related appellate proceedings
in this case.
STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES
1. Whether the district court erred in granting North Gibson's motion
for summary judgment on the Commission's claims for monetary damages
where the ADEA authorizes the Commission to seek and obtain such relief
irrespective of whether an individual claimant has filed a charge
(timely or otherwise) of discrimination.
2. Whether the district court erred in granting North Gibson's motion
to dismiss the Commission's claims for injunctive relief where the ADEA
authorizes the Commission to seek such relief to prevent future age
discrimination against claimants Fred Anthis and Lewis Schleter.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
A. Nature of the Case and Course of Proceedings
On September 3, 1998, the Commission filed a complaint in federal
district court, alleging that North Gibson engaged in unlawful employment
discrimination in violation of the ADEA. R.1. On November 18, 1998,
North Gibson filed a motion to dismiss the Commission's action under
Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
R.13; R.14. The Commission filed its response on December 14, 1998, and
North Gibson filed its reply to the Commission's response on December
31, 1998. R.19; R.25.<2> The district court granted North Gibson's
motion in part and denied it in part on August 5, 1999, dismissing the
Commission's claims for injunctive relief but allowing the remaining
claims to proceed. A18-39.
North Gibson filed a motion for summary judgment on March 15, 2000.<3>
R.129; R.130. The Commission filed its response on April 17, 2000, and
North Gibson submitted its reply to the Commission's response on June
5, 2000. R.147; R.157. The district court granted North Gibson's motion
for summary judgment on June 21, 2000, entering judgment to that effect
on the same day. A2-17; A1. On August 16, 2000, the Commission timely
filed its notice of appeal from the district court's ruling. R.160.
B. Statement of Facts<4>
The basic facts in this case are not in dispute. From 1988 to 1997,
North Gibson offered an early retirement plan to its teachers. R.148
3. The first version of the early retirement plan was incorporated into
the collective bargaining agreement after contract negotiations in 1988
between North Gibson and the North Gibson Education Association ("the
Union"), and the plan remained largely unchanged in subsequent contracts.
Id. 1, 4(a).
In each version of North Gibson's early retirement plan, the early
retirement benefit was calculated by multiplying the following
three factors: (1) the teacher's years of service (up to twenty);
(2) the starting salary (in the year the benefit was to be paid) for
a teacher with a master's degree; and (3) the percentage specified in
the chart provided in the contract. Id. 118. The early retirement
plan included in the 1995-98 contract was based on the following chart
and percentages:
Age at Retirement
year of ret.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
1
2.5%
2.25
2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
1
1
1
2
2.25
2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
1
3
2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
1
4
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
1
5
1.5
1.25
1
1
6
1.25
1
1
7
1
1
8
1
A44. See also R.148 120.<5> Under the early retirement plan in effect
from 1995-1998, teachers were eligible to participate in the plan if
they were no less than age 55 and no more than age 65 by June 30 of the
year of retirement, and had completed fifteen years of service. A41.
See also R.148 123.<6>
In January, 1997, Cathy Heck, the UniServ Director for the Indiana
State Teachers Association ("ISTA") and the chief negotiator for the
Union, received a memorandum about the decision in EEOC v. Crown Point
Community School Corporation, No. 2:93 CV 237, 1997 WL 54747, 72 Fair
Emp. Prac. Cases (BNA) 1803 (N.D. Ind. Jan. 2, 1997), which held that
an early retirement benefit plan violated the ADEA. R.130 7-9.
Heck reviewed the collective bargaining agreements of the ISTA local
affiliates she represented, and determined that North Gibson and one
other affiliate had early retirement plans similar to the one deemed
in violation of the ADEA in Crown Point. R.130 8-9. In February or
March 1997, Heck contacted Sandy Nixon, North Gibson's superintendent,
and advised her that in light of the Crown Point decision, there might
be a problem with the early retirement plan in the collective bargaining
agreement between North Gibson and the Union. R.130 10.
On March 10, 1997, Heck sent a letter to Nixon, suggesting that North
Gibson and the Union participate in bargaining to correct any actual
or perceived problems with the early retirement provisions. Id. 11.
North Gibson agreed. Id. at 12. Accordingly, on May 29, 1997,
North Gibson and the Union held their first negotiation meeting about
creating a new early retirement plan. Id. at 13. At that meeting,
North Gibson stated that no one else would be allowed to retire under
the questionable early retirement provisions in the 1995-98 collective
bargaining agreement. Id. at 15. North Gibson added that, if anyone
wished to retire early before North Gibson and the Union agreed on a new
early retirement plan, that individual would have to negotiate his or her
retirement separately and under different terms. Id. Heck, however,
informed North Gibson's attorney "that she would be surprised if the
Board or Superintendent wanted to tell teachers that they are going
to refuse to honor the early retirement provisions in the contract."
R.148 148 (letter dated August 27, 2000).
At the same May 29, 1997 negotiation meeting, North Gibson and the Union
also discussed teacher Noel Loftin and his retirement. Id. 132.
Loftin, who was 55 years old and had seventeen years of service, had
contacted Nixon earlier in the month about retirement benefits, and
had received a memorandum (dated May 15, 1997) from Nixon that outlined
the retirement/severance benefits available under the early retirement
provisions in the 1995-98 collective bargaining agreement. Id.
129-30, 140, 142. At the May 29 meeting, North Gibson and the Union
discussed the need to "create some kind of retirement plan for [Loftin]
that was not the current contract." Id. 129, 133. North Gibson
and the Union also discussed the possibility of having Loftin sign a
release acknowledging that "he's getting the benefits," and indicated
that maybe they would "have to make 'em slightly different." Id. 134.
On June 16, 1997, Nixon sent Loftin a revised memorandum outlining
the retirement/severance benefits available under the early retirement
provisions in the 1995-98 collective bargaining agreement. Id. 136.
Three days later, Loftin wrote a note to the school board asking it to
accept his retirement. Id. 137.
In both the May 15 and June 16 memoranda to Loftin, Nixon indicated
that Loftin would have received a total of $64,958.15 under the early
retirement provisions in the 1995-98 collective bargaining agreement,
including a severance payment to be paid in late June 1997. Id.
130, 136, 141-42. See also R.149, Exhibits 18 and 20 (May 15 and June
16 memoranda). At the end of June 1997, Loftin and North Gibson executed
an agreement regarding Loftin's retirement, under which Loftin received
a total of $64,958.16 in benefits. Id. 143.<7>
On August 1, 1997, teacher David Specht retired at age 55 with over
twenty years of service. Id. 144. Specht expressed his intent to
retire when he sent a letter to North Gibson on March 31, 1997. Id.
Specht taught until the end of the summer school session on August 1,
1997, and then received the full amount of early retirement benefits
available to teachers retiring at age 55 under the 1995-98 collective
bargaining agreement, receiving his first payment in October 1997.
Id. 145.
On December 29, 1997, Fred Anthis and Lewis Schleter filed charges of
discrimination with the Commission against North Gibson. Id. 56.
In their charges, Anthis and Schleter asserted that "[t]he contract
for Teachers and Administrators provides that older retirees receive
a lesser percentage of their salaries for their retirement pay, and
that they receive retirement pay for a lesser number of years than the
younger retirees do." Id. See also A45-46. Both Anthis and Schleter
have indicated that they would have retired in 1995 at age 60, but for
the discriminatory nature of the early retirement provisions in effect
at that time. R.148 50, 52-53. Before Anthis and Schleter filed
their charges of discrimination, the Commission had not received any
information about the discriminatory early retirement provisions used
by North Gibson. Id. 151.
North Gibson and the Union resolved their negotiations about a new
early retirement benefit plan in 1998. Id. 18. The North Gibson
School Board adopted the new agreement on February 25, 1998, and the
Union ratified it on March 9, 1998. Id.
The Commission filed this ADEA action against North Gibson on September
3, 1998. R.1. The claimants in this case are Carolyn Browning, Iona
Froman, William Krietemeyer, Francis Murphy, JoAnne Parke, Fred Anthis
and Lewis Schleter. R.148 22. Of this group, Browning, Froman,
Krietemeyer, Murphy and Parke have retired from North Gibson.<8> Id.
23, 28, 33, 38, 43. As of June 21, 2000, both Anthis and Schleter
were still employed by North Gibson, each with at least thirty years
of service. A4. See also R.148 48 (indicating that Anthis and
Schleter were still employed by North Gibson as of December 1, 1999).
C. District Court Decision
On November 20, 1998, North Gibson filed a motion to dismiss the
Commission's ADEA claims under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)
and 12(b)(6), contending that the Commission's claims are moot and do not
state a cause of action for which relief can be granted. R.13; R.14.
In an order dated August 5, 1999, the district court granted North
Gibson's request to dismiss the Commission's claims for injunctive
relief as moot, but denied North Gibson's request to dismiss the
Commission's claims for monetary relief. A38-39. In dismissing the
claims for injunctive relief, the district court noted that the early
retirement plan in the 1995-98 collective bargaining agreement is no
longer in effect, and stated that nothing suggested that North Gibson
intends to revert to that plan or implement another discriminatory
plan in the future. A27. The court rejected the Commission's argument
that injunctive relief was still needed to enjoin North Gibson from
discriminating on the basis of age by paying reduced early retirement
benefits to older workers and by continuing to withhold full early
retirement benefits from older workers. A28-29. Instead, the court
held that the Commission's claims for injunctive relief were obviated by
the provisions of the ADEA itself (specifically 29 U.S.C. 217), which
provides a remedy that would allow the Commission, should it prevail,
to obtain relief barring North Gibson from withholding the full amount
of early retirement benefits from the claimants. A29. Accordingly,
the district court granted North Gibson's Rule 12(b)(1) motion to
dismiss the Commission's claims for injunctive relief as moot. A29.
The district court denied the remainder of North Gibson's motion to
dismiss. First, the district court rejected North Gibson's argument
that the Commission's monetary damages claims on behalf of Anthis and
Schleter must be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(1). A31. North Gibson
contended that Anthis' and Schleter's claims were untimely and were moot
because they did not indicate in their charges of discrimination (or in
an affidavit they might have opted to file in response to the motion to
dismiss) that they would have retired but for the discriminatory terms
of the early retirement plan. A30. In the district court's view,
North Gibson's motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) failed because
"the timeliness of the filing of EEOC charges is not a jurisdictional
issue," and North Gibson's mootness argument was "more of an argument
that the EEOC does not have a valid claim rather than [an] argument
that it has not presented a live case or controversy." A31.<9>
Second, the district court rejected North Gibson's argument that the
Commission's complaint should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) because
none of the claimants filed timely charges of discrimination. A38.
The district court began by recognizing that the ADEA does not place a
statute of limitations on when the Commission may bring an enforcement
action based on the claims of an individual. A33-35. The district
court stated, however, that the courts have invoked doctrines such
as res judicata or mootness to hold that the Commission may not seek
monetary relief "on behalf of an individual or group of individuals
who have previously litigated, settled, waived or arbitrated their
discrimination claims." A35. See also A35-36 (citing EEOC v. Harris
Chernin, Inc., 10 F.3d 1286, 1291 (7th Cir. 1993), and indicating that
the Commission may still seek injunctive relief when monetary damages
are barred by res judicata or a similar doctrine). The district court
held that it could not determine if this line of cases should apply to
the Commission's action against North Gibson because the court lacked
sufficient information about the claimants and whether they filed timely
charges or have settled, arbitrated or litigated their claims. A37.
Accordingly, because the Commission alleged sufficient facts in its
complaint "that could lead [to] the conclusion that the EEOC can recover"
on behalf of the claimants, the district court denied North Gibson's Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the Commission's claims for monetary damages.
A37-38.
On March 15, 2000, North Gibson filed a motion for summary judgment,
renewing its argument that the Commission's claims for monetary relief
are barred because none of the claimants would be able to obtain such
relief if they sued individually. R.129; R.130. On June 21, 2000,
the district court accepted North Gibson's argument and granted its
motion for summary judgment. See A2-17. Initially, the district
court reiterated its understanding that while the Commission's right to
litigate an age discrimination claim is not dependent on an individual
filing a charge of discrimination, the Commission cannot obtain monetary
damages when it sues on behalf of individuals who have litigated,
settled or waived their discrimination claims. A9 (noting that the
Commission may, however, sue for injunctive relief in this context).
The court then turned to the information it had received about the
claimants, and agreed with North Gibson that the Commission's monetary
damages claims failed because they were not based on a timely filed
charge of discrimination. A11. Specifically, the court noted that,
of the seven claimants, only Anthis and Schleter filed charges. Id.
In the district court's view, Anthis and Schleter's charges were
untimely because they were filed more than 180 days after North Gibson
renounced its early retirement policy on May 29, 1997, and thus were
not filed within the limitations period that the ADEA establishes
for civil actions commenced by individuals in "non-deferral" states.
Id. (citing 29 U.S.C. 626(d)(1)). In so ruling, the district court
rejected the Commission's argument that North Gibson's treatment of
Specht's and Loftin's requests for early retirement benefits established
that the 1995-98 early retirement provisions remained in effect until
a date within 180 days of when Anthis and Schleter filed their charges
of discrimination. A12. Instead, the court held that Specht tendered
his resignation before North Gibson renounced the 1995-98 plan, and that
Loftin retired under a separate plan he negotiated with North Gibson.
Id.
Having determined that none of the claimants filed a timely charge of
discrimination, the district court held that the Commission's claims for
monetary damages are barred. A13. Relying on this Court's decision
in Harris Chernin, 10 F.3d at 1291, the district court held that the
Commission's claims for monetary damages in this case would not promote
the public interest in preventing employment discrimination. A14-15.
Specifically, the district court determined that the Commission's lawsuit
was not in the public interest because: (1) any relief recovered would
go to the individual claimants, despite the fact that they would not
have been able to obtain that relief on their own; (2) North Gibson has
abandoned the discriminatory early retirement plan; (3) nothing suggests
that North Gibson's new plan is unlawful; (4) the courts already have
issued precedent declaring similar retirement plans to be unlawful; and
(5) any resulting monetary judgment would place a "severe financial
hardship" on North Gibson, a public school corporation dedicated to
serving the public interest in education. A15-16. Based on this view of
the Commission's case, the district court granted North Gibson's motion
for summary judgment, and entered judgment in favor of North Gibson.
A17; A1.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court reviews the questions of law presented in this brief de novo.
See Majeske v. City of Chicago, 218 F.3d 816, 820 (7th Cir. 2000).
The district court's decision to grant North Gibson's motion for summary
judgment is also reviewed de novo, and in conducting this review, this
Court "must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving
party," refrain from making credibility determinations or weighing the
evidence, and "disregard all evidence favorable to the moving party that
the jury is not required to believe." Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing
Prods., 120 S. Ct. 2097, 2110 (2000) (discussing the review standard
under Rule 50 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which "mirrors"
the standard for summary judgment). Last, this Court must review the
district court's decision to grant (in part) North Gibson's motion to
dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) de novo, accepting all well-pleaded facts
as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the Commission's favor.
See Massey v. Wheeler, 221 F.3d 1030, 1034 (7th Cir. 2000).
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
This Court should reverse the district court's decision to grant
North Gibson's motion for summary judgment on the Commission's ADEA
claims for monetary damages. In reaching its decision, the district
court erroneously barred the Commission's claims on grounds that the
Commission lacked a timely filed underlying charge of age discrimination
and the claims would not sufficiently vindicate the public interest.
This Court should reject the district court's reasoning and decision
because the Commission's authority to litigate claims under the ADEA does
not depend on the Commission having received a charge of discrimination
(timely filed or otherwise). Further, the district court improperly,
and with no support in this Court's case law, imposed its negative view
of the law enforcement and public interest benefits of this action as
a bar to the Commission's monetary damages claims against North Gibson.
Finally, even if this Court accepts the district court's premise that the
Commission's action in this case must be based on a timely filed charge
of discrimination, this Court still should reverse the district court's
decision because a reasonable jury could find that the Commission's
action is based on such a charge.
The district court also erred when it dismissed the Commission's claims
for injunctive relief to prevent future age discrimination against
Anthis and Schleter. The ADEA, through its incorporation of various
provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, expressly grants district
courts the authority to enjoin an employer from withholding amounts
owing to an individual aggrieved by a violation of the ADEA. It was
error for the district court to hold that the Commission's request
for injunctive relief was unnecessary and moot, because should the
Commission prove its claim of age discrimination, injunctive relief will
be necessary and appropriate to ensure that, when Anthis and Schleter
retire, North Gibson offers them the highest early retirement benefit
that was available under the discriminatory early retirement provisions
in the 1995-98 collective bargaining agreement.
ARGUMENT
I. THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE DISTRICT COURT'S DECISION TO GRANT
NORTH GIBSON'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE COMMISSION'S CLAIMS
FOR MONETARY DAMAGES
In this case, North Gibson offered its teachers an early retirement
plan that treated younger workers more favorably than older workers,
based solely on their age at retirement. The terms of the plan itself
establish age discrimination, as individuals who retire at age 55
receive the highest monetary benefit, while individuals who retire at
age 56 or over receive a lower benefit (and no benefits if they retire
at age 65 or over), even if they retire in the same calendar year and
have the same number of years of service. See supra pp. 3-5. See also
Solon v. Gary Community Sch. Corp., 180 F.3d 844, 852-53 (7th Cir. 1999)
(finding a prima facie case of age discrimination where early retirement
benefits similarly varied depending on the retiree's age).
In granting North Gibson's motion for summary judgment, the district
court did not take issue with the Commission's view that North
Gibson's early retirement plan discriminated on the basis of age.
Instead, the district court held that the Commission's claims for
monetary damages were barred because none of the claimants filed a
charge of discrimination within 180 days of North Gibson's May 29,
1997 verbal renouncement of the early retirement provisions in the
1995-98 collective bargaining agreement, and because the claims would
not vindicate the public interest. See A11-13, 16-17. The following
analysis will demonstrate that the district court erred when it awarded
summary judgment to North Gibson on these grounds, because: (1) the
Commission's litigation authority under the ADEA does not depend on
the existence of an underlying charge of age discrimination (timely
filed or otherwise) or on a court's agreement that the Commission's
claims would vindicate the public interest; and (2) even if a timely
charge is required, a reasonable jury could find that the Commission
has satisfied that requirement because Anthis and Schleter filed their
charges within 180 days of the final date on which North Gibson offered
its discriminatory early retirement plan.
A. The district court erred when it held that the Commission could not
proceed with its ADEA claims against North Gibson on grounds that the
Commission lacked a timely filed underlying charge of age discrimination
and its claims against North Gibson would not sufficiently vindicate
the public interest
Under the ADEA, the Commission's right to litigate claims of age
discrimination is independent of any private individual's rights.
See Harris Chernin, 10 F.3d at 1291. The Commission "may receive
information concerning alleged violations of the ADEA 'from any
source,'" and, regardless of whether it has received a charge filed
by an aggrieved individual, the Commission "has independent authority
to investigate age discrimination." Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane
Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 28 (1991). See also 29 U.S.C. 626(a) (granting
the Commission the "power to make investigations"). If the Commission
determines that an employer engaged in a discriminatory employment
practice, the Commission first must attempt to achieve voluntary
compliance with the ADEA "through informal methods of conciliation,
conference and persuasion." 29 U.S.C. 626(b). If those efforts fail,
the Commission has "independent authority to bring suit to enforce the
provisions of the ADEA." EEOC v. American & Efird Mills, Inc., 964 F.2d
300, 303 (4th Cir. 1992) (explaining that the Commission's independent
enforcement authority logically follows from its independent authority
to investigate). See also 29 U.S.C. 626(b).
Within this framework, there is no statute of limitations applicable
to the Commission when it files suit under the ADEA. As the Eleventh
Circuit has explained, although the Commission's "right to bring a suit
under the ADEA was subject to certain time limitations" before 1991, the
Civil Rights Act of 1991 deleted language from the ADEA that incorporated
the statute of limitations of 6 of the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947,
and thus the statute of limitations no longer applies. EEOC v. Tire
Kingdom, Inc., 80 F.3d 449, 451 n.1 (11th Cir. 1996) (discussing the
ADEA, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and the Portal-to-Portal Act of
1947). See also Heiar v. Crawford County, Wisconsin, 746 F.2d 1190,
1196 (7th Cir. 1984) (discussing statute of limitations that applied to
ADEA actions before the statute was amended by the Civil Rights Act of
1991).<10> Further, while the ADEA requires individuals to file timely
charges of discrimination as a prerequisite to commencing a civil action
(see 29 U.S.C. 626(d), stating that no "individual" may commence a
civil action until sixty days after a proper charge of discrimination
has been filed), it is clear that those limitations do not apply to
the Commission. See Tire Kingdom, 80 F.3d at 451 (explaining that
the limitations expressed in 29 U.S.C. 626(d) do not apply to the
Commission); American & Efird Mills, 964 F.2d at 304 (same).<11>
The Commission commenced this action against North Gibson in a manner
that is entirely consistent with and faithful to the provisions of
the ADEA. As previously noted, the Commission first learned of North
Gibson's discriminatory early retirement benefit plan on December 29,
1997, when Anthis and Schleter filed their charges of age discrimination.
See supra p. 8. The Commission began its administrative process,
therefore, a mere seven months after the date North Gibson contends it
stopped offering benefits under the discriminatory early retirement
provisions in its 1995-98 collective bargaining agreement. Then,
"[a]fter numerous attempts to conciliate the charges," the Commission
commenced this action on September 3, 1998, when it filed a complaint
with the district court. A5.
The district court granted North Gibson's motion for summary judgment
despite being aware of both the Commission's authority to litigate ADEA
claims and the administrative process that preceded this litigation.
See A5, 9 (discussing the ADEA and the administrative background to
this case). In reaching its decision, the district court looked to this
Court's decision in Harris Chernin, 10 F.3d at 1291, and held that based
on that precedent, the Commission could not sue for monetary damages
because none of the claimants filed timely charges of discrimination
and because the Commission's monetary damages claims were not in the
public interest. See supra pp. 12-14.
This Court now should reject the district court's misplaced and erroneous
application of the decision in Harris Chernin to this case. In Harris
Chernin, 10 F.3d at 1289-92, this Court addressed the Commission's
authority to sue for monetary damages under the ADEA in a case where the
individual employee previously had filed, and lost, a private lawsuit
alleging ADEA claims. Applying the doctrine of res judicata, this Court
held that the Commission could not seek monetary damages<12> because the
employee had fully litigated his ADEA claim in his earlier lawsuit, the
Commission's action was based on the same claim, and "there is privity
between the EEOC and individuals for whom it seeks individual benefits."
Id. at 1290-91 (citing EEOC v. United States Steel Corp., 921 F.2d 489,
496 (3d Cir. 1990)). See also EEOC v. Harvey L. Walner & Assocs., 91
F.3d 963, 970-71 (7th Cir. 1996) (discussing Harris Chernin and noting
that the decision to bar the Commission's claim for monetary damages
was based on res judicata, or "representative claim preclusion").
In light of this summary, it is clear that the district court erred
in this case when it invoked the decision in Harris Chernin and held
that the Commission's claims for monetary damages are barred due
to the alleged lack of a timely charge and the court's view that the
Commission's claims would not be in the public interest. First, nothing
in Harris Chernin calls into question the statutory provisions of the
ADEA that grant the Commission the independent authority to investigate
and litigate claims of discrimination regardless of whether it has
received a charge from an aggrieved individual. See supra pp. 17-20
(discussing the Commission's litigation authority under the ADEA).
See also Gilmer, 500 U.S. at 28 (Commission's power to investigate does
not depend on filing of a charge); Tire Kingdom, Inc., 80 F.3d at 451
(Commission's independent enforcement authority logically follows from
its independent authority to investigate); American & Efird Mills,
964 F.2d at 303 (same). Instead, the decision in Harris Chernin has no
application here, because the decision does not discuss charge filing
requirements under the ADEA, and its discussion of res judicata is
not relevant because there is no indication that any of the claimants
in this action have previously litigated their ADEA claims against
North Gibson. See Harris Chernin, 10 F.3d at 1289 (listing the three
elements required for res judicata, including the requirement that
there be "a final judgment on the merits in an earlier action"); EEOC
v. Frank's Nursery & Crafts, Inc., 177 F.3d 448, 463 (6th Cir. 1999)
(lack of a prior lawsuit by aggrieved individual precluded application
of res judicata as a bar to the Commission's lawsuit).<13>
Second, the district court erred when it indicated that the Commission
may only exercise its independent litigation authority when it seeks
"to protect an interest that is greater than that of an individual
litigant," and held that the Commission's claims for monetary damages
against North Gibson are barred because the claims would not vindicate
the public interest. A14-15. There is no support in this Court's
decision in Harris Chernin for the proposition that the Commission's
authority to seek monetary damages is limited by a public interest
litmus test such as the one applied by the district court. Similarly,
the decision in Harris Chernin does not support the district court's
implicit holding that seeking monetary relief is not a significant means
of vindicating the public's interest in upholding the twin goals of
the anti-discrimination statutes: compensating victims and encouraging
employers to root out discrimination in the workplace. See Albermarle
Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 417-18 (1975) (discussing the role
of monetary damages in encouraging compliance and making victims of
discrimination whole for their injuries).
To be sure, in Harris Chernin, this Court did discuss the Commission's
role in vindicating the public interest in preventing employment
discrimination, but it did so only to explain that, due to the
Commission's unique role, "[t]here is no privity such that res judicata
as to [the employee's] claim for individual relief would bar the EEOC
from bringing an action seeking an injunction, in order to prevent
further violations." 10 F.3d at 1291 (emphasis added). The district
court therefore made a substantial leap in logic when it interpreted
Harris Chernin as creating a rule that the Commission may only sue
for monetary damages when a court agrees that such a claim would be
in the public interest. Moreover, the district court's view that the
Commission's monetary damages claims against North Gibson are barred
because they would not serve the public interest conflicts with Supreme
Court precedent. As the Supreme Court has explained, monetary damages
awards serve the public interest because "[i]f employers faced only
the prospect of an injunctive order, they would have little incentive
to shun practices of dubious legality. It is the reasonably certain
prospect of a backpay award that 'provides the spur or catalyst which
causes employers and unions to self-examine and to self-evaluate
their employment practices and to endeavor to eliminate, so far as
possible, the last vestiges of an unfortunate and ignominious page in
this country's history.'" Albermarle Paper Co., 422 U.S. at 417-18
(citations omitted).
Finally, the district court's dismissive view of the public interest
value of this action against North Gibson is troubling because, unlike
the executive and legislative branches, the judiciary generally is
not empowered to weigh competing issues of public policy. See United
States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 555 (1979) ("Under our constitutional
framework, federal courts do not sit as councils of revision, empowered
to rewrite legislation in accord with their own conceptions of prudent
public policy."). It was improper for the district court to impose
its negative view of the law enforcement and public interest benefits
of this action as a bar to the Commission's monetary damages claims
against North Gibson, and accordingly, this Court should reverse the
district court's decision.
B. Assuming that the Commission's action in this case must be based on
a timely charge of age discrimination, the district court erred when it
failed to recognize that a reasonable jury could find that this action
is based on such a charge
Even if this Court accepts the district court's premise that the
Commission may only sue for monetary damages where an individual claimant
has filed a timely charge of discrimination, it is evident that the
district court erred in barring the Commission's monetary damages claims
against North Gibson. Indeed, a reasonable trier of fact, viewing the
evidentiary record in the light most favorable to the Commission, could
find that Anthis and Schleter filed their charges of discrimination
within 180 days of North Gibson's application of its discriminatory
early retirement plan. See Reeves, 120 S. Ct. at 2110 (explaining that,
when reviewing a motion for judgment as a matter of law, "the court
must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party,"
and "must disregard all evidence favorable to the moving party that the
jury is not required to believe"). A reasonable trier of fact could
also find that, in processing Anthis' and Schleter's timely charges,
the Commission investigated North Gibson's early retirement provisions,
issued a letter of determination notifying North Gibson that it found
reasonable cause to believe the provisions violated the ADEA, and
attempted to conciliate the claims of all individuals aggrieved by the
discriminatory provisions. Because of the scope of the Commission's
investigation and attempts to conciliate before commencing this action,
this Court should hold that the Commission may seek relief on behalf of
the remaining claimants even though they did not file charges. See EEOC
v. Johnson Higgins, Inc., 91 F.3d 1529, 1533, 1535-36 (2d Cir. 1996)
(Commission permitted to file ADEA action challenging a mandatory
retirement policy where it learned of the policy while investigating a
separate, timely filed charge, issued a letter of determination finding
reasonable cause to believe the retirement policy was discriminatory, and
attempted to conciliate). See also EEOC v. Pan American World Airways,
Inc., 897 F.2d 1499 (9th Cir. 1990) (discussing an ADEA action brought
by the Commission, seeking relief for two named individuals and any
other persons aggrieved by the policy at issue).<14>
In analyzing North Gibson's motion for summary judgment, the district
court erroneously concluded that this action against North Gibson
is not based on a timely charge of discrimination. The district
court's determination is fatally flawed, however, because the court's
finding is premised on its improper decision to credit North Gibson's
argument that it stopped using its discriminatory plan on May 29, 1997,
when it unilaterally stated that it was no longer bound by the early
retirement provisions in the 1995-98 collective bargaining agreement.
Summary judgment was inappropriate on that issue because a reasonable
jury could find that North Gibson's discriminatory plan remained in
effect well after July 1, 1997,<15> and therefore find that Anthis
and Schleter filed their charges of discrimination within 180 days of
North Gibson's application of its discriminatory early retirement plan.
Specifically, notwithstanding North Gibson's May 29, 1997 unilateral
declaration, the union believed that the terms of the 1995-98 plan would
remain in effect until North Gibson and the union agreed on a new plan.
Consistent with the union's impression, North Gibson allowed David Specht
to retire on August 1, 1997 under the terms of the 1995-98 plan, despite
the fact that North Gibson supposedly renounced the plan in May 1997.
See supra pp. 6-8. Similarly, North Gibson allowed Noel Loftin to
retire on June 30, 1997 with full early retirement benefits, paying
him almost the identical amount ($64,958.16 instead of $64,958.15)
that he would have received under the 1995-98 plan, albeit under the
guise of a separate contract. See supra pp. 6-7 (listing statements
about North Gibson's decision to make Loftin's retirement benefits seem
"slightly different" from the benefits available under the discriminatory
plan).<16> Based on these facts, a reasonable jury could find that
North Gibson's discriminatory early retirement plan remained in effect
after July 1, 1997, and therefore could find that Anthis and Schleter
timely filed their charges of discrimination within the 180-day period
specified in the ADEA. See 29 U.S.C. 626(d)(1). Further, because
Anthis' and Schleter's charges were timely filed, the Commission has the
authority to proceed in this action on behalf of the claimants that did
not file charges of discrimination because the Commission investigated
and attempted to conciliate the claims of all individuals aggrieved
by North Gibson's early retirement provisions. See supra pp. 25-26
(explaining that, under these circumstances, the Commission may seek
relief for individuals who did not file charges of age discrimination).
Accordingly, this Court should reverse the district court's decision
and allow the Commission to proceed with its claims for monetary relief.
II. THE DISTRICT COURT ERRED WHEN IT DISMISSED THE COMMISSION'S CLAIM
FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF TO PREVENT FUTURE AGE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ANTHIS
AND SCHLETER
In opposing North Gibson's motion to dismiss the Commission's claims
for injunctive relief, the Commission argued that it should be allowed
to seek injunctive relief to enjoin North Gibson from withholding the
highest amount of benefits from employees who could have retired under
the 1995-98 early retirement plan. See A28 (noting the Commission's
argument). The district court rejected the Commission's argument,
but this Court should reverse the district court's erroneous decision
as to Anthis and Schleter because the express language of the ADEA,
as well as this Court's precedent, establishes that a court may award
injunctive relief to ensure that employees who choose not to retire
because of the discriminatory terms of an early retirement benefit
plan receive the full amount of benefits available under the plan.
See Solon, 180 F.3d at 848-49, 859 (affirming an award of injunctive
relief in this context).<17>
In proceedings below, the Commission advised the district court that
the ADEA grants district courts the authority to award injunctive
relief upon finding that an employer committed a prohibited act of
age discrimination. See A28 (noting this argument). Specifically,
the Commission explained that the ADEA incorporates 29 U.S.C. 217
(see 29 U.S.C. 626(b), incorporating this section of the Fair Labor
Standards Act), which expressly authorizes "[i]njunction proceedings"
in which a district court may restrain violations of 29 U.S.C. 215,
including the improper "withholding of payment of minimum wages or
overtime compensation." 29 U.S.C. 217. See also 29 U.S.C. 626(b)
(a prohibited act of age discrimination in violation of the ADEA is a
prohibited act under 29 U.S.C. 215); id. (explaining that "[a]mounts
owing to a person as a result of [an ADEA violation] shall be deemed to
be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation for purposes of
[29 U.S.C. 216-17]").
Despite this explanation, the district court held that the Commission
could not pursue its claims for injunctive relief in this action. A29.
Instead, the district court stated that the relief the Commission
seeks under 29 U.S.C. 217 is "a statutory remedy" that obviates the
need for injunctive relief, and dismissed the Commission's request for
injunctive relief as moot. A29. This Court should reject the district
court's flawed reasoning.
First, there is no basis for the distinction the district court made
between relief under section 217 and injunctive relief. Simply put,
relief under section 217 and "injunctive relief" are the exact same
thing, as section 217's principal function is to authorize injunction
proceedings to restrain violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act
(and thus, the ADEA). See 29 U.S.C. 217. See also Anderson, 852
F.2d at 1014-15 (indicating that the ADEA, through its incorporation
of 29 U.S.C. 216-17, allows the enforcement agency to "bring suit on
behalf of an aggrieved individual for injunctive and monetary relief").
Second, the district court erred when it held that the Commission's
claim for injunctive relief is moot. On the contrary, since Anthis and
Schleter remain employed by North Gibson, an injunction is necessary
to ensure that when they retire, North Gibson offers them the highest
early retirement benefit that was available under the discriminatory
early retirement provisions of the 1995-98 collective bargaining
agreement. Indeed, this Court affirmed an identical remedy in Solon,
180 F.3d at 848-49, 859, upholding "an injunction specifying that each
[of the individuals still working] had the right to voluntarily retire
and receive the full amount of early retirement incentive benefits that
would have been paid to an eligible teacher or administrator who elected
to retire [at the age offered the highest benefit]." This Court should
allow the Commission to pursue the same remedy in this action against
North Gibson.<18>
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court should reverse the district court's
erroneous decision and remand the Commission's ADEA claims for further
proceedings.
Respectfully submitted,
C. GREGORY STEWART
General Counsel
PHILIP B. SKLOVER
Associate General Counsel
CAROLYN L. WHEELER
Assistant General Counsel
GEOFFREY L.J. CARTER
Attorney
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
COMMISSION
Office of General Counsel
1801 L Street, NW, 7th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20507
September 27, 2000 (202) 663-4728
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I certify that this brief complies with the type-volume limitation set
forth in FRAP 32(a)(7)(B). This brief contains 8,137 words.
GEOFFREY L.J. CARTERSEVENTH CIRCUIT RULE 30(D) STATEMENT REGARDING
APPENDIX
I certify that the appendix to this brief contains all materials required
by Seventh Circuit Rules 30(a) and 30(b).
GEOFFREY L.J. CARTERCERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, Geoffrey L.J. Carter, hereby certify that on this 27th day
of September, 2000, two copies of the attached corrected brief,
and one copy of the attached corrected brief on digital media,
were sent by first class mail, postage prepaid, to each of the
following counsel of record:
Mary Lee Schiff, Esq.
Wm. Michael Schiff, Esq.
Ziemer, Stayman, Weitzel & Shoulders
P.O. Box 916
Evansville, IN 47706
GEOFFREY L.J. CARTER
Attorney
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
COMMISSION
Office of General Counsel
1801 L Street, NW, 7th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20507
September 27, 2000 (202) 663-4728
APPENDIX
R.159 - June 21, 2000 order entering judgment in favor of
defendant-appellee North Gibson School Corporation (A1)
R.158 - June 21, 2000 order granting North Gibson's motion for summary
judgment (A2-17)
R.59 - August 5, 1999 order granting in part and denying in part North
Gibson's motion to dismiss (A18-39)
R.149, Exhibit 6, cover page and pages 41-44 - Early retirement provisions
from North Gibson's 1995-98 "Master Contract" (A40-44)
R.131, Tab 12, North Gibson's Deposition Exhibits 3 and 14 - Charges of
discrimination filed by Fred Anthis and Lewis Schleter on December 29,
1997 (A451 Citations in the form "R.*" refer to the record entry numbers
listed on the district court's docket sheet. Citations in the form "A*"
refer to the page numbers of the attached appendix.
2 The Commission filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue of
liability on April 29, 1999. R.45; R.46. The district court did not
rule on that motion, nor did it rule on the Commission's November 1,
1999 motion for summary judgment on the issue of damages. R.98; R.99.
3 In early February 2000, North Gibson filed a second motion to dismiss
the Commission's complaint. R.112; R.115. The district court denied
that motion on May 18, 2000. R.154.
4 This statement of facts is drawn from the following portions of
the appellate record: R.148 (EEOC's Response to Defendant's Statement
of Material Facts and EEOC's Statement of Additional Material Facts);
R.130 (North Gibson's Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment
and Statement of Material Facts).
5 The early retirement plans in the contracts in effect from 1988-1994
were based on identical percentages, except that no benefits were offered
to teachers over the age of 62 (and thus the contracts list no percentages
for those ages). R.148 117-18.
6 The early retirement plans in effect from 1988-95 contained similar
eligibility requirements, with the principal difference being that
teachers could only participate in the plan if they were no less than
age 55 and no more than age 62 by June 30 of the year of retirement.
See R.148 122.
7 The yearly payments that Loftin receives under his agreement with
North Gibson differ from the yearly payments he would have received under
the early retirement provisions of the 1995-98 collective bargaining
agreement. See id. 142-43.
8 Browning and Froman retired in the summer of 1992, under the 1991-92
collective bargaining agreement ("CBA"). R.148 23, 33. Murphy retired
in May 1994, under the 1993-94 CBA. Id. 38. Parke retired in May 1995,
under the 1994-95 CBA. Id. 43. Krietemeyer also retired in May 1995,
but did so under the terms of a "Letter of Agreement" that he wrote and
the School Board accepted. Id. 28.
9 The district court also considered the question of whether the
Commission's monetary damages claims on behalf of Anthis and Schleter
stated a claim sufficient for Rule 12(b)(6), and held that it could not
dismiss the complaint because the Commission "may be able to prove some
set of facts consistent with the allegations of the complaint that would
entitle [it] to relief." A32.
10 In this regard, the ADEA is identical to Title VII, which also
lacks a statute of limitations that is applicable to the Commission.
See generally Occidental Life Ins. Co. v. EEOC, 432 U.S. 355 (1977)
(discussing the statutory framework of Title VII and the lack of a statute
of limitations applicable to the Commission's authority to file suit).
11 The Commission does not contend that claims under the ADEA last
forever. Instead, there are legal and equitable guidelines that provide
protection against "stale" claims. For example, the Commission considers
whether a claim is stale as a factor when it assesses whether to litigate
a claim in the public interest. In addition, the courts may invoke the
doctrine of laches in an appropriate case to achieve a fair result if
an employer is disadvantaged by the litigation of a stale claim. See,
e.g., Kamberos v. GTE Automatic Electric, Inc., 603 F.2d 598, 603 (7th
Cir. 1979) (Title VII case in which court reduced plaintiff's backpay
award because of a four year delay in bringing suit).
In any event, this action against North Gibson is not stale.
The Commission began investigating the claims underlying this action a
mere seven months after North Gibson supposedly renounced (in May 1997)
its 1995-98 early retirement provisions, and filed suit once its efforts
to conciliate failed.
12 This Court held that the Commission could proceed with its claims
for injunctive relief, because the individual employee could not
have adequately represented the Commission's interest in enforcing
the federal employment discrimination statutes in the public interest.
Harris Chernin, 10 F.3d at 1291-92. See also EEOC v. Harvey L. Walner &
Assocs., 91 F.3d 963, 970 (7th Cir. 1996) (summarizing this aspect of
the holding in Harris Chernin).
13 In its opinion awarding summary judgment to North Gibson, the district
court cited the Second Circuit's decision in EEOC v. Kidder, Peabody
& Co., 156 F.3d 298, 301 (2d Cir. 1998) for the proposition that the
Commission may not seek monetary relief for individuals who have settled,
arbitrated or formally waived (e.g., by signing a waiver that complies
with the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, codified at 29 U.S.C.
626(f)) their ADEA claims. The Commission notes that this Court has not
extended its decision in Harris Chernin to the settlement, arbitration
or formal waiver contexts, and further advises the Court that at least
one court of appeals has disagreed with the Second Circuit's holding
that an individual's pre-dispute agreement to arbitrate his or her ADEA
claim bars the Commission from seeking monetary relief in federal court.
Compare Frank's Nursery & Crafts, 177 F.3d at 467 (Title VII case holding
that Commission may seek monetary relief in federal court notwithstanding
individual's agreement to arbitrate) with Kidder, Peabody, 156 F.3d at
303 (individual's pre-dispute agreement to arbitrate his or her ADEA
claim bars the Commission from seeking monetary relief). See also EEOC
v. Waffle House Inc., 193 F.3d 805, 812-13 (4th Cir. 1999) (individual's
agreement to arbitrate ADA claim barred Commission from seeking monetary
damages in federal court based on the individual's claim), petition for
cert. filed, No. 99-1823, 68 U.S.L.W. 3726 (May 15, 2000).
14 Claimants in private ADEA lawsuits may avail themselves of a
similar rule. See Anderson v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 852 F.2d 1008,
1016-17 (7th Cir. 1988) (where employer is aware during conciliation of
the possibility of a subsequent lawsuit with many claimants, claimants
who did not file timely charges may "piggyback" onto the timely charges
that were filed by others).
15 Anthis' and Schleter's December 29, 1997 charges of discrimination
were filed within the 180-day time limitation if North Gibson's 1995-98
plan was still in effect on or after July 1, 1997 (the 180th day after
July 1, 1997 fell on Sunday, December 28, 1997, and thus Anthis and
Schleter had until the following Monday to file their charges).
16 The evidence about North Gibson's treatment of Loftin rebuts North
Gibson's argument that it ended the 1995-98 early retirement plan in
May 1997, and supports the conclusion that (as the union believed),
the discriminatory plan remained in effect until it was replaced in 1998.
17 The Commission makes this argument for injunctive relief only as
to its claims based on North Gibson's treatment of Anthis and Schleter.
As noted in Section I above, the remaining claimants in this action are
entitled to monetary relief. If this Court agrees with the district
court that the Commission's claims based on Anthis and Schleter's charges
are for monetary (rather than injunctive) relief, then the arguments in
Section I apply to Anthis and Schleter as well.
18 As this Court stated in Harris Chernin, 10 F.3d at 1291, the
Commission has an independent right to sue for injunctive relief.
| en |
markdown | 640355 | # Presentation: 640355
## TRADEMARK WORKSHOP
**FILING APPLICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES**
**FILING APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONALLY UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL**
**BEFORE YOU FILE: SEARCHING **
**AFTER YOU FILE: PROSECUTION PITFALLS**
- MERYL HERSHKOWITZ
- MANAGING ATTORNEY
- TRADEMARK LAW OFFICE 116
- TRICIA THOMPKINS
- SENIOR ATTORNEY
- TRADEMARK LAW OFFICE 101
## Why File for a Trademark Registration in the USPTO?
**Constructive notice nationwide of TM owner's claim. **** **
**Evidence of ownership of the trademark. **
**Jurisdiction of the federal courts may be invoked.**
**Registration can be used as a basis for obtaining registration in foreign countries. **** **
**Registration may be filed with U.S. Customs Service to prevent importation of infringing foreign goods.**
## Three Ways to File your Application
- On PAPER
- On line using TEAS
- On line using TEAS PLUS
## Filing on Paper
**Fee is $375 per international class**
- To order a printed form, call PTO's automated telephone line at (800) 786-9199
- Mail to:
- Commissioner for TrademarksP.O. Box 1451Alexandria, VA 22313-1451
*You may NOT submit an application by facsimile*.
- Applications delivered by hand or courier should be taken to: Trademark Assistance Center, James Madison Building - East Wing, Concourse Level, 600 Dulany Street, Alexandria, VA.
## Filing with TEAS
**Filing fee is $325 per international class**
- Help screens
- 24 hour access
- Instant receipt
## Filing with TEAS PLUS
**Filing Fee is $275 per International Class**
- All the benefits of TEAS ---plus
- Complete application minimizes procedural problems
- Electronic communications allow more efficient processing
## TEAS PLUS Requirements
- Trademark or Service mark applications for the Principal Register based on Sections 1 or 44
- Application must be complete
- Most communications must be filed on line
- Must agree to receive USPTO communications via e-mail
## What is a Complete Application? (page 1)
- Applicant’s name, address, legal entity, citizenship, correspondence address
- Filing basis or bases with documentation
- Classification and Identification from USPTO manual
- Filing fee for each class
- Proper verified statement, dated and signed by authorized person
## What is a Complete Application? (page 2)
- Clear drawing of the mark with standard character or color claim
- Claim of prior registrations for the same mark
- Translation and transliteration
- Consent to use name/portrait or not-a-living individual statement
- Concurrent use claim
- Email Address and Authorization
- Description of the mark for all special form drawings
## Requirement to File Documents through TEAS --
- All TEAS PLUS applicants must file these through TEAS
- Responses to Office Actions
- Requests to change correspondence/owner addresses
- Appointment/Revocation of attorney/domestic representatives
- Preliminary amendments
- Requests to delete a 1(b) basis
- Amendments/Statements of Use
- Requests for extension of time to file SOUs
## Requirement to Receive Emails
- All Teas Plus applicants must agree to receive communications from the USPTO by e-mail throughout the examination process
## Why Use TEAS PLUS?
- Its cheaper!
- Its easy!
- Its quick!
- If anything goes wrong, you can always convert to a regular TEAS application by paying the additional $50.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- What is the Madrid Protocol?
- An international trademark *filing *system that allows trademark owners to apply for an *international* *registration* that extends trademark protection to *multiple countries. *The international registration is based on a *single *application.
- Why is that significant?
- The protection that flows from a *national *registration, that is, a registration issued by a particular country, does not extend beyond the borders of that country. The registration is *territorial*. For example, a United States registration has no effect in France.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- How does the Madrid Protocol work for a US business that wishes to obtain an international registration?
- First, the business applies for a *United States* registration, if it doesn’t already have one.
- The business then determines:
- Which country or countries it is or will be doing business in;
- Which country’s markets are likely to feature pirated copies of the business’ goods;
- Whether those countries are members of the protocol; and
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- What trademark rights, if any, the business has in those countries.
- Every country has its own trademark laws: even if the business clearly has rights in a particular mark in the U.S., under U.S. law, it may not have the same, or *any*, rights, in another country, under *that *country’s laws.
- The business should retain an attorney who is (1) trained to conduct trademark searches in each of the countries the business may wish to identify in the international application, and (2) trained to *evaluate the results *of those searches.
- WIPO’s web site provides a worldwide a _[Directory of Intellectual Property Offices](http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/urls.jsp)_, but only some of the offices referred to in that list provide on line trademark databases.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- One (of very many) examples of how U.S. and other trademark laws may differ.
- Classification. In the U.S., classification does not confer or deprive a business of *substantive *trademark rights: two similar or identical marks can be classified differently and still be confusingly similar. Conversely, two similar marks can (occasionally) be classified in the *same* class and *not* be confusingly similar.
- In certain countries, including China, if the goods or services associated with two identical or similar marks are classified in different classes, the national trademark office will *not* find that there is a likelihood of confusion, even if the goods and/or services are related.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Applying for an international registration:
- use either the _[electronic application for registration](http://teasi.uspto.gov/)__, available at the USPTO’s web site, or;_
- a _[paper form](http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/forms/)__ provided by the World Intellectual Property Organization, (WIPO) the international organization that administers the Madrid protocol._
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- A recap of important matters just seen in the review of the international application.
- Fees:
- The USPTO charges a $100.00, non refundable *certification fee *per class if the international application identifies one US application or registration, and $150.00 per international class if the international application identifies *multiple *applications.
- WIPO charges *international fees*. The total amount will vary depending on which, and how many, countries are designated: the more countries designated, the more expensive the application.
- WIPO maintains a fee calculator and a fee schedule on its _[Madrid web site](http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/)_
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Application recap, continued:
- The international application cannot set forth information not provided in the underlying U.S. application or registration. Otherwise, the USPTO won’t certify the application.
- Example: the international application cannot identify goods or services not listed in the U.S. application or registration.
- The U.S. application identifies “computer software for creating dessert recipes, in international class 9” and the international application identifies “computer software for creating desert recipes, in international class 9” *as well as** *“computer education training,” in international class 41. The international application includes something that the underlying U.S. application does not, and the USPTO therefore would not certify the international application.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Application recap, continued: special features of the *electronic* form:
- If the “pre-populated” version of the _[electronic form](http://teasi.uspto.gov/)__ is used, the form automatically “pulls” information form the underlying U.S. application or registration, and “imports” that information into the application. This saves time, and helps to prevent “mismatches” between the international application and the U.S. application or registration._
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Payment is quick and easy. The form calculates the total of U.S. and international fees. The applicant pays that fee electronically, in U.S dollars. Once the fee is transmitted by the applicant, the USPTO systems automatically transmit the international portion of the fee to WIPO.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Payment of the international fee is much harder if the paper form is used. The payment must be made in Swiss Francs, by:
- (1) check;
- (2) establishing an account at WIPO and authorizing a deduction from that account;
- (3) by wiring money to a WIPO account; or
- (4) by payment in cash in Geneva.
- The electronic application is reviewed and certified automatically and instantaneously, whereas the paper form requires review by USPTO staff.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- If the applicant nevertheless wishes to use the paper application, it:
- Completes and prints that application;
- Mails it to a special address at the USPTO
- P.O. Box 16471, Arlington, Va. 22215-1471, Attn: MPU
- Non-Madrid trademark correspondence cannot be sent to this address.
- Paper applications must include the USPTO certification fee, and may include the WIPO international fees.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- What happens after the international application is transmitted to the USPTO?
- If everything is in order, the USPTO *certifies *the application, and forwards it to WIPO.
- If WIPO finds that its requirements were met, it issues an *international registration. *
- WIPO then sends the international registration to each of the countries that the applicant identified in the international application.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Each of those countries then determine whether, under their trademark laws, the U.S. trademark owner is entitled to an *extension of protection*, i.e., whether the international registration will be in force in their country.
- The countries must issue any refusals within either one year, or eighteen months, from the day the international application was forwarded to the Office by WIPO, (depending on whether the country opted for the one year or eighteen month limit).
- If the country decides to issue a refusal, it sends a refusal letter to WIPO, which then mails the letter to the applicant.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Some advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the Madrid system.
- Advantages:
- The business owner files only a *single* application.
- Most countries require trademark owners to *renew *their registrations periodically, after the registration issues. If a business obtains an *international registration*, it renews that registration with a single renewal document. If it had multiple, *national* registrations, it would be required to file renewals for each of these registrations, and some or all of these renewals would be due at at different times.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- If the owner of an international registration changes its name or address, it can update the record of its international registration with a single notification to WIPO. If it owned multiple, *national* registrations, it would be required to file separate notifications for each registration.
- Many countries require trademark owners who file national applications to hire local counsel or local trademark agents. There is no such requirement if Madrid is used.
- Nevertheless, the business may need the services of a local attorney or agent if the national office rejects the application.
- If the international registration is *assigned *from one business to another, that assignment can be effected by filing a single document at WIPO.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Disadvantages to utilizing the Madrid system:
*Five year dependence*. If, within five years from the date of the international registration, the United States application identified in the international application abandons, or the United States registration is cancelled or expires*, *the international registration will *also* be cancelled.
- One consequence of this: the international registration is vulnerable to a *central attack*. Another party can initiate a proceeding - - for example at the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board - - to *cancel *the U.S. registration, or to *oppose* the *issuance* of a registration. If that party is successful and a registration is not granted or is granted and then cancelled, the U.S. application or registration, as well as the *international registration, *are all cancelled. * *
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- Identification requirements. The information provided in the international application - - including the description of the goods and services - - must be identical to the information in the underlying U.S. application or registration. U.S. requirements for specificity in descriptions may be more stringent than the requirements that other countries impose.
## FILINGS UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
- As just seen, an *advantage *of the Protocol is that application and other costs are less than the costs of filing individual *national* applications. But the international application process can nevertheless be expensive. For example, a business may incur significant costs if it:
- Conducts searches in, and obtains legal opinions regarding protection in, numerous protocol countries:
- Recall that it is unwise to do anything but a “knock-out” search without attorney assistance;
- Designates each of those countries in its international application;
- Is issued refusals by some or many of those countries; and
- Retains attorneys in some or many of those countries to assist in challenging the refusals.
## MADRID FEE CALCULATOR
## MADRID APPLICATION
## Questions? You need Trademark Assistance!
- Trademark Assistance Center:
- 1-800-786-9199
**Local: (571) 272-9250**
- TrademarkAssistanceCenter@uspto.gov
## Trademark Assistance Center (cont.)
_**WHAT TAC DOES...**_
- Receives incoming calls and personally answers general inquiries regarding Trademark Office procedures
- Responds to requests for Trademark forms and materials
- Assists walk-in applicants with general trademark inquiries on Office policy and procedures
## Trademark Assistance Center (cont.)
- Responds to telephone status inquires by providing prosecution history and a procedural explanation
- Answers queries about informal applications
- Issues duplicate filing receipts
- Reconstructs “lost” files
## Trademark Assistance Center (cont.)
- Customer Problem Resolution
- Via E-mail:
**CustomerProblemResolution@uspto.gov**
- Will respond within 24 hours
## Trademark Assistance Center (cont.)
_**WHAT TAC DOESN’T DO...**_
- Provide LEGAL ADVICE
- Conduct pre-filing search for potentially conflicting marks
- Advise applicants how to respond to an Office action
- Advise applicants on what are types of specimens are or are not acceptable or on what goods/services are or are not acceptable
## Trademark Assistance Center (cont.)
- Pre-approve documents before they are filed
- Review or correct contents of application before filed
- Provide advice on how to act on accusations of infringement and oppositions
- Advise on whether a given example of use of a mark does or does not constitute use in interstate commerce
## THANK YOU!
Please visit us at
www.USPTO.gov
**Please visit us at**
** ****www.USPTO.gov** | en |
converted_docs | 826574 | **NIEHS IRB STANDARD FORMAT FOR PROTOCOLS**
for submission with Initial Review Application (form NIH-1195)
a\. **[Precis]{.underline}.** In 400 words or fewer, provide a
description of the objectives, study population, design, and outcome
parameters.
b\. **[Introduction:]{.underline}** Describe the background, including
human subject or animal research and references that are relevant to the
design and conduct of the study. Where new techniques or procedures are
to be used, a description of preliminary or early work should be
provided. If an FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) is to be used, animal
data on the drug should be included. If the study is one for which a
Clinical Investigator\'s Brochure (CIB) is provided, one copy of the CIB
must be available to the IRB when the protocol is reviewed. A summary of
the relevant features of the CIB should be included in the protocol.
c\. **[Objectives]{.underline}**: State the objectives of the study,
whenever possible, as hypotheses.
d\. **[Study Design and Methods]{.underline}:** Describe the involvement
of human subjects (see section (h), below) including initial evaluation
procedures and screening tests, phases, procedures and sequence of the
study. Separate standard and experimental aspects of the study as much
as possible. Describe alternatives to experimental therapy if they
exist. Give detailed procedures for treatment, dose adjustments, etc.
Describe the randomization procedure, if applicable. Address the
experience of investigators if procedures are to be performed for which
the investigators have not been specifically credentialed.
e\. **[Inclusion and exclusion criteria]{.underline}:** These
[must]{.underline} be included in the protocol.
f\. **[Monitoring Subjects and Criteria for Withdrawal of Subjects from
the Study]{.underline}:** Describe the types, frequency and duration of
tests, admissions, outpatient visits. Consider specifying a monitor if
the study involves a blinded design. Define stop points and criteria for
withdrawing subjects from the study.
g\. **[Analysis of the Study]{.underline}:** Delineate the precise
outcomes to be measured and analyzed. Describe how these results will be
measured and statistically analyzed. Delineate methods used to estimate
the required number of subjects. Describe power calculations if the
study involves comparisons.
h\. **[Human Subject Protections]{.underline}:** Protocols without this
section will not be accepted for IRB review.
> i\. Rationale for Subject Selection:
The protocol must include (a) a rationale for research subject selection
based on a review of gender/ethnic/race categories at risk for the
disease/condition being studied; (b) strategies/procedures for
recruitment (including advertising, if applicable); and (c)
justification for exclusions, if any. If the protocol involves subject
enrollment at multiple sites, describe plans for ensuring appropriate
IRB review and approval at each site.
> Explain the rationale for the involvement of special classes of
> subjects, if any, such as fetuses, pregnant women, children,
> cognitively impaired individuals, prisoners or other institutionalized
> individuals, or others who are likely to be vulnerable. Reference the
> appropriate Clinical Center Medical Administrative Series (hyperlink
> to
> [http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/New/mpafwa_docmas.html](http://internal.cc.nih.gov/policies/list_policies.asp?index=med_sub))
> or Federal Regulations Subparts (hyperlink to
> <http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/45cfr46.html>) as necessary when
> discussing the research involvement of these subjects. Discuss what,
> if any, procedures or practices will be used in the protocol to
> minimize their susceptibility to undue influences and unnecessary
> risks (physical, psychological, etc.) as research subjects.
>
> ii\. Evaluation of Benefits and Risks/Discomforts:
>
> Describe the potential benefits to subjects or to others that may
> reasonably be expected from the research. If volunteers are involved,
> specify compensation, if applicable.
Describe any potential risks \-- physical, psychological, social, legal,
or other \-- and assess their likelihood and seriousness. Where
appropriate, describe alternative treatments and procedures that might
be advantageous to the subjects. Describe the procedures for protecting
against or minimizing any potential risks, such as violations of
confidentiality, and assess their likely effectiveness. Where
appropriate, discuss provisions for ensuring necessary medical or
professional intervention in the event of adverse effects to the
subjects. Also, where appropriate, describe the provisions for
monitoring the data collected to ensure the safety of subjects.
> Discuss why the risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to the
> anticipated benefits and in relation to the importance of the
> knowledge that may reasonably be expected to result.
>
> iii\. Consent and Assent Processes and Documents
>
> Describe the consent procedures to be followed, including the
> circumstances in which consent will be sought and obtained, who will
> seek it (e.g., contract staff, Principal Investigator, etc.), the
> nature of the information to be provided to prospective subjects, and
> the method of documenting consent.
>
> The proposed consent document must be attached. It should be written
> in the second person, in language understandable to someone who has
> not completed high school. NIH form NIH-2514-1 (Consent to Participate
> in a Clinical Research Study:
> <http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/protomechanics/chap_3.html> ) is to be used
> for all subjects enrolled in research conducted at the Clinical
> Center. Research at sites other than the Clinical Center should
> contain similar language where appropriate.
>
> Children are generally not legally empowered to give consent, but
> depending on their age, they may have the ability to give assent
> (\"assent\" means a child\'s affirmative agreement to participate in
> research). Every protocol involving children (those individuals under
> age 18) should include a discussion of how assent will be obtained for
> the particular study. If an assent is to be obtained, use form
> NIH-2514-2.
i\. References. Include selected references which highlight methods,
controversies, and study outcomes.
j\. [Additional considerations]{.underline} (e.g., ionizing radiation;
collaborative research; IND, other. Discuss contract or study conduct
arrangements. State if these considerations do not apply). If a study is
being conducted under contract, describe the role of contract staff as
well as NIEHS staff.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 518102 | CDS 183..1538
CDS 1708..2850
CDS 3015..3233
CDS 3236..4354
CDS 4358..4654
CDS 4680..6605
CDS 6654..9146
CDS complement(9209..9343)
CDS 9505..10485
CDS 10781..11380
CDS 12405..12512
CDS complement(17308..18255)
CDS 18387..19844
CDS 19951..21279
CDS 21418..22692
CDS 22739..23533
CDS 23557..25245
CDS complement(25496..26887)
CDS 27106..28320
CDS 28396..28626
CDS 28703..30121
CDS 30346..30582
CDS 30802..31992
CDS 32011..33210
CDS 33213..34406
CDS 34415..35473
CDS 35487..36932
CDS complement(37105..37551)
CDS 37759..38559
CDS 38602..39240
CDS 39237..39959
CDS complement(40016..41029)
CDS complement(41004..42026)
CDS complement(42054..43004)
CDS complement(43027..43917)
CDS 44413..46020
CDS 46387..46884
CDS complement(47446..48027)
CDS complement(48047..48712)
CDS 48867..50549
CDS 50565..50876
CDS 50889..51488
CDS 51501..51728
CDS 51796..52059
CDS 52745..52882
CDS 53094..53201
CDS 58152..59297
CDS 59311..59430
CDS 59469..60956
CDS 60953..62404
CDS 62619..63668
CDS 63684..65180
CDS 65516..66484
CDS 66538..66783
CDS 66939..68375
CDS 68378..69019
CDS 69041..69370
CDS 69386..70375
CDS 70379..71206
CDS 71220..71570
CDS 71665..72396
CDS 72393..72656
CDS 72653..73519
CDS complement(73568..73852)
CDS 74104..75051
CDS 75067..76899
CDS 77133..79181
CDS complement(79252..79716)
CDS 80049..81053
CDS 81179..81298
CDS 81418..83049
CDS complement(83153..83806)
CDS 83949..85652
CDS 85832..86608
CDS 86727..88040
CDS 88057..88716
CDS 88709..89593
CDS 89648..90526
CDS 90824..91087
CDS 91205..91381
CDS 91560..92453
CDS 92485..93318
CDS 93332..93703
CDS 93858..94154
CDS 94479..95843
CDS 95869..96819
CDS 96939..97595
CDS 97653..98210
CDS 98370..98597
CDS 98869..102411
CDS 102586..103125
CDS 103244..103882
CDS complement(103913..104977)
CDS complement(105011..105640)
CDS 105947..107509
CDS 107523..108989
CDS 109003..109257
CDS 109257..109919
CDS complement(110060..111025)
CDS 111156..111653
CDS 111753..112799
CDS 112899..113480
CDS 113615..113929
CDS 113929..114492
CDS 114498..114881
CDS 114959..115387
CDS 115875..117197
CDS 117525..120047
CDS 120110..120847
CDS 120810..121757
CDS 121781..123190
CDS 123233..123772
CDS 123842..125830
CDS 125890..126660
CDS 126677..127564
CDS 127698..128636
CDS 128807..130240
CDS 130253..130846
CDS 130831..131670
CDS 131667..132491
CDS 132481..132849
CDS 132842..133360
CDS 133481..134482
CDS 134564..136072
CDS 136786..136923
CDS 137135..137242
CDS 143318..143455
CDS 143667..143774
CDS complement(147750..148163)
CDS 149126..149530
CDS 149546..150061
CDS 150067..151143
CDS 151164..153620
CDS 153857..155230
CDS 155236..156309
CDS 156461..157564
CDS 157771..158460
CDS 158457..158936
CDS 159003..160460
CDS 160749..161414
CDS 161465..162865
CDS 162865..163278
CDS 163275..164066
CDS 164074..164586
CDS 164674..165336
CDS 165675..165863
CDS 165920..166456
CDS 166612..167037
CDS 167133..167828
CDS 168045..168545
CDS 168600..168962
CDS 168993..169652
CDS 169962..173513
CDS 173807..177427
CDS 177525..177776
CDS 177876..178295
CDS 178339..178809
CDS 178848..180926
CDS 181048..182238
CDS 182529..182837
CDS 182875..183495
CDS 183520..184143
CDS 184143..184430
CDS 184459..185289
CDS 185350..185625
CDS 185649..185993
CDS 185997..186659
CDS 186662..187099
CDS 187086..187289
CDS 187305..187565
CDS 187597..187965
CDS 188006..188314
CDS 188342..188881
CDS 188906..189091
CDS 189118..189516
CDS 189547..190083
CDS 190114..190476
CDS 190501..191001
CDS 191015..191203
CDS 191240..191680
CDS 191680..192990
CDS 193057..193710
CDS 193707..194453
CDS 194538..194756
CDS 194789..194902
CDS 194925..195290
CDS 195312..195704
CDS 195878..196822
CDS 196857..197219
CDS 197267..198139
CDS 198115..198963
CDS 198960..199754
CDS 199775..200560
CDS 200740..201177
CDS 201197..201589
CDS 201733..202263
CDS 202276..202488
CDS 203241..203516
CDS complement(203534..204235)
CDS 204523..204780
CDS 204801..204932
CDS complement(205141..205350)
CDS 205702..206139
CDS 206199..206930
CDS 206999..207838
CDS 207972..210017
CDS 210116..211168
CDS 211708..212145
CDS 212665..213201
CDS 213186..214148
CDS 214191..214778
CDS complement(215364..215948)
CDS 216051..216671
CDS complement(216694..217455)
CDS 217591..217812
CDS 218454..218591
CDS 218803..218910
CDS 224220..225119
CDS 225388..226125
CDS 226755..227537
CDS complement(227859..228734)
CDS complement(228808..229503)
CDS complement(229595..230029)
CDS complement(230026..230823)
CDS 231124..232002
CDS complement(232477..233199)
CDS complement(233196..233513)
CDS 233859..234185
CDS 234298..234477
CDS 234482..234949
CDS complement(235311..236798)
CDS complement(236817..237275)
CDS complement(237286..238299)
CDS complement(238318..239268)
CDS complement(239418..240587)
CDS complement(240584..241483)
CDS complement(241611..243353)
CDS 243658..246246
CDS 246243..247847
CDS 247910..248083
CDS 248191..248787
CDS 248774..248920
CDS 248971..250335
CDS 250335..250661
CDS 250685..251659
CDS 251684..252160
CDS 252532..252708
CDS complement(253038..254549)
CDS complement(254552..255394)
CDS complement(255391..256329)
CDS complement(256326..257849)
CDS 258845..259894
CDS complement(260020..260616)
CDS complement(260792..262363)
CDS complement(262712..262885)
CDS complement(263119..263352)
CDS complement(263975..264160)
CDS 264309..264872
CDS 264891..265556
CDS 265718..266542
CDS 266535..267758
CDS 267795..269135
CDS 269260..270804
CDS 270838..271149
CDS 271118..272920
CDS 273165..273989
CDS 274040..274987
CDS 274991..276001
CDS complement(276115..276225)
CDS 276655..277950
CDS 278148..278585
CDS 278582..279754
CDS 280084..280863
CDS 280853..283018
CDS 283047..283721
CDS 283718..284755
CDS 284887..285534
CDS 285527..286852
CDS 286891..289245
CDS 289301..290068
CDS 290784..291155
CDS 291160..292026
CDS 292019..292624
CDS complement(292680..293636)
CDS complement(293947..294852)
CDS 295024..296778
CDS 296806..297186
CDS complement(297261..298031)
CDS complement(298352..298723)
CDS 298930..301059
CDS 301110..302150
CDS 302214..302729
CDS 302731..303243
CDS 303351..304145
CDS 304248..304343
CDS 304485..305474
CDS 305529..306209
CDS complement(306232..307086)
CDS 307186..307707
CDS 307731..308591
CDS 308592..309206
CDS 309193..309564
CDS complement(309644..310084)
CDS 310354..310965
CDS 311001..311474
CDS complement(311530..313428)
CDS 313730..314389
CDS 314411..315277
CDS 315531..316748
CDS 316968..317489
CDS complement(317556..317798)
CDS complement(317915..318409)
CDS complement(318565..319659)
CDS 319844..321379
CDS 321985..322593
CDS 323045..323719
CDS 323732..324319
CDS 324350..324736
CDS complement(325034..327439)
CDS complement(327477..328778)
CDS complement(328807..329307)
CDS complement(329300..330313)
CDS 330473..331447
CDS 331653..332426
CDS 332416..334158
CDS 334281..335129
CDS complement(335197..336189)
CDS complement(336186..337487)
CDS complement(337504..338490)
CDS complement(338490..338630)
CDS complement(338630..340225)
CDS 340427..341317
CDS 341340..342692
CDS 342711..343769
CDS 343921..344925
CDS 345108..346496
CDS 346531..347418
CDS 347443..348345
CDS 348358..349290
CDS 349445..350710
CDS 350739..351689
CDS 351870..352124
CDS 352146..352370
CDS complement(352327..352494)
CDS 352600..353124
CDS complement(353254..353577)
CDS complement(353849..354037)
CDS 354418..356127
CDS 356253..357437
CDS 357453..358784
CDS 358855..359925
CDS 360050..361210
CDS 361269..362687
CDS complement(362796..364247)
CDS 364391..364801
CDS 365235..365729
CDS 365759..367039
CDS 367076..367480
CDS 367645..368943
CDS 368962..369759
CDS 369756..370658
CDS 370648..371457
CDS 371460..372524
CDS 373015..373302
CDS 373629..375239
CDS 375460..376869
CDS 376862..378046
CDS complement(378518..379318)
CDS complement(379467..380489)
CDS 380690..381940
CDS complement(382279..382728)
CDS 382919..384154
CDS complement(384320..388030)
CDS 388489..389601
CDS 389598..390527
CDS 390524..391342
CDS 391364..392692
CDS 392741..393496
CDS complement(393566..394738)
CDS complement(394872..396479)
CDS 396924..397724
CDS 397731..398261
CDS 398274..399221
CDS 399235..400113
CDS 400164..400865
CDS 401131..402054
CDS 402045..403094
CDS 403320..403898
CDS 404505..405668
CDS 405964..406755
CDS 406835..407656
CDS 407737..408114
CDS complement(408162..409064)
CDS complement(409061..410476)
CDS 410821..411792
CDS 412038..414722
CDS 414745..416817
CDS 416896..417210
CDS 417224..418498
CDS 418628..419464
CDS 419661..420833
CDS 420847..422025
CDS 422022..422843
CDS 422876..424027
CDS 424204..425949
CDS 425906..427012
CDS 427147..428460
CDS 428486..429430
CDS 429435..430277
CDS complement(430509..431606)
CDS complement(431686..433014)
CDS complement(432995..433663)
CDS complement(434173..435066)
CDS 435188..435871
CDS complement(436025..436201)
CDS 436656..439454
CDS 439537..440829
CDS 440851..441783
CDS 441780..442622
CDS 442805..444316
CDS 444413..445678
CDS 445708..446589
CDS 446586..447428
CDS 447470..448099
CDS 448276..449187
CDS 449238..450134
CDS 450280..451068
CDS 451065..452249
CDS 452233..452940
CDS 452937..454622
CDS 454615..456075
CDS 456235..457311
CDS 457358..458908
CDS 458892..460052
CDS 460085..461611
CDS 461919..462647
CDS 462592..462765
CDS complement(463049..463180)
CDS complement(463240..463728)
CDS complement(463893..464591)
CDS complement(464602..465591)
CDS complement(465791..466105)
CDS complement(466108..466461)
CDS complement(466532..467110)
CDS 467368..468771
CDS complement(468920..469693)
CDS 469898..471373
CDS 471397..472212
CDS 472228..473208
CDS 473262..475175
CDS 475189..476100
CDS 476123..477163
CDS 477335..478216
CDS 478222..479244
CDS 479379..480992
CDS 481136..481753
CDS complement(481951..483240)
CDS 483584..483931
CDS complement(483983..484813)
CDS complement(484810..485736)
CDS complement(485803..487101)
CDS complement(487098..487277)
CDS complement(487634..488494)
CDS 488652..489665
CDS 489812..490822
CDS 490912..491394
CDS 491397..492680
CDS 492785..494278
CDS 494308..495837
CDS 496187..498013
CDS 498035..498910
CDS 498927..499391
CDS 499388..499705
CDS 499720..500805
CDS 500809..501327
CDS 501604..501888
CDS complement(501891..503285)
CDS 503407..504294
CDS 504299..504886
CDS complement(504967..506322)
CDS 506521..507858
CDS 507855..508166
CDS 508237..509532
CDS 509715..511445
CDS 512072..513442
CDS 513678..513920
CDS 513972..514526
CDS complement(514635..515030)
CDS 515213..515917
CDS 515907..517619
CDS 517650..517901
CDS 517920..518258
CDS 518385..519404
CDS complement(519464..520483)
CDS complement(520498..521994)
CDS complement(522015..522539)
CDS complement(522607..524043)
CDS complement(524068..524988)
CDS complement(525203..525898)
CDS complement(526227..528872)
CDS 529063..530160
CDS 530469..531161
CDS 531158..532366
CDS 532616..533002
CDS 533039..533431
CDS 533492..533962
CDS 534122..534937
CDS 535127..535432
CDS 535462..536757
CDS 536851..537102
CDS 537105..538493
CDS 538556..540475
CDS 540662..541150
CDS complement(541236..541724)
CDS 541751..541927
CDS 541945..542448
CDS complement(542553..543134)
CDS complement(543739..545091)
CDS complement(545149..545859)
CDS complement(545944..546684)
CDS 547027..547203
CDS 547175..547714
CDS 547718..549073
CDS 549152..549877
CDS 550093..550647
CDS 550828..551094
CDS 551221..551412
CDS 551688..551900
CDS 551979..552179
CDS 552241..553533
CDS 553545..554981
CDS 554993..555673
CDS 555666..556424
CDS 556435..556788
CDS 556785..557264
CDS 557225..558493
CDS 558508..559056
CDS complement(559300..560232)
CDS 560433..561425
CDS 561415..562242
CDS 562253..562942
CDS 562974..563888
CDS complement(564007..564693)
CDS complement(564693..566036)
CDS 566381..566557
CDS complement(566701..567984)
CDS 568199..568480
CDS 568494..568694
CDS 569073..570335
CDS complement(570451..571059)
CDS 571360..572109
CDS 572139..573086
CDS 573096..573728
CDS 573751..574899
CDS complement(575043..575861)
CDS 576028..576498
CDS 576495..577310
CDS complement(577399..578718)
CDS complement(578720..579403)
CDS 579616..580650
CDS 580673..581311
CDS 581403..582512
CDS complement(582555..583007)
CDS 583121..583735
CDS complement(583919..584431)
CDS 584566..585336
CDS complement(585400..588081)
CDS 588357..588746
CDS 588761..589027
CDS 589042..590613
CDS 590644..591264
CDS 591465..592085
CDS 592196..592312
CDS 592406..593203
CDS complement(593207..594736)
CDS complement(594733..594993)
CDS complement(595008..596219)
CDS 596582..597232
CDS 597225..598121
CDS 598663..599901
CDS complement(599997..601205)
CDS complement(601218..602084)
CDS complement(602122..602802)
CDS complement(602783..603823)
CDS 604222..605130
CDS 605391..607058
CDS 607276..609288
CDS 609439..610401
CDS 610414..611283
CDS 611377..612999
CDS 613095..613805
CDS 613989..615095
CDS 615245..615697
CDS 615767..615859
CDS complement(615846..617003)
CDS complement(617000..618091)
CDS complement(618179..619768)
CDS 620085..621050
CDS 621050..621940
CDS 621951..622967
CDS 622964..623959
CDS 623950..624900
CDS 624897..626150
CDS 626232..626990
CDS 627262..628581
CDS 628612..630111
CDS 630125..631159
CDS complement(631174..632349)
CDS 632476..633126
CDS 633206..634381
CDS 634562..636094
CDS 636263..636904
CDS 636912..638492
CDS 638511..639560
CDS 639600..640538
CDS 640540..641193
CDS 641257..642207
CDS 642383..643594
CDS 643566..643775
CDS 643983..645158
CDS 645263..645391
CDS 645451..645732
CDS complement(645894..647531)
CDS 647929..649299
CDS complement(649387..650151)
CDS 650466..651830
CDS complement(651874..652779)
CDS 653025..653681
CDS 653758..654189
CDS 654568..654741
CDS 654728..654889
CDS 654984..655529
CDS 655519..656502
CDS 656502..657611
CDS 657625..658392
CDS 658405..659148
CDS complement(659379..659927)
CDS complement(659932..660783)
CDS 661239..662009
CDS 662164..663318
CDS 663377..663637
CDS 663665..664474
CDS 664930..665940
CDS 665963..666457
CDS 666510..667814
CDS 668125..668850
CDS 668851..669969
CDS 670003..671079
CDS 671105..671713
CDS 671750..673180
CDS 673149..673928
CDS 673925..674554
CDS 674579..676405
CDS 676421..678142
CDS complement(678203..678898)
CDS complement(678891..679772)
CDS complement(679769..680143)
CDS complement(680430..681584)
CDS complement(681616..682056)
CDS complement(682053..683543)
CDS complement(683619..684743)
CDS 684887..685756
CDS 685848..686921
CDS 686924..688426
CDS 688872..689918
CDS 689915..690991
CDS 690991..691836
CDS complement(691899..692483)
CDS complement(692701..693291)
CDS 693712..694899
CDS complement(695173..696135)
CDS 696413..696970
CDS 697105..697761
CDS complement(697895..698347)
CDS complement(698617..698913)
CDS complement(698915..699247)
CDS complement(699222..700535)
CDS complement(700532..701860)
CDS 702038..702769
CDS complement(702766..703518)
CDS 703829..705625
CDS 705900..706292
CDS 706713..707060
CDS 707519..708745
CDS 708875..709945
CDS 710152..711435
CDS 711435..712076
CDS 712097..712954
CDS 713237..713818
CDS complement(713898..715049)
CDS complement(715080..715283)
CDS complement(715283..716479)
CDS complement(716499..718010)
CDS 718332..719087
CDS 719106..720392
CDS 720411..721406
CDS 721479..722846
CDS complement(723016..723846)
CDS complement(723859..724788)
CDS complement(724805..726049)
CDS 726306..726509
CDS complement(726677..728002)
CDS complement(728155..728877)
CDS complement(728929..730521)
CDS 730783..732060
CDS 732064..732735
CDS complement(732927..733982)
CDS 734296..735213
CDS 735273..735620
CDS 735672..736025
CDS 736051..737346
CDS 737362..738282
CDS 738279..739385
CDS 739395..740555
CDS 740560..741753
CDS complement(741739..741906)
CDS complement(741917..743863)
CDS complement(743860..745563)
CDS complement(745700..746473)
CDS 746698..747570
CDS 747923..748735
CDS complement(748836..749729)
CDS 749940..751217
CDS 751276..752157
CDS 752138..753022
CDS 753326..753619
CDS 753694..753933
CDS 753960..755270
CDS 755294..759718
CDS 759745..762906
CDS 762896..763351
CDS 763412..763708
CDS 763718..764038
CDS 764057..764569
CDS 764594..766123
CDS 766163..766645
CDS 766732..767238
CDS 767366..767884
CDS 768066..768587
CDS 769011..769457
CDS complement(769595..770437)
CDS complement(770737..771828)
CDS 772331..772501
CDS 772912..773406
CDS 773465..773767
CDS 774072..774791
CDS 774760..777222
CDS 777227..777733
CDS 778284..778748
CDS 778903..779709
CDS complement(779776..780459)
CDS complement(780461..781999)
CDS 782313..783539
CDS 784038..787712
CDS 787702..789237
CDS 789176..789799
CDS 789796..790482
CDS 790540..791010
CDS 791007..792086
CDS 792083..792730
CDS 792954..794462
CDS 794526..795260
CDS 795414..797087
CDS 797154..798851
CDS 798852..800075
CDS 800089..801039
CDS 801050..801931
CDS complement(801958..802206)
CDS complement(802206..802784)
CDS 803011..803622
CDS complement(803662..804963)
CDS 805102..805986
CDS 806188..807216
CDS 807322..808455
CDS 808452..809051
CDS complement(809172..810539)
CDS complement(811145..811585)
CDS 811784..812131
CDS complement(812167..812673)
CDS 813011..814291
CDS 814288..814743
CDS complement(814811..815575)
CDS 815920..816372
CDS complement(816527..816805)
CDS complement(816856..818010)
CDS complement(818255..819346)
CDS complement(819359..820429)
CDS 820631..821416
CDS 821413..822048
CDS 822157..823164
CDS 823275..824087
CDS 824509..826860
CDS 826905..827435
CDS 827435..828136
CDS complement(828358..828888)
CDS complement(828928..829602)
CDS 829937..830950
CDS complement(831063..831872)
CDS 832229..833119
CDS 833398..834672
CDS complement(834771..834920)
CDS 835098..836240
CDS complement(836379..837638)
CDS complement(837805..838407)
CDS complement(838525..839916)
CDS 840023..840850
CDS 840999..842240
CDS 842288..843412
CDS complement(843468..844523)
CDS complement(844581..845489)
CDS 845645..846370
CDS 846426..847247
CDS 847308..847943
CDS 847944..848597
CDS complement(848594..849463)
CDS complement(849460..850728)
CDS 851052..851873
CDS 851889..852812
CDS 852812..853753
CDS 853757..854752
CDS 854766..856412
CDS 856473..857411
CDS 857408..858313
CDS 858313..859311
CDS complement(859381..859722)
CDS 859918..860514
CDS complement(860580..861266)
CDS 861894..864311
CDS 864298..864720
CDS 864724..865068
CDS 865061..866548
CDS 866551..867066
CDS 867066..867350
CDS 867328..867720
CDS complement(867945..868796)
CDS 868972..869940
CDS 869955..870992
CDS 871004..871747
CDS complement(871790..872941)
CDS complement(873062..873694)
CDS complement(873787..874095)
CDS 874431..875183
CDS 875376..877259
CDS complement(877286..877894)
CDS complement(878001..878762)
CDS 878886..879239
CDS 879359..880381
CDS 880527..881759
CDS 881911..882102
CDS 882107..882457
CDS 882727..883545
CDS 883563..883919
CDS 883922..884353
CDS 884354..885370
CDS 885435..885764
CDS 885764..886246
CDS 886206..886991
CDS 886993..887619
CDS 887719..889881
CDS complement(889909..890052)
CDS 890134..890598
CDS 892277..892915
CDS 892923..894134
CDS complement(894373..894663)
CDS 894841..896025
CDS 896441..896992
CDS 897297..897509
CDS 897460..897822
CDS 897860..897964
CDS complement(898007..898519)
CDS 898891..899346
CDS 899343..899816
CDS complement(899897..900688)
CDS complement(900836..901765)
CDS 902139..902339
CDS complement(902498..902959)
CDS 903236..903553
CDS 903799..904170
CDS 904323..904667
CDS 904683..905981
CDS 905996..906415
CDS complement(906545..906775)
CDS 906976..908160
CDS 908130..908339
CDS 908415..909275
CDS 909551..910216
CDS 910437..911492
CDS complement(911638..911991)
CDS 912236..913279
CDS 913295..914524
CDS complement(914820..915527)
CDS complement(915578..917833)
CDS complement(917946..918344)
CDS complement(918341..918670)
CDS complement(919046..919414)
CDS complement(919531..919857)
CDS complement(919854..920570)
CDS 920744..921178
CDS 921285..921680
CDS complement(921935..923179)
CDS 923546..923941
CDS 924070..924927
CDS 925235..927094
CDS 927115..927984
CDS 928012..929916
CDS 930237..931091
CDS 931376..931909
CDS 931987..932181
CDS 932289..932651
CDS 934017..934154
CDS 934366..934473
CDS 938799..939041
CDS complement(939726..939893)
CDS complement(940436..941146)
CDS 941274..941657
CDS 941654..941998
CDS 942016..943152
CDS complement(943222..943365)
CDS 943951..944943
CDS 944948..945415
CDS 945400..946119
CDS 946085..946567
CDS 946545..947552
CDS complement(947587..949500)
CDS 949668..950303
CDS 950320..950511
CDS 950462..951280
CDS 951589..952614
CDS 952592..953260
CDS 953316..954146
CDS 954149..955243
CDS complement(955309..955509)
CDS complement(955519..956241)
CDS 956471..956755
CDS 956790..958427
CDS 958788..960716
CDS 960713..961150
CDS 961163..961444
CDS 961488..962765
CDS 962780..963520
CDS complement(963556..964242)
CDS complement(964371..965174)
CDS 965280..966719
CDS complement(966728..967228)
CDS complement(967234..967806)
CDS complement(967803..968291)
CDS 968380..969396
CDS 969410..970696
CDS 970657..971178
CDS 971178..971606
CDS 971617..971856
CDS complement(971871..972680)
CDS 972809..975766
CDS 975759..976385
CDS 976454..977200
CDS complement(977223..977732)
CDS complement(977933..978112)
CDS complement(978196..978360)
CDS complement(978377..978502)
CDS complement(978480..981071)
CDS complement(981061..981480)
CDS complement(981464..982420)
CDS 982692..983498
CDS 983627..984463
CDS 984819..985652
CDS 985728..986399
CDS 986396..987076
CDS 987073..987894
CDS 987974..988399
CDS 988495..990114
CDS 990111..990821
CDS 991018..992367
CDS 992371..993558
CDS complement(993814..994644)
CDS 994880..995308
CDS 995322..995747
CDS 995983..997764
CDS 997781..998500
CDS 998518..1002507
CDS 1002509..1002739
CDS 1002795..1003262
CDS 1003548..1004318
CDS 1004404..1004976
CDS 1005239..1007296
CDS 1007361..1007597
CDS complement(1007638..1007847)
CDS complement(1007933..1008877)
CDS 1008998..1009555
CDS 1009679..1010638
CDS 1010638..1011813
CDS 1011803..1014013
CDS 1014213..1015760
CDS 1016281..1016715
CDS complement(1017468..1018871)
CDS complement(1019215..1020228)
CDS complement(1020305..1021240)
CDS 1021434..1022546
CDS complement(1022690..1023229)
CDS complement(1023321..1023989)
CDS complement(1024000..1025064)
CDS 1025424..1027487
CDS 1027484..1027762
CDS 1027798..1029072
CDS 1029096..1031096
CDS complement(1031267..1032451)
CDS complement(1032474..1032935)
CDS complement(1033361..1033822)
CDS 1034139..1035116
CDS 1035169..1035783
CDS 1035787..1036176
CDS 1036287..1036478
CDS 1036587..1037834
CDS 1037877..1038797
CDS complement(1038856..1039239)
CDS 1039567..1040868
CDS 1041097..1041339
CDS complement(1041403..1042992)
CDS complement(1043075..1043578)
CDS 1043750..1044595
CDS complement(1044656..1045573)
CDS 1045745..1047280
CDS complement(1047391..1048941)
CDS 1049158..1049268
CDS 1049378..1051066
CDS 1051341..1051547
CDS 1051554..1052015
CDS 1052052..1052609
CDS 1052713..1054590
CDS 1054766..1056298
CDS 1056384..1057592
CDS complement(1057651..1057923)
CDS 1058137..1059924
CDS 1059937..1060656
CDS 1060662..1062089
CDS 1062082..1062771
CDS 1063028..1063846
CDS complement(1063888..1065096)
CDS complement(1065119..1066594)
CDS complement(1066774..1067340)
CDS 1067529..1068377
CDS 1069707..1072046
CDS 1072117..1073787
CDS 1073801..1074391
CDS 1074677..1076155
CDS complement(1076354..1077808)
CDS 1077987..1078661
CDS 1078630..1079460
CDS 1079516..1080106
CDS 1080103..1080642
CDS 1080762..1081517
CDS 1081617..1082369
CDS 1082412..1083242
CDS 1083243..1084661
CDS complement(1084618..1085244)
CDS complement(1085402..1086157)
CDS 1086322..1087422
CDS 1087419..1087970
CDS complement(1088158..1089204)
CDS complement(1089549..1090835)
CDS complement(1090900..1092012)
CDS 1093571..1095322
CDS 1095319..1097316
CDS complement(1097897..1098058)
CDS complement(1098464..1099354)
CDS complement(1099357..1099680)
CDS complement(1099922..1100641)
CDS complement(1101318..1101473)
CDS 1101635..1102240
CDS complement(1102911..1104923)
CDS 1105191..1106783
CDS 1106780..1107451
CDS 1107600..1108610
CDS 1108623..1109081
CDS 1109093..1110604
CDS 1110841..1111101
CDS 1111104..1111505
CDS 1111850..1112056
CDS 1112152..1112517
CDS 1112675..1113283
CDS 1113363..1113995
CDS complement(1114118..1114669)
CDS complement(1114729..1115466)
CDS 1115880..1116371
CDS 1116368..1117498
CDS 1117518..1118816
CDS 1118841..1119560
CDS 1119553..1119804
CDS 1119801..1120484
CDS 1120468..1122693
CDS 1122669..1124081
CDS 1124105..1125142
CDS 1125139..1125723
CDS 1125720..1127255
CDS 1127266..1128561
CDS 1128927..1130051
CDS 1130206..1131216
CDS 1131357..1132109
CDS 1132152..1133192
CDS 1133217..1134569
CDS 1134595..1135353
CDS complement(1135480..1136427)
CDS 1136570..1137085
CDS 1137102..1138214
CDS 1138192..1138824
CDS 1138987..1139916
CDS 1139926..1141152
CDS 1141149..1142207
CDS complement(1142293..1142505)
CDS 1142837..1143220
CDS 1143244..1143507
CDS 1143527..1145338
CDS 1145349..1145813
CDS 1146168..1146836
CDS 1146815..1147117
CDS 1147380..1148222
CDS 1148240..1148548
CDS 1148965..1149336
CDS 1149723..1150061
CDS 1150326..1150712
CDS 1150715..1151146
CDS 1151346..1151843
CDS 1151860..1152159
CDS 1152402..1152872
CDS 1153227..1153658
CDS 1153732..1154121
CDS 1154488..1154784
CDS 1155232..1155381
CDS 1155405..1155743
CDS 1155986..1156306
CDS 1156420..1156527
CDS 1156765..1157781
CDS 1157864..1157980
CDS complement(1158207..1158749)
CDS 1158999..1160216
CDS 1160185..1161021
CDS 1161081..1162013
CDS 1162418..1163470
CDS 1163771..1165519
CDS 1165602..1165910
CDS 1166054..1167784
CDS complement(1168024..1169853)
CDS complement(1169838..1170419)
CDS 1170563..1171444
CDS complement(1171480..1171776)
CDS 1172034..1172156
CDS 1172376..1173428
CDS 1173425..1174438
CDS 1174455..1175282
CDS 1175890..1176612
CDS 1176625..1178871
CDS 1178888..1180903
CDS 1180920..1182074
CDS 1182224..1183318
CDS 1183389..1184927
CDS 1184893..1185975
CDS 1185978..1186931
CDS 1187136..1187495
CDS 1187670..1188638
CDS 1188674..1189159
CDS 1189323..1189610
CDS 1189638..1191089
CDS 1191105..1192535
CDS 1192744..1193652
CDS 1193830..1194288
CDS 1194360..1195739
CDS 1195782..1196387
CDS 1197127..1199190
CDS 1199187..1199471
CDS 1199506..1200858
CDS 1200989..1202995
CDS complement(1203217..1203981)
CDS 1204271..1204489
CDS complement(1204643..1206085)
CDS complement(1206260..1208242)
CDS 1208743..1209519
CDS 1209703..1210575
CDS 1210596..1211504
CDS 1211555..1213024
CDS complement(1213201..1214019)
CDS complement(1213965..1214672)
CDS complement(1214728..1216302)
CDS complement(1216367..1217368)
CDS 1217802..1218782
CDS complement(1218934..1219107)
CDS complement(1219138..1219959)
CDS complement(1220099..1220764)
CDS complement(1220841..1221719)
CDS complement(1221880..1222731)
CDS 1222900..1223928
CDS 1223925..1224440
CDS 1224418..1225701
CDS 1225868..1226158
CDS 1226155..1227321
CDS 1227467..1228927
CDS 1229082..1230074
CDS 1230096..1231304
CDS complement(1231424..1233727)
CDS 1234177..1235976
CDS 1235969..1237450
CDS 1237545..1238510
CDS 1238523..1239437
CDS 1239461..1241122
CDS 1241247..1243595
CDS 1243662..1244396
CDS 1244525..1245124
CDS complement(1245263..1246294)
CDS complement(1246360..1247238)
CDS 1247334..1249631
CDS 1249841..1251355
CDS 1251452..1252411
CDS 1252431..1253306
CDS 1253311..1254243
CDS 1254230..1255801
CDS 1255798..1256910
CDS 1256907..1257401
CDS 1257376..1258083
CDS 1258040..1259326
CDS 1259330..1260826
CDS 1260840..1262321
CDS 1262490..1263476
CDS 1263476..1263925
CDS 1263925..1264494
CDS 1264487..1265488
CDS 1265577..1265933
CDS 1265953..1266735
CDS complement(1266900..1267685)
CDS complement(1267858..1268064)
CDS 1268936..1270120
CDS 1270275..1270835
CDS 1270949..1279561
CDS complement(1279639..1280952)
CDS complement(1281024..1282013)
CDS complement(1282072..1283346)
CDS 1283575..1284270
CDS 1284267..1285211
CDS 1285310..1286239
CDS 1286236..1286940
CDS complement(1287040..1287660)
CDS 1287756..1288442
CDS complement(1288562..1289476)
CDS complement(1289574..1290689)
CDS complement(1290673..1291374)
CDS 1291625..1292575
CDS 1292622..1293269
CDS 1293291..1294541
CDS complement(1294538..1295506)
CDS 1295657..1296607
CDS complement(1296706..1296852)
CDS complement(1297039..1297680)
CDS complement(1297791..1299119)
CDS 1299249..1299878
CDS 1300011..1300106
CDS 1300122..1300910
CDS 1301115..1301498
CDS 1301522..1301785
CDS 1301805..1303532
CDS 1303544..1303897
CDS 1304153..1304698
CDS 1305010..1305348
CDS 1305537..1306013
CDS 1306023..1306265
CDS 1306667..1306861
CDS 1306882..1307217
CDS 1307287..1307757
CDS 1307873..1308157
CDS 1308154..1308528
CDS 1308568..1308738
CDS complement(1308806..1309255)
CDS complement(1309602..1310024)
CDS 1310259..1310774
CDS complement(1310905..1312320)
CDS 1312437..1313060
CDS complement(1313101..1313532)
CDS 1313654..1314076
CDS complement(1314200..1315384)
CDS complement(1315589..1316992)
CDS complement(1316983..1317645)
CDS complement(1317708..1318469)
CDS complement(1318474..1319229)
CDS complement(1319233..1319934)
CDS complement(1320143..1321051)
CDS 1321198..1323123
CDS 1323147..1324505
CDS 1324519..1325454
CDS 1325454..1326281
CDS complement(1326565..1327098)
CDS 1327425..1327832
CDS 1327925..1328983
CDS 1329268..1330869
CDS complement(1330871..1331752)
CDS 1331850..1333190
CDS complement(1333239..1334207)
CDS complement(1334204..1335589)
CDS complement(1335790..1337409)
CDS complement(1337507..1337983)
CDS 1338351..1339373
CDS 1339446..1340270
CDS 1340346..1341110
CDS 1341085..1342158
CDS 1342297..1343307
CDS complement(1343413..1344210)
CDS complement(1344194..1345204)
CDS complement(1345226..1346212)
CDS complement(1346445..1347695)
CDS 1347798..1348328
CDS 1348339..1348719
CDS 1348784..1350613
CDS 1350902..1351891
CDS 1351881..1352879
CDS 1352876..1354525
CDS 1354590..1355594
CDS 1355607..1356518
CDS complement(1356594..1357433)
CDS 1357663..1358040
CDS 1358168..1358758
CDS 1358755..1360107
CDS complement(1360217..1361017)
CDS complement(1361108..1361911)
CDS complement(1361908..1362696)
CDS complement(1362665..1363465)
CDS complement(1363586..1364524)
CDS 1365029..1367056
CDS 1367766..1369484
CDS 1369487..1371364
CDS 1371433..1372701
CDS 1372818..1374320
CDS 1374595..1376253
CDS 1376257..1376799
CDS 1376926..1378314
CDS 1378433..1379767
CDS complement(1379807..1381339)
CDS complement(1381525..1383135)
CDS 1383421..1384854
CDS 1384958..1386628
CDS 1386638..1387351
CDS 1387466..1387951
CDS 1388004..1389095
CDS 1389108..1390991
CDS 1391149..1391913
CDS 1391910..1392830
CDS 1392839..1394731
CDS complement(1394837..1395844)
CDS 1396470..1397837
CDS 1397877..1398197
CDS 1398386..1398682
CDS complement(1398859..1399110)
CDS complement(1399286..1399426)
CDS 1399495..1400094
CDS 1400171..1401532
CDS 1401545..1402849
CDS 1403012..1403464
CDS 1403976..1405442
CDS 1405728..1407488
CDS 1407623..1408423
CDS complement(1408488..1409528)
CDS complement(1409545..1410882)
CDS complement(1411162..1411332)
CDS 1411590..1411739
CDS 1411845..1412195
CDS 1412372..1413175
CDS complement(1413242..1414351)
CDS 1414520..1415167
CDS complement(1415305..1416672)
CDS complement(1417080..1417901)
CDS 1418041..1418820
CDS complement(1419020..1419916)
CDS complement(1419984..1420403)
CDS complement(1420726..1420920)
CDS complement(1421228..1421590)
CDS 1421755..1423170
CDS 1423242..1424279
CDS 1424400..1424696
CDS complement(1424729..1425631)
CDS 1425733..1426554
CDS 1426554..1426874
CDS complement(1426914..1427072)
CDS complement(1427091..1427246)
CDS complement(1427359..1428339)
CDS 1428513..1429595
CDS 1429592..1430341
CDS complement(1430375..1430725)
CDS complement(1430741..1430941)
CDS 1431047..1431796
CDS 1431864..1432016
CDS 1432230..1432757
CDS 1432804..1434552
CDS complement(1434707..1435750)
CDS complement(1435862..1437166)
CDS 1437334..1437804
CDS 1437797..1438759
CDS 1438777..1439073
CDS 1439282..1439713
CDS complement(1439784..1440149)
CDS 1440960..1441097
CDS 1441309..1441416
CDS 1448268..1450652
CDS 1451053..1452018
CDS 1452269..1452406
CDS 1452422..1452652
CDS 1452765..1453406
CDS 1453465..1453728
CDS 1454536..1455012
CDS 1455009..1456703
CDS 1456713..1456913
CDS 1456919..1458205
CDS 1458162..1458794
CDS 1458835..1460082
CDS 1460164..1460646
CDS 1460639..1460935
CDS 1460913..1461266
CDS 1461271..1461675
CDS 1461672..1462031
CDS 1462044..1462652
CDS 1462784..1463131
CDS 1463146..1463376
CDS 1463394..1468058
CDS 1468060..1468899
CDS 1468923..1471577
CDS 1471589..1473649
CDS 1473660..1474040
CDS 1474027..1474194
CDS 1474251..1474496
CDS complement(1474575..1475030)
CDS 1475082..1476470
CDS 1476507..1476920
CDS 1476923..1477828
CDS 1477942..1478301
CDS 1478324..1478452
CDS 1478538..1479053
CDS 1479157..1479450
CDS complement(1479425..1479787)
CDS complement(1479899..1480093)
CDS complement(1480278..1480382)
CDS complement(1480491..1481267)
CDS complement(1481417..1481866)
CDS complement(1481869..1482204)
CDS 1482469..1482654
CDS 1482690..1482791
CDS 1482816..1483130
CDS 1483131..1483322
CDS 1483327..1483479
CDS 1483558..1484106
CDS 1484116..1485069
CDS 1485085..1485522
CDS 1485580..1487955
CDS 1488182..1488616
CDS 1488620..1489150
CDS 1489147..1489416
CDS 1489418..1489648
CDS 1489641..1489979
CDS 1490093..1490488
CDS 1490527..1490715
CDS 1490751..1490987
CDS 1491040..1491432
CDS 1491435..1491635
CDS 1491653..1492093
CDS complement(1492441..1492638)
CDS 1492919..1493113
CDS 1493254..1494465
CDS complement(1494762..1496258)
CDS complement(1496283..1496684)
CDS 1496930..1497406
CDS 1497646..1498770
CDS complement(1498977..1500134)
CDS complement(1500461..1501141)
CDS complement(1501184..1501333)
CDS complement(1501941..1503248)
CDS 1503396..1504010
CDS 1504387..1504833
CDS 1504963..1506396
CDS 1506420..1506851
CDS complement(1506987..1507511)
CDS 1507758..1508558
CDS 1508611..1509996
CDS complement(1510160..1510912)
CDS 1511550..1512629
CDS 1513188..1515200
CDS 1515205..1515942
CDS 1515972..1516703
CDS complement(1516674..1517858)
CDS 1518062..1518496
CDS complement(1518712..1519563)
CDS 1519684..1521738
CDS 1521989..1523836
CDS 1523841..1525007
CDS 1524982..1525299
CDS 1525321..1525683
CDS 1525685..1526041
CDS 1526056..1526841
CDS 1526843..1527517
CDS 1527530..1528642
CDS 1528639..1529355
CDS 1529360..1529458
CDS 1529863..1530849
CDS complement(1531375..1531758)
CDS complement(1531779..1532132)
CDS complement(1532119..1532526)
CDS complement(1532650..1533426)
CDS complement(1534149..1534685)
CDS complement(1534771..1535580)
CDS 1536020..1536601
CDS 1536701..1537837
CDS 1537917..1539158
CDS complement(1539112..1539309)
CDS complement(1539650..1540564)
CDS 1540671..1541012
CDS complement(1541214..1542491)
CDS complement(1542798..1543511)
CDS 1543781..1544119
CDS 1544218..1544766
CDS 1544904..1546034
CDS 1546036..1546668
CDS 1546787..1547719
CDS 1547731..1548996
CDS 1548993..1550087
CDS complement(1550148..1550972)
CDS 1551129..1551617
CDS complement(1551674..1552759)
CDS 1552935..1553642
CDS 1553701..1554231
CDS 1554334..1554645
CDS 1554892..1555497
CDS 1555519..1557027
CDS complement(1557121..1559892)
CDS complement(1560125..1560559)
CDS complement(1560706..1561722)
CDS complement(1561943..1563430)
CDS 1564034..1566328
CDS complement(1566441..1568066)
CDS complement(1568076..1568582)
CDS 1568767..1570176
CDS 1570569..1571975
CDS 1571995..1574250
CDS 1574243..1575622
CDS 1575998..1576816
CDS complement(1576929..1577435)
CDS 1577791..1578714
CDS 1578711..1579469
CDS 1579615..1579995
CDS 1579992..1580690
CDS 1580687..1581433
CDS 1581503..1582552
CDS complement(1582648..1583109)
CDS complement(1583164..1583718)
CDS 1583805..1584956
CDS 1584997..1585524
CDS complement(1585540..1586001)
CDS 1586109..1586999
CDS 1587109..1587582
CDS complement(1587625..1588182)
CDS complement(1588220..1588534)
CDS complement(1588890..1590734)
CDS 1590884..1592779
CDS 1592873..1593442
CDS complement(1593475..1594218)
CDS 1594553..1595725
CDS complement(1595866..1596042)
CDS complement(1596188..1597153)
CDS 1597265..1598746
CDS 1599117..1600100
CDS 1600097..1600936
CDS 1600933..1601181
CDS 1601269..1601742
CDS complement(1601888..1603663)
CDS 1603913..1604782
CDS complement(1604825..1606246)
CDS complement(1606333..1607037)
CDS complement(1607062..1608567)
CDS complement(1608749..1609471)
CDS 1609607..1610794
CDS 1610791..1611534
CDS 1611700..1612443
CDS 1612450..1613634
CDS 1613684..1614319
CDS 1614381..1615112
CDS complement(1615400..1616959)
CDS 1617391..1618929
CDS 1618988..1619686
CDS 1619752..1621359
CDS 1621437..1623176
CDS 1623281..1624672
CDS 1624857..1626605
CDS 1626620..1628434
CDS 1628592..1629803
CDS complement(1629923..1630798)
CDS complement(1630811..1631359)
CDS 1631609..1632781
CDS 1632778..1634139
CDS 1634136..1634348
CDS 1634356..1635123
CDS 1635138..1636667
CDS complement(1636852..1637001)
CDS complement(1637251..1638444)
CDS complement(1638446..1638901)
CDS complement(1639180..1640277)
CDS complement(1640389..1641252)
CDS complement(1641395..1641556)
CDS complement(1641602..1641826)
CDS 1641985..1643124
CDS 1643199..1643555
CDS 1643710..1644561
CDS complement(1644709..1644888)
CDS 1645000..1645320
CDS 1645567..1646247
CDS 1646244..1647647
CDS 1647738..1648697
CDS 1648752..1649198
CDS complement(1649240..1650277)
CDS 1650638..1650739
CDS 1650873..1651490
CDS complement(1651506..1652081)
CDS complement(1652216..1652572)
CDS complement(1652569..1653663)
CDS complement(1653948..1654373)
CDS 1654545..1655282
CDS 1655275..1656501
CDS 1656527..1657237
CDS complement(1657388..1658113)
CDS 1658412..1660559
CDS 1660839..1661891
CDS 1661896..1662834
CDS 1662831..1664207
CDS complement(1664238..1664387)
CDS 1664898..1665449
CDS 1665468..1666754
CDS 1666940..1667383
CDS 1667399..1668274
CDS complement(1668291..1668884)
CDS complement(1668835..1669950)
CDS 1670038..1671570
CDS 1671551..1672399
CDS 1672390..1673484
CDS 1673798..1675327
CDS 1675406..1676242
CDS complement(1676337..1676711)
CDS 1676862..1677383
CDS 1677514..1678113
CDS 1678129..1679130
CDS 1679123..1679326
CDS 1679405..1680433
CDS 1680447..1681598
CDS 1681644..1681907
CDS complement(1682015..1682395)
CDS 1682530..1682994
CDS 1683133..1683372
CDS complement(1683409..1684959)
CDS 1685128..1685418
CDS 1685453..1686754
CDS 1686744..1687679
CDS 1687695..1687997
CDS 1688060..1690417
CDS 1690407..1690922
CDS 1691054..1693243
CDS 1693265..1693705
CDS 1693932..1694939
CDS 1694976..1695698
CDS 1695695..1696708
CDS 1696811..1697920
CDS 1697986..1698141
CDS 1698546..1699826
CDS 1699830..1701599
CDS 1701810..1703018
CDS complement(1703013..1703318)
CDS complement(1704138..1705244)
CDS 1705766..1706533
CDS complement(1706605..1707234)
CDS complement(1707392..1708654)
CDS 1708937..1709356
CDS 1709390..1710550
CDS 1710580..1711674
CDS 1711714..1712373
CDS 1712378..1714663
CDS 1714714..1715184
CDS 1715197..1715385
CDS 1715406..1715585
CDS 1715680..1716756
CDS 1717076..1719706
CDS 1719790..1720062
CDS 1720059..1720487
CDS 1720520..1720807
CDS 1720938..1722077
CDS 1722131..1722781
CDS 1722806..1723450
CDS 1723503..1723979
CDS 1724126..1724749
CDS complement(1724821..1726629)
CDS 1726717..1727553
CDS 1727694..1728395
CDS 1728486..1728725
CDS complement(1728969..1729418)
CDS complement(1729439..1730971)
CDS complement(1730975..1731805)
CDS complement(1731881..1732684)
CDS complement(1732674..1733570)
CDS complement(1733587..1734501)
CDS complement(1734518..1735129)
CDS 1735571..1738438
CDS complement(1738772..1739386)
CDS complement(1739568..1740560)
CDS complement(1740685..1742091)
CDS 1742214..1743386
CDS 1743480..1744442
CDS complement(1744464..1745171)
CDS complement(1745543..1745713)
CDS complement(1745853..1746017)
CDS 1746405..1746755
CDS 1746965..1748338
CDS 1748380..1750821
CDS 1750821..1751144
CDS 1751168..1753396
CDS 1753508..1755667
CDS 1755664..1756869
CDS complement(1756945..1758606)
CDS 1758953..1759186
CDS complement(1759176..1760003)
CDS complement(1760205..1760480)
CDS complement(1760721..1761143)
CDS complement(1761130..1761405)
CDS complement(1761398..1761886)
CDS complement(1761891..1763372)
CDS complement(1763365..1763703)
CDS complement(1763703..1764137)
CDS complement(1764134..1766545)
CDS 1767407..1767565
CDS 1767567..1768088
CDS 1768085..1769203
CDS 1769227..1770054
CDS 1770073..1770369
CDS 1770388..1770966
CDS 1770947..1771531
CDS 1771524..1771877
CDS 1771871..1772728
CDS 1772725..1773465
CDS complement(1773526..1774356)
CDS 1774436..1775050
CDS 1775105..1775695
CDS 1775692..1777998
CDS complement(1778108..1778245)
CDS 1778796..1779818
CDS complement(1779902..1780168)
CDS 1780364..1781482
CDS 1781581..1782759
CDS 1782756..1783103
CDS 1783174..1784997
CDS 1785217..1786383
CDS 1786475..1787503
CDS 1787608..1788186
CDS 1788205..1790040
CDS 1790376..1791494
CDS 1791518..1792465
CDS 1792480..1793226
CDS 1793238..1794575
CDS 1794690..1795454
CDS complement(1795501..1796754)
CDS 1796909..1797583
CDS complement(1797695..1798627)
CDS complement(1798715..1799641)
CDS 1799829..1800002
CDS 1800024..1800482
CDS 1800641..1802005
CDS 1802006..1803031
CDS 1803048..1803602
CDS 1803731..1804024
CDS 1804043..1805230
CDS 1805236..1806201
CDS 1806239..1808410
CDS 1808407..1808889
CDS 1808864..1809253
CDS 1809272..1809688
CDS 1809663..1810574
CDS 1810774..1810917
CDS 1810946..1811716
CDS 1811829..1812008
CDS 1812028..1812915
CDS 1812908..1814989
CDS 1815017..1815661
CDS 1815686..1816501
CDS 1816760..1817224
CDS 1817243..1819054
CDS 1819087..1820208
CDS 1820473..1820856
CDS 1820871..1821656
CDS 1821653..1822774
CDS complement(1822825..1823769)
CDS complement(1823914..1824405)
CDS complement(1824512..1825159)
CDS 1825306..1826667
CDS 1826684..1827562
CDS complement(1827649..1827915)
CDS 1828088..1829227
CDS 1829465..1830181
CDS 1830405..1831178
CDS 1831171..1832046
CDS 1832093..1832509
CDS 1832635..1832859
CDS complement(1833033..1833617)
CDS 1833714..1834136
CDS complement(1834178..1835281)
CDS complement(1835381..1835737)
CDS 1835829..1836983
CDS 1837089..1837973
CDS 1838073..1838744
CDS 1838798..1839847
CDS 1840229..1841860
CDS 1842586..1843194
CDS 1843314..1844606
CDS 1844929..1847031
CDS complement(1847200..1847676)
CDS complement(1847666..1848049)
CDS 1848654..1849346
CDS 1849421..1849570
CDS 1849632..1850195
CDS 1850192..1850992
CDS 1851047..1852060
CDS 1852328..1853713
CDS 1853733..1853948
CDS 1854033..1855604
CDS 1855758..1857212
CDS complement(1857225..1857620)
CDS 1857734..1858243
CDS 1858262..1858474
CDS 1858467..1859447
CDS 1859467..1860879
CDS 1861118..1861747
CDS 1861744..1861941
CDS 1861944..1862735
CDS 1862741..1863847
CDS 1863868..1864686
CDS 1864683..1865240
CDS 1865221..1866291
CDS complement(1866314..1866772)
CDS complement(1866779..1867294)
CDS complement(1867380..1868111)
CDS 1868265..1868456
CDS complement(1868463..1868768)
CDS 1868922..1869146
CDS complement(1869246..1870634)
CDS complement(1870750..1871184)
CDS complement(1871181..1871717)
CDS 1872251..1873216
CDS 1873386..1874369
CDS 1874369..1874917
CDS complement(1875124..1875222)
CDS 1875294..1875707
CDS 1875769..1876881
CDS complement(1877173..1877349)
CDS 1877499..1877933
CDS 1877945..1878400
CDS complement(1878442..1878951)
CDS 1879031..1879279
CDS complement(1879328..1881103)
CDS complement(1881100..1881900)
CDS complement(1882002..1882304)
CDS 1882508..1882801
CDS 1882855..1883031
CDS 1883262..1884620
CDS complement(1884666..1885445)
CDS complement(1885555..1886406)
CDS complement(1886418..1887665)
CDS complement(1887665..1888783)
CDS 1889518..1891308
CDS 1891510..1892463
CDS 1892540..1893019
CDS 1893016..1893327
CDS complement(1893403..1893948)
CDS 1894467..1894964
CDS 1895113..1895673
CDS 1895864..1896988
CDS complement(1897043..1897876)
CDS 1897990..1898487
CDS complement(1898489..1898653)
CDS 1898727..1899266
CDS 1899320..1899964
CDS 1900085..1900576
CDS 1900811..1901032
CDS 1901056..1901949
CDS 1902039..1903223
CDS 1903331..1904638
CDS 1904815..1905228
CDS 1905244..1906035
CDS 1906279..1907667
CDS 1907747..1907944
CDS complement(1908099..1908458)
CDS 1908603..1909076
CDS 1909147..1909911
CDS 1910077..1911243
CDS 1911350..1911694
CDS 1911696..1912136
CDS 1912149..1912913
CDS 1913250..1913723
CDS 1913738..1914742
CDS 1914746..1915102
CDS 1915099..1915686
CDS 1915676..1917136
CDS 1917241..1918572
CDS 1918646..1919080
CDS complement(1919144..1920016)
CDS 1920478..1921590
CDS 1921761..1922087
CDS 1922467..1923588
CDS 1923611..1925044
CDS 1925064..1925972
CDS 1926169..1927074
CDS 1927071..1928531
CDS complement(1928729..1929781)
CDS 1930644..1931288
CDS 1931302..1932495
CDS 1932507..1932977
CDS complement(1933065..1933529)
CDS 1933683..1934453
CDS 1934440..1935015
CDS 1935040..1935612
CDS complement(1935720..1937279)
CDS 1937418..1938284
CDS complement(1938322..1939797)
CDS complement(1939817..1941481)
CDS complement(1941515..1941832)
CDS complement(1942006..1942692)
CDS 1942874..1943305
CDS 1943313..1943783
CDS 1943783..1944799
CDS 1944796..1945146
CDS 1945290..1946435
CDS 1946432..1947031
CDS 1947028..1947558
CDS 1947734..1948462
CDS 1948541..1949074
CDS 1949153..1950730
CDS 1950749..1951948
CDS 1952073..1952789
CDS 1952786..1954582
CDS 1954612..1954755
CDS 1954722..1955792
CDS 1955789..1956568
CDS 1956639..1957190
CDS 1957301..1957444
CDS 1957541..1958302
CDS complement(1958442..1959821)
CDS complement(1960109..1961710)
CDS complement(1962140..1962391)
CDS 1962528..1963568
CDS 1963562..1965064
CDS 1965064..1965639
CDS 1965652..1965846
CDS 1965891..1966304
CDS complement(1966464..1966784)
CDS 1966981..1967196
CDS 1967717..1967818
CDS 1968071..1969291
CDS 1969288..1970325
CDS 1970318..1971379
CDS 1971491..1971598
CDS 1971668..1972855
CDS 1973002..1973784
CDS 1973799..1974710
CDS 1974822..1975424
CDS 1975563..1976249
CDS 1976246..1977688
CDS 1977685..1978701
CDS 1978789..1980045
CDS 1980135..1981103
CDS 1981109..1982068
CDS 1982155..1982802
CDS 1982914..1983078
CDS 1983395..1984501
CDS 1984513..1986378
CDS 1986375..1989821
CDS 1989953..1990843
CDS 1990862..1992208
CDS 1992249..1993052
CDS 1993049..1993639
CDS 1993732..1994886
CDS 1994978..1995601
CDS 1995674..1996993
CDS 1997016..1997633
CDS 1997646..1998668
CDS 1998768..1999034
CDS 1999296..1999451
CDS 1999477..2000196
CDS 2000440..2001921
CDS 2002107..2002676
CDS 2002679..2002906
CDS 2003005..2003751
CDS 2003757..2004464
CDS 2004498..2005385
CDS 2005397..2006254
CDS 2006280..2007251
CDS 2007381..2007824
CDS 2008007..2008795
CDS 2008875..2010056
CDS 2010060..2011136
CDS 2011133..2011498
CDS 2011767..2013263
CDS 2013260..2014285
CDS 2014278..2015045
CDS 2015042..2015695
CDS 2015673..2016872
CDS 2016865..2017674
CDS 2017743..2018852
CDS 2018877..2019974
CDS 2019986..2021278
CDS 2021685..2022944
CDS 2023073..2023618
CDS 2023681..2024148
CDS 2024280..2024771
CDS 2024786..2025457
CDS 2025497..2026273
CDS 2026315..2026935
CDS 2026991..2027764
CDS 2027882..2028580
CDS 2028802..2030022
CDS complement(2030122..2030994)
CDS 2031124..2031474
CDS 2031471..2032265
CDS 2032278..2032706
CDS 2032736..2033236
CDS 2033229..2034458
CDS 2034723..2034965
CDS complement(2035009..2035440)
CDS 2035690..2036442
CDS complement(2036626..2036931)
CDS 2036978..2037283
CDS 2037534..2039021
CDS 2039171..2039698
CDS complement(2039846..2041255)
CDS complement(2041349..2042068)
CDS 2042500..2043588
CDS 2043605..2043697
CDS 2043739..2044806
CDS complement(2044962..2045840)
CDS 2046246..2047328
CDS 2047347..2048150
CDS 2048386..2048991
CDS 2048984..2050453
CDS 2050422..2051219
CDS 2051272..2051874
CDS 2051899..2052489
CDS complement(2052566..2053489)
CDS complement(2053843..2054994)
CDS complement(2055081..2055668)
CDS 2055802..2056800
CDS 2056933..2057685
CDS 2058011..2059015
CDS 2059135..2060061
CDS 2060058..2061194
CDS 2061435..2061776
CDS 2061901..2063718
CDS 2063690..2065432
CDS 2065426..2066664
CDS 2066661..2066927
CDS 2066920..2067894
CDS 2067891..2068721
CDS complement(2068732..2069295)
CDS 2069421..2070743
CDS 2070851..2071633
CDS 2071825..2072541
CDS 2072777..2073079
CDS 2073019..2073378
CDS 2073452..2074336
CDS complement(2074384..2074557)
CDS complement(2074728..2075063)
CDS complement(2075216..2075332)
CDS complement(2075335..2076834)
CDS complement(2077370..2078212)
CDS 2078692..2079204
CDS 2079201..2079665
CDS 2080092..2081303
CDS 2081514..2082251
CDS 2082477..2083241
CDS 2083397..2083849
CDS 2084168..2084371
CDS 2084371..2085285
CDS 2085282..2086061
CDS 2086121..2086651
CDS 2086638..2087018
CDS 2087701..2087826
CDS 2088061..2089014
CDS 2089014..2089469
CDS 2089643..2090020
CDS 2090075..2090590
CDS complement(2090977..2091624)
CDS complement(2091850..2092440)
CDS complement(2092626..2092850)
CDS 2093051..2093737
CDS complement(2093808..2094662)
CDS 2094845..2095651
CDS 2095629..2096387
CDS 2096512..2097639
CDS complement(2097658..2098182)
CDS 2098435..2098785
CDS complement(2098869..2101292)
CDS complement(2101293..2103263)
CDS complement(2103489..2103896)
CDS complement(2103903..2105477)
CDS complement(2105554..2106588)
CDS complement(2106711..2107502)
CDS 2108065..2108658
CDS complement(2108696..2110198)
CDS 2110308..2110616
CDS complement(2110786..2111346)
CDS complement(2111503..2112756)
CDS complement(2112701..2112949)
CDS complement(2113293..2113571)
CDS complement(2113650..2115170)
CDS complement(2115299..2115592)
CDS complement(2115832..2116209)
CDS 2116480..2118000
CDS 2118017..2119132
CDS 2119129..2120202
CDS complement(2120244..2120453)
CDS complement(2120887..2122116)
CDS complement(2122144..2122521)
CDS complement(2122585..2122956)
CDS complement(2122974..2124608)
CDS complement(2125005..2125988)
CDS complement(2126053..2127192)
CDS complement(2127226..2127489)
CDS complement(2127652..2128758)
CDS complement(2129695..2130096)
CDS complement(2130096..2130413)
CDS complement(2130518..2131084)
CDS complement(2131123..2131614)
CDS complement(2131805..2133007)
CDS complement(2133042..2135312)
CDS 2135472..2137265
CDS 2137405..2138838
CDS 2138841..2139929
CDS 2139926..2141056
CDS complement(2141073..2141789)
CDS complement(2141897..2142517)
CDS complement(2142525..2143487)
CDS complement(2143680..2143844)
CDS complement(2144178..2145047)
CDS 2145161..2145697
CDS 2145823..2145978
CDS 2146301..2147206
CDS complement(2147260..2147628)
CDS complement(2147826..2148080)
CDS complement(2148223..2148834)
CDS complement(2148929..2150413)
CDS complement(2150469..2155046)
CDS complement(2155152..2155406)
CDS 2155574..2156581
CDS 2156601..2157524
CDS 2157609..2158613
CDS complement(2158692..2160161)
CDS complement(2160154..2160636)
CDS complement(2160683..2160901)
CDS complement(2160917..2162035)
CDS 2162185..2162910
CDS complement(2162950..2163360)
CDS complement(2163406..2163843)
CDS complement(2163827..2164153)
CDS complement(2164146..2165084)
CDS complement(2165086..2165634)
CDS complement(2165669..2166913)
CDS 2167111..2167311
CDS complement(2167392..2167766)
CDS complement(2167810..2168325)
CDS 2168526..2168639
CDS complement(2168702..2169604)
CDS 2169768..2170391
CDS 2170395..2173202
CDS complement(2173221..2176808)
CDS complement(2176866..2177525)
CDS complement(2177537..2178238)
CDS complement(2178339..2179631)
CDS complement(2179733..2180224)
CDS complement(2180235..2180399)
CDS 2180540..2180719
CDS complement(2180781..2182085)
CDS complement(2182082..2184910)
CDS complement(2184934..2185866)
CDS complement(2185940..2186323)
CDS complement(2186274..2187182)
CDS complement(2187179..2188018)
CDS complement(2188232..2189197)
CDS complement(2189194..2190324)
CDS complement(2190321..2191409)
CDS complement(2191465..2192166)
CDS 2192400..2192702
CDS 2192968..2193768
CDS 2194099..2194953
CDS complement(2195077..2196204)
CDS 2196909..2197547
CDS complement(2197733..2198446)
CDS 2198755..2200080
CDS 2200129..2200875
CDS 2200902..2202302
CDS complement(2202421..2202561)
CDS 2202736..2202990
CDS complement(2203102..2203317)
CDS complement(2203517..2203699)
CDS complement(2203841..2204071)
CDS complement(2204055..2204480)
CDS 2204778..2204915
CDS 2205154..2205891
CDS complement(2205969..2207342)
CDS complement(2207363..2208913)
CDS 2209227..2209967
CDS 2210060..2210425
CDS complement(2210592..2211146)
CDS 2211607..2213136
CDS complement(2213444..2213785)
CDS 2214090..2214755
CDS complement(2215505..2216248)
CDS complement(2216264..2216584)
CDS 2216748..2216942
CDS 2217360..2217608
CDS 2217559..2217819
CDS 2217889..2218530
CDS 2219011..2220405
CDS complement(2220484..2221734)
CDS complement(2221888..2222022)
CDS 2222136..2222546
CDS complement(2222543..2223319)
CDS 2223619..2223969
CDS 2223994..2224662
CDS 2224717..2225625
CDS complement(2225635..2226174)
CDS 2226264..2226743
CDS 2226880..2226999
CDS complement(2226996..2227373)
CDS complement(2227413..2229521)
CDS 2229729..2230553
CDS 2230771..2232357
CDS complement(2232416..2232616)
CDS complement(2232700..2233962)
CDS complement(2233977..2236808)
CDS complement(2237034..2237348)
CDS complement(2237448..2238536)
CDS 2238694..2239326
CDS complement(2239359..2239529)
CDS complement(2239522..2239968)
CDS complement(2239965..2242112)
CDS 2242291..2242422
CDS 2242791..2243738
CDS 2243735..2244469
CDS 2244466..2245152
CDS 2245250..2246341
CDS 2246338..2246952
CDS complement(2246842..2247075)
CDS complement(2247181..2247678)
CDS complement(2247690..2248403)
CDS complement(2248396..2248821)
CDS complement(2248818..2249483)
CDS 2249690..2250919
CDS complement(2250981..2252360)
CDS complement(2252491..2252766)
CDS 2252955..2253236
CDS complement(2253275..2253589)
CDS complement(2253590..2254204)
CDS complement(2254208..2256151)
CDS complement(2256185..2257237)
CDS 2257419..2257670
CDS complement(2257699..2258865)
CDS complement(2258883..2259401)
CDS complement(2259484..2259795)
CDS 2259950..2260057
CDS complement(2260064..2260939)
CDS complement(2261057..2261980)
CDS 2262046..2262468
CDS 2262483..2262797
CDS complement(2262835..2263176)
CDS complement(2263217..2264443)
CDS complement(2264488..2265330)
CDS complement(2265395..2266306)
CDS complement(2266485..2266964)
CDS complement(2267157..2268308)
CDS complement(2268310..2268732)
CDS complement(2268996..2271215)
CDS complement(2271235..2272074)
CDS complement(2272071..2272856)
CDS complement(2273018..2273155)
CDS complement(2273209..2273337)
CDS complement(2273700..2276417)
CDS 2276638..2276775
CDS complement(2276975..2277232)
CDS 2277301..2277765
CDS complement(2277808..2279592)
CDS complement(2279589..2281343)
CDS complement(2281439..2281654)
CDS complement(2281823..2282251)
CDS complement(2282407..2284404)
CDS complement(2284490..2284735)
CDS complement(2284963..2285625)
CDS complement(2285823..2285990)
CDS 2286160..2286786
CDS complement(2287332..2288555)
CDS 2288751..2288843
CDS complement(2288848..2289972)
CDS 2290241..2290774
CDS 2290921..2291445
CDS 2291914..2292660
CDS complement(2293060..2293824)
CDS complement(2293848..2296031)
CDS complement(2296048..2297511)
CDS complement(2297536..2298891)
CDS complement(2298894..2300207)
CDS complement(2300789..2300920)
CDS 2301424..2301843
CDS complement(2301958..2303307)
CDS complement(2303540..2304844)
CDS complement(2304948..2305889)
CDS 2306123..2307130
CDS complement(2307242..2307475)
CDS complement(2307520..2308452)
CDS complement(2308482..2309252)
CDS complement(2309270..2311234)
CDS complement(2311259..2313874)
CDS complement(2313988..2314560)
CDS complement(2314875..2315294)
CDS complement(2315291..2316871)
CDS 2317052..2317858
CDS complement(2317904..2318167)
CDS complement(2318303..2319100)
CDS complement(2319155..2320732)
CDS complement(2320872..2321534)
CDS complement(2321524..2321778)
CDS complement(2321775..2323211)
CDS complement(2323198..2324190)
CDS complement(2324383..2325435)
CDS complement(2325666..2327279)
CDS complement(2327276..2328529)
CDS complement(2328543..2329121)
CDS complement(2329277..2330167)
CDS complement(2330189..2330956)
CDS complement(2331150..2331398)
CDS complement(2331471..2332184)
CDS complement(2332181..2333473)
CDS complement(2333473..2334750)
CDS complement(2334908..2335621)
CDS complement(2335660..2338002)
CDS complement(2338137..2338358)
CDS complement(2338355..2339086)
CDS complement(2339245..2340912)
CDS complement(2341442..2342332)
CDS complement(2342358..2343575)
CDS complement(2343587..2344639)
CDS complement(2344732..2345313)
CDS complement(2345330..2346214)
CDS complement(2346385..2346621)
CDS complement(2346663..2347907)
CDS complement(2347900..2348901)
CDS complement(2349008..2351140)
CDS complement(2351311..2351580)
CDS complement(2351822..2352772)
CDS complement(2352792..2353700)
CDS complement(2353788..2354144)
CDS complement(2354170..2354448)
CDS complement(2354448..2356733)
CDS complement(2356747..2357055)
CDS complement(2357052..2357327)
CDS complement(2357349..2358455)
CDS complement(2358486..2358956)
CDS complement(2359158..2363450)
CDS complement(2363510..2365210)
CDS complement(2365245..2366501)
CDS complement(2366525..2367664)
CDS complement(2367732..2368529)
CDS complement(2368545..2369318)
CDS complement(2369435..2369992)
CDS complement(2369996..2370706)
CDS complement(2370805..2371689)
CDS complement(2371788..2372516)
CDS complement(2372640..2373563)
CDS complement(2373577..2374341)
CDS complement(2374359..2374838)
CDS complement(2374831..2375445)
CDS complement(2375438..2376367)
CDS complement(2376361..2376936)
CDS complement(2376936..2377913)
CDS complement(2377910..2379946)
CDS complement(2379970..2381058)
CDS complement(2381055..2381837)
CDS complement(2381837..2382106)
CDS complement(2382204..2382887)
CDS complement(2382884..2383537)
CDS complement(2383512..2383874)
CDS complement(2383920..2385107)
CDS complement(2385100..2386089)
CDS complement(2386108..2386539)
CDS complement(2386545..2386751)
CDS complement(2386761..2387564)
CDS complement(2387580..2388014)
CDS complement(2388001..2389569)
CDS complement(2389578..2390138)
CDS complement(2390139..2390582)
CDS complement(2390592..2391914)
CDS complement(2391889..2392659)
CDS complement(2392652..2393659)
CDS complement(2393680..2395263)
CDS complement(2395298..2395594)
CDS complement(2395611..2396057)
CDS complement(2396070..2396465)
CDS complement(2396979..2397758)
CDS complement(2397784..2399175)
CDS complement(2399201..2399746)
CDS complement(2399771..2400673)
CDS complement(2400738..2402048)
CDS complement(2402202..2404274)
CDS complement(2404369..2405430)
CDS complement(2405396..2406310)
CDS complement(2406329..2407489)
CDS complement(2407624..2408109)
CDS complement(2408106..2409224)
CDS complement(2409239..2410015)
CDS complement(2410300..2411166)
CDS complement(2411201..2411755)
CDS 2411938..2412129
CDS complement(2412302..2412649)
CDS complement(2412793..2414619)
CDS complement(2414789..2415523)
CDS complement(2415520..2416041)
CDS complement(2416025..2416447)
CDS complement(2416505..2416735)
CDS complement(2416762..2417034)
CDS complement(2417130..2418488)
CDS complement(2418513..2418842)
CDS complement(2418945..2419928)
CDS complement(2419940..2423506)
CDS 2423688..2423912
CDS complement(2423944..2424726)
CDS complement(2424880..2425113)
CDS complement(2425189..2425932)
CDS complement(2425926..2426879)
CDS complement(2426881..2427870)
CDS complement(2427867..2428442)
CDS complement(2428534..2430579)
CDS complement(2430576..2431466)
CDS complement(2431482..2432144)
CDS complement(2432215..2433075)
CDS complement(2433149..2434822)
CDS complement(2434845..2435207)
CDS 2435401..2435589
CDS complement(2435726..2435839)
CDS complement(2435965..2436612)
CDS complement(2436614..2437495)
CDS complement(2437650..2439779)
CDS complement(2439772..2440521)
CDS complement(2440567..2441919)
CDS complement(2441903..2442841)
CDS complement(2442858..2445248)
CDS complement(2445250..2446455)
CDS complement(2446569..2446781)
CDS complement(2446781..2447401)
CDS complement(2447425..2447688)
CDS complement(2447847..2450597)
CDS 2450739..2452445
CDS complement(2452524..2455100)
CDS complement(2455345..2455608)
CDS complement(2455682..2456353)
CDS complement(2456378..2457013)
CDS complement(2457010..2457729)
CDS complement(2457726..2458640)
CDS complement(2458640..2459419)
CDS complement(2459487..2462675)
CDS complement(2462695..2463780)
CDS complement(2463773..2465056)
CDS complement(2465092..2465997)
CDS complement(2466060..2467361)
CDS complement(2467500..2468093)
CDS complement(2468191..2469099)
CDS complement(2469100..2469555)
CDS complement(2469754..2470377)
CDS complement(2470548..2473319)
CDS complement(2473665..2474183)
CDS complement(2474298..2475059)
CDS complement(2475072..2475368)
CDS complement(2475378..2475845)
CDS complement(2475863..2476552)
CDS complement(2476560..2477384)
CDS complement(2477464..2477760)
CDS complement(2477885..2478670)
CDS complement(2478858..2479571)
CDS complement(2479594..2480487)
CDS complement(2480742..2481863)
CDS complement(2481902..2483194)
CDS complement(2483518..2484282)
CDS complement(2484474..2485571)
CDS complement(2485748..2487103)
CDS complement(2487100..2488077)
CDS complement(2488079..2489440)
CDS complement(2489437..2490900)
CDS complement(2490979..2492913)
CDS complement(2493039..2495327)
CDS complement(2495387..2495728)
CDS complement(2495741..2496685)
CDS complement(2496701..2497132)
CDS complement(2497286..2498908)
CDS complement(2498995..2499375)
CDS complement(2499372..2500259)
CDS 2500412..2500909
CDS complement(2500975..2501523)
CDS complement(2501853..2502026)
CDS complement(2502064..2502579)
CDS 2502763..2503980
CDS complement(2503977..2505029)
CDS complement(2505033..2505815)
CDS 2505938..2507155
CDS complement(2507152..2507631)
CDS complement(2507636..2508187)
CDS 2508754..2509131
CDS complement(2509176..2509454)
CDS complement(2509547..2509987)
CDS 2510141..2510911
CDS complement(2510908..2511177)
CDS complement(2511190..2511615)
CDS 2511764..2512246
CDS complement(2512301..2513446)
CDS 2513642..2513995
CDS complement(2514093..2514581)
CDS complement(2514653..2515198)
CDS complement(2515327..2515674)
CDS complement(2515676..2516299)
CDS complement(2516301..2518175)
CDS complement(2518208..2519242)
CDS 2519629..2520543
CDS complement(2520720..2524169)
CDS complement(2524403..2524684)
CDS 2524844..2525356
CDS complement(2525353..2526690)
CDS 2526933..2527133
CDS complement(2527200..2527535)
CDS complement(2527567..2529405)
CDS 2529665..2529853
CDS complement(2529878..2530777)
CDS complement(2530774..2531580)
CDS 2531717..2532352
CDS complement(2532392..2532655)
CDS 2532765..2534243
CDS complement(2534406..2535758)
CDS complement(2536279..2537106)
CDS 2537333..2538979
CDS 2539150..2539536
CDS complement(2539586..2540497)
CDS complement(2540510..2541475)
CDS complement(2541554..2543311)
CDS complement(2543384..2544376)
CDS complement(2544376..2545392)
CDS complement(2545568..2546974)
CDS complement(2546978..2548255)
CDS complement(2548358..2549335)
CDS complement(2549339..2550424)
CDS complement(2550781..2551434)
CDS 2551629..2551844
CDS 2551948..2552499
CDS 2552806..2553015
CDS 2553018..2554685
CDS complement(2554739..2555401)
CDS complement(2555495..2555953)
CDS complement(2556052..2556597)
CDS 2556802..2557581
CDS complement(2557610..2557855)
CDS complement(2557921..2559045)
CDS complement(2559042..2560253)
CDS complement(2560316..2561038)
CDS complement(2561099..2561995)
CDS complement(2562192..2563211)
CDS complement(2563449..2564549)
CDS complement(2564610..2564804)
CDS 2565085..2565666
CDS 2565910..2566998
CDS complement(2567044..2567688)
CDS complement(2567755..2569023)
CDS 2569167..2570189
CDS 2570203..2570388
CDS 2571334..2571435
CDS 2571381..2571923
CDS complement(2571973..2572179)
CDS complement(2572262..2572561)
CDS complement(2572623..2572820)
CDS 2572946..2573719
CDS complement(2573974..2574420)
CDS complement(2574554..2574982)
CDS complement(2575096..2576352)
CDS complement(2576365..2577348)
CDS complement(2577348..2578349)
CDS complement(2578363..2579784)
CDS complement(2579804..2580901)
CDS complement(2581059..2583032)
CDS 2583210..2583443
CDS complement(2583461..2584219)
CDS complement(2584471..2585262)
CDS complement(2585464..2586738)
CDS complement(2586860..2588557)
CDS complement(2588574..2589023)
CDS complement(2589236..2590048)
CDS complement(2590053..2591939)
CDS complement(2592205..2593092)
CDS complement(2593089..2593328)
CDS complement(2593321..2594697)
CDS complement(2594715..2595116)
CDS complement(2595294..2595704)
CDS complement(2595723..2597081)
CDS complement(2597093..2597581)
CDS complement(2597733..2598077)
CDS complement(2598196..2598750)
CDS complement(2598753..2599415)
CDS complement(2599412..2600002)
CDS complement(2600049..2601242)
CDS complement(2601257..2601556)
CDS complement(2601671..2601877)
CDS complement(2601904..2602416)
CDS complement(2602413..2603342)
CDS complement(2603354..2603674)
CDS complement(2604019..2604315)
CDS 2604534..2605079
CDS complement(2605126..2605683)
CDS complement(2605746..2606816)
CDS complement(2606889..2607383)
CDS 2607730..2608125
CDS complement(2608220..2609116)
CDS complement(2609211..2609642)
CDS complement(2609718..2610743)
CDS 2610877..2611731
CDS complement(2611912..2614212)
CDS complement(2614296..2615129)
CDS 2615306..2615689
CDS complement(2615749..2617224)
CDS complement(2617221..2618567)
CDS complement(2618579..2619682)
CDS 2620117..2621796
CDS 2621783..2622580
CDS complement(2622645..2622830)
CDS 2622970..2623599
CDS complement(2623645..2623887)
CDS complement(2624174..2624368)
CDS complement(2624421..2624798)
CDS complement(2624770..2625216)
CDS complement(2625194..2625457)
CDS complement(2625471..2625920)
CDS complement(2625889..2626203)
CDS 2626394..2626636
CDS complement(2628093..2629130)
CDS complement(2629117..2630142)
CDS 2630298..2632568
CDS 2632854..2633300
CDS complement(2633377..2633958)
CDS complement(2634063..2634341)
CDS 2635015..2635728
CDS 2635872..2636582
CDS 2636706..2637455
CDS complement(2637629..2637976)
CDS complement(2638102..2638881)
CDS complement(2638996..2639901)
CDS complement(2639894..2640697)
CDS complement(2640718..2641341)
CDS complement(2641363..2641737)
CDS 2641865..2642428
CDS complement(2642578..2643261)
CDS 2643419..2643814
CDS 2643832..2644734
CDS 2645024..2645203
CDS complement(2645260..2646468)
CDS complement(2646651..2647280)
CDS complement(2647503..2647898)
CDS complement(2648131..2648268)
CDS complement(2648318..2648863)
CDS complement(2648984..2650216)
CDS complement(2650219..2650446)
CDS complement(2650580..2651230)
CDS 2651311..2651850
CDS complement(2651815..2652396)
CDS 2652443..2652604
CDS complement(2652572..2652670)
CDS 2652758..2653747
CDS complement(2653839..2653961)
CDS complement(2654066..2654812)
CDS complement(2654887..2655702)
CDS 2655783..2656544
CDS 2656659..2657609
CDS complement(2657679..2658440)
CDS 2658848..2659441
CDS 2659675..2660130
CDS 2660205..2662301
CDS 2662837..2664753
CDS complement(2665339..2666661)
CDS complement(2666628..2667563)
CDS 2667758..2668027
CDS complement(2668224..2668406)
CDS 2668552..2670159
CDS complement(2670215..2671054)
CDS complement(2671108..2671800)
CDS complement(2671944..2672888)
CDS complement(2672890..2676039)
CDS complement(2676032..2677114)
CDS complement(2677194..2678363)
CDS complement(2678378..2679151)
CDS complement(2679163..2680389)
CDS complement(2680404..2681438)
CDS complement(2681568..2682452)
CDS 2682565..2683374
CDS 2683400..2683858
CDS 2683981..2684586
CDS 2684756..2686000
CDS 2685987..2688980
CDS 2688977..2689132
CDS complement(2689164..2689655)
CDS complement(2689668..2690510)
CDS complement(2690491..2691276)
CDS complement(2691513..2691782)
CDS complement(2691896..2692264)
CDS complement(2692326..2692874)
CDS complement(2692954..2694453)
CDS complement(2694515..2695357)
CDS complement(2695637..2695993)
CDS complement(2696149..2696577)
CDS complement(2696602..2697165)
CDS complement(2697280..2697768)
CDS complement(2697829..2701929)
CDS complement(2702301..2702597)
CDS 2702765..2704669
CDS complement(2704745..2705176)
CDS complement(2705211..2707157)
CDS complement(2707226..2709817)
CDS complement(2709783..2712485)
CDS complement(2712499..2712867)
CDS complement(2713010..2713660)
CDS complement(2713675..2714457)
CDS complement(2714472..2715284)
CDS complement(2715301..2716188)
CDS complement(2716185..2717120)
CDS complement(2717211..2718131)
CDS complement(2718415..2718891)
CDS complement(2719012..2720487)
CDS complement(2720547..2721263)
CDS 2721409..2722530
CDS complement(2722583..2723227)
CDS complement(2723220..2723378)
CDS complement(2723523..2724668)
CDS complement(2724738..2725028)
CDS complement(2725254..2725532)
CDS complement(2725538..2725876)
CDS complement(2725882..2726190)
CDS complement(2726329..2727822)
CDS complement(2727883..2728728)
CDS complement(2728721..2729449)
CDS 2729556..2730473
CDS complement(2730512..2731075)
CDS 2731241..2731687
CDS complement(2731732..2732292)
CDS complement(2732363..2733157)
CDS complement(2733187..2733870)
CDS complement(2733951..2734475)
CDS complement(2734472..2735353)
CDS complement(2735365..2736399)
CDS complement(2736636..2737331)
CDS complement(2737342..2737917)
CDS complement(2738186..2740132)
CDS complement(2740274..2741365)
CDS complement(2741422..2742141)
CDS complement(2742287..2743597)
CDS complement(2743663..2746305)
CDS 2746720..2746932
CDS complement(2746882..2747637)
CDS complement(2747894..2748892)
CDS complement(2748889..2749761)
CDS complement(2749769..2750902)
CDS complement(2751152..2752444)
CDS complement(2752449..2753426)
CDS complement(2753423..2754181)
CDS complement(2754178..2755113)
CDS complement(2755124..2755939)
CDS complement(2755956..2757320)
CDS complement(2757526..2758119)
CDS complement(2758116..2760443)
CDS complement(2760653..2762320)
CDS complement(2762478..2763749)
CDS complement(2764094..2765398)
CDS complement(2765510..2766490)
CDS complement(2766847..2767440)
CDS complement(2767440..2768852)
CDS complement(2768869..2769963)
CDS complement(2769974..2771518)
CDS complement(2771505..2772530)
CDS complement(2772572..2773090)
CDS complement(2773087..2774817)
CDS complement(2775153..2776817)
CDS 2777111..2777521
CDS 2777797..2779296
CDS 2779236..2779331
CDS 2779428..2780957
CDS 2781619..2781789
CDS complement(2781825..2782334)
CDS complement(2782331..2782927)
CDS complement(2782931..2783683)
CDS complement(2783785..2784918)
CDS complement(2785037..2786005)
CDS complement(2786251..2786490)
CDS complement(2786622..2787452)
CDS complement(2787470..2787934)
CDS complement(2788082..2789803)
CDS complement(2789803..2790066)
CDS 2790469..2790693
CDS complement(2790720..2791175)
CDS complement(2791329..2792081)
CDS complement(2792078..2793847)
CDS complement(2793886..2794494)
CDS complement(2794753..2796108)
CDS 2796277..2796699
CDS complement(2796725..2798509)
CDS complement(2798565..2798879)
CDS complement(2799107..2800084)
CDS complement(2800098..2800868)
CDS complement(2800897..2801667)
CDS complement(2801773..2802366)
CDS complement(2802500..2804200)
CDS complement(2804478..2804888)
CDS complement(2804902..2807265)
CDS complement(2807289..2809004)
CDS complement(2809155..2809694)
CDS complement(2809696..2809932)
CDS complement(2810074..2812500)
CDS complement(2812514..2813548)
CDS complement(2813882..2814622)
CDS 2814748..2814957
CDS 2815076..2815264
CDS complement(2815285..2815572)
CDS complement(2815589..2816656)
CDS 2816821..2817222
CDS complement(2817376..2818902)
CDS complement(2818899..2819234)
CDS complement(2819417..2819776)
CDS complement(2819807..2820010)
CDS complement(2820042..2820542)
CDS complement(2820804..2821997)
CDS complement(2822032..2822706)
CDS complement(2822703..2824040)
CDS complement(2824037..2824792)
CDS complement(2825013..2826482)
CDS complement(2826593..2827519)
CDS complement(2827522..2828520)
CDS complement(2828670..2830601)
CDS complement(2830910..2831758)
CDS complement(2831899..2833062)
CDS complement(2833218..2834147)
CDS complement(2834135..2835577)
CDS complement(2835637..2836092)
CDS complement(2836187..2836588)
CDS complement(2836702..2837091)
CDS complement(2837298..2838332)
CDS complement(2838626..2839219)
CDS complement(2839235..2839858)
CDS complement(2839920..2840750)
CDS complement(2840762..2843395)
CDS complement(2843697..2845469)
CDS complement(2845462..2846184)
CDS complement(2846257..2846655)
CDS complement(2847208..2848152)
CDS complement(2848203..2849468)
CDS complement(2849521..2850636)
CDS complement(2850734..2851207)
CDS complement(2851293..2851688)
CDS complement(2851814..2853568)
CDS complement(2853597..2854556)
CDS complement(2854706..2855680)
CDS complement(2855699..2856541)
CDS complement(2856582..2857247)
CDS complement(2857263..2858495)
CDS complement(2858631..2861918)
CDS 2862085..2862420
CDS 2862420..2862932
CDS complement(2862984..2863913)
CDS 2864013..2864297
CDS complement(2864400..2865707)
CDS complement(2865779..2866018)
CDS complement(2866120..2866806)
CDS 2866911..2868020
CDS complement(2868097..2868477)
CDS complement(2868535..2869287)
CDS complement(2869427..2869549)
CDS complement(2869707..2871095)
CDS complement(2871092..2872303)
CDS complement(2872502..2873293)
CDS complement(2873290..2874225)
CDS complement(2874352..2875539)
CDS complement(2875693..2876679)
CDS complement(2876791..2877285)
CDS 2877487..2878683
CDS complement(2878748..2879170)
CDS complement(2879188..2879871)
CDS complement(2880101..2880649)
CDS complement(2880663..2881649)
CDS complement(2881920..2882120)
CDS complement(2882251..2883453)
CDS complement(2883450..2884589)
CDS complement(2884862..2886559)
CDS 2886778..2887554
CDS complement(2887558..2888193)
CDS 2889088..2889576
CDS 2889795..2890397
CDS complement(2890439..2891683)
CDS 2892047..2894368
CDS complement(2894408..2896117)
CDS 2896303..2896935
CDS 2896951..2897604
CDS 2897597..2898787
CDS complement(2898878..2899951)
CDS complement(2900162..2901253)
CDS complement(2901433..2901849)
CDS complement(2901869..2902294)
CDS complement(2902484..2903791)
CDS complement(2903969..2906860)
CDS complement(2906948..2907553)
CDS complement(2907638..2908435)
CDS complement(2908532..2908858)
CDS complement(2908873..2909883)
CDS 2910257..2910703
CDS complement(2910784..2911305)
CDS complement(2911310..2912383)
CDS 2912609..2912911
CDS complement(2912944..2913585)
CDS 2913681..2913929
CDS complement(2913988..2914782)
CDS 2915245..2916108
CDS complement(2916149..2916877)
CDS complement(2916934..2917248)
CDS complement(2917632..2918864)
CDS complement(2918894..2919937)
CDS complement(2919955..2920902)
CDS complement(2920930..2922282)
CDS complement(2922550..2924493)
CDS complement(2924716..2925420)
CDS complement(2925386..2925790)
CDS complement(2925787..2926347)
CDS 2926431..2927363
CDS complement(2927531..2928409)
CDS complement(2928563..2928865)
CDS complement(2928933..2929757)
CDS complement(2930047..2930487)
CDS 2930780..2930998
CDS complement(2931030..2931761)
CDS complement(2931807..2932967)
CDS complement(2932981..2934123)
CDS complement(2934460..2936061)
CDS complement(2936257..2937114)
CDS complement(2937111..2937518)
CDS complement(2937774..2938955)
CDS 2939091..2939675
CDS complement(2939663..2939827)
CDS complement(2939986..2940117)
CDS complement(2940123..2941262)
CDS 2941618..2941782
CDS 2942010..2942180
CDS 2942291..2942662
CDS 2942743..2943552
CDS complement(2943513..2943803)
CDS 2943960..2944262
CDS 2944255..2944728
CDS 2944874..2945146
CDS complement(2945480..2946676)
CDS 2946957..2947301
CDS complement(2947330..2948346)
CDS complement(2948346..2948573)
CDS complement(2948563..2948853)
CDS complement(2948890..2950275)
CDS complement(2950262..2950441)
CDS complement(2950438..2950806)
CDS complement(2950817..2952778)
CDS complement(2952753..2955404)
CDS complement(2955415..2956236)
CDS complement(2956233..2962001)
CDS complement(2962053..2962874)
CDS complement(2963275..2963757)
CDS complement(2963803..2964201)
CDS complement(2964267..2964854)
CDS complement(2964841..2965266)
CDS complement(2965263..2965745)
CDS complement(2965738..2966079)
CDS complement(2966076..2966408)
CDS complement(2966410..2966625)
CDS complement(2966636..2967652)
CDS complement(2967694..2968083)
CDS complement(2968087..2968758)
CDS complement(2968852..2969952)
CDS complement(2969949..2971556)
CDS complement(2971567..2972847)
CDS complement(2972837..2973274)
CDS complement(2973322..2973687)
CDS complement(2973743..2973940)
CDS complement(2974122..2974343)
CDS complement(2974409..2974756)
CDS 2975044..2975271
CDS 2975337..2976470
CDS complement(2976490..2976975)
CDS complement(2977113..2977553)
CDS complement(2977540..2977710)
CDS complement(2977722..2978216)
CDS complement(2978200..2978337)
CDS complement(2978506..2979015)
CDS complement(2979030..2979269)
CDS complement(2979279..2979536)
CDS complement(2979546..2979968)
CDS complement(2979969..2980148)
CDS complement(2980142..2981002)
CDS complement(2980999..2981154)
CDS complement(2981142..2981603)
CDS complement(2981606..2982268)
CDS complement(2982265..2982537)
CDS complement(2982513..2982797)
CDS complement(2982801..2983604)
CDS complement(2983570..2984349)
CDS complement(2984516..2985238)
CDS complement(2985394..2985633)
CDS 2985809..2986036
CDS complement(2986216..2986551)
CDS complement(2986564..2986731)
CDS complement(2986832..2987002)
CDS complement(2987034..2987375)
CDS complement(2987629..2987793)
CDS complement(2987798..2987986)
CDS complement(2988000..2988341)
CDS complement(2988344..2988592)
CDS complement(2988630..2988920)
CDS complement(2988940..2989200)
CDS complement(2989296..2989532)
CDS complement(2989529..2989636)
CDS complement(2989633..2990358)
CDS complement(2990431..2991024)
CDS complement(2990990..2991280)
CDS complement(2991267..2991437)
CDS complement(2991448..2991678)
CDS 2991828..2992457
CDS 2992454..2993857
CDS 2993867..2995129
CDS complement(2995218..2995628)
CDS complement(2995880..2996368)
CDS complement(2996368..2997159)
CDS complement(2997177..2998448)
CDS complement(2998645..3001128)
CDS complement(3001425..3002402)
CDS complement(3002653..3003783)
CDS 3003979..3004128
CDS 3004125..3004709
CDS 3004772..3005365
CDS complement(3005438..3006220)
CDS 3006314..3006856
CDS complement(3006949..3008166)
CDS 3008703..3010286
CDS complement(3010530..3011312)
CDS 3011409..3012395
CDS 3012408..3013166
CDS 3013153..3013950
CDS complement(3013976..3014458)
CDS complement(3014524..3015738)
CDS complement(3015863..3016354)
CDS complement(3016394..3016633)
CDS complement(3016633..3017763)
CDS 3017964..3018587
CDS 3018599..3019228
CDS complement(3019267..3019875)
CDS complement(3020050..3021021)
CDS complement(3021138..3021959)
CDS complement(3021956..3022909)
CDS complement(3022899..3023852)
CDS complement(3024002..3024628)
CDS 3024871..3026268
CDS complement(3026313..3026786)
CDS 3026875..3027333
CDS complement(3027362..3027742)
CDS complement(3027817..3028314)
CDS complement(3028387..3029322)
CDS 3029662..3030597
CDS 3030847..3031032
CDS complement(3031346..3031510)
CDS complement(3031568..3031981)
CDS complement(3032105..3033460)
CDS complement(3033526..3034632)
CDS complement(3034706..3035869)
CDS 3036061..3036294
CDS complement(3036336..3036737)
CDS complement(3036822..3037958)
CDS complement(3038038..3038820)
CDS complement(3038924..3040096)
CDS complement(3040111..3040608)
CDS complement(3040771..3041241)
CDS 3041368..3042198
CDS 3042271..3042543
CDS complement(3042598..3043926)
CDS complement(3044108..3044389)
CDS complement(3044500..3045990)
CDS 3046071..3046598
CDS complement(3046638..3047258)
CDS complement(3047341..3047667)
CDS complement(3047876..3049033)
CDS 3049371..3050363
CDS complement(3050451..3051578)
CDS complement(3051575..3052006)
CDS complement(3052003..3054069)
CDS complement(3054129..3055835)
CDS 3056071..3056913
CDS 3056925..3057590
CDS complement(3057718..3058071)
CDS complement(3058125..3058304)
CDS 3058543..3059637
CDS complement(3059690..3060538)
CDS complement(3060547..3060786)
CDS complement(3060854..3061090)
CDS 3061313..3062947
CDS complement(3062990..3063304)
CDS 3063457..3063696
CDS complement(3063825..3064718)
CDS complement(3064719..3065789)
CDS complement(3065789..3067090)
CDS complement(3067194..3068234)
CDS 3068336..3068824
CDS complement(3068930..3069682)
CDS complement(3069699..3070151)
CDS 3070220..3070474
CDS complement(3070619..3070903)
CDS 3071040..3071582
CDS complement(3071648..3072577)
CDS 3072768..3073787
CDS complement(3073843..3075588)
CDS complement(3075821..3076588)
CDS complement(3076644..3077132)
CDS complement(3077129..3077923)
CDS complement(3077953..3078264)
CDS complement(3078319..3079665)
CDS complement(3079710..3080555)
CDS complement(3080633..3081484)
CDS complement(3081927..3082310)
CDS complement(3082322..3082774)
CDS complement(3082788..3083606)
CDS complement(3083636..3083950)
CDS complement(3083975..3085507)
CDS complement(3085512..3085790)
CDS complement(3086366..3087220)
CDS complement(3087469..3088452)
CDS complement(3088564..3089382)
CDS complement(3089552..3090541)
CDS complement(3090655..3091389)
CDS complement(3091537..3091776)
CDS complement(3091902..3092231)
CDS 3092455..3092592
CDS 3092762..3094033
CDS complement(3094229..3095626)
CDS complement(3095643..3096086)
CDS complement(3096073..3097296)
CDS complement(3097293..3098603)
CDS complement(3098654..3099445)
CDS complement(3099990..3100355)
CDS complement(3100420..3101343)
CDS complement(3101344..3101889)
CDS complement(3101959..3102816)
CDS complement(3102838..3103506)
CDS complement(3103496..3104524)
CDS complement(3105136..3105522)
CDS complement(3105606..3105968)
CDS complement(3106152..3107936)
CDS complement(3107960..3109138)
CDS complement(3109157..3111520)
CDS complement(3111720..3112970)
CDS 3113084..3114841
CDS complement(3114858..3115526)
CDS 3115665..3116462
CDS complement(3116436..3116612)
CDS complement(3116991..3117605)
CDS complement(3117879..3119159)
CDS complement(3119173..3120552)
CDS 3120791..3121147
CDS complement(3121389..3121967)
CDS complement(3121980..3122732)
CDS complement(3123392..3123862)
CDS complement(3123949..3124344)
CDS complement(3124463..3126796)
CDS complement(3126823..3127569)
CDS complement(3127550..3128284)
CDS complement(3128456..3129430)
CDS complement(3129524..3129754)
CDS complement(3129824..3130276)
CDS complement(3130392..3131885)
CDS complement(3131901..3132374)
CDS complement(3132393..3133367)
CDS complement(3133388..3134563)
CDS complement(3134560..3136023)
CDS complement(3136029..3136949)
CDS complement(3136974..3137678)
CDS complement(3137828..3139117)
CDS complement(3139141..3140673)
CDS complement(3140670..3141443)
CDS complement(3141443..3142627)
CDS complement(3142708..3143715)
CDS complement(3143779..3144795)
CDS 3145104..3146198
CDS 3146191..3146409
CDS complement(3146565..3146816)
CDS complement(3146816..3148153)
CDS 3148571..3149158
CDS 3149366..3150664
CDS complement(3150881..3151237)
CDS 3151530..3152678
CDS 3152753..3153394
CDS 3153413..3154336
CDS 3154336..3154998
CDS complement(3155198..3155455)
CDS complement(3155459..3156466)
CDS complement(3156477..3157463)
CDS complement(3157460..3158350)
CDS complement(3158347..3158844)
CDS complement(3159097..3160047)
CDS complement(3160107..3161156)
CDS complement(3161434..3162687)
CDS complement(3163126..3163878)
CDS complement(3163976..3164596)
CDS complement(3164593..3165351)
CDS complement(3165351..3166073)
CDS complement(3166075..3166698)
CDS complement(3166698..3167285)
CDS complement(3167285..3168562)
CDS complement(3168549..3169190)
CDS complement(3169187..3170368)
CDS complement(3170514..3170993)
CDS complement(3170990..3171631)
CDS complement(3171621..3172574)
CDS complement(3172590..3173423)
CDS complement(3173444..3174376)
CDS complement(3174492..3174836)
CDS complement(3174833..3175033)
CDS complement(3175063..3176127)
CDS complement(3176195..3179068)
CDS complement(3179078..3181060)
CDS 3181734..3182702
CDS complement(3182885..3184057)
CDS complement(3184157..3185611)
CDS complement(3185760..3187133)
CDS complement(3187154..3188038)
CDS complement(3188028..3188720)
CDS complement(3189019..3189888)
CDS complement(3189948..3190934)
CDS complement(3191081..3193609)
CDS complement(3193807..3194361)
CDS complement(3194519..3194716)
CDS 3195107..3195955
CDS complement(3196018..3196362)
CDS complement(3196359..3196757)
CDS complement(3196767..3198509)
CDS complement(3198522..3198845)
CDS complement(3198990..3199229)
CDS complement(3199231..3199671)
CDS complement(3199684..3200745)
CDS complement(3200761..3202347)
CDS complement(3202358..3202792)
CDS complement(3202792..3203058)
CDS complement(3203075..3203500)
CDS complement(3203604..3204308)
CDS complement(3204305..3205660)
CDS complement(3205697..3206539)
CDS complement(3206650..3207357)
CDS complement(3207504..3208631)
CDS 3208892..3209527
CDS complement(3209524..3210123)
CDS complement(3210535..3212370)
CDS complement(3212389..3213285)
CDS complement(3213307..3214272)
CDS complement(3214275..3215210)
CDS complement(3215191..3216222)
CDS complement(3216258..3216710)
CDS 3217293..3218381
CDS 3218524..3222720
CDS complement(3222873..3223757)
CDS complement(3223810..3225354)
CDS complement(3225394..3227562)
CDS complement(3227661..3228059)
CDS complement(3228194..3228946)
CDS complement(3228946..3230139)
CDS complement(3230244..3231620)
CDS complement(3231769..3232797)
CDS 3232990..3233760
CDS 3234019..3234405
CDS 3234374..3236470
CDS 3236507..3237511
CDS 3237699..3238325
CDS complement(3238372..3238917)
CDS 3239038..3239244
CDS 3239324..3240616
CDS 3240743..3241498
CDS complement(3241623..3243113)
CDS complement(3243116..3244951)
CDS complement(3244948..3246552)
CDS complement(3246572..3247462)
CDS complement(3247477..3248448)
CDS complement(3248499..3248594)
CDS complement(3248591..3249580)
CDS complement(3249664..3249765)
CDS complement(3249973..3250662)
CDS complement(3250667..3251758)
CDS complement(3251766..3252641)
CDS complement(3252657..3253562)
CDS complement(3253619..3254962)
CDS complement(3255012..3256577)
CDS 3257258..3257593
CDS complement(3257845..3258687)
CDS 3259033..3259854
CDS 3259854..3261017
CDS 3261035..3261415
CDS 3261408..3262097
CDS 3262094..3262912
CDS 3262923..3264119
CDS complement(3264444..3265079)
CDS complement(3265167..3265895)
CDS 3266025..3266534
CDS complement(3266568..3267368)
CDS complement(3267610..3267849)
CDS 3267996..3269108
CDS 3269105..3269764
CDS complement(3269733..3270095)
CDS complement(3270092..3271090)
CDS complement(3271090..3271806)
CDS 3272121..3272684
CDS 3272701..3273615
CDS 3273681..3274181
CDS complement(3274227..3275045)
CDS complement(3275116..3276069)
CDS complement(3276228..3277325)
CDS complement(3277682..3278593)
CDS 3278825..3279445
CDS 3279447..3279980
CDS complement(3280089..3280337)
CDS complement(3280395..3280724)
CDS complement(3280998..3281312)
CDS complement(3281453..3281791)
CDS complement(3281806..3283338)
CDS complement(3283356..3283625)
CDS complement(3283625..3284020)
CDS 3284525..3285640
CDS 3285655..3285777
CDS complement(3285892..3286071)
CDS complement(3286147..3287112)
CDS complement(3287226..3288320)
CDS complement(3288446..3289198)
CDS complement(3289171..3289578)
CDS complement(3289683..3291053)
CDS complement(3291050..3292444)
CDS 3292712..3293059
CDS complement(3293162..3294253)
CDS complement(3294250..3295050)
CDS complement(3295047..3296504)
CDS complement(3296681..3297328)
CDS 3297498..3298118
CDS 3298202..3298450
CDS 3298469..3298708
CDS complement(3298817..3299113)
CDS complement(3299210..3300478)
CDS complement(3300513..3302054)
CDS complement(3302157..3303602)
CDS 3303743..3305020
CDS complement(3305198..3305989)
CDS 3306147..3307274
CDS 3307539..3308288
CDS 3308313..3309086
CDS 3309079..3310227
CDS 3310241..3310921
CDS complement(3311072..3311626)
CDS 3311741..3312613
CDS complement(3312694..3312924)
CDS 3313287..3313892
CDS complement(3313899..3314048)
CDS 3314220..3314717
CDS complement(3314806..3315432)
CDS complement(3315551..3316420)
CDS complement(3316422..3316874)
CDS complement(3316889..3318307)
CDS complement(3318295..3319227)
CDS complement(3319386..3320186)
CDS complement(3320418..3321308)
CDS complement(3321437..3321916)
CDS complement(3322155..3322460)
CDS 3322690..3323031
CDS 3323194..3324240
CDS 3324253..3325185
CDS 3325242..3326063
CDS 3326068..3326859
CDS 3326923..3327978
CDS 3328051..3329772
CDS complement(3329785..3331407)
CDS 3331673..3332002
CDS complement(3332061..3332405)
CDS complement(3332581..3333453)
CDS complement(3333468..3334361)
CDS complement(3334402..3335655)
CDS complement(3335942..3336928)
CDS complement(3337164..3339107)
CDS complement(3339335..3340093)
CDS 3340225..3341403
CDS 3341415..3342941
CDS complement(3343003..3343917)
CDS complement(3344229..3345017)
CDS complement(3345137..3346657)
CDS complement(3346820..3348616)
CDS complement(3348567..3349460)
CDS complement(3349635..3349937)
CDS 3350143..3350892
CDS 3350889..3351941
CDS 3352047..3352826
CDS 3352801..3354702
CDS complement(3354764..3354892)
CDS complement(3354889..3357318)
CDS 3357457..3358347
CDS complement(3358460..3359398)
CDS complement(3359452..3359808)
CDS complement(3359821..3360834)
CDS complement(3360851..3361366)
CDS complement(3361382..3361801)
CDS complement(3361818..3363074)
CDS complement(3363359..3363610)
CDS 3363764..3364468
CDS complement(3364610..3365173)
CDS 3365489..3365941
CDS 3365964..3366485
CDS complement(3366751..3367719)
CDS complement(3367754..3368365)
CDS complement(3368472..3369314)
CDS complement(3369473..3370804)
CDS complement(3370801..3372213)
CDS complement(3372288..3373403)
CDS 3373627..3374904
CDS 3375030..3375857
CDS complement(3376113..3376235)
CDS complement(3376238..3377341)
CDS complement(3377516..3378478)
CDS complement(3378650..3379255)
CDS complement(3379252..3380820)
CDS 3381186..3381686
CDS complement(3381942..3382661)
CDS complement(3382912..3383706)
CDS complement(3383709..3384812)
CDS complement(3384805..3386463)
CDS complement(3386477..3387505)
CDS complement(3387502..3388479)
CDS 3388617..3389501
CDS 3389989..3390669
CDS complement(3390943..3391317)
CDS complement(3391358..3391945)
CDS complement(3391961..3392098)
CDS complement(3392149..3393063)
CDS 3393385..3394770
CDS complement(3394939..3395463)
CDS complement(3395842..3397026)
CDS 3397411..3397611
CDS complement(3397754..3399079)
CDS complement(3399093..3399938)
CDS complement(3399951..3400862)
CDS complement(3400889..3401998)
CDS 3402104..3402985
CDS 3403076..3404236
CDS 3404248..3405339
CDS 3405336..3406187
CDS complement(3406217..3406975)
CDS complement(3407073..3407909)
CDS complement(3407920..3408846)
CDS complement(3408858..3410162)
CDS complement(3410177..3411289)
CDS complement(3411304..3412050)
CDS 3412173..3413099
CDS 3413155..3414162
CDS 3414214..3414591
CDS complement(3414664..3415554)
CDS complement(3415936..3416727)
CDS 3417068..3417613
CDS 3417615..3419228
CDS 3419221..3421059
CDS complement(3421130..3421531)
CDS 3421698..3422552
CDS complement(3422587..3422751)
CDS complement(3422823..3423716)
CDS complement(3424361..3425269)
CDS complement(3425391..3426035)
CDS complement(3426240..3427058)
CDS complement(3427055..3427960)
CDS complement(3427953..3429248)
CDS complement(3429424..3429747)
CDS complement(3429737..3430429)
CDS 3430532..3431104
CDS complement(3431182..3431691)
CDS complement(3431767..3432549)
CDS 3432753..3432911
CDS 3433200..3433448
CDS 3433568..3434116
CDS complement(3434193..3435470)
CDS complement(3435699..3436349)
CDS 3436462..3436665
CDS complement(3436760..3438313)
CDS complement(3438310..3439401)
CDS complement(3439423..3440712)
CDS complement(3440731..3441324)
CDS complement(3441469..3442275)
CDS complement(3442288..3442794)
CDS complement(3442915..3443775)
CDS complement(3443818..3444150)
CDS complement(3444212..3445189)
CDS complement(3445617..3446201)
CDS complement(3446335..3446859)
CDS 3447588..3448553
CDS complement(3448625..3449965)
CDS complement(3449975..3451306)
CDS complement(3451303..3452544)
CDS complement(3452501..3453844)
CDS complement(3453837..3455516)
CDS complement(3455670..3457148)
CDS complement(3457395..3458657)
CDS 3458974..3460068
CDS 3460089..3460694
CDS 3460698..3461351
CDS 3461552..3462385
CDS 3462615..3464075
CDS 3464301..3465221
CDS 3465402..3465965
CDS complement(3466106..3466528)
CDS complement(3466851..3468473)
CDS complement(3468933..3470018)
CDS complement(3470040..3470192)
CDS complement(3470218..3471246)
CDS complement(3471273..3472532)
CDS complement(3472568..3472852)
CDS complement(3472852..3473331)
CDS complement(3473356..3475449)
CDS complement(3475611..3477524)
CDS 3477848..3478888
CDS complement(3478915..3479541)
CDS complement(3479564..3480514)
CDS complement(3480507..3481193)
CDS complement(3481210..3481761)
CDS complement(3481774..3483057)
CDS complement(3483054..3483548)
CDS complement(3483565..3484569)
CDS complement(3484589..3485593)
CDS 3485826..3486149
CDS 3486152..3486580
CDS 3486577..3487350
CDS complement(3487388..3488455)
CDS 3488608..3488892
CDS complement(3488942..3489265)
CDS complement(3489390..3490472)
CDS complement(3490488..3491291)
CDS complement(3491586..3492374)
CDS 3492547..3495207
CDS complement(3495278..3496771)
CDS complement(3496852..3497115)
CDS complement(3497197..3498693)
CDS 3499160..3499924
CDS 3499924..3500589
CDS complement(3500731..3501360)
CDS complement(3501338..3502402)
CDS complement(3502399..3503118)
CDS complement(3503249..3503890)
CDS complement(3503919..3504215)
CDS 3504580..3504954
CDS 3505109..3505717
CDS complement(3505796..3508456)
CDS complement(3508569..3509600)
CDS 3510304..3511008
CDS 3511027..3512523
CDS complement(3512727..3513638)
CDS 3513730..3514695
CDS 3514783..3515403
CDS complement(3515541..3516368)
CDS complement(3516618..3517541)
CDS complement(3517553..3517858)
CDS complement(3517995..3518900)
CDS 3519100..3520482
CDS complement(3520600..3521370)
CDS complement(3521367..3522329)
CDS complement(3522341..3523429)
CDS complement(3523461..3524231)
CDS complement(3524257..3524607)
CDS complement(3524622..3525926)
CDS complement(3525952..3526497)
CDS complement(3526597..3527496)
CDS complement(3527652..3528251)
CDS complement(3528504..3529181)
CDS complement(3529306..3529509)
CDS complement(3529647..3529850)
CDS complement(3529976..3533182)
CDS complement(3533224..3533385)
CDS 3533613..3534485
CDS complement(3534625..3535344)
CDS complement(3535341..3536219)
CDS complement(3536212..3536580)
CDS complement(3536734..3537351)
CDS complement(3537382..3538188)
CDS 3538326..3538475
CDS 3538605..3539744
CDS 3539914..3540771
CDS 3540910..3541815
CDS 3541985..3543382
CDS 3543445..3544302
CDS complement(3544345..3545652)
CDS complement(3546117..3546884)
CDS complement(3546900..3547670)
CDS complement(3547657..3548640)
CDS complement(3548641..3549549)
CDS complement(3549605..3552001)
CDS complement(3552018..3552710)
CDS complement(3552758..3553081)
CDS complement(3553163..3554170)
CDS complement(3554167..3555117)
CDS complement(3555350..3556483)
CDS 3556615..3557400
CDS complement(3557439..3558062)
CDS 3558234..3559715
CDS complement(3559806..3560258)
CDS complement(3560496..3561749)
CDS 3562017..3562790
CDS complement(3563084..3563926)
CDS 3564082..3564993
CDS complement(3565108..3565947)
CDS complement(3565931..3566935)
CDS complement(3566957..3567973)
CDS complement(3568019..3568837)
CDS complement(3568853..3569797)
CDS complement(3569810..3571066)
CDS complement(3571078..3572289)
CDS complement(3572552..3573784)
CDS 3574056..3574406
CDS 3574364..3574849
CDS 3574939..3575082
CDS complement(3575278..3576816)
CDS complement(3577486..3577782)
CDS 3578210..3578833
CDS complement(3579005..3581107)
CDS complement(3581372..3583060)
CDS 3583241..3584404
CDS complement(3584571..3586052)
CDS complement(3586590..3587555)
CDS complement(3587711..3588676)
CDS 3588867..3589505
CDS 3589919..3590173
CDS complement(3590240..3590419)
CDS complement(3590441..3591325)
CDS complement(3591782..3592363)
CDS complement(3592366..3592647)
CDS complement(3592847..3593536)
CDS complement(3593617..3594210)
CDS 3594440..3595282
CDS complement(3595286..3596752)
CDS complement(3596992..3597501)
CDS complement(3597789..3597965)
CDS complement(3598051..3598404)
CDS 3598586..3599230
CDS 3599320..3599568
CDS complement(3599602..3600525)
CDS complement(3600673..3601638)
CDS complement(3601655..3602488)
CDS complement(3602485..3603420)
CDS complement(3603441..3604664)
CDS complement(3604703..3605683)
CDS complement(3605778..3606794)
CDS complement(3606954..3607316)
CDS complement(3607377..3608162)
CDS complement(3608292..3609266)
CDS 3609435..3610268
CDS 3610482..3611510
CDS complement(3611541..3612890)
CDS 3613028..3613837
CDS complement(3613983..3614780)
CDS complement(3614914..3615600)
CDS 3615737..3617035
CDS complement(3617117..3617938)
CDS complement(3617968..3618993)
CDS complement(3618983..3620014)
CDS complement(3620004..3620981)
CDS complement(3621084..3622613)
CDS complement(3622699..3622917)
CDS complement(3622914..3623849)
CDS complement(3624031..3625161)
CDS 3625524..3626957
CDS 3626964..3628052
CDS 3628049..3629170
CDS complement(3629292..3631211)
CDS complement(3631208..3631963)
CDS 3632312..3633541
CDS 3633555..3633668
CDS 3633729..3634418
CDS 3634418..3635239
CDS complement(3635288..3636709)
CDS 3636936..3637289
CDS complement(3637377..3637493)
CDS 3637640..3639760
CDS 3639744..3640748
CDS 3640751..3641050
CDS 3641081..3642346
CDS 3642365..3643219
CDS complement(3643300..3643851)
CDS 3644228..3644629
CDS complement(3644772..3645638)
CDS complement(3646417..3646767)
CDS complement(3646764..3647192)
CDS 3647480..3648529
CDS 3648568..3649650
CDS complement(3649708..3650235)
CDS complement(3650742..3650849)
CDS complement(3650846..3651136)
CDS complement(3651133..3651933)
CDS complement(3652256..3654304)
CDS complement(3654326..3655459)
CDS complement(3655549..3656391)
CDS complement(3656391..3657689)
CDS complement(3657726..3658985)
CDS complement(3659174..3660166)
CDS 3660486..3661937
CDS 3661961..3665440
CDS 3665757..3666311
CDS complement(3666531..3667397)
CDS complement(3667477..3668286)
CDS 3668758..3668943
CDS 3669143..3669511
CDS complement(3669459..3670118)
CDS complement(3670115..3670972)
CDS complement(3671242..3672201)
CDS 3672298..3673287
CDS complement(3673384..3674844)
CDS complement(3674861..3675607)
CDS complement(3675604..3677358)
CDS complement(3677624..3678820)
CDS 3678984..3679481
CDS 3679567..3680523
CDS complement(3680729..3681067)
CDS complement(3681073..3682794)
CDS complement(3682810..3683544)
CDS complement(3683998..3684369)
CDS complement(3684424..3685260)
CDS 3685642..3686040
CDS 3686461..3686916
CDS complement(3687083..3688021)
CDS complement(3688114..3689058)
CDS complement(3689045..3690544)
CDS complement(3690560..3690949)
CDS complement(3691000..3691881)
CDS complement(3691881..3692864)
CDS complement(3693391..3694344)
CDS complement(3694895..3695029)
CDS 3695638..3696480
CDS complement(3696515..3697939)
CDS complement(3697932..3698606)
CDS complement(3698627..3699394)
CDS complement(3699407..3700231)
CDS complement(3700231..3700953)
CDS complement(3701064..3701636)
CDS complement(3701647..3702993)
CDS complement(3703005..3706154)
CDS complement(3706284..3706418)
CDS 3706763..3707677
CDS 3707661..3709445
CDS 3709485..3709709
CDS complement(3710594..3710848)
CDS 3711126..3711464
CDS 3711591..3711722
CDS complement(3711772..3712362)
CDS complement(3712379..3713806)
CDS complement(3714173..3714478)
CDS complement(3714647..3715516)
CDS complement(3715517..3716575)
CDS complement(3716596..3717942)
CDS complement(3717968..3718243)
CDS complement(3718246..3718725)
CDS complement(3718718..3719506)
CDS 3719689..3720633
CDS complement(3722155..3722688)
CDS complement(3722719..3723453)
CDS complement(3723522..3723998)
CDS complement(3724191..3724676)
CDS complement(3724805..3725563)
CDS 3725708..3727291
CDS 3727318..3728643
CDS complement(3729931..3731295)
CDS complement(3731322..3732155)
CDS complement(3732145..3733074)
CDS complement(3733094..3734359)
CDS complement(3734450..3736183)
CDS complement(3736204..3736920)
CDS complement(3736977..3738275)
CDS complement(3738259..3738762)
CDS complement(3739749..3739847)
CDS complement(3740578..3740991)
CDS complement(3741786..3742076)
CDS complement(3742085..3743116)
CDS complement(3743113..3743772)
CDS complement(3743762..3744619)
CDS complement(3744616..3746499)
CDS complement(3746501..3747211)
CDS complement(3747286..3747396)
CDS complement(3747648..3750062)
CDS complement(3750382..3751062)
CDS complement(3752519..3754078)
CDS complement(3754482..3754982)
CDS 3755329..3755799
CDS complement(3756329..3757339)
CDS 3757537..3758412
CDS complement(3758432..3759913)
CDS complement(3759927..3760361)
CDS complement(3760373..3761344)
CDS complement(3761411..3762316)
CDS complement(3762930..3763886)
CDS complement(3763897..3764526)
CDS complement(3764540..3765550)
CDS complement(3765556..3766017)
CDS complement(3766101..3766898)
CDS 3767091..3767864
CDS 3767895..3768983
CDS 3769005..3770267
CDS complement(3770347..3770658)
CDS complement(3770665..3771801)
CDS complement(3771804..3773288)
CDS complement(3773289..3773777)
CDS complement(3773795..3774562)
CDS complement(3774583..3775914)
CDS complement(3775914..3776429)
CDS complement(3776441..3777463)
CDS complement(3777479..3778231)
CDS 3778788..3779885
CDS 3779882..3780004
CDS 3780155..3780406
CDS 3780471..3781361
CDS 3781593..3782462
CDS 3782611..3782877
CDS complement(3782996..3784330)
CDS 3784438..3784779
CDS complement(3784783..3785646)
CDS complement(3785866..3786747)
CDS 3786993..3788159
CDS 3788373..3788471
CDS 3788510..3788629
CDS complement(3788780..3789223)
CDS complement(3789368..3789574)
CDS 3790369..3790635
CDS 3791318..3791542
CDS complement(3791650..3792516)
CDS complement(3792540..3793244)
CDS complement(3793237..3794160)
CDS 3794313..3795029
CDS 3795020..3796138
CDS 3796264..3797142
CDS complement(3797249..3797971)
CDS 3798347..3799444
CDS complement(3799562..3800320)
CDS complement(3800325..3801980)
CDS complement(3802181..3803836)
CDS complement(3803838..3804932)
CDS complement(3804997..3806019)
CDS complement(3806387..3806854)
CDS 3807510..3808019
CDS complement(3808224..3809414)
CDS complement(3809469..3810662)
CDS complement(3810730..3812172)
CDS complement(3812230..3813441)
CDS complement(3813492..3814526)
CDS complement(3814523..3815515)
CDS complement(3815559..3816482)
CDS complement(3816494..3817411)
CDS complement(3817482..3819062)
CDS complement(3819116..3819358)
CDS 3819790..3820665
CDS complement(3821608..3822504)
CDS complement(3822509..3823594)
CDS complement(3823597..3823935)
CDS 3824122..3824430
CDS 3824455..3825723
CDS 3825782..3826087
CDS 3826080..3827396
CDS 3827844..3828194
CDS 3828584..3829399
CDS 3829821..3830312
CDS 3830312..3831820
CDS complement(3832071..3832166)
CDS complement(3832115..3832783)
CDS complement(3832924..3833802)
CDS complement(3833872..3834351)
CDS complement(3834733..3836562)
CDS complement(3836707..3836979)
CDS complement(3836972..3837355)
CDS complement(3837805..3838191)
CDS 3838448..3838999
CDS 3839267..3839881
CDS complement(3840029..3840235)
CDS complement(3840484..3840795)
CDS complement(3840889..3842208)
CDS complement(3842212..3843489)
CDS complement(3843618..3844463)
CDS complement(3844456..3845475)
CDS complement(3845491..3846036)
CDS complement(3846033..3846932)
CDS complement(3846958..3847542)
CDS complement(3847887..3848846)
CDS complement(3848874..3849689)
CDS complement(3849686..3850981)
CDS complement(3851681..3852355)
CDS complement(3852376..3853257)
CDS 3853960..3854868
CDS complement(3855044..3855238)
CDS complement(3855425..3855544)
CDS complement(3855637..3855756)
CDS complement(3855859..3855975)
CDS complement(3855972..3857060)
CDS complement(3857306..3858430)
CDS complement(3858427..3859536)
CDS complement(3859538..3860962)
CDS complement(3861474..3862514)
CDS complement(3862712..3863311)
CDS complement(3863476..3863949)
CDS complement(3864279..3865022)
CDS 3865272..3866729
CDS complement(3866867..3867529)
CDS 3867650..3868549
CDS 3868713..3868985
CDS 3868982..3869620
CDS complement(3869643..3870467)
CDS complement(3870490..3870669)
CDS 3870886..3871719
CDS 3871712..3872710
CDS 3872726..3873493
CDS 3873506..3874249
CDS 3874796..3874966
CDS complement(3875149..3875325)
CDS complement(3876223..3876852)
CDS complement(3876927..3877484)
CDS complement(3877592..3877888)
CDS complement(3878164..3878988)
CDS complement(3879197..3879709)
CDS complement(3879848..3880621)
CDS 3880865..3881827
CDS 3881914..3882138
CDS complement(3882290..3884233)
CDS complement(3884196..3884303)
CDS complement(3884411..3885616)
CDS 3885951..3886466
CDS 3886503..3886877
CDS complement(3887085..3887831)
CDS complement(3888077..3889237)
CDS complement(3889253..3890599)
CDS complement(3890622..3892073)
CDS complement(3892489..3892827)
CDS complement(3892824..3893798)
CDS complement(3893801..3894313)
CDS complement(3894397..3896088)
CDS 3896234..3897466
CDS 3897503..3898744
CDS complement(3898994..3899521)
CDS complement(3899488..3901737)
CDS complement(3901712..3902605)
CDS complement(3902572..3903186)
CDS complement(3903183..3904187)
CDS complement(3904336..3905316)
CDS complement(3905336..3906199)
CDS complement(3906199..3906993)
CDS 3907158..3907376
CDS complement(3907490..3908533)
CDS complement(3908564..3909433)
CDS complement(3909438..3910202)
CDS complement(3910607..3912535)
CDS complement(3912598..3913590)
CDS complement(3913698..3914102)
CDS 3914321..3914782
CDS 3914821..3915279
CDS complement(3915375..3917126)
CDS complement(3917391..3918263)
CDS complement(3918291..3919154)
CDS complement(3919275..3919913)
CDS complement(3919915..3920148)
CDS complement(3920159..3921508)
CDS 3921726..3922442
CDS complement(3922557..3923480)
CDS complement(3923628..3925031)
CDS complement(3925033..3926529)
CDS complement(3926646..3927653)
CDS complement(3927920..3928558)
CDS 3928667..3929035
CDS 3929097..3929672
CDS complement(3929739..3930500)
CDS complement(3930514..3931725)
CDS complement(3931817..3932833)
CDS complement(3932830..3933555)
CDS 3933822..3935150
CDS 3935163..3936101
CDS 3936119..3936985
CDS complement(3937127..3937858)
CDS 3938073..3938423
CDS 3938605..3940509
CDS complement(3941306..3941485)
CDS complement(3941545..3942057)
CDS 3942292..3943638
CDS 3943650..3944909
CDS 3944960..3946375
CDS 3946439..3946687
CDS 3946674..3947918
CDS 3947915..3949267
CDS complement(3949359..3949775)
CDS complement(3949832..3950476)
CDS complement(3950540..3950968)
CDS complement(3951058..3951243)
CDS complement(3951269..3953155)
CDS complement(3953288..3954115)
CDS complement(3954373..3955806)
CDS complement(3956085..3956240)
CDS 3956425..3956520
CDS complement(3956979..3957404)
CDS complement(3957550..3957873)
CDS complement(3958647..3959066)
CDS complement(3959253..3959687)
CDS complement(3959703..3960077)
CDS complement(3960656..3961159)
CDS complement(3961858..3962274)
CDS complement(3962288..3963238)
CDS complement(3963488..3963841)
CDS complement(3963887..3964210)
CDS complement(3964231..3966006)
CDS complement(3966026..3966289)
CDS complement(3966308..3966691)
CDS complement(3967752..3967874)
CDS complement(3967933..3968055)
CDS complement(3968052..3969239)
CDS 3969401..3970915
CDS 3970999..3972450
CDS 3972460..3973311
CDS 3973369..3974163
CDS 3974164..3974613
CDS complement(3975063..3975833)
CDS complement(3975897..3976592)
CDS complement(3976614..3977315)
CDS 3977613..3978536
CDS 3978567..3979055
CDS complement(3979320..3979790)
CDS complement(3979991..3980428)
CDS complement(3981180..3982436)
CDS 3982582..3983598
CDS 3983914..3984831
CDS 3984855..3985127
CDS 3985199..3986425
CDS complement(3986483..3987727)
CDS complement(3987875..3989128)
CDS 3989468..3990280
CDS 3990361..3990852
CDS complement(3990839..3991378)
CDS complement(3991488..3994154)
CDS complement(3994329..3994757)
CDS 3994881..3995639
CDS complement(3995715..3996338)
CDS complement(3996449..3997525)
CDS complement(3997518..3998618)
CDS complement(3998634..4000148)
CDS complement(4000224..4000586)
CDS complement(4000608..4001396)
CDS complement(4001410..4002207)
CDS complement(4002220..4003224)
CDS complement(4003395..4003682)
CDS complement(4003862..4004176)
CDS complement(4004178..4004525)
CDS complement(4004791..4005651)
CDS complement(4005828..4006868)
CDS complement(4007035..4008333)
CDS complement(4008375..4009133)
CDS complement(4009780..4010181)
CDS complement(4010250..4011662)
CDS complement(4011694..4012560)
CDS complement(4012594..4014108)
CDS complement(4014143..4014688)
CDS complement(4014685..4015170)
CDS complement(4015277..4015492)
CDS complement(4015565..4016281)
CDS complement(4016288..4016686)
CDS complement(4016686..4016910)
CDS complement(4017269..4019548)
CDS 4019738..4020211
CDS complement(4020233..4020862)
CDS complement(4021136..4022392)
CDS complement(4022619..4023164)
CDS complement(4023161..4023610)
CDS complement(4023662..4024975)
CDS complement(4024987..4025418)
CDS complement(4025533..4026075)
CDS complement(4026214..4027023)
CDS complement(4027121..4028191)
CDS complement(4028370..4028819)
CDS complement(4028874..4029503)
CDS complement(4029589..4030455)
CDS complement(4030455..4031525)
CDS 4031703..4033022
CDS complement(4033189..4033611)
CDS complement(4033725..4034303)
CDS complement(4034364..4034606)
CDS complement(4034709..4035977)
CDS complement(4036198..4037163)
CDS complement(4037196..4038482)
CDS complement(4038567..4039217)
CDS complement(4039362..4040225)
CDS complement(4040460..4040822)
CDS 4040982..4041500
CDS complement(4041614..4043218)
CDS complement(4043425..4043934)
CDS complement(4044174..4044800)
CDS complement(4044870..4046012)
CDS complement(4046005..4046856)
CDS complement(4046853..4048037)
CDS complement(4048121..4050202)
CDS 4050389..4051585
CDS complement(4051698..4052174)
CDS complement(4052177..4053847)
CDS complement(4054059..4054490)
CDS complement(4054606..4055484)
CDS complement(4055497..4056324)
CDS 4056485..4058611
CDS complement(4058707..4059525)
CDS 4059702..4061489
CDS complement(4061616..4062173)
CDS 4062448..4063581
CDS 4063584..4064267
CDS 4064329..4064523
CDS complement(4064679..4064870)
CDS complement(4064988..4065497)
CDS complement(4065513..4066799)
CDS complement(4066916..4068163)
CDS 4068475..4069299
CDS complement(4069370..4070365)
CDS 4070548..4071336
CDS 4071510..4072259
CDS complement(4072331..4073128)
CDS complement(4073154..4073435)
CDS complement(4073517..4074773)
CDS complement(4074766..4075668)
CDS complement(4075658..4076536)
CDS complement(4076533..4076928)
CDS complement(4076921..4077652)
CDS 4077936..4078367
CDS 4078388..4078849
CDS complement(4078886..4079260)
CDS 4079387..4080001
CDS complement(4080084..4081586)
CDS complement(4081635..4081931)
CDS complement(4082192..4082911)
CDS complement(4082908..4083822)
CDS complement(4083824..4085074)
CDS complement(4085314..4086354)
CDS complement(4086344..4087042)
CDS complement(4087164..4088519)
CDS 4088712..4089524
CDS complement(4089742..4091244)
CDS complement(4091507..4091836)
CDS complement(4091827..4092558)
CDS 4092677..4094152
CDS 4094374..4095081
CDS 4095141..4096349
CDS 4096399..4097385
CDS complement(4097561..4098919)
CDS complement(4099069..4099542)
CDS 4099743..4100219
CDS complement(4100310..4101791)
CDS complement(4102080..4102547)
CDS complement(4102563..4102976)
CDS 4103146..4104663
CDS complement(4104715..4105083)
CDS 4105256..4105774
CDS 4105788..4107245
CDS complement(4107433..4108176)
CDS complement(4108337..4108963)
CDS complement(4109349..4110689)
CDS complement(4110891..4113080)
CDS complement(4113085..4114287)
CDS 4114558..4114842
CDS 4114910..4115254
CDS 4115334..4115885
CDS complement(4115955..4116836)
CDS complement(4116833..4117765)
CDS complement(4117743..4118498)
CDS complement(4118551..4119507)
CDS complement(4120059..4120856)
CDS complement(4121067..4122440)
CDS 4122563..4123723
CDS complement(4123790..4125763)
CDS complement(4125965..4127638)
CDS 4127801..4129003
CDS 4129111..4129659
CDS complement(4129718..4131340)
CDS complement(4131430..4133148)
CDS complement(4133314..4134252)
CDS complement(4134466..4135086)
CDS 4135206..4135856
CDS 4135953..4136864
CDS 4137338..4137553
CDS complement(4137767..4138540)
CDS complement(4138515..4139441)
CDS 4139741..4140322
CDS complement(4140483..4142396)
CDS complement(4143188..4143547)
CDS 4144088..4144762
CDS 4145020..4145691
CDS 4145941..4146606
CDS 4146617..4148260
CDS 4148273..4148659
CDS 4148971..4149375
CDS 4149480..4150214
CDS 4150327..4151430
CDS 4151636..4151848
CDS complement(4151900..4153198)
CDS 4154083..4154442
CDS 4154459..4156267
CDS complement(4156401..4157096)
CDS complement(4157096..4159222)
CDS complement(4159216..4159878)
CDS complement(4160055..4161725)
CDS complement(4161798..4162496)
CDS complement(4162489..4164099)
CDS 4164220..4164855
CDS complement(4165012..4165944)
CDS complement(4166085..4166438)
CDS complement(4166521..4167828)
CDS complement(4168083..4168547)
CDS complement(4168659..4169906)
CDS complement(4170103..4170666)
CDS 4170920..4171702
CDS 4171926..4173257
CDS 4173321..4173590
CDS complement(4173611..4174003)
CDS complement(4174100..4174528)
CDS complement(4174525..4175943)
CDS complement(4175940..4176620)
CDS complement(4176610..4177599)
CDS complement(4177834..4178979)
CDS 4179331..4179489
CDS 4179747..4179965
CDS 4180169..4180438
CDS complement(4180388..4181071)
CDS complement(4181064..4181402)
CDS complement(4181377..4181610)
CDS 4181952..4182557
CDS complement(4182604..4183452)
CDS complement(4183555..4185492)
CDS complement(4185952..4186221)
CDS complement(4186264..4187451)
CDS complement(4187599..4188309)
CDS complement(4188465..4189442)
CDS complement(4189597..4191423)
CDS complement(4191561..4192202)
CDS complement(4192199..4192912)
CDS complement(4192954..4194273)
CDS complement(4194445..4195482)
CDS complement(4195626..4196468)
CDS complement(4196468..4197760)
CDS complement(4197820..4199196)
CDS 4199400..4201169
CDS complement(4201296..4201427)
CDS complement(4201417..4201527)
CDS complement(4201818..4203080)
CDS complement(4203080..4204321)
CDS 4204507..4204695
CDS 4204734..4206350
CDS complement(4206408..4207598)
CDS complement(4207591..4208898)
CDS complement(4208891..4210303)
CDS complement(4210293..4211018)
CDS complement(4211105..4211815)
CDS complement(4212004..4213983)
CDS complement(4214034..4215023)
CDS complement(4215188..4216063)
CDS 4216175..4217266
CDS complement(4217346..4218620)
CDS complement(4218617..4219096)
CDS complement(4219093..4220103)
CDS complement(4220228..4220908)
CDS 4221018..4222055
CDS 4222405..4224414
CDS 4224544..4225044
CDS 4225209..4225748
CDS 4225732..4226760
CDS complement(4226866..4227294)
CDS complement(4227382..4228005)
CDS 4228258..4228719
CDS complement(4228796..4230253)
CDS complement(4230400..4231134)
CDS complement(4231100..4232893)
CDS complement(4233055..4233636)
CDS 4233790..4235850
CDS 4235847..4237658
CDS complement(4237723..4238694)
CDS complement(4238691..4239671)
CDS complement(4239677..4240606)
CDS complement(4240620..4241576)
CDS complement(4241631..4243364)
CDS 4243813..4243998
CDS complement(4244133..4244936)
CDS complement(4245655..4246314)
CDS complement(4246311..4247159)
CDS 4247581..4247994
CDS 4248011..4248490
CDS 4248656..4249264
CDS 4249264..4250106
CDS 4250129..4251223
CDS 4251304..4254102
CDS complement(4254450..4255106)
CDS complement(4255133..4256407)
CDS complement(4256404..4256910)
CDS complement(4256915..4257904)
CDS complement(4257908..4258942)
CDS complement(4258973..4259599)
CDS complement(4259615..4260952)
CDS 4261230..4262051
CDS 4262072..4262827
CDS 4262969..4263676
CDS complement(4264689..4265423)
CDS complement(4265425..4266717)
CDS complement(4266714..4267493)
CDS complement(4267499..4269325)
CDS complement(4269951..4270049)
CDS complement(4270651..4271538)
CDS complement(4271725..4272378)
CDS complement(4272333..4272644)
CDS complement(4273461..4273940)
CDS complement(4274018..4274170)
CDS complement(4274303..4275523)
CDS complement(4275724..4276518)
CDS complement(4276544..4277440)
CDS complement(4277437..4278765)
CDS complement(4278762..4280600)
CDS complement(4280601..4281311)
CDS complement(4282116..4283402)
CDS complement(4283550..4284911)
CDS complement(4284982..4285425)
CDS complement(4285422..4287392)
CDS complement(4287422..4288324)
CDS complement(4288529..4288762)
CDS complement(4288801..4289286)
CDS complement(4289357..4289644)
CDS complement(4289959..4291023)
CDS complement(4291128..4291322)
CDS complement(4291386..4292414)
CDS 4292500..4293132
CDS complement(4293178..4294329)
CDS complement(4294372..4295241)
CDS complement(4295234..4295995)
CDS complement(4296180..4297031)
CDS complement(4297137..4297850)
CDS complement(4297861..4299750)
CDS complement(4299812..4301188)
CDS complement(4301202..4301396)
CDS complement(4301423..4302058)
CDS complement(4302074..4302931)
CDS complement(4302953..4303255)
CDS complement(4303386..4303523)
| en |
converted_docs | 372487 | # New Deliverables for Virginia's Onsite Sewage and Water Supply Programs: A Roadmap for Changing Services: Executive Summary
Dwayne Roadcap, REHS, CPSS, AOSE
The Virginia Department of Health (VDH) has used a business model
developed over 50 years ago to assure that residential and commercial
buildings, which are not served by public sewer, have adequate
facilities for water and sewer. This business model has focused agency
resources on direct service delivery so that applications for well and
sewage system construction permits are timely processed. While this
business model may have served the community many years ago, it no
longer adequately promotes the government's interest to protect general
welfare and public health nor does it sufficiently address consumer
needs. By focusing on the 10 Essential Public Health and Environmental
Health Services, the Division of Onsite Sewage and Water Services
(DOSWS) seeks to change the health department's outdated business model.
The new business model will improve program performance and address
unmet public health needs by developing community partnerships and
private sector networks for direct service delivery. Using systems
thinking tools, buy-in for change in a new business model can best be
leveraged by addressing mental models of health department staff and
redefining programmatic goals.
| en |
markdown | 314935 | # Presentation: 314935
## The Role of Science and Technology in Counter Terrorism
***Jay Davis***
***National Security Fellow***
***Center for Global Security Research ***
***Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory***
***DOE/OBES Workshop***
***Gaithersburg, February 28, 2002***
## My perspective on counter terrorism comes from career experiences
**Having my own laboratory bombed when I was at Wisconsin**
**A basic research career in nuclear physics and in managing basic research in the broad geosciences, toxicology, nutritional science and combustion research**
**Applied experiences in arms control, the NEST program and as an inspector in Iraq**
**Three years as the founding director of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, a DoD combat support agency with counter terrorism as a major focus**
**Thirty years as an organization builder and strategic planner**
## Let me begin with the dilemmas of counter terrorism
**There is no central ownership of this mission and it is almost no one’s first mission**
**The technological and the sociological quickly become combined**
**One is seeking resources to invest against rare events with high consequences**
**The ultimate customer is not one having great familiarity with the S&T community**
## What is the narrow role of science and technology in national security?
**To assure that we have the weapons and knowledge to deter those with evil intent**
**To assure that if war, terrorism or conflict come, our doctrine, people and equipment are superior to any**
**To assure that we fight **_**our**_** battle, preferably one that the enemy does not expect, rather than **_**their**_** battle **
**Note that the social sciences play a large role in these desires**
## What is the broad role of science and technology in national security?
**To assure that we can anticipate and cope with surprise in any discipline**
**To assure that the American economy can compete on all levels and support the world’s best defense system**
**in both people and equipment**
**To explain honestly what is and is not possible in defense.**
**Basic scientists have a large role in these matters**
## How does DoD look at solving a problem?
**Is there a solution in doctrine, operations or in technology?**
**Who will provide the logistics and training support for a twenty year system lifetime?**
**How is the system, gadget or widget compatible with existing doctrine, operations or training?**
**Can I get promoted if I sponsor this?**
## Where in counter terrorism do S&T have the most leverage?
**Deterrence**
**Detection**
**Response**
**Recovery**
**Forensics and Attribution**
**Note that the first and last couple together -- and may offer our highest and most cost effective opportunities**
## What are the strengths of the basic S&T community?
**Knowledge of the future of your fields**
**particularly important in the “post-nuclear” and “post-physics” world**
**Potentially higher credibility with the new funders and the general public**
**Potentially lower operational burdens than the rules and inhibitions of the national security organizations that handle classified and/or controlled materials**
**Cost, cost, cost**
## What are the grand technical challenges in counter terrorism?
**Forensics for attribution and deterrence**
**Technologies for detection of agents and rapid diagnosis of infection or insult**
**Integration of sparse and uncertain data into predictive models for event management**
**this has enormous political importance**
**Integrated models that span dispersion to morbidity and mortality**
**for both low level and acute exposure**
**for “address-based” triage**
**Education on risk and risk tradeoff**
## What are the critical tests of you and your ideas?
**Can you work as a subcontractor?**
**Anything important will be a team activity -- you are an unlikely leader**
**Who will deliver and sustain your technology in production and operation?**
**A real government agency contribution could be to select the production operational contractors**
**Does this product deliver incremental improvement in existing systems without excessive opportunity cost in their present configuration?**
**Is the first responder willing to use this?**
## What are the grand contributions you can make?
**Service in a mission-driven agency**
**they need your perspectives and knowledge**
**Support to the intelligence and security communities in predicting future threats**
**and the capabilities to counter them**
**Work in the international communities to establish norms of transparency and ethics**
**and the penalties for failure in these**
**Education and support of both the local and national communities in determining what is possible**
**expectations management is vital**
## You might ask yourself the following questions
**What new contexts do I need to master?**
**Where or by what extrapolation does my currently funded work or capability contribute?**
**What new relationships do I need?**
**What are my responsibilities beyond the laboratory?**
## Understand the political and operational difficulties of counter terrorism
**This is no one’s first job -- except for Governor Ridge**
**Authority and resource needs are determined by the event**
**an anathema for political systems**
**The first responders are the most important players**
**and are poorly coupled to our communities**
**There will be no silver bullets**
**either technical or political**
**However, I am optimistic because we as a nation are now fully engaged with this topic** | en |
all-txt-docs | 241325 | JIMMY L. STANDLEY, ET AL., PETITIONERS V. UNITED STATES TAX COURT
(COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, REAL PARTY IN INTEREST)
No. 86-2042
In the Supreme Court of the United States
October Term, 1987
On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Memorandum for the Respondent in Opposition
Petitioners contend that the court of appeals erred in refusing to
issue a writ of mandamus requiring the United States Tax Court to stay
proceedings in cases brought by petitioners for redetermination of
their tax liabilities, pending resolution of another lawsuit brought
by petitioners in another court seeking damages and injunctive relief.
1. a. The individual petitioners are members of the American Law
Association (ALA), an organization created as part of a tax shelter
scheme that utilized foreign trusts to attempt to evade federal income
taxes. See generally United States v. Dahlstrom, 713 F.2d 1423,
1425-1426 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 980 (1984). The
other petitioners are foreign trusts formed by the individual
petitioners as part of that scheme. Both the Ninth Circuit and the
Tax Court have held that such foreign trusts are ineffective to shift
income from the creator to the nontaxable foreign trusts. Akland v.
Commissioner, 767 F.2d 618 (1985); Zmuda v. Commissioner, 731 F.2d
1417 (1984); Professional Services v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 888
(1982).
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) examined petitioners' income tax
returns and determined deficiencies in income tax against each of the
petitioners. Each petitioner filed a petition with the United States
Tax Court seeking a redetermination of the deficiencies asserted by
the IRS. The Tax Court has consolidated all the petitioners' cases
for trial, and that trial is now scheduled for November 2, 1987.
b. Petitioners, and others, filed a separate suit in the United
States District Court for the District of Colorado seeking damages and
injunctive relief against various named and unnamed employees of the
IRS and the Department of Justice. That lawsuit was transferred to
the District of Arizona, where it is now pending (Nordbrock v. Jensen,
No. CIC-86-687-PHX-CLH). Petitioners alleged in the complaint that
the defendants had unlawfully conspired against them to deprive them
of various constitutional and statutory rights, including, inter alia,
their First, Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights and their right to a
jury trial to determine the correct amount of their federal tax
liabilities. See C.A. Pet. for Writ of Prohibition and/or Writ of
Mandamus (Mandamus Pet.), Exh. H. The latter claim rested on an
allegation that the defendants had inflated the amount of the asserted
deficiencies in excess of the true tax liabilities, yielding an amount
that the petitioners could not pay. Petitioners contended that this
alleged comspiracy deprived them of their right to pay the full amount
of the deficiencies and to litigate the correctness of the assessment
in a refund suit in federal district court or the Claims Court. See
Mandamus Pet. at 10, 12.
c. On January 30, 1987, petitioners filed a motion seeking a
continuance of the Tax Court trial (then scheduled for April 20, 1987)
until resolution of their damage suit in the district court. See
Mandamus Pet., Exh. A. The Tax Court denied the motion on February 6,
1987. On March 6, 1987, petitioners filed a Petition for Writ of
Prohibition and/or Writ of Mandamus with the court of appeals seeking
an order directing the Tax Court to stay its trial proceedings.
Petitioners asserted that they would suffer irreparable injury if the
Tax Court proceedings were not stayed because an unfavorable decision
in that court might have an adverse collateral estoppel effect on
their pending damage action in the district court. Petitioners argued
that this eventuality would deprive them of their right to have a jury
determine their right to damages. See Mandamus Pet. at 21-25. The
court of appeals denied the petition on March 23, 1987 (Pet. App. 1a).
2. The court of appeals correctly denied the petition for a writ of
mandamus or prohibition, and there is no reason for this Court to
review that denial. "The remedy of mandamus is a drastic one, to be
invoked only in extraordinary situations. * * * (T)he writ 'has
traditionally been used in federal courts only "to confine an inferior
court to a lawful exercise of its prescribed jurisdiction or to compel
it to exercise its authority when it is its duty to do so."'" Kerr v.
United States District Court, 426 U.S. 394, 402 (1976) (citations
ommitted); see also Allied Chemical Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc. 449 U.S.
33, 34-35 (1980); Will v. United States, 389 U.S. 90, 95 (1967).
Moreover, the party seeking mandamus must demonstrate that his right
to the writ is "clear and indisputable." Kerr, 426 U.S. at 403;
Bankers Life & Casualty Co. v. Holland, 346 U.S. 379, 384 (1953).
Petitioners plainly fail to satisfy these requirements. They do
not -- and cannot -- maintain that the Tax Court would exceed its
jurisdiction in proceeding to trial on the issues raised by
petitioners' petitions in that court; nor do they contend that the
Tax Court has an absolute duty to grant petitioners' request for a
continuance. On the contrary, the Tax Court's exercise of its
discretion to control its own docket is a matter that "ought not to be
overridden by a writ of mandamus. Where a matter is committed to the
discretion of a * * * (trial) court, it cannot be said that a
litigant's right to a particular result is 'clear and indisputable.'"
Will v. Calvert Fire Ins. Co., 437 U.S. 655, 665-666 (1978) (plurality
opinion (footnotes ommitted)).
In any event, the reasons urged by petitioners in seeking a writ of
mandamus provided little basis for the Tax Court to grant a
continuance. The Tax Court's jurisdiction, with certain exceptions
not pertinent here, is limited to determining deficiencies or
overpayments in tax. See Sections 6214 and 6512(b) of the Internal
Revenue Code (26 U.S.C.). Accordingly, the Tax Court's decisions in
petitioners' consolidated cases will not resolve the allegations made
in petitioners' suit for damages against individual employees of the
IRS and the Department of Justice, which is founded on the claim that
these individuals conspired to deprive petitioners of various
constitutional and statutory rights. See Mandamus Pet., Exh. H. /1/
Thus, the Tax Court acted quite reasonably in denying petitioners'
request for a continuance, and there is no reason whatsoever for this
Court to review the court of appeals' refusal to issue an
extraordinary writ directing the Tax Court to stay the trial.
It is therefore respectfully submitted that the petition for a writ
of certiorari should be denied.
CHARLES FRIED
Solicitor General
AUGUST 1987
/1/ We note that petitioners' claim that being forced to litigate
in the Tax Court would deprive them of a "constitutional right to have
the facts determined by a jury" (Pet. 12) is misconceived. It has
long been established that there is no constitutional right to a jury
trial in a suit against the United States. See Galloway v. United
States, 319 U.S. 372, 388 (1943); McElrath v. United States, 102 U.S.
426, 440 (1880). The right to a jury trial to which petitioners
allude, i.e., in a tax refund suit brought in federal district court
against the United States (see 28 U.S.C. 2402), is a statutory right
conferred by Congress in 1954. See Act of July 30, 1954, ch. 648, 68
Stat. 589.
| en |
markdown | 098479 | # Presentation: 098479
## Hot Times in Puget Sound: The New Heat Health Warning System Partners in Emergency Preparedness Conference
**Dr. Laurence S. Kalkstein****Center for Climatic Research****University of Delaware**
**Seattle, Washington****April 19, 2005**
**Presented at NLIEC, June 14, 2005****by Jon Skindlov****Salt River Project**
## Goals
**Outline some bio-climatological principles that should be utilized in evaluating weather/human health issues**
**Discuss the nature of our established heat/health watch warning systems**
**Mention certain intervention activities that are useful in lessening the impact of heat on human health **
## Human Response to Weather is Relative, Not Absolute
**Thresholds vary **from city to city
**Magnitude of responses vary **from city to city
## Human Response Varies Within the Same City!
* ** ** ** ** ***Mortality variation**
** **** **** **** **** **_**from mean**_** **** **_**Air mass type**_
_*Early season heat waves: Philadelphia*_
- 01 Jul 1994 – 05 Jul 1994 +77 Hot, dry air mass
- 08 Jun 1996 – 14 Jun 1996 +62 Hot, moist air mass
_*Late season heat waves: Philadelphia*_
- 17 Sep 1987 – 19 Sep 1987 -33 Hot, dry air mass
- 04 Aug 1995 – 12 Aug 1995 -32 Hot, moist air mass
- ______________________________________
- Given the same magnitude, **early** **season heat waves are much more dangerous **than late season heat waves
- Thus, thresholds vary within the same city during the season
## Chicago, Illinois: July 1995
**Daily Mortality**
- Deaths can be over double baseline levels during very hot weather
## Would These People Have Died Shortly Afterward Regardless of the Heat Wave?
**Would These People Have Died Shortly Afterward Regardless of the Heat Wave?**
- New York, 1966
**Approximately 20-40 percent of the population would have died during the following month regardless of the heat wave**
**Excess deaths associated with heat wave**
**Reduced mortality rate following heat wave**
## Human Mitigation Activities: Does Air Conditioning Reduce Heat-Related Mortality?
**Use of air conditioning has increased from 10–90 percent during this period**
**Human Mitigation Activities: Does Air Conditioning Reduce Heat-Related Mortality?**
## Human Mitigation Activities: Does Air Conditioning Reduce Heat-Related Mortality?
**We estimate a 26 percent decline in human mortality in Philadelphia and other U.S. cities attributed to increased air conditioning use over the last 40 years**
**BUT.....!!**
- **Air Conditioning and Mortality in Philadelphia**
## Question: With these factors in mind, how can we reduce heat/related illness and mortality in large urban areas? Answer: A possible solution: The development of operational heat/health warning systems for urban areas
## How Are These Systems Unique?
** ****A custom-made system is developed for each urban area, based on specific meteorology for each locale, as well as urban structure and demographics**
** ****These systems are based on actual weather-health relationships, as determined by daily variations in human mortality**
** ****These systems are based on much more than just temperature and humidity**
## Systems We are Presently Operating
**USA**
- Chicago, IL
- Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX*
- Dayton/Cincinnati, OH
- Jackson/Meridian, MS
- Lake Charles/Alexandria, LA
- Little Rock/Pine Bluff, AR
- Memphis, TN/Tupelo, MS
- New Orleans/Baton Rouge, LA
- Philadelphia, PA*
- Phoenix, AZ
- Seattle, WA
- St. Louis, MO
- Shreveport/Monroe, LA
- Washington, D.C.
- Yuma, AZ
**International**
- Bologna, Italy
- Milano, Italy
- Palermo, Italy
- Rome, Italy
- Shanghai, China
- Torino, Italy
- Toronto, Canada
- * New five-day forecast systems based on point forecast matrices
**Proposed Systems**
- Portland, OR
- Kansas City, MO
- three additional cities in Italy
- Phoenix evaporative cooler addendum
## Steps in System Development
**Step 1: **Determine air masses daily over a city using newly-developed Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC)
**Step 2: **Are any of these air masses ‘offensive’?
- *Characteristics:*
* ***** **Statistically significant higher mortality*
* ***** **Greater within air mass standard deviation in mortality*
**Step 3: **What aspects of the offensive air mass make it most detrimental to human health?
## SSC Air Mass Types
**DP**** **** **Dry Polar (cP)
**DM** Dry Moderate (Pacific)
**DT** Dry Tropical (cT)
**MP** Moist Polar (mP)
**MM** Moist Moderate (Overrunning)
**MT** Moist Tropical (mT)
**MT+** Moist Tropical Plus
**TR** Transition between air masses
- ----------------
- Sheridan, S.C., 2002: The redevelopment of a weather-type classification scheme for North America.
- *Int. J. Climatology, ***22**, 51-68*.*
- Kalkstein, L.S., C.D. Barthel, J.S. Greene and M.C. Nichols, 1996. A New Spatial Synoptic Classification:
- Application to Air Mass Analysis. *Int. J. Climatology*, **16**, 983-1004.
## Characteristics of Seattle Air Mass Types
- * Mean air mass frequency from 1 June through 31 August
## Removing Non-Climatological Noise from the Mortality Data
## Phoenix’s Rising Mortality
## Mean Deaths in Rome by Day standardization is important
- Mean Deaths in Rome by Daystandardization is important
## Mean Mortality Increases Within Offensive Air Mass Types
- a MT+ does not occur in Seattle; the moist air mass that is oppressive is MT.
- * DT+ air mass for Phoenix
- Location (Freq) DT MT+
- +3.7 (8%)
## Development of Forecast Algorithms:
- Within-Air Mass Category
- Mortality Variations
## ROME
- MT+ mortality decreases through summer
## ROME
- DT mortality vs. morning temperature
## Slide 22
## Slide 23
## Slide 24
## Slide 25
## Year-to-Year Variability: Seattle, Washington
- * 1980 data are missing
**Warnings Called**
## Intervention Actions When Health Warning is Issued
**Philadelphia Department of Public Health**
- Media announcement
- Promotion of the “buddy system”
- Activation of the “heatline”
- Home visits
- Nursing and personal care boarding home intervention
- Halt of utility service suspensions
- Increased emergency medical service staffing
- Daytime outreach to the homeless
- Air conditioned service facility capability
## Slide 28
## Effectiveness of Philadelphia Heat Health System (based on Ebi et. al.*)
- Study evaluated effectiveness of Philadelphia system for the summers of 1995-98.
- It is estimated that **2.6 lives were saved **on average, **for each warning day and for the following three days.**
- Therefore, based on the number of warnings called by the Philadelphia Weather Service Forecast Office, the **watch warning system saved **an estimated **117 lives **over the four summer period
- ______________
- * K.L. Ebi, T.J. Teisberg, L.S. Kalkstein, L.Robinson, R.F. Weiher, 2004. Heat Watch/Warning Systems Save Lives: Estimated Costs
- and Benefits for Philadelphia 1995-1998. *Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society* 85: 1067-74.
## Improvements to be Made to the Seattle System
**Will be extended to a five-day forecast period through the use of Point Forecast Matrix (PFM) forecasts**
**Will include multiple locations in the Seattle area, such as Tacoma. These are to be discussed.**
## Slide 31
| en |
markdown | 749083 | # Presentation: 749083
## Following slides presented by
**Paul B. Chapman, M.D.**
**Clinical Immunology Service**
**Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center**
**during the open public hearing of the**
**Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee meeting**
**February 27, 2002**
## Slide 2
## E1690: High dose IFN vs. low dose IFN vs. observation – Overall survival in 608 pts
- Kirkwood et al. JCO 18:2444, 2000
**Not signif.**
## High dose interferon-is FDA-approved
Benefits of interferon -
Toxicities of interferon -
- Benefits of interferon -
- Toxicities of interferon -
- Patients should be allowed to participate in experimental adjuvant trials without high dose interferon-
- Informed consent should explain... | en |
converted_docs | 704612 | > State
Section 2 SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT
Citation 2.6 [Provision of Services in Interstate and]{.underline}
> [Intergovernmental IV-D Cases]{.underline}
§§452(a)(11) and 454(9) of the Act; Cooperates with any other State or
Tribal IV-D
45 CFR 302.36 program in establishing paternity, locating a non-
45 CFR 302.33(d)(5) custodial parent residing in the State against whom
45 CFR 302.33(d)(6) action is being taking by another State or Tribal
title
45 CFR 303.7 IV-D program, securing compliance with an order
> for support, and carrying out other functions in accordance with
> §454(9) of the Act or 45 CFR 302.36, and standards prescribed by the
> Secretary.
Effective August 22, 1988, has established a central
registry for interstate IV-D cases in accordance with
45 CFR 303.7(a).
No later than March 1, 1997, cooperates with any
> other State in using forms promulgated pursuant to §452(a)(11) for
> income withholding, imposition of liens, and issuance of
> administrative subpoenas in interstate child support cases in
> accordance with §454(9)(E).
>
> Beginning March 30, 2004, cooperates with any Tribal IV-D program in
> accordance with 45 CFR 302.36(a)(2). The State will extend the full
> range of services available under its IV-D plan to all Tribal IV-D
> programs, including promptly opening a case where appropriate.
>
> The State agency where the interstate case originated notifies the
> individual receiving IV-D services of the States that recover costs in
> accordance with 45 CFR 302.33(d)(5).
>
> If the State elects to recover costs, the IV-D agency has notified the
> IV-D agencies, in all other States that it recovers costs from the
> individuals receiving IV-D services in accordance with 45 CFR
> 302.33(d)(6).
>
> TN#\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Approval Date\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> Effective Date\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2.6
| en |
converted_docs | 904120 | **FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION**
{width="0.84375in" height="0.84375in"}**ENFORCEMENT
BUREAU**
**NORTHEAST REGION**
**Detroit Office**
24897 Hathaway Street
Farmington Hills, MI 48335
March 3, 2006
**CERTIFIED MAIL NO: 7003 1680 0001 9977 1838**
**RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED AND FIRST CLASS U.S. MAIL**
City Taxicab and Transfer Company
Ashtabula, Ohio
Attn: Manager
**NOTICE OF UNLICENSED OPERATION**
Case Number: EB-06-DT-018
Document Number: W20063236006
The Detroit Office received information regarding an unlicensed land
mobile radio station operating on the frequencies 152.27 MHz, 157.53
MHz, and 154.115 MHz in the Ashtabula, Ohio area. On January 19, 2006,
an agent from this office inspected the radio station and confirmed that
City Taxicab and Transfer Company was operating a station on those
frequencies. The Commission's records show that no license was issued
for your radio operation at this location on 152.27 MHz, or 157.53 MHz,
or 154.115 MHz in Ashtabula, Ohio. The frequency 154.115 MHz is for use
by public safety entities only and therefore your business is not
eligible for a license for that frequency.
Radio stations must be licensed by the FCC pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 301.
You are hereby warned that operation of radio transmitting equipment
without a valid radio station authorization constitutes a violation of
47 U.S.C. § 301 and could subject the owner of this illegal operation to
severe penalties, including, but not limited to, substantial monetary
fines, *in rem* arrest action against the offending radio equipment, and
criminal sanctions including imprisonment. (*see* 47 U.S.C. §§ 401, 501,
503 and 510).
**UNLICENSED OPERATION OF THIS RADIO STATION MUST BE DISCONTINUED
IMMEDIATELY**.
You have ten (10) days from the date of this notice to respond with any
evidence that you have authority to operate granted by the FCC. Your
response should be sent to the address in the letterhead and reference
the listed case and document number. Under the Privacy Act of 1974, 5
U.S.C. § 552a(e)(3), we are informing you that the Commission's staff
will use all relevant material information before it to determine what,
if any, enforcement action is required to ensure your compliance with
FCC Rules. This will include any information that you disclose in your
reply.
You may contact this office if you have any questions.
James A. Bridgewater
District Director
Detroit Office
Attachments:
Excerpts from the Communications Act of 1934, As Amended
Enforcement Bureau, \"Inspection Fact Sheet\", July 2003
{width="6.944444444444445e-4in"
height="6.944444444444445e-4in"}
| en |
markdown | 106756 | # Presentation: 106756
## North Carolina’s Integration of 511 and Workzone Information
*Jo Ann Oerter*
*State Technology Implementation *
*and Maintenance Engineer*
*North Carolina Department of Transportation*
## 511 - national
511 - North Carolina
NCDOT’s 511 System:
Goal
Features
Content
- 511 - North Carolina
- NCDOT’s 511 System:
- Goal
- Features
- Content
***NC’s 511 System***
## 511 Deployment Status
***Currently Accessible by ***
***24% of Population***
***Accessible by 31% of Population in 2004***
*511 Deployment Status*
**as of September 7, 2004**
**Notes:**
Northern Kentucky/Cincinnati
Nebraska
Utah
I-81 Virginia
Arizona
Minnesota
South Florida (Miami)
Orlando / I-4
South Dakota
Iowa
Kentucky
San Francisco Bay area, California
Montana
North Dakota
Alaska
Maine
New Hampshire
Washington [State]
Vermont
Oregon
Kansas
North Carolina
Sacramento, CA
Tampa, FL
## WHY DID NCDOT IMPLEMENT 511?
- Additional ITS Tool
- Enhanced current ITS system
- Connection of all transportation modes
- Foreseeable Benefits to our transportation users
*WHY DID NCDOT IMPLEMENT 511?*
## Existing Trav Info Services in NC
**103 Urban and Rural Public ****Transportation Agencies ****(Voice automated or live Operator)**
**NCDOT - Ferry Division****(I-800 BY FERRY)**
**NCDOT - Rail Division****(I-800 BY TRAIN)**
**NC Tourism****(1-800 VISIT NC)**
**NCDOT Customer Service ****(I-877-DOT 4 YOU)**
**NC State Highway Patrol (NCSHP) (*HP)**
**NC Division of Motor Vehicles (NCDMV)**
**WWW.NCSMARTLINK.ORG****Traveler Information Management System (TIMS)**
## Goal of NC’s 511 Program
- Ferries
- Public
- Transportation
- Rail
- Tourism
- NCDOT
- CUSTOMER
- SERVICE
- NCSHP
- NCDMV
- Road
- Conditions
- Great
- Smoky National Park
## 511 System Features
**Multi-modal**
**Voice activated/recognition system**
**Points to 800 toll free number therefore, it is a free call to users**
**Phased Statewide - all information available pertaining to Highways, Trains, Ferries, Tourism, NCDMV, & NCDOT deployed in the initial deployment. Transit will be deploy one region per FFY of the project until all regions deployed.**
## 511 System Features
**Allows for Floodgate messages**
**No Busy Signal to the caller **
**72 ports**
**96 ports for queued calls**
**Local Road Condition Content for the major metropolitan areas. **
**Impacts to road conditions that are due to weather**
**Forecasted weather that could affect travel**
**Call persistence**
**Call interruption**
## 511 Content
- Provide direct transfers to the following agencies:
- North Carolina Department of Transportation’s Rail Division
- North Carolina Department of Transportation’s Ferry Division
- North Carolina Division of Tourism
- North Carolina Department of Transportation’s Customer Service
- North Carolina Transit Agencies(Transit information will be deployed regionally each year)
- Provide contact phone numbers for the following agencies:
- North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles (NCDMV)
- Great Smoky Mountains Park Service
**** The North Carolina State Highway Patrol (NCSHP)**
**will be added in the next phase.**
## Traveler Information Management System (TIMS)
*511 Traffic Content*
## 511 Traffic Content
## Using 511 for Work Zone Information
- Information Resources:
- Real Time:
- Construction/Maintenance Personnel
- TMC personnel
- Incident Management Assistance Patrols
***Smart work zones*** ***(under development)***
- Static:
- Construction/Maintenance Personnel
- TMC personnel
## Workzone Data Dissemination
## Other Methods to Disseminate Work Zone Information
- Real Time:
- Kiosks
- Dedicated Websites
- Pager Services
- Media
- DMS
- Static
- Highway Advisory Radios
- Safe Workzone Guide
- I-95 Corridor Coalition Publication
- Press releases
- Door Hangers
- Tray liners
## US 1 Project
- Overview:
- 4 lane divided roadway
- Heavily congested corridor
- Major arterial into Raleigh from the south
- Project goals
- Widen Roadway and Install ITS
- with minimal disruption
- providing real time information to the public
- Timeline
- Project Began: March 2005
- Completion Date: September 2007
- incentives/heavy liquidated damages - Fall 2006
## Impact to the public:
150,000 +/-
Nightly lane closures
Curiosity Factor during day
Alternate Routes:
Daytime:
no good detour due to alter routes already at peak
Nighttime:
several local arterials
some NC routes
Notification to public:
Smart Workzone
DMS
Dedicated Webpage
- 150,000 +/-
- Nightly lane closures
- Curiosity Factor during day
- Alternate Routes:
- Daytime:
- no good detour due to alter routes already at peak
- Nighttime:
- several local arterials
- some NC routes
- Notification to public:
- Smart Workzone
- DMS
- Dedicated Webpage
*US 1 Project*
- 511
- Media
- Public Workshops
## US 1 Project
**www.****u****s1wake****.****com**
*US 1 Project*
## Type of Information Conveyed via 511:
Area of Closure
Begin/End Times
Severity of Impact
Detour info ( if available)
Travel Times/Delays (under development)
How data is entered:
Static information:
field personnel/contractor
Dynamic Information:
field personnel/contractor
Smart Workzone (under development)
Other outreach strategies:
Media releases
How we know people are using 511 in WZ:
Comments to Contact Us - website
24 live operator for US 1 project
- Area of Closure
- Begin/End Times
- Severity of Impact
- Detour info ( if available)
***Travel Times/Delays (under development)****** ***
- How data is entered:
- Static information:
- field personnel/contractor
- Dynamic Information:
- field personnel/contractor
***Smart Workzone (under development)***
- Other outreach strategies:
- Media releases
- How we know people are using 511 in WZ:
- Comments to Contact Us - website
- 24 live operator for US 1 project
*511 - As an outreach tool*
- Public Workshops
- DMS
## US 1 Project - Using 511 Obstacles/Solutions
***** Obstalces:
- Keeping information real time
- Dual Entries into our Travel Information Management System (TIMS) with conflicting information
***** Solutions:
- Working with field forces/contractor ahead of time and define expectations and provide training.
- Working with field forces/contractor ahead of time and define expectations and provide training.
- Better Quality Control
## Successes:
easily accessible
communication/defining of expectations
advanced marketing
training
Lessons learned:
begin communication earlier
include all stakeholders
requirement of contractor
- easily accessible
- communication/defining of expectations
- advanced marketing
- training
- Lessons learned:
- begin communication earlier
- include all stakeholders
- requirement of contractor
*US 1 Project - **What we’ve learned*
## 511 is an excellent resource, however, a resource is only as good as the data.
Communication with all partners
Identify all resources
Keep information current
Training
Include all info related to closures/WZ
Static
Dynamic
Develop plan for QC
Marketing
- Communication with all partners
- Identify all resources
- Keep information current
- Training
- Include all info related to closures/WZ
- Static
- Dynamic
- Develop plan for QC
- Marketing
*511 - Things to keep in mind *
## I-40 Rebuild
*I-40 Rebuild*
**Notes:**
-replaced paper and mainframe systems
-all pull down menu based to standardize
-done by FIELD
co maint engrs
resident engrs (project engrs)
tmcs
-dot only info & public view info
## I-40 Rebuild
- Overview:
- 4 lane divided roadway
- Rebuild I-40 damaged due to hurricanes
- Only corridor west through NC mountains
- Heavy tourist audience
- Project goals
- Rebuild Interstate as quickly as possible
- with minimal interruption
- providing real time information to the public
- Timeline
- Project Began: March 2005
- Completion Date: September 2006
- incentives/heavy liquidated damages
## Current Projects
## Slide 25
| en |
all-txt-docs | 204926 | USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a
Clark and others 2007, USGS, Data Series 231.
For further information on spectrsocopy, see: http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov
ASCII Spectral Data file contents:
line 15 title
line 16 history
line 17 to end: 3-columns of data:
wavelength reflectance standard deviation
(standard deviation of 0.000000 means not measured)
( -1.23e34 indicates a deleted number)
----------------------------------------------------
Andradite WS487 Garnet W5R4Nbb_ RREF
copy of spd0300 r 356
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33.020103 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
33.231773 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
33.446171 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
33.663353 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
33.883377 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
34.106293 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
34.332088 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
34.560966 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
34.792919 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
35.028008 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
35.266293 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
35.507843 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
35.752724 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
36.001007 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
36.252811 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
36.508114 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
36.767036 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
37.029659 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
37.296059 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
37.566319 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
37.840527 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
38.118767 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
38.401180 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
38.687756 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
38.978642 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
39.273933 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
39.573734 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
39.878147 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
40.187283 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
40.501244 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
40.820042 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
41.144012 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
41.473164 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
41.807625 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
42.147522 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
42.492992 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
42.844173 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
43.201210 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
43.564312 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
43.933502 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
44.309002 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
44.690975 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
45.079594 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
45.475029 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
45.877460 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
46.287083 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
46.704159 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
47.128742 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
47.561119 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
48.001499 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
48.450111 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
48.907188 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
49.372971 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
49.847713 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
50.331509 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
50.824955 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
51.328171 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
51.841454 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
52.365105 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
52.899441 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
53.444794 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
54.001511 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
54.570061 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
55.150593 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
55.743610 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
56.349518 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
56.968742 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
57.601730 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
58.248940 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
58.910862 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
59.588123 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
60.281010 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
60.990200 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
61.716274 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
62.459846 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
63.221554 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
64.002068 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
64.802094 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
65.622093 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
66.463402 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
67.326561 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
68.212440 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
69.121933 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
70.056015 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
71.015686 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
72.002014 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
73.016319 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
74.059410 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
75.132736 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
76.237625 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
77.375504 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
78.547859 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
79.756294 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
81.002487 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
82.288490 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
83.615730 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
84.986481 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
86.402931 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
87.867393 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
89.382355 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
90.950470 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
92.574593 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
94.257210 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
96.002708 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
97.814079 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
99.695114 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
101.649918 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
103.682915 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
105.798889 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
108.003029 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
110.301392 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
112.699249 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
115.203682 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
117.821953 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
120.562004 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
123.432541 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
126.443092 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
129.604187 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
132.926254 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
136.424286 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
140.111420 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
144.003372 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
148.117722 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
152.474106 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
157.094498 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
162.003662 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
167.230545 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
172.804886 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
178.763672 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
185.148087 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
192.005402 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
199.390213 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
207.365814 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
216.006042 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
| vi |
markdown | 193990 | # Presentation: 193990
## NOAA Environmental Management (and Health and Safety) System Development
**Bernie Denno**
**Environmental Compliance Division**
## NOAA EM(HS)S - Topics
**Executive Order 13148**** **
**Greening the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management (21 April 2000)**
**Combination of several EOs and initiatives**
**NOAA – EMS Pilot Project**
**Future Goals and Activities**
## Executive Order 13148
**Applies to:**
**All Federal Agencies - All “Major” facilities**
**Tenants, contractors and concessionaires**
**Government owned, contractor operated facilities **
_**All NOAA Operations!!**_
## April 22, 2003
**April 22, 2003**
## EMS Basics
**Typical management model**
- ID problems, plan, implement, check, adjust, ID problems, etc.
**For EMS**
- 1. ID processes, aspects, and impacts
- 2. Highlight significance of impacts
- 3. Develop SOP, improvements, or P2 for processes with significant impacts
**Other EMS elements**
- - Management support at the front end (e.g., resources, policies, and responsibilities)
- - NECSAS Program at the tail end to ensure compliance
- Steps 1 & 2 requires a lot of time and effort
## EO 13148 Basics
**Environmental/Safety Leadership**
**Federal policy to integrate environmental accountability into decision making across the Federal Government ****(e.g., through Life Cycle Costing analysis)**
**Environmental/Safety Compliance**
**Regulatory and assurance programs**
**Emphasis on pollution prevention (P2**)
**Why?**
## Hazardous Material storage
**Hazardous Material storage**
**Violations: Spills, Overfills, **
**Labeling and wiring.**
## OSHA Violation And
**OSHA Violation And **
**Unsafe Condition**
**Hazardous Materials **
**Storage Violations**
## Open Electrical
**OSHA Violations and**
** ****unsafe conditions**
**Open Electrical**
** ****Boxes**
## Tripping Hazard
**Tripping Hazard**
**Railing Removed**
## EMS Timeline Requirements - EPA
**4/22/02 – Pilot Project**
**Annually - Agencies must place high priority on obtaining funding and resources needed to implement this Executive Order (**_[Circular A-11, Section 31](file:///D:/Local%20Settings/Temp/OMB%20Circular%20A-11%20(2002).ppt)_**)**
**12/5/05 - Agencies must implement Environmental Management Systems (EMS) at **_***all ***_**appropriate or “major” agency facilities**
## NOAA EMS Pilot Project OMAO’s MOC-P Facility, Seattle, WA
**Partnering with EPA Region X, an Environmental Management Review was conducted in fourth quarter of 1999.**
**This review led to the selection of the PMOC as a EMS pilot site for NOAA in April, 2002**
**Funding shortage caused the delay**
## NOAA EMS Pilot Project OMAO’s MOC-P Facility, Seattle, WA
**Develop basic implementation tools**
**EMS Manual**
**EMS Launch Guide**
**EMS Implementation Guide (currently in development) **
**Partial completion of facility web tools**
## EMS Tools
- EMS Manual
- - Environmental mission & values
- - Guiding Principles – Executive Orders, etc.
- - EMS Structure
- - **EMS Standard**
- EMS Launch Guide
- - Management Meetings
- - EMS Teams
- - Implementation Schedule
- EMS Implementation (Development) Guide
- - Tools & templates
- - Forms
## Slide 16
## Slide 17
## Slide 18
## Future Activities
- Need to meet EO 13148 requirements
- More resources to implement EMS at all NOAA “major” facilities.
- Benchmark with other agencies
- Seek partnerships
- Improve EMS website
- Better get moving! 2005 is just around the corner. | en |
all-txt-docs | 309225 | Notes
1. This chapter does not cover:
(a). Sea water (heading 2501);
(b). Distilled or conductivity water or water of similar purity (heading 2851);
(c). Acetic acid of a concentration exceeding 10 percent by weight of acetic acid (heading
2915);
(d). Medicaments of heading 3003 or 3004; or
(e). Perfumery or toilet preparations (chapter 33).
2. For the purposes of this chapter and of chapters 20 and 21, the "alcoholic strength by
volume" shall be determined at a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade.
3. For the purposes of heading 2202, the term "nonalcoholic beverages" means beverages of an
alcoholic strength by volume not exceeding 0.5 percent vol. Alcoholic beverages are
classified in headings 2203 to 2206 or heading 2208 as appropriate.
Subheading Note
1. For the purposes of subheading 2204.10 the expression "sparkling wine" means wine which,
when kept at a temperature of 20 degrees C in closed containers, has an excess pressure of
not less than 3 bars.
Statistical Note
1. Subheadings 2202.90.34, 2202.90.36 and 2202.90.38 cover vitamin or mineral fortified fruit or
vegetable juices in non-concentrated forms. Such juices in concentrated form are classifiable
in subheadings 2106.90.48, 2106.90.52 or 2106.90.54, as appropriate.
2. The term "effervescent wine" means wine other than sparkling wine which contains in excess
of 0.392 grams of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine.
3. The term "proof liter" means a liter of liquid at 15.56C (60F) which contains 50 percent (100
proof) by volume of ethyl alcohol having a specific gravity of 0.7939 at 15.56C (60F) referred
to water at 15.56C (60F) as unity or the alcoholic equivalent thereof.
Revised 01/01/03 2201 Waters, including natural or artificial mineral waters and aerated
waters, not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter
nor flavored; ice and snow:
2201.10.0000 Mineral waters and aerated waters . . . . liters
2201.90.0000 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t
2202 Waters, including mineral waters and aerated waters, containing
added sugar or other sweetening matter or flavored, and other
nonalcoholic beverages, not including fruit or vegetable juices of
heading 2009:
2202.10 Waters, including mineral waters and aerated waters, contain-
ing added sugar or other sweetening matter or flavored:
Carbonated soft drinks:
2202.10.0020 Containing high-intensity sweeteners
(e.g., aspartame and/or saccharin) . liters
2202.10.0040 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2202.10.0060 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2202.90 Other:
2202.90.1500 Milk-based drinks . . . . . . . . . . liters
Fruit or vegetable juices, fortified with vitamins or
minerals:
2202.90.3400 Orange juice . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
Other:
2202.90.3600 Juice of any single fruit or vegetable liters
2202.90.3800 Mixtures of juices . . . . . . . liters
Other:
2202.90.9010 Nonalcoholic beer . . . . . . . . . liters
2202.90.9090 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2203.00.0000 Beer made from malt . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2204 Wine of fresh grapes, including fortified wines; grape must other
than that of heading 2009:
2204.10.0000 Sparkling wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2204 (con.) Wine of fresh grapes, including fortified wines; grape must
other than that of heading 2009 (con.):
Other wine; grape must with fermentation prevented or
arrested by the addition of alcohol:
2204.21 In containers holding 2 liters (.528 gallon) or less:
2204.21.2000 Effervescent wine . . . . . . . . . liters
Other:
2204.21.4000 Of an alcoholic strength by volume of not over
14 percent vol . . . . . . . . . liters
2204.21.7000 Of an alcoholic strength by volume of over 14
percent vol . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2204.29 Other:
2204.29.0020 Of an alcoholic strength by volume not over 14 percent
vol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2204.29.0040 Of an alcoholic strength by volume over 14 percent
vol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2204.30.0000 Other grape must . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2205 Vermouth and other wine of fresh grapes flavored with plants
or aromatic substances:
2205.10.0000 In containers holding 2 liters (.528 gallon) or less liters
2205.90.0000 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2206 Other fermented beverages (for example, cider, perry, mead);
mixtures of fermented beverages and mixtures of fermented
beverages and non-alcoholic beverages, not elsewhere
specified or included:
2206.00.1500 Cider, whether still or sparkling . . . . liters
2206.00.7000 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters
2207 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume
of 80 percent vol. or higher; ethyl alcohol and other spirits,
denatured, of any strength:
2207.10 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by
volume of 80 percent vol. or higher:
2207.10.3000 For beverage purposes . . . . . . . . pf lit
2207.10.6000 For nonbeverage purposes . . . . . . . liters
2207.20.0000 Ethyl alcohol and other spirits, denatured, of any strength liters
2208 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of
less than 80 percent vol.; spirits, liqueurs and other spirituous
beverages:
2208.20.0000 Spirits obtained by distilling grape wine or grape marc
(grape brandy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pf lit
2208.30 Whiskies:
Bourbon:
2208.30.6020 In containers each holding not over 4 liters pf lit
2208.30.6040 In containers each holding over 4 liters pf lit
Other:
2208.30.9020 In containers each holding not over 4 liters pf lit
2208.30.9040 In containers each holding over 4 liters pf lit
2208.40 Rum and tafia:
2208.40.0030 In containers each holding not over 4 liters pf lit
2208.40.0050 In containers each holding over 4 liters pf lit
2208.50.0000 Gin and geneva . . . . . . . . . . . . . pf lit
2208.60.0000 Vodka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pf lit
2208.70.0000 Liqueurs and cordials . . . . . . . . . . pf lit
2208 (con.) Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume
of less than 80 percent vol.; spirits, liqueurs, etc.-(con.):
2208.90 Other:
2208.90.4600 Kirschwasser and ratafia . . . . . . . pf lit
2208.90.9000 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pf lit
2209.00.0000 Vinegar and substitutes for vinegar obtained from acetic acid liters
| en |
converted_docs | 546593 | RCG-26
Comparison of Radiated Emission Spectra of Maritime Radiolocation Radars
with Rotating Versus Non-Rotating Transmitter Antennas During
Measurements in the Bands 2 900-3 100 MHz and 8 500-10 500 MHz
Contact: Frank Sanders, +1-303-497-7600,
[**fsanders@its.blddrdoc.gov**](mailto:fsanders@its.blddrdoc.gov)
Robert Sole, +1-202-482-1245, <rsole@ntia.doc.gov>
**Introduction.**
Emission spectra of radiolocation radars may be measured via direct
radiation from the transmitter antenna. The direct technique allows
frequency-dependent (and possibly important) effects of the radiating
antenna to be automatically included in the final set of emission
spectrum data.
The radiated mode of measurement ordinarily implies that the radar
antenna will rotate while the measurement is performed. In this case, a
single spectrum frequency point needs to be acquired for each revolution
of the radar antenna, as described in ITU-R New Recommendation M.1177.
This means that the time required to acquire the spectrum is equal to
the rotation time of the antenna multiplied by the total number of data
points. If, for example, the total number of data points were 1000 and
the rotation interval of the radar were 3 seconds, then the total time
required for the measurement would be 3000 seconds, or 50 minutes. And
in the case of emission measurements of 9000 MHz maritime radars, in
which a data point may need to be acquired with a spacing of 1 MHz and
in which the measurement might need to cover a frequency range of
7-26 GHz (a total span of 19 GHz), the total measurement time required
with a rotation interval of 3 seconds would be 15.8 hours.
The measurement pace could be considerably accelerated if the radar
antenna could be suspended during data acquisition. Then, the spectrum
data could be acquired at a rate determined by the maximum speed of the
measurement system's frequency-stepping capability. If, for example, the
data points could be collected at the rate of one point every 0.5 sec,
the total time required for the 19 GHz span described above would be 1/6
of 15.8 hours, or 2.6 hours.
In principle, it might be expected that the characteristics of a radar
emission spectrum should not depend upon whether the radar antenna is
rotating or stationary, but this hypothesis has needed to be tested.
This document describes the results of a study that compared the
emissions of 3 GHz and 9 GHz maritime radars when their antennas were
rotated versus not rotated during radiated spectrum measurements.
**Experimental Setup.**
Radiated emission spectrum measurements were performed at an outdoor
radio measurement facility, in the Table Mountain radio quiet zone north
of Boulder, Colorado in the US on two maritime radars, one with a
fundamental operating frequency in the 2 900-3 100 MHz band ("S-Band
Radar 1") and the other with a fundamental operating frequency in the
8 500-10 500 MHz band ("X-Band Radar 1"). The radars were provided by
the Administration of Japan and the measurements were performed jointly
by the Administrations of Japan and the US in accordance with the
methodology described for the Direct (radiated) Method in M.1177. The
measurement system block diagram is shown in Figure 1.
{width="4.002083333333333in"
height="3.136111111111111in"}
Figure 1. Block diagram of measurement system used for radar emission
spectrum measurements.
The measurement antenna was a 1-m parabolic dish located at a height of
\[4 m\] above the ground. The radar antennas were mounted approximately
\[3 m\] above the ground. The distances between the measurement antenna
and the radars, the spectrum analyzer models that were used, and the
measurement bandwidths are shown in Table 1. Radar characteristics are
shown in Table 2. All measurement parameters except rotation versus
non-rotation were held constant during measurements for each radar
model.
Table 1. Measurement distances, spectrum analyzer models, and
measurement bandwidths used for emission spectrum measurements.
+--------------+-------------------------+---------------+------------+
| ## Radar | **Distance between | **Spectrum | **M |
| | radar and measurement | analyzer | easurement |
| | antenna** | model** | b |
| | | | andwidth** |
| | **(m)** | | |
| | | | **(MHz)** |
+--------------+-------------------------+---------------+------------+
| S-Band Radar | 366 | ### HP-8566B | 3 |
| 1 | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------+---------------+------------+
| X-Band Radar | 83 | Agilent | 8 |
| 1 | | E4440A | |
+--------------+-------------------------+---------------+------------+
Table 2. Emission characteristics of radars in this study.
-------------- -------------- ----------- ---------------- --------------
**Radar **Pulse width **Output **Antenna type** **Antenna
Designator** (s)** device** length (m)**
S Band Radar 1 0.06 magnetron end fed slotted 4.3
array
X Band Radar 1 0.07 magnetron end fed slotted 1.4
array
-------------- -------------- ----------- ---------------- --------------
**Measurement Results.**
The emission spectrum measurement results for the conditions of rotation
versus non-rotation are shown in Figures 2-3.
{width="5.0680555555555555in"
height="3.703472222222222in"}
Figure 2. Emission spectra of S-Band Radar 1 with transmitter antenna
rotating versus not rotating. Note waveguide cutoff features between
about 2 300-2 400 MHz. Airport surveillance radar emission at 2 720 MHz
was reduced as much as possible by timing measurement steps to be
anti-coincident with the airport radar beam scanning.
{width="4.915972222222222in"
height="3.5409722222222224in"}
Figure 3. Emission spectra of X-Band Radar 1 with transmitter antenna
rotating versus not rotating.
In both cases, the measured emission spectra showed nearly the same
amplitudes at the fundamental frequencies regardless of whether the
radar transmitter antennas were rotating or stationary. But the emission
spectra of unwanted emissions (that is, the out-of-band and spurious
emissions) were markedly lower when the transmitter antennas were
stationary versus when the transmitter antennas were rotated during the
measurements.
To understand this problem more thoroughly, measurements of X Band Radar
antenna patterns were performed at intervals of 8 MHz throughout the
emission spectrum. For each antenna pattern, the measurement was
triggered by the passage of the radar main beam at the fundamental
frequency. These measurements showed that, at most frequencies other
than the fundamental, the radar antenna pattern formed two lobes rather
than one, and that the null between the two lobes occurred where the
main beam was formed at the fundamental frequency. An example is shown
in Figure 4.
{width="5.996527777777778in"
height="4.325694444444444in"}
Figure 4. Radar antenna patterns for a slotted array at the fundamental
frequency (upper curve) and a simultaneously acquired antenna pattern
464 MHz higher in frequency (lower curve), which was triggered by the
passage of the main beam. The frequency-offset antenna pattern forms two
lobes, the higher-amplitude lobe in this case being offset 2.7 degrees
and 16 dB in amplitude from the position of the main beam at the
fundamental. This behavior is observed throughout the spectrum.
**Analysis and Interpretation.**
Since both radars provided the same emission power on the respective
center frequencies, the possibility that the rotary joint of the radar
did not perform as well when it was stationary as when it was rotating
can be eliminated. Instead, the effect that is observed is clearly
frequency-dependent. That is, Figures 2-3 show that the difference
between the rotating antenna versus non-rotating antenna measurements
grows progressively larger as measured frequencies diverge further from
the radar fundamental frequencies.
Figure 4, which shows an example of a behavior that is observed
throughout the spectrum, demonstrates the cause of the phenomenon. The
slotted array forms a double beam at frequencies other than the
fundamental, and the null between the two beams occurs at (or near) the
location where the main beam is formed at the fundamental.
As a result of this behavior, spectrum measurements performed on
non-rotating radar antennas will result in lower (and incorrect)
amplitudes relative to the fundamental power than measurements performed
on rotating antennas.
The cause of this phenomenon is the slotted design of the radar
antennas, which produces frequency-dependent lobe structures in the
antenna patterns.
**Conclusion.**
For Direct Method radiated emission spectrum measurements, it is
desirable to ensure that the radar transmitter antenna is rotated during
the measurements if the antenna characteristics cause a
frequency-dependent variation in the direction of the main radiation
lobes relative to the direction of the main beam at the radar
fundamental frequency.
For types of radar transmitter antennas that do not have this
characteristic spectrum measurements can be performed with the
transmitter antennas held stationary.
| en |
markdown | 089030 | # Presentation: 089030
## Session 3: Assessment & Evaluation
- Lisa Jacques-Carroll, MSW
- NCIRD, CDC
**Notes:**
Hello. Today I will discuss methods for assessing and evaluating perinatal hepatitis B prevention programs.
## Learning Objectives
- Describe key components of evaluation of a perinatal hepatitis B prevention program
- describe different methods for assessing and evaluating a perinatal hepatitis B prevention program
- identify several tools that are available
**Notes:**
The learning objective for this session is to describe the key components of evaluation of a perinatal hepatitis B prevention program. Specifically, you should be able to describe different methods for assessing and evaluating a perinatal hepatitis B prevention program AND identify several tools that are available to you to assist with program assessment and evaluation.
## Assessment & Evaluation
- Program evaluation vs. program monitoring or assessment
- The focus of this session is on assessing performance measures, which is a component of program evaluation
- For more information on program evaluation see:
- _www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/progeval/_
**Notes:**
Before we begin, I would like to take a moment to talk about the differences between program assessment and program evaluation. Program evaluation involves the systematic application of scientific methods to measure the implementation (or process evaluation) and short or long term outcomes (or outcome evaluation) of a program or intervention. Program evaluation can take significant resources and time.
We don’t all have the time or money for formal program evaluation, but that doesn’t mean you can’t apply some of the techniques or procedures. We’ll be talking today about program monitoring or assessment – which is the less formal application of these techniques. Programs should be monitored or assessed in order identify areas for improvement and measure the results of different actions or policies.
During this session, I will be focusing specifically on assessing performance measures for perinatal hepatitis B prevention programs. If you would like to learn more about program evaluation, please visit the CDC immunization program evaluation link at the bottom of this slide.
## Activities Required by CDC
- Requirements for assessment of the perinatal hepatitis B include:
- frequency of assessment
- performance measures
- target levels
- For more information:
- _http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/policies/ ipom/downloads/chp-05-perinatal-hepb.pdf_
**Notes:**
CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases funds 64 immunization grantees—all 50 states, six cities, and eight territories—to conduct various immunization program activities, including perinatal hepatitis B prevention. CDC provides the immunization grantees with various requirements that should be met for each program component. The required CDC activities for assessment of perinatal hepatitis B prevention program activities include the frequency with which the assessment should take place, the performance measure for each activity, and the target level.
For example, one of the required activities for the 2008 through 2012 CDC grant cycle for perinatal hepatitis B prevention is to assess the presence of HBsAg test results in infant and maternal medical records in all delivery hospitals. The frequency of the activity is once every five years. The performance measure for this activity is the percentage of hospital medical records with documented maternal HBsAg results for the current pregnancy and the target is for 100% of the medical records to include maternal HBsAg status.
The perinatal hepatitis B prevention chapter of CDC’s Immunization Program Operations Manual (or IPOM) may be accessed at the weblink at the bottom of this slide. This chapter includes all required and recommended activities for the perinatal hepatitis B prevention program for the 2008 through 2012 CDC immunization grant cycle.
## Overview
- Laboratory reporting audits
- Hospital record reviews
- Hospital policy surveys
- Expected births to HBsAg+ women
- Assessing case management
- Monitoring birth dose
**Notes:**
During this conference, I will review laboratory reporting audits, hospital medical record reviews, hospital policy surveys, CDC’s expected births to HBsAg-positive women, assessment of case management outcomes, and monitoring the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine.
## Laboratory Reporting Audits
- Use to assess:
- completeness of reporting of HBsAg+ results
- timeliness of reporting
- Include delivery hospital labs
- Collaborate with communicable disease and state laboratory staff to help plan and execute reviews
**Notes:**
All immunization grantees should conduct laboratory reporting audits. These audits are useful to assess the completeness of reporting of HBsAg-positive results from laboratories to the health department as well as the timeliness of reporting these results. Delivery hospital laboratories should also be included in these audits to ensure all HBsAg-positive test results are received.
Programs should collaborate with health department communicable disease and state laboratory staff to help plan and execute these laboratory reviews. In some cases, communicable disease staff may already be conducting routine laboratory audits and may be able to add HBsAg as one of the results that is assessed. Your state laboratory staff may be able to help out with planning and provide contact information for laboratories in your jurisdiction.
## Prioritize Labs to Evaluate
- Priority labs:
- labs serving high-morbidity areas or populations
- labs reporting large volume of hepatitis serology
- labs serving prenatal clinics
- delivery hospital labs
- How often?
- ideally, once/year for priority labs
- every 2–3 years for others
- minimally every 5 years
**Notes:**
Let’s talk now about how to prioritize the labs to be evaluated. The labs that would be considered the highest priority should be those serving high hepatitis B morbidity areas or populations (such as an Asian immigrant community), those that report a large volume of positive hepatitis results, those labs that serve prenatal care clinics, and delivery hospital labs.
Next, let’s talk about how often labs should be evaluated. Although the CDC immunization grant requirement is once every five years, it would be ideal to evaluate your priority labs once a year and to visit the remaining labs every two to three years.
It is important to evaluate laboratory reporting this frequently because in most programs, the majority of HBsAg-positive pregnant women are identified through follow-up on HBsAg-positive laboratory reports. Without good laboratory reporting, HBsAg-positive pregnant women and their babies may slip through the cracks.
## Laboratory Audit Tool
- A CDC tool available at:
** **
_**http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/resource/LabReportingAssessment.doc**_
**Notes:**
CDC’s Division of Viral Hepatitis has developed a tool to audit laboratories. This tool may be found at the link that was provided in the email you received with the log-in information for this netconference and can also be accessed at the weblink on this slide.
The tool contains some basic information on a laboratory’s hepatitis B virus testing, and asks questions that measure the completeness and timeliness of HBsAg reporting to the health department.
I will now walk through examples of measuring a laboratory’s completeness and timeliness of reporting...
## Completeness of Lab Reporting
- Pick a time period (at least 3 months)
- Calculate:
- Total # HBsAg+ test results reported
- Total # specimens that were HBsAg+
- =
- Proportion of HBsAg+ tests reported, or
- completeness of reporting
**Notes:**
To measure a laboratory’s completeness of HBsAg reporting, you must first choose a time period ,which should be at least three months. Then, determine the total number of HBsAg-positive test results that were reported to the health department for the specified time period. Next, determine the total number of specimens that were HBsAg-positive at the laboratory for the specified time period. Finally, divide the total number of HBsAg-positive test results reported to the health department by the total number of specimens that tested HBsAg-positive at the laboratory to determine the proportion of HBsAg-positive tests that were reported to the health department. This will give you the lab’s completeness of reporting.
Ask Annemarie about the “i” and “ii”—which one do they use??
## Timeliness of Lab Reporting
| Date of HBsAg serology | Date HBsAg+ report rec’d by health dept | # Days between serology and report |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8-18-2007 | 8-23-2007 | 5 |
| 8-23-2007 | 8-29-2007 | 6 |
| 9-7-2007 | 9-12-2007 | 5 |
| 11-18-2007 | 11-27-2007 | 9 |
| SUM | | 25 |
**Notes:**
Now let’s look at an example of measuring a laboratory’s timeliness of reporting. You will need to choose a time period to measure the timeliness, which should again be a period of at least three months. First, create a table similar to the one shown on this slide. At the laboratory, access all HBsAg-positive serologies for your specified time period and record the date that each HBsAg-positive test was performed. Next, record the date that the HBsAg-positive report was received at the health department. Then, calculate the number of days between when the serology was ran and when it was received at the health department.
## Timeliness of Lab Reporting - cont’d
- =
- Mean reporting time for the laboratory,
- or timeliness of reporting
*Time period for reporting is typically set by state statute*
- Sum of column “# days
- between serology and report”
- Total # of serologies evaluated
- 25
- 4
- =
- 6.25 days
**e.g. from the **
**previous slide**
**Notes:**
Next, sum the column in your table of the number of days between the serology and the report. Sum the total number of HBsAg-positive serologies that are being evaluated. Finally, divide the “sum of number of days between serology and report” by the “total number of serologies” to determine the lab’s mean reporting time to the health department, or their timeliness of reporting.
In our example, the sum of days between serology reporting and report was 25, and we evaluated 4 serologies, so the mean reporting time for this laboratory was 6 days. The time period for laboratories to report HBsAg-positive serologies to the health department varies and is typically set by state statute.
## Tips for Working with Laboratories
- Contact other areas of health department to see if activity is already being done
- See if an existing lab report can be used for the audit—ensure it is source data
- When making contact with labs, include:
- lab director
- technician
- IT staff
**Notes:**
This slide lists some tips for working with laboratories that I gathered through conversations with several city and state health department communicable disease and laboratory staff. First, check with other areas of the health department, such as your communicable disease division, to see if laboratory audits are already being conducted. You may be able to have HBsAg added to ongoing laboratory audits. There are also several hepatitis EIP or (emerging infection program) sites which may already be conducting hepatitis audits in laboratories. The hepatitis EIP sites are currently in Colorado, Connecticut, Minnesota, New York State, New York City, Oregon and San Francisco.
When auditing a laboratory, see if an existing laboratory report can be used to collect the audit data. However, make sure that the data is source data, and that it’s not the routine report that is sent to the health department.
When you make contact with labs, include the lab director, a technician, and someone from the IT staff. Sometimes the technician or IT staff will know of ways to make the lab audit quicker and easier since they work directly with the specimen data and databases.
## Hospital Record Reviews
- Use to assess:
- maternal HBsAg screening
- birth dose administration
- post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for infants born to HBsAg+ and unknown-status women
- Audit paired maternal and infant records
- Partner with health dept programs to collect other perinatal data
- rubella antibody • HIV
- group B strep • early hearing
- syphilis
**Notes:**
Another important type of program assessment is hospital medical record reviews. Reviewing hospital records is a very labor intensive activity, but can also give you precise information on what is happening in a particular hospital. These reviews can be used to assess:
Maternal HBsAg screening
Administration of a dose of hepatitis B vaccine to all infants
And administration of post-exposure prophylaxis for infants born to HBsAg-positive and unknown status women
Paired maternal and infant records should be audited to ensure documentation is consistent between the charts
You should consider working with other health department staff to develop medical record review tools and try to enlist these staff to assist with data collection at hospitals. If staff time is not available, you could try to get resources from other areas of the health department to support the record reviews. Some areas of the health department to consider partnering with on this activity are STD, HIV, group B strep, and early hearing detection. It will save time for both health department staff and hospital staff if record reviews are consolidated.
## Determining Sample Size
- Tool available in *Guide to Life (Table 2.1)*
_**http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/**_
_**hepatitis/resource/perinatalhepB.htm**_
**Notes:**
The first step to take before visiting a delivery hospital to conduct a medical record review is to determine the sample size for the records you will review during your visit. A tool for determining samples for hospitals or programs of various sizes is available in Chapter 2 of the CDC Resource: Managing a Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program: A Guide to Life, which can be found on the perinatal hepatitis B coordinator resource center webpage—the web address is listed at the bottom of this slide. The table may also be accessed at the link that was provided in the email you received with the log-in information for this netconference.
This table is intended to be used to assess maternal HBsAg screening and universal hepatitis B vaccination rates. It should not be used to assess post-exposure prophylaxis administration—a different methodology is needed for determining a sample for that type of assessment.
## Using the Guide to Life table
- Determine hospital’s annual number of deliveries
- Decide where it falls in the “Birth Cohort Size” category
- Estimate HBsAg screening and hepatitis B birth dose coverage for the hospital
- Use the _lower_ coverage to determine the sample size
**Notes:**
Let’s talk about how to use the Guide to Life sample size table. The first thing you should do is determine the hospital’s annual number of deliveries. Once you have this information, you can decide where the hospital falls in the “Birth Cohort Size” category—using the category that the hospital’s cohort size is closest to. Next, you will need to estimate the maternal HBsAg screening rate and hepatitis B birth dose coverage for the hospital. Most programs have conducted medical record reviews previously and have an idea of the percentage of pregnant women that receive HBsAg screening in their jurisdiction. In most cases, the coverage is between 85 and 100%. For hepatitis B birth dose coverage, programs can use immunization registry data or National Immunization Survey birth dose coverage data.
Once you have estimated maternal HBsAg screening and hepatitis B birth dose vaccination coverage, you should use the lower coverage (which is usually the birth dose coverage level) to determine the sample size for the hospital.
## Sample Size Example
- Hospital X had 648 deliveries last year
- The expected HBsAg screening rate is 95%
- The state National Immunization Survey (NIS) birth dose rate is 65%
- Using the 65% coverage level, the sample size for Hospital X would be 111 records
**Notes:**
Let’s walk through an example. Hospital X had 648 deliveries last year. You estimate their maternal HBsAg screening rate to be 95%. The National Immunization Survey hepatitis B birth dose coverage estimate for your state is 65%. Using the lower coverage level, of 65%, and referencing the table from the Guide to Life, the sample size for Hospital X would be 111 paired mother-infant medical records.
## Hospital Data to Collect
- Delivery date/time
- Mother’s HBsAg test date/result/type in:
- maternal record
- infant record
- Infant hepatitis B vaccination (yes/no)
- Date/time of vaccination
- Infant HBIG administration (yes/no)
**Notes:**
Now let’s discuss what sort of data you should collect when you conduct hospital medical record reviews. This is a list of the minimum data elements that you will want to gather, you may need to add additional items. You will want to collect:
Delivery date and time
The mother’s HBsAg test date, result, and type in both the mother and infant records
Whether or not the infant received the hepatitis B vaccine before discharge
If so, the date and time of vaccination
Whether or not the infant received HBIG before discharge
## Hospital Data to Collect - cont’d
- Date/time of HBIG
- Other variables as appropriate
**Notes:**
If the infant received HBIG, the date and time of administration
You may want to collect additional variables, especially if you are collaborating with other areas of the health department such as HIV, STD or group B strep.
## Hospital Policy Surveys
- Use to assess whether hospitals have written policies/standing orders in place:
- universal birth dose of hep B
- HBsAg screening of pregnant women
- PEP to infants born to HBsAg+ and unknown-status women
- documentation of maternal HBsAg status, birth dose, and HBIG (if appropriate) in medical records
**Notes:**
Another important assessment is hospital policy surveys. These can be used to assess whether delivery hospitals have written policies and standing orders in place to:
Administer a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine to ALL infants prior to hospital discharge
Screen all pregnant women for HBsAg
Provide the appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis to infants born to HBsAg-positive and unknown status women
Document maternal HBsAg status, hepatitis B vaccine administration and HBIG administration (if applicable) in the appropriate medical records.
## Conducting Policy Surveys
- Mail survey
- Telephone survey
- In-person survey
- during hospital
- medical record
- reviews
- Keep in mind, policies do not always match practice,
- so medical record reviews are essential
**Notes:**
There are a variety of ways in which a hospital policy survey can be done. Probably the most common method for conducting a hospital policy survey is through the mail. This is the least time consuming and least expensive method but the drawback may be a lower response rate.
Some programs prefer to conduct their policy surveys via telephone because it can yield higher response rates.
The other option is to conduct policy surveys in person during hospital medical record reviews. This method will probably result in a 100% response rate. Some programs mail the policy survey to the hospital in advance of the medical record review to give them an opportunity to complete it beforehand. You may also want to ask the hospital for a copy of their policies and standing orders to take back with you.
For mail and telephone surveys, you could ask the hospital to mail or fax a copy of their policies to you.
It is important to keep in mind that policies do not always match practice—which is why medical record reviews are essential.
## Expected Births to HBsAg+ Women
- CDC expected birth estimates are a benchmark for programs
- CDC provides estimates for states and some cities
- Estimates are calculated using:
- birth data
- prevalence of chronic
- HBV infection by
- race/ethnicity
**Notes:**
Now I would like to talk a little bit about the expected births to HBsAg-positive women estimates that CDC calculates annually. These estimates are calculated for each state as well as selected cities and territories.
CDC uses birth data that is reported from state vital statistics to the National Center for Health Statistics and applies hepatitis B virus prevalence data based on ethnicity to calculate the estimates.
These estimates are used as a benchmark to measure national and program-specific progress toward the identification of births to HBsAg-positive women.
## Expected Births - cont’d
- Nationally, about 24,000 births expected annually, only 50% identified in 2005
- CDC encourages programs to improve estimates of births to HBsAg+ women
- More information in presentation at:
- _http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/resource/presentations/2007-04PeriGrantees/PDFs/May1-p0130-1LJ_2007PeriCoordMtg-ExpectedBirths.pdf_
**Notes:**
Nationally, about 24,000 births to HBsAg-positive women are expected to occur annually. However, only about 50% of these were identified by public health programs in 2005.
The CDC encourages programs to find ways to improve state or local estimates of births to HBsAg-positive women. For example, some states collect mother’s country of birth on their birth certificates. These data can be used to refine estimates of births to HBsAg-positive women. For more information on expected births, please visit the weblink at the bottom of this slide to view a presentation I gave during the May 2005 Perinatal Hepatitis B and HIV Coordinator’s Meeting.
## Assessing Case Management
- Number of infants born to HBsAg+ women
- Proportion of infants receiving
- hep B vaccine & HBIG within 12 hours of birth
- on-time completion of hep B vaccine series
- post-vaccination testing
- Reasons for cases lost to follow-up
- Proportion of screened and vaccinated household and sexual contacts
**Notes:**
Another important activity that I would like to discuss is assessing case management. Programs should monitor and assess the number of infants identified by their program that are born to HBsAg-positive women. In most places, the number of cases increases each year, so any decreases should be closely examined. Sometimes decreases in identification are related to case worker turnover or a laboratory that has stopped reporting HBsAg-positive results to the health department.
Programs should also assess the proportion of infants born to HBsAg-positive women who receive hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG within 12 hours of birth, on-time completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series, and post-vaccination serologic testing. The goal for all three outcomes is 90%.
Cases that are lost to follow up should be examined to determine the reasons for losing the case. Categorizing and describing these reasons for lost to follow up may allow programs to adopt new strategies to keep cases until completion.
Programs should also routinely assess the proportion of screened and vaccinated household and sexual contacts to see what gaps exist.
## Assessing Case Mgmt - cont’d
- Monitor case management outcomes:
- compare program-wide rates (entire state or city) to national rates (CDC peritable)
- regionally
- locally (county level)
- by case worker
- quarterly or monthly
- over time (trends)
**Notes:**
It is important to monitor the case management outcomes we just outlined in a variety of different ways. First, programs should compare their case management rates to the national rates—each year, shortly after the completion of CDC’s annual perinatal report, a spreadsheet summarizing aggregate program data from each CDC grantee is shared with the perinatal hepatitis B coordinators. This spreadsheet contains the national averages for all case management outcomes.
If the program has regional case workers, it is important to analyze case management outcomes by region to see which regions need to improve their rates. This will also help identify whether education is needed for case workers.
For programs that contract perinatal hepatitis B case identification and/or case management to local health departments, case data should be monitored at the local or county level to see where case identification or case management can be improved and to identify counties that are doing a good job so that strategies can be shared across counties.
In programs that have centralized case workers doing the work, case outcomes should be monitored for each worker.
Case identification and case management data should be monitored frequently—either monthly or quarterly. If you wait until the end of the year to assess outcomes, it may be too late to make improvements that may impact cases.
It is also important to monitor your program’s outcomes over time and watch the trends. If your program has good case management or case identification rates which then decrease over a few quarters, you will want to identify the reasons for these decreases.
## Monitoring Birth Dose
- National Immunization Survey (NIS) data
- measures hepatitis B birth dose rates
- Hospital medical record reviews
- Immunization Information Systems (IIS)
- hep B vaccine birth certificate data automatically uploaded into IIS
- calculate birth dose coverage for cities, regions, and individual hospitals
**Notes:**
Another important programmatic outcome that should be routinely monitored is hepatitis B birth dose vaccination.
The National Immunization Survey, or NIS, which is an annual CDC survey that measures immunization coverage in every state and select cities for children age 19-35 months, measures hepatitis B birth dose rates. The birth dose is currently measured as a dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 2 days of life.
Hospital medical record reviews are another means of measuring hepatitis B birth dose administration. This method is very helpful for determining hospital-specific rates.
Some programs are able to use immunization information system or IIS data to measure birth dose hepatitis B rates. In some states and cities, hepatitis B vaccination is collected on the electronic birth certificate and these data are automatically uploaded into the IIS. This information can then be used to calculated birth dose rates for cities, regions, and individual hospitals.
## Continuous Monitoring
- Some aspects of the program require continuous monitoring
- case management outcomes
- laboratory reporting
- Plan ahead for assessments your program will conduct over the next year/s
**Notes:**
Please remember that certain aspects of perinatal hepatitis B prevention programs require continuous monitoring—such as case management outcomes and laboratory reporting. You will want to detect any problems in these areas as soon as possible so that corrective action can be taken.
It is also wise to plan ahead for the assessments your program will conduct over the next several years. You may not have the staff to visit all of your birthing hospitals in a single year for medical record reviews, but you could plan a schedule of which hospitals will be visited each year for the next three years.
## Using Your Results
- Determine future direction and focus of program efforts
- Provide feedback to:
- hospitals
- laboratories
- providers
- health departments
- case workers
**Notes:**
Finally, remember to use your results! The outcomes of program monitoring and assessment should be used to determine the future direction and focus of your program’s efforts. After you conduct program monitoring and assessment activities, be sure to provide constructive feedback to: delivery hospitals, laboratories, providers, health departments and case workers.
Good luck and thank you for your attention. | en |
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| en |
markdown | 037626 | # Presentation: 037626
## Protecting the Privacy of Family Members in Survey and Pedigree Research
**Jeffrey R. Botkin, MD, MPH**
**University of Utah**
## The Issues
- When do family members or social contacts of primary subjects become subjects themselves?
- If family members are “secondary subjects”, is informed consent necessary to retain their data?
- Relevant to all research in which data on family members or social contacts is acquired
## Human subjects
- 45 CFR 46.102(f)
- “Human subject means a living individual about whom an investigator ... obtains (1) data through intervention or interaction with the individual, or (2) identifiable private information. ... Private information must be individually identifiable (i.e., the identity of the subject is or may be readily ascertained by the investigator ...”
## Human Subjects
- An individual is a “human subject” for the purposes of federal regulations when:
- The individual is ***readily identifiable*** to investigators
**AND**
- The information acquired constitutes ***private information***
## Human Subjects
- When are family members **NOT** *readily identifiable*?
- Anonymous primary subject and no unique identifiers on family members
- Family data is unlinked from identifiable source
- **Family members are identified by family relationship alone to an identifiable subject**
## Human Subjects
- When **are** family members *readily identifiable*?
- When unique identifiers are obtained such as full names and addresses
## Human Subjects
- Implications
- Detailed health information can be acquired on family members as long as the information is not linked with unique identifiers
## Human Subjects
- What constitutes *private information*?
- Information over which individuals usually _want_ and _can maintain_ control
- Health information
- Reproductive history
- Legal history
- Information available to casual social contacts is not private
- Age
- Employment
- Family structure
## Human Subjects
- Implications
- Family members are **NOT** human subjects if they are identifiable but no private information is retained
- Family members **ARE** human subjects if unique identifiers **AND** private information are retained
## Waiver of Consent
- Permitted under 45 CFR 46 if all criteria are met:
- 1) research involves no more than minimal risk
- 2) waiver would not adversely affect rights and welfare of the subject
- 3) research could not be practicably carried out without waiver
- 4) when appropriate, subjects can be provided with pertinent information after participation
## Waiver of Consent
- Minimal risk definition
- “Minimal risk means that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in an of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.”
## Waiver of Consent
- Does the recording of health information on secondary subjects pose more than minimal risk?
- Factors in the *magnitude* of harm from a privacy breach
- _Existing_ health information versus new health information
- _Highly sensitive_ information versus sensitive information
- Mental health conditions (some but not necessarily all)
- Sexual orientation
- Criminal records
- Substance abuse
## Waiver of Consent
- Does the recording of information on secondary subjects pose more than minimal risk?
- Factors in the *probability* of a breach in privacy
- Quality of data management protocols
- Training and integrity of interviewers and data management personnel
- Data security measures
## Waiver of Consent
- Recording of existing health information on family members poses minimal risk if:
- Health information is _not highly sensitive_
- _Careful protocols and strong data security_ measures are in place
## Waiver of Consent
- Practicability of research without waiver
- NOT: “Can *this *research* *project be carried out without a waiver?”
- But: “Could *any* project pursuing the same research goals be conducted without a waiver?”
- Investigators and funding agencies need to plan for appropriate support for consent when necessary
## Conclusions
- I. Are family members human subjects?
***Yes*** if:
- Unique identifiers are association with individual data
**AND**
- Information consists of health status, health history, etc.
## Conclusions
- II. If family members are human subjects, can consent be waived?
- ***Yes*** if:
- Minimal risk
- Not highly sensitive data
- Strong data security
- Rights and welfare not threatened
- Not practicality without waiver
- Information after study
## Clarification
- Analysis would require consent only from selected family members
- Analysis is not relevant to taking a family history in clinical medicine
- Some family history data is extremely sensitive, e.g., a history of child sexual abuse. Issues of consent from alleged perpetrators raise special concerns.
## Additional Problems
- Temporary retention of private information on subjects before consent is obtained
- When genetic status of family members can be ascertained indirectly from testing of family members
- Deletion of data when subjects decline participation
## Additional Ethical Issues
- Can we ask family members to assume some responsibility for guarding the privacy of family members?
## Research Strategies
- Development of careful protocols that anticipate privacy issues
- Broad surveys designed to identify a few “interesting families” may not need unique identifiers in the initial stages
- Broad surveys designed to create a database resource for research should avoid highly sensitive questions about secondary subjects whenever possible | en |
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converted_docs | 225583 | {width="0.8444444444444444in"
height="1.023611111111111in"}**U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE**
**Region 2**
**Environmental Contaminants Program**
**by**
**J. Allen White**
**U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service**
**10711 Burnet Road, Suite No. 200**
**Austin, Texas 78758**
**October 2004**
+---------+--------------------------------------------------+---------+
|  | FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE | a/image |
| {width= | | 6.png){ |
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| | | ight="1 |
| | | .200694 |
| | | 4444444 |
| | | 445in"} |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------+---------+
| | P.O. Box 1306 | |
| | | |
| | Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 | |
| | | |
| | http://ifw2es.fws.gov | |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------+---------+
In Reply Refer To:
R2/ES-EC
CL 5-8
JUL 06 2004
Memorandum
To: Supervisors, Ecological Services Field Offices, Region 2
From: Regional Director, Region 2
Subject: Transmittal of Regional Pesticide Recommendations
This memorandum transmits the attached document, "Recommended Protection
Measures for Pesticide Applications in Region 2 of the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service," for use as a reference by Service personnel. The
referenced document will serve as the regional pesticide recommendations
(RPR) for protecting Service trust resources (refuges/hatcheries,
migratory birds, and threatened and endangered (T&E) species) in Region
2. The RPR was compiled from Service biologists, Service biological
consultations on pesticides, and scientific literature on pesticides. A
draft of this document has previously been reviewed by Region 2 field
offices as requested under my memorandum of January 31, 2002, and
comments from that review have been incorporated into the current
document.
Pesticide protection measures listed in the RPR may be used in
Endangered Species Act (ESA) actions such as section 7 consultations or
section 10 permit processes involving T&E species in Region 2. However,
the RPR cannot be used in lieu of section 7 consultations or section 10
permits. The RPR may also be used in conjunction with developing
protection measures for the Pesticide Use Program (PUP) on refuges and
hatcheries. Copies of the document may be provided to agencies or
pesticide applicators for specific pesticide actions involving Service
trust resources.
Recommendations in the RPR do not constitute rules, regulations,
requirements, or project evaluation criteria of the Service. The
recommendations also do not create or establish any legal obligations,
binding effects, minimum standards, or criteria to be adopted by the
private sector or by government agencies at the Federal, state, or local
levels. Recommended protection measures in the RPR may be modified on a
case-by-case basis with additional information. As part of a Federal
agency action or HCP permit process under the ESA, agencies or
applicators can submit alternative protection measures for specific
pesticides to the nearest Service field office. These alternative
protection measures should be based on ecological risk assessments,
field trials, or peer-reviewed publications.
A copy of the referenced document should be available at each Ecological
Services Field Office in Region 2, and the document should be updated
with new information on pesticides and species, as necessary. Updates
for the RPR will also be available in the Contaminants section of the
Region 2 website at http://ifw2es.fws.gov. Any new information on
pesticides or necessary protection measures for T&E species should be
coordinated with Allen White, Regional Pesticide Coordinator, in the
Austin Ecological Services Field Office.
Geoffrey L. Haskett
> /s/ H. Dale Hall
Attachment
**ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS**
The author gratefully acknowledges contributions from personnel of the
USDOI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA Agricultural Research Service, and
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department in developing this document. In
particular, the author wishes to thank Cindy Schulz, David Haukos,
Kathryn Kennedy, Sybil Vosler, April Fletcher, Steve Robertson, Bill
Seawell, Joel Lusk, Mike Morrow, Tom Stehn, and Robert Lee of the USDOI
Fish and Wildlife Service; Jackie Poole of the Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department; and Harold Thistle of the USDA Forest Service for their
advice and help.
Cover photo - Attwater's greater prairie-chicken, courtesy of George
Levandoski
**CONTENTS**
Letter of transmittal i
Acknowledgements iii
Tables and appendices v
**1.0 INTRODUCTION** 1
**2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS** 2
2.1 Regulatory Compliance 2
2.2 Procedures for Pesticide Incidents Involving Service Trust Resources
5
2.3 Contacts for Pesticide Incidents Involving Service Trust Resources
in Region 2 6
2.4 Procedures for Pesticide Applications Involving Habitat of Proposed
or Listed Species 7
2.5 Service Office Contacts 12
**3.0 RPR PROTECTION MEASURES** 14
3.1 Recommended Measures, Pesticide Ecotox Classes, and Species
Information 14
3.2 Buffer Zones 17
3.3 Pesticide Sensitive Areas for Listed Species 21
**4.0 RPR PROCEDURE** 23
4.1 Use of the RPR 23
4.2 Determination of Protection Measures 24
4.3 List of Recommended Protection Measures for Service Trust Resources
in Region 2 39
4.3.1 Service facilities 39
4.3.2 Migratory birds 44
4.3.3 Proposed or listed species 53
4.4 Supplemental Information 146
**5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY** 201
**TABLES**
Table 1. Specific protection measures recommended for Service
facilities,
migratory birds, and proposed or listed species 26
Table 2. Pesticide ecotoxicity ratings 146
Table 3. Biological information for proposed or listed species in Region
2 176
**APPENDICES**
Appendix A. Pesticide ecotoxicity classes for animal species 199
Appendix B. Calculated buffer zones relative to pesticide ecotoxicity
classes 200
**1.0 INTRODUCTION**
This document contains information on protecting U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (Service) trust resources in Region 2 from pesticide
applications. Region 2 (Southwest Region) of the Service includes
Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The document serves as the
regional pesticide recommendations (RPR) for Region 2 and will be
updated when new species are listed or new information becomes
available. The Service regional pesticide coordinator in Austin, Texas,
should be contacted at 512-490-0057 for information on pesticides or
protection measures not covered in the RPR.
The purpose of the RPR is to provide recommendations to Service
personnel, regulatory agencies, and pesticide users for pesticide
applications involving Service trust resources of (1) national wildlife
refuges and fish hatcheries, (2) migratory birds, and (3) threatened and
endangered (T&E) species that have been listed under the Endangered
Species Act of 1973. The document specifically provides pesticide
protection measures that can be used to protect Federally-listed
species, species proposed for listing, and critical habitat.[^1]
Recommended protection measures in the RPR may be modified on a
case-by-case basis with additional information. However, the RPR cannot
be used in lieu of section 7 consultations or section 10 permits as
required under the Endangered Species Act. Recommendations in the RPR do
not constitute rules, regulations, requirements, or project evaluation
criteria of the Service. The recommendations also do not create or
establish any legal obligations, binding effects, minimum standards, or
criteria to be adopted by the private sector or by government agencies
at the Federal, state, or local level.
**Note - Any product, active ingredient, or formulation of a pesticide
addressed in this document does not infer recommendation or endorsement
by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for its use.**
**2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS**
**2.1 Regulatory Compliance**
**2.1.1 Federal statutory authorities**
Unlawful uses of pesticides that potentially involve Service trust
resources can have substantial penalties according to various Federal
regulatory statutes. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), as
amended (16 U.S.C 153 *et seq*.), protects plant and animal species that
have been listed by the Federal government under the act as either
threatened or endangered. Civil penalties can be assessed under the ESA
for up to \$25,000 for knowing violations of the act and up to \$500 for
unknowing violations. Criminal penalties for individuals under the act
include up to \$100,000 in fines and one year imprisonment. The
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 prohibits the killing of migratory
birds and assesses penalties for up to \$15,000 and six months
imprisonment for misdemeanor violations.[^2] Felony violations by
individuals under the act can involve up to \$250,000 in fines and two
years' imprisonment. The Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 assesses
penalties for killing, poisoning, or disturbing both bald eagles and
golden eagles with up to \$5,000 in fines for civil penalties and up to
\$250,000 in fines and two years' imprisonment for a felony violation.
The National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 prohibits
disturbing, injuring, or damaging plants and animals within a refuge.
Criminal penalties under the act include up to \$100,000 in fines and
one year imprisonment. In addition to the aforementioned acts, penalties
for unlawful pesticide use may also be assessed under the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947 (FIFRA), as amended
(7 U.S.C. 135 *et seq*.), and other regulatory statutes.[^3]
**2.1.2 The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA)**
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates pesticides
that are sold, distributed, or used in the United States by requiring
either (1) full registration of a pesticide under FIFRA section 3; (2)
exemption status for a pesticide under FIFRA section 18 for use in
individual counties or states during emergency conditions; or (3) a
special local need registration for a pesticide by an individual state
under FIFRA section 24(c). Before registration can occur, EPA must make
a determination that a pesticide will generally not cause unreasonable
adverse effects on humans or the environment. In addition, a pesticide
must be registered in a state by an appropriate state agency before it
can be sold or used. A pesticide may be suspended after registration
under FIFRA section 6(c)(1) if EPA determines that the pesticide is an
imminent hazard that can jeopardize a listed species.
A pesticide may only be used as specified by the pesticide label, and
application of a pesticide other than as directed by the label is a
FIFRA violation. The label is a legal document that regulates specific
uses and applications of a pesticide. For example, only a limited number
of pesticides are registered for use in waterbodies or wetlands.
Pesticide use in these areas is restricted to aquatic pesticide
formulations (piscicides, mosquito control agents, aquatic herbicides,
etc.) that have a product label that specifically states that the
pesticide is intended for aquatic use. Some pesticides such as 2, 4-D,
glyphosate, and imazapyr have different formulations to allow use with
both land and aquatic areas.
**2.1.3 Pesticide use and the Endangered Species Act**
Under the ESA, "take" of animal species listed as threatened or
endangered is prohibited. Take of Federally-listed animal species
includes harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, shooting, wounding,
killing, trapping, capturing, collecting, or attempting to engage in any
such conduct. Take can only be exempted under limited circumstances
through (1) incidental take provisions as authorized by a biological
opinion in an ESA section 7 consultation or (2) an incidental take
permit obtained under section 10 of the ESA. Incidental take refers to
take that is incidental to, and not the purpose of, carrying out of an
otherwise lawful activity (e.g., loss of individuals of a listed animal
species through pesticide spray drift from nearby cropland).
Pesticide use can cause take of listed animals through killing, harming,
or harassment. As defined under 50 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) §
17.3, harm to listed animal species can include significant habitat
modification or degradation that results in death or injury to listed
species by impairing essential behavioral patterns such as breeding,
feeding, or sheltering. Examples of harm to listed animal species that
can be caused by pesticide applications include loss of prey species,
abnormal behavioral changes, and induced sublethal effects (e.g.,
endocrine system disruption). Harassment of listed animal species under
50 CFR § 17.3 can be an intentional or negligent action (or omission of
an action) that creates a likelihood of injury to a listed species by
annoying individuals of the species to such an extent as to
significantly disrupt normal behavior patterns that include (but are not
limited to) breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Noise disturbance from
pesticide application equipment can result in harassment through (1)
nest abandonment by birds or (2) disruption of nesting colonies of
shorebirds or wading birds.
Although take does not apply to listed plant species, the ESA does
prohibit the following actions in areas under Federal jurisdiction: (1)
removal, damage, or destruction of endangered plant species and (2)
removal of threatened plant species. In addition, actions that remove,
damage, or cause destruction of endangered plant species in non-Federal
areas that are in violation of state or local laws are prohibited.
Experimental populations of listed species are protected by the ESA (as
modified by special rules in 50 CFR § 17.80-17.85) against unlawful use
of pesticides if these populations are (1) essential experimental
populations on either public or private lands or (2) nonessential
experimental populations on national parks or wildlife refuges.
Candidate species and species proposed for listing do not have ESA
protections until the time of listing; however, Federal agencies are
required to confer with the Service about potential actions that may
jeopardize the continued existence of proposed species. Federal agencies
are also required to consult with Service on actions that can adversely
modify critical habitat of listed species.
**2.1.4 ESA section 7 consultation for a pesticide action by a Federal
agency**
Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requires Federal agencies to ensure that any
action (e.g., pesticide use) they authorize, fund, or carry out is not
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any Federally-listed
threatened or endangered species or result in the destruction or adverse
modification of designated critical habitat.[^4] Actions conducted by
Federal agencies that involve pesticide use include, but are not limited
to, the following examples:
1. Area-wide programs for control of insect pest species (cotton
bollweevil, grasshopper, etc.),
> invasive species, rodents, or predators; and
2. FIFRA authorizations such as pesticide registrations (section 3),
emergency exemptions
> (section 18), and state-specific registrations (section 24(c)).
In the event that a Federal agency concludes that its action "may
affect" a listed species or designated critical habitat, the agency is
required to consult with the Service regarding the degree of impact to
the species from the agency's action and the measures necessary to avoid
or minimize adverse effects. Federal agencies involved with pesticide
programs that can modify critical habitat through activities such as
brush control or removal of prey species must consult with the Service.
During ESA section 7 consultations, informal consultation between the
Federal agency initiating the action and the Service may be used to
determine whether (1) any adverse effects to listed species or critical
habitat by the proposed action can be avoided or summarily minimized or
(2) formal consultation is needed with the Service. To initiate formal
consultation on pesticides, the Federal action agency is required to
send information to the Service:
1. A description of the action to be considered;
2. A description of the specific area that may be affected by the
action;
3. A description of any listed species or critical habitat that may be
affected by the action;
4. A description of the manner in which the action may affect any
listed species or critical habitat and an analysis of any cumulative
effects;
5. Relevant reports including any environmental impact statement,
environmental assessment, or biological assessment prepared; and
6. Any other relevant available information on the action, the affected
listed species, or critical habitat.
If listed species or critical habitat are present in the action area, a
biological assessment must be prepared by the Federal agency initiating
the action pursuant to regulations implementing section 7 (e.g., 50 CFR
§ 402). Biological assessments made by Federal agencies may be done as
part of the compliance for the National Environmental Policy Act of
1969. After a Federal action agency has provided any necessary documents
such as a biological assessment, the Service will issue a biological
opinion for the agency action. If the proposed action does not involve
jeopardy for a listed species or adverse modification of critical
habitat, the biological opinion will provide the Federal agency with an
incidental take statement and non-discretionary reasonable and prudent
measures (RPMs) to protect the species. In the event that jeopardy to a
listed species (animal or plant) or adverse modification of critical
habitat has been found by the Service for the action, the biological
opinion will stipulate non-discretionary reasonable and prudent
alternatives (RPAs) that must be followed by the Federal agency to
protect the species or critical habitat.
**2.1.5** **ESA section 10 permit actions involving pesticide use on
private, state, or local**
**government lands**
Section 10 of the ESA authorizes the Service to issue permits allowing
normally prohibited actions against Federally-listed species such as
collection of species for scientific purposes. The section also gives
the Service the authority to provide incidental take permits of listed
animal species by non-Federal activities. Unless incidental take of
listed animal species has previously been authorized by consultation
under section 7 of the ESA, pesticide users who believe that their
otherwise-lawful pesticide application(s) may cause take of a listed
animal species should obtain an incidental take permit under section 10
(a)(1)(B). The permits may be issued by the Service to private
individuals, associations, businesses, and to state, municipal, or
tribal governments. Since the ESA does not prohibit killing or damaging
listed plant species on non-Federal lands except in the event that
killing or damaging of those plants is in violation of state or local
law, incidental take permits are not issued by the Service for listed
plant species. However, the Service cannot issue a permit for incidental
take of listed animal species if a proposed action will jeopardize
listed plant species in the project area.
A Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) must accompany any application for an
incidental take permit. The purpose of the HCP is to provide measures
that will minimize and mitigate impacts to listed species. The
application for a HCP should include the following information:
1. An assessment of impacts likely to result from the proposed taking
of one or more listed species.
2. Measures that the permit applicant will undertake to monitor,
minimize, and mitigate for such impacts; the funding that will be
made available to implement such measures; and the procedures to
deal with unforeseen or extraordinary circumstances.
3. Alternative actions to the taking that the applicant analyzed, and
the reasons as to why the applicant did not adopt such alternatives.
4. Additional measures that the Service may require as necessary or
appropriate.
**2.2 Procedures for Pesticide Incidents Involving Service Trust
Resources**
For incidents where a pesticide application may have caused mortality or
damage to a Service trust resource, qualified Service personnel (e.g.,
law enforcement agents, environmental contaminant specialists) should be
contacted prior to initial entry into an area involving a pesticide
incident. Only Service law enforcement agents are authorized to enter
private property without landowner permission to investigate a mortality
incident related to use of a pesticide. All other Service personnel must
obtain permission of landowners to enter private property.
According to Service regulations (Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 242
FW 6, Hazardous Materials Operations), Service personnel are prohibited
from entering sites that (1) involve contamination of personnel by
hazardous materials or (2) require personal protection equipment
(chemical-resistant clothing, respirators, breathing apparatuses, etc.).
Service personnel may only enter sites where there are no known
atmospheric hazard and no possible involvement with hazardous chemicals
through physical contact, splashes, immersion, or unexpected inhalation.
After a site has been determined to be adequately safe for conducting a
response by qualified Service personnel, a determination should be made
as to whether dead or injured animals are the result of a pesticide
incident or an infectious disease. Since some pesticides and wildlife
diseases can affect humans, each carcass or injured animal must be
approached or processed as a potential health hazard. Appropriate
equipment (binoculars, chemical-resistant gloves, coveralls, rubber
boots, handling tongs, etc.) must be used for investigation of animal
die-offs or collection of dead specimens. Procedures for conducting a
field response to a mortality incident can be found in the **Field
Manual of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures and Diseases of
Birds** which can be accessed at the internet website of the U. S.
Geological Survey: http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/pub_metadata/field_manual
/field\_ manual.html.
3. **Contacts for Pesticide Incidents Involving Service Trust Resources
in Region 2**
Since a single observed mortality or damaging effect involving a Service
trust resource (migratory bird, listed species, or facility) may be a
potential violation of a statutory authority, any pesticide-related
mortality or incident involving a Service trust resource should be
reported. Notifications for pesticide incidents in Region 2 should
involve the following personnel or agencies:
1. Any incident where pesticides have killed or injured migratory
birds, listed species, or proposed species in Region 2 should be
reported to Service law enforcement:
> \(a\) Arizona Field Stations Mesa 602-379-6443
>
> Flagstaff 520-556-7451
>
> \(b\) New Mexico Field Station Albuquerque 505-883-7814, 7890, 6715
>
> \(c\) Oklahoma Field Station Oklahoma City 405-231-5251
>
> \(d\) Texas Field Stations Austin 512-490-0057
>
> Dallas/Fort Worth 972-574-3254
>
> El Paso 915-534-6660, 6661
>
> San Antonio 210-681-8419
2. Any incident where pesticides may have killed or injured migratory
birds, listed species, or proposed species should be reported to the
Service regional pesticide coordinator at 512-490-0057. Additional
contacts for pesticide incidents include state departments of
agriculture or wildlife.
3. Any incident where a pesticide may have killed or injured wildlife
or plants on a Service refuge or fish hatchery should be reported to
the refuge manager or hatchery manager.
4. Any incident where determination of pesticide-related kills or
infectious diseases is necessary for migratory birds, listed
species, or proposed species should be coordinated with the USGS
National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin, at
608-270-2460.
5. Incidents where pesticides may have killed or injured nontarget
wildlife (migratory birds, fish, listed species, etc.) should be
reported to the Ecological Incident Information System of the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, either by fax at 703-305-6309, or
by letter:
> Document Processing Desk
>
> Office of Pesticide Programs -- 7504C
>
> U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
>
> 401 M Street, SW
>
> Washington, DC 20460
**2.4 Procedures for Pesticide Applications Involving Habitat of
Proposed or Listed**
> **Species**
**2.4.1 Control of pests or invasive species**
In some cases, pesticide control of pests or invasive species may be
necessary inside or adjacent to (1) habitat of a proposed or listed
species or (2) other areas involving a Service trust resource. An
invasive species is defined as an alien species (plant or animal) whose
introduction either causes or is likely to cause economic or
environmental harm or harm to human health.[^5] Pesticide applications
such as mosquito pest control may be required inside or adjacent to
habitat of migratory birds or proposed or listed species because of
human health concerns. Invasive plant or animal species can be a greater
threat to migratory birds, proposed or listed species, and/or their
habitat than impacts from pesticide use. To accomplish recovery of
certain listed species, pesticides may be required for temporary
elimination of populations of both invasive species and resident listed
species (e.g., use of piscicides in aquatic habitat of listed fish
species to remove competing or hybridizing species). Many invasive plant
species can only be controlled by pesticides due to aggressive
reproductive strategies, root sprouting, spreading root systems, etc. As
an example, saltcedar (*Tamarix* spp.) has rapidly expanded into
riparian areas of the western United States and can be a major
competitor in habitat of certain listed species such as Pecos sunflower
(*Helianthus paradoxus*). Due to high seed production and root
sprouting, broad scale aerial applications of herbicides are usually
required to control saltcedar over extensive areas such as watershed
basins.
The nearest Service field office, as given in section **2.5 Service
Office Contacts** below, should be contacted prior to applying pesticide
inside or adjacent to habitat of proposed or listed species. The
Invasive Species Coordinator in the Resource Management Division of the
Service Regional Office may be contacted at 505-248-6632 for assistance
in control of invasive plants. For information on control of invasive or
undesirable aquatic species other than plants, the Regional Service
Non-indigenous Species Coordinator may be contacted at 505-248-6471.
General information on invasive species and listed species can be found
at the Service internet website: http://www.fws.gov.
**2.4.2 Species surveys**
Before pesticides can be applied inside or adjacent to habitat of a
proposed or listed species, a determination should be made as to whether
the habitat is occupied. Occupied habitat of proposed or listed species
is defined to be an area where the species is known to occur based on
(1) species presence confirmed by a Service-approved survey, (2) visual
sightings of the species or its habitat components (nests, roosts,
etc.), or (3) the best available scientific knowledge. Habitat is
considered to be occupied even if the species is absent from the habitat
at some point during the annual breeding cycle (e.g., migration). To
determine occupied habitat of a proposed or listed animal species, a
survey usually should be conducted for the species before pesticide
application. As part of a Federal action involving habitat of a listed
plant species, Federal agencies should require a survey to be conducted
for the listed plant species before application of herbicide. For all
other applicators or relevant agencies, a survey for listed plant
species is recommended prior to herbicide application within species
habitat on non-Federal land.
Pesticide applicators and relevant agencies should contact the nearest
Service field office for information on protocols for conducting listed
species surveys. Generally, a scientific permit must be obtained from
the Service before conducting a survey for a listed animal species.
Inholdings of nonhabitat areas (e.g., cropland) within habitat of
proposed or listed animal species may be excluded in a survey if the
species substantially avoids utilizing the nonhabitat areas. In some
cases, a species survey can be used to flag or otherwise mark individual
plants or animal habitat components (nests, roosts, etc.) prior to
actual pesticide application. The Service may be consulted to determine
when a survey is no longer applicable for a particular area and a new
survey is necessary. Applicators or relevant agencies should also
consult with the Service on surveys for pesticide applications in
right-of-way corridors that traverse habitat of listed species.
**2.4.3 Requirements for ESA authorizations or permits**
When results of a Service-approved survey or other information indicate
that a habitat is occupied by a listed species, applicators should
coordinate with the nearest Service field office to determine (1)
measures to protect the species and (2) any necessary incidental take
authorizations or permits as stipulated under section 7 or section 10 of
the ESA. In addition to incidental take permits of listed animal
species, scientific permits may also be issued by the Service under
ESA's section 10. These scientific permits allow for incidental take of
listed species as part of activities intended to promote species
recovery (e.g., use of a pesticide in listed species habitat to reduce
competition by an invasive species). Service field offices, as given in
section **2.5 Service Office Contacts** below, can be contacted for
information on scientific permits.
Before incidental take authorizations or permits can be given by the
Service, either a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) or an action document
by a Federal agency (e.g., a biological assessment) must ordinarily be
prepared for pesticide treatments involving habitat of proposed or
listed species. The HCP or Federal action document should be consistent
with any Integrated Pesticide Management (IPM) plan that has been
previously developed for a project area. Any HCP or Federal action
document that involves control of pests or invasive species inside or
adjacent to habitat of proposed or listed species should minimize
short-term habitat damage from pesticide application while enabling
habitat recovery. The HCP or Federal action document should address pest
control necessary for recovery of species or the habitat, as well as
management of sources of re-infestation, such as seed vectors
(prevailing winds, flood corridors, etc.). When necessary, the HCP or
Federal action document should also address re-establishment of native
plant species.
**2.4.4 Work plans**
As part of a Habitat Conservation Plan or Federal action document
involving pesticide treatment that may adversely affect proposed or
listed species, the Service recommends that standard operating
procedures (SOPs) be written separately into a work plan and approved by
the Service prior to application of pesticide. For situations involving
small areas of treatment and relatively low impacts by selected
pesticides, the written work plan may be omitted; however, the nearest
Service field office should be consulted. At a minimum, the work plan
for pesticide treatment should include the following items:
1. A description and map of the area to be treated,
2. The schedule for applying pesticide in the field,
3. A survey or detailed habitat analysis for proposed or listed
species,
4. Procedures for applying pesticide, and
5. Any necessary protection measures such as monitoring.
Work plans should ordinarily require that (1) application of pesticide
be closely supervised and (2) applicators using any type of ground
equipment must be able to identify proposed or listed species in treated
areas when these species are present. In areas with varied distributions
of proposed or listed species, the work plan may allow only spot
applications by handheld equipment in zones that have relatively high
impact to proposed or listed species while restricting use of mechanized
ground equipment or aerial applications to zones that have relatively
low impact. When a single pesticide treatment can substantially impact
an entire population of a proposed or listed species or its habitat, the
Service recommends a staggered sequence of pesticide treatments over
different time periods. For treatments involving extensive land areas,
relatively new populations of invasive species should generally be
treated with pesticide prior to treatment of well-established
populations. Residual pesticide activity in soils or on vegetation
within the project area should be considered in setting up the
application schedule for the work plan. If feasible, applications of
pesticides should generally be restricted to periods when (1) proposed
or listed migratory species are absent from the habitat or (2) proposed
or listed plant species are dormant.
**2.4.5 Pesticide selection**
Pesticide active ingredients and any adjuvants (drift retardants,
surfactants, etc.), carrier materials, or other types of pesticide
additives used inside or adjacent to habitat of proposed or listed
species should be fully evaluated for relative risk to these species and
elements of their habitat such as plant cover, prey species,
pollinators, etc. In addition to acute toxicity, other factors
associated with pesticides such as chronic toxicity, bioaccumulation,
and secondary poisoning potential should also be evaluated. The
evaluation process for a particular pesticide should include the use of
the pesticide, mode of action, and environmental fate. Pesticide use is
determined by
1. Type of control (insect, broadleaf weed, etc.),
2. Treatment category (pre-emergent herbicides, post-emergent
herbicides, etc.), and
3. Formulation (liquid, granular, etc.).
The mode of action for a pesticide includes
1. Route or pathway of exposure into an organism (root absorption,
inhalation, etc.),
2. Ability to translocate within an organism (e.g., systemic vs.
nonsystemic), and
3. Behavior as an antimetabolite (respiratory depression,
photosynthesis inhibition, reproductive impairment, endocrine system
disruption, etc.).
Environmental fate of pesticides involves persistence, leaching ability,
volatilization, transformations (e.g., lethal degradates),
bioaccumulation, and other attributes of pesticides after release into
the environment. Comparisons should be made between alternative
pesticides and their individual characteristics for applications inside
species habitat, critical habitat, or Pesticide Sensitive Areas.
Information on pesticides may be found at internet sources such as the
EXTOXNET website (http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet). Site-specific
information for the evaluation process may be obtained from aerial maps,
soil surveys, and other sources.
In general, pesticides with the least acute toxicity and persistence
should be selected for use inside or adjacent to habitat of proposed or
listed species. Selection of pesticide active ingredients that have the
least toxicity will tend to decrease buffer zone sizes as recommended in
the RPR. The volatility of a particular pesticide should be considered
in the pesticide selection process if drift from the volatilized
pesticide can impact species habitat after treatment has occurred. The
ability of a pesticide to leach or absorb onto soil or sediment
particles should be taken into account for applications that could
affect proposed or listed species that are aquatic (plant or animal) or
are restricted to aquifers or caves (animal only). A pesticide's
potential for inducing chronic toxicity in proposed or listed animal
species should be considered if (1) the proposed treatment involves
repeated applications, (2) the pesticide in question is persistent in
the environment with a relatively long half-life, or (3) a chronic
condition may be induced in proposed or listed species by a single
application of pesticide. Pesticide formulations that are attractive to
proposed or listed species should be avoided (e.g., granular
formulations applied in areas with grit-eating or seed-eating bird
species). Pesticides with secondary poisoning potential should also be
avoided if proposed or listed species may be affected.[^6] If possible,
only nontoxic carrier materials or adjuvants (drift retardants,
surfactants, etc.) should be used for any application. Since the
toxicity of carrier materials or adjuvants in a pesticide formulation
may exceed the toxicity of the active ingredient(s) for a given species,
a determination of toxicity should be made for these additives through
informational sources such as container labels or MSDSs (material safety
data sheets) or by contacting the manufacturer.
Unless proposed or listed animal species are to be purposely removed by
a pesticide treatment, the Service recommends that applied pesticide
should be practically non-toxic for the toxicity group of proposed or
listed animal species when these species can be directly or indirectly
exposed to the pesticide via ingestion, skin absorption, secondary
poisoning, etc. The Service also recommends that pesticides with slight
to very high toxicity be applied in areas with proposed or listed
species only if (1) direct or indirect exposure pathways for the species
do not exist (e.g., rodenticides used in areas with listed insectivore
birds) or (2) the pesticide is applied in formulations with extremely
low concentrations that normally cannot impact the species (e.g., fire
ant baits). Pesticides rated as slightly toxic to very highly toxic may
be used when proposed or listed animal species are absent; however,
these pesticides should not remain active within the soil or on surfaces
of vegetation in species habitat by the time when (1) migratory proposed
or listed species have returned to the habitat or (2) proposed or listed
species break hibernation or aestivation (summer dormancy).
For habitat with proposed or listed plant species, the Service
recommends that only post-emergent herbicides be used providing that the
pesticide is nontoxic to the dicot or monocot classification of resident
proposed or listed plant species (e.g., a post-emergent, broadleaf
herbicide used in habitat of a listed monocot species). However,
applicators or relevant agencies should determine whether such
applications may indirectly impact proposed or listed plants through
factors such as increased competition by non-affected plants, change in
soil properties, etc. Pre-emergent herbicides or pesticides that remain
active within the soil after application should generally not be applied
in habitat of proposed or listed plant species by any application
method. A possible exception is use of a pesticide whose residual soil
activity is gone by the time when dormancy of a proposed or listed plant
species has been broken.
**2.4.6 Application equipment**
Applicators should avoid physical injury to proposed or listed species
or their habitat components (nests, roosts, etc.) in using pesticide
application equipment. If possible, application equipment should be
selected on the basis of reducing hazards to Service trust resources
from
1. Spray drift (e.g., using mechanized ground equipment rather than
aircraft),
2. Surface runoff (e.g., using application equipment that can inject
pesticide below ground), and
3. Pesticide formulation (e.g., using application equipment with closed
system technology to prevent spills of granules, pellets, or treated
seed).
Spray nozzles designed for low nozzle pressures and coarse droplet sizes
should generally be used in applications near sensitive areas. To reduce
spray drift in aerial applications, the width of the spray boom should
not exceed 75 percent of the wingspan for fixed-wing aircraft or 90
percent of the rotary blade for helicopters.[^7] As an alternative to
boom sprayers or other similar ground equipment, a spray gun operated
under pressure from a pesticide spray tank may be used if the pesticide
is applied in liquid streams. In areas where invasive species are in
close proximity to proposed or listed species, application of pesticide
should be made by handheld equipment rather than by mechanized
application equipment (ground or aerial). A backpack sprayer, wicking
tool, paintbrush or other types of hand-operated equipment can be used
for pesticide applications such as (1) spot applications involving
single plants or plant clusters, (2) basal applications on woody
species, or (3) "cut-and-daub" treatments on tree stumps or peeled-back
tree bark.
**2.4.7 Pesticide application procedures**
Pesticides should not be applied during temperature inversions or when
rainfall is likely to occur within 48 hours after treatment. To avoid
temperature inversions, wind speeds should be at least 3 miles per hour;
however, wind speeds should not exceed 10 miles per hour during
pesticide application. Wind direction and speed should be monitored
during any pesticide application. Meteorological equipment such as wind
socks, anemometers, or smoke devices may be used to assess wind
conditions or detect temperature inversions. If a pesticide is applied
during a wind greater than 10 miles per hour, pesticide users should
increase buffer zones for both ground and aerial applications to prevent
spray drift or residue in surface runoff from entering areas that
require protection.
Best management practices for pesticide applications should be followed
to protect species and habitat. Aerial flight paths made during
pesticide application should be parallel to sensitive areas and buffer
zones rather than flying directly over them. Pesticides should not be
mixed, stored, or handled near sensitive areas. Excess pesticide and
empty pesticide containers should not be allowed to remain near species
habitat or waterbodies and should be discarded at authorized landfills
or other appropriate sites. Application equipment should be
well-maintained and checked periodically for leaks, worn parts, and
calibration. Nontoxic drift retardants should be used in pesticide
applications of a liquid formulation to limit pesticide spray drift into
sensitive areas. Prior to application, pesticide-sensitive dye cards or
other types of monitoring devices should be used to calibrate
application equipment. Dye cards or other types of monitoring devices
may also be placed at the outlying edge of areas requiring protection to
determine the effectiveness of spray drift reduction during pesticide
application.
**2.4.8 Monitoring**
Federal agencies should either conduct monitoring or otherwise require
monitoring in any action that the Federal agency authorizes, funds, or
carries out under section 7 of the ESA with respect to pesticide
applications either inside or adjacent to habitat of proposed or listed
species or critical habitat. For all other applicators or relevant
agencies, monitoring is recommended during pesticide application inside
or adjacent to species habitat or critical habitat. In addition to
weather monitoring during pesticide application, monitoring may be
necessary for pesticide applications involving Pesticide Sensitive Areas
or species habitat near managed areas (golf courses, municipal parks,
etc.). Measures for monitoring should be described in the work plan.
State agricultural departments, county extension services, and other
appropriate agencies (e.g., land grant universities) may be consulted on
procedures and techniques to implement pesticide monitoring.
Pre-application monitoring and/or post-application monitoring may be
necessary for pesticide applications that can affect proposed or listed
species or critical habitat. Pre-application monitoring may be used to
determine prerequisites for pesticide application. The population
dynamics and life stages of pest or invasive species may have to be
monitored by sampling (frequency measurements, trapping, etc.) prior to
pesticide application. This information can be used for determination of
threshold levels of pest or invasive species that will require control
by pesticides.
In post-application monitoring, applicators or relevant agencies may
need to monitor areas with proposed or listed species or critical
habitat for (1) ambient pesticide concentrations after application or
(2) possible long-term trends in adverse effects for species or habitat.
The monitoring portion of the work plan should address sampling
locations, sample matrices (soil, sediment, tissue, etc.), numbers of
samples, and the schedule for sampling. Monitoring equipment should be
placed in areas where pesticides can be transported into species habitat
by spray drift or surface runoff.
Water quality in habitat of aquatic listed species should be monitored
continuously when this habitat is in close proximity to managed areas
that require repeated applications of pesticide (golf courses, municipal
parks, etc.). To determine pesticide concentrations, samples should be
collected during normal flow periods and during storm events large
enough to produce surface runoff. If only a single storm runoff sample
can be taken, sampling should occur near the beginning of the runoff
event to capture the first pulse of runoff-borne pesticides.
**2.5 Service Office Contacts**
For pesticide applications involving Service trust resources inside
individual states of Region 2, applicators or agencies can contact
Service field offices:
1. Arizona USFWS Arizona Field Office
> 2321 West Royal Palm Road, Suite 103
>
> Phoenix, AZ 85021-4951
>
> Phone: 602-242-0210
>
> Fax: 602-242-2513
2. New Mexico USFWS New Mexico Field Office
> 2105 Osuna Road, NE
>
> Albuquerque, NM 87113
>
> Phone: 505-346-2525
>
> Fax: 505-346-2542
3. Oklahoma USFWS Oklahoma Field Office
> 222 South Houston, Suite A
>
> Tulsa, OK 74127
>
> Phone: 918-581-7458
>
> Fax: 918-581-7467
4. Texas USFWS Arlington Field Office
> 711 Stadium Drive, Suite 252
>
> Arlington, TX 76011
>
> Phone: 817-277-1100
>
> Fax: 817-277-7835
>
> USFWS Austin Field Office
>
> 10711 Burnet Road, Suite 200
>
> Austin, TX 78758
>
> Phone: 512-490-0057
>
> Fax: 512-490-0974
>
> USFWS Clear Lake (Houston) Field Office
>
> 17629 El Camino Real, Suite 211
>
> Houston, TX 77058
>
> Phone: 281-286-8282
>
> Fax: 281-488-5882
>
> USFWS Corpus Christi Field Office
>
> c/o TAMU-CC, Campus Box 338
>
> 6300 Ocean Drive
>
> Corpus Christi, TX 78412
>
> Phone: 361-994-9005
>
> Fax: 361-994-8262
For pest control programs involving Service trust resources in more than
one state of Region 2, applicators or agencies should contact the
Service Regional Office:
> Southwest Regional Office Division of Ecological Services
>
> P. O. Box 1306
>
> Albuquerque, NM 87103-1306
>
> Phone: 505-248-6454
>
> Fax: 505-248-6922
**3.0 RPR PROTECTION MEASURES**
1. **Recommended Measures, Pesticide Ecotoxicity Classes, and Species**
**Information**
Table 1 of this document specifies recommended protection measures for
Service trust resources of facilities, migratory birds, and proposed or
listed species. The table also specifies recommended protection measures
for (1) critical habitat when proposed or designated, and (2)
pollinators of a proposed or listed plant species. Protection measures
for certain species are not specified in Table 1 if the species is
unaffected by pesticides due to
1. Relatively large body weight (e.g., Sonoran pronghorn),
2. Location (e.g., brown pelicans nesting on coastal bay islands), or
3. Seasonality (e.g., piping plovers wintering in Texas).
Protection measures are based in this document on a screening-level
hazard assessment for pesticide ecotoxicity as determined in Table 2. In
the table, pesticides are rated by a classification system that
categorizes the level or type of protection to be given for a particular
pesticide with respect to ecotoxicity. Four ecotox classes for animals
and three ecotox classes for plants are used in the classification
system to rank active ingredients or formulations of pesticides. For
animal species, the four ecotox classes cover ranges of pesticide
toxicity:
Class 0 This class includes pesticides that are practically nontoxic to
a specific group of animal
species that have similar toxicological responses (e.g., fungicidal
toxicity for large
mammal species). Class 0 pesticides ordinarily do not require protection
measures for
animal species.
Class 1 This class includes pesticides that are slightly to moderately
toxic to a specific group of animal species that have similar
toxicological responses (e.g., malathion toxicity for small mammal
species). Buffer zones and other protection measures for Class 1
pesticides are minimal for animal species.
Class 2 This class includes pesticides that are highly toxic to a
specific group of animal species that have similar toxicological
responses (e.g., diazinon toxicity for warm water fish species). Buffer
zones and other protection measures for Class 2 pesticides are
relatively substantial for animal species.
Class 3 This class includes pesticides that are very highly toxic to a
specific group of animal species that have similar toxicological
responses (e.g., carbofuran toxicity for small avian species). Buffer
zones and other protection measures for Class 3 pesticides can be highly
stringent for animal species depending on the sensitivity of a species
or its habitat.
Toxicity endpoints for the four pesticide ecotoxicity classes for
animals are defined at the back of this document (see Appendix A).
Although plant species do not have ranges of pesticide toxicity similar
to animal species, pesticides can be rated by ecotox class according to
their herbicidal toxicity. Pesticide ecotox classes for plants in Table
2 are:
Class D This class includes pesticides that have specific toxicity for
dicot plants such as legumes,
mustards, etc.[^8] Buffer zones and other protection measures for Class
D herbicides
depend on the dicot classification of individual proposed or listed
plant species and the
canopy structure of their habitat.
Class M This class includes pesticides that have specific toxicity for
monocot plants such as grasses, sedges, orchids, etc. Buffer zones and
other protection measures for Class M herbicides depend on the monocot
classification of individual proposed or listed plant species and the
canopy structure of their habitat.
Class NS This class includes pesticides that have nonspecific toxicity
for any plant species. Buffer
zones and other protection measures for Class NS herbicides do not
depend on the dicot or monocot classification of individual proposed or
listed plant species but can depend on the canopy structure of their
habitat.
The seven ecotox class ratings for animals and plants are used in Table
2 to rate each pesticide active ingredient or formulation by ecotox
class according to its overall toxic effect on individual groups of
species (e.g., the Large Avian toxicity group is used to reflect general
responses of species such as the brown pelican and whooping crane).
These species toxicity groups reflect general responses of species with
respect to individual pesticide active ingredients or formulations.
Species toxicity groups listed in Table 2 are:
> 1\. Large Mammal (L-MA) 10. Aquatic Amphibian (A-AM)
>
> 2\. Predatory Mammal (P-MA) 11. Terrestrial Amphibian (T-AM)
>
> 3\. Small Mammal (S-MA) 12. Cold Water Fish (CW-F)
>
> 4\. Gallinaceous Avian (G-AV) 13. Warm Water Fish (WW-F)
>
> 5\. Large Avian (L-AV) 14. Aquatic Arthropod (A-AR)
>
> 6\. Predatory Avian (P-AV) 15. Bee (BEE)
>
> 7\. Small Avian (S-AV) 16. Terrestrial Arthropod (T-AR) [^9]
>
> 8\. Waterfowl Avian (W-AV) 17. Fresh Water Mollusk (FW-M)
>
> 9\. Reptile (REP) 18. Plant (PLANT)
When pesticide toxicity data are lacking for a particular species
toxicity group, the rating is modeled after the closest taxonomic group:
1. Large Mammal and Predatory Mammal from Small Mammal;
2. Large Avian from Waterfowl Avian;
3. Predatory Avian, Small Avian, and Reptile from Gallinaceous Avian;
and
4. Fresh Water Mollusk from Aquatic Arthropod.
The toxicity groups of Aquatic Amphibian and Terrestrial Amphibian
(e.g., toads) are modeled from the highest rating of either Cold Water
Fish or Warm Water Fish when amphibian toxicity data are unavailable.
Pesticides are rated as Class 3 in the Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity
group if a particular active ingredient is used as an insecticide;
otherwise, the Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity group is modeled from the
higher rating of either the Aquatic Arthropod or Bee toxicity groups.
Blank cells in the table indicate insufficient information to (1) make a
determination of a pesticide's ecotoxicity rating or (2) justify
modeling from an appropriate species toxicity group.
Pesticide active ingredients listed in Table 2 may have more than one
line entry for individual formulations if these formulations have
different ecotox class ratings for individual species toxicity groups
(e.g., aquatic formulations of glyphosate vs. nonaquatic formulations).
Ecotox class ratings in Table 2 for individual pesticides may have
letter subscripts to describe various types of pesticide application or
toxicity. For example, burrow fumigants are indicated by the subscript
"b" whereas pesticides that have a potential for secondary poisoning are
indicated by the subscript "sp" (e.g., a rodenticide bait rated as Class
2~sp~ that can kill a predatory animal after the predator has consumed
bait-poisoned rodents). Pesticides rated for eye or skin irritancy are
respectively designated in the table by "e" and "s" subscripts. An
herbicide rated as Class NS~f~ indicates that individual formulations of
the herbicide may have either dicot-specific or monocot-specific
toxicity as determined by the application rate (e.g., triazine
herbicides).
In general, the ecotox ratings in the table reflect the highest level of
necessary protection according to potential pesticide hazards (acute
oral toxicity, subacute dietary toxicity, eye irritancy, etc.).[^10] The
final ecotox class rating for an active ingredient or formulation may
reflect pesticide hazards for species such as eye or skin irritancy
rather than acute lethal toxicity (e.g., an herbicide that is
practically non-toxic for terrestrial animal species on the basis of
oral toxicity but is rated as Class 2~e~ for corrosive eye irritancy).
Toxicity groups of mammals, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial amphibians
can be rated for eye irritancy from pesticide active ingredients, but
only mammalian toxicity groups (L-MA, P-MA, and S-MA) are rated for skin
irritancy. Pesticide ratings in the table may also be adjusted for
factors such as sublethal effects (e.g., a pyrethroid pesticide rated
for endocrine system disruption rather than for actual toxicity in field
applications) or lethal byproducts (e.g., moderately toxic acephate
transformed into highly toxic methamdiphos).
Table 3 lists habitat and/or range, seasonality, and pesticide uses
involving proposed or listed species of Region 2. When feasible, the
specific range for certain proposed or listed species in Table 3 is
given according to individual counties; otherwise, occurrence of species
in Region 2 is identified by habitat. The various types of habitat
and/or range can be used to set up areas requiring buffer zones or other
protection measures. In some cases, habitat may be described according
to landscape features that require protection from pesticide application
(e.g., entrances to caves, sinkholes, or crevices for cave-dwelling
arthropods). The seasonality of species may be used in developing
protection measures for biological opinions or biological assessments.
Pesticide uses are used to determine which types of pesticides may
affect individual species, species habitat, or food sources. Nine
pesticide uses are defined in Table 3:
> 1\. Cropland (C) 6. Rangeland/Pasture (R/P)
>
> 2\. Forest (F) 7. Right-of-Way (ROW)
>
> 3\. Mosquito Control (M) 8. Specialty (rodenticides, piscicides, etc.)
> (S)[^11]
>
> 4\. Pasture (P) 9. Urban (U)
>
> 5\. Rangeland (R)
**3.2 Buffer Zones**
Pesticide buffer zones are recommended in the RPR principally for
protection of species and habitat from (1) downwind spray drift during
pesticide application and (2) pesticide residues in surface runoff. **A
buffer zone is considered to be the distance between the boundary of the
area requiring protection and the closest point of the last spot
application or application swath.**[^12] Border areas (roadways, fence
lines, canal dikes, etc.) may be used as part of a buffer zone for any
type of application if the border area itself does not involve species
habitat or a sensitive area. In addition to providing protection against
spray drift or residues in surface runoff, buffer zones can also reflect
minimal distances necessary to address various attributes of species
with respect to
1. Mobility (e.g., foraging areas of Attwater's greater
prairie-chicken),
2. Sensitivity to disturbance (e.g., nesting birds-of-prey),
3. Exposure to secondary poisoning (e.g., carrion-eating mammals), and
4. Dietary habits (e.g., seed-eating or grit-eating birds).
The size of the buffer zone is relative to the type of application
(i.e., spot, mechanized ground, or aerial) and depositional pattern of
the formulation (liquid, granular, etc.) used during pesticide
treatment. For purposes of defining pesticide formulations with respect
to depositional patterns, solid-type formulations are defined in this
document as including baits, granules, pellets, and treated seed
formulations but do not include dust formulations. Liquid formulations
of pesticides are defined as including all formulations of emulsifiable
concentrates, flowables, invert emulsions, micro-encapsulated sprays,
soluble powders, water-soluble packets, wettable powders, or any other
type of liquid-based formulation except for ULV formulations. ULV (ultra
low volume) formulations are liquid concentrates that are applied at a
rate of 1/2 gallon or less per acre. Applications of ULV formulations
are highly prone to spray drift due to very small droplet sizes (i.e.,
generally less than 141 µm diam.). Dust formulations also can have very
small particle sizes (as little as 5 µm diam.) and are considered to
have drift characteristics similar to ULV formulations.
**3.2.1 Buffer zone approximations**
Various buffer zone sizes and ecotox class ratings are used in the RPR
to attain adequate reduction of residues in spray drift and/or surface
runoff with respect to pesticide toxicity. In some cases, alternative
applications or formulations may be provided in the RPR to reduce a
particular buffer zone (e.g., a relatively small buffer zone used in
conjunction with a belowground application of a solid formulation to
protect seed-eating bird species). Due to low probability of toxicity
and exposure, bait formulations specific for insects (particularly fire
ant baits) are generally not given buffer zones except for species
habitat where proposed or listed species may be affected (e.g.,
invertebrate species).
For animal species, minimal buffer zones for Class 1 pesticides are
based on estimates of the distance required for attaining (1)
approximately 98-99 percent reduction of deposited active ingredient or
(2) minimal effects during ground or aerial application.[^13] Minimal
buffer zones recommended in this document for application of Class 1
pesticides by mechanized ground equipment or aircraft are
1. Thirty feet for mechanized ground applications of liquid
formulations,
2. Eighty feet for mechanized ground applications of ULV (ultra low
volume) formulations,
3. One hundred fifty feet for low (\< 10 feet) aerial applications of
liquid formulations,
4. Five hundred feet for low aerial applications of ULV or dust
formulations,
5. One-eighth mile for high (\> 10 feet) aerial applications of liquid
formulations, and
6. One-fourth mile for high aerial applications of ULV or dust
formulations.[^14]
For proposed or listed species, additional safety factors are provided
for Class 2 and Class 3 pesticides by respectively doubling and tripling
buffer zones required of Class 1 pesticides. Class 2 and Class 3
pesticides may have the same buffer zone when the habitat of a proposed
or listed species is less vulnerable to pesticide applications (e.g.,
aquatic species in large rivers). Otherwise, buffer zones for Class 3
pesticides are three times the minimal buffer zones of Class 1
pesticides when the Class 3 pesticides are applied in proximity to (1)
edge habitat of sensitive species (e.g., bird species nesting along the
edge of cropland) or (2) species habitat with a limited range (e.g.,
fish species restricted to a small spring system). Except for small
aquatic habitat and other types of relatively vulnerable habitat,
species serving as food sources for proposed or listed species are not
given additional safety factors and have the same buffer zones
designated for Class 1 pesticides when necessary.
Buffer zones for proposed or listed plant species are relative to the
type of plant canopy associated with the habitat. Minimal buffer zones
(i.e., buffer zones used for Class 1 pesticides) are used for proposed
or listed plant species in plant communities with closed or dense
canopies (e.g., forest or thick woodland). Proposed or listed plant
species in plant communities with open to semi-open canopies (e.g.,
grassland or brushland) that are susceptible to spray drift are given
minimal buffer zones plus an additional safety factor (i.e., buffer
zones used for Class 2 pesticides). Buffer zones for plant pollinators
(bees and/or terrestrial arthropods) are based on a pollinator's ability
(as determined by size) to range from the area of a listed plant
species. A buffer zone of 1/2 mile at the edge of sites occupied by
listed plant species is recommended for small pollinators such as
halictid (metallic) bees whereas a 2-mile buffer zone is recommended for
relatively large pollinators such as bumble bees or hawkmoths.[^15]
Alternative buffer zones for pollinators are recommended according to
seasonality of flowering of listed plant species.[^16]
For aquatic habitats with proposed or listed species, buffer zones are
based on the potential for adverse pesticide concentrations relative to
water volume. Small water bodies are considered to include
1. Ponds, lakes, and reservoirs less than 100 surface acres;
2. Spring runs, streams, and rivers less than 100 cfs (cubic feet per
second, mean monthly discharge); or
3. Shallows of relatively large waterbodies.
Large waterbodies include either
1. Lakes or reservoirs of 100 to 1000 surface acres; or
2. Spring runs, streams, and rivers of 100 to 1000 cfs (mean monthly
discharge).
Because of a relatively low potential for lethal or sublethal pesticide
concentrations, buffer zones for larger waterbodies (i.e., coastal bays,
large lakes, or reservoirs greater than 1000 surface acres; rivers
greater than 1000 cfs) are not given in the RPR.
Calculated distances for buffer zones are given in Appendix B of this
document. Due to lack of spray drift and relatively low environmental
concentrations, buffer zones for spot applications are generally derived
in 10-foot increments. Buffer zones between 100 feet and 500 feet for
mechanized ground and aerial applications are rounded to the nearest 50
feet. Beyond 500 feet, buffer zones are rounded to the nearest 1/8 mile,
1/4 mile, or 1/2 mile, where appropriate. The buffer zones are relative
to the height of nozzles or spreaders during pesticide application.
Buffer zones for mechanized ground applications are based on a nozzle or
spreader height of no more than four feet above the plant canopy or
ground surface. The buffer zones for aerial applications are specified
according to low or high applications. Low aerial applications are 10
feet or less above the plant canopy or bare ground surface and are used
mostly in cropland. High aerial applications are more than 10 feet above
the plant canopy or bare ground surface and are generally used for
rangeland or forest.
In addition to the buffer distances necessary for attaining adequate
deposition of pesticide spray and reduction of pesticide toxicity,
buffer zones in this document may include setbacks (untreated areas) to
allow for species use of edge habitat or habitat susceptibility (e.g.,
small waterbodies). A setback distance of 30 or 60 feet may be used for
terrestrial species when these species can travel relatively short
distances from species habitat into areas of pesticide treatment. To
protect aquatic species or aquatic habitat, setback distances of 50 and
300 feet are used, respectively, for relatively large waterbodies and
small waterbodies to allow adequate filtration by vegetative filter
strips or other types of filtering. Other examples of setbacks include
pygmy-owl sites, red-cockaded woodpecker clusters, and protected
activity centers of the Mexican spotted owl. Such areas should generally
remain untreated to preserve habitat characteristics essential for
survival of local populations or individuals of proposed or listed
species.
**3.2.2 Uses and limitations of buffer zones**
Three broadly-defined geographic zones are considered in the RPR with
respect to pesticide applications and protection measures such as
pesticide buffer zones. The first geographic zone is the area involving
the habitat of a species or a facility (refuge, fish hatchery, preserve,
etc.). Potential protection measures for applications inside species
habitat or a facility include pesticide buffer zones, species surveys,
and pesticide use restrictions. The second geographic zone is the area
that interfaces between (1) species habitat or a facility and (2)
nonhabitat areas such as cropland. Pesticide buffer zones are the
principal protection measures defined for this geographic zone, and the
size of the geographic zone itself is relative to individual buffer
zones. The third geographic zone comprises areas outside the effective
range of buffer zones. Pesticide applications in the outlying zone can
still impact species habitat or a facility by movement of pesticide
residues into surface runoff or other transport mechanisms (e.g.,
groundwater flow). Protection measures such as pesticide use
restrictions may be necessary in this zone to prevent residues from
adversely affecting species or the facility.
Buffer zones provided in the RPR can generally prevent or reduce the
likelihood of killing or injuring species associated with Service trust
resources. In particular, a buffer zone provides greater protection
against "take" for proposed or listed animal species including take from
1. Sublethal effects (abnormal behavioral changes, endocrine system
disruption, etc.),
2. Indirect effects (e.g., loss of prey species), or
3. Bioaccumulation of pesticide antimetabolites through food chains or
the water environment.
Buildup of pesticide residues in edge habitat of terrestrial species
from repeated field applications can also be reduced by using prescribed
buffer zones thereby decreasing the potential for chronic toxicity
(i.e., exposure to a toxicant for relatively long periods of time during
the life cycle or stage of a species). Chronic toxicities for proposed
or listed species in aquatic habitat may be reduced by using buffer
zones; however, chronic conditions of toxicity in these habitats are
potentially influenced by mass transport of pesticide residues (e.g.,
sediment-borne residues) from portions of the watershed that lie beyond
the habitat itself.
In some situations, buffer zones alone are not always adequate to
address complexities involved with pesticide applications (see section
**3.3 Pesticide Sensitive Areas for Listed Species** below). Also,
buffer zones may not always reflect necessary levels of protection for a
given pesticide due to approximations that are made in deriving buffer
zone sizes. Relatively limited numbers of surrogate test species and
pesticide formulations (ordinarily a technical formulation with at least
90 percent active ingredient) are used to determine ecotox ratings.[^17]
Therefore, the ratings found in Table 2 may only represent a general
case in regard to the toxicity of pesticide active ingredients and their
various formulations. Another limitation is that ecotox ratings do not
account for the environmental fate of individual pesticides that can
reduce exposure for species (e.g., high volatilization). Buffer zone
sizes may, therefore, be underestimated or overestimated in terms of
pesticide toxicity and exposure for certain species; however, safety
factors associated with buffer zones as given by the RPR should help to
protect against underestimation of an appropriate buffer zone size.
**3.3 Pesticide Sensitive Areas for Listed Species**
Pesticide Sensitive Areas have been designated in the RPR to simplify or
adequately address complex situations associated with pesticide
applications that potentially affect proposed or listed species and
critical habitat. Pesticide Sensitive Areas designated in the RPR are
shown in the following list.
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| List | | |
| of | | |
| Cou | | |
| nties | | |
| and | | |
| T&E | | |
| Sp | | |
| ecies | | |
| with | | |
| Pest | | |
| icide | | |
| Sens | | |
| itive | | |
| Areas | | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| State | County | Species |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Ar | Pima | Masked bobwhite |
| izona | | |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Okl | Alfalfa | Whooping crane |
| ahoma | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Texas | Aransas | Whooping crane |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Austin | Attwater's greater prairie chicken |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Bexar | Braken Bat Cave meshweaver, Cokendolpher cave |
| | County | harvestman, Government Canyon Bat Cave meshweaver, |
| | | Government Canyon Bat Cave spider, Helotes mold |
| | | beetle, Madla cave meshweaver, *Rhadine exilis*, |
| | | *Rhadine infernalis*, Robber Baron Cave meshweaver |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Calhoun | Whooping crane |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Clay | Whooping crane |
| | | |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | C | Attwater's greater prairie chicken |
| | olorado | |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Comal | Comal Springs riffle beetle and fountain darter |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Hays | Barton Springs salamander, Comal Springs riffle |
| | | beetle, fountain darter, San Marcos gambusia, San |
| | County | Marcos salamander, and Texas wild-rice |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Jeff | Comanche Springs pupfish, Pecos gambusia, and |
| | Davis | Pecos sunflower |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Pecos | Leon Springs pupfish, Pecos gambusia, and Pecos |
| | County | sunflower |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Reeves | Comanche Springs pupfish, Pecos gambusia, and |
| | County | Pecos sunflower |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Refugio | Whooping crane |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Travis | Barton Springs salamander, Bee Creek Cave |
| | County | harvestman, Bone Cave harvestman, Kretschmarr Cave |
| | | mold beetle, Tooth Cave ground beetle, Tooth Cave |
| | | pseudoscorpion, and Tooth Cave spider |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | Wil | Bone Cave harvestman, Coffin Cave mold beetle, and |
| | liamson | Tooth Cave ground beetle |
| | County | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
Pesticide Sensitive Areas are used in the RPR to reconcile different
requirements for buffer zones and other protection measures caused by
1. Proposed or listed species entering areas involving pesticide
applications (e.g., Attwater's greater prairie-chicken entering
cropland adjacent to its habitat), or
2. Co-location of more than one species and/or areas of critical
habitat (e.g., co-location of five listed aquatic species with four
areas of overlapping critical habitat in the San Marcos River of
central Texas).
Pesticide Sensitive Areas are also used to define watersheds where
pesticide monitoring and restrictions on pesticide use should possibly
be implemented. In some Pesticide Sensitive Areas, an integrated pest
management (IPM) plan may be used to protect listed species. IPM
strategies include
1. Cultural controls (e.g., crop rotation),
2. Biological controls (e.g., insect predators),
3. Mechanical controls (e.g., pest barriers),
4. Chemical controls (e.g., pesticides), and
5. Selection for host resistance.
State agricultural departments, county extension services, and other
appropriate agencies such as the EPA should be consulted to coordinate
or implement any necessary use restrictions and/or pesticide monitoring
inside a Pesticide Sensitive Area.
**4.0 RPR PROCEDURE**
1. **Use of the RPR**
This document provides recommendations for pesticide applications in
Region 2 that involve Service trust resources of (1) national wildlife
refuges and fish hatcheries, (2) migratory birds, and (3)
Federally-listed species. The RPR specifically provides pesticide
protection measures that can be used to protect listed species, species
proposed for listing, and critical habitat in Region 2. Pesticide
protection measures listed in the RPR may be used in ESA section 7
consultations or section 10 permit processes. However, the RPR itself
cannot be used in lieu of section 7 consultations or section 10 permits
as required under the ESA. In addition to ESA pesticide consultations,
the RPR may be used in conjunction with development of protection
measures for various pesticide programs such as the Service's Pesticide
Use Program (PUP) for refuges or hatcheries. Recommendations in the RPR
do not constitute rules, regulations, requirements, or project
evaluation criteria of the Service. The recommendations also do not
create or establish any legal obligations, binding effects, minimum
standards, or criteria to be adopted by the private sector or by
government agencies at the Federal, state, or local level.
Service trust resources are protected from pesticide applications under
various statutory authorities and regulations (ESA, FIFRA, etc.).
Pesticide use restrictions as stated on FIFRA pesticide labels (i.e.,
labels for section 3 registrations, section 18 emergency exemptions, or
section 24(c) state-specific registrations) must be implemented by all
pesticide applicators. However, protection measures in the RPR may be
used in ESA consultations if the RPR protection measures are more
protective than pesticide use restrictions prescribed by FIFRA-related
pesticide labels. Protection measures for proposed or listed species as
provided below may be used by Service personnel as baseline information
in preparing a Biological Opinion (BO) or Habitat Conservation Plan
(HCP). The protection measures can be used as appropriate for developing
BO components such as reasonable and prudent alternatives (RPAs),
reasonable and prudent measures (RPMs), and conservation measures.
However, potential take of listed animal species or injury to listed
plants should not be inferred when recommended protection measures in
the RPR are not used. Actual determination of take or listed plant
injury can only be made by the Service after pesticide application has
occurred.
**Protection measures recommended in the RPR are based on a
screening-level hazard assessment for various pesticide ecotoxicities as
determined in Table 2; therefore, protection measures in the RPR may be
further modified with additional information on a case by case basis**.
As part of a Federal agency action or HCP permit process under the ESA,
agencies or applicators can submit alternative protection measures
(including ecotox class ratings) for specific pesticides to the nearest
Service field office. These alternative protection measures should be
based on ecological risk assessments, field trials, or peer-reviewed
publications. County extension services, state agricultural departments,
and other agencies may be consulted for alternative protection measures.
Pesticide applications involving Service trust resources should be based
on the assumption that risk to these resources from pesticides can never
be completely evaluated or necessarily eliminated. In particular, the
use of surrogate animal species for estimating pesticide toxicities may
not always accurately predict all potential outcomes with respect to
exposure of a listed species to specific pesticides. Variability in
pesticide operations (methods, equipment, etc.) also contributes to risk
factors involved with pesticide applications. Although protection
measures in the RPR should provide adequate protection under most
circumstances, prudent care should be taken in using this document for
individual pesticide applications. During any pesticide application, it
is the responsibility of the applicator or action agency to ensure that
ESA provisions are not violated such as unauthorized take of listed
animal species, killing or damaging endangered plant species on Federal
lands, etc.
2. **Determination of Protection Measures**
To develop pesticide protection measures from the RPR, the following
process should be applied:
1. Find appropriate protection measures and species toxicity groups
from **Table 1. Specific protection measures for Service facilities,
migratory birds, and proposed or listed species** found below in
section 4.2.2.
2. Cross-reference individual protection measure numbers from Table 1
to corresponding protection measures found in **List of recommended
protection measures for Service trust resources in Region 2** in
section 4.3.
3. Determine relevant parts from each protection measure that pertain
to the proposed pesticide application or action. When required by a
particular protection measure, determine:
a. Ecotox class ratings for pesticides from **Table 2.**
**Ecotoxicity ratings for pesticide active ingredients and
various formulations** in section 4.4.1.
> b\. Biological factors (habitat/range, seasonality, plant
> classification, plant flowering periods, and pollinators) for proposed
> or listed species from **Table 3. Biological information for proposed
> or listed species in Region 2** in section 4.4.2.
After determining general protection measures from the RPR process as
shown above, individual protection measures may be developed for
specific pesticide applications in a given area. Alternative buffer
zones suggested by individual protection measures may be used as
appropriate according to the type of application or formulation being
used. Supplementary sources of information (e.g., habitat maps, soil
surveys, and evaluations such as risk assessments) should be used to
further refine final protection measures for pesticide applications.
Protection measures for pesticide applications involving Service
facilities should be used on a default basis if protection measures
derived for proposed or listed species are less stringent. When two or
more sets of protection measures are applicable for a particular
pesticide formulation or application, the more restrictive protection
measures are recommended. This may occur when (1) more than one listed
species is involved in a given area (e.g., listed birds-of-prey nesting
in an area that has a listed plant species) or (2) a pesticide has more
than one active ingredient with different toxicities for individual
toxicity groups (e.g., an herbicide that has 2, 4-D combined with
bromacil).
**4.2.1 Approximation of ecotox class ratings**
For determination of buffer zones or other levels of protection,
pesticides that have the same ecotox class ratings are given the same
level of protection regardless of the subscript descriptor (e.g., Class
2~b~, Class 2~e~, or Class 2~sp~ pesticides should all treated as Class
2 pesticides with respect to buffer zones). Active ingredients or
formulations in Table 2 that have a Class 0 rating for a given toxicity
group do not ordinarily require protection measures for that particular
toxicity group unless otherwise indicated by the pesticide label or
other informational sources. Since blank cells in Table 2 generally
reflect cases where pesticide toxicity testing has not been performed
(e.g., household pesticides untested for outdoor uses), additional
information should be obtained on active ingredients or formulations of
pesticides that have blank cells with respect to individual species
prior to use of these particular pesticides in proximity to Service
trust resources. Determination of toxicity for active ingredients or
formulations can generally be made by (1) consulting pesticide
informational sources (e.g., pesticide container labels) or (2)
contacting the pesticide manufacturer to obtain a material safety data
sheet (MSDS).
In addition to the ecotox ratings given in Table 2 for individual active
ingredients, the toxicity ratings scales in Appendix A may be used to
classify pesticide formulations that have (1) more than one active
ingredient and/or (2) potentially toxic adjuvants or carriers. The
following process should be used in approximating ecotox class ratings
from Appendix A:
1\. When toxicity data for a pesticide are available from the
manufacturer or other sources for toxicity groups tested under FIFRA
regulations (i.e., Small Mammal, Gallinaceous Avian, Waterfowl Avian,
Cold Water Fish, Warm Water Fish, and Aquatic Arthropod), the pesticide
should be rated by ecotox class according to the ratings scale in
Appendix A for individual species toxicity groups that potentially will
be affected during application of the pesticide.
2\. For toxicity groups other than those tested under FIFRA, the
following taxonomic groups
> may be modeled accordingly:
>
> a\. Large Mammal and Predatory Mammal from the ecotox ratings for
> Small Mammal.
>
> b\. Large Avian from the ecotox ratings for Waterfowl Avian.
>
> c\. Predatory Avian, Small Avian, and Reptile from the ecotox ratings
> for Gallinaceous Avian.
>
> d\. Aquatic Amphibian or Terrestrial Amphibian from the highest rating
> of either Cold Water Fish or Warm Water Fish.
>
> e\. For the Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity group, pesticides should be
> rated as Class 3 if a particular active ingredient is used as an
> insecticide; otherwise, the Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity group
> should be modeled from the higher rating of either the Aquatic
> Arthropod or Bee toxicity groups.
f\. Bee toxicity group from the ecotox ratings for Aquatic Arthropod.
> g\. Fresh Water Mollusk from the ecotox ratings for Aquatic Arthropod.
Pesticides with multiple active ingredients and/or toxic agents should
be assigned an overall class rating to match the highest level of
toxicity indicated by ratings in Appendix A, Table 2, or other sources.
For example, a nontoxic active ingredient combined in a formulation
together with a highly toxic active ingredient should have an ecotox
rating of Class 2.
**4.2.2 Specific protection measures**
Recommended protection measures for pesticide applications involving
Service trust resources in Region 2 are indicated by specific numbers in
Table 1, which can be used to reference respective protection measures
listed below the table in the sections for Service facilities, migratory
birds, and proposed or listed species.
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| **Table 1. | | |
| Specific | | |
| protection | | |
| measures | | |
| r | | |
| ecommended | | |
| for | | |
| Service | | |
| fac | | |
| ilities,** | | |
| | | |
| * | | |
| *migratory | | |
| birds, and | | |
| proposed | | |
| or listed | | |
| species** | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| **Service | | |
| fa | | |
| cilities** | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| ** | | **p |
| facility** | | rotection |
| | | m |
| | | easures** |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Refuge or | | 1 |
| hatchery | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| * | | |
| *Migratory | | |
| birds** | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| **toxicity | **birds** | **p |
| group** | | rotection |
| | | m |
| | | easures** |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Large | Wading birds | 2 |
| Avian | | |
| | | |
| or Small | | |
| Avian | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Predatory | Burrowing owls | 3 |
| Avian | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Predatory | Falcons, kites, ospreys, owls (other than | 4 |
| Avian | burrowing owls), and small hawks (Cooper's | |
| | hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, Swainson's hawk, | |
| | etc.) | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Predatory | Golden eagles | 5 |
| Avian | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Predatory | Large hawks, (red-tailed hawk, | 6 |
| Avian | red-shouldered hawk, etc.) and other birds | |
| | that eat carrion (caracaras, ravens, | |
| or Small | vultures, etc.) | |
| Avian | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Small | Shorebirds | 7 |
| Avian | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Small | Small migratory birds that may eat | 8 |
| Avian | granular, pellet, or treated seed | |
| | formulations (seed-eating or grit-eating | |
| | species such as doves, finches, meadow | |
| | larks, sparrows, etc.) [^18] | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Small | Small migratory birds that will not eat | 9 |
| Avian | granular, pellet, or treated | |
| | | |
| | seed formulations (insect-eating species | |
| | such as flycatchers, swallows, warblers, | |
| | woodpeckers, wrens, etc.) | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Waterfowl | Geese | 10 |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Waterfowl | Waterfowl (ducks, grebes, loons, | 11 |
| | mergansers, etc.) other than geese | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------+
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| **Proposed | | | | |
| or listed | | | | |
| species** | | | | |
+============+=================+====================+=====+===========+
| **toxicity | **common name** | **scientific | **s | **p |
| group** | | name** | tat | rotection |
| | | | us\ | m |
| | | | *** | easures** |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Large | Sonoran | *Antilocapra | E | none |
| Mammal | pronghorn | americana* | | |
| | | | | |
| | | *sonoriensis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Large | West Indian | *Trichechus | E | none |
| Mammal | manatee | manatus* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | black-footed | *Mustela nigripes* | E, | 13, 17, |
| Mammal | ferret | | XN | 41 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | jaguar | *Panthera onca* | E | 13, 18 |
| Mammal | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | jaguarundi | *Herpailurus (= | E | 1, 13, 18 |
| Mammal | | Felis)* | | |
| | | | | |
| | | *yagouaroundi | | |
| | | cacomitli* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | Louisiana black | *Ursus americanus | T | 12, 13, |
| Mammal | bear | luteolus* | | 42 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | Mexican gray | *Canis lupus* | XN | 13, 17, |
| Mammal | wolf | | | 43 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | ocelot | *Leopardus (= | E | 1, 13, 18 |
| Mammal | | Felis) pardalis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | gray bat | *Myotis | E | 1, 13, 19 |
| Mammal | | grisescens* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Hualapai | *Microtus | E | 13, 14, |
| Mammal | Mexican | mexicanus* | | 21 |
| | | | | |
| | vole | *hualpaiensis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Indiana bat | *Myotis sodalis* | E | 12, 13, |
| Mammal | | | | 19 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | lesser | *Leptonycteris | E | 1, 13, 20 |
| Mammal | (Sanborn's) | curasoae* | | |
| | | | | |
| | long-nosed bat | *yerbabuenae* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Mexican | *Leptonycteris | E | 13, 20 |
| Mammal | | navalis* | | |
| | long-nosed bat | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Mount Graham | *Tamiasciurus | E | 12, 13, |
| Mammal | | hudsonicus | | 14, 21 |
| | red squirrel | grahamensis* | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Ozark big-eared | *Plecotus | E | 1, 13, 19 |
| Mammal | bat | townsendii ingens* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Ga | Attwater's | *Tympanuchus | E | 1, 13, |
| llinaceous | greater | cupido* | | 14, 44 |
| Avian | | | | |
| | prairie-chicken | *attwateri* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Ga | masked bobwhite | *Colinus | E | 1, 13, |
| llinaceous | | virginianus | | 14, 48 |
| Avian | | ridgewayi* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Large | brown pelican | *Pelicanus | T | none |
| Avian | | occidentalis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Large | whooping crane | *Grus americana* | E | 1, 12, |
| Avian | | | | 13, 53 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH, | |
| | | | | |
| | | | XN | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | bald eagle | *Haliaeetus | T | 1, 13, 45 |
| Avian | | leucocephalus* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | California | *Gymnoyps | XN | 13, 17, |
| Avian | condor | californianus* | | 46 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | Mexican spotted | *Strix | T | 12, 13, |
| Avian | owl | occidentalis | | 49 |
| | | lucida* | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | Northern | *Falco femoralis | E | 1, 13, 50 |
| Avian | | septentrionalis* | | |
| | aplomado falcon | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Predatory | pygmy-owl, | *Glaucidium | E | 1, 12, |
| Avian | | brasilianum* | w/ | 13, 14, |
| | cactus | | | 51 |
| | ferruginous | *cactorum* | P | |
| | | | /CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | black-capped | *Vireo | E | 1, 13, |
| Avian | vireo | atricapilla* | | 14, 23 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Eskimo curlew | *Numensis | E | none |
| Avian | | borealis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | golden-cheeked | *Dendroica | E | 1, 13, |
| Avian | warbler | chrysoparia* | | 14, 23 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | interior least | *Sterna | E | 1, 13, |
| Avian | tern | antillarum* | | 14, 47 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | piping plover | *Charadius | T | 1, 12, |
| Avian | | melodus* | | 13, 14 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | red-cockaded | *Picoides | E | 13, 52 |
| Avian | woodpecker | borealis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Southwestern | *Empidonax | E | 1, 12, |
| Avian | | traillii extimus* | | 13, 14, |
| | willow | | w/ | 23 |
| | flycatcher | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Small | Yuma clapper | *Rallus | E | 1, 13, 27 |
| Avian | rail | longirostris | | |
| | | yumanensis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | Concho water | *Nerodia | T | 12, |
| | snake | paucimaculata* | | 13,14, 27 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | desert tortoise | *Gopherus | T | 1, 12, |
| | | agassizii* | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | 54 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | green sea | *Chelonia mydas* | T | none |
| | turtle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | hawksbill sea | *Eretmochleys | E | none |
| | turtle | imbricata* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | Kemp's ridley | *Lepidochleys | E | none |
| | | kempii* | | |
| | sea turtle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | leatherback sea | *Dermochelys | E | none |
| | turtle | coriacea* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | loggerhead sea | *Chelonia caretta* | T | none |
| | turtle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Reptile | New Mexican | *Crotalus willardi | T | 12, 13, |
| | | obscurus* | | 14, 25 |
| | ridge-nosed | | w/ | |
| | rattlesnake | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Barton Springs | *Eurycea sosorum* | E | 13, 15, |
| Amphibian | | | | 16, 55 |
| | salamander | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Chiricahua | *Rana | T | 1, 13, |
| Amphibian | | chiricahuensis* | | 14, 56 |
| | leopard frog | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | San Marcos | *Eurycea nana* | T | 1, 12, |
| Amphibian | salamander | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | 15, 16, |
| | | | | 30 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Sonoran tiger | *Ambystoma | E | 13, 14, |
| Amphibian | salamander | tigrinum | | 26 |
| | | stebbinsi* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Texas blind | *Eurycea rathbuni* | E | 1, 16 |
| Amphibian | salamander | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Houston toad | *Bufo | E | 12, 13, |
| errestrial | | houstonensis* | | 14, 15, |
| Amphibian | | | w/ | 57 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Cold Water | Apache trout | *Oncorhynchus | T | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | apache* | | 14, 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Cold Water | fountain darter | *Etheostoma | E | 14, 15, |
| Fish | [^19] | fonticola* | | 16, 28 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | (Comal |
| | | | | County) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 1, 12, |
| | | | | 14, 15, |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 16, 30 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Hays |
| | | | | County) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 1 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Uvalde |
| | | | | County) |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Cold Water | Gila trout | *Salmo gilae* | E | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | | | 14, 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Cold Water | Ozark cavefish | *Amblyopsis rosae* | T | 16 |
| Fish | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Arkansas River | *Notropis girardi* | T | 12, 13, |
| Fish | shiner | | | 14, 27 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | beautiful | *Cyprinella | T | 1, 12, |
| Fish | shiner | formosa* | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | 26 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Big Bend | *Gambusia gaigei* | E | 13, 14, |
| Fish | gambusia | | | 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | bonytail chub | *Gila elegans* | E | 1, 12, |
| Fish | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | 27 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Chihuahua chub | *Gila nigrescens* | T | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | | | 14, 27 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Clear Creek | *Gambusia | E | 13, 14, |
| Fish | gambusia | heterochir* | | 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Colorado | *Ptychocheilus | E | 1, 12, |
| Fish | pikeminnow | lucius* | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH, | 17, 27 |
| | | | | |
| | | | XN | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Comanche | *Cyprinodon | E | 13, 14, |
| Fish | Springs | elegans* | | 31 |
| | | | | |
| | pupfish | | | ( Jeff |
| | | | | Davis and |
| | | | | Reeves |
| | | | | counties) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 1 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Uvalde |
| | | | | County) |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | desert pupfish | *Cyprinodon | E | 1, 12, |
| Fish | | macularius* | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | 26 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Devils River | *Dionda diaboli* | T | 1, 13, |
| Fish | minnow | | | 14, 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Gila chub | *Gila intermedia* | P/E | 12, 13, |
| Fish | | | | 14, 26 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Gila topminnow | *Poeciliopsis | E | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | occidentalis* | | 14, 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | humpback chub | *Gila cypha* | E | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | | | 14, 27 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Leon Springs | *Cyprinodon | E | 1, 12, |
| Fish | pupfish | bovinus* | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | 29 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | leopard darter | *Percina | T | 12, 13, |
| Fish | | pantherina* | | 14, 27 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Little Colorado | *Lepidomeda | T | 12, 13, |
| Fish | spinedace | vittata* | | 14, 26 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | loach minnow | *Rhinichthys | T | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | (=Tiaroga) | | 14, 27 |
| | | cobitis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Neosho madtom | *Notursu placidus* | T | 13, 14, |
| Fish | | | | 27 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Pecos | *Notropis simus | T | 1, 12, |
| Fish | | pecosensis* | | 13, 14, |
| | bluntnose | | w/ | 27 |
| | shiner | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Pecos gambusia | *Gambusia nobilis* | E | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | | | 14, 26 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (New |
| | | | | Mexico) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 31 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Texas: |
| | | | | |
| | | | | Jeff |
| | | | | Davis and |
| | | | | Reeves |
| | | | | counties) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 29 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Texas: |
| | | | | Pecos |
| | | | | County) |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | razorback | *Xyrauchen | E | 1, 12, |
| Fish | sucker | texanus* | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | 27 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Rio Grande | *Hybognathus | E | 1, 12, |
| Fish | | amarus* | | 13, 14, |
| | silvery minnow | | w/ | 27 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | San Marcos | *Gambusia georgei* | E | 12, 14, |
| Fish | gambusia | | | 15, 16, |
| | | | w/ | 30 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Sonora chub | *Gila ditaenia* | T | 12, 13, |
| Fish | | | | 14, 26 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | spikedace | *Meda fulgida* | T | 12, 13, |
| Fish | | | | 14, 27 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Virgin River | *Gila robusta | E | 1, 13, |
| Fish | chub | seminuda* | | 14, 27 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | woundfin | *Plagopterus | E, | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | argentissimus* | XN | 14, 17, |
| | | | | 27 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Yaqui catfish | *Ictalurus pricei* | T | 1, 12, |
| Fish | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w | 27 |
| | | | /CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Yaqui chub | *Gila purpurea* | E | 1, 12, |
| Fish | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | 26 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Warm Water | Yaqui topminnow | *Poeciliopsis | E | 1, 13, |
| Fish | | occidentalis | | 14, 26 |
| | | soronensis* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Comal Springs | *Stygoparnus | E | 16 |
| Arthropod | | comalensis* | | |
| | dryopid beetle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Comal Springs | *Heterelmis | E | 14, 15, |
| Arthropod | | comalensis* | | 28 |
| | riffle beetle | | | |
| | | | | (Comal |
| | | | | County) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 14, 15, |
| | | | | 30 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Hays |
| | | | | County) |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Noel=s amphipod | *Gammarus | P/E | 1, 12, |
| Arthropod | | desperatus* | | 14, 26 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Peck's cave | *Stygobromus | E | 16 |
| Arthropod | amphipod | pecki* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Aquatic | Socorro isopod | *Thermosphaeroma | E | 14, 26 |
| Arthropod | | thermophilum* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | American | *Nicrophorus | E | 13, 58 |
| errestrial | | americanus* | | |
| Arthropod | burying beetle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Bee Creek Cave | *Texella reddelli* | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | | | | 32 |
| Arthropod | harvestman | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Bone Cave | *Texella reyesi* | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | harvestman | | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Braken Bat Cave | *Cicurina venii* | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | | | | 32 |
| Arthropod | meshweaver | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Coffin Cave | *Batrisodes | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | | texanus* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | mold beetle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Cokendolpher | *Texella | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | | cokendolpheri* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | cave harvestman | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Government | *Cicurina vespara* | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | Canyon | | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
| | Bat Cave | | | |
| | meshweaver | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Government | *Neoleptoneta | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | Canyon | microps* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
| | Bat Cave spider | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Helotes mold | *Batrisodes | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | beetle | venyvivi* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Kretschmarr | *Texamaurops | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | Cave | reddelli* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
| | mold beetle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Madla Cave | *Cicurina madla* | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | meshweaver | | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | (no common | *Rhadine exilis* | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | name) | | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | (no common | *Rhadine | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | name) | infernalis* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Robber Baron | *Cicurina baronia* | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | Cave meshweaver | | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Tooth Cave | *Rhadine | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | | persephone* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | ground beetle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Tooth Cave | *Tartarocreagris | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | | texana* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | pseudoscorpion | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| T | Tooth Cave | *Neoleptoneta | E | 13, 14, |
| errestrial | spider | myopica* | | 32 |
| Arthropod | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | Alamosa | *Tryonia alamosae* | E | 13, 14, |
| Mollusk | springsnail | | | 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | Kanab | *Oxyloma haydeni | E | 13, 14, |
| Mollusk | ambersnail | kanabensis* | | 24 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | Koster=s | *Tryonia kosteri* | P/E | 1, 12, |
| Mollusk | tryonia | | | 14, 26 |
| | | | w | |
| | | | /CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | Ouachita | *Arkansia | E | 13, 14, |
| Mollusk | | wheeleri* | | 27 |
| | rock-pocketbook | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | Pecos assiminea | *Assiminea pecos* | P/E | 1, 12, |
| Mollusk | | | | 14, 26 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | (New |
| | | | | Mexico) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 12, 13, |
| | | | | 14, 29 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Texas: |
| | | | | Pecos |
| | | | | County) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 12, 13, |
| | | | | 14, 31 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Texas: |
| | | | | Reeves |
| | | | | County) |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | Roswell | *Pyrgulopsis | P/E | 1, 12, |
| Mollusk | springsnail | roswellensis* | | 14, 26 |
| | (pyrg) | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | scaleshell | *Leptodea | E | 13, 14, |
| Mollusk | mussel | leptidon* | | 27 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | Socorro pyrg | *Pyrgulopsis | E | 13, 14, |
| Mollusk | (springsnail) | neomexicana* | | 26 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Freshwater | winged | *Quadula fragosa* | E | 13, 14, |
| Mollusk | mapleleaf | | | 27 |
| | mussel | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Arizona agave | *Agave arizonica* | E | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 37, 40 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Arizona | *Purshia | E | 13, 14, |
| | cliff-rose | subintegra* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Arizona | *Echinocereus | E | 13, 14, |
| | | triglochidiatus | | 34, 39 |
| | hedgehog cactus | arizonicus* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Ashy dogweed | *Thymophylla | E | 1, 13, |
| | | tephroleuca* | | 14, 34, |
| | | | | 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Black lace | *Echinocereus | E | 13, 14, |
| | cactus | reichenbachi* | | 34, 40 |
| | | | | |
| | | *var. albertii* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Brady | *Pediocactus | E | 13, 14, |
| | | bradyi* | | 34, 39 |
| | pincushion | | | |
| | cactus | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Bunched cory | *Coryphantha | T | 13, 14, |
| | cactus | ramillosa* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Canelo Hills | *Spiranthes | E | 13, 14, |
| | | delitescens* | | 37, 39 |
| | ladies=-tresses | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Chisos Mountain | *Echinocereus | T | 13, 14, |
| | | chisoensis* | | 34, 40 |
| | hedgehog cactus | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Cochise | *Coryphantha | T | 13, 14, |
| | | robbinsorum* | | 34, 39 |
| | pincushion | | | |
| | cactus | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Davis green | *Echinocereus | E | 13, 14, |
| | pitaya | viridiflorus* | | 34, 39 |
| | | | | |
| | | *var. davisii* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Eastern | *Platanthera | T | 13, 14, |
| | | leucophaea* | | 36, 40 |
| | prairie-fringed | | | |
| | orchid | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Gypsum | *Eriogonum | T | 12, 13, |
| | | gypsophilum* | | 14, 34, |
| | wild-buckwheat | | w/ | 39 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Hinckley=s oak | *Quercus | T | 13, 14, |
| | | hinckleyi* | | 34 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Holy Ghost | *Ipomopsis | E | 13, 14, |
| | ipomopsis | sancti-spiritus* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Huachucha | *Lilaeopsis | E | 1, 13, |
| | | schaffneriana* | | 14, 35, |
| | water-umbel | | | 39 |
| | | *recurva* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Johnston=s | *Frankenia | E | 1, 13, |
| | frankenia | johnstonii* | | 14, 34, |
| | | | | 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Jones | *Cycladenia | T | 13, 14, |
| | cycladenia | humilis jonesii* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Kearney=s | *Amsonia | E | 1, 13, |
| | bluestar | kearneyana* | | 14, 34, |
| | | | | 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Knowlton cactus | *Pediocactus | E | 13, 14, |
| | | knowltonii* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Kuenzler | *Echinocereus | E | 1, 13, |
| | | fendleri* | | 14, 34, |
| | hedgehog cactus | | | 39 |
| | | *var. kuenzleri* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Lee pincushion | *Coryphantha | T | 13, 14, |
| | cactus | sneedii var. leei* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Large-fruited | *Abronia | E | 13, 14, |
| | | macrocarpa* | | 34, 40 |
| | sand-verbena | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Little Aguja | *Potamogeton | E | 13, 14, |
| | pondweed | clystocarpus* | | 38, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Lloyd's | *Echinomastus | T | 13, 14, |
| | Mariposa cactus | mariposensis* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Mancos | *Astragalus | E | 13, 14, |
| | milk-vetch | humillimus* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Mesa Verde | *Sclerocactus | T | 13, 14, |
| | cactus | mesae-verdae* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Navajo sedge | *Carex specuicloa* | T | 12, 13, |
| | | | | 37 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Navasota | *Spiranthes | E | 13, 14, |
| | | parksii* | | 36, 40 |
| | ladies=-tresses | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Nellie cory | *Coryphantha | E | 13, 14, |
| | cactus | minima* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Nichol's Turk's | *Echinocactus* | E | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 34, 39 |
| | head cactus | *horizonthalonium | | |
| | | nicholii* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Pecos sunflower | *Helianthus | T | 1, 13, |
| | | paradoxus* | | 14, 34, |
| | | | | 40 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (New |
| | | | | Mexico) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 29, 40 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Texas: |
| | | | | Pecos |
| | | | | County) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | or |
| | | | | |
| | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 31, 40 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (Texas: |
| | | | | Reeves |
| | | | | County) |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Peebles Navajo | *Pediocactus | E | 13, 14, |
| | cactus | peeblesianus | | 34, 39 |
| | | peeblesianus* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Pima pineapple | *Coryphantha | E | 1, 13, |
| | cactus | scheeri* | | 14, 34, |
| | | | | 39 |
| | | *robustispina* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Sacramento | *Cirsium vinaceum* | T | 13, 34, |
| | Mountains | | | 40 |
| | thistle | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Sacramento | *Argemone | E | 13, 34, |
| | | pleiacantha* | | 40 |
| | prickly-poppy | | | |
| | | *ssp. | | |
| | | pinnatisecta* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | San Francisco | *Senecio | T | 12, 13, |
| | groundsel | franciscanus* | | 39 |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Sentry | *Astragalus | E | 13, 14, |
| | milk-vetch | cremnophylax | | 34, 39 |
| | | cremnophylax* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Siler | *Pediocactus | T | 13, 14, |
| | | sileri* | | 34, 39 |
| | pincushion | | | |
| | cactus | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Slender | *Hoffmannseggia | E | 13, 14, |
| | rush-pea | tenella* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Sneed | *Coryphantha | E | 1, 13, |
| | | sneedii* | | 14, 34, |
| | pincushion | | | 39 |
| | cactus | *var. sneedii* | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | South Texas | *Ambrosia | E | 13, 14, |
| | ambrosia | cheiranthifolia* | | 34 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Star cactus | *Astrophytum | E | 13, 14, |
| | | asterias* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Terlingua Creek | *Cryptantha | E | 13, 14, |
| | | crassipes* | | 34, 39 |
| | cat's-eye | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Texas ayenia | *Ayenia limitaris* | E | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Texas | *Callirhoe | E | 13, 14, |
| | poppy-mallow | scabriuscula* | | 34, 40 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Texas prairie | *Hymenoxys texana* | E | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 34, 39 |
| | dawn-flower | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Texas snowbells | *Styrax texanus* | E | 13, 14, |
| | | | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Texas trailing | *Phlox nivalis | E | 13, 14, |
| | phlox | ssp. texensis* | | 33, 40 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Texas wild-rice | *Zizania texana* | E | 1, 12, |
| | | | | 13, 14, |
| | | | w/ | |
| | | | CH | 15, 30 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Tobusch | *Ancistrocactus | E | 13, 14, |
| | fishhook cactus | tobuschii* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Todsen's | *Hedeoma todsenii* | E | 12, 13, |
| | pennyroyal | | | 14, 34, |
| | | | w/ | 40 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Walker's manioc | *Manhiot walkerae* | E | 1, 13, |
| | | | | 14, 34, |
| | | | | 40 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Welsh's | *Asclepias | T | 12, 13, |
| | milkweed | welshii* | | 14, 34, |
| | | | w/ | 40 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Western prairie | *Platanthera | T | 13, 14, |
| | | praeclara* | | 36, 40 |
| | fringed orchid | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | White | *Lesquerella | E | 13, 14, |
| | bladderpod | pallida* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Zapata | *Lesquerella | E | 12, 13, |
| | bladderpod | thamnophila* | | 14, 34, |
| | | | w/ | 39 |
| | | | CH | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| Plant | Zuni fleabane | *Erigeron | T | 13, 14, |
| | | rhizomatus* | | 34, 39 |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
| \* Status: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| > E = | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| Endangered | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| > T = | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| Threatened | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| > P/E = | | | | |
| > Proposed | | | | |
| > for | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| Endangered | | | | |
| > Status | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| > P/T = | | | | |
| > Proposed | | | | |
| > for | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| Threatened | | | | |
| > Status | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| > w/ CH = | | | | |
| > with | | | | |
| > Critical | | | | |
| > Habitat | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| > w/ P/CH | | | | |
| > = with | | | | |
| > Proposed | | | | |
| > Critical | | | | |
| > Habitat | | | | |
| > | | | | |
| > XN = | | | | |
| > Ex | | | | |
| perimental | | | | |
+------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----+-----------+
**4.3 List of Recommended Protection Measures for Service Trust
Resources in Region 2**
**4.3.1 Service facilities**
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
1\. To protect Service refuges or fish hatcheries, the Service
recommends ---
a\. Applicators should contact the facility before (1) applying
pesticides near facility boundaries with mechanized ground or aerial
equipment or (2) implementing a pest control program in the vicinity of
the facility. Pesticides with the least toxicity and persistence in both
soil and water should be used adjacent to a facility=s boundary.
Pesticide should not be used in or adjacent to wetlands or waterbodies
such as canals, ditches, sloughs, etc., that drain into these
facilities. Aerial pesticide applications should be made in swaths
parallel to the facility and its aerial buffer zone. If flight over a
facility is necessary, applicators should maintain a minimal altitude of
2,000 feet and make sure that shutoff of pesticide sprayers or spreaders
has occurred.
> b\. Applicators should use at least a 1-mile buffer zone at a
> facility=s boundary when applying the following avian
> toxicants/deterrents or any other avian toxicant/deterrent.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| aminopyridine (e.g., Avitrol7) |
| |
| chloro-p-toludine hydrochloride (e.g., CPTH, DRC-1339, Starlicide7) |
| |
| fenthion (e.g., Rid-A-Bird7) |
| |
| polybutene adhesive (e.g., Tanglefoot Bird Repellent7) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
c\. Applicators should use at least a 3-mile buffer zone from a
facility's boundary when applying the following predator/rodent control
agents or any pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~
or Class 2~sp~) in the Predatory Mammal toxicity group.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium cyanide strychnine |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* famphur (e.g., Warbex7) † sodium fluoroacetate |
| zinc phosphide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents inside the 3-mile buffer zone if (1) the pesticide |
| is applied on bait sticks inside heavily used burrows of the rodent |
| colony and (2) all tunnel entrances of the colony are covered up. |
| |
| H Animal carcasses with famphur-treated hides should be removed, |
| buried, or otherwise covered inside the 3-mile buffer zone. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
d\. Applicators should use the following protection measures to protect
Service refuges or fish hatcheries for applying pesticides except for
the pesticides previously indicated above (i.e., avian
toxicants/deterrents, predator/rodent control agents, or pesticides that
can cause secondary poisoning):
♦ The following buffer zones should be implemented at the facility=s
boundary for (1) any herbicide that rates as either Class 0 or Class 1
for all animal toxicity groups and (2) any non-herbicidal pesticide
(except for avian toxicants/deterrents, predator/rodent control agents,
or secondary poisoning agents) that rates no higher than Class 1 in any
animal toxicity group.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | None |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | none | 30 feet \* | 30 feet | 30 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | none | 30 feet \*H | 150 feet † | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | § | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| H These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 30 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| facility=s | | | | |
| boundary if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are met: | | | | |
| (1) a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication, | | | | |
| (2) | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| residues in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain into | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, and | | | | |
| (3) | | | | |
| proposed or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) have | | | | |
| not been | | | | |
| sighted or | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| § These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| facility=s | | | | |
| boundary if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with low | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver a | | | | |
| spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents, predator/rodent
> control agents, or secondary poisoning agents as indicated above) that
> rate as Class 2 in any animal toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones at the facility=s boundary.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | None | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 300 feet H§ | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, or | | | | |
| treated | | | | |
| seeds are | | | | |
| completely | | | | |
| covered by | | | | |
| soil for up | | | | |
| to 60 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| facility=s | | | | |
| boundary. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| facility=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| boundary | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| § These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| facility=s | | | | |
| boundary if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with low | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver a | | | | |
| spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents, predator/rodent
> control agents, or secondary poisoning agents as indicated above) that
> rate as Class 3 in any animal toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones at the facility=s boundary.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | None | None | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 90 feet | 90 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 450 feet H§ | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 250 feet H | 250 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 3/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, or | | | | |
| treated | | | | |
| seeds are | | | | |
| completely | | | | |
| covered by | | | | |
| soil for up | | | | |
| to 90 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| area to be | | | | |
| protected. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| facility=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| boundary | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| facility=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| boundary | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
2. **Migratory birds**
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
2\. To protect wading birds (egrets, herons, ibises, spoonbills, etc.),
the Service recommends ---
> The following buffer zones should be used near nesting areas
> (colonies, rookeries, etc.) of wading birds for all pesticide
> applications until juveniles have left the nest.[^20] Aerial pesticide
> applications should be made in swaths parallel to a colony or rookery
> and its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
3\. To protect burrowing owls, the Service recommends ---
a\. The following burrow fumigants or any other burrow fumigant should
not be used in nest areas of burrowing owls.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein magnesium phosphide sodium nitrate |
| |
| aluminum phosphide potassium nitrate |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> b\. Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Predatory Avian,
> Small Mammal, or Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity groups should not be
> applied by any method within 1/2 mile of burrowing owl nests until
> birds have left the area.[^21] This includes the following
> predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that can cause
> secondary poisoning (Class 2~sp~ or Class 3~sp~) in the Predatory
> Avian or Small Mammal toxicity groups. Prairie dog colonies should be
> monitored over a period of several days prior to treatment to detect
> the presence of burrowing owls.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone zinc phosphide |
| |
| chlorophacinone sodium cyanide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
> 4\. To protect falcons, kites, ospreys, owls (other than burrowing
> owls), and small hawks (Cooper's hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, Swainson's
> hawk, etc.), the Service recommends ---
>
> a\. Pesticides that rate as Class 0 or Class 1 in the Predatory Avian
> toxicity group should not be applied by any method within 300 feet of
> active nests of these birds-of-prey until juveniles have left the
> nest.[^22] The 300-foot buffer zone is unnecessary for spot or
> mechanized ground applications in existing rights-of-way adjacent to
> nests of these birds-of-prey if pesticide toxicity does not exceed
> Class 1 in the Predatory Avian toxicity group.
b\. Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 pesticide in the
Predatory Avian toxicity group should have the following buffer zones
near active nests of these birds-of-prey until juveniles have left the
nest.[^23]
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet | 300 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
5\. To protect golden eagles, the Service recommends ---
a\. When golden eagles are present in an area, the following
predator/rodent control agents or any Class 2~sp~ or Class 3~sp~
pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning in the Predatory Avian
toxicity group should not be used within normal flying distances of the
species.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium cyanide strychnine |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* famphur (e.g., Warbex7) † sodium fluoroacetate |
| zinc phosphide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents in areas where golden eagles are present if (1) |
| the pesticide is applied on bait sticks inside heavily used burrows |
| of the rodent colony and (2) all tunnel entrances of the colony are |
| covered up. |
| |
| H Animal carcasses with famphur-treated hides should be removed, |
| buried, or otherwise covered in areas where golden eagles are |
| present. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> b\. Pesticides (except for predator/rodent control agents as indicated
> above or any Class 2~sp~ or Class 3~sp~ pesticide that can cause
> secondary poisoning in the Predatory Avian toxicity group) should not
> be applied by any method within 1/4 mile of active nests of golden
> eagles until juveniles have left the nest.[^24] The 1/4-mile buffer
> zone is unnecessary for spot or mechanized ground applications in
> existing rights-of-way adjacent to golden eagle nests if pesticide
> toxicity does not exceed Class 1 in the Predatory Avian toxicity
> group. Aerial pesticide applications should be made in swaths parallel
> to the nest and its aerial buffer zone.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
> 6\. To protect large hawks (red-tailed hawk, red-shouldered hawk,
> etc.) and other birds that eat carrion (caracaras, ravens, vultures,
> etc.), the Service recommends ---
>
> a\. When carrion-eating birds are present, the following
> predator/rodent control agents or any Class 2~sp~ or Class 3~sp~
> pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning in the Predatory Avian
> toxicity group should not be used within normal flying distances of
> these birds.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium cyanide strychnine |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* famphur (e.g., Warbex7) † sodium fluoroacetate |
| zinc phosphide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents in areas where carrion-eating birds are present if |
| (1) the pesticide is applied on bait sticks inside heavily used |
| burrows of the rodent colony and (2) all tunnel entrances of the |
| colony are covered up. |
| |
| H Animal carcasses with famphur-treated hides should be removed, |
| buried, or otherwise covered in areas where carrion-eating birds are |
| present. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> b\. Pesticides (except for predator/rodent control agents as indicated
> above or any Class 2~sp~ or Class 3~sp~ pesticide that can cause
> secondary poisoning in the Predatory Avian toxicity group) should not
> be applied by any method within 1/8 mile for active nests of
> carrion-eating birds-of-prey (caracaras, hawks, and vultures) until
> juveniles have left the nest.[^25] The 1/8-mile buffer zone is
> unnecessary for spot or mechanized ground applications in existing
> rights-of-way adjacent to nests of these birds-of-prey if pesticide
> toxicity does not exceed Class 1 in the Predatory Avian Group. Aerial
> pesticide applications should be made in swaths parallel to the nest
> and its aerial buffer zone.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
7\. To protect shorebirds (avocets, plovers, sandpipers, terns, etc.),
the Service recommends ---
> The following buffer zones should be used near shorebird nesting areas
> for all pesticide applications until juveniles have abandoned the
> area. [^26] Aerial pesticide applications should be made in swaths
> parallel to the nesting area and its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV or dust | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 300 feet | 300 feet | 500 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
> 8\. To protect small migratory birds that may eat granular, pellet, or
> treated seed formulations (seed-eating or grit-eating species such as
> doves, finches, meadowlarks, sparrows, etc.), the Service recommends
> ---
>
> a\. Applicators should not use the following avian
> toxicants/deterrents or any other avian toxicant/deterrent in areas
> where migratory birds (other than pest species) may be affected.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| aminopyridine (e.g., Avitrol7) |
| |
| chloro-p-toludine hydrochloride (e.g., CPTH, DRC-1339, Starlicide7) |
| |
| fenthion (e.g., Rid-A-Bird7) |
| |
| polybutene adhesive (e.g., Tanglefoot Bird Repellent7) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> b\. For applications of pesticides (except for avian
> toxicants/deterrents as indicated above) that rate as Class 2 or Class
> 3 in the Small Avian or Gallinaceous Avian toxicity groups, the
> following buffer zones should be used near species habitat of
> seed-eating or grit-eating migratory birds until the birds have
> abandoned the area.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 30 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 30 feet | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet \* | 80 feet \* | 500 feet \* | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 30 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
> 9\. To protect small migratory birds that will not eat granular,
> pellet, or treated seed formulations (insect-eating species such as
> flycatchers, swallows, warblers, woodpeckers, wrens, etc.), the
> Service recommends ---
>
> a\. Applicators should not use the following avian
> toxicants/deterrents or any other avian toxicant/deterrent in areas
> where migratory birds (other than pest species) may be affected.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| aminopyridine (e.g., Avitrol7) |
| |
| chloro-p-toludine hydrochloride (e.g., CPTH, DRC-1339, Starlicide7) |
| |
| fenthion (e.g., Rid-A-Bird7) |
| |
| polybutene adhesive (e.g., Tanglefoot Bird Repellent7) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> b\. For applications of pesticides (except for avian
> toxicants/deterrents as indicated above) that rate as Class 2 or Class
> 3 in the Small Avian toxicity group, the following buffer zones should
> be used near species habitat of insect-eating migratory birds until
> birds have abandoned the area.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | none | none | None | none |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | none | 30 feet \* | 150 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
10\. To protect geese, the Service recommends ---
> Applicators should adjust seasonal use of pesticides that rate as
> Class 2 or Class 3 in the Waterfowl Avian toxicity group in areas
> where geese concentrate and avoid using these pesticides in these
> areas until birds have migrated for the season. Applications with
> Class 2 or Class 3 pesticides near nests of geese should have the
> following buffer zones until nests have been abandoned.[^27]
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits, ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations, | | | | |
| or dust | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 300 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile \* | 1/4 mile \* |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 300 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
11\. To protect waterfowl (ducks, grebes, loons, mergansers, etc.) other
than geese, the Service recommends ---
> Applicators should adjust seasonal use of pesticides that rate as
> Class 2 or Class 3 in the Waterfowl Avian toxicity group in areas
> where waterfowl concentrate and avoid using these pesticides in these
> areas until birds have migrated for the season. Applications with
> Class 2 or Class 3 pesticides near waterfowl nests should have the
> following buffer zones until nests have been abandoned.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 60 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 30 feet | 60 feet | 200 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 100 feet \* | 100 feet \* | 500 feet \* | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 60 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
**4.3.3 Proposed or listed species**
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
12\. To protect species with proposed or designated critical habitat,
the Service recommends ---
> Pesticide use within critical habitat should be kept to a minimum and
> restricted to areas that do not serve as habitat for proposed or
> listed species. For locations of critical habitat, pesticide users can
> (a) check 50 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) § 17.95-17.96 which can
> be found at http://www.gpo.gov or (b) contact the nearest Service
> field office. Federal agencies proposing to authorize, fund, or carry
> out pesticide applications that can adversely modify critical habitat
> (brush control, removal of prey species, etc.) must consult with the
> Service. The county extension service, state agricultural department,
> or nearest Service field office should be consulted for information on
> alternative protection measures for pesticide use inside or adjacent
> to critical habitat when protection measures as specified in the RPR
> cannot be implemented.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
13\. To protect species on refuges, preserves, or public lands that are
not part of the Service refuge system, the Service recommends ---
> Applicators or relevant agencies using pesticides in refuges,
> preserves, or public lands should identify areas where proposed or
> listed species and critical habitat may be affected by pesticide
> applications. If a proposed or listed species or critical habitat is
> present, the nearest Service field office should be consulted prior to
> pesticide application for information on appropriate protection
> measures and any necessary incidental take permit or authorization.
> Federal land managers must consult with the Service before application
> of pesticide on Federal lands that may adversely affect proposed or
> listed species or adversely modify critical habitat.[^28]
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
14\. To protect species inside or adjacent to rights-of-way, the Service
recommends ---
> Applicators or relevant agencies using pesticides in right-of-way
> corridors should identify areas where proposed or listed species and
> critical habitat may be affected. If a proposed or listed species or
> critical habitat is present, the nearest Service field office should
> be consulted for information on appropriate protection measures and
> for any necessary incidental take permit or authorization. To
> determine locations of critical habitat, applicators can (a) check 50
> CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) § 17.94 -17.96 which can be found at
> http://www.gpo.gov or (b) contact the nearest Service field office.
> Pesticide users should determine where remnants of proposed or listed
> species habitat exist in border areas (fence lines, hedgerows, etc.)
> along rights-of-way and implement pesticide protection measures for
> these areas. Applicators using mechanized equipment in right-of-way
> corridors should use either liquid streams or relatively coarse sprays
> to minimize spray drift into species habitat.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
15\. To protect species inside or adjacent to municipal parks, golf
courses, or other managed areas, the Service recommends ---
> Applicators or relevant agencies using pesticides on managed areas
> (golf courses, municipal parks, etc.) in close proximity to proposed
> or listed species or critical habitat should identify areas on the
> facility where these species or critical habitat may be affected by
> facility operations. When pesticides and fertilizers can be
> transported into species habitat by spray drift or surface runoff, use
> of pesticides and fertilizers on the facility should be minimized and
> an integrated pest management (IPM) plan should be developed for the
> facility. Water quality in habitat of aquatic listed species should be
> monitored for habitat adjacent to managed areas, and water quality
> monitoring should also be part of the IPM plan. Pesticide users may
> contact the county extension service for assistance in developing an
> IPM plan.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
16\. To protect below ground or spring-dependent species from aquifer
contamination, the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticides with the least acute toxicity and persistence should be
> selected for use near open waterbodies or sensitive geologic features
> such as caves, sinkholes, crevices, etc. A pesticide's potential for
> inducing chronic toxicity in below ground or spring-dependent animal
> species should be considered if (1) treatment involves repeated
> applications, (2) the pesticide is persistent, or (3) a chronic
> condition may occur in these species by a single application of
> pesticide. The ability of a pesticide to leach through the soil should
> also be considered, and highly soluble pesticides should be avoided.
> Nontoxic carrier materials or adjuvants (drift retardants,
> surfactants, etc.) should be used for any application. A determination
> of toxicity should be made for carrier materials or adjuvants through
> informational sources such as container labels or MSDSs (material
> safety data sheets) or by contacting the manufacturer.
b\. Use of pesticides in watersheds with below ground or
spring-dependent species should be minimized including both ground water
and surface water. Pesticides should be applied at minimal rates without
repeated applications. Pesticide operations such as loading, storing,
mixing, and rinsing of containers should be conducted away from springs,
wells, and sensitive geologic features. Applicators should prevent
pesticides from entering (1) ground water of the aquifer via percolation
or leaching or (2) surface water that flows into storm drains or aquifer
recharge features such as caves, sinkholes, crevices, etc. Pesticide
spray drift should be confined to areas of treatment and not be allowed
to move into nontarget areas. Where possible, pesticide applications
should have a vegetated buffer strip of at least 30 feet in drainage
areas of the treated area to minimize pesticide residues in surface
runoff.
> c\. A comprehensive watershed analysis should be conducted by Federal,
> state, or local agencies before implementing pesticide programs for
> control of pests or invasive species in watersheds that potentially
> involve below ground or spring-dependent species. After the watershed
> analysis has been conducted, further restrictions on pesticide
> application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the pesticide
> control program will not impact these species. If a pesticide control
> program can affect underground or spring-dependent species, the
> Service should be consulted for appropriate protection measures and
> for any necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
17\. To protect species with experimental populations, the Service
recommends ---
> Populations of listed species with experimental status should be
> located in areas of release before application of pesticides that can
> affect these species. Pesticide users should contact the nearest
> Service field office for applications involving (a) essential
> experimental populations on either public or private lands or (b)
> nonessential experimental populations in National Parks or National
> Wildlife Refuges. The Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
> treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
> incidental take authorization or permit. Additional special rules may
> also apply (see 50 CFR \[Code of Federal Regulations\] § 17.8, which
> can be found at http://www.gpo.gov).
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
18\. To protect cat species (e.g., jaguar, jaguarundi, or ocelot), the
Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
> Service protocols before application of any predator/rodent control
> agent inside or close to species habitat.[^29] Pesticide users should
> contact the nearest Service field office for information on survey
> protocols. A scientific permit should be obtained from the Service
> before conducting a species survey. After a survey has been conducted,
> further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
> Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For
> occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
> should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit.
>
> b\. The following predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~ or 2~sp~) in the Predatory
> Mammal toxicity group should not be used within 3 miles of occupied
> habitat as defined by a Service-approved survey.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium fluoroacetate zinc phosphide |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* sodium cyanide strychnine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents inside occupied habitat or the 3-mile buffer zone |
| if (1) treatment is approved by the Service, (2) the pesticide is |
| applied on bait sticks inside heavily used burrows of the rodent |
| colony, and (3) all tunnel entrances of the colony are covered up. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
19\. To protect insect-eating bat species (e.g., gray bat, Indiana bat,
or Ozark big-eared bat), the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service field office
> for information on the species before application of pesticide in the
> immediate vicinity of potential bat roosting sites in caves or mines.
> If a survey for the species is necessary, survey protocols and a
> scientific permit should be obtained from the Service. Further
> restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the Service
> concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. If a roosting
> site is occupied, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
> treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
> incidental take authorization or permit.
b\. For pesticide applications involving species habitat, measures to
protect the species are:
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides that are rated as
Class 0 or Class 1 in the Small Mammal toxicity group. Applicators using
these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects for proposed or
listed species will not occur inside species habitat as a result of
pesticide application.
> ♦ Pesticides rated as Class 2 in the Small Mammal toxicity group
> should have the following buffer zones from (1) any entrance of an
> occupied roost or (2) a potential roost site that has not been
> surveyed.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 300 feet H§ | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 1½-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| site if | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| site | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| site if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
20\. To protect nectar-eating bat species (e.g., lesser (Sanborn=s)
long-nosed bat or Mexican long-nosed bat), the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service field office
> for information on the species before application of pesticide in the
> immediate vicinity of potential bat roosting sites in hollow trees,
> caves, mines, or culverts. If a survey for the species is necessary,
> survey protocols and a scientific permit should be obtained from the
> Service. Further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary
> if the Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species.
> If a roosting site is occupied, the Service should be consulted prior
> to pesticide treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any
> necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
b\. For pesticide applications involving species habitat, measures to
protect the species are:
♦ Pesticide users applying herbicides (Class D, M, or NS) on rangeland
areas with agave, century plants, or columnar cacti that are within 40
miles of a known bat roosting site should contact the Service for
information on appropriate protection measures if the area of
application is greater than five acres. Spot or mechanized ground
applications of herbicides in existing rights-of-way ordinarily do not
require protection measures unless agave, century plants, or columnar
cacti are substantially involved.
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides that are rated as
Class 0 or Class 1 in the Small Mammal toxicity group. Applicators using
these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects for proposed or
listed species will not occur inside species habitat as a result of
pesticide application.
♦ Pesticides rated as Class 2 in the Small Mammal toxicity group should
have the following buffer zones from (1) any entrance of an occupied
roost or (2) a potential roost site that has not been surveyed.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | None | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 300 feet H§ | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 1½-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| site if | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| site | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| site if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
21\. To protect small mammal species (e.g., Hualapai Mexican vole or
Mount Graham red squirrel), the Service recommends ---
a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or adjacent to
species habitat. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service
field office for information on survey protocols. A scientific permit
should be obtained from the Service before conducting a species survey.
After a survey has been conducted, further restrictions on pesticide
application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the habitat is
unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not
been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
incidental take authorization or permit.
b\. For pesticide applications involving occupied habitat or species
habitat that has not been surveyed, measures to protect the species are:
♦ Buffer zones at the edge of species habitat are usually unnecessary
for non-herbicidal pesticides (e.g., fungicides) rated as Class 0 in the
Small Mammal toxicity group. Applicators using these pesticides should
make sure that adverse effects for proposed or listed species will not
occur inside species habitat as a result of pesticide application.
♦ The following buffer zones should be implemented at the edge of
species habitat for (1) herbicides that rate as either Class 0 or Class
1 in the Small Mammal toxicity group and (2) any non-herbicidal
pesticides that rate as Class 1 in the Small Mammal toxicity group.
+----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Buffer Zones | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High |
| ^1^ | | ground | ap | aerial |
| | app | a | plications | ap |
| | lications | pplications | ^3^ | plications |
| | ^2^ | | | ^3^ |
+----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| All | 1/8 mile | 1/8 mile | 1/8 mile | 1/8 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| other than ULV | | | | |
| or dust | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
+----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| ULV or dust | 1/8 mile | 1/8 mile | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection and | | | | |
| the closest | | | | |
| point of the | | | | |
| last spot | | | | |
| application or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence lines, | | | | |
| canal dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may be | | | | |
| used as part | | | | |
| of a buffer | | | | |
| zone if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or a | | | | |
| sensitive | | | | |
| area. Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 to | | | | |
| 10 miles per | | | | |
| hour, and no | | | | |
| rainfall for | | | | |
| 48 hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed when | | | | |
| implementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| hand-operated | | | | |
| equipment or | | | | |
| (2) a spray | | | | |
| gun that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide in | | | | |
| liquid streams | | | | |
| from a spray | | | | |
| tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and high | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| (respectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 feet | | | | |
| or greater | | | | |
| than 10 feet) | | | | |
| are relative | | | | |
| to the height | | | | |
| of the nozzles | | | | |
| or spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) the | | | | |
| canopy of the | | | | |
| field crop or | | | | |
| native plant | | | | |
| community or | | | | |
| (2) a bare | | | | |
| ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than 40 | | | | |
| percent grass | | | | |
| cover, the top | | | | |
| of the grass | | | | |
| canopy should | | | | |
| be used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application is | | | | |
| low or high. | | | | |
| For forested | | | | |
| lands or dense | | | | |
| shrubland with | | | | |
| less than 40 | | | | |
| percent grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of trees | | | | |
| or shrubs | | | | |
| should be used | | | | |
| in determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 ULV (ultra | | | | |
| low volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| applied at a | | | | |
| rate of 1/2 | | | | |
| gallon or less | | | | |
| per acre. | | | | |
+----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 in the Small Mammal toxicity group
> should have the following buffer zones from the edge of species
> habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV or dust | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
22\. To protect bird species that may eat granular, pellet, or treated
seed formulations, the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
> Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or adjacent
> to species habitat. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service
> field office for information on survey protocols. A scientific permit
> should be obtained from the Service before conducting a species
> survey. After a survey has been conducted, further restrictions on
> pesticide application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the
> habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat
> that has not been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to
> pesticide treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any
> necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
b\. Applicators should use at least a 1-mile buffer zone at the edge of
species habitat when applying the following avian toxicants/deterrents
or any other avian toxicant/deterrent.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| aminopyridine (e.g., Avitrol7) |
| |
| chloro-p-toludine hydrochloride (e.g., CPTH, DRC-1339, Starlicide7) |
| |
| fenthion (e.g., Rid-A-Bird7) |
| |
| polybutene adhesive (e.g., Tanglefoot Bird Repellent7) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> c\. Applicators should use the following buffer zones for application
> of pesticides other than avian toxicants/deterrents as indicated
> above. Recommended buffer zones should be implemented for areas that
> are (1) adjacent to (but not within) occupied habitat or (2) species
> habitat that has not been surveyed.
>
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides (except for
> avian toxicants/deterrents) that are rated as Class 0 in the species'
> toxicity group. Applicators using these pesticides should make sure
> that adverse effects for proposed or listed species will not occur
> inside species habitat as a result of pesticide application.
♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents) that rate as Class
1 in the species' toxicity group should have the following buffer zones
when applied at the edge of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 30 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | none | 30 feet \* | 150 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - A | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| using | | | | |
| these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents) that rate as
> Class 2 in this species' toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones when applied at the edge of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 40 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 90 feet | 90 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 300 feet H§ | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, or | | | | |
| treated | | | | |
| seeds are | | | | |
| completely | | | | |
| covered by | | | | |
| soil for up | | | | |
| to 60 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| edge of the | | | | |
| area to be | | | | |
| protected. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents) that rate as
> Class 3 in this species' toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones when applied at the edge of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 50 feet \* | 100 feet \* | 100 feet | 100 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 450 feet H§ | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 250 feet H | 250 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 3/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, or | | | | |
| treated | | | | |
| seeds are | | | | |
| completely | | | | |
| covered by | | | | |
| soil for up | | | | |
| to 100 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| edge of the | | | | |
| area to be | | | | |
| protected. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
23\. To protect bird species that will not eat granular, pellet, or
treated seed formulations (e.g., black-capped vireo, golden-cheeked
warbler, or Southwestern willow flycatcher), the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
> Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or adjacent
> to species habitat. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service
> field office for information on survey protocols. A scientific permit
> should be obtained from the Service before conducting a species
> survey. After a survey has been conducted, further restrictions on
> pesticide application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the
> habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat
> that has not been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to
> pesticide treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any
> necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
b\. Applicators should use at least a 1-mile buffer zone at the edge of
species habitat when applying the following avian toxicants/deterrents
or any other avian toxicant/deterrent.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| aminopyridine (e.g., Avitrol7) |
| |
| chloro-p-toludine hydrochloride (e.g., CPTH, DRC-1339, Starlicide7) |
| |
| fenthion (e.g., Rid-A-Bird7) |
| |
| polybutene adhesive (e.g., Tanglefoot Bird Repellent7) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
c\. Applicators should use the following buffer zones for application of
pesticides other than avian toxicants/deterrents as indicated above.
Recommended buffer zones should be implemented for areas that are (1)
adjacent to (but not within) occupied habitat or (2) species habitat
that has not been surveyed.
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides (except for
> avian toxicants/deterrents) that are rated as Class 0 in the species'
> toxicity group. Applicators using these pesticides should make sure
> that adverse effects for proposed or listed species will not occur
> inside species habitat as a result of pesticide application.
>
> ♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents) that rate as
> Class 1 in the species' toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones when applied at the edge of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | none | 30 feet \* | 30 feet | 30 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | none | 30 feet \* | 150 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 1½-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents) that rate as
> Class 2 in this species' toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones when applied at the edge of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 300 feet H§ | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 1½-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for avian toxicants/deterrents) that rate as
> Class 3 in this species' toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones when applied at the edge of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 90 feet | 90 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 450 feet H§ | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 250 feet H | 250 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 3/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 1½-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
24\. To protect habitat-restricted animal species (e.g., Kanab
ambersnail), the Service recommends ---
a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or adjacent to
species habitat. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service
field office for information on survey protocols. A scientific permit
should be obtained from the Service before conducting a species survey.
After a survey has been conducted, further restrictions on pesticide
application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the habitat is
unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not
been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
incidental take authorization or permit.
> b\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) occupied
> habitat or species habitat that has not been surveyed, measures to
> protect the species are:
>
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for non-herbicidal pesticides
> (e.g., fungicides) that are rated as Class 0 in the species' toxicity
> group and are also rated as Class 0 or Class 1 in the food toxicity
> group(s) of the species. Applicators using these pesticides should
> make sure that adverse effects for proposed or listed species will not
> occur inside species habitat as a result of pesticide application.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 1 in the species' toxicity group
> should have the following buffer zones when applied at the edge of
> species habitat. The buffer zones should also be used for pesticides
> that rate as (1) Class D, (2) Class M, (3) Class NS, or (4) either
> Class 2 or Class 3 in the food toxicity group(s) of the species but
> are not rated higher than Class 1 in the species' toxicity group.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | none | 30 feet \* | 30 feet | 30 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | none | 30 feet \* | 150 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 in this species= toxicity group
> should have the following buffer zones when applied at the edge of
> species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 300 feet H§ | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 3 in this species= toxicity group
> should have the following buffer zones when applied at the edge of
> species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 90 feet | 90 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet \* | 90 feet \* | 450 feet H§ | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 250 feet H | 250 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 3/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| proposed | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| listed | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| | | | | |
| components | | | | |
| (nests, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| roosting | | | | |
| sites, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| documented | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 90 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
25\. To protect habitat-unrestricted animal species (e.g., New Mexican
ridge-nosed rattlesnake), the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
> Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or adjacent
> to species habitat. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service
> field office for information on survey protocols. A scientific permit
> should be obtained from the Service before conducting a species
> survey. After a survey has been conducted, further restrictions on
> pesticide application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the
> habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat
> that has not been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to
> pesticide treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any
> necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
>
> b\. For pesticide applications inside occupied habitat or species
> habitat that has not been surveyed, measures to protect the species
> are:
>
> ♦ Protection measures are usually unnecessary for pesticides rated as
> Class 0 in the species' toxicity group when these pesticides are
> applied inside occupied habitat or un-surveyed habitat. Applicators
> using these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects for
> proposed or listed species will not occur inside species habitat as a
> result of pesticide application.
♦ A pesticide should not be used inside occupied or un-surveyed habitat
if the pesticide rates as Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3 in the species'
toxicity group. A possible exception is the use of fire ant bait
formulations which may be applied inside or adjacent to occupied or
un-surveyed habitat of proposed or listed species. Fire ant formulations
may be used if (1) the proposed or listed species are not arthropods or
mollusks and (2) prey or pollinators of proposed or listed species will
not be impacted.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
26\. To protect animal species in small aquatic habitat or shallows of
large waterbodies, the Service recommends ---
a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or adjacent to
waterbodies and wetlands that serve as species habitat. Pesticide users
should contact the nearest Service field office for information on
survey protocols. A scientific permit should be obtained from the
Service before conducting a species survey. After a survey has been
conducted, further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary
if the Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species.
For occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate
protection measures and for any necessary incidental take authorization
or permit. The Service should also be consulted before implementation of
a pesticide program for control of pests or invasive species within 1
mile of aquatic habitat of the species.
b\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside waterbodies or
wetlands serving as species habitat unless approved by the Service. This
includes (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream
from the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring
run. Downstream from the habitat area, these aquatic pesticides should
not be applied any closer than 300 feet.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
c\. Applicators should use the following buffer zones for application of
pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands that serve as
species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used for (1) all of
the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from the habitat area
in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run. The buffer zones
should also be applied for at least 300 feet downstream from species
habitat.
♦ Pesticides that rate as either Class 0 or Class 1 in either the
species' toxicity group or food toxicity group(s) of the species should
have the following buffer zones when applied at the edge of the
waterbody or wetland to be protected.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 30 feet \* | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 30 feet \* | 350 feet H§ | 450 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 400 feet § | 400 feet § | 1/8 mile § | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 10 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if (1) the | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is approved | | | | |
| by the | | | | |
| Service and | | | | |
| (2) the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is applied | | | | |
| by | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| † These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 300 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| § These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 300 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with low | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver a | | | | |
| spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 in either the species' toxicity
> group or in the food toxicity group of the species should have the
> following buffer zones when applied at the edge of the waterbody or
> wetland to be protected.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 450 feet | 450 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 3 in either the species' toxicity group
or in the food toxicity group of the species should have the following
buffer zones when applied at the edge of the waterbody or wetland to be
protected.
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer Zones | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | app | applications | pplications | pplications |
| | lications | | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 100 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 100 feet | 400 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/2 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 500 feet | 500 feet | 1/4 mile | 3/4 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of the | | | | |
| last spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence lines, | | | | |
| canal dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may be | | | | |
| used as part | | | | |
| of a buffer | | | | |
| zone if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or a | | | | |
| sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 to | | | | |
| 10 miles per | | | | |
| hour, and no | | | | |
| rainfall for | | | | |
| 48 hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| implementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| h | | | | |
| and-operated | | | | |
| equipment or | | | | |
| (2) a spray | | | | |
| gun that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide in | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| streams from | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| (r | | | | |
| espectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 feet | | | | |
| or greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the field | | | | |
| crop or | | | | |
| native plant | | | | |
| community or | | | | |
| (2) a bare | | | | |
| ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the top of | | | | |
| the grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, and | | | | |
| treated seed | | | | |
| but do not | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| liquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV (ultra | | | | |
| low volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| applied at a | | | | |
| rate of 1/2 | | | | |
| gallon or | | | | |
| less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
27\. To protect animal species in large aquatic habitat, the Service
recommends ---
a\. A survey should be conducted for the species in accordance with
Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or adjacent to
waterbodies and wetlands that serve as species habitat. Pesticide users
should contact the nearest Service field office for information on
survey protocols. A scientific permit should be obtained from the
Service before conducting a species survey. After a survey has been
conducted, further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary
if the Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species.
For occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate
protection measures and for any necessary incidental take authorization
or permit. The Service should also be consulted before implementation of
a pesticide program for control of pests or invasive species within 1
mile of aquatic habitat of the species.
b\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside waterbodies or
wetlands serving as species habitat unless approved by the Service. This
includes (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1/2 mile upstream
from the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring
run. Downstream from the habitat area, these aquatic pesticides should
not be applied any closer than 300 feet.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
c\. Applicators should use the following buffer zones for application of
pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands that serve as
species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used for (1) all of
the habitat area and (2) at least 1/2 mile upstream from the habitat
area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run. The buffer
zones should also be applied for at least 300 feet downstream from
species habitat.
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides rated as Class 0
in this species= toxicity group when these pesticides are applied at the
edge of the waterbody or wetland to be protected. Applicators using
these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects for proposed or
listed species will not occur inside species habitat as a result of
pesticide application.
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 1 in this species= toxicity group should
have the following buffer zones when applied at the edge of the
waterbody or wetland to be protected.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 80 feet \*H | 200 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet \* | 150 feet \* | 500 feet \* | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 50 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in this species= toxicity
group should have the following buffer zones when applied at the edge of
the waterbody or wetland to be protected.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet | 100 feet | 350 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 200 feet \* | 200 feet \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 100 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 100 | | | | |
| feet at | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
28\. To protect Comal River species (Comal Springs riffle beetle and
fountain darter), the Service recommends ---
> Application of pesticide inside the following Pesticide Sensitive Area
> should have the protection measures indicated below. If protection
> measures for a pesticide application within the Pesticide Sensitive
> Area cannot be implemented, the pesticide user should contact the
> Austin field office of the Service at 512-490-0057 for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit. The Service should also be consulted before
> implementation of a pesticide program for control of pests or invasive
> species inside the Pesticide Sensitive Area.
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Comal County, The area within 1/8 mile of Landa Lake, Blieders Creek,
Texas Dry Comal Creek, Panther Canyon draw, and all of the
Comal River to the Guadalupe River confluence
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
> a\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
> other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
> aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside species
> habitat unless approved by the Service. This includes any tributary or
> spring run within 1/2 mile of the Pesticide Sensitive Area defined
> above.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> b\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
> application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
> that serve as species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used
> for (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1/2 mile upstream
> from the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or
> spring run. The buffer zones should also be applied for at least 300
> feet downstream from species habitat.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 0 or Class 1 in the Cold Water Fish or
> Aquatic Arthropod toxicity groups should have the following buffer
> zones when applied at the edge of any waterbody or aquifer recharge
> feature (cave, sinkhole, crevice, etc.) within the Pesticide Sensitive
> Area defined above.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 80 feet \*H | 200 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet \* | 150 feet \* | 500 feet \* | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 50 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or aquifer | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| aquifer | | | | |
| | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in either the Cold Water
> Fish or Aquatic Arthropod toxicity groups should have the following
> buffer zones when applied at the edge of any waterbody or aquifer
> recharge feature (cave, sinkhole, crevice, etc.) within the Pesticide
> Sensitive Area defined above.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet | 100 feet | 350 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 200 feet \* | 200 feet \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 80 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or aquifer | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 80 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| aquifer | | | | |
| | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
29\. To protect Diamond Y Draw species (Leon Springs pupfish, Pecos
gambusia, and Pecos sunflower), the Service recommends ---
> Application of pesticide inside the following Pesticide Sensitive Area
> should have the protection measures indicated below. If protection
> measures for a pesticide application within the Pesticide Sensitive
> Area cannot be implemented, the pesticide user should contact the
> Austin field office of the Service at 512-490-0057 for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit. The Service should also be consulted before
> implementation of a pesticide program for control of pests or invasive
> species inside the Pesticide Sensitive Area.
------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Pecos The area covered by Leon Creek, Diamond Y Draw, Diamond Y
County, Spring, Gonzalez Spring, and their associated wetlands or
Texas spring runs up to 2 miles east of the crossing of State
Highway 18 over Diamond Y Draw.
------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
> a\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
> other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
> aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside species
> habitat unless approved by the Service. This includes any waterbody or
> wetland within 1 mile of the Pesticide Sensitive Area defined above.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
b\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
that serve as species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used
for (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from
the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run.
The buffer zones should also be applied for at least 300 feet downstream
from species habitat.
> ♦ Pesticides (except for Class D herbicides) that rate as either Class
> 0 or Class 1 in both the Warm Water Fish toxicity group and Aquatic
> Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
> applied at the edge of any waterbody or wetland within the Pesticide
> Sensitive Area defined above.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 30 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 30 feet | 350 feet | 450 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 400 feet | 400 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 in the Warm Water Fish toxicity
> group or Aquatic Arthropod toxicity group should have the following
> buffer zones when applied at the edge of any waterbody or wetland
> within the Pesticide Sensitive Area defined above. The buffer zones
> should also be used for pesticides that rate as Class D, M, or NS but
> are not rated higher than Class 2 in the Warm Water Fish toxicity
> group or Aquatic Arthropod toxicity group.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 450 feet \* | 450 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 3 in the Warm Water Fish toxicity group
or Aquatic Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer
zones when applied at the edge of any waterbody or wetland within the
Pesticide Sensitive Area defined above.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 100 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 100 feet | 400 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 500 feet | 500 feet | 1/4 mile | 3/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
30\. To protect San Marcos River species (Comal Springs riffle beetle,
fountain darter, San Marcos gambusia, San Marcos salamander, and Texas
wild-rice), the Service recommends ---
> Application of pesticides inside the following Pesticide Sensitive
> Area should have the protection measures indicated below. If
> protection measures for a pesticide application within the Pesticide
> Sensitive Area cannot be implemented, the pesticide user should
> contact the Austin field office of the Service at 512-490-0057 for
> appropriate protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit. The Service should also be consulted before
> implementation of a pesticide program for control of pests or invasive
> species inside the Pesticide Sensitive Area.
----------- -----------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Hays The area within 1/8 mile of Spring Lake, Purgatory Creek,
County, Sessom Creek, Sink Creek, and all of the upper San Marcos
Texas River to the Blanco River confluence.
----------- -----------------------------------------------------------
a\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
aquatic herbicides, and mosquito control agents, etc.) inside species
habitat unless approved by the Service. This includes any tributary or
spring run within 1/2 mile of the Pesticide Sensitive Area defined
above.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
b\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
that serve as species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used
for (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1/2 mile upstream from
the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run.
The buffer zones should also be applied for at least 300 feet downstream
from species habitat.
♦ Pesticides (including Class D herbicides) that rate as Class 0 or
Class 1 in the Aquatic Amphibian, Cold Water Fish, Warm Water Fish, or
Aquatic Arthropod toxicity groups should have the following buffer zones
when applied at the edge of any waterbody or aquifer recharge feature
(cave, sinkhole, crevice, etc.) within the Pesticide Sensitive Area
defined above.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 80 feet \*H | 200 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 50 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or aquifer | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| aquifer | | | | |
| | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as (1) Class 2 or Class 3 in any of the Aquatic
Amphibian, Cold Water Fish, Warm Water Fish, or Aquatic Arthropod
toxicity groups, (2) Class M, or (3) Class NS should have the following
buffer zones when applied at the edge of any waterbody or aquifer
recharge feature (cave, sinkhole, crevice, etc.) within the Pesticide
Sensitive Area defined above.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet | 100 feet | 350 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 200 feet H | 200 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 80 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or aquifer | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 80 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| aquifer | | | | |
| | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
31\. To protect Toyah Creek species (Comanche Springs pupfish, Pecos
gambusia, and Pecos sunflower), the Service recommends ---
> Application of pesticides inside the following Pesticide Sensitive
> Areas should have the protection measures indicated below. If
> protection measures for a pesticide application within a Pesticide
> Sensitive Area cannot be implemented, the pesticide user should
> contact the Austin field office of the Service at 512-490-0057 for
> appropriate protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit. The Service should also be consulted before
> implementation of a pesticide program for control of pests or invasive
> species inside a Pesticide Sensitive Area.
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Jeff Davis The area within 1/2 mile of the spring outlet for Phantom
County, Texas Lake Spring (N30^o^56'06", W103^o^50'58").
Reeves The area within 1/2 mile of the spring outlets for San
County, Texas Solomon Spring (N30^o^56'40", W103^o^47'08"), Giffin
Spring (N30^o^56'45", W103^o^47'23"), and East Sandia
Spring (N30^o^59'28", W103^o^43'44").
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
a\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside species
habitat unless approved by the Service. This includes any waterbody or
wetland within 1 mile of the Pesticide Sensitive Area defined above.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
b\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
that serve as species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used
for (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from
the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run.
The buffer zones should also be applied for at least 300 feet downstream
from species habitat.
♦ Pesticides (except for Class D herbicides) that rate as either Class 0
or Class 1 in both the Warm Water Fish toxicity group and Aquatic
Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
applied at the edge of any waterbody or wetland within the Pesticide
Sensitive Area defined above.
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer Zones | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | app | applications | pplications | pplications |
| | lications | | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 30 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 30 feet | 350 feet | 450 feet | 1/8 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 400 feet | 400 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of the | | | | |
| last spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence lines, | | | | |
| canal dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may be | | | | |
| used as part | | | | |
| of a buffer | | | | |
| zone if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or a | | | | |
| sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 to | | | | |
| 10 miles per | | | | |
| hour, and no | | | | |
| rainfall for | | | | |
| 48 hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| implementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| h | | | | |
| and-operated | | | | |
| equipment or | | | | |
| (2) a spray | | | | |
| gun that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide in | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| streams from | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| (r | | | | |
| espectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 feet | | | | |
| or greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the field | | | | |
| crop or | | | | |
| native plant | | | | |
| community or | | | | |
| (2) a bare | | | | |
| ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the top of | | | | |
| the grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, and | | | | |
| treated seed | | | | |
| but do not | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| liquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV (ultra | | | | |
| low volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| applied at a | | | | |
| rate of 1/2 | | | | |
| gallon or | | | | |
| less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 in the Warm Water Fish toxicity group
or Aquatic Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer
zones when applied at the edge of any waterbody or wetland within the
Pesticide Sensitive Area defined above. The buffer zones should also be
used for pesticides that rate as Class D but are not rated higher than
Class 2 in the Warm Water Fish toxicity group or Aquatic Arthropod
toxicity group.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 450 feet | 450 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 3 in the Warm Water Fish toxicity group
or Aquatic Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer
zones when applied at the edge of any waterbody or wetland within the
Pesticide Sensitive Area defined above.
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer Zones | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | app | applications | pplications | pplications |
| | lications | | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 100 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 100 feet | 400 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/2 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 500 feet | 500 feet | 1/4 mile | 3/4 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of the | | | | |
| last spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence lines, | | | | |
| canal dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may be | | | | |
| used as part | | | | |
| of a buffer | | | | |
| zone if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or a | | | | |
| sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 to | | | | |
| 10 miles per | | | | |
| hour, and no | | | | |
| rainfall for | | | | |
| 48 hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| implementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| h | | | | |
| and-operated | | | | |
| equipment or | | | | |
| (2) a spray | | | | |
| gun that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide in | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| streams from | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| (r | | | | |
| espectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 feet | | | | |
| or greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the field | | | | |
| crop or | | | | |
| native plant | | | | |
| community or | | | | |
| (2) a bare | | | | |
| ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the top of | | | | |
| the grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, and | | | | |
| treated seed | | | | |
| but do not | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| liquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV (ultra | | | | |
| low volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| applied at a | | | | |
| rate of 1/2 | | | | |
| gallon or | | | | |
| less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
32\. To protect cave-dwelling arthropod species, the Service recommends
---
> Application of pesticides in areas of limestone rock outcrop inside
> the following Pesticide Sensitive Areas should have the protection
> measures indicated below. Preserve areas for cave-dwelling species
> that are located inside a Pesticide Sensitive Area have specific
> restrictions on pesticide applications, and the Austin field office of
> the Service should be consulted at 512-490-0057 for information on
> applications involving these preserves. The Service should also be
> consulted before implementation of a pesticide program for control of
> pests or invasive species inside the Pesticide Sensitive Areas.
-------------- --------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Bexar County, The area in the county that lies north of State Highway
Texas 90.
Travis County, The area in the county that lies (1) west of Interstate
Texas Highway 35 and (2) north of William Cannon Road and the
part of State Highway 71 that extends west from William
Cannon Road to the county boundary.
Williamson All of the area in the county that lies west of
County, Texas Interstate Highway 35 for up to 20 miles.
-------------- --------------------------------------------------------
a\. A survey should be conducted in accordance with Service protocols
for species habitat (limestone rock outcrop with caves, sinkholes, or
crevices) within the Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined above before
application of any pesticide. Pesticide users should contact the Austin
field office of the Service at 512-490-0057 for information on survey
protocols. A scientific permit should be obtained from the Service
before conducting a species survey. After a survey has been conducted,
further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. A
follow-up survey may be necessary if the initial survey indicates the
possible presence of species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has
not been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
incidental take authorization or permit.
b\. Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Terrestrial
Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
applied at the edge of (but not within) a local drainage basin or
subsurface basin that drains into species habitat (caves, sinkholes, or
crevices) as defined by a Service-approved survey.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 80 feet | 200 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 50 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| local | | | | |
| drainage | | | | |
| basin or | | | | |
| subsurface | | | | |
| basin if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| local | | | | |
| | | | | |
| drainage | | | | |
| basin | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| | | | | |
| subsurface | | | | |
| basin | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
c\. Pesticides should not be used within 170 feet of species habitat of
caves, sinkholes, or crevices as defined by a Service-approved survey.
Pesticides should also not be allowed to drift or be moved by surface
runoff into the 170-foot protected area. For fire ant control within the
170-foot protected area, 1 to 4 gallons of boiling water may be poured
over individual fire ant mounds in the early morning to achieve adequate
control.
> d\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) a 170-foot
> protected area around species habitat of caves, sinkholes, or crevices
> as defined by a Service-approved survey, measures to protect the
> species are:
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 0 or Class 1 in the Terrestrial
Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
applied at the edge of the 170-foot protected area.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | none | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 30 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| 170-foot | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| area if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| 170-foot | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| area during | | | | |
| the time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 170-foot | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| area if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Terrestrial
Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
applied at the edge of the 170-foot protected area.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 10 feet | 60 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 60 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 60 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| 170-foot | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| area if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| 170-foot | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| area during | | | | |
| the time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 170-foot | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| area if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
33\. To protect dicot plant species in plant communities with closed or
dense canopies, the Service recommends ---
a\. Federal agencies should either conduct a survey for the species in
accordance with Service protocols or otherwise require a
Service-approved survey before application of herbicide inside or
adjacent to species habitat. For all other applicators or relevant
agencies, a survey is recommended prior to herbicide application inside
or adjacent to species habitat on non-Federal land. Pesticide users
should contact the nearest Service field office for information on
survey protocols. After a survey has been conducted, further
restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the habitat is
unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not
been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
authorization.
b\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) occupied
habitat or species habitat that has not been surveyed, the following
protection measures should be used:
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for herbicides rated as Class M.
Applicators using these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects
for proposed or listed species will not occur inside species habitat as
a result of pesticide application.
♦ The following buffer zones should be used when applying a pesticide
that rates as either
Class D or Class NS.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 10 feet | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 30 feet | 30 feet | 30 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 30 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
34\. To protect dicot plant species in plant communities with open to
semi-open canopies, the Service recommends ---
a\. Federal agencies should either conduct a survey for the species in
accordance with Service protocols or otherwise require a
Service-approved survey before application of herbicide inside or
adjacent to species habitat. For all other applicators or relevant
agencies, a survey is recommended prior to herbicide application inside
or adjacent to species habitat on non-Federal land. Pesticide users
should contact the nearest Service field office for information on
survey protocols. After a survey has been conducted, further
restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the habitat is
unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not
been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
authorization.
b\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) occupied
habitat or species habitat that has not been surveyed, the following
protection measures should be used:
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for herbicides rated as Class M.
Applicators using these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects
for proposed or listed species will not occur inside species habitat as
a result of pesticide application.
♦ The following buffer zones should be used when applying a pesticide
that rates as either
Class D or Class NS.
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Buffer Zones | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High |
| ^1^ | | ground | ap | aerial |
| | app | a | plications | ap |
| | lications | pplications | ^3^ | plications |
| | ^2^ | | | ^3^ |
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Bait | 20 feet | 60 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile |
| formulations | | | | |
| (non-pollinator | | | | |
| insect baits | | | | |
| only) | | | | |
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Solid | 20 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| formulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| non-pollinator | | | | |
| insect baits | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet | 60 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile |
| formulations | | | \*H | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| formulations | H | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet at the | | | | |
| edge of the | | | | |
| area to be | | | | |
| protected if a | | | | |
| strong, steady | | | | |
| wind of at | | | | |
| least 3 miles | | | | |
| per hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly away | | | | |
| from the area | | | | |
| during the time | | | | |
| of application. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 60 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with low | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver a | | | | |
| spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer zone | | | | |
| is the distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of the | | | | |
| area requiring | | | | |
| protection and | | | | |
| the closest | | | | |
| point of the | | | | |
| last spot | | | | |
| application or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence lines, | | | | |
| canal dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may be | | | | |
| used as part of | | | | |
| a buffer zone | | | | |
| if the border | | | | |
| area itself | | | | |
| does not | | | | |
| involve species | | | | |
| habitat or a | | | | |
| sensitive area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 to 10 | | | | |
| miles per hour, | | | | |
| and no rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed when | | | | |
| implementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| applications by | | | | |
| (1) | | | | |
| hand-operated | | | | |
| equipment or | | | | |
| (2) a spray gun | | | | |
| that discharges | | | | |
| pesticide in | | | | |
| liquid streams | | | | |
| from a spray | | | | |
| tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and high | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| (respectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 feet or | | | | |
| greater than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to the | | | | |
| height of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders above | | | | |
| (1) the canopy | | | | |
| of the field | | | | |
| crop or native | | | | |
| plant community | | | | |
| or (2) a bare | | | | |
| ground surface. | | | | |
| In grassland or | | | | |
| semi-open plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, etc.) | | | | |
| with more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the top of the | | | | |
| grass canopy | | | | |
| should be used | | | | |
| to determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application is | | | | |
| low or high. | | | | |
| For forested | | | | |
| lands or dense | | | | |
| shrubland with | | | | |
| less than 40 | | | | |
| percent grass | | | | |
| cover, the tops | | | | |
| of trees or | | | | |
| shrubs should | | | | |
| be used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, and | | | | |
| treated seed | | | | |
| but do not | | | | |
| include dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| liquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than ULV | | | | |
| formulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV (ultra | | | | |
| low volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| applied at a | | | | |
| rate of 1/2 | | | | |
| gallon or less | | | | |
| per acre. | | | | |
+-----------------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
35\. To protect dicot plant species in relatively small aquatic habitat,
the Service recommends ---
a\. Federal agencies should either conduct a survey for the species in
accordance with Service protocols or otherwise require a
Service-approved survey before application of herbicide inside or
adjacent to aquatic habitat of the species. For all other applicators or
relevant agencies, a survey is recommended prior to herbicide
application inside or adjacent to aquatic habitat of the species on
non-Federal land. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service
field office for information on survey protocols. After a survey has
been conducted, further restrictions on pesticide application are
unnecessary if the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied
habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service should be
consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate protection
measures and for any necessary authorization.
b\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic herbicides (or any
other herbicide formulation labeled for aquatic use) inside species
habitat unless approved by the Service. This includes (1) all of the
habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from the habitat area in
any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run. Downstream from the
habitat area, these aquatic herbicides should not be applied any closer
than 300 feet.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) fluridone simazine |
| |
| copper chelate diquat glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo®) terbutryn |
| |
| copper sulfate endothall imazapyr (e.g., Habitat®) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
c\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
that serve as species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used
for (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from
the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run.
The buffer zones should also be applied for at least 300 feet downstream
from species habitat.
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for herbicides rated as Class M.
Applicators using these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects
for proposed or listed species will not occur inside species habitat as
a result of pesticide application.
♦ The following buffer zones should be used at the edge of the waterbody
or wetland to be protected if the pesticide rates either as Class D or
Class NS.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 450 feet H | 450 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 350 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 350 | | | | |
| feet at | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
36\. To protect monocot plant species in plant communities with closed
or dense canopies, the Service recommends ---
a\. Federal agencies should either conduct a survey for the species in
accordance with Service protocols or otherwise require a
Service-approved survey before application of herbicide inside or
adjacent to species habitat. For all other applicators or relevant
agencies, a survey is recommended prior to herbicide application inside
or adjacent to species habitat on non-Federal land. Pesticide users
should contact the nearest Service field office for information on
survey protocols. After a survey has been conducted, further
restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the habitat is
unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not
been surveyed the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
authorization.
> b\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) occupied
> habitat or species habitat that has not been surveyed, the following
> protection measures should be used:
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for herbicides rated as Class D.
Applicators using these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects
for proposed or listed species will not occur inside species habitat as
a result of pesticide application.
♦ The following buffer zones should be used when applying a pesticide
that rates as either Class M or Class NS.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 10 feet | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| | | | | |
| (non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 30 feet | 30 feet | 30 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 30 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
37\. To protect monocot plant species in plant communities with open to
semi-open canopies, the Service recommends ---
a\. Federal agencies should either conduct a survey for the species in
accordance with Service protocols or otherwise require a
Service-approved survey before application of herbicide inside or
adjacent to species habitat. For all other applicators or relevant
agencies, a survey is recommended prior to herbicide application inside
or adjacent to species habitat on non-Federal land. Pesticide users
should contact the nearest Service field office for information on
survey protocols. After a survey has been conducted, further
restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the habitat is
unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not
been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
authorization.
b\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) occupied
habitat or species habitat that has not been surveyed, the following
protection measures should be used:
♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for herbicides rated as Class D.
Applicators using these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects
for proposed or listed species will not occur inside species habitat as
a result of pesticide application.
> ♦ The following buffer zones should be used when applying a pesticide
> that rates as either Class M or Class NS.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 20 feet | 60 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| | | | | |
| (non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet | 60 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 60 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
38\. To protect monocot plant species in relatively small aquatic
habitat, the Service recommends ---
a\. Federal agencies should either conduct a survey for the species in
accordance with Service protocols or otherwise require a
Service-approved survey before application of herbicide inside or
adjacent to aquatic habitat of the species. For all other applicators or
relevant agencies, a survey is recommended prior to herbicide
application inside or adjacent to aquatic habitat of the species on
non-Federal land. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service
field office for information on survey protocols. After a survey has
been conducted, further restrictions on pesticide application are
unnecessary if the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied
habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service should be
consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate protection
measures and for any necessary authorization.
b\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic herbicides (or any
other herbicide formulation labeled for aquatic use) inside aquatic
habitat of proposed or listed plant species. This includes (1) all of
the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from the habitat area
in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run. Downstream from
the habitat area, these aquatic herbicides should not be applied any
closer than 300 feet.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) fluridone simazine |
| |
| copper chelate diquat glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo®) terbutryn |
| |
| copper sulfate endothall imazapyr (e.g., Habitat®) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
c\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
that serve as species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used
for (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from
the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring run.
The buffer zones should also be applied for at least 300 feet downstream
from species habitat.
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for herbicides rated as Class
> D. Applicators using these pesticides should make sure that adverse
> effects for proposed or listed species will not occur inside species
> habitat as a result of pesticide application.
>
> ♦ The following buffer zones should be used at the edge of the
> waterbody or wetland to be protected if the pesticide rates either as
> Class M or Class NS.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 450 feet H | 450 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 350 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 350 | | | | |
| feet at | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
39\. To protect plant species with small pollinating insects, the
Service recommends ---
Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the pollinating toxicity
group (Bee and/or Terrestrial Arthropod) of a proposed or listed plant
species should have the following buffer zones for applications at the
edge of sites occupied by the species throughout the year. Applicators
should apply insecticides in swaths parallel to habitat of proposed or
listed plant species and avoid flying directly over the habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet \* | 1/2 mile | 1/2 mile § | 1/2 mile § |
| f | | \*H | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect bait | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (e.g., | | | | |
| cropland) | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - | | | | |
| Mechanized | | | | |
| ground | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| of | | | | |
| these | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (e.g., | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cropland) | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 80 feet | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| | | | | |
| occupied | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is made | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| early | | | | |
| dawn | | | | |
| (no | | | | |
| later | | | | |
| than | | | | |
| one | | | | |
| hour | | | | |
| after | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sunrise) | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| early | | | | |
| evening | | | | |
| (6:00 | | | | |
| p.m. or | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| ater).[^30] | | | | |
| For | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| made in | | | | |
| | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| outside | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period, | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| may be | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| beyond | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| 80-foot | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone at | | | | |
| any | | | | |
| time | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| day. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| § Aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| of these | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (e.g., | | | | |
| cropland) | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 1/4 mile | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| occupied | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is made in | | | | |
| early dawn | | | | |
| (no later | | | | |
| than one | | | | |
| hour after | | | | |
| sunrise) or | | | | |
| early | | | | |
| evening | | | | |
| (6:00 p.m. | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| later).^30^ | | | | |
| For | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| made in | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| outside the | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period, the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| may be | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| beyond the | | | | |
| 1/4-mile | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| at any time | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| day. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
40\. To protect plant species with large pollinating insects, the
Service recommends ---
Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the pollinating toxicity
group (Bee and/or Terrestrial Arthropod) of a proposed or listed plant
species should have the following buffer zones for applications at the
edge of sites occupied by the species throughout the year. Applicators
should apply insecticides in swaths parallel to habitat of proposed or
listed plant species and avoid flying directly over the habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 1/8 mile \* | 2 miles \*H | 2 miles § | 2 miles § |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| non | | | | |
| -pollinator | | | | |
| insect bait | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (e.g., | | | | |
| cropland) | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - | | | | |
| Mechanized | | | | |
| ground | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| of | | | | |
| these | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (e.g., | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cropland) | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 80 feet | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| | | | | |
| occupied | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is made | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| early | | | | |
| dawn | | | | |
| (no | | | | |
| later | | | | |
| than | | | | |
| one | | | | |
| hour | | | | |
| after | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sunrise) | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| early | | | | |
| evening | | | | |
| (6:00 | | | | |
| p.m. or | | | | |
| later). | | | | |
| [^31] | | | | |
| For | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| made in | | | | |
| | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| outside | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period, | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| may be | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| beyond | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| 80-foot | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone at | | | | |
| any | | | | |
| time | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| day. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| § Aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| of these | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (e.g., | | | | |
| cropland) | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 1/4 mile | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| occupied | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period if | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is made in | | | | |
| early dawn | | | | |
| (no later | | | | |
| than one | | | | |
| hour after | | | | |
| sunrise) or | | | | |
| early | | | | |
| evening | | | | |
| (6:00 p.m. | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| later).^31^ | | | | |
| For | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| made in | | | | |
| non-habitat | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| outside the | | | | |
| flowering | | | | |
| period, the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| may be | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| beyond the | | | | |
| 1/4-mile | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| at any time | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| day. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
41\. To protect the black-footed ferret, the Service recommends ---
a\. Populations (experimental or unknown) of the black-footed ferret
should be located before using rodent control agents in prairie dog
colonies:
♦ Applicators or relevant agencies should contact the Arizona field
office of the Service at 602-242-0210 to determine the current location
of experimental ferret populations in Yavapai County, Arizona.
♦ A ferret survey is recommended for prairie dog colonies in locations
other than Yavapai County, Arizona. Colonies to be surveyed should be
sufficiently large to support a small population of black-footed ferrets
(i.e., black-tailed prairie dog colonies greater than 80 acres;
white-tailed prairie dog colonies greater than 200 acres). A copy of
survey guidelines for black-footed ferrets may be obtained from the
regional pesticide coordinator in Austin at 512-490-0057. A scientific
permit should be obtained from the Service before conducting a ferret
survey. If a prairie dog colony is occupied by black-footed ferrets, the
Service should be contacted.
♦ The Service should be notified before treatment of prairie dog
complexes larger than 1,000 acres. Control agents for prairie dogs
should not be used in such a complex until the complex has been (1)
systematically surveyed for black-footed ferrets and (2) evaluated by
appropriate state and Federal agencies for its potential as a ferret
recovery site. Additional surveys for the complex are recommended after
an extended period of time.
b\. Applicators should not use the following rodent control agents in a
prairie dog colony or any pesticide that can cause either secondary
poisoning (Class 1~sp~ or Class 2~sp~) or burrow fumigation (Class 2
~b~) in the Predatory Mammal toxicity group when black-footed ferrets
are present.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein chlorophacinone magnesium phosphide sodium nitrate |
| |
| aluminum phosphide diphacinone potassium nitrate zinc phosphide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
42\. To protect the Louisiana black bear, the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service field office
> for information on the Louisiana black bear before application of any
> predator/rodent control agent inside or adjacent to species habitat of
> forest and woodland. If a survey for the species is necessary, survey
> protocols and a scientific permit should be obtained from the Service.
> Further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
> Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For
> occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
> should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit.
b\. The following predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that
can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~ or Class 2~sp~) in the
Predatory Mammal toxicity group should not be used inside or close to
occupied habitat.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone sodium fluoroacetate zinc phosphide |
| |
| chlorophacinone sodium cyanide strychnine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
43\. To protect the Mexican gray wolf, the Service recommends ---
a\. Pesticide users should contact the Service field office in
Albuquerque at 505-346-2525 for information on the Mexican gray wolf
before application of any predator/rodent control agent inside or
adjacent to currently occupied habitat in chaparral, woodland, or
forest. The Service should be consulted for appropriate protection
measures in using these pesticides and for any necessary incidental take
authorization or permit.
> b\. The following predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~ or Class 2~sp~) in the
> Predatory Mammal toxicity group should not be used inside or close to
> occupied habitat.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone sodium fluoroacetate zinc phosphide |
| |
| chlorophacinone sodium cyanide strychnine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
44\. To protect the Attwater's greater prairie-chicken, the Service
recommends ---
Application of pesticides inside the following Pesticide Sensitive Areas
should have the protection measures indicated below.
------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Austin The area bounded on the north side by Interstate Highway
County, 10, on the east side by State Highway 36, on the south
Texas side by Porter Chapel Road which is extended westward by a
straight line to Bernard Creek and then southward along
the creek to the San Bernard River, and on the west side
by the San Bernard River.
Colorado The area bounded on the north side by Interstate Highway
County, 10; on the east side by the San Bernard River; on the
Texas south side by FM 3013; and on the west side by County
Roads 96, 101, 253, 172, and 218.
Galveston The area bounded on the west side by State Highway 146, on
County, the south side by Dickinson Bayou and Dickinson Bay, and
Texas on the north side by Moses Lake.
------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
a\. For pesticide applications in grassland, pasture, or rights-of-way
inside the Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined above, measures to protect
the species are:
> ♦ Applicators using a pesticide that rates as Class 1, Class 2, or
> Class 3 in the Gallinaceous Avian toxicity group on grassland,
> pasture, or rights-of-way within a Pesticide Sensitive Area should
> contact the Clear Lake Field Office of the Service at 281-286-8282 for
> appropriate protection measures before pesticide treatment. The
> Service should also be consulted before implementation of a pesticide
> program for control of pests or invasive species inside a Pesticide
> Sensitive Area.
>
> ♦ Application of zinc phosphide or any other rodenticide in grassland,
> pasture, or rights-of-way inside the Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined
> above should be restricted to tamper-resistant bait boxes.
b\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) grassland,
pasture, or rights-of-way inside the Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined
above, measures to protect the species are:
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides rated as Class 0
> in the Gallinaceous Avian toxicity group. Applicators using these
> pesticides should make sure that adverse effects for proposed or
> listed species will not occur inside grassland, pasture, or
> rights-of-way as a result of pesticide application.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 1 in the Gallinaceous Avian toxicity
> group should have the following buffer zones when applied at the edge
> of grassland, pasture, or rights-of-way with grass that is least 6
> inches in height. These buffer zones apply for Class 1 pesticides only
> during the months of May through July.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 60 feet \* | 300 feet \* | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 60 feet \* | 350 feet | 450 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | \*H§ | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 400 feet H | 400 feet H | 1/8 mile H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, or | | | | |
| treated | | | | |
| seeds are | | | | |
| completely | | | | |
| covered by | | | | |
| soil for up | | | | |
| to 300 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| edge of the | | | | |
| area to be | | | | |
| protected. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 300 | | | | |
| feet at | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| appli | | | | |
| cation, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Attwater's | | | | |
| prair | | | | |
| ie-chickens | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| their | | | | |
| nests | | | | |
| have | | | | |
| not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 300 | | | | |
| feet at | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Gallinaceous Avian
toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when applied at
the edge of grassland, pasture, or rights-of-way with grass that is
least 6 inches in height. The buffer zones should be applied throughout
the year for these pesticides.
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer Zones | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | app | applications | pplications | pplications |
| | lications | | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 300 feet | 350 feet \* | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| | \* | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 300 feet | 350 feet \* | 1/8 mile H§ | 1/4 mile |
| formulations | \* | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 450 feet | 450 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| formulations | H | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide is | | | | |
| placed into | | | | |
| the soil | | | | |
| below a | | | | |
| 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, or | | | | |
| treated | | | | |
| seeds are | | | | |
| completely | | | | |
| covered by | | | | |
| soil for up | | | | |
| to 350 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| edge of the | | | | |
| area to be | | | | |
| protected. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| can have | | | | |
| a buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 350 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| three | | | | |
| | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are | | | | |
| met: (1) | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at least | | | | |
| 3 miles | | | | |
| per hour | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the time | | | | |
| of | | | | |
| appl | | | | |
| ication, (2) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| residues | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| p | | | | |
| recipitation | | | | |
| event, | | | | |
| and (3) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Attwater's | | | | |
| prai | | | | |
| rie-chickens | | | | |
| or their | | | | |
| nests | | | | |
| have not | | | | |
| been | | | | |
| sighted | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| can have | | | | |
| a buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 350 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with low | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of the | | | | |
| last spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence lines, | | | | |
| canal dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may be | | | | |
| used as part | | | | |
| of a buffer | | | | |
| zone if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or a | | | | |
| sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 to | | | | |
| 10 miles per | | | | |
| hour, and no | | | | |
| rainfall for | | | | |
| 48 hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| implementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| h | | | | |
| and-operated | | | | |
| equipment or | | | | |
| (2) a spray | | | | |
| gun that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide in | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| streams from | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| (r | | | | |
| espectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 feet | | | | |
| or greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the field | | | | |
| crop or | | | | |
| native plant | | | | |
| community or | | | | |
| (2) a bare | | | | |
| ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the top of | | | | |
| the grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass cover, | | | | |
| the tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| applications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, and | | | | |
| treated seed | | | | |
| but do not | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| liquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV (ultra | | | | |
| low volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| formulations | | | | |
| applied at a | | | | |
| rate of 1/2 | | | | |
| gallon or | | | | |
| less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
45\. To protect the bald eagle, the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service field office
> for information on the bald eagle before application of pesticide
> inside or adjacent to forest or woodland areas with large waterbodies
> (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.). If a survey for the species is
> necessary, survey protocols and a scientific permit should be obtained
> from the Service. Further restrictions on pesticide application are
> unnecessary if the Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by
> the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not been
> surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment
> for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary incidental
> take authorization or permit.
>
> b\. The following predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~, Class 2~sp~, or Class
> 3~sp~) in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should not be used within
> 3 miles of (1) currently occupied territory as determined by a
> Service-approved survey, (2) wintering areas, or (3) species habitat
> that has not been surveyed.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium cyanide strychnine |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* famphur (e.g., Warbex7) † sodium fluoroacetate |
| zinc phosphide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents inside occupied habitat or the 3-mile buffer zone |
| if (1) treatment is approved by the Service, (2) the pesticide is |
| applied on bait sticks inside heavily used burrows of the rodent |
| colony, and (3) all tunnel entrances of the colony are covered up. |
| |
| H Animal carcasses with famphur-treated hides that are within 3 miles |
| of areas where bald eagles are present should be removed, buried, or |
| otherwise covered. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> c\. For applications near bald eagle nests that involve pesticides
> other than predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that can
> cause secondary poisoning as indicated above, measures to protect the
> species are:
>
> ♦ Pesticides (except for predator/rodent control agents or any
> pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 0 or
> Class 1 in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should have a 1/4-mile
> buffer zones from currently occupied nests during the breeding season
> of October 1 to June 30.[^32] The buffer zone is unnecessary outside
> of the breeding season. Aerial pesticide applications should be made
> in swaths parallel to a nest and its aerial buffer zone. If aerial
> flight over a nest site is necessary, an elevation of 500 feet should
> be maintained over the nest.
>
> ♦ Pesticides (except for predator/rodent control agents or any
> pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as either
> Class 2 or Class 3 in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should have
> the following buffer zones from currently occupied nests during the
> breeding season of October 1 to June 30.[^33] Buffer zones are
> unnecessary for nonpersistent pesticides outside of the breeding
> season. Aerial pesticide applications should be made in swaths
> parallel to a nest and its aerial buffer zone. If aerial flight over a
> nest site is necessary, an elevation of 500 feet should be maintained
> over the nest.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 1/4 mile \* | 1/2 mile | 1/2 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | \*† | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| bait | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| of | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| inside | | | | |
| existing | | | | |
| ri | | | | |
| ghts-of-way | | | | |
| (paved or | | | | |
| gravel-base | | | | |
| roadways | | | | |
| only) near | | | | |
| eagle | | | | |
| nests. | | | | |
| Pesticides | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| along | | | | |
| existing | | | | |
| ri | | | | |
| ghts-of-way | | | | |
| should not | | | | |
| exceed | | | | |
| Class 1 in | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| Predatory | | | | |
| Avian | | | | |
| toxicity | | | | |
| group. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| H A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| territory | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| only. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> d\. Pesticides (except for predator/rodent control agents or any
> pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 2 or
> Class 3 in either the Cold Water Fish toxicity group or the Warm Water
> Fish toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
> applied at the edge of the closest large waterbody (rivers, lakes,
> etc.) to an occupied eagle nest during the breeding season of October
> 1 to June 30. The buffer zones apply only to (1) lakes or reservoirs
> less than 100 surface acres and (2) rivers and streams that are less
> than 300 feet wide.[^34] The buffer zones should extend for 1 mile
> both upstream and downstream from the nest=s closest point to the
> waterbody.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | None |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 80 feet | 200 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | \*H§ | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can be | | | | |
| applied up | | | | |
| to 50 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| edge of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
46\. To protect the California condor, the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact the Service field office in
> Flagstaff, Arizona, at 928-226-0614 for information on the California
> condor before application of pesticide near release sites, nest sites,
> or known communal roost sites in species habitat of canyon lands and
> mountain ridges. If a survey for the species is necessary, survey
> protocols and a scientific permit should be obtained from the Service.
> Further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
> Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For
> occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
> should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit.
>
> b\. The following predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~, Class 2~sp~, or Class
> 3~sp~) in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should not be used within
> (1) currently occupied territory as determined by a Service-approved
> survey or (2) species habitat that has not been surveyed.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium cyanide § strychnine |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* famphur (e.g., Warbex7) † sodium fluoroacetate |
| zinc phosphide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents inside occupied habitat if (1) the pesticide is |
| applied on bait sticks inside heavily used burrows of the rodent |
| colony and (2) all tunnel entrances of the colony are covered up. |
| Below ground treatment with chlorophacinone or diphacinone on Federal |
| lands should be approved by the Service. |
| |
| H Animal carcasses with famphur-treated hides that are within one |
| hundred miles of areas where California condors are present should be |
| removed, buried, or otherwise covered. |
| |
| § Sodium cyanide may be used in M-44 devices within ranges occupied |
| by the California condor if the wrapped capsule holder is kept out of |
| sight of condors by placing the holder below the surface of the |
| ground and covering it with a protective cover such as a cow chip, |
| flat rock, or tree bark. M-44s should not be placed closer than 30 |
| feet to any livestock carcass. In setting up M-44s, the devices |
| should not be used in pairs or groups at a single location but may be |
| placed as a single set such that the devices are no closer than 1,000 |
| feet to each other. Treatment on Federal lands with M-44 devices |
| should be approved by the Service. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
c\. Pesticides applications (except for predator/rodent control agents
or any pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning as indicated above)
should have the following buffer zones from currently occupied nests,
roosts, or release sites.[^35] Aerial pesticide applications should be
made in swaths parallel to a nest site and its aerial buffer zone. If
flight over a nest is necessary, applicators should maintain a minimal
altitude of 3,000 feet and make sure that shutoff of pesticide sprayers
or spreaders has occurred.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 1/4 mile \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1 1/2 mile | 1 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| of | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| inside | | | | |
| existing | | | | |
| ri | | | | |
| ghts-of-way | | | | |
| (paved or | | | | |
| gravel-base | | | | |
| roadways | | | | |
| only) | | | | |
| through | | | | |
| condor | | | | |
| habitat. | | | | |
| Pesticides | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| along | | | | |
| existing | | | | |
| ri | | | | |
| ghts-of-way | | | | |
| should not | | | | |
| exceed | | | | |
| Class 1 in | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| Predatory | | | | |
| Avian | | | | |
| toxicity | | | | |
| group. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| only. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
47\. To protect the interior least tern, the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service field office
> for information on the interior least tern before application of
> pesticide near sandbars, beaches, or other bare areas close to wide,
> shallow waterbodies. If a survey for the species is necessary, survey
> protocols and a scientific permit should be obtained from the Service.
> Further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
> Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For
> occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
> should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit.
>
> b\. For pesticide applications involving occupied nesting colonies,
> measures to protect the species are:
>
> ♦ The following buffer zones should be used around nesting colonies of
> interior least terns for application of pesticides that rate as Class
> 0 or Class 1 in the Small Avian toxicity group.[^36] Aerial pesticide
> applications should be made in swaths parallel to a colony and its
> aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ The following buffer zones should be used around nesting colonies of
> interior least terns for application of pesticides that rate as Class
> 2 or Class 3 in the Small Avian toxicity group.[^37] Aerial pesticide
> applications should be made in swaths parallel to a colony and its
> aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV or dust | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 300 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> c\. Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Warm Water Fish
> toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when applied at
> the edge of the closest waterbody (stream, river, lake, reservoir,
> etc.) to a colony of interior least terns. The buffer zones apply only
> to standard weather conditions for pesticide applications involving
> (1) lakes or reservoirs less than 100 surface acres and (2) streams or
> rivers that are less than 300 feet wide.[^38] The buffer zones should
> extend for 2 miles both upstream and downstream from the colony=s
> closest point to the waterbody.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 80 feet | 200 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | \*H§ | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can be | | | | |
| applied up | | | | |
| to 50 feet | | | | |
| from the | | | | |
| edge of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
48\. To protect the masked bobwhite, the Service recommends ---
Application of pesticide involving the following Pesticide Sensitive
Area should have the protection measures indicated below.
------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Pima County, Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge
Arizona
------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
> a\. The Service should be consulted before implementation of a
> pesticide program for control of pests or invasive species inside or
> adjacent to the Pesticide Sensitive Area above. Applicators or
> relevant agencies should contact the Arizona field office of the
> Service at 602-242-0210 for appropriate protection measures and for
> any necessary incidental take authorization or permit before pesticide
> treatment.
>
> b\. Application of zinc phosphide or any other rodenticide in species
> habitat that is inside or adjacent to the Pesticide Sensitive Area
> defined above should be restricted to tamper-resistant bait boxes.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
49\. To protect the Mexican spotted owl, the Service recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service field office
> for information on the Mexican spotted owl before application of
> pesticide in mountains or canyon lands with mixed conifer forest that
> has (1) at least 70 percent canopy cover, (2) downed woody material,
> and (3) 40 percent slopes or greater. If surveys for the species are
> necessary, survey protocols and a scientific permit should be obtained
> from the Service. A Service-approved survey will be accepted for up to
> one year if the survey does not detect the presence of Mexican spotted
> owls in areas targeted for pesticide application. Further restrictions
> on pesticide application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that
> the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or
> habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service should be consulted
> prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate protection measures and
> for any necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
>
> b\. Pesticides should ordinarily not be applied inside or adjacent to
> protected activity centers of Mexican spotted owls. A protected
> activity center is an area of approximately 600 acres established
> around an owl activity center for conservation purposes. An "activity
> center" is defined as (1) the nest site, (2) the roost grove commonly
> used during the breeding season in absence of a verified nest site, or
> (3) the best roosting/nesting habitat if nesting and roosting
> information are lacking. For control of pest or invasive plant species
> along existing rights-of-way (paved or gravel-base roadways only)
> inside protected activity centers of the Mexican spotted owl, a
> non-persistent herbicide with a vegetable oil carrier may be used if
> the herbicide does not exceed Class 0 or Class 1 in the Predatory
> Avian toxicity group. Applicators should make sure that pesticide
> spray drift does not occur beyond the right-of-way by using pesticide
> sprays with (1) coarse droplet sizes or (2) nontoxic drift retardants.
> Applicators may conduct spot applications with Class 0 or Class 1
> herbicides in protected activity centers away from existing
> rights-of-way if (1) treatment is approved by the Service, (2) a
> backpack sprayer or other hand-operated equipment is used for the
> application, and (3) the pesticide is applied outside the general
> breeding season of March 1 through August 31.
>
> c\. The following predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~, Class 2~sp~, or Class
> 3~sp~) in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should not be used within
> 1 mile of (1) currently occupied protected activity centers as
> determined by a Service-approved survey or (2) species habitat that
> has not been surveyed.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium fluoroacetate zinc phosphide |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* sodium cyanide strychnine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents inside occupied protected activity centers if (1) |
| treatment is approved by the Service, (2) the pesticide is applied on |
| bait sticks inside heavily used burrows of the rodent colony, and (3) |
| all tunnel entrances of the colony are covered up. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> d\. For applications of pesticides other than predator/rodent control
> agents or any pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning as
> indicated above, measures to protect the species are:
>
> ♦ Pesticides (except predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide
> that can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 0 or Class 1 in
> the Predatory Avian toxicity group should have the following buffer
> zones when applied outside (1) the perimeter of a protected activity
> center as determined by a Service-approved survey or (2) species
> habitat that has not been surveyed.[^39] Aerial pesticide applications
> should be made in swaths parallel to a protected activity center and
> its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 80 feet \* | 300 feet \* | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| of these | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| in existing | | | | |
| ri | | | | |
| ghts-of-way | | | | |
| (paved or | | | | |
| gravel-base | | | | |
| roadways | | | | |
| only) | | | | |
| through owl | | | | |
| habitat. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| spray drift | | | | |
| does not | | | | |
| occur | | | | |
| beyond the | | | | |
| r | | | | |
| ight-of-way | | | | |
| by using | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| sprays with | | | | |
| (1) coarse | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| sizes or | | | | |
| (2) | | | | |
| nontoxic | | | | |
| drift | | | | |
| retardants. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| only. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide
> that can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in
> the Predatory Avian toxicity group should have the following buffer
> zones when applied outside (1) the perimeter of a protected activity
> center as determined by a Service-approved survey or (2) species
> habitat that has not been surveyed.[^40] Aerial pesticide applications
> should be made in swaths parallel to a protected activity center and
> its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV or dust | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 300 feet | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
50\. To protect the Northern aplomado falcon, the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for falcon nesting sites and
> territories in accordance with Service protocols before application of
> pesticide inside or adjacent to coastal prairie, salt flats, or open
> woodland intermixed with grassland. Pesticide users should contact the
> nearest Service field office for information on survey protocols. A
> scientific permit should be obtained from the Service before
> conducting a species survey. Cooperators with the Safe Harbor Program
> of the U. S. Department of the Interior may contact the Peregrine
> Fund, 208-362-3811, for survey work on nest sites. After a survey has
> been conducted, further restrictions on pesticide application are
> unnecessary if the Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by
> the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has not been
> surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment
> for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary incidental
> take authorization or permit.
>
> b\. The following rodent control agents or any pesticide that can
> cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~, Class 2~sp~, or Class 3~sp~)
> in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should not be used within 2
> miles of (1) the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, (2) the
> edge of currently occupied territory of Northern aplomado falcons as
> determined by a Service-approved survey, or (3) species habitat that
> not been surveyed.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* zinc phosphide |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents inside occupied habitat or the two-mile buffer |
| zone if (1) treatment is approved by the Service, (2) the pesticide |
| is applied on bait sticks inside heavily used burrows of the rodent |
| colony, and (3) all tunnel entrances of the colony are covered up. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> c\. For applications of pesticides other than predator/rodent control
> agents or any pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning as
> indicated above, measures to protect the species are:
>
> ♦ Pesticides (except for rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 0 or Class 1 in the
> Predatory Avian toxicity group should have the following buffer zones
> near a currently occupied nest of Northern aplomado falcons.[^41]
> Applicators should watch for Northern aplomado falcons in areas of
> application and not apply any pesticide until the falcons have left.
> Aerial pesticide applications should be made in swaths parallel to a
> falcon nest and its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | applications |
| | a | a | pplications | ^3^ |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+
| All | 1/8 mile \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1/4 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A | | | | |
| 1/8-mile | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| of these | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | |
| in existing | | | | |
| ri | | | | |
| ghts-of-way | | | | |
| (paved or | | | | |
| gravel-base | | | | |
| roadways | | | | |
| only) | | | | |
| through a | | | | |
| falcon | | | | |
| territory. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| spray drift | | | | |
| does not | | | | |
| occur | | | | |
| beyond the | | | | |
| r | | | | |
| ight-of-way | | | | |
| by using | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| sprays with | | | | |
| (1) coarse | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| sizes or | | | | |
| (2) | | | | |
| nontoxic | | | | |
| drift | | | | |
| retardants. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| only. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the
> Predatory Avian toxicity group should only be used outside of species
> territory and should have the following buffer zones when applied at
> the edge of (1) currently occupied territory of Northern aplomado
> falcons as determined by a Service-approved survey or (2) species
> habitat that has not been surveyed.[^42] Applicators should watch for
> Northern aplomado falcons in areas of application and not apply any
> pesticide until the falcons have left. Aerial pesticide applications
> should be made in swaths parallel to a falcon nest and its aerial
> buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 1/4 mile | 1/2 mile | 1/2 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
51\. To protect the pygmy-owl (cactus ferruginous), the Service
recommends ---
> a\. Pesticide users should contact Arizona field offices of the
> Service in Tucson at 520-670-6144 or Phoenix at 602-242-0210 for
> information on the pygmy-owl before application of pesticide in
> woodland (including riparian woodland), semidesert grassland,
> thornscrub, or desert scrubland that has trees and/or cacti large
> enough (i.e., trunk diameters greater than six inches) for pygmy-owl
> nesting cavities. If a survey for the species is necessary, survey
> protocols and a scientific permit should be obtained from the Service.
> A Service-approved survey will be accepted for the entire calendar
> year in which it was conducted if the survey does not detect
> pygmy-owls in areas targeted for pesticide application. Further
> restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the Service
> concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied
> habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service should be
> consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate protection
> measures and for any necessary incidental take authorization or
> permit.
>
> b\. Pesticides should ordinarily not be applied inside or adjacent to
> pygmy-owl sites. A pygmy-owl site is defined as an area of
> approximately 240 acres that has (1) cavity nests of resident owls;
> and/or (2) an activity center that is the center of locations used by
> non-breeding individuals that have been in the area for more than two
> weeks. For control of pest or invasive plant species along existing
> rights-of-way (paved or gravel-base roadways only) inside pygmy-owl
> sites, a non-persistent herbicide with a vegetable oil carrier may be
> used if the herbicide does not exceed Class 0 or Class 1 in the
> Predatory Avian toxicity group. Applicators should make sure that
> pesticide spray drift does not occur beyond the right-of-way by using
> pesticide sprays with (1) coarse droplet sizes or (2) nontoxic drift
> retardants. Applicators may conduct spot applications with Class 0 or
> Class 1 herbicides inside pygmy-owl sites away from existing
> rights-of-way if (1) treatment is approved by the Service, (2) a
> backpack sprayer or other hand-operated equipment is used for the
> application, and (3) the pesticide is applied outside the general
> breeding season of February 1 through July 31.
>
> c\. The following predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide that
> can cause secondary poisoning (Class 1~sp~, Class 2~sp~, or Class
> 3~sp~) in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should not be used within
> 1 mile of (1) currently occupied pygmy-owl sites as determined by a
> Service-approved survey or (2) species habitat that has not been
> surveyed.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| brodifacoum diphacinone \* sodium fluoroacetate zinc phosphide |
| |
| chlorophacinone \* sodium cyanide strychnine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative Buffer Zones: |
| |
| \* Chlorophacinone or diphacinone may be applied below ground for |
| control of rodents inside occupied habitat if (1) treatment is |
| approved by the Service, (2) the pesticide is applied on bait sticks |
| inside heavily used burrows of the rodent colony, and (3) all tunnel |
| entrances of the colony are covered up. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> d\. For applications outside of pygmy-owl sites with pesticides other
> than predator/rodent control agents or pesticides that cause secondary
> poisoning as indicated above, measures to protect the species are:
♦ Pesticides (except for predator/rodent control agents or any pesticide
that can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 0 or Class 1 in
the Predatory Avian toxicity group should have the following buffer
zones when applied outside (1) the perimeter of a pygmy-owl site as
determined by a Service-approved survey or (2) species habitat that has
not been surveyed.[^43] Aerial pesticide applications should be made in
swaths parallel to a pygmy-owl site and its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet \* | 1/3 mile | 1/3 mile † | 1/3 mile † |
| f | | \*† | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* Within | | | | |
| existing | | | | |
| ri | | | | |
| ghts-of-way | | | | |
| through | | | | |
| pygmy-owl | | | | |
| habitat, a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| of | | | | |
| no | | | | |
| npersistent | | | | |
| herbicides | | | | |
| that (1) | | | | |
| are rated | | | | |
| as Class 0 | | | | |
| or Class 1 | | | | |
| in the | | | | |
| Predatory | | | | |
| Avian | | | | |
| toxicity | | | | |
| group and | | | | |
| (2) use | | | | |
| only | | | | |
| vegetable | | | | |
| oil as a | | | | |
| carrier. | | | | |
| Applicators | | | | |
| should make | | | | |
| sure that | | | | |
| spray drift | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| herbicide | | | | |
| does not | | | | |
| occur | | | | |
| beyond the | | | | |
| r | | | | |
| ight-of-way | | | | |
| by using a | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| spray with | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| sizes from | | | | |
| a spray gun | | | | |
| or boom on | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| † These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 1/4 mile | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| of a | | | | |
| pygmy-owl | | | | |
| site if | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| n | | | | |
| on-breeding | | | | |
| season | | | | |
| (August 1 | | | | |
| to January | | | | |
| 31). | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides (except for predator/rodent control agents or any
> pesticide that can cause secondary poisoning) that rate as Class 2 or
> Class 3 in the Predatory Avian toxicity group should have the
> following buffer zones when applied outside (1) the perimeter of a
> pygmy-owl site as determined by a Service-approved survey or (2)
> species habitat that has not been surveyed.[^44] Aerial pesticide
> applications should be made in swaths parallel to a pygmy-owl site and
> its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| All | 300 feet | 1/3 mile \* | 1/3 mile \* | 1/3 mile \* |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV or dust | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 300 feet | 1/3 mile \* | 1/3 mile \* | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 1/4 mile | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| of a | | | | |
| pygmy-owl | | | | |
| site if | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| n | | | | |
| on-breeding | | | | |
| season | | | | |
| (August 1 | | | | |
| to January | | | | |
| 31). | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
52\. To protect the red-cockaded woodpecker, the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW)
> clusters in accordance with Service protocols before application of
> pesticide inside or adjacent to pine or pine-hardwood forest. A
> cluster is defined as one or more cavity nest trees with a 200-foot
> buffer (200 feet = 3 chains). Single clusters have a minimum of 10
> acres with at least one cavity tree. Pesticide users should contact
> the nearest Service field office for information on survey protocols.
> A scientific permit should be obtained from the Service before
> conducting a species survey. A Service-approved survey will be
> accepted for up to one year if the survey does not detect the presence
> of active RCW clusters in areas targeted for pesticide application;
> however, areas with abandoned clusters must be re-surveyed before
> pesticide application can occur. After a survey has been conducted,
> further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
> Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For
> occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
> should be consulted prior to pesticide treatment for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit.
>
> b\. Pesticides should not be applied inside or adjacent to active RCW
> clusters or clusters that have not been determined by the Service to
> be abandoned. For control of pest or invasive plant species along
> existing rights-of-way (paved or gravel-base roadways only) inside RCW
> clusters, a non-persistent herbicide with a vegetable oil carrier may
> be used if the herbicide does not exceed Class 0 or Class 1 in the
> Small Avian toxicity group. Applicators should make sure that
> pesticide spray drift does not occur beyond the right-of-way by using
> pesticide sprays with (1) coarse droplet sizes or (2) nontoxic drift
> retardants. Applicators may conduct spot applications for selective
> control of mid-story hardwoods inside an RCW cluster away from
> existing rights-of-way by using a triclopyr pesticide (e.g., Garlon7
> 4) and a carrier material of diesel or sunflower oil. Treatment with
> the triclopyr pesticide should be made only if (1) treatment is
> approved by the Service, (2) a backpack sprayer is used to apply the
> pesticide in a basal streamline spray, and (3) the pesticide is
> applied outside the general breeding season of March 1 through July
> 31.
>
> c\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) clusters
> of the red-cockaded woodpecker, measures to protect the species are:
>
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides that are rated
> as Class 0 in the Small Avian toxicity group and Class 0 or Class 1 in
> the Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity group when these pesticides are
> applied outside the perimeter of an RCW cluster as determined by a
> Service-approved survey. Applicators using these pesticides should
> make sure that adverse effects for proposed or listed species will not
> occur inside the perimeter of the RCW cluster as a result of pesticide
> application.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 1 in the Small Avian toxicity group
> should have the following buffer zones when applied outside the
> perimeter of an RCW cluster as determined by a Service-approved
> survey. The buffer zones should also be used for pesticides that rate
> as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity group but
> are not rated higher than Class 1 in the Small Avian toxicity group.
> Aerial pesticide applications should be made in swaths parallel to an
> RCW cluster and its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | none | 30 feet \* | 30 feet | 30 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | none | 30 feet \* | 150 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet H | 80 feet H | 500 feet H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone at the | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Small Avian
> toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when applied
> outside the perimeter of an RCW cluster as determined by a
> Service-approved survey. Aerial pesticide applications should be made
> in swaths parallel to an RCW cluster and its aerial buffer zone.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet \* | 60 feet \* | 300 feet H§ | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet H | 150 feet H | 1/4 mile H | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* A buffer | | | | |
| zone at the | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| unnecessary | | | | |
| for these | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is placed | | | | |
| into the | | | | |
| soil below | | | | |
| a 12-inch | | | | |
| depth. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady | | | | |
| wind of | | | | |
| at | | | | |
| least 3 | | | | |
| miles | | | | |
| per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| during | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ```{=html} | | | | |
| <!-- --> | | | | |
| ``` | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| cluster=s | | | | |
| | | | | |
| perimeter | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
53\. To protect the whooping crane, the Service recommends ---
Application of pesticide involving the following Pesticide Sensitive
Areas should have the protection measures indicated below. In areas
outside the Pesticide Sensitive Areas, applicators should watch for
whooping cranes in fields or wetlands within a 150-mile wide migration
corridor that is centered on a line stretching between the following
cities: (1) the city of Rockport on the Texas Gulf Coast, (2) the city
of Wichita Falls in north-central Texas, and (3) the city of Woodward in
northwest Oklahoma. The two periods for crane migration from Texas to
Canada and back occur from March to June and from September to November,
respectively. Pesticides should not be applied in an area with cranes
until after the cranes have left.
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Alfalfa Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge
County,
Oklahoma
Aransas Aransas National Wildlife Refuge and the critical habitat
County, Texas area for whooping cranes (see 50 CFR \[Code of Federal
Regulations\] § 17.95 in http://www.gpo.gov or contact
the Corpus Christi field office of the Service at
361-994-9005).
Calhoun Aransas National Wildlife Refuge and the critical habitat
County, Texas area for whooping cranes (see 50 CFR \[Code of Federal
Regulations\] § 17.95 in http://www.gpo.gov or contact
the Corpus Christi field office of the Service at
361-994-9005).
Clay County, Byers Lake
Texas
Refugio Aransas National Wildlife Refuge and the critical habitat
County, Texas area for whooping cranes (see 50 CFR \[Code of Federal
Regulations\] § 17.95 in http://www.gpo.gov or contact
the Corpus Christi field office of the Service at
361-994-9005).
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
> a\. The Service should be consulted before implementation of a
> pesticide program for control of pests or invasive species involving
> the Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined above. Applicators or relevant
> agencies should contact a Service field office for appropriate
> protection measures and for any necessary incidental take
> authorization or permit before pesticide treatment. For Texas
> counties, the Corpus Christi Field Office of the Service can be
> contacted at 361-994-9005. The Oklahoma Field Office of the Service
> can be contacted at 918-581-7458.
>
> b\. Application of zinc phosphide or any other rodenticide within the
> Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined above should be restricted to
> tamper-resistant bait boxes.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
54\. To protect the desert tortoise, the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for the desert tortoise in accordance
> with Service protocols before implementation of a pesticide program
> for control of pests or invasive species inside desert scrubland.
> Pesticide users should contact the nearest Service field office for
> information on survey protocols. A scientific permit should be
> obtained from the Service before conducting a species survey. After a
> survey has been conducted, further restrictions on pesticide
> application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the habitat is
> unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat that has
> not been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to pesticide
> treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any necessary
> incidental take authorization or permit.
>
> b\. Applicators or relevant agencies should not use the following
> burrow fumigants or any other burrow fumigant unless they have
> previously been trained to distinguish burrows of target species from
> burrows used by the desert tortoise. Individuals with adequate
> training to distinguish tortoise-inhabited burrows potentially include
> certified applicators and biologists of county extension services,
> state agricultural departments, or state/Federal wildlife management
> agencies.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein magnesium phosphide sodium nitrate |
| |
| aluminum phosphide potassium nitrate |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> c\. For application of pesticides (except for burrow fumigants as
> indicated above) inside occupied habitat or species habitat that has
> not been surveyed, measures to protect the species are:
>
> ♦ Non-herbicidal pesticides (e.g., fungicides) rated as Class 0 in the
> Reptile toxicity group do not ordinarily require protection measures
> when these pesticides are applied inside occupied habitat or
> un-surveyed habitat. Applicators using these pesticides should make
> sure that adverse effects for proposed or listed species will not
> occur inside species habitat as a result of pesticide application.
>
> ♦ A pesticide should not be used inside or adjacent to occupied
> habitat if the pesticide rates as (1) Class D, (2) Class M, (3) Class
> NS, or (4) any class higher than Class 0 in the Reptile toxicity
> group. An exception is application of herbicides (Classes D, M, or NS)
> that rate no higher than Class 1 in the Reptile toxicity group. These
> pesticides may be applied in existing rights-of-way through desert
> tortoise habitat. Applicators should make sure that pesticide spray
> drift does not occur beyond the right-of-way by using pesticide sprays
> with coarse droplet sizes from a spray gun or boom on a spray tank.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
55\. To protect the Barton Springs salamander, the Service recommends
---
Application of pesticides inside the following Pesticide Sensitive Areas
should have the protection measures indicated below. The Service should
be consulted before application of pesticide within 500 feet of species
habitat in Main Springs, Eliza Springs, Sunken Garden Springs, or Upper
Barton Springs inside Zilker Park in the city of Austin. The Service
should also be consulted before implementation of a pesticide program
for control of pests or invasive species inside a Pesticide Sensitive
Area where pesticide residues may occur in runoff into the Edwards
Aquifer.
------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
County Pesticide Sensitive Area
Hays County, The watersheds of Barton Creek, Bear Creek, Little Barton
Texas Creek, Little Bear Creek, and Onion Creek.
Travis The watersheds of Barton Creek, Bear Creek, Little Bear
County, Creek, Slaughter Creek, and Williams Creek. Also, the part
Texas of the Onion Creek watershed that is west of Interstate
Highway 35.
------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
a\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside or adjacent to
species habitat unless approved by the Service.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> b\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
> application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
> that contribute ground water or surface water to species habitat.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 0 or Class 1 in the Aquatic Amphibian
> toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when applied at
> the edge of any waterbody or aquifer recharge feature (cave, sinkhole,
> crevice, etc.) within the Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined above. The
> buffer zones should also be used for pesticides that rate as Class 2
> or Class 3 in the Aquatic Arthropod toxicity group but are not rated
> higher than Class 1 in the Aquatic Amphibian toxicity group.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet | 50 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 80 feet \*H | 200 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet \* | 150 feet \* | 500 feet \* | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 50 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or aquifer | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 50 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| aquifer | | | | |
| | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Aquatic Amphibian
> toxicity group should have the appropriate buffer zone when applied at
> the edge of any waterbody or aquifer recharge feature (cave, sinkhole,
> crevice, etc.) within the Pesticide Sensitive Areas defined above.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | none | none | None | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet | 100 feet | 350 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 200 feet \* | 200 feet \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 80 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or aquifer | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 80 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| aquifer | | | | |
| | | | | |
| recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| (cave, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| sinkhole, | | | | |
| | | | | |
| crevice, | | | | |
| etc.) | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
56\. To protect the Chiricahua leopard frog, the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for Chiricahua leopard frogs in
> accordance with Service protocols before application of pesticide
> adjacent to cienagas (desert marshes), ponds, livestock tanks, and
> shallow areas of lakes, reservoirs, streams, and rivers. Pesticide
> users should contact either the New Mexico Field Office of the Service
> at 505-346-2525 or the Phoenix Field Office of the Service at
> 602-242-0210 for information on survey protocols and the likelihood of
> Chiricahua leopard frogs occurring in the area of pesticide
> application. A scientific permit should be obtained from the Service
> before conducting a species survey. After a survey has been conducted,
> further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
> Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For
> occupied habitat or potentially occupied habitat (i.e., suitable
> habitat that has not been surveyed or suitable habitat for which
> surveys were inconclusive), the Service should be consulted prior to
> pesticide treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any
> necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
>
> b\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
> other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
> aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside occupied or
> potentially occupied aquatic habitat unless approved by the Service.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> c\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
> application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
> that (1) are occupied by the species, (2) have not been surveyed, or
> (3) have inconclusive surveys. Recommended buffer zones should be used
> at the edge of the estimated annual high water line of the waterbody
> or wetland to be protected. The buffer zones should also be applied
> for (1) at least 1/2 mile upstream from the habitat area in any
> ephemeral to perennial contributing channel, tributary, or spring run
> and (2) at least 300 feet downstream from species habitat.
>
> ♦ Pesticides rated as Class 0 in the Aquatic Amphibian, Aquatic
> Arthropod, and Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity groups may be applied on
> land below or above the high water line of species habitat.
> Applicators using these pesticides should make sure that adverse
> effects for proposed or listed species will not occur inside species
> habitat as a result of pesticide application.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 1 in the Aquatic Amphibian toxicity
> group should not be applied on land below the high water line of
> species habitat and should have the following buffer zones when
> applied on land above the high water line of species habitat. The
> buffer zones should also be used for pesticides that rate as Class 2
> or Class 3 in either the Aquatic Arthropod or Terrestrial Arthropod
> toxicity groups but are not rated higher than Class 1 in the Aquatic
> Amphibian toxicity group.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 30 feet \* | 100 feet | 100 feet | 100 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 30 feet \* | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 30 feet \* | 350 feet H§ | 450 feet H§ | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 400 feet H | 400 feet H | 1/8 mile H | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| do not | | | | |
| require a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| above the | | | | |
| high water | | | | |
| line of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if (1) the | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is approved | | | | |
| by the | | | | |
| Service and | | | | |
| (2) the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is applied | | | | |
| by | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| † These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 300 feet | | | | |
| above the | | | | |
| high water | | | | |
| line of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| § These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 300 feet | | | | |
| above the | | | | |
| high water | | | | |
| line of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with low | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver a | | | | |
| spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 in the Aquatic Amphibian toxicity
> group should not be applied below the high water line of species
> habitat and should have the following buffer zones when applied above
> the high water line of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 50 feet | 200 feet | 200 feet | 200 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 50 feet | 350 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 450 feet \* | 450 feet \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 350 feet | | | | |
| above the | | | | |
| high water | | | | |
| line of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 350 | | | | |
| feet | | | | |
| above | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| high | | | | |
| water | | | | |
| line of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 3 in the Aquatic Amphibian toxicity
> group should not be applied below the high water line of species
> habitat and should have the following buffer zones when applied above
> the high water line of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 100 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet | 300 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 100 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet | 350 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 100 feet | 400 feet | 1/8 mile | 1/2 mile |
| f | | \*† | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 500 feet \* | 500 feet \* | 1/4 mile \* | 3/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 350 feet | | | | |
| above the | | | | |
| high water | | | | |
| line of the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or recharge | | | | |
| feature | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplication. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 350 | | | | |
| feet | | | | |
| above | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| high | | | | |
| water | | | | |
| line of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| waterbody | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| wetland | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
57\. To protect the Houston toad, the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for the Houston toad in accordance
> with Service protocols before application of pesticide inside or
> adjacent to pine or oak woodland with pockets of deep sand. Pesticide
> users should contact the Austin field office of the Service at
> 512-490-0057 for information on survey protocols. A scientific permit
> should be obtained from the Service before conducting a species
> survey. After a survey has been conducted, further restrictions on
> pesticide application are unnecessary if the Service concurs that the
> habitat is unoccupied by the species. For occupied habitat or habitat
> that has not been surveyed, the Service should be consulted prior to
> pesticide treatment for appropriate protection measures and for any
> necessary incidental take authorization or permit.
>
> b\. Applicators should not use the following aquatic pesticides or any
> other pesticide formulations labeled for aquatic use (piscicides,
> aquatic herbicides, mosquito control agents, etc.) inside waterbodies
> or wetlands that serve as species habitat unless approved by the
> Service.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| acrolein 2, 4-D (e.g., Aqua-Kleen7) glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo7) |
| terbutryn |
| |
| antimycin A diquat imazapyr (e.g., Habitat7) |
| |
| copper chelate endothall rotenone |
| |
| copper sulfate fluridone simazine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
> c\. Applicators should use the following protection measures for
> application of pesticides on land adjacent to waterbodies and wetlands
> that serve as species habitat. Recommended buffer zones should be used
> for (1) all of the habitat area and (2) at least 1 mile upstream from
> the habitat area in any contributing channel, tributary, or spring
> run. The buffer zones should also be applied for at least 300 feet
> downstream from species habitat.
>
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides rated as Class 0
> in the Terrestrial Amphibian toxicity group when these pesticides are
> applied at the edge of species habitat. Applicators using these
> pesticides should make sure that adverse effects for proposed or
> listed species will not occur inside species habitat as a result of
> pesticide application.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 1 in the Terrestrial Amphibian
> toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when applied at
> the edge of species habitat. The buffer zones should also be used for
> pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in either the Aquatic
> Arthropod or Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity groups but are not rated
> higher than Class 1 in the Terrestrial Amphibian toxicity group.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | None | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 10 feet | 30 feet | 30 feet | 30 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 10 feet | 30 feet | 150 feet | 1/8 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 80 feet \* | 80 feet \* | 500 feet \* | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 30 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| two | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are met: | | | | |
| (1) a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| and (2) | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| residues in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain into | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 30 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Terrestrial
> Amphibian toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
> applied at the edge of species habitat.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | None | none | none | none |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 20 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet | 60 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 20 feet | 60 feet | 300 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 150 feet \* | 150 feet \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 60 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| two | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are met: | | | | |
| (1) a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| and (2) | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| residues in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain into | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 60 feet | | | | |
| at the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
58\. To protect the American burying beetle, the Service recommends ---
> a\. A survey should be conducted for the American burying beetle in
> accordance with Service protocols before application of an insecticide
> inside or adjacent to open grassland, oak-pine woodland, oak-hickory
> forest, or pasture. Pesticide users should contact the Oklahoma Field
> Office of the Service at 918-581-7458 for information on survey
> protocols. A scientific permit should be obtained from the Service
> before conducting a species survey. After a survey has been conducted,
> further restrictions on pesticide application are unnecessary if the
> Service concurs that the habitat is unoccupied by the species. For
> occupied habitat or habitat that has not been surveyed, the Service
> should be consulted prior to treatment for appropriate protection
> measures and for any necessary incidental take authorization or
> permit.
>
> b\. For pesticide applications adjacent to (but not within) occupied
> habitat or species habitat that has not been surveyed, measures to
> protect the species are:
>
> ♦ Buffer zones are usually unnecessary for pesticides rated as Class 0
> or Class 1 in the Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity group when these
> pesticides are applied at the edge of species habitat. Applicators
> using these pesticides should make sure that adverse effects for
> proposed or listed species will not occur inside species habitat as a
> result of pesticide application.
>
> ♦ Pesticides that rate as Class 2 or Class 3 in the Terrestrial
> Arthropod toxicity group should have the following buffer zones when
> these pesticides are applied at the edge of species habitat. When
> possible, applicators should not apply pesticide in cropland adjacent
> to occupied species habitat earlier than one hour after sunrise.
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Buffer | Spot | Mechanized | Low aerial | High aerial |
| Zones ^1^ | | ground | a | a |
| | a | a | pplications | pplications |
| | pplications | pplications | ^3^ | ^3^ |
| | ^2^ | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bait | 70 feet | 100 feet | 350 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| (insect | | | | |
| baits only) | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Solid | 70 feet | 100 feet | 100 feet | 100 feet |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| insect | | | | |
| baits ^4^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Liquid | 70 feet | 100 feet | 350 feet | 1/4 mile |
| f | | | \*H | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^5^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ULV or dust | 200 feet \* | 200 feet \* | 1/4 mile \* | 1/2 mile |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| ^6^ | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Alternative | | | | |
| Buffer | | | | |
| Zones: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| \* These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can have a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| of 100 feet | | | | |
| at the edge | | | | |
| of the area | | | | |
| to be | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| following | | | | |
| two | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| are met: | | | | |
| (1) a | | | | |
| strong, | | | | |
| steady wind | | | | |
| of at least | | | | |
| 3 miles per | | | | |
| hour is | | | | |
| blowing | | | | |
| directly | | | | |
| away from | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| during the | | | | |
| time of | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| and (2) | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| residues in | | | | |
| surface | | | | |
| runoff | | | | |
| cannot | | | | |
| drain into | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| after a | | | | |
| pr | | | | |
| ecipitation | | | | |
| event. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| - These | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| and | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| can | | | | |
| have a | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zone of | | | | |
| 100 | | | | |
| feet at | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| edge of | | | | |
| the | | | | |
| area to | | | | |
| be | | | | |
| | | | | |
| protected | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| is | | | | |
| applied | | | | |
| by a | | | | |
| sprayer | | | | |
| with | | | | |
| low | | | | |
| | | | | |
| pressure | | | | |
| nozzles | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| deliver | | | | |
| a spray | | | | |
| ranging | | | | |
| from | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| to very | | | | |
| coarse | | | | |
| in | | | | |
| droplet | | | | |
| size. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 A buffer | | | | |
| zone is the | | | | |
| distance | | | | |
| between the | | | | |
| boundary of | | | | |
| the area | | | | |
| requiring | | | | |
| protection | | | | |
| and the | | | | |
| closest | | | | |
| point of | | | | |
| the last | | | | |
| spot | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| swath. | | | | |
| Border | | | | |
| areas | | | | |
| (roadways, | | | | |
| fence | | | | |
| lines, | | | | |
| canal | | | | |
| dikes, | | | | |
| etc.) may | | | | |
| be used as | | | | |
| part of a | | | | |
| buffer zone | | | | |
| if the | | | | |
| border area | | | | |
| itself does | | | | |
| not involve | | | | |
| species | | | | |
| habitat or | | | | |
| a sensitive | | | | |
| area. | | | | |
| Standard | | | | |
| weather | | | | |
| conditions | | | | |
| for | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| (i.e., no | | | | |
| temperature | | | | |
| inversions, | | | | |
| wind speeds | | | | |
| between 3 | | | | |
| to 10 miles | | | | |
| per hour, | | | | |
| and no | | | | |
| rainfall | | | | |
| for 48 | | | | |
| hours) | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| followed | | | | |
| when | | | | |
| i | | | | |
| mplementing | | | | |
| recommended | | | | |
| buffer | | | | |
| zones. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 Spot | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| by (1) | | | | |
| ha | | | | |
| nd-operated | | | | |
| equipment | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| spray gun | | | | |
| that | | | | |
| discharges | | | | |
| pesticide | | | | |
| in liquid | | | | |
| streams | | | | |
| from a | | | | |
| spray tank. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 Low and | | | | |
| high aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| (re | | | | |
| spectively, | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| either less | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet or | | | | |
| greater | | | | |
| than 10 | | | | |
| feet) are | | | | |
| relative to | | | | |
| the height | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| nozzles or | | | | |
| spreaders | | | | |
| above (1) | | | | |
| the canopy | | | | |
| of the | | | | |
| field crop | | | | |
| or native | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| community | | | | |
| or (2) a | | | | |
| bare ground | | | | |
| surface. In | | | | |
| grassland | | | | |
| or | | | | |
| semi-open | | | | |
| plant | | | | |
| communities | | | | |
| (shrubland, | | | | |
| woodland, | | | | |
| etc.) with | | | | |
| more than | | | | |
| 40 percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| top of the | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| canopy | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used to | | | | |
| determine | | | | |
| whether an | | | | |
| aerial | | | | |
| application | | | | |
| is low or | | | | |
| high. For | | | | |
| forested | | | | |
| lands or | | | | |
| dense | | | | |
| shrubland | | | | |
| with less | | | | |
| than 40 | | | | |
| percent | | | | |
| grass | | | | |
| cover, the | | | | |
| tops of | | | | |
| trees or | | | | |
| shrubs | | | | |
| should be | | | | |
| used in | | | | |
| determining | | | | |
| whether | | | | |
| a | | | | |
| pplications | | | | |
| are low or | | | | |
| high. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 Solid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include | | | | |
| baits, | | | | |
| granules, | | | | |
| pellets, | | | | |
| and treated | | | | |
| seed but do | | | | |
| not include | | | | |
| dusts. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5 Liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| include any | | | | |
| type of | | | | |
| l | | | | |
| iquid-based | | | | |
| formulation | | | | |
| other than | | | | |
| ULV | | | | |
| fo | | | | |
| rmulations. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ULV | | | | |
| (ultra low | | | | |
| volume) | | | | |
| refers to | | | | |
| liquid | | | | |
| f | | | | |
| ormulations | | | | |
| applied at | | | | |
| a rate of | | | | |
| 1/2 gallon | | | | |
| or less per | | | | |
| acre. | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
**4.4 Supplemental Information**
**4.4.1 Screening-level hazard assessment for pesticide ecotoxicity**
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th colspan="23"><strong>Table 2. Ecotoxicity ratings for pesticide
active ingredients and various formulations</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<th colspan="5"><strong>Pesticide</strong></th>
<th colspan="18"><strong>Species toxicity groups * H §</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr class="header">
<th><strong>common name/active ingredient</strong></th>
<th><p><strong>alternative name/</strong></p>
<p><strong>e.g., trade name®</strong></p></th>
<th><strong>type I</strong></th>
<th><strong>use **</strong></th>
<th><strong>CASRN</strong></th>
<th><strong>L-MA</strong></th>
<th><strong>P-MA</strong></th>
<th><strong>S-MA</strong></th>
<th><strong>G-AV</strong></th>
<th><strong>L-AV</strong></th>
<th><strong>P-AV</strong></th>
<th><strong>S-AV</strong></th>
<th><strong>W-AV</strong></th>
<th><strong>REP</strong></th>
<th><strong>A-AM</strong></th>
<th><strong>T-AM</strong></th>
<th><strong>CW-F</strong></th>
<th><strong>WW-F</strong></th>
<th><strong>A-AR</strong></th>
<th><strong>BEE</strong></th>
<th><strong>T-AR</strong></th>
<th><strong>FW-M</strong></th>
<th><strong>PLANT</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ABAMECTIN</td>
<td>AVERMECTIN</td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>65195-55-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ACEPHATE (see note below)</td>
<td>e.g., ORTHENE</td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C, F, R/P, U</td>
<td>30560-19-1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ACETAMIPRID</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>135410-20-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ACETOCHLOR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>34256-82-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ACIFLUORFEN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>62476-59-9</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ACROLEIN (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., MAGNACIDE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>107-02-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ACROLEIN (nonaquatic)</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>107-02-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ALACHLOR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>15972-60-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ALDICARB (granular formulation only)</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, N</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>116-06-3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ALDOXYCARB</td>
<td>ALDICARB SULFONE</td>
<td>I, N</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1646-88-4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ALLETHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>584-79-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ALLOXYDIM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>66003-55-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>20859-73-8</td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>3 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>AMETRYN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>834-12-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>AMICARBAZONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1299090-90-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>AMINOPYRIDINE</td>
<td>e.g., AVITROL</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>504-24-5</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>AMITRAZ</td>
<td></td>
<td>A, I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>33089-61-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>AMITROLE (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>R/P</td>
<td>61-82-5</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>AMMONIUM CHLORIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1215-02-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>AMS</td>
<td>AMMONIUM SULFAMATE</td>
<td>ADJ</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>7783-06-2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ANCYMIDOL</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>12771-68-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ANILAZINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>101-05-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ANTIMYCIN A (aquatic)</td>
<td></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>C, F, R/P</td>
<td>1397-94-0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ARSENIC ACID</td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1327-53-3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ASULAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>3337-71-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ATRAZINE (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, F, R/P</td>
<td>1912-24-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS <sub>f</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>AZADIRACHTIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>1141-17-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>AZAFENIDIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>68049-83-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>AZINPHOS-METHYL</td>
<td>e.g., GUTHION</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>86-50-0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>AZOXYSTROBIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>131860-33-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, L</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>68038-71-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BENALAXYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>71626-11-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BENDIOCARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>22781-23-3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BENEFIN</td>
<td>BENFLURALIN</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1861-40-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BENOMYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, F, U</td>
<td>17804-35-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BENOXACOR</td>
<td></td>
<td>S</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>98730-04-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BENSULFURON METHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>83055-99-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BENSULIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>741-58-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BENTAZON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>50723-80-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BIFENAZATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1332-58-7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BIFENOX</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>42576-02-3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BIFENTHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>82657-04-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BISPYRIBAC-SODIUM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>125401-75-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BORIC ACID</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, L</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>10043-35-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BOSCALID</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>188425-85-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BRODIFACOUM</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>56073-10-0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BROMACIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>314-40-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>BROMADIOLONE</p>
<p>(0.005% concentration only)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>28772-56-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1<sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1<sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BROMETHALIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>63333-35-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BROMOXYNIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1689-99-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BUTACHLOR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>23184-66-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BUTAFENACIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>D, H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>134605-64-4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BUTYLATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2008-41-5</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CACODYLIC ACID</td>
<td>DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>75-60-5</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CAPTAN</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>133-06-2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CARBARYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F, R/P, U</td>
<td>63-25-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CARBENDAZIM</td>
<td>MBC</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>10605-21-7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CARBOFURAN</td>
<td>e.g., FURADAN</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1563-66-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CARBON DISULFIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>75-15-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CARBOPHENOTHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, A</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>786-19-6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CARBOXIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>5234-68-4</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHLORAMBEN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, F,U</td>
<td>133-90-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CHLORDANE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>57-74-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHLORINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>A, F</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>7782-50-5</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CHLOROBENZILATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>A, M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>510-15-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHLORONEB</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2675-77-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CHLOROPHACINONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>3691-35-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHLOROPICRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>N, S</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>76-06-2</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CHLORO-P-TOLUIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE</td>
<td><p>DRC-1339/</p>
<p>e.g., STARLICIDE</p></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>7745-89-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHLOROTHALONIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>1897-45-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CHLOOPHAM</td>
<td>CIPC</td>
<td>G, H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>101-21-3</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHLORPYRIFOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F, M, U</td>
<td>2921-88-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>5598-13-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHLORSULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>64902-72-3</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CHLOZOLINATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>72391-46-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CHOLECALCIFEROL</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>67-97-0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CLETHODIM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>99129-21-2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CLODINAFOP-PROPARGYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>105512-06-9</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CLOFENTEZINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>74115-24-5</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CLOMAZONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>81777-89-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CLOPYRALID</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>1702-17-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CLORANSULAM-METHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>147150-35-4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>COPPER CHELATE (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., AQUATRINE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>13426-91-0 or 31089-39-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>COPPER SULFATE (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., COPPER Z</td>
<td>Al, H, Mu</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>7758-99-8</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>COPPER SULFATE (nonaquatic)</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>7758-99-8</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>COUMAPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>M, I</td>
<td>R/P</td>
<td>56-72-4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CREOSOTE</td>
<td></td>
<td>Pr</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>8001-58-9</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CRYOLITE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>15096-52-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CYANAZINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>21725-46-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CYCLOATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1134-23-2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CYFLUTHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>68539-37-65</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CYHALOFOP-BUTYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>122008-85-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CYPERMETHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>52315-07-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CYROMAZINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>66215-27-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2, 4-D (acid formulations)</td>
<td><p>CHLOROPHENOXY-</p>
<p>ACETIC ACID</p></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>94-75-7</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2, 4-D (aquatic amine salt formulations)</td>
<td>e.g., SAVAGE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>D<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2, 4-D (nonaquatic amine salt formulations)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2, 4-D (aquatic ester formulations)</td>
<td>e.g., AQUA-KLEEN</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>D<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2, 4-D (nonaquatic ester formulations)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2, 4-DB</td>
<td><p>2, 4-D</p>
<p>BUTYRIC ACID</p></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>10433-59-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DALAPON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>75-99-0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DAMINOZIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>1596-84-5</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DAZOMET</td>
<td></td>
<td>B, F, H</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>533-74-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DCPA</td>
<td>CHLORTHAL</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1861-32-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DELTAMETHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>52198-63-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DESMEDIPHAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>13684-56-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIAZINON</td>
<td>PHOSPHORO-THIOATE</td>
<td>I, N</td>
<td>C, F, M</td>
<td>333-41-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DICAMBA</td>
<td>ANISIC ACID</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>1918-00-9</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DICHLOBENIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1194-65-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DICHLONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>117-80-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DICHLORMID</td>
<td></td>
<td>G, S</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>37764-25-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DICHLOROPROPANE</td>
<td></td>
<td>Fm</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>78-87-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DICHLOROPROPENE</td>
<td></td>
<td>N, Fm</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>524-75-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DICHLOOP</td>
<td>2,4-DP</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>F, ROW</td>
<td>7547-66-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DICHLORVOS</td>
<td>DICHLOROVINYL DIMETHYL PHOSPHATE</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>62-73-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DICLOFOP-METHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>51338-27-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DICLORAN</td>
<td>DCNA</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>99-30-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DICLOSULAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>145701-21-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DICOFOL</td>
<td></td>
<td>M</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>115-32-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DICROTOPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>141-66-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIENOCHLOR</td>
<td></td>
<td>M</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>2227-17-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIETHOLATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>Mi</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>32345-29-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIEFENOCONAZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>14214-32-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIFENZOQUAT</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>43222-48-6</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIFLUBENZURON (see note below)</td>
<td>DIMLIN</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F, R/P</td>
<td>35367-38-5</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIFLUFENICAN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>83164-33-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIFLUFENZOPYR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>109293-97-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIMETHENAMID</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>87674-68-8</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIMETHIPIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>55290-64-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIMETHIRIMOL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>5221-53-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIMETHOATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>60-51-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIMETHOMORPH</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>110488-70-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DINITRAMINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>29091-05-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DINOCAP</td>
<td></td>
<td>F, M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>39300-45-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIPHACINONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>82-66-6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIPHENAMID</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>957-51-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIQUAT (aquatic)</td>
<td>DIQUAT DIBROMIDE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>85-00-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DIQUAT (nonaquatic)</td>
<td>DIQUAT DIBROMIDE</td>
<td>D, H</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>85-00-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DISULFOTON</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>298-04-4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DITHIOPYR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>97886-45-8</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DIURON (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>330-54-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>D-LIMONENE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>5989-27-5</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DNOC</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, F, H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>534-52-1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DODINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2439-10-3</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DSMA</td>
<td>DISODIUM METHANE-ARSONATE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>144-21-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>EMAMECTIN BENZOATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>137512-74-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3<sub>L</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ENDOSULFAN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>115-29-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ENDOTHALL (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., AQUATHOL</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ENDOTHALL (nonaquatic)</td>
<td></td>
<td>D, H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>EPTC</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>759-94-4</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ESFENVALERATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>6623-04-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ETHALFLURALIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>55283-68-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ETHAMETSULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>97780-06-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ETHEPHON</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>16672-87-0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ETHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>A, I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>563-12-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ETHOFUMESATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>26225-79-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ETHOPROP</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, N</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>13194-48-4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ETRIDIAZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>2593-15-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FAMPHUR</td>
<td>e.g., WARBEX</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>S</td>
<td>52-85-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FEBUCONAZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>114369-43-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FENAMIPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, N</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>22224-92-6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FENARIMOL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>60168-88-9</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FENBUTATIN-OXIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>M</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>13356-08-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FENFURAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>24691-80-3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FENITROTHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>122-14-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FENOXAPROP-ETHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>66441-23-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FENOXYCARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>72490-01-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FENPROPATHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>A, I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>39515-41-8</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FENTHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, M</td>
<td>55-38-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FENURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>101-42-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FENVALERATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>51630-58-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FERBAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>14484-64-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FIPRONIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>120068-37-3</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>79241-46-6</td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUAZINAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>79622-59-6</td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUCARBAZONE-SODIUM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>181274-17-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUCYTHRINATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>70124-77-5</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUFENACET</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>142459-58-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUFENPYR-ETHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>188489-07-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUMETSULAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>98967-40-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUMICLORAC-PENTYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>87546-18-7</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUMIOXAZIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>103361-09-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUOMETURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2164-17-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLURIDONE (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., SONAR</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>5976-60-4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUROXYPYR (acid formulation)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, P</td>
<td>69377-81-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUROXYPYR-MEPTYL (ester formulation)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, P</td>
<td>81406-37-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUTHIACET-METHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>D, H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>117337-19-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUTOLANIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>66332-96-5</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FLUVALINATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>69409-94-5</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FLUXOFENIM</td>
<td></td>
<td>S</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>88485-37-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FOMESAFEN SALT</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>72178-02-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FONOFOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>944-22-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FORAMSULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>173159-57-4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FORMETANATE HYDROCHLORIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>23422-53-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FORMOTHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2540-82-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FOSAMINE AMMONIUM SALT</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>25954-13-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>FOSETYL-ALUMINUM</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>39148-24-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>GLUFOSINATE AMMONIUM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>77182-82-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>GLYPHOSATE (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., RODEO</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>1071-83-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>GLYPHOSATE (nonaquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., ROUNDUP</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U, W</td>
<td>1071-83-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>HALOSULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>100784-20-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>HALOXYFOP</td>
<td>HALOXYFOP-METHYL</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>69806-40-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>HEPTACHLOR (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>76-44-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>HEXAZINONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, F, R/P</td>
<td>51235-04-2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS <sub>f</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>HEXYTHIAZOX</td>
<td></td>
<td>A, I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>78587-05-0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>HYDRAMETHYLNON</td>
<td>e.g., AMDRO</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>R/P, U</td>
<td>67485-29-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>IMAZALIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>35554-44-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>IMAZAMETHABENZ</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>81405-85-8</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>IMAZAMOX</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>114311-32-9</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>IMAZAPIC</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1928-43-4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>IMAZAPYR (technical formulation)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, ROW, R/P</td>
<td>81334-34-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>IMAZAPYR (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., HABITAT</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>81334-34-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NSaq</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>IMAZAPYR (nonaquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., ARSENAL</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, ROW, R/P</td>
<td>81334-34-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>IMAZAUIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>81334-34-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>IMAZETHAPYR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>81335-77-5</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>IMIDACLOPRID</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>138261-41-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>INDOXACARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>173584-44-6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>IPRODIONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>36734-19-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ISAZOFOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>42509-80-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ISOFENPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2311-71-1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ISOXABEN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>82558-50-7</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ISOXAFLUTOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>141112-29-0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>LACTOFEN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>77501-63-4</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>LAMDA-CYHALOTHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>91465-08-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>LINDANE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>58-89-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>LINURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>330-55-2</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MAGNESIUM PHOSPHIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>R, F</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>12057-74-8</td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td>2 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>3 <sub>b</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MALATHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td><p>C, F,</p>
<p>R/P, U</p></td>
<td>121-75-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MALEIC HYDRAZIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>123-33-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1e</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MANCOZEB</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>8018-01-7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MANEB</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>12427-38-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MCPA</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>94-47-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MCPB</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>94-81-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MECOPROP</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>7085-19-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MEFENPYR-DIETHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>S</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>135591-00-3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MEFLUIDIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>53780-34-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>24307-26-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METALAXYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>57837-19-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METALDEHYDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>Mu</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>9002-91-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METAM-SODIUM</td>
<td><p>METHAM-</p>
<p>SODIUM</p></td>
<td><p>F, I,</p>
<p>H, N</p></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>137-42-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METHAMIDOPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>10265-92-6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METHIDATHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>950-37-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METHIOCARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>A, I, Mu</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>2032-65-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METHOMYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F, R/P</td>
<td>16752-77-5</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METHOPRENE</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C, M, R/P, U</td>
<td>40956-69-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METHOXYCHLOR</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>72-43-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METHOXYFENOZIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>161050-58-4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3<sub>L</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METHYL BROMIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>Fm</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>74-83-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>Fm</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>556-61-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METHYL PARATHION</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, M</td>
<td>298-00-0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METIRAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>9006-42-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METOLACHLOR (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>5121845-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>METRIBUZIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, ROW</td>
<td>21087-64-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>METSULFURON-METHYL (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>74223-64-6</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MEVINPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>7786-34-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MOLINATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2212-67-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MONOCROTOPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2157-98-4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MONOLINURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1746-81-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MONURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>150-68-5</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>MSMA</td>
<td><p>MONOSODIUM METHANE-</p>
<p>ARSONATE</p></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2163-80-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>MYCLOBUTANIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>88671-89-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NAA</td>
<td>1-NAPTHALENE-ACETIC ACID</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>86-87-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NALED</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>300-76-5</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NAPROPAMIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>15299-99-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NAPTALAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>132-66-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NAPTHALENE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F, I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>91-20-3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NEBURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>555-37-3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NICOSULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>111991-09-4</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NITRAPYRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>B, X</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1929-82-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NORFLURAZON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>27314-13-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ORYZALIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>19044-88-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OXADIAZON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>19666-30-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OXAMYL</td>
<td>e.g., VYDATE</td>
<td>I, N</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>23135-22-0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OXYCARBOXIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>5259-88-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OXYDEMETON-METHYL</td>
<td>e.g., METASYSTOX-R</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>301-12-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OXYFLUORFEN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>42874-0303</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OXYTHIOQUINOX</td>
<td></td>
<td>F, I, M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2439-01-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PACLOBUTRAZOL</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>76738-62-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PARAQUAT</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>4685-14-7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PARATHION (ETHYL)</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>56-38-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PCNB</td>
<td>QUINTOZENE</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>82-68-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PEBULATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1114-71-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PELARGONIC ACID</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, ROW, U</td>
<td>112-05-0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PENDIMETHALIN</td>
<td>DINITROBENZEN-AMINE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>40487-42-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PENTACHLOROPHENOL</td>
<td>PCP</td>
<td>I, F</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>87-86-5</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PERFLUIDONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>37924-13-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PERMETHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>52645-53-1</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PETROLEUM OILS</td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Adj, H,</p>
<p>I , M</p></td>
<td>C, F, R/P, U</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PHENMEDIPHAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>13681-63-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PHENTHOATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>32597-03-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PHORATE</td>
<td><p>PHOSPHORO</p>
<p>DITHIOATE</p></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>298-02-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PHOSALONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2310-17-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PHOSMET</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>732-11-16</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PHOSPHAMIDON</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>13171-21-6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PICLORAM (see note below)</td>
<td>e.g., TORDON</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>1918-02-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>SY</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>51-03-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PRIMISULFURON-METHYL</td>
<td>PRIMISULFURON</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>113036-87-6</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROCHLORAZ</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>67747-09-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROCYMIDONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>32809-16-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PRODIAMINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>29091-21-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROFENOFOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>41198-08-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROMECARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2631-37-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROMETON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1610-18-0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROMETRYN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>7287-19-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS <sub>f</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PRONAMIDE</td>
<td>PROPYZAMIDE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>23950-58-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROPACHLOR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, F, R/P</td>
<td>1918-16-7</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROPAMOCARB HYDROCHLORIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>25606-41-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROPANIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>709-98-9</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROPARGITE</td>
<td></td>
<td>M</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2312-35-8</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROPAZINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>139-40-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROPETAMPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>31218-83-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROPHAM</td>
<td>IPC</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>122-42-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROPICONAZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>60207-90-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROPIONIC ACID</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>79-09-4</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROPOXUR</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>114-26-1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PROPOXYCARBAZONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>181274-15-7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PROSULFOCARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>52888-80-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PYRACLOSTROBIN</td>
<td>HEADLINE</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>175013-18-0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PYRAZON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1698-60-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PYRETHRINS</td>
<td>PYRETHRUM</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>various CASRNs</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PYRIDATE</td>
<td>PYRIDAZINE CARBOXYLIC ACID</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, R/P</td>
<td>55512-33-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PYRIPROXYFEN</td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>95737-68-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>PYRITHIOBAC</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>123343-16-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>QUINCLORAC</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>8408701-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>QUIZALOFOP-P-ETHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>76758-14-8</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>RESMETHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>10453-86-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>RIMSULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>122931-48-0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ROTENONE (aquatic)</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, P</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>83-79-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>RYANIA</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>15662-33-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>SETHOXYDIM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>74051-80-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>SIDURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>1982-49-6</td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>s</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>SIMAZINE (aquatic) (see note below)</td>
<td>e.g., AQUAZINE</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>122-34-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>SIMAZINE (nonaquatic) (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>122-34-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS <sub>f</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>SODIUM CHLORATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>D, H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>7775-09-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>SODIUM CYANIDE</td>
<td>e.g., M-44</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>143-33-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>SODIUM FLUOROACETATE</td>
<td><p>e.g.,</p>
<p>COMPOUND 1080</p></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>62-74-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>SPINOSAD (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, R/P, U</td>
<td>13929-60-7, 131928-63-0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>STREPTOMYCIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>B, X</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>57-92-1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>STRYCHNINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>57-24-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>SULFENTRAZONE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>122836-35-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>SULFOMETURON-METHYL</td>
<td>SULFOMETURON</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>R/P, ROW</td>
<td>74222-97-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>SULFUR</td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>7664-93-9</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>SULFURYL FLUORIDE (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>Fm</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>2699-79-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>SULPROFOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>35400-43-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TCA</td>
<td><p>SODIUM</p>
<p>TRICHLORO-</p>
<p>ACETATE</p></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>76-03-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TEBUCONAZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>107534-96-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TEBUFENOZIDE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>11240-23-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3<sub>L</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TEBUTHIURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>R/P, U</td>
<td>34104-18-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS <sub>f</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TEFLUTHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>79538-32-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TEMEPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>L</td>
<td>C, M, R/P, U</td>
<td>3383-96-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TERBACIL</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>5902-51-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TERBUFOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I, N</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>13071-79-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TERBUTRYN (aquatic)</td>
<td>e.g., CLAROSAN</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>886-50-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS<sub>aq</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TERBUTRYN (nonaquatic)</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>886-50-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS <sub>f</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TETRACHLORVINPHOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>22248-79-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>THIABENDAZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>148-79-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>THIAMETHOXAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>153719-23-4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>THIAZOPYR</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>117718-60-2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>THIDIAZURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>51707-55-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>THIFENSULFURON-METHYL</td>
<td>THIFENSULFURON</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>79277-27-3</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>THIOBENCARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>28249-77-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>THIOCYCLAM HYDROGEN OXALATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>31895-22-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>THIODICARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>59669-26-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>THIOPHANATE-METHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>23564-05-8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>THIRAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>137-26-8</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TOLCLOFOS-METHYL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>57018-04-9</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRALKOXYDIM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>87820-88-0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRALOMETHRIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>66841-25-6</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIADIMEFON</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>43121-43-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRIADIMIENOL</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>55219-65-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIALLATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2303-17-5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRIASULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, P, R</td>
<td>82097-50-5</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIBENURON-METHYL</td>
<td>TRIBENURON</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>101200-48-0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRIBUFOS</td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>78-48-8</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIBUTLYTIN</td>
<td>TBT</td>
<td>B, X</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>56573-85-4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRICHLORFON</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C, F, R/P</td>
<td>52-68-6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRICHLORONATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>327-98-0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRICLOPYR (amine salt formulations)</td>
<td>e.g., GARLON 3A</td>
<td>H</td>
<td><p>F, R/P,</p>
<p>ROW</p></td>
<td>55226-06-3</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRICLOPYR (ester formulations)</td>
<td>e.g., GARLON 4</td>
<td>H</td>
<td><p>F, R/P,</p>
<p>ROW</p></td>
<td>55335-06-3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRICYCLAZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>41814-78-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIDIPHANE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>58138-08-2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRIFLOXYSTROBIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>141517-21-7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIFLOXYSULFURON-SODIUM</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>199119-58-9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRIFLUMIZOLE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>68694-11-1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIFLURALIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C, F</td>
<td>1582-09-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRIFLUSULFURON</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>126535-15-7</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TRIFORINE</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>26644-46-2</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TRIMETHACARB</td>
<td></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>2686-99-9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>VALIDAMYCIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>37248-47-8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>VERNOLATE</td>
<td></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>1929-77-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>NS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>VINCLOZOLIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C, U</td>
<td>50471-44-8</td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1<sub>e</sub></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>WARFARIN</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>81-81-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ZINC PHOSPHIDE (see note below)</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>F, R/P</td>
<td>1314-84-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3 <sub>sp</sub></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ZINEB</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>12122-67-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ZIRAM</td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>137-30-4</td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>2 <sub>e</sub></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Classes:
> Class 0 = Pesticides w/o toxicity
>
> Class 1 = Pesticides w/ slight to moderate toxicity
>
> Class 2 = Pesticides w/ high toxicity
>
> Class 3 = Pesticides w/ very high toxicity
>
> Class D = Dicot-specific
Class M = Monocot-specific
> Class NS = Non-specific for dicots or monocots
Notes:
> acephate = acephate is rated the same as methamidophos which is a
> degradative product of acephate and is more toxic
>
> amitrole = amitrole is rated as Class 1 in toxicity groups for avians
> and reptiles due to reported mortality incidents not indicated by
> toxicity data
>
> atrazine = atrazine is rated as Class 3 for amphibians due to
> potential disruption of endocrine system
>
> diflubenzuron = diflubenzuron is rated as Class 2 for bees because of
> potential chitin inhibition but is otherwise nontoxic to bees
>
> diuron = herbicide may be released as urine into waterbodies by
> ungulates that have grazed on field-applied diuron
>
> heptachlor = the degradative metabolite heptachlor epoxide is
> potentially more toxic
>
> metolachlor = metolachlor is rated as Class 1 in toxicity groups for
> avians and reptiles due to reported mortality incidents not indicated
> by toxicity data
>
> metsulfuron = metsulfuron is rated as Class 1 in toxicity groups for
> fish and amphibians due to reported mortality incidents not indicated
> by toxicity data
>
> picloram = picloram is used mostly for broad-leaved plants but can
> harm some grasses and other monocots
>
> simazine = simazine is highly toxic to cattle and sheep
>
> spinosad = spinosad is formed from two active ingredients (CASRN
> 13929-60-7 and CASRN 131928-63-0
>
> sulfuryl fluoride = chloropicrin ( a strong eye and respiratory
> irritant) is usually combined with sulfuryl fluoride fumigants
zinc phosphide = secondary poisoning potential is relatively low
I Type
> Adj = Adjuvant
>
> A = Acaracide
>
> Al = Algicide
>
> B = Bactericide
>
> D = Desiccant
>
> Fm = Fumigant
>
> F = Fungicide
>
> G = Growth regulator
>
> H = Herbicide
>
> I = Insecticide
>
> L = Larvicide
>
> M = Miticide
>
> Mi = Microbial inhibitor
>
> Mu = Molluscicide
>
> N = Nematicide
>
> P = Piscicide
>
> R = Rodenticide
>
> S = Safener
>
> SY = Synergist
\*\* Use
> C =Cropland
>
> F = Forest
>
> M = Mosquito control
>
> R/P = Rangeland and/or Pasture
>
> ROW = Right-of-way
>
> U = Urban
>
> W = Water
**4.4.2 Biological information**
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| ** | | | | | |
| Table | | | | | |
| 3. | | | | | |
| Biolo | | | | | |
| gical | | | | | |
| i | | | | | |
| nform | | | | | |
| ation | | | | | |
| for | | | | | |
| pro | | | | | |
| posed | | | | | |
| or | | | | | |
| l | | | | | |
| isted | | | | | |
| sp | | | | | |
| ecies | | | | | |
| in | | | | | |
| R | | | | | |
| egion | | | | | |
| 2** | | | | | |
+=======+==========+========+========================+=========+=====+
| **t&e | **common | **food | **habitat/range** | * | * |
| tox | name** | to | | *season | *pe |
| icity | | xicity | | ality** | sti |
| gr | | grou | | | cid |
| oup** | | p(s)** | | | e** |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | **u |
| | | | | | ses |
| | | | | | \ |
| | | | | | *** |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Large | Sonoran | Plant | Arizona: desert | yea | R |
| M | p | (s | grassland interspersed | r-round | |
| ammal | ronghorn | hrubs, | with shrubs | p | |
| | | forbs) | | resence | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | | Cabeza Prieta National | | |
| | | | Wildlife Refuge) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Large | West | Plant | Texas: coastal bays | rare | n |
| M | Indian | (sea | and waterways | visitor | one |
| ammal | manatee | gr | | | |
| | | asses) | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | | national wildlife | | |
| | | | refuges) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | blac | Small | Arizona, New Mexico, | yea | R, |
| atory | k-footed | Mammal | Oklahoma, and Texas: | r-round | S |
| M | ferret | | prairie dog colonies | p | |
| ammal | | (p | | resence | |
| | | rairie | | | |
| | | dogs) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | jaguar | Small | Arizona and New | yea | R, |
| atory | | M | Mexico: brushland | r-round | S |
| M | | ammal, | thickets | p | |
| ammal | | Large | | resence | |
| | | M | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | ammal, | national wildlife | | |
| | | Gallin | refuges) | | |
| | | aceous | | | |
| | | Avian, | | | |
| | | Small | | | |
| | | Avian | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | ja | Small | Texas: brushland | yea | R, |
| atory | guarundi | M | thickets | r-round | S |
| M | | ammal, | | p | |
| ammal | | Gallin | (includes habitat on | resence | |
| | | aceous | national wildlife | | |
| | | Avian, | refuges) | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | Small | | | |
| | | Avian | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | L | Small | Texas: forest and | yea | C, |
| atory | ouisiana | M | woodland | r-round | F, |
| M | black | ammal, | | p | P, |
| ammal | bear | Large | | resence | S |
| | | M | | | |
| | | ammal, | | | |
| | | Plant | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | (be | | | |
| | | rries, | | | |
| | | a | | | |
| | | corns) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | ocelot | Small | Texas: brushland | yea | R, |
| atory | | M | thickets | r-round | S |
| M | | ammal, | | p | |
| ammal | | Gallin | (includes habitat on | resence | |
| | | aceous | national wildlife | | |
| | | Avian, | refuges) | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | Large | | | |
| | | Avian | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | Mexican | Small | Arizona and New | yea | F, |
| atory | gray | M | Mexico: chaparral, | r-round | R, |
| M | wolf | ammal, | woodland, and forest | p | S |
| ammal | | Large | | resence | |
| | | M | | | |
| | | ammal, | | | |
| | | Gallin | | | |
| | | aceous | | | |
| | | Avian, | | | |
| | | Small | | | |
| | | Avian | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | gray bat | Terre | Oklahoma: summer caves | forages | C, |
| M | | strial | near lakes or rivers | from | F, |
| ammal | | Art | | summer | P |
| | | hropod | and deep underground | caves | |
| | | | winter caves | during | |
| | | | | March | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | to | |
| | | | Ozark Plateau National | No | |
| | | | Wildlife Refuge) | vember; | |
| | | | | hib | |
| | | | | ernates | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | | winter | |
| | | | | caves | |
| | | | | during | |
| | | | | N | |
| | | | | ovember | |
| | | | | to | |
| | | | | March | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Hualapai | Plant | Arizona: meadows | yea | F, |
| M | Mexican | (gr | within ponderosa pine | r-round | ROW |
| ammal | vole | asses, | forest in Hualapai | p | |
| | | forbs) | Mountains | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Indiana | Terre | Oklahoma: limestone | forages | C, |
| M | bat | strial | caves, bridges, hollow | from | F, |
| ammal | | Art | trees, or old | summer | P |
| | | hropod | buildings | roosts | |
| | | | | during | |
| | | | near small to | March | |
| | | | medium-sized streams | to | |
| | | | | O | |
| | | | | ctober; | |
| | | | | hib | |
| | | | | ernates | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | | winter | |
| | | | | caves | |
| | | | | during | |
| | | | | October | |
| | | | | to | |
| | | | | March | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | lesser | Plant | Arizona and New | forages | R |
| M | (Sa | (m | Mexico: rangeland | from | |
| ammal | nborn's) | onocot | areas with hollow | summer | |
| | | agave | trees, | roosts | |
| | lo | | | in U.S. | |
| | ng-nosed | nectar | caves, mines, or large | during | |
| | bat | and | culverts | spring | |
| | | p | | through | |
| | | ollen) | (includes habitat on | summer; | |
| | | | national wildlife | winters | |
| | | | refuges) | in | |
| | | | | Central | |
| | | | | America | |
| | | | | and | |
| | | | | Mexico | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Mexican | Plant | 1\) New Mexico, | forages | R |
| M | lo | (m | Hidalgo County: | from | |
| ammal | ng-nosed | onocot | rangeland areas with | summer | |
| | bat | agave | hollow trees, | roosts | |
| | | | | in U.S. | |
| | | nectar | caves, mines, or large | during | |
| | | and | culverts | spring | |
| | | p | | through | |
| | | ollen) | 2\) Texas: rangeland | summer; | |
| | | | areas with hollow | winters | |
| | | | trees, caves, mines, | | |
| | | | or large culverts in | in | |
| | | | Big Bend region and | Central | |
| | | | Chisos Mountains | A | |
| | | | | merica, | |
| | | | | Mexico, | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | and | |
| | | | | p | |
| | | | | ossibly | |
| | | | | U.S. | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Mount | Plant | Arizona: spruce-fir or | yea | F, |
| M | Graham | (c | mixed forest in | r-round | ROW |
| ammal | red | onifer | Coronado National | p | |
| | squirrel | seeds) | Forest | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Ozark | Terre | Oklahoma: caves near | forages | C, |
| M | b | strial | forests of oak-hickory | from | F, |
| ammal | ig-eared | Art | or beech-maple-hemlock | summer | P |
| | bat | hropod | | caves | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | during | |
| | | | Ozark Plateau National | spring | |
| | | | Wildlife Refuge) | and | |
| | | | | summer; | |
| | | | | hib | |
| | | | | ernates | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | | winter | |
| | | | | caves | |
| | | | | during | |
| | | | | fall | |
| | | | | and | |
| | | | | winter | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Ga | At | Terre | Texas: grassland, | yea | C, |
| llina | twater's | strial | pastures, and cropland | r-round | R |
| ceous | greater | Arth | | p | /P, |
| Avian | | ropod, | (includes habitat on | resence | R |
| | prairie | Plant | Attwater Prairie | | OW, |
| | -chicken | | Chicken National | | S |
| | | ( | Wildlife Refuge) | | |
| | | seeds, | | | |
| | | plant | | | |
| | | parts) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Ga | masked | Terre | Arizona: desert | yea | R, |
| llina | bobwhite | strial | grassland | r-round | ROW |
| ceous | | Arth | | p | |
| Avian | | ropod, | (includes habitat on | resence | |
| | | Plant | Buenos Aires National | | |
| | | | Wildlife Refuge) | | |
| | | ( | | | |
| | | seeds, | | | |
| | | plant | | | |
| | | parts) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Large | brown | Warm | Texas: coastal bays | yea | M |
| Avian | pelican | Water | and waterways | r-round | |
| | | Fish | | p | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | resence | |
| | | | national wildlife | | |
| | | | refuges) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Large | whooping | A | 1\) Oklahoma and | m | C, |
| Avian | crane | quatic | Texas, non-coastal | igrates | R |
| | | Arth | counties: migratory | from | /P, |
| | | ropod, | roosting areas | Texas | S |
| | | Terre | | to | |
| | | strial | in wetlands within a | Canada | |
| | | Arth | 150 mile wide | during | |
| | | ropod, | migration corridor | March | |
| | | Warm | that is centered | to June | |
| | | Water | | in | |
| | | Fish, | on a line stretching | spring | |
| | | Terre | between the following | mig | |
| | | strial | cities: | ration; | |
| | | and | | m | |
| | | A | a\) the city of | igrates | |
| | | quatic | Rockport on the Texas | from | |
| | | Amph | Gulf Coast, | Canada | |
| | | ibian, | | to | |
| | | Plant | b\) the city of | Texas | |
| | | (field | Wichita Falls in | during | |
| | | g | north-central Texas, | Se | |
| | | rains, | and | ptember | |
| | | a | | to | |
| | | quatic | c\) the city of | N | |
| | | p | Woodward in northwest | ovember | |
| | | lants) | Oklahoma | in fall | |
| | | | | mi | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | gration | |
| | | | Salt Plains National | | |
| | | | Wildlife Refuge | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | in Oklahoma and | | |
| | | | possibly other | | |
| | | | national wildlife | | |
| | | | refuges) | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 2\) Texas, coastal | | |
| | | | counties of Aransas, | | |
| | | | Calhoun, | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | and Refugio: wintering | | |
| | | | areas in coastal | | |
| | | | wetlands | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | | Aransas National | | |
| | | | Wildlife Refuge) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | bald | Cold | 1\) Arizona and New | nests | C, |
| atory | eagle | Water | Mexico: cliffs, | from | F, |
| Avian | | Fish, | ledges, or trees | N | R |
| | | Warm | | ovember | /P, |
| | | Water | near large waterbodies | | |
| | | Fish, | such as rivers, lakes, | to | R |
| | | Wat | and reservoirs | July; | OW, |
| | | erfowl | | yea | S |
| | | Avian, | (includes habitat on | r-round | |
| | | Small | national wildlife | p | |
| | | M | refuges) | resence | |
| | | ammal, | | but may | |
| | | Re | 2\) Oklahoma and | migrate | |
| | | ptile, | Texas: trees in forest | to | |
| | | c | or woodland areas | higher | |
| | | arrion | | ele | |
| | | | with large waterbodies | vations | |
| | | | such as rivers, lakes, | in | |
| | | | and reservoirs | summer | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | and/or | |
| | | | national wildlife | winter | |
| | | | refuges) | in | |
| | | | | flocks | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | Ca | v | Arizona: canyon lands | yea | R |
| atory | lifornia | arious | and mountain ridges | r-round | OW, |
| Avian | condor | (ca | | p | S |
| | | rrion) | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | Mexican | Small | Arizona, New Mexico, | yea | F, |
| atory | spotted | Mammal | and Texas: mountains | r-round | ROW |
| Avian | owl | | or canyons | p | |
| | | | | resence | |
| | | | with mixed-conifer | | |
| | | | forest that has 70% | | |
| | | | canopy cover, | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | downed woody material, | | |
| | | | and 40% slopes or | | |
| | | | greater | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | Northern | Small | Texas: coastal | yea | C, |
| atory | aplomado | Avian, | prairie, salt flats, | r-round | R |
| Avian | falcon | Small | or open woodland | p | /P, |
| | | M | intermixed with | resence | ROW |
| | | ammal, | grassland (includes | | |
| | | Re | habitat on national | | |
| | | ptile, | wildlife refuges) | | |
| | | Terre | | | |
| | | strial | | | |
| | | Art | | | |
| | | hropod | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Pred | py | Small | Arizona: woodland | yea | R, |
| atory | gmy-owl, | Avian, | (including riparian | r-round | R |
| Avian | cactus | Small | woodland), semidesert | p | OW, |
| | fer | M | grassland, thornscrub, | resence | S, |
| | ruginous | ammal, | or desert scrubland | | U |
| | | Re | that has trees and/or | | |
| | | ptile, | cacti that are | | |
| | | Terre | | | |
| | | strial | large enough (trunk | | |
| | | Art | diameters \> 6 inches) | | |
| | | hropod | for nesting cavities | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | | national wildlife | | |
| | | | refuges) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | blac | Terre | 1\) Oklahoma: | present | C, |
| Avian | k-capped | strial | shrubland or woodland | in | R |
| | vireo | Art | with patches of grass | b | /P, |
| | | hropod | | reeding | R |
| | | | (includes habitat on | habitat | OW, |
| | | | Wichita Mountains | from | U |
| | | | National Wildlife | March | |
| | | | Refuge) | through | |
| | | | | Sep | |
| | | | 2\) Texas: shrubland | tember; | |
| | | | or woodland with | winters | |
| | | | patches of grass | | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | Mexico | |
| | | | Balcones Canyonlands | | |
| | | | National Wildlife | | |
| | | | Refuge) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Eskimo | A | Texas: coastal areas | winters | n |
| Avian | curlew | quatic | (includes habitat on | in | one |
| | | Arth | national wildlife | Texas; | |
| | | ropod, | refuges) | | |
| | | | | p | |
| | | Terre | | robably | |
| | | strial | | extinct | |
| | | Art | | | |
| | | hropod | | | |
| | | (?) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | golden | Terre | Texas: oak-juniper | present | C, |
| Avian | -cheeked | strial | woodland | in | R |
| | warbler | Art | | b | /P, |
| | | hropod | (includes habitat on | reeding | R |
| | | | Balcones Canyonlands | habitat | OW, |
| | | | National Wildlife | from | U |
| | | | Refuge) | March | |
| | | | | through | |
| | | | | August; | |
| | | | | winters | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | | Central | |
| | | | | America | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | interior | Warm | Oklahoma, New Mexico, | present | C, |
| Avian | least | Water | and Texas: colony | in | R |
| | tern | Fish | nesting areas on | b | /P, |
| | | | sandbars, beaches, or | reeding | ROW |
| | | | other bare areas near | habitat | |
| | | | wide, shallow | from | |
| | | | waterbodies | April | |
| | | | | through | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | early | |
| | | | national wildlife | Sep | |
| | | | refuges) | tember; | |
| | | | | winters | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | | Central | |
| | | | | America | |
| | | | | and | |
| | | | | South | |
| | | | | America | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | piping | A | New Mexico, Oklahoma, | winters | ROW |
| Avian | plover | quatic | and Texas: coastal | along | |
| | | Arth | shore areas | Texas | |
| | | ropod, | | Gulf | |
| | | Terre | and the mud flats on | Coast | |
| | | strial | offshore coastal | from | |
| | | Arth | islands | Se | |
| | | ropod. | | ptember | |
| | | Marine | (includes habitat on | to | |
| | | Invert | national wildlife | March; | |
| | | ebrate | refuges) | m | |
| | | | | igrates | |
| | | | | to | |
| | | | | Great | |
| | | | | Lakes | |
| | | | | or | |
| | | | | n | |
| | | | | orthern | |
| | | | | Great | |
| | | | | Plains | |
| | | | | for | |
| | | | | b | |
| | | | | reeding | |
| | | | | season | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | red- | Terre | Oklahoma and Texas: | yea | F, |
| Avian | cockaded | strial | pine woodland | r-round | ROW |
| | wo | Art | | p | |
| | odpecker | hropod | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Sout | Terre | Arizona, New Mexico, | present | C, |
| Avian | hwestern | strial | and Texas: | in | R, |
| | willow | Arth | willow-cottonwood | b | ROW |
| | fl | ropod, | bottomland | reeding | |
| | ycatcher | | | habitat | |
| | | Plant | along streams or | from | |
| | | ( | rivers with a strip of | May | |
| | | fruit) | shrubs or trees | through | |
| | | | | mid-Sep | |
| | | | on one bank that is at | tember; | |
| | | | least 30 feet wide | winters | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | Mexico, | |
| | | | national wildlife | Central | |
| | | | refuges) | A | |
| | | | | merica, | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | and | |
| | | | | South | |
| | | | | America | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Small | Yuma | A | Arizona: streams and | present | R, |
| Avian | clapper | quatic | marshlands of the | in | S |
| | rail | Arth | lower Colorado River | b | |
| | | ropod, | | reeding | |
| | | Terre | (includes habitat on | habitat | |
| | | strial | national wildlife | from | |
| | | Arth | refuges) | April | |
| | | ropod, | | through | |
| | | Fres | | early | |
| | | hwater | | Sep | |
| | | Mo | | tember; | |
| | | llusk, | | winters | |
| | | | | along | |
| | | Plant | | lower | |
| | | ( | | C | |
| | | seeds) | | olorado | |
| | | | | River, | |
| | | | | the | |
| | | | | Salton | |
| | | | | Sea in | |
| | | | | Cali | |
| | | | | fornia, | |
| | | | | and | |
| | | | | p | |
| | | | | ossibly | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | | Mexico | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | Concho | Warm | Texas: streams, | active | C, |
| ptile | water | Water | rivers, ponds, lakes, | abov | R |
| | snake | Fish | and reservoirs | eground | /P, |
| | | | | from | ROW |
| | | | associated with the | March | |
| | | | Concho and Colorado | through | |
| | | | watersheds | O | |
| | | | | ctober; | |
| | | | | usually | |
| | | | | hib | |
| | | | | ernates | |
| | | | | belo | |
| | | | | wground | |
| | | | | from | |
| | | | | N | |
| | | | | ovember | |
| | | | | to | |
| | | | | March | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | desert | Plant | Arizona: desert | yea | R, |
| ptile | tortoise | | scrubland | r-round | ROW |
| | | | | p | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | resence | |
| | | | national wildlife | | |
| | | | refuges) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | green | Plant | Texas: coastal bays | yea | n |
| ptile | sea | (sea | and waterways | r-round | one |
| | turtle | gr | | pr | |
| | | asses, | (includes habitat on | esence; | |
| | | algae) | national wildlife | may | |
| | | | refuges) | nest on | |
| | | | | beaches | |
| | | | | along | |
| | | | | Texas | |
| | | | | Gulf | |
| | | | | Coast | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | h | Plant | Texas: coastal bays | yea | n |
| ptile | awksbill | (sea | and waterways | r-round | one |
| | sea | gr | | pr | |
| | turtle | asses, | (includes habitat on | esence; | |
| | | algae) | national wildlife | may | |
| | | | refuges) | nest on | |
| | | | | beaches | |
| | | | | along | |
| | | | | Texas | |
| | | | | Gulf | |
| | | | | Coast | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | Kemp's | Marine | Texas: coastal bays | yea | n |
| ptile | ridley | I | and waterways | r-round | one |
| | sea | nverte | | pr | |
| | turtle | brate, | (includes habitat on | esence; | |
| | | Plant | national wildlife | may | |
| | | | refuges) | nest on | |
| | | (sea | | beaches | |
| | | gr | | along | |
| | | asses, | | Texas | |
| | | algae) | | Gulf | |
| | | | | Coast | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | lea | Marine | Texas: coastal bays | yea | n |
| ptile | therback | I | and waterways | r-round | one |
| | sea | nverte | | p | |
| | turtle | brate, | (includes habitat on | resence | |
| | | Plant | national wildlife | | |
| | | | refuges) | | |
| | | (sea | | | |
| | | gr | | | |
| | | asses, | | | |
| | | algae) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | lo | Marine | Texas: coastal bays | yea | n |
| ptile | ggerhead | I | and waterways | r-round | one |
| | sea | nverte | | pr | |
| | turtle | brate, | (includes habitat on | esence; | |
| | | Plant | national wildlife | may | |
| | | | refuges) | nest on | |
| | | (sea | | beaches | |
| | | gr | | along | |
| | | asses, | | Texas | |
| | | algae) | | Gulf | |
| | | | | Coast | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Re | New | Small | New Mexico, Hidalgo | active | F, |
| ptile | Mexican | M | County: pine-oak | abov | ROW |
| | rid | ammal, | forest in mountains | eground | |
| | ge-nosed | Small | | from | |
| | rat | Avian, | | April | |
| | tlesnake | R | | to | |
| | | eptile | | No | |
| | | | | vember; | |
| | | | | hib | |
| | | | | ernates | |
| | | | | belo | |
| | | | | wground | |
| | | | | from | |
| | | | | N | |
| | | | | ovember | |
| | | | | to | |
| | | | | April | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Barton | A | > 1\) Texas, Travis | yea | C, |
| uatic | Springs | quatic | > County: springflows | r-round | M, |
| Amph | sa | Art | > from Main Springs, | p | R |
| ibian | lamander | hropod | > Eliza Springs, | resence | /P, |
| | | | > | | |
| | | | > Sunken Garden | | R |
| | | | > Springs, and Upper | | OW, |
| | | | > Barton Springs of | | U |
| | | | > the Barton Springs | | |
| | | | > complex within the | | |
| | | | > Barton Creek | | |
| | | | > drainage in the city | | |
| | | | > of Austin | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 2\) Texas, Travis | | |
| | | | County: Barton Springs | | |
| | | | Segment of the Edwards | | |
| | | | Aquifer | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Ch | A | Arizona and New | yea | R, |
| uatic | iricahua | quatic | Mexico: cienagas | r-round | ROW |
| Amph | leopard | Arth | (desert marshes), | p | |
| ibian | frog | ropod, | ponds, livestock | resence | |
| | | | tanks, | | |
| | | Terre | | | |
| | | strial | and shallow areas of | | |
| | | Art | lakes, reservoirs, | | |
| | | hropod | streams, and rivers | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | | national wildlife | | |
| | | | refuges) | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | San | A | 1\) Texas, Hays | yea | C, |
| uatic | Marcos | quatic | County: San Marcos | r-round | M, |
| Amph | sa | Arth | National Fish Hatchery | p | R |
| ibian | lamander | ropod, | | resence | /P, |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
| | | Fres | | | R |
| | | hwater | 2\) Texas, Hays | | OW, |
| | | M | County: Spring Lake, | | U |
| | | ollusk | San Marcos River, | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | and associated springs | | |
| | | | in the city of San | | |
| | | | Marcos | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Sonoran | A | Arizona: spring-fed | yea | R, |
| uatic | tiger | quatic | wetland in desert | r-round | ROW |
| Amph | sa | Art | scrubland | p | |
| ibian | lamander | hropod | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Texas | A | 1\) Texas, Hays | yea | C, |
| uatic | blind | quatic | County: San Marcos | r-round | R |
| Amph | sa | Arth | National Fish Hatchery | p | /P, |
| ibian | lamander | ropod, | | resence | R |
| | | | & Technology Center | | OW, |
| | | Fres | | | U |
| | | hwater | 2\) Texas, Hays | | |
| | | M | County: springs and | | |
| | | ollusk | wells in the San | | |
| | | | Marcos River drainage | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | within the city of San | | |
| | | | Marcos | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Houston | A | Texas: areas of deep | yea | F, |
| erres | toad | quatic | sandy soil with pine | r-round | R |
| trial | | Arth | or oak woodland | p | /P, |
| Amph | | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ibian | | | | | OW, |
| | | Terre | | but may | U |
| | | strial | | hi | |
| | | Art | | bernate | |
| | | hropod | | belo | |
| | | | | wground | |
| | | | | in | |
| | | | | summer | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Cold | Apache | A | 1\) Arizona: mountain | yea | F, |
| Water | trout | quatic | streams in | r-round | R, |
| Fish | | Arth | Apache-Sitgreaves | p | ROW |
| | | ropod, | National Forest | resence | |
| | | | | | |
| | | Terre | and Fort Apache Indian | | |
| | | strial | Reservation | | |
| | | Art | | | |
| | | hropod | 2\) Arizona, Navajo | | |
| | | | County: Alchesay - | | |
| | | | Williams Creek | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Cold | fountain | A | 1\) Texas, Comal | yea | C, |
| Water | darter | quatic | County: Comal River | r-round | M, |
| Fish | | Arth | and Landa Lake | p | R |
| | | ropod, | | resence | /P, |
| | | | 2\) Texas, Hays | | |
| | | Terre | County: San Marcos | | R |
| | | strial | National Fish Hatchery | | OW, |
| | | Art | | | U |
| | | hropod | & Technology Center | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 3\) Texas, Hays | | |
| | | | County: Spring Lake | | |
| | | | and San Marcos River | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | above confluence with | | |
| | | | Blanco River | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 4\) Texas, Uvalde | | |
| | | | County: Uvalde | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Cold | Gila | A | 1\) Arizona, Navajo | yea | F, |
| Water | trout | quatic | County: Alchesay - | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Arth | Williams Creek | p | |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | Terre | | | |
| | | strial | 2\) Arizona: small | | |
| | | Art | mountain streams in | | |
| | | hropod | Prescott National | | |
| | | | Forest | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 3\) New Mexico: small | | |
| | | | mountain streams in | | |
| | | | the Gila River | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Cold | Ozark | A | Oklahoma: pools and | yea | C, |
| Water | cavefish | quatic | streams in caves of | r-round | R |
| Fish | | Arth | Springfield Plateau | p | /P, |
| | | ropod, | | resence | R |
| | | | | | OW, |
| | | A | | | U |
| | | quatic | | | |
| | | Amp | | | |
| | | hibian | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Arkansas | A | 1\) Oklahoma: Canadian | yea | C, |
| Water | River | quatic | River upstream of the | r-round | R |
| Fish | shiner | Arth | Indian Nation Turnpike | p | /P, |
| | | ropod, | Bridge | resence | ROW |
| | | | | | |
| | | Terre | (except for the North | | |
| | | strial | Canadian River | | |
| | | Arth | watershed) and the | | |
| | | ropod, | Cimarron River | | |
| | | Plant | | | |
| | | (s | upstream of the | | |
| | | eeds), | Highway 281 Bridge | | |
| | | de | | | |
| | | tritus | 2\) Texas: Canadian | | |
| | | | River above and below | | |
| | | | Lake Meredith | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | b | A | 1\) Arizona: small to | yea | R, |
| Water | eautiful | quatic | medium streams with | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | shiner | Arth | sand, gravel, or rock | p | |
| | | ropod, | bottoms | resence | |
| | | | | | |
| | | Terre | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | strial | San Bernardino | | |
| | | Art | National Wildlife | | |
| | | hropod | Refuge) | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 2\) New Mexico, Chaves | | |
| | | | County: Dexter | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Big Bend | A | 1\) New Mexico, Chaves | yea | C, |
| Water | gambusia | quatic | County: Dexter | r-round | R, |
| Fish | | Art | National Fish Hatchery | p | ROW |
| | | hropod | | resence | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 2\) Texas, Brewster | | |
| | | | County: refugium in | | |
| | | | Big Bend National Park | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | bonytail | A | 1\) Arizona: Colorado | yea | R, |
| Water | chub | quatic | River and its | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Arth | tributary rivers | p | |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | | 2\) Arizona, Mohave | | |
| | | Terre | County: Willow Beach | | |
| | | strial | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | Arth | | | |
| | | ropod, | 3\) New Mexico, Chaves | | |
| | | Plant | County: Dexter | | |
| | | ( | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | algae) | | | |
| | | | & Technology Centers | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | C | A | 1\) New Mexico, Chaves | yea | C, |
| Water | hihuahua | quatic | County: Dexter | r-round | R, |
| Fish | chub | Arth | National Fish Hatchery | p | ROW |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
| | | Terre | | | |
| | | strial | 2\) New Mexico: | | |
| | | Arth | Mimbres River | | |
| | | ropod, | | | |
| | | Plant | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Clear | A | Texas, Menard County: | yea | ROW |
| Water | Creek | quatic | Clear Creek | r-round | |
| Fish | gambusia | Art | | p | |
| | | hropod | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Colorado | Cold | 1\) Arizona: Salt and | yea | C, |
| Water | pi | Water | Verde rivers | r-round | R, |
| Fish | keminnow | Fish, | | p | ROW |
| | | Warm | 2\) New Mexico, Chaves | resence | |
| | | Water | County: Dexter | | |
| | | Fish, | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | A | | | |
| | | quatic | & Technology Center | | |
| | | Art | | | |
| | | hropod | 3\) New Mexico: San | | |
| | | | Juan River | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Comanche | A | 1\) Texas, Jeff Davis | yea | C, |
| Water | Springs | quatic | County: Phantom Lake | r-round | R, |
| Fish | pupfish | Arth | Spring, Toyah Creek, | p | ROW |
| | | ropod, | and their associated | resence | |
| | | | wetland areas, spring | | |
| | | Plant | runs, or irrigation | | |
| | | ( | canals | | |
| | | algae) | | | |
| | | | 2\) Texas, Reeves | | |
| | | | County: Balmorhea | | |
| | | | Lake, San Solomon | | |
| | | | Spring, | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | Toyah Creek, and their | | |
| | | | associated wetland | | |
| | | | areas, spring runs, | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | or irrigation canals | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 3\) Texas, Uvalde | | |
| | | | County: Uvalde | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | desert | A | 1\) Arizona: desert | yea | R, |
| Water | pupfish | quatic | springs, small | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Art | streams, and marshes | p | |
| | | hropod | | resence | |
| | | (?), | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | | national wildlife | | |
| | | Plant | refuges) | | |
| | | (?) | | | |
| | | | 2\) New Mexico, Chaves | | |
| | | | County: Dexter | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Devils | A | 1\) Texas, Hays | yea | C, |
| Water | River | quatic | County: San Marcos | r-round | R |
| Fish | minnow | Arth | National Fish Hatchery | p | /P, |
| | | ropod, | | resence | ROW |
| | | Plant | & Technology Center | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | ( | 2\) Texas, Kinney | | |
| | | algae, | County: Las Moras | | |
| | | a | Creek, Pinto Creek, | | |
| | | quatic | | | |
| | | pl | and Sycamore Creek | | |
| | | ants?) | | | |
| | | | 3\) Texas, Val Verde | | |
| | | | County: Devils River, | | |
| | | | Dolan Creek, Phillips | | |
| | | | Creek, | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | San Felipe Creek, and | | |
| | | | Sycamore Creek | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Gila | Warm | 1\) Arizona: springs, | yea | R, |
| Water | chub | Water | streams, and cienegas | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Fish, | in the watersheds of | p | |
| | | Terre | the Agua Fria, Gila | resence | |
| | | strial | River, San Carlos | | |
| | | Arth | River, San Francisco | | |
| | | ropod, | River, San Pedro | | |
| | | A | River, Santa Cruz | | |
| | | quatic | River, and Verde River | | |
| | | Arth | | | |
| | | ropod, | 2\) New Mexico: Turkey | | |
| | | Plant | Creek in the upper | | |
| | | ( | watershed of the Gila | | |
| | | algae) | River | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Gila | A | 1\) Arizona: springs, | yea | R, |
| Water | t | quatic | streams, and rivers in | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | opminnow | Arth | the Gila | p | |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | Plant | and Santa Cruz | | |
| | | | watersheds (includes | | |
| | | (a | habitat on national | | |
| | | quatic | wildlife refuges) | | |
| | | pl | | | |
| | | ants?) | 2\) New Mexico: Gila | | |
| | | | River and ponds | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | in the Red Rock | | |
| | | | Wildlife Management | | |
| | | | Area | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | humpback | A | Arizona: Little | yea | R, |
| Water | chub | quatic | Colorado River and | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Arth | Colorado River | p | |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | | (includes habitat on | | |
| | | Plant | national wildlife | | |
| | | ( | refuges) | | |
| | | algae) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Leon | A | 1\) New Mexico, Chaves | yea | C, |
| Water | Springs | quatic | County: Dexter | r-round | R, |
| Fish | pupfish | Arth | National Fish Hatchery | p | ROW |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
| | | Plant | | | |
| | | ( | 2\) Texas, Pecos | | |
| | | algae) | County: springs and | | |
| | | | spring runs associated | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | with Diamond Y Draw | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | leopard | A | Oklahoma: medium to | yea | C, |
| Water | darter | quatic | large streams of the | r-round | R |
| Fish | | Arth | Little River, Glover | p | /P, |
| | | ropod, | River, | resence | ROW |
| | | | | | |
| | | Plant | and Mountain Fork | | |
| | | ( | River | | |
| | | algae) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Little | A | Arizona: small to | yea | R, |
| Water | Colorado | quatic | medium-sized streams | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | s | Art | in canyons | p | |
| | pinedace | hropod | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | loach | A | 1\) Arizona, Graham | yea | C, |
| Water | minnow | quatic | and Pinal counties: | r-round | R, |
| Fish | | Art | Aravapai Creek | p | ROW |
| | | hropod | | resence | |
| | | (?), | 2\) Arizona, Greenlee | | |
| | | | County: Blue River | | |
| | | Plant | | | |
| | | (?) | 3\) New Mexico, Chaves | | |
| | | | County: Dexter | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 4\) New Mexico: | | |
| | | | streams and rivers | | |
| | | | associated | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | with the Gila and San | | |
| | | | Francisco watersheds | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Neosho | A | Oklahoma: Neosho | yea | C, |
| Water | madtom | quatic | (Grand) River, | r-round | R |
| Fish | | Art | Cottonwood River, | p | /P, |
| | | hropod | | resence | ROW |
| | | | and Spring River | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Pecos | A | New Mexico: Pecos | yea | R, |
| Water | b | quatic | River from Fort Sumner | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | luntnose | Arth | down | p | |
| | shiner | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | | into Brantley | in | |
| | | Terre | Reservoir | Pecos | |
| | | strial | | River; | |
| | | Art | (includes habitat on | sea | |
| | | hropod | national wildlife | sonally | |
| | | (?) | refuges) | in | |
| | | | | B | |
| | | | | rantley | |
| | | | | Re | |
| | | | | servoir | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Pecos | A | 1\) New Mexico, Chaves | yea | C, |
| Water | gambusia | quatic | and Eddy counties: | r-round | R, |
| Fish | | Art | marshes, springs, | p | ROW |
| | | hropod | sinkholes, | resence | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | and tributaries of the | | |
| | | | Pecos River | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 2\) Texas, Jeff Davis | | |
| | | | County: Phantom Lake | | |
| | | | Spring, Toyah Creek, | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | and their associated | | |
| | | | wetland areas, spring | | |
| | | | runs, or irrigation | | |
| | | | canals | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 3\) Texas, Pecos | | |
| | | | County: springs and | | |
| | | | spring runs associated | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | with Diamond Y Draw | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 4\) Texas, Reeves | | |
| | | | County: Toyah Creek, | | |
| | | | Balmorhea Lake, San | | |
| | | | Solomon Spring, and | | |
| | | | their associated | | |
| | | | wetland areas, spring | | |
| | | | runs, or irrigation | | |
| | | | canals | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | r | A | 1\) Arizona, Mohave | yea | R, |
| Water | azorback | quatic | County: Lake Mohave | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | sucker | Arth | and Willow Beach | p | |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | det | | | |
| | | ritus, | 2\) New Mexico, Chaves | | |
| | | pl | County: Dexter | | |
| | | ankton | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Rio | Plant | New Mexico: Rio Grande | yea | C, |
| Water | Grande | ( | River | r-round | R, |
| Fish | silvery | algae) | | p | ROW |
| | minnow | | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | San | A | Texas, Hays County: | yea | C, |
| Water | Marcos | quatic | Spring Lake and San | r-round | M, |
| Fish | gambusia | Art | Marcos River | pr | R |
| | | hropod | | esence; | /P, |
| | | | above confluence with | may be | |
| | | | Blanco River | extinct | R |
| | | | | | OW, |
| | | | | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Sonora | A | Arizona, Santa Cruz | yea | R, |
| Water | chub | quatic | County: small to | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Arth | medium-sized streams | p | |
| | | ropod, | | resence | |
| | | Terre | in Sycamore Canyon | | |
| | | strial | | | |
| | | Arth | | | |
| | | ropod, | | | |
| | | Plant | | | |
| | | ( | | | |
| | | algae) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | s | A | 1\) Arizona: upper | yea | R, |
| Water | pikedace | quatic | Verde Creek, Eagle | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Art | Creek, and Aravapai | p | |
| | | hropod | Creek | resence | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 2\) New Mexico: Gila | | |
| | | | River system | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Virgin | A | 1\) Arizona: Virgin | yea | R, |
| Water | River | quatic | River and its Moapa (= | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | chub | Arth | Muddy ) River | p | |
| | | ropod, | tributary | resence | |
| | | Terre | | | |
| | | strial | 2\) New Mexico, Chaves | | |
| | | Art | County: Dexter | | |
| | | hropod | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | (?), | | | |
| | | Plant | & Technology Center | | |
| | | (?) | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | woundfin | A | 1\) Arizona: Virgin | yea | R, |
| Water | | quatic | River | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | | Arth | | p | |
| | | ropod, | 2\) New Mexico, Chaves | resence | |
| | | | County: Dexter | | |
| | | Plant | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | ( | | | |
| | | algae) | & Technology Center | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Yaqui | A | 1\) New Mexico: medium | yea | C, |
| Water | catfish | quatic | to large-sized streams | r-round | R, |
| Fish | | Art | in desert areas | p | ROW |
| | | hropod | | resence | |
| | | (?) | 2\) New Mexico, Chaves | | |
| | | | County: Dexter | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | & Technology Center | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 3\) Texas, Uvalde | | |
| | | | County: Uvalde | | |
| | | | National Fish Hatchery | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Yaqui | A | Arizona: small streams | yea | F, |
| Water | chub | quatic | in Leslie Canyon | r-round | R, |
| Fish | | Arth | National Wildlife | p | ROW |
| | | ropod, | Refuge, San Bernardino | resence | |
| | | | National Wildlife | | |
| | | Plant | Refuge, and the | | |
| | | ( | Coronado National | | |
| | | algae) | Forest | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Warm | Yaqui | A | Arizona: small to | yea | R, |
| Water | t | quatic | medium-sized streams, | r-round | ROW |
| Fish | opminnow | Arth | springs, and cienegas | p | |
| | | ropod, | in Buenos Aires, | resence | |
| | | Plant | Leslie Canyon, and San | | |
| | | (plant | Bernardino national | | |
| | | parts, | wildlife refuges | | |
| | | a | | | |
| | | lgae), | | | |
| | | de | | | |
| | | tritus | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Comal | pr | 1\) Texas, Comal | yea | C, |
| uatic | Springs | obably | County: aquifer | r-round | R |
| Arth | dryopid | A | feeding into Comal | p | /P, |
| ropod | beetle | quatic | Springs | resence | R |
| | | Art | | | OW, |
| | | hropod | 2\) Texas, Hays | | U |
| | | | County: aquifer | | |
| | | and | feeding into Fern Bank | | |
| | | Fres | Springs | | |
| | | hwater | | | |
| | | M | | | |
| | | ollusk | | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Comal | A | 1\) Texas, Comal | yea | C, |
| uatic | Springs | quatic | County: springflows | r-round | M, |
| Arth | riffle | Art | from Comal Springs | p | R |
| ropod | beetle | hropod | | resence | /P, |
| | | | 2\) Texas, Hays | | |
| | | | County: springflows | | R |
| | | | from San Marcos | | OW, |
| | | | Springs | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Noel=s | Plant | New Mexico, Chaves | yea | R, |
| uatic | amphipod | (a | County: springs, | r-round | ROW |
| Arth | | lgae), | streams, and drainage | p | |
| ropod | | de | canal | resence | |
| | | tritus | | | |
| | | | in Bitter Lake | | |
| | | | National Wildlife | | |
| | | | Refuge | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Peck's | u | Texas, Comal County: | yea | C, |
| uatic | cave | nknown | aquifer feeding into | r-round | R |
| Arth | amphipod | | Comal Springs | p | /P, |
| ropod | | | | resence | R |
| | | | and Hueco Springs | | OW, |
| | | | | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Aq | Socorro | Plant | New Mexico, Socorro | yea | R, |
| uatic | isopod | ( | County: thermal spring | r-round | ROW |
| Arth | | algae) | | p | |
| ropod | | | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | American | Small | Oklahoma: open | yea | C, |
| erres | burying | Mammal | grassland, oak-pine | r-round | F, |
| trial | beetle | (ca | woodland, oak-hickory | pr | P, |
| Arth | | rrion) | forest, | esence; | ROW |
| ropod | | | | may be | |
| | | | pasture, and cropland | buried | |
| | | | | belo | |
| | | | | wground | |
| | | | | during | |
| | | | | d | |
| | | | | aylight | |
| | | | | hours | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Bone | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Cave | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | ha | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | rvestman | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Braken | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Bat Cave | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | me | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | shweaver | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Coffin | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Cave | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | mold | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | beetle | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Coke | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | ndolpher | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | cave | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | ha | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | rvestman | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Go | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | vernment | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | Canyon | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | Bat Cave | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | me | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | shweaver | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Go | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | vernment | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | Canyon | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | Bat Cave | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | spider | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Helotes | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | mold | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | beetle | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Kre | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | tschmarr | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | Cave | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | mold | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | beetle | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Madla | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Cave | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | me | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | shweaver | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Reddell | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | ha | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | rvestman | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Rhadine | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | exilis | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | (no | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | common | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | name) | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Rhadine | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | in | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | fernalis | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | (no | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | common | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | name) | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Robber | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Baron | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | Cave | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | me | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | shweaver | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Tooth | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Cave | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | ground | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | beetle | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Tooth | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Cave | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | pseudo | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | scorpion | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| T | Tooth | Terre | Texas: cave entrances, | yea | C, |
| erres | Cave | strial | sinkholes, and | r-round | R |
| trial | spider | Arth | crevices | p | /P, |
| Arth | | ropod, | | resence | R |
| ropod | | | in limestone rock | | OW, |
| | | Fungus | outcrop | | U |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | Alamosa | de | New Mexico, Socorro | yea | R, |
| water | spr | tritus | County: thermal spring | r-round | ROW |
| Mo | ingsnail | | complex | p | |
| llusk | | | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | Kanab | de | Arizona: seeps, | yea | R, |
| water | am | tritus | wetlands, seeps, and | r-round | ROW |
| Mo | bersnail | | springs in bottomland | p | |
| llusk | | | | resence | |
| | | | of Colorado River in | | |
| | | | Grand Canyon National | | |
| | | | Park | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | Koster=s | Plant | New Mexico, Chaves | yea | R, |
| water | tryonia | (a | County: springs and | r-round | ROW |
| Mo | | lgae), | streams | p | |
| llusk | | de | | resence | |
| | | tritus | in Bitter Lake | | |
| | | | National Wildlife | | |
| | | | Refuge | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | Ouachita | de | Oklahoma: Little | yea | C, |
| water | rock-po | tritus | River, Ouachita River, | r-round | R |
| Mo | cketbook | | and Kiamichi River | p | /P, |
| llusk | | | | resence | ROW |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | Pecos | Plant | 1\) New Mexico, Chaves | yea | R, |
| water | a | (a | County: springs, | r-round | ROW |
| Mo | ssiminea | lgae), | streams, | p | |
| llusk | | de | | resence | |
| | | tritus | and drainage canal in | | |
| | | | Bitter Lake National | | |
| | | | Wildlife Refuge | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 2\) Texas, Pecos | | |
| | | | County: Diamond Y Draw | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | 3\) Texas, Reeves | | |
| | | | County: East Sandia | | |
| | | | Spring | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | Roswell | Plant | New Mexico, Chaves | yea | R, |
| water | spr | (a | County: springs, | r-round | ROW |
| Mo | ingsnail | lgae), | streams, and drainage | p | |
| llusk | | de | canal | resence | |
| | | tritus | | | |
| | | | in Bitter Lake | | |
| | | | National Wildlife | | |
| | | | Refuge | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | sc | de | Oklahoma: Kiamichi | yea | C, |
| water | aleshell | tritus | River and its Gates | r-round | R |
| Mo | mussel | | Creek tributary, | p | /P, |
| llusk | | | Little River | resence | ROW |
| | | | | | |
| | | | and its Mountain Fork | | |
| | | | River tributary, and | | |
| | | | Poteau River | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | Socorro | de | New Mexico, Socorro | yea | R, |
| water | spr | tritus | County: thermal spring | r-round | ROW |
| Mo | ingsnail | | | p | |
| llusk | | | | resence | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
| Fresh | winged | de | Oklahoma: Kiamichi | yea | C, |
| water | m | tritus | River, Muddy Boggy | r-round | R |
| Mo | apleleaf | | River, Neosho River, | p | /P, |
| llusk | mussel | | | resence | ROW |
| | | | and Little River | | |
+-------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------+-----+
Table 3 continued for proposed or listed plant species --
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| * | | | | | | | | |
| *T | | | | | | | | |
| ab | | | | | | | | |
| le | | | | | | | | |
| 3. | | | | | | | | |
| Bi | | | | | | | | |
| ol | | | | | | | | |
| og | | | | | | | | |
| ic | | | | | | | | |
| al | | | | | | | | |
| i | | | | | | | | |
| nf | | | | | | | | |
| or | | | | | | | | |
| ma | | | | | | | | |
| ti | | | | | | | | |
| on | | | | | | | | |
| f | | | | | | | | |
| or | | | | | | | | |
| pr | | | | | | | | |
| op | | | | | | | | |
| os | | | | | | | | |
| ed | | | | | | | | |
| or | | | | | | | | |
| li | | | | | | | | |
| st | | | | | | | | |
| ed | | | | | | | | |
| s | | | | | | | | |
| pe | | | | | | | | |
| ci | | | | | | | | |
| es | | | | | | | | |
| in | | | | | | | | |
| Re | | | | | | | | |
| gi | | | | | | | | |
| on | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | |
| ** | | | | | | | | |
+====+=========+===+======+====+===+==================+=======+=====+
| * | * | * | **f | ** | * | * | **sea | ** |
| *t | *common | * | lowe | po | * | *habitat/range** | sonal | pes |
| &e | name** | c | ring | ll | p | | ity** | tic |
| to | | l | peri | in | o | | | ide |
| xi | | a | od** | at | l | | | us |
| ci | | s | | or | l | | | es\ |
| ty | | s | | to | i | | | *** |
| g | | * | | xi | n | | | |
| ro | | * | | ci | a | | | |
| up | | | | ty | t | | | |
| ** | | | | gr | o | | | |
| | | | | ou | r | | | |
| | | | | p( | s | | | |
| | | | | s) | i | | | |
| | | | | ** | z | | | |
| | | | | | e | | | |
| | | | | | * | | | |
| | | | | | * | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Arizona | m | May | B | l | Arizona: creek | year- | R, |
| la | agave | o | to | ee | a | bottoms and | round | ROW |
| nt | | n | July | | r | steep rocky | pre | |
| | | o | | | g | slopes | sence | |
| | | c | | | e | | | |
| | | o | | | | with shrubland | | |
| | | t | | | | or woodland | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Arizona | d | late | B | s | Arizona: | year- | R, |
| la | cli | i | M | ee | m | limestone | round | ROW |
| nt | ff-rose | c | arch | | a | outcrops | pre | |
| | | o | | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | to | | l | | | |
| | | | e | | | | | |
| | | | arly | | | | | |
| | | | May | | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Arizona | d | late | B | s | Arizona: desert | year- | R, |
| la | h | i | A | ee | m | shrubland | round | ROW |
| nt | edgehog | c | pril | | a | | pre | |
| | cactus | o | | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | to | | l | | | |
| | | | mid | | | | | |
| | | | -May | | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Ashy | d | all | T | s | Texas: fine | year- | R |
| la | dogweed | i | year | er | m | sandy loam in | round | /P, |
| nt | | c | w/ | re | a | grassland or | pre | ROW |
| | | o | rain | st | l | open brushland | sence | |
| | | t | fall | ri | l | | | |
| | | | | al | | (includes | | |
| | | | | A | | habitat on | | |
| | | | | rt | | national | | |
| | | | | hr | | wildlife | | |
| | | | | op | | refuges) | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Black | d | A | B | l | Texas: sandy | year- | C, |
| la | lace | i | pril | ee | a | soils in | round | R |
| nt | cactus | c | to | | r | grassland, | pre | /P, |
| | | o | June | | g | mesquite, | sence | ROW |
| | | t | | | e | | | |
| | | | | | | or thorn | | |
| | | | | | | shrubland on | | |
| | | | | | | coastal prairie | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Brady | d | su | B | s | Arizona: desert | year- | R, |
| la | pin | i | mmer | ee | m | scrubland | round | ROW |
| nt | cushion | c | | | a | | pre | |
| | cactus | o | | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | | | l | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Bunched | d | A | B | s | Texas: rock | year- | R, |
| la | cory | i | pril | ee | m | outcrops in | round | ROW |
| nt | cactus | c | to | | a | desert scrubland | pre | |
| | | o | S | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | epte | | l | | | |
| | | | mber | | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Canelo | m | su | B | s | Arizona: | year- | R, |
| la | Hills | o | mmer | ee | m | spring-fed | round | ROW |
| nt | l | n | | | a | wetlands in | pre | |
| | adies'- | o | | | l | desert scrubland | sence | |
| | tresses | c | | | l | | | |
| | | o | | | | | | |
| | | t | | | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Chisos | d | M | B | l | Texas: desert | year- | R, |
| la | Mtn. | i | arch | ee | a | grassland and | round | ROW |
| nt | h | c | to | | r | scrubland | pre | |
| | edgehog | o | July | | g | | sence | |
| | cactus | t | | | e | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Cochise | d | M | B | s | Arizona: gray | year- | R, |
| la | pin | i | arch | ee | m | limestone in | round | ROW |
| nt | cushion | c | to | | a | desert grassland | pre | |
| | cactus | o | May | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | | | l | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Davis | d | Febr | B | s | Texas: rock | year- | R, |
| la | green | i | uary | ee | m | outcrops in | round | ROW |
| nt | pitaya | c | to | | a | desert scrubland | pre | |
| | | o | May | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | | | l | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Eastern | m | June | T | l | Oklahoma: moist | year- | R |
| la | prairie | o | to | er | a | to wet tall | round | /P, |
| nt | fringed | n | Au | re | r | grass prairie | pres | ROW |
| | orchid | o | gust | st | g | | ence; | |
| | | c | | ri | e | | em | |
| | | o | | al | | | erges | |
| | | t | | A | | | in | |
| | | | | rt | | | May | |
| | | | | hr | | | and | |
| | | | | op | | | a | |
| | | | | od | | | boveg | |
| | | | | | | | round | |
| | | | | | | | parts | |
| | | | | | | | die | |
| | | | | | | | back | |
| | | | | | | | in | |
| | | | | | | | w | |
| | | | | | | | inter | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Gypsum | d | May | B | s | New Mexico: | year- | R, |
| la | wild-bu | i | to | ee | m | desert scrubland | round | ROW |
| nt | ckwheat | c | J | & | a | with gypsic | pre | |
| | | o | uly; | T | l | soils | sence | |
| | | t | ve | er | l | | | |
| | | | geta | re | | | | |
| | | | tive | st | | | | |
| | | | repr | ri | | | | |
| | | | oduc | al | | | | |
| | | | tion | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Hin | d | Febr | no | | Texas: dry | year- | R, |
| la | ckley's | i | uary | ne | | limestone slopes | round | ROW |
| nt | oak | c | to | (w | | in desert | pre | |
| | | o | May | in | | scrubland | sence | |
| | | t | | d) | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Holy | d | July | T | s | New Mexico, San | year- | F, |
| la | Ghost | i | to | er | m | Miguel County: | round | R, |
| nt | ip | c | S | re | a | dry slopes and | pre | ROW |
| | omopsis | o | epte | st | l | roadsides in | sence | |
| | | t | mber | ri | l | open ponderosa | | |
| | | | | al | | pine or mixed | | |
| | | | | A | | conifer in one | | |
| | | | | rt | | valley of upper | | |
| | | | | hr | | Pecos River | | |
| | | | | op | | drainage | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Hu | d | su | B | s | Arizona: river | year- | R, |
| la | achucha | i | mmer | ee | m | bottomland or | round | ROW |
| nt | wate | c | | & | a | spring-fed | pre | |
| | r-umbel | o | | T | l | wetland | sence | |
| | | t | | er | l | | | |
| | | | | re | | in desert | | |
| | | | | st | | scrubland | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | (includes | | |
| | | | | A | | habitat on San | | |
| | | | | rt | | Bernardino | | |
| | | | | hr | | National | | |
| | | | | op | | Wildlife Refuge) | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Joh | d | all | B | s | Texas: openings | year- | R |
| la | nston's | i | year | ee | m | in brushland | round | /P, |
| nt | fr | c | w/ | & | a | with salty or | pre | ROW |
| | ankenia | o | rain | T | l | gypsic soils | sence | |
| | | t | fall | er | l | | | |
| | | | | re | | | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Jones | d | sum | B | s | Arizona: salty, | year- | R, |
| la | cyc | i | mer; | ee | m | gypsic soils in | round | ROW |
| nt | ladenia | c | ve | & | a | desert scrubland | pre | |
| | | o | geta | T | l | | sence | |
| | | t | tive | er | l | or woodland | | |
| | | | | re | | | | |
| | | | repr | st | | | | |
| | | | oduc | ri | | | | |
| | | | tion | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Ke | d | A | T | s | Arizona: dry | year- | R, |
| la | arney's | i | pril | er | m | washes in desert | round | ROW |
| nt | b | o | to | re | a | scrubland or | pre | |
| | luestar | c | June | st | l | woodland | sence | |
| | | t | | ri | l | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | K | d | A | B | s | New Mexico: | year- | R, |
| la | nowlton | i | pril | ee | m | ridges with | round | ROW |
| nt | cactus | c | to | & | a | sagebrus | pre | |
| | | o | mid | T | l | h-pinyon-juniper | sence | |
| | | t | -May | er | l | | | |
| | | | | re | | | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | K | d | May | T | s | New Mexico: | year- | R, |
| la | uenzler | i | to | er | m | limestone | round | ROW |
| nt | h | c | e | re | a | outcrops with | pre | |
| | edgehog | o | arly | st | l | pinyon-juniper | sence | |
| | cactus | t | June | ri | l | | | |
| | | | | al | | (includes | | |
| | | | | A | | habitat on | | |
| | | | | rt | | national | | |
| | | | | hr | | wildlife | | |
| | | | | op | | refuges) | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Lee | d | A | B | s | New Mexico: | year- | R, |
| la | pin | i | pril | ee | m | semi-desert | round | ROW |
| nt | cushion | c | | & | a | grassland | pre | |
| | cactus | o | | T | l | | sence | |
| | | t | | er | l | in Chihuahuan | | |
| | | | | re | | Desert | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Large- | d | late | T | l | Texas: sandy or | year- | C, |
| la | fruited | i | M | er | a | grassy areas in | round | R |
| nt | sand- | c | arch | re | r | post oak | pre | /P, |
| | verbena | o | thr | st | g | woodland | sence | ROW |
| | | t | ough | ri | e | | | |
| | | | Dece | al | | | | |
| | | | mber | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Little | m | M | B | s | Texas, Jeff | year- | R, |
| la | Aguja | o | arch | ee | m | Davis County: | round | ROW |
| nt | p | n | to | & | a | small pools and | pre | |
| | ondweed | o | A | T | l | slow water areas | sence | |
| | | c | pril | er | l | in Little Aguja | | |
| | | o | | re | | Creek and | | |
| | | t | | st | | associated | | |
| | | | | ri | | streams | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Lloyd's | d | Febr | B | s | Texas: limestone | year- | R, |
| la | M | i | uary | ee | m | outcrops in | round | ROW |
| nt | ariposa | c | to | | a | desert scrubland | pre | |
| | cactus | o | July | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | | | l | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Mancos | d | late | T | s | New Mexico: soil | year- | R, |
| la | mil | i | A | er | m | in shallow, | round | ROW |
| nt | k-vetch | c | pril | re | a | bowl-like | pre | |
| | | o | | st | l | depressions | sence | |
| | | t | to | ri | l | | | |
| | | | mid | al | | within bedrock | | |
| | | | -May | A | | sandstone | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Mesa | d | late | B | s | New Mexico: clay | year- | R, |
| la | Verde | i | A | ee | m | soils in | round | ROW |
| nt | cactus | c | pril | & | a | drainages on | pre | |
| | | o | | T | l | eastern edge | sence | |
| | | t | to | er | l | | | |
| | | | e | re | | of Navajoan | | |
| | | | arly | st | | Desert | | |
| | | | May | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Navajo | m | sp | no | | Arizona: seeping | year- | R |
| la | sedge | o | ring | ne | | springs on | round | |
| nt | | n | | (w | | vertical cliffs | pre | |
| | | o | | in | | | sence | |
| | | c | | d) | | of Navajo | | |
| | | o | | | | sandstone | | |
| | | t | | | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | N | m | mid | B | l | Texas: tree | year- | C, |
| la | avasota | o | -Oct | ee | a | openings or | round | R |
| nt | ladies' | n | ober | | r | lightly wooded | pres | /P, |
| | - | o | | | g | areas | ence; | ROW |
| | tresses | c | to | | e | | em | |
| | | o | late | | | along | erges | |
| | | t | Nove | | | intermittent | in | |
| | | | mber | | | streams with | May | |
| | | | | | | post oak | and | |
| | | | | | | woodland | a | |
| | | | | | | | boveg | |
| | | | | | | | round | |
| | | | | | | | parts | |
| | | | | | | | die | |
| | | | | | | | back | |
| | | | | | | | in | |
| | | | | | | | w | |
| | | | | | | | inter | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Nellie | d | M | B | s | Texas: rock | year- | R, |
| la | cory | i | arch | ee | m | outcrops in | round | ROW |
| nt | cactus | c | to | | a | desert scrubland | pre | |
| | | o | June | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | | | l | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | N | d | late | B | s | Arizona: desert | year- | R, |
| la | ichol's | i | A | ee | m | scrubland | round | ROW |
| nt | Turk's | c | pril | & | a | | pre | |
| | head | o | to | T | l | | sence | |
| | cactus | t | mid | er | l | | | |
| | | | -May | re | | | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Pecos | d | Au | B | l | 1\) New Mexico: | year- | R, |
| la | su | i | gust | ee | a | wetland areas | round | ROW |
| nt | nflower | c | to | & | r | around desert | pre | |
| | | o | Nove | T | g | springs | sence | |
| | | t | mber | er | e | | but | |
| | | | | re | | (includes | pr | |
| | | | | st | | habitat in | esent | |
| | | | | ri | | Bitter Lake | d | |
| | | | | al | | National | uring | |
| | | | | A | | Wildlife Refuge) | w | |
| | | | | rt | | | inter | |
| | | | | hr | | 2\) Texas: | as | |
| | | | | op | | wetland areas | seed | |
| | | | | od | | around desert | only | |
| | | | | | | springs | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Peebles | d | su | B | s | Arizona: | year- | R, |
| la | Navajo | i | mmer | ee | m | gravelly soils | round | ROW |
| nt | cactus | c | | & | a | in desert | pre | |
| | | o | | T | l | scrubland | sence | |
| | | t | | er | l | | | |
| | | | | re | | | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Pima | d | June | B | s | Arizona: | year- | R, |
| la | pi | i | to | ee | m | valleys, mesas, | round | ROW |
| nt | neapple | c | Au | & | a | and hillsides | pre | |
| | cactus | o | gust | T | l | | sence | |
| | | t | | er | l | in desert | | |
| | | | | re | | scrubland, | | |
| | | | | st | | grassland, or | | |
| | | | | ri | | woodland | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | (includes | | |
| | | | | rt | | habitat on | | |
| | | | | hr | | national | | |
| | | | | op | | wildlife | | |
| | | | | od | | refuges) | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Sac | d | July | S | l | New Mexico: | year- | F |
| la | ramento | i | to | ma | a | steep calcium | round | |
| nt | Mo | c | S | ll | r | carbonate | pre | |
| | untains | o | epte | Av | g | deposits | sence | |
| | thistle | t | mber | ia | e | | | |
| | | | | n, | | near springs or | | |
| | | | | | | streams in the | | |
| | | | | B | | Sacramento | | |
| | | | | ee | | Mountains | | |
| | | | | & | | | | |
| | | | | T | | | | |
| | | | | er | | | | |
| | | | | re | | | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Sac | d | May | B | l | New Mexico: | year- | F |
| la | ramento | i | thr | ee | a | rocky canyons on | round | |
| nt | prickl | c | ough | & | r | the western | pre | |
| | y-poppy | o | fall | T | g | slope | sence | |
| | | t | | er | e | | | |
| | | | | re | | of the | | |
| | | | | st | | Sacramento | | |
| | | | | ri | | Mountains | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | San | d | sum | B | s | New Mexico: | year- | n |
| la | Fr | i | mer; | ee | m | alpine tundra | round | one |
| nt | ancisco | c | ve | & | a | | pre | |
| | gr | o | geta | T | l | | sence | |
| | oundsel | t | tive | er | l | | | |
| | | | repr | re | | | | |
| | | | oduc | st | | | | |
| | | | tion | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Sentry | d | late | B | s | Arizona: | year- | R, |
| la | mil | i | A | ee | m | unshaded | round | ROW |
| nt | k-vetch | c | pril | & | a | openings in | pre | |
| | | o | | T | l | pinyon-j | sence | |
| | | t | to | er | l | uniper-cliffrose | | |
| | | | e | re | | areas on | | |
| | | | arly | st | | limestone | | |
| | | | May | ri | | outcrops | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Siler | d | sp | B | s | Arizona: gypsic | year- | R, |
| la | pin | i | ring | ee | m | clay and sandy | round | ROW |
| nt | cushion | c | | & | a | soils in desert | pre | |
| | cactus | o | | T | l | scrubland | sence | |
| | | t | | er | l | | | |
| | | | | re | | | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Slender | d | Febr | T | s | Texas: coastal | year- | C, |
| la | r | i | uary | er | m | prairie | round | R |
| nt | ush-pea | c | | re | a | grassland with | pre | /P, |
| | | o | to | st | l | heavy clay soils | sence | ROW |
| | | t | Nove | ri | l | | | |
| | | | mber | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Sneed | d | Ap | B | s | New Mexico and | year- | R, |
| la | pin | i | ril; | ee | m | Texas: limestone | round | ROW |
| nt | cushion | c | s | | a | ridges | pre | |
| | cactus | o | omet | | l | | sence | |
| | | t | imes | | l | and rocky slopes | | |
| | | | su | | | in desert | | |
| | | | mmer | | | mountains | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | w/ | | | (includes | | |
| | | | rain | | | habitat on | | |
| | | | fall | | | national | | |
| | | | | | | wildlife | | |
| | | | | | | refuges) | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | South | d | July | no | | Texas: grassland | year- | C, |
| la | Texas | i | to | ne | | and mesquite | round | R |
| nt | a | c | Nove | (w | | shrubland | pre | /P, |
| | mbrosia | o | mber | in | | | sence | ROW |
| | | t | | d) | | on coastal | | |
| | | | | | | prairie | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Star | d | M | T | s | Texas: mesquite | year- | R, |
| la | cactus | i | arch | er | m | grassland | round | ROW |
| nt | | c | to | re | a | | pre | |
| | | o | June | st | l | or | sence | |
| | | t | | ri | l | mes | | |
| | | | | al | | quite-blackbrush | | |
| | | | | A | | shrubland | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Te | d | M | B | s | Texas: gypsic | year- | R, |
| la | rlingua | i | arch | ee | m | soils or chalky | round | ROW |
| nt | Creek | c | to | | a | shale | pre | |
| | ca | o | May | | l | | sence | |
| | t's-eye | t | | | l | on low hills or | | |
| | | | | | | ridges | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Texas | d | all | B | s | Texas: flood | year- | C, |
| la | ayenia | i | year | ee | m | plains or | round | R |
| nt | | c | w/ | | a | terraces with | pre | /P, |
| | | o | rain | | l | brushland | sence | ROW |
| | | t | fall | | l | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Texas | d | A | B | l | Texas: sandy | year- | C, |
| la | poppy | i | pril | ee | a | soils in | round | R |
| nt | -mallow | c | to | | r | grassland | pre | /P, |
| | | o | June | | g | invaded by brush | sence | ROW |
| | | t | | | e | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Texas | d | M | T | s | Texas: sparsely | year- | C, |
| la | prairie | i | arch | er | m | vegetated areas | round | R |
| nt | dawn | c | | re | a | in coastal | pre | /P, |
| | -flower | o | to | st | l | prairie | sence | ROW |
| | | t | e | ri | l | | | |
| | | | arly | al | | | | |
| | | | A | A | | | | |
| | | | pril | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Texas | d | late | B | s | Texas: limestone | year- | R, |
| la | sn | i | M | ee | m | bluffs along | round | ROW |
| nt | owbells | c | arch | & | a | rivers, streams, | pre | |
| | | o | | T | l | | sence | |
| | | t | to | er | l | and other | | |
| | | | m | re | | drainages | | |
| | | | id-A | st | | | | |
| | | | pril | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Texas | d | M | B | l | Texas: grassy | year- | C, |
| la | t | i | arch | ee | a | areas of | round | R |
| nt | railing | c | to | & | r | longleaf pine | pre | /P, |
| | phlox | o | May | T | g | | sence | ROW |
| | | t | | er | e | or post oak | | |
| | | | | re | | woodland | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Texas | m | A | no | | 1\) Texas, Hays | year- | C, |
| la | wi | o | pril | ne | | County: San | round | R |
| nt | ld-rice | n | to | ( | | Marcos National | pre | /P, |
| | | o | May | wa | | Fish Hatchery & | sence | |
| | | c | | te | | Technology | | R |
| | | o | | r) | | Center | | OW, |
| | | t | | | | | | U |
| | | | | | | 2\) Texas, Hays | | |
| | | | | | | County: Spring | | |
| | | | | | | Lake and San | | |
| | | | | | | Marcos River | | |
| | | | | | | above confluence | | |
| | | | | | | with Blanco | | |
| | | | | | | River | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Tobusch | d | late | B | s | Texas: rocky or | year- | R |
| la | f | i | Jan | ee | m | grassy openings | round | /P, |
| nt | ishhook | c | uary | | a | | pre | ROW |
| | cactus | o | | | l | in live | sence | |
| | | t | to | | l | oak-juniper | | |
| | | | e | | | woodland | | |
| | | | arly | | | | | |
| | | | A | | | | | |
| | | | pril | | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | T | d | July | B | l | New Mexico: | year- | R, |
| la | odsen's | i | to | ee | a | steep | round | ROW |
| nt | pen | c | Se | & | r | north-facing | pre | |
| | nyroyal | o | ptem | T | g | limestone slopes | sence | |
| | | t | ber; | er | e | | | |
| | | | ve | re | | with loose | | |
| | | | geta | st | | gypsic gravel | | |
| | | | tive | ri | | | | |
| | | | repr | al | | | | |
| | | | oduc | A | | | | |
| | | | tion | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | W | d | all | T | l | Texas: thorn | year- | C, |
| la | alker's | i | year | er | a | shrubland or | round | R |
| nt | manioc | c | w/ | re | r | grassland | pre | /P, |
| | | o | rain | st | g | | sence | ROW |
| | | t | fall | ri | e | with sandy loam | | |
| | | | | al | | soils | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | (includes | | |
| | | | | hr | | habitat on | | |
| | | | | op | | national | | |
| | | | | od | | wildlife | | |
| | | | | | | refuges) | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Welsh's | d | su | T | l | Arizona: sand | year- | R, |
| la | m | i | mmer | er | a | dunes | round | ROW |
| nt | ilkweed | c | | re | r | | pre | |
| | | o | | st | g | | sence | |
| | | t | | ri | e | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Western | m | late | T | l | Oklahoma: tall | year- | P, |
| la | prairie | o | June | er | a | grass prairie | round | R, |
| nt | fringed | n | | re | r | | pres | R |
| | orchid | o | to | st | g | | ence; | /P, |
| | | c | e | ri | e | | em | ROW |
| | | o | arly | al | | | erges | |
| | | t | July | A | | | in | |
| | | | | rt | | | May | |
| | | | | hr | | | and | |
| | | | | op | | | a | |
| | | | | od | | | boveg | |
| | | | | | | | round | |
| | | | | | | | parts | |
| | | | | | | | die | |
| | | | | | | | back | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | in | |
| | | | | | | | w | |
| | | | | | | | inter | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | White | d | late | T | s | Texas: | year- | C, |
| la | bla | i | M | er | m | seasonally wet, | round | R |
| nt | dderpod | c | arch | re | a | sandy soils in | pre | /P, |
| | | o | | st | l | grassy areas | sence | ROW |
| | | t | to | ri | l | | but | |
| | | | e | al | | or large | pr | |
| | | | arly | A | | openings inside | esent | |
| | | | June | rt | | pine-oak | d | |
| | | | | hr | | woodland | uring | |
| | | | | op | | | w | |
| | | | | od | | | inter | |
| | | | | | | | as | |
| | | | | | | | seed | |
| | | | | | | | only | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Zapata | d | all | B | s | Texas: open | year- | C, |
| la | bla | i | year | ee | m | thorn shrubland | round | R |
| nt | dderpod | c | w/ | & | a | on gravelly to | pre | /P, |
| | | o | rain | T | l | sandy loams | sence | ROW |
| | | t | fall | er | l | | | |
| | | | | re | | | | |
| | | | | st | | | | |
| | | | | ri | | | | |
| | | | | al | | | | |
| | | | | A | | | | |
| | | | | rt | | | | |
| | | | | hr | | | | |
| | | | | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
| P | Zuni | d | May | T | s | Arizona and New | year- | R, |
| la | f | i | to | er | m | Mexico: red clay | round | ROW |
| nt | leabane | c | J | re | a | soils | pre | |
| | | o | une; | st | l | | sence | |
| | | t | ve | ri | l | in | | |
| | | | geta | al | | pinyon-juniper | | |
| | | | tive | A | | | | |
| | | | repr | rt | | | | |
| | | | oduc | hr | | | | |
| | | | tion | op | | | | |
| | | | | od | | | | |
+----+---------+---+------+----+---+------------------+-------+-----+
\* Pesticide Uses:
C = Cropland
F = Forest
M = Mosquito Control
P = Pasture
> R = Rangeland
R/P = Rangeland/Pasture
> ROW = Right-of-Way
>
> S = Specialty (rodenticides, predator control agents, etc.)
>
> U = Urban
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**Appendix A. Pesticide ecotoxicity classes for animals**
Toxicity endpoints for animal ecotoxicity classes (Classes 0, 1, 2, and
3) are defined in the diagram below.[^45] Hazard indicator categories
for animals range from practically nontoxic to very highly toxic
according to irritancy endpoints (eye, skin) or toxicity concentrations
(LD~50~s, LC~50~s, or EC~50~s). An LD~50~ represents the lethal dosage
for 50% of individuals of a given animal species during a toxicity
trial. Similarly, an LC~50~ is the lethal concentration reached in food
or water for 50% of tested animals whereas an EC~50~ is the
environmental concentration at which an effect is observed for 50% of
tested animals.
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| ** | **0** | **1** | | **2** | **3** |
| Pesticide** | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| ** | | | | | |
| ecotoxicity | | | | | |
| classes** | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| **for | | | | | |
| animals** | | | | | |
+=============+==========+==========+===========+===========+========+
| Hazard | Pra | Slightly | M | Highly | Very |
| indicator | ctically | toxic | oderately | toxic | highly |
| categories | | | toxic | | toxic |
| | n | | | | |
| | on-toxic | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| EPA | IV | III | II | I | |
| toxicity | | | | | |
| categories | | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| EPA signal | Caution | Caution | Warning | Danger | |
| words | \* | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Mamm | No | No | Corneal | C | |
| alian/avian | ir | corneal | opacity | orrosive; | |
| acute eye | ritation | opacity; | r | | |
| irritation | | ir | eversible | corneal | |
| | | ritation | within 7 | opacity | |
| | | re | days; | not | |
| | | versible | i | r | |
| | | | rritation | eversible | |
| | | within 7 | p | within 7 | |
| | | days | ersisting | days | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | for 7 | | |
| | | | days | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Mammalian | Mild or | Moderate | Severe | Corrosive | |
| acute | slight | ir | i | | |
| | ir | ritation | rritation | | |
| skin | ritation | | | | |
| irritation | | at 72 | at 72 | | |
| | at 72 | hrs. | hrs. | | |
| | hrs. | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Mammalian | \> 5,000 | 5,000 - | 500 - 51 | 50 | |
| acute | | 501 | | | |
| | mg/kg H | | mg/kg | mg/kg | |
| oral LD~50~ | | mg/kg | | | |
| | (body | | | | |
| | wt.) | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Mammalian | \> | 20,000 - | 2,000 - | 200 | |
| acute | 20,000 | 2,001 | 201 | | |
| dermal | | mg/kg | | mg/kg | |
| LD~50~ | mg/kg | | mg/kg | | |
| | (body | | | | |
| | wt.) | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Mammalian | \> 20 | 20 - 2.1 | 2 - 0.21 | 0.2 | |
| acute | | | | | |
| inhalation | mg/l H | mg/l | mg/l | mg/l | |
| LC~50~ | | | | | |
| | (air | | | | |
| | volume) | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Avian acute | \> 2,000 | 2,000 - | 500 - 51 | 50 - 11 | 10 |
| | | 501 | | | |
| oral LD~50~ | mg/kg | | mg/kg | mg/kg | mg/kg |
| | (body | mg/kg | | | |
| | wt.) | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Avian | \> 5,000 | 5,000 - | 1,000 - | 500 - 51 | 50 |
| subacute | | 1,001 | 501 | | |
| | ppm § | | | ppm | ppm |
| dietary | (food) | ppm | ppm | | |
| LC~50~ | | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Aquatic | \> 100 | 100 - | 10 - 1.1 | 1 - 0.11 | 0.1 |
| organism | | 10.1 | | | |
| | mg/l | | mg/l | mg/l | mg/l |
| acute | (water) | mg/l | | | |
| LC~50~ or | | | | | |
| EC~50~ | | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| Bee acute | \> 11 | | 11 - 2.1 | 2 | |
| LD~50~ | | | | | |
| | g | | g ai/bee | g ai/bee | |
| | ai/bee I | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| > \* Use of | | | | | |
| > the | | | | | |
| > signal | | | | | |
| > word | | | | | |
| > ACaution@ | | | | | |
| > for | | | | | |
| > Category | | | | | |
| > IV | | | | | |
| > | | | | | |
| pesticides | | | | | |
| > is | | | | | |
| > optional | | | | | |
| > | | | | | |
| > H mg/kg = | | | | | |
| > | | | | | |
| milligrams | | | | | |
| > per | | | | | |
| > kilogram | | | | | |
| > on wt/wt | | | | | |
| > basis; | | | | | |
| > mg/l = | | | | | |
| > | | | | | |
| milligrams | | | | | |
| > per liter | | | | | |
| > on wt/vol | | | | | |
| > basis | | | | | |
| > | | | | | |
| > § ppm = | | | | | |
| > parts per | | | | | |
| > million | | | | | |
| > | | | | | |
| (equivalent | | | | | |
| > to mg/kg | | | | | |
| > or mg/l); | | | | | |
| > ppm is | | | | | |
| > used to | | | | | |
| > indicate | | | | | |
| > avian | | | | | |
| > dietary | | | | | |
| > toxicity | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| I g ai/bee | | | | | |
| = | | | | | |
| micrograms | | | | | |
| of active | | | | | |
| ingredient | | | | | |
| per bee | | | | | |
+-------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+--------+
**Appendix B. Calculated buffer zones relative to pesticide ecotoxicity
classes**
<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 23%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Buffer zone distances</strong></p>
<p><strong>for terrestrial habitat</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Indexed to habitat edge</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><p><strong>Indexed with 30 ft. setback</strong></p>
<p><strong>from habitat edge</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="3"><p><strong>Indexed with 60 ft. setback</strong></p>
<p><strong>from habitat edge</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ecotoxicity class</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2 (& 3)</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2 (& 3)</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2 (& 3)</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p>Spot applications</p>
<p>w/ solid formulations</p></td>
<td>none</td>
<td>10 ft.</td>
<td>20 ft.</td>
<td>30 ft.</td>
<td>40 ft.</td>
<td>50 ft.</td>
<td>60 ft.</td>
<td>70 ft.</td>
<td>80 ft.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>30 ft.*</td>
<td>40 ft.*</td>
<td>50 ft.*</td>
<td>60 ft.*</td>
<td>70 ft.*</td>
<td>80 ft.*</td>
<td>90 ft.*</td>
<td>100 ft.*</td>
<td>100 ft.*</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Spot applications w/ liquid formulations</td>
<td>none</td>
<td>10 ft.</td>
<td>20 ft.</td>
<td>30 ft.</td>
<td>40 ft.</td>
<td>50 ft.</td>
<td>60 ft.</td>
<td>70 ft.</td>
<td>80 ft.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Mechanized ground or aerial (low or high) applications
w/ solid formulations</td>
<td>30 ft.</td>
<td>60 ft.</td>
<td>90 ft.</td>
<td>60 ft.</td>
<td>90 ft.</td>
<td>100 ft.</td>
<td>90 ft.</td>
<td>100 ft.</td>
<td>150 ft.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>60 ft.*</td>
<td>90 ft.*</td>
<td>100 ft.*</td>
<td>90 ft.*</td>
<td>100 ft.*</td>
<td>150 ft.*</td>
<td>100 ft.*</td>
<td>150 ft.*</td>
<td>200 ft.*</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Mechanized ground applications w/ liquid formulations</td>
<td>30 ft.</td>
<td>60 ft.</td>
<td>90 ft.</td>
<td>60 ft.</td>
<td>90 ft.</td>
<td>100 ft.</td>
<td>90 ft.</td>
<td>100 ft.</td>
<td>150 ft.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Spot or mechanized ground applications w/ ULV or dust
formulations</td>
<td>80 ft.</td>
<td>150 ft.</td>
<td>250 ft.</td>
<td>100 ft.</td>
<td>200 ft.</td>
<td>300 ft.</td>
<td>150 ft.</td>
<td>200 ft.</td>
<td>300 ft.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Low aerial applications w/ liquid formulations</td>
<td>150 ft.</td>
<td>300 ft.</td>
<td>450 ft.</td>
<td>200 ft.</td>
<td>350 ft.</td>
<td>500 ft.</td>
<td>200 ft.</td>
<td>350 ft.</td>
<td>500 ft.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Low aerial applications</p>
<p>w/ ULV or dust formulations</p></td>
<td>500 ft.</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>500 ft.</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>500 ft.</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>High aerial applications w/ liquid formulations</td>
<td>1/8 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/2 mile</td>
<td>1/8 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/8 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/2 mile</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>High aerial applications</p>
<p>w/ ULV or dust formulations</p></td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/2 mile</td>
<td>3/4 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/2 mile</td>
<td>3/4 mile</td>
<td>1/4 mile</td>
<td>1/2 mile</td>
<td>3/4 mile</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="10">* Indexed with 30 ft. setback for applications of solid
formulations in areas with seed-eating or grit-eating bird species
present.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| **Buffer zone | **I | | **I | | |
| distances for | ndexed | | ndexed | | |
| aquatic habitat** | with | | with | | |
| | 50 ft. | | 300 | | |
| | s | | ft. | | |
| | etback | | set | | |
| | from | | back** | | |
| | h | | | | |
| | abitat | | **from | | |
| | edge** | | h | | |
| | | | abitat | | |
| | * | | edge** | | |
| | *(mech | | | | |
| | anized | | * | | |
| | ground | | *(mech | | |
| | and | | anized | | |
| | aerial | | ground | | |
| | applic | | and | | |
| | ations | | aerial | | |
| | o | | applic | | |
| | nly)** | | ations | | |
| | | | o | | |
| | | | nly)** | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ecotoxicity class | 1 | 2 & 3 | 1 | 2 (& | 3 |
| | | | | 3) | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| Spot applications w/ | 10 ft. | 20 ft. | 30 ft. | 50 ft. | 100 |
| solid, liquid, or | | | | | ft. |
| dust formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| Mechanized ground | 50 ft. | 80 ft. | 300 | 350 | 350 |
| applications or | | | ft. | ft. | ft. |
| aerial applications | | | | | |
| of solid | | | | | |
| formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| Mechanized ground | 80 ft. | 100 ft. | 350 | 350 | 400 |
| applications | | | ft. | ft. | ft. |
| | | | | | |
| w/ liquid | | | | | |
| formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| Spot or mechanized | 150 | 200 ft. | 400 | 450 | 500 |
| ground applications | ft. | | ft. | ft. | ft. |
| | | | | | |
| w/ ULV or dust | | | | | |
| formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| Low aerial | 200 | 350 ft. | 450 | 1/8 | 1/8 |
| applications w/ | ft. | | ft. | mile | mile |
| liquid formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| Low aerial | 500 | 1/4 | 1/8 | 1/4 | 1/4 |
| applications | ft. | mile | mile | mile | mile |
| | | | | | |
| w/ ULV or dust | | | | | |
| formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| High aerial | 1/8 | 1/4 | 1/8 | 1/4 | 1/2 |
| applications w/ | mile | mile | mile | mile | mile |
| liquid formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
| High aerial | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 3/4 |
| applications | mile | mile | mile | mile | mile |
| | | | | | |
| w/ ULV or dust | | | | | |
| formulations | | | | | |
+----------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
[^1]: ^?^ Critical habitat refers to geographic areas that have been
designated under the Endangered Species Act as essential for the
protection of listed species. Areas designated as critical habitat
are found in 50 CFR \[Code of Federal Regulations\] § 17.95-17.96
which can be accessed at the U.S. Government Printing Office
website: http://www.gpo.gov.
[^2]: ^?^ A list of bird species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty
Act may be found under 50 CFR § 10.13.
[^3]: ^?^ FIFRA was amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in
1996 to address issues regarding diet and risk.
[^4]: ^?^ Presidential Executive Order 13186 of January 10, 2001
requires Federal agencies to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to
migratory bird resources, as practicable, when conducting agency
actions.
[^5]: Reference: Federal Register, Feb. 8, 1999. Vol. 64(25):6183-6186.
[^6]: ^?^ Secondary poisoning by pesticides may occur when animals
consume other animals (target or nontarget) that have been killed or
injured by a pesticide. Vertebrate control agents such as
aminopyridine, diphacinone, and sodium cyanide (e.g., M-44 devices)
can cause secondary poisoning as well as certain insecticides (e.g.,
aldicarb, carbofuran, and famphur). In some cases, a "ring of death"
may occur locally in an area when predators or scavenging animals
die from (1) directly eating poison baits or (2) secondary poisoning
after eating previously poisoned animals. Another example of
secondary poisoning is bioaccumulation of a persistent pesticide
(e.g., organochlorine pesticides) in tissues of nontarget animals
through ingestion of pesticide-poisoned food in sublethal dosages.
Due to the decline in use of persistent pesticides, secondary
poisoning is generally limited to vertebrate control agents and a
relatively few insecticides that have secondary poisoning potential.
[^7]: ^?^ Reference: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Draft
pesticide registration notice: spray and dust drift label statements
for pesticide products. URL
http://www.epa.gov/oppmsd1/RP_Notices/prdraftspraydrift-t801.html
[^8]: ^?^ Class D herbicides include broadleaf herbicides that can
affect gymnosperm plants in addition to angiosperm dicot plants.
[^9]: ^?^ The Terrestrial Arthropod toxicity group includes pollinator
species.
[^10]: ^?^ Animal irritancy tests ordinarily rely on the rabbit or
similar mammalian species to serve as a surrogate test species and
model. The Draize test for eye irritancy uses albino rabbits to
determine whether exposure to a particular contaminant such as a
pesticide can cause eye irritation or loss of eye function in
humans. However, the rabbit eye has a protective nictitating
membrane (third eyelid) which is commonly found in mammals, avians,
reptiles, and anuran amphibians (i.e., frogs and toads). Since
Draize testing with rabbits can indicate eye irritancy for species
that have nictitating membranes as well as species that lack the
membrane (e.g., humans), the tests may be used to indicate eye
irritancy for terrestrial vertebrates in general despite potential
differences in eye structure and other factors (lachrymal systems,
blinking response, etc.).
[^11]: ^?^ These pesticides are specifically formulated for a narrow
range of species when applied inside their habitat (e.g., a
rodenticide used for control of rodents). However, formulations of
specialty pesticides can impact nontarget species through (1) direct
toxicity or (2) secondary poisoning and other indirect effects
(e.g., removal of vegetative cover of a listed fish species by an
aquatic herbicide).
[^12]: ^?^ A swath is the width of treated area covered by mechanized
ground equipment or aircraft during a single trip across the area
receiving pesticide treatment. The swath includes the pesticide
volume (liquid, granules, etc.) applied directly to the targeted
area by spray nozzles or spreaders but does not include pesticide
applied indirectly as spray drift. Since large, solid formulations
(granules, pellets, or treated seed) have practically no drift, an
application swath involving these formulations is the width of the
treated area wherever the pesticide is deposited upon the ground
during the single trip across the treatment area. Although swaths
may occur as offset applications during a crosswind, the offset
swath closest to the area to be protected cannot be part of a
specified buffer zone.
[^13]: ^?^ Generic buffer zones are typically derived from spray drift
graphs and are used for planning and informational purposes;
however, actual deposition of pesticide spray drift can vary by
several orders of magnitude according to the application technique
and environmental scenario. Specific estimates for spray drift and
residues in runoff should be determined by computer models such as
AgDRIFT or AGDISP (Thistle, H. 2004. USDA Forest Service - personal
communication).
[^14]: ^?^ References: (a) Spray Drift Task Force. 1997. A summary of
ground application studies. Stewart Agric. Services, Macon, MO. 5
pp.; (b) Mulrooney, J., L. Smith, and B. Jones. 1999. Comparison of
air-assist and mist-blower high boys. Unpublished study. Feb. 1999.
USDA Agric. Res. Serv., Stoneville, MS; (c) Spray Drift Task Force.
1997. A summary of aerial application studies. Stewart Agric.
Services, Macon, MO. 7 pp.; (d) Mierjewski, K., W.G. Yendol, W.
McLane, M. Legendre, B. Tanner, T. Roland, and K. Ducharme. 1993.
Study of off-site deposition of malathion using operational
procedures for the southeastern cotton boll weevil eradication
program. Unpublished study. Dec. 1993. Pennsylvania State Univ.,
Univ. Park. Grant award no. 12-34-81-0202-GR; (e) Beyers, D.W., M.S.
Farmer, and P.J. Kikoski. 1995. Effects of rangeland aerial
application of Sevin-4-Oil® on fish and aquatic invertebrate drift
in the Little Missouri River, North Dakota. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 28:27-34; and (f) Thistle, H. 2004. USDA Forest Service --
personal communication.
[^15]: ^?^ Although a 3-mile buffer zone is generally recommended for
large pollinators, a 2-mile buffer will protect nearly 90% of
long-ranging pollinators (Buchmann, S. 2000. Pollinator consultant -
personal communication).
[^16]: ^?^ Since pollinators may be active during periods other than
flowering periods of listed plant species, buffer zones for these
plant species should ordinarily be implemented throughout the year
unless specific information on pollinators is known (Tepedino, V.J.
1996. The reproductive biology of rare rangeland plants and their
vulnerability to insecticides. p. III.5-10. *In* G.L Cuningham and
M.W. Sampson (coord.) Grasshopper integrated pest management user
handbook. USDA-APHIS. Tech. Bull. 1809. Washington, DC. Available at
http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/Handbook/index.htm.).
[^17]: ^?^ Under FIFRA, EPA generally requires pesticide toxicity
testing for only a small number of animal species that are
representative of small mammals, gallinaceous birds, waterfowl, cold
water fish, warm water fish, aquatic arthropods, and bees.
[^18]: ^?^ Seed-eating gallinaceous birds are not listed under the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (see 50 CFR §10.13).
[^19]: ^?^ Although native to central Texas, the fountain darter is
categorized in the Cold Water Fish toxicity group due to (1) a
relatively cold spring water habitat and (2) a reproductive
sensitivity to warm water above 74 ºF.
[^20]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of nesting areas of
wading birds are based on disturbance factors.
[^21]: ^?^ The recommended buffer zone for protection of burrowing owl
nests is based on foraging distance.
[^22]: ^?^ The recommended buffer zone for protection of nests of these
birds-of-prey is based on disturbance factors.
[^23]: ^?^ The recommended buffer zone for protection of nests of these
birds-of-prey is based on disturbance factors and spray drift.
[^24]: ^?^ The recommended buffer zone for protection of golden eagle
nests is based on disturbance factors.
[^25]: ^?^ The recommended buffer zone for protection of nests of these
birds-of-prey is based on disturbance factors.
[^26]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of shorebird nesting
areas are based on disturbance factors or spray drift.
[^27]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of nests of geese are
based on (1) foraging distances and/or (2) spray drift.
[^28]: ^?^ Unless more restrictive protection measures are necessary for
resident proposed or listed species of a facility, pesticide
applications at the boundary of these facilities should be made
according to protection measures given for Service facilities in
Section 4.3.1 above.
[^29]: ^?^ A survey for the jaguar is recommended only if there has been
a sighting within an area in the last year.
[^30]: ^?^ See Table 3 in Section 4.3.2 for flowering periods of
proposed or listed plant species.
[^31]: ^?^ See Table 3 in Section 4.3.2 for flowering periods of
proposed or listed plant species.
[^32]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of bald eagle nests
against Class 0 or Class 1 pesticides are based on disturbance
factors.
[^33]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of bald eagle nests
against Class 2 or Class 3 pesticides are based on disturbance
factors and/or spray drift.
[^34]: The limits on waterbody size (100 acres for lakes and reservoirs,
300 feet for rivers) are used to exclude relatively large
waterbodies (large rivers, coastal bays, etc.) where pesticide
concentrations will not ordinarily impact fish resources for the
bald eagle.
[^35]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of nests or roosts of
the California condor are based on disturbance factors.
[^36]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of interior least
tern colonies against Class 0 or Class 1 pesticides are based on
disturbance factors.
[^37]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of interior least
tern colonies against Class 2 or Class 3 pesticides are based on
disturbance factors and/or pesticide drift.
[^38]: ^?^ The limits on waterbody size (100 acres for lakes and
reservoirs, 300 ft. for rivers) are used to exclude relatively large
waterbodies (large rivers, coastal bays, etc.) where pesticide
concentrations will not ordinarily impact fish resources for the
interior least tern.
[^39]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of protected activity
centers of the Mexican spotted owl against Class 0 or Class 1
pesticides are based on disturbance factors.
[^40]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of protected activity
centers of the Mexican spotted owl against Class 2 or Class 3
pesticides are based on disturbance factors and/or pesticide drift.
[^41]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of Northern aplomado
falcon nests against Class 0 or Class 1 pesticides are based on
disturbance factors.
[^42]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of Northern aplomado
falcon nests against Class 2 or Class 3 pesticides are based on
pesticide drift.
[^43]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of pygmy-owl sites
against Class 0 or Class 1 pesticides are based on disturbance
factors.
[^44]: ^?^ Recommended buffer zones for protection of pygmy-owl sites
against Class 2 or Class 3 pesticides are based on disturbance
factors and/or pesticide drift.
[^45]: Toxicity endpoints are derived from (1) EPA toxicity
classifications and (2) Brooks, L. 1972. Insecticides - A handbook
for use with insect control recommendations. No. Cc-375 (rev.).
Coop. Exten. Serv., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan.
| en |
markdown | 557560 | # Presentation: 557560
## The FVTX detector in PHENIX
- Hubert van Hecke,
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- for the PHENIX collaboration
- Vtx (Mannel)
- Fvtx (HvH)
- RPC (Wei)
- TOF (Belmont)
- RPC gas (Wood)
- RPC (Kim)
- RPC (Meredith)
- Computing (Love)
- Forward Silicon Vertex Detector,
- one of a number of detector upgrades
## FVTX team
- R. K. Choudhury, P. Shukla, D. Dutta, A. K. Mohanty, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India; R. Pak, K.A. Drees, Brookhaven National Laboratory; H. Pereira, Saclay, France; M. Finger, M. Finger, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; J. Klaus, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic; P. Mikes, J. Popule, L. Tomasek, M. Tomasek, V. Vrba; Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; B. Cole, E. Mannel, D. Winter, W. Zajc, Columbia University; J.C. Hill, J.G. Lajoie, C.A. Ogilvie, A. Lebedev, H. Pei, G. Skank,A. Semenov, G. Sleege, F. Wei, Iowa State University; Naohito Saito, KEK, Japan; T. Murakami, K. Tanida, Kyoto University, Japan; J.G. Boissevain, M.L. Brooks, S. Butsyk, G. Grim, H.W. van Hecke, J. Kapustinsky, A. Klein, G.J. Kunde, D.M. Lee, M.J. Leitch, H. Liu, M.X. Liu, P.L. McGaughey, A.K. Purwar, W.E. Sondheim, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Hisham Albataineh, G. Kyle, V. Papavassiliou, S. Pate, X.R. Wang, New Mexico State University;** **T. Alho, M. Bondila, R. Diaz, D. J. Kim, J. Rak, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland;** **B. Bassalleck, D.E. Fields, M. Hoeferkamp, M. Malik, K. Spendier, J. Berndt, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; J.H. Kang, Y. Kweon, Yonsei University, Korea
## Goals of the FVTX
- Use heavy quarks (c,b) to study
- properties of the QGP
- q, g contributions to p spin
- Drell-Yan
- Signal channel:
- b->B->
- c->D->
- J/, ’->
- +
- -
- B,D have finite lifetimes, so they can be identified with a vertex tracker
## Separate signal from backgrounds
- Solution:
- D, B mesons travel ~1mm (with boost) before semileptonic decay to muons
- Mean ,K decay distance is much larger
- By measuring the DCA to the primary vertex, we can separate D, B decays from prompt muons and from long-lived decays from , K
- The problem: backgrounds (-> and K-> ) overwhelm the signal
## Detector Specifications
- Need sufficient DCA resolution (~100um)
- Need occupancy low enough to find tracks in central AuAu events (<few %)
- Need enough hits to reconstruct a track (>=3 hits)
- Need to match tracks with Muon System: = 1.2 - 2.4
## Model the detector
- Geant-3-based simulations
- 3.750
- 12.5 cm
- 1664 strips
- 13 chips
- 2.8mm strip
- 11.2mm strip
- 75-um strips
## Other materials
- Materials that affect us:
- - barrel silicon layers (4)
- - support and cooling structures
- - cabling and connectors
- - beam pipe
- - electronics board
## DCA resolutions
- Since the barrel pixels are // to the beampipe (orthogonal to the FVTX mini-strips, using them greatly improves phi resolution
## Occupancy
- Max track density in central Au+Au ~7/cm2
- Max. strip occupancy ~ 2.8%
- -> choose 75 m strips
- /cm2
## Open charm, bottom signal
- Using DCA cuts, plus and isolation cuts, we can now improve the signal/background for D,B->
## Improved resolution + background reduction
- - better background . rejection
- - better mass resolution
- - separate ’
- Without FVTX
- With FVTX
## Mechanical design and prototypes
- Silicon sensor prototype from ON Semiconductor, CZ, under test at UNM
- Main unit: ‘wedge’
- Carbon backing
- Kapton HDI
- Silicon
- Readout chips
- Min To = 15oC
- Max To = 20.3oC
- Max deflection
- 10.4μm
- Heat flow studies
- Mechanical distortion studies
## Wedge -> Disk -> Cage assembly
- Mechanical design ~80% done
- Thermally conducting silicone
- Honeycomb support panel
- Wedges front and back
- Cooling inlet 15°C
- Cooling out 16.1°C
- Support cage
- 40 cm
## Readout chain
- FVTX readout chips
- ROC read-out card nearby
- FEM front-end module outside experimental hall
## 1) Readout chip (FPHX)
- Readout chip being designed at FNAL
- Derived from FPIX family of chips (BTeV), with (small) modifications
- ‘Pushes’ data to ROC - total bandwidth up to ~3.5 Tbps
- Low power: 100 W/channel, 50W total / 4 disks
- 2x13 chips per wedge, 128 channels / chip
- Total # channels: ~1.0M
## 2) ROC - readout card
- One ROC combines data from 26 FPHX chips, send zero-supressed data to FEM over optical link
- Download masks and thresholds to FPHX
- Send clocks
- Control calibration board
- Implemented in rad-hard Actel FPGA
- prototype
## 3) FEM: front-end-module
- FEM buffers data by beam crossing, 64 clocks deep
- Deliver event upon LVL-1 trigger to Phenix DAQ
- Send clocks down to IR
- Implemented in Xilinx FPGA
## Test with prototype readout chip and ROC
- Calibration using FPIX chips and readout cardprototype:
- Threshold / noise ~ 18:1
## Status and outlook
- Software:
- - Simulations and analysis - in hand
- Hardware:
- - Silicon detector prototypes undergoing tests
- - FPHX chip being layed out
- - HDI (Kapton interconnects) being layed out
- - Readout electronics chain prototyped and running
- - Mechanical design ~80% done
- - Construction start in FY08
- - Installation in Phenix in summer 2011
## backups
## External mount
## Acceptance
- Since the event vertex spans
- ~+-10 cm in z, we can use the barrel hits for some events.
- skip
## Can we match muon arm tracks with a FVTX track?
- 3 GeV muon:
- 75% correct match
- 9 GeV muons;
- 93% correct match
- Use the chi2 of the Kalman track fitter :
- skip | en |
all-txt-docs | 081052 | # RDB file created by NWIS qwflatout program on 6-4-2003
#
# These data are for the New England Coastal Basins (NECB) NAWQA Study Unit. This dataset includes the
# TRACE ELEMENT data from streambed samples collected in 14 surface-water sites throughout the New
# England region. These 14 sites are part of the NECB streamBed Sediment and fish Tissue (BST) study
# (netcode = necbbst1).
#
# STAID Station number
# SNAME Station name
# DATES Date as mm-dd-yy
# TIMES Sample start time (in military time)
# HUNIT Hydrologic unit code
# LAT Latitude, in ddmmss (datum is NAD27)
# LONG Longitude, in ddmmss (datum is NAD27)
# P34830 CALCIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P34900 MAGNESIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P34940 POTASSIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P34960 SODIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P34970 SULFUR, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P34935 PHOSPHORUS, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P49269 CARBON, INORGANIC, SED., BED MAT., WET SIEVED (NAT WAT), FIELD, <63 U, DRY WEIGHT, REC, PERCENT
# P49270 CARBON, INORGANIC, SED., BED MAT., WET SIEVED (NAT WAT), FIELD, <2 MM, DRY WGT, REC G/KG
# P49272 CARBON, ORGANIC + INORGANIC, SED., BED MAT., WS (NAT WAT), FIELD, <2 MM, DW REC G/KG
# P49267 CARBON, ORGANIC + INORGANIC, SED., BED MAT., WET SIEVED (NAT WAT), FLD, <63 U, DW REC, PERCENT
# P49271 CARBON, ORGANIC, SED., BED MAT., WET SIEVED (NAT WAT), FIELD, <2 MM, DRY WGT, REC G/KG
# P49266 CARBON, ORGANIC, SED., BED MAT., WET SIEVED (NAT WAT), FIELD, <63 U, DRY WEIGHT, REC, PERCENT
# P34790 ALUMINUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P34795 ANTIMONY, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34800 ARSENIC, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34805 BARIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34810 BERYLLIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34816 BISMUTH, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 180U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34825 CADMIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34835 CERIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34840 CHROMIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34845 COBALT, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34850 COPPER, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34855 EUROPIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34860 GALLIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34870 GOLD, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34875 HOLMIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34880 IRON, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, PERCENT
# P34885 LANTHANUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34890 LEAD, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34895 LITHIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34905 MANGANESE, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34910 MERCURY, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34915 MOLYBDENUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34920 NEODYMIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34925 NICKEL, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34930 NIOBIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34945 SCANDIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34950 SELENIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34955 SILVER, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34965 STRONTIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34975 TANTALUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P04064 THALLIUM, SEDIMENT, BED MATERIAL, DRY SIEVE, FINER THAN 63 MICRON, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34980 THORIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P34985 TIN, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P49274 TITANIUM, SED., BED MAT., WET SIEVED (NAT WAT), FIELD, <63 U, DRY WEIGHT, REC, PERCENT
# P35005 VANADIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P35015 YTTERBIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P35010 YTTRIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P35020 ZINC, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
# P35000 URANIUM, SEDIMENT, BOTTOM MATERIAL, < 63U, WET SIEVE, FIELD, TOTAL, UG/G
#
STAID SNAME DATES TIMES HUNIT LAT LONG P34830 P34900 P34940 P34960 P34970 P34935 P49269 P49270 P49272 P49267 P49271 P49266 P34790 P34795 P34800 P34805 P34810 P34816 P34825 P34835 P34840 P34845 P34850 P34855 P34860 P34870 P34875 P34880 P34885 P34890 P34895 P34905 P34910 P34915 P34920 P34925 P34930 P34945 P34950 P34955 P34965 P34975 P04064 P34980 P34985 P49274 P35005 P35015 P35010 P35020 P35000
20S 50S 10D 10S 10S 7S 8S 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N 9N
01102500 ABERJONA RIVER AT WINCHESTER, MA 19980921 1030 01090001 422650 0710822 1.6 .880 1.4 1.2 .57 .260 .08 <.2 77 9.5 77 9.4 5.9 3.4 140 450 3.2 1 7.3 90 440 27 360 2 18 <1 1 6.0 49 580 38 2400 2.2 4.0 42 46 15 10 1.6 1.3 180 2 <1 11 21 .450 100 3 29 1500 6.5
010965852 BEAVER BROOK AT NORTH PELHAM, NH 19980924 1000 01070002 424659 0712114 1.2 .440 1.1 1.0 .21 .160 .10 <.2 44 9.2 44 9.2 4.5 .3 52 400 3.1 <1 1.2 85 53 18 24 1 13 <1 1 3.6 49 60 32 6800 .15 1.3 42 28 10 6 .9 .9 140 1 <1 12 7 .270 39 2 22 160 7.9
01112900 BLACKSTONE RIVER AT MANVILLE, RI 19990630 0900 01090003 415816 0712814 1.4 .820 1.6 1.4 .35 .440 .02 <.2 27 6.7 27 6.7 6.0 3.4 13 630 2.6 6 18 84 220 14 270 2 14 <1 2 3.7 49 240 31 860 1.0 2.8 42 50 18 11 1.5 5.2 170 1 <1 12 78 .480 65 3 31 610 4.1
01104615 CHARLES RIVER ABOVE WATERTOWN DAM AT WATERTOWN, MA 19990629 1500 01090001 422153 0711125 1.5 .750 1.6 1.6 .36 .160 .02 <.2 60 5.3 60 5.3 5.9 3.2 7.3 460 2.0 <1 4.4 62 92 12 110 1 12 <1 1 3.0 34 250 25 750 .73 1.6 32 26 13 10 .7 1.8 180 2 <1 10 18 .470 71 2 21 300 3.6
01101500 IPSWICH RIVER AT SOUTH MIDDLETON, MA 19980923 1000 01090001 423410 0710139 1.4 .520 1.1 .980 .41 .230 .12 .3 110 13 110 13 4.4 2.7 41 420 2.8 <1 1.4 68 62 28 51 1 13 <1 1 5.5 37 180 30 8000 .79 3.2 32 30 10 7 1.2 .6 150 1 <1 10 11 .300 80 2 21 280 5.4
01049265 Kennebec River at North Sidney, ME 19990622 1900 01030003 442821 0694109 .960 1.1 1.8 1.2 .09 .130 .01 <.2 11 3.0 11 3.0 7.3 .6 12 440 2.3 <1 .4 79 120 18 32 2 16 <1 <1 3.6 43 38 44 960 .13 .8 38 44 11 14 .2 1.1 130 <1 <1 12 5 .520 100 2 19 170 3.4
01100000 MERRIMACKRIVER BL CONCORD RIVER AT LOWELL, MA 19990625 1000 01070002 423845 0711756 1.8 .660 1.8 2.0 .11 .170 .02 <.2 18 3.2 18 3.2 6.7 1.2 11 500 3.9 <1 1.6 140 78 9 42 2 14 <1 2 2.4 74 82 26 750 .32 1.0 66 20 18 10 .3 1.7 220 1 <1 22 11 .540 56 3 30 180 6.2
01114000 MOSHASSUCK RIVER AT PROVIDENCE, RI 19980917 1400 01090004 415002 0712442 1.4 .600 1.2 1.0 .41 .360 .32 .8 80 11 79 11 4.2 10 31 790 1.9 2 6.4 67 98 37 280 1 11 <1 1 10 38 590 19 12000 .98 7.6 30 67 18 6 4.1 3.3 140 1 <1 8 69 .280 95 3 27 960 2.0
01105000 NEPONSET RIVER AT NORWOOD, MA 19980916 1000 01090001 421039 0711205 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.1 .29 .230 .15 3.2 100 9.7 97 9.6 5.4 4.6 22 720 2.4 <1 2.5 62 140 21 130 1 13 <1 1 6.2 35 460 24 5500 2.8 2.6 29 83 16 8 1.1 .7 180 1 <1 8 22 .430 110 3 25 520 2.2
01102345 SAUGUS R AT SAUGUS IRON WORKS AT SAUGUS, MA 19980922 1100 01090001 422810 0710027 1.4 .910 1.4 1.5 .62 .240 .05 .2 63 7.3 63 7.2 5.2 1.2 29 360 2.8 <1 2.0 72 140 18 85 1 14 <1 1 5.6 41 200 32 1500 .54 3.0 36 57 13 9 .9 1.1 170 1 <1 9 24 .400 78 2 23 380 3.6
01095220 STILLWATER RIVER NEAR STERLING, MA 19980914 1100 01070004 422439 0714730 1.1 .330 1.3 1.0 .28 .210 .09 .2 60 10 60 9.9 4.8 1.3 160 400 3.6 <1 1.0 100 36 19 21 2 12 <1 1 5.5 64 73 32 2100 .11 2.3 51 22 13 4 1.3 .5 170 1 <1 12 4 .340 45 2 24 180 4.9
01109000 WADING RIVER NEAR NORTON, MA 19980915 0930 01090004 415651 0711038 1.1 .410 1.2 1.1 .38 .170 .07 .2 64 9.1 64 9.0 5.0 2.1 16 460 2.3 <1 3.6 54 86 30 100 1 11 <1 1 4.1 31 120 21 4800 .81 2.6 26 50 14 7 1.2 10 150 1 <1 6 19 .320 72 3 23 290 1.8
01114500 WOONASQUATUCKET RIVER AT CENTERDALE, RI 19980917 1000 01090004 415132 0712916 1.2 .420 1.7 1.5 .53 .380 .04 <.2 74 8.5 74 8.5 5.9 3.3 7.6 640 5.7 1 2.2 120 210 14 160 2 14 <1 3 3.6 110 290 22 1600 .50 34 75 57 27 8 1.3 2.4 150 2 <1 11 31 .340 79 6 60 480 4.2
01059300 Androscoggin River near Lisbon Falls, Maine 19990623 1700 01040002 435900 0700230 1.4 .820 1.9 1.6 .14 .140 .02 <.2 15 3.9 15 3.9 7.2 .5 6.6 420 3.4 <1 .5 97 100 13 30 2 16 <1 1 3.1 53 44 41 950 .50 1.1 45 27 17 12 .3 1.7 180 1 <1 17 8 .550 85 2 21 140 6.2
| en |
all-txt-docs | 308480 | From dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu Tue Feb 4 10:22:51 1992
X-VM-Summary-Format: "%n %*%a %-17.17F %-3.3m %2d %4l/%-5c %I\"%s\"\n"
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["1048" "Tue" "4" "February" "1992" "15:20:02" "GMT" "Don Wells" "dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu " nil "20" "SI-units discussion available" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Don Wells Feb 4 20/1048 " thread-indent "\"SI-units discussion available\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: sci.astro,alt.sci.astro.fits
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA
Distribution: sci
From: dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu (Don Wells)
Subject: SI-units discussion available
Date: Tue, 4 Feb 1992 15:20:02 GMT
I have concatenated most of the recent sci.astro SI units discussion
into a file which is available via anonymous FTP on fits.cx.nrao.edu
[192.33.115.8] in directory FITS/fitsbits as the file:
-rw-r--r-- 1 dwells 74858 Feb 3 09:57 sci.astro.9201.SI
The messages are ordered in the file mostly by subject threads, not by
time, due to the way my current newsreader (GNUS) operates. I expect
that some parts of this discussion will prove to be useful to the FITS
community in the future in formulating recommended practices for the
units which are used in astronomical datasets. I want to thank all of
you who participated; I was impressed with the general high quality
and good spirit of the discussion which I started with my two initial
postings.
--
Donald C. Wells Associate Scientist dwells at nrao.edu
National Radio Astronomy Observatory +1-804-296-0277
520 Edgemont Road Fax= +1-804-296-0278
Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-2475 USA 78:31.1W, 38:02.2N
From EXOSAT at IMISIAM.MI.CNR.IT Sun Feb 16 22:26:55 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1157" "Tue" "4" "February" "1992" "21:50:18" "GMT" "Lucio Chiappetti - IFC Milano" "EXOSAT at IMISIAM.MI.CNR.IT" nil "27" "Format of TFORMnnn keywords" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Lucio Chiappetti Feb 4 27/1157 " thread-indent "\"Format of TFORMnnn keywords\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
From: Lucio Chiappetti - IFC Milano <EXOSAT at IMISIAM.MI.CNR.IT>
Subject: Format of TFORMnnn keywords
Date: Tue, 4 Feb 1992 21:50:18 GMT
Is there some specification more restrictive than the one stated at pag.
42 of NOST 100-0.3b FITS implementation standard concerning the content
of TFORMnnn keywords ?
Or some rule which may be adopted for analogy with other keywords ?
What I am concerned with is the presence of leading blanks.
If a TFORMnnn keyword might have values say from 1E to 999E, is it
allowed to code it ' 1E', ' 10E' etc. (from '100E' it is OK), or shall
it be flush left '1E' '10E' etc. ?
\
Lucio Chiappetti
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lucio Chiappetti
Istituto di Fisica Cosmica e Tecnologie Relative - CNR
via Bassini 15 - I-20133 Milano - Italy
Phone : +39 2 2363542 / 2665237 / 2665753
Telex : 313839 MUACNR I
Fax : +39 2 2362946
E-mail: EXOSAT at IMISIAM (Bitnet)
EXOSAT at IMISIAM.MI.CNR.IT (Internet)
IFCTR::LUCIO (SPAN/DECNET)
Bitnet node IMISIAM is Internet node (IMI)SIAM.MI.CNR.IT alias 192.65.131.1
Decnet node IFCTR is 38.698 (39610) and Internet node IFCTR.MI.CNR.IT alias
192.65.131.40.
Acknowledge-To: <EXOSAT at IMISIAM.MI.CNR.IT>
From bschlesinger at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov Sun Feb 16 22:27:03 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1663" "" "4" "February" "92" "19:33:00" "GMT" "Barry Schlesinger" "bschlesinger at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov " nil "32" "Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Barry Schlesinger Feb 4 32/1663 " thread-indent "\"Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Summary: Fixed format
Keywords: FITS, keywords
Organization: NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.41
Nntp-Posting-Host: nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
From: bschlesinger at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (Barry Schlesinger)
Subject: Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords
Date: 4 Feb 92 19:33:00 GMT
In article <9202041554.AA26285 at fits.cx.nrao.edu>, Lucio Chiappetti -
IFC Milano <EXOSAT at IMISIAM.MI.CNR.IT> writes...
>Is there some specification more restrictive than the one stated at pag.
>42 of NOST 100-0.3b FITS implementation standard concerning the content
>of TFORMnnn keywords ?
>Or some rule which may be adopted for analogy with other keywords ?
>
>What I am concerned with is the presence of leading blanks.
>If a TFORMnnn keyword might have values say from 1E to 999E, is it
>allowed to code it ' 1E', ' 10E' etc. (from '100E' it is OK), or shall
>it be flush left '1E' '10E' etc. ?
The general rule governing value fields appears in FITS Paper I, "the
value field will be written following the rules of ANSI FORTRAN 77 for
list-directed input." The TFORMn keyword is required for the binary
tables extension. Its value must therefore appear in the fixed
format. (FITS Paper I: "use of a fixed format for the most essential
parameters is required," interpreted by the NOST Panel to refer to
required keywords.) Also note the interpretation from the NOST
document, "Leading blanks are significant; trailing blanks are not."
Because the allowed value is described as "rE", not " rE", that is, no
leading blank specifically prescribed, the wording would appear to
imply that leading blanks as not being allowed.
Incidentally, note that the binary tables appendix of the NOST
standard is simply the Cotton and Tody 'BINTABLE' proposal, changed
only to fit the format of the NOST standard. It appears for reader
information but should not be considered part of the NOST standard.
Barry Schlesinger
NSSDC/NOST FITS Support Office
From thompson at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov Sun Feb 16 22:27:08 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1423" "Tue" "4" "February" "1992" "21:38:00" "GMT" "William Thompson, code 682.1, x2040" "thompson at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov " nil "30" "Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " William Thompson, Feb 4 30/1423 " thread-indent "\"Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.4-b1
Nntp-Posting-Host: stars.gsfc.nasa.gov
Organization: NASA/GSFC-Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar Physics
From: thompson at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov (William Thompson, code 682.1, x2040)
Subject: Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords
Date: Tue, 4 Feb 1992 21:38:00 GMT
In article <9202041554.AA26285 at fits.cx.nrao.edu>, Lucio Chiappetti - IFC Milano
<EXOSAT at IMISIAM.MI.CNR.IT> writes...
>Is there some specification more restrictive than the one stated at pag.
>42 of NOST 100-0.3b FITS implementation standard concerning the content
>of TFORMnnn keywords ?
>Or some rule which may be adopted for analogy with other keywords ?
>
>What I am concerned with is the presence of leading blanks.
>If a TFORMnnn keyword might have values say from 1E to 999E, is it
>allowed to code it ' 1E', ' 10E' etc. (from '100E' it is OK), or shall
>it be flush left '1E' '10E' etc. ?
>
I may be misreading you, but you seem to imply that the number of elements in a
binary table can only be up to 999. We are planning to store images in binary
tables (using the TDIM convention) which are going to be much larger than 999
elements.
On your main question, although it may not be in the section on binary tables,
it is mentioned (somewhere) in the NOST document that leading blanks in string
values are significant, while trailing blanks are not. I would interpret that
to mean that the values of TFORM should be flush left. Also, it should be
'10Ebbbbb' (where "b" stands for blank) and not '10E', since character string
values are required to be at least eight characters long.
I'm not the authority on this, you understand. I'm just presenting how I
interpret the proposed standard.
Bill Thompson
From bschlesinger at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov Sun Feb 16 22:27:12 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["621" "Thu" "6" "February" "1992" "14:10:47" "GMT" "Barry Schlesinger" "bschlesinger at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov " nil "16" "Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Barry Schlesinger Feb 6 16/621 " thread-indent "\"Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Nntp-Posting-Host: nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
Organization: Goddard Space Flight Center
From: bschlesinger at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (Barry Schlesinger)
Subject: Re: Format of TFORMnnn keywords
Date: Thu, 6 Feb 1992 14:10:47 GMT
In article <4FEB199217382187 at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov>,
thompson at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov (William Thompson, code 682.1, x2040)
writes...
> Also, it should be
>'10Ebbbbb' (where "b" stands for blank) and not '10E', since character string
>values are required to be at least eight characters long.
>
Yes. FITS Paper I specifies the fixed format for character strings as
follows, "normally 8 characters in length although longer values are
allowed; represented by a ' in column 11, followed by the string,
followed by a close ' that cannot occur before column 20."
Barry Schlesinger
NSSDC/NOST FITS Support Office
From eso!pgrosbol at fits.cx.nrao.edu Sun Feb 16 22:27:32 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1231" "Fri" "7" "February" "1992" "11:29:21" "GMT" "eso!pgrosbol at fits.cx.nrao.edu" "eso!pgrosbol at fits.cx.nrao.edu" nil "26" "On RFD: sci.astro.fits" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " eso!pgrosbol at fits Feb 7 26/1231 " thread-indent "\"On RFD: sci.astro.fits\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
From: <eso!pgrosbol at fits.cx.nrao.edu>
Subject: On RFD: sci.astro.fits
Date: Fri, 7 Feb 1992 11:29:21 GMT
Garching, Feb. 7, 1992
The FITS data format is used widely in the astronomical community and
is essential for the exchange of data between institutes. Thus, it is
important that questions, comments and information on the standard
easily can be circulated in the community. This not only to clarify
possible ambiguities and implementation issues but also to discuss
future extensions to it.
The FITS community was using normal or electronic mail for these
purposes until last year when an 'alt' news group was created.
Although e-mail can be used, it has two major disadvantages:
a) it limits discussion to a predefined group, and
b) broadcast of questions is not effective.
These issues are solved by using the USEnet News. I believe it is very
important to have an open discussion on widely used, common matters
like FITS. Although the astronomical community only is counted in
thousands, the availability of CD-ROM's with astronomical images and
tables in FITS format will open the discussion among a large number of
other users with general interest in astronomy.
Thus, I strongly support the creating of a 'sci.astro.fits' News group.
Preben Grosbol
Chairman, IAU FITS WG
From sla at helios.ucsc.edu Sun Feb 16 22:27:46 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1418" "" "8" "February" "92" "22:46:34" "GMT" "Steve Allen" "sla at helios.ucsc.edu " nil "23" "RFD: sci.astro.fits" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Steve Allen Feb 8 23/1418 " thread-indent "\"RFD: sci.astro.fits\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits,news.groups
Summary: enthsiastic support for creation
Followup-To: news.groups
Organization: UCO/Lick Observatory
From: sla at helios.ucsc.edu (Steve Allen)
Subject: RFD: sci.astro.fits
Date: 8 Feb 92 22:46:34 GMT
I support the creation of the new newsgroup sci.astro.fits
The FITS standard is becoming more important for people both inside and
outside the professional astronomical community. NASA is greatly
accelerating the production of CD-ROMs containing astronomical data from
many space missions. Much of these data is being written using FITS format.
These data are of interest not only to researchers, but also to the
general public. Furthermore, the existence of high-bandwidth networks
has resulted in the routine shipment of newly acquired astronomical data
>from site to site. New instruments and new demands for systematic
archiving of data require discussion to allow evolution of the standard.
The creation of the group alt.sci.astro.fits has allowed UCO/Lick Observatory
to observe and participate in discussions about the evolution of the FITS
standard. This was not possible before the advent of a.s.a.f, because
limited travel funds prevented contact between the appropriate and
interested parties. The creation of sci.astro.fits will make these
discussions available to even more sites.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Steve Allen | That was the equation! | sla at helios.ucsc.edu
UCO/Lick Observatory | Existence!...Survival must | If the UC were opining,
Santa Cruz, CA 95064 | cancel out programming! -- Ruk | it wouldn't tell me.
From thompson at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov Sun Feb 16 22:29:42 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1659" "" "10" "February" "92" "17:20:00" "GMT" "William Thompson, code 682.1, x2040" "thompson at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov " nil "33" "FITS binary tables" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " William Thompson, Feb 10 33/1659 " thread-indent "\"FITS binary tables\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Organization: NASA/GSFC-Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar Physics
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.4-b1
Nntp-Posting-Host: stars.gsfc.nasa.gov
From: thompson at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov (William Thompson, code 682.1, x2040)
Subject: FITS binary tables
Date: 10 Feb 92 17:20:00 GMT
I am currently engaged in writing IDL-based I/O software for FITS binary
tables. I want to get some clarification on one point. I'm not entirely clear
about how bit arrays (denoted as 'X' in the TFORM keyword) are treated. Does
the repeat parameter give the number of bits, or the number of bytes contained
within the bit array? I.e., if
TFORM1 = '100X '
then does this column contain 100 bits (rounded off to 13 bytes) or 800 bits
within 100 bytes?
On another topic, I've run into some problems with complex arrays in both
primary FITS data units, and in binary tables, and I thought I'd air the
techniques I'm using to get around them, to see if anybody had a different way
to handle it.
In standard FITS files, the BITPIX keyword has no way of marking an array as
complex. Therefore, I decided to write complex arrays as floating point, with
the first dimension (NAXIS1) being 2, and the remaining dimensions being the
dimensions of the array. The comment attached to the NAXIS1 header record says
that these are the real and imaginary parts of a complex number.
No such problem occurs in FITS binary tables. However, IDL does not currently
support a data type corresponding to 'M' (double-precision complex).
Therefore, I am defining the reader software to treat such arrays as
double-precision, with twice as many elements, and formatted such that the
first dimension of the array is 2 (real and complex parts). The writing
software will also be able to write double-precision arrays as type 'M' if the
user tells it to, and if the first dimension of the array is 2.
Does anyone envision any problems with that approach?
Bill Thompson
From bcotton at gorilla.CV.NRAO.EDU Sun Feb 16 22:29:48 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["745" "Thu" "13" "February" "1992" "12:10:23" "GMT" "Bill Cotton" "bcotton at gorilla.CV.NRAO.EDU " nil "15" "Re: FITS binary tables" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Bill Cotton Feb 13 15/745 " thread-indent "\"Re: FITS binary tables\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
From: bcotton at gorilla.CV.NRAO.EDU (Bill Cotton)
Subject: Re: FITS binary tables
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 1992 12:10:23 GMT
William Thompson, code 682.1, x2040 writes:
> I am currently engaged in writing IDL-based I/O software for FITS binary
> tables. I want to get some clarification on one point. I'm not entirely clear
> about how bit arrays (denoted as 'X' in the TFORM keyword) are treated. Does
> the repeat parameter give the number of bits, or the number of bytes contained
> within the bit array? I.e., if
>
> TFORM1 = '100X '
>
> then does this column contain 100 bits (rounded off to 13 bytes) or 800 bits
> within 100 bytes?
The repeat count is the number of elements of the given type.
Your example, TFORM1= '100X ', means an array of 100 bits occupying
13 bytes. The trailing bits of the final byte are undefined.
-Bill Cotton
From CUR%STARLINK.RUTHERFORD.AC.UK at VTVM2.CC.VT.EDU Sun Feb 16 22:30:07 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1012" "Thu" "13" "February" "1992" "17:29:00" "GMT" "\"Malcolm J. Currie\"" "CUR%STARLINK.RUTHERFORD.AC.UK at VTVM2.CC.VT.EDU" nil "18" "(IUE)IMAGE extension" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " \"Malcolm J. Curri Feb 13 18/1012 " thread-indent "\"(IUE)IMAGE extension\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
From: "Malcolm J. Currie" <CUR%STARLINK.RUTHERFORD.AC.UK at VTVM2.CC.VT.EDU>
Subject: (IUE)IMAGE extension
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 1992 17:29:00 GMT
Please can someone confirm that the only difference between the IMAGE
and IUEIMAGE extensions a question of name, because "IMAGE", being
generic, is reserved until or if the extension is approved by the FITS
committees. In other words does the IUEIMAGE extension assume knowledge
of IUE-specific keywords?
Until the binary-table conventions for handling arrays become
established I am planning to use the (IUE)IMAGE extension for the export
of hierarchical datasets containing quality and/or variance data in
addition to the main data array. Generally, for our datasets there is
little wastage of space since the main headers will apply globally, save
the mandatory headers, BSCALE, BZERO, EXTLEVEL and EXTNAME.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Malcolm J. Currie | Span: RLVAD::CUR
Starlink Project | Janet: CUR at UK.AC.RUTHERFORD.STARLINK
| +44-235-21900 x6735
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
From dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu Sun Feb 16 22:30:10 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["2072" "Fri" "14" "February" "1992" "17:08:06" "GMT" "Don Wells" "dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu " nil "48" "Re: (IUE)IMAGE extension" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Don Wells Feb 14 48/2072 " thread-indent "\"Re: (IUE)IMAGE extension\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
In-Reply-To: "Malcolm J. Currie"'s message of Thu, 13 Feb 1992 17: 29:00 GMT
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA
From: dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu (Don Wells)
Subject: Re: (IUE)IMAGE extension
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 1992 17:08:06 GMT
[The following message arrived at my mailbox, probably in my guise as
"fitsbits-request at fits.cx.nrao.edu", to which it may have been
addressed (rather than to "fitsbits at fits.cx.nrao.edu"); the header is
confusing, and I am unsure what happened. -Don]
From: jmunoz at estsaa.DNET.NASA.GOV (J. R. Munoz_Peiro, SSD/SA/ISO
(ESTEC), Ext. 3564)
To: "fitsbits-request at fits.cx.nrao.edu" at EAST.DNET.NASA.GOV
Subject: RE: (IUE)IMAGE extension
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 92 10:50:32 -0500
From: EAST::"fitsbits-request at fits.cx.nrao.edu" 13-FEB-1992 20:28:30.62
To: FITSBITS at FITS.CX.NRAO.EDU
CC:
Subj: (IUE)IMAGE extension
>Please can someone confirm that the only difference between the IMAGE
>and IUEIMAGE extensions a question of name, because "IMAGE", being
>generic, is reserved until or if the extension is approved by the FITS
>committees. In other words does the IUEIMAGE extension assume knowledge
>of IUE-specific keywords?
>
>Until the binary-table conventions for handling arrays become
established I am planning to use the (IUE)IMAGE extension for the export
>of hierarchical datasets containing quality and/or variance data in
>addition to the main data array. Generally, for our datasets there is
>little wastage of space since the main headers will apply globally, save
>the mandatory headers, BSCALE, BZERO, EXTLEVEL and EXTNAME.
You are right, IUEIMAGE is just a temporary extension name till it is
approved by the FITS committees. I originally intended to call it just
IMAGE but the European FITS committee recomended me to attach the 'IUE' part
because it was initially born to accomodate IUE data (till wider usage
could be found).
As you may check, the extension doesn't contain any specific IUE keywords.
Regards
J.R. Munoz Peiro
ESA/ESTEC/SAI
--
Donald C. Wells Associate Scientist dwells at nrao.edu
National Radio Astronomy Observatory +1-804-296-0277
520 Edgemont Road Fax= +1-804-296-0278
Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-2475 USA 78:31.1W, 38:02.2N
From jdp at vilspa.DNET.NASA.GOV Sun Feb 16 22:30:33 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["1095" "Fri" "14" "February" "1992" "15:41:38" "GMT" "Jose Daniel Ponz VILSPA/VCS" "jdp at vilspa.DNET.NASA.GOV " nil "26" "RE: (IUE) Image Extension" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil (number " " mark " Jose Daniel Ponz Feb 14 26/1095 " thread-indent "\"RE: (IUE) Image Extension\"\n") nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.astro.fits
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
From: jdp at vilspa.DNET.NASA.GOV (Jose Daniel Ponz VILSPA/VCS)
Subject: RE: (IUE) Image Extension
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 1992 15:41:38 GMT
RLVAD::CUR (Malcom J. Currie) asks the question:
MC> Please can someone confirm that the only difference between the IMAGE
MC> and IUEIMAGE extensions a question of name, because "IMAGE", being
MC> generic, is reserved until or if the extension is approved by the FITS
MC> committees. In other words does the IUEIMAGE extension assume knowledge
MC> of IUE-specific keywords?
The IUEIMAGE extension has been reserved for temporary use inside the IUE
project until the generic IMAGE extension is approved by the FITS
committees. IUEIMAGE does not assume knowledge on IUE specific keywords.
The draft proposal for the IMAGE extension was submitted on 1992.2.7 to the
Chairman of the FITS Committee for review. The proposal will be discussed
during the European FITS Committee meeting in Munich (1992.5.15).
Daniel Ponz
--------------------------------
J.D.Ponz vilspa::jdp
ESA/ECNOD European Space Agency
Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station 34-1-8131183
P.O.Box 50727
28080 Madrid, SPAIN
From dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu Wed Feb 19 09:56:36 1992
Status: RO
X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]
["14970" "Wed" "19" "February" "1992" "06:20:40" "GMT" "Don Wells" "dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu" nil "270" "2nd CFV and VOTE ACK: sci.astro.fits" "^From:" nil nil "2" nil nil nil nil]
nil)
Newsgroups: news.announce.newgroups,news.groups,sci.astro,sci.astro.hubble,sci.space,alt.sci.astro.fits
Followup-To: poster
Nntp-Posting-Host: cs.rpi.edu
Organization: National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA
From: dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu (Don Wells)
Subject: 2nd CFV and VOTE ACK: sci.astro.fits
Date: Wed, 19 Feb 1992 06:20:40 GMT
This is the second Call For Votes on the creation of the unmoderated
newsgroup sci.astro.fits.
Name: sci.astro.fits
Status: Unmoderated
Charter:
This newsgroup will provide a forum for the discussion of all topics
concerning the FITS [Flexible Image Transport System] data format.
The newsgroup will be interfaced to the Email exploder
fitsbits at fits.cx.nrao.edu so that traffic originating on either the
newsgroup on the exploder will be automatically transmitted to the
other. This new newsgroup will replace existing newsgroup
alt.sci.astro.fits.
Reference Entry:
sci.astro.fits Issues related to FITS [Flexible Image Transport System]
How to Vote:
Send Email to "dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu" (or "dwells at nrao.edu") with
the Subject line containing either "I vote YES on sci.astro.fits" or
"I vote NO on sci.astro.fits". If you are unable to generate/edit a
Subject line then insert the YES/NO statement into the body of your
message. The votes must be an explicit YES or NO; conditional votes
will not be accepted. Only votes mailed to the above addresses will
count; votes posted to the net for any reason and proxy votes (such
as mailing list maintainers claiming a vote for each member of the
list) will not be counted.
Each vote will be acknowledged by Email, and at least one more mass
acknowledgement will be posted to various newsgroups.
Period:
This vote will end at 23:59 Eastern time on Monday 2 March 1992.
=-=-=-=-=
At 15:00 EST (20:00 GMT) Tuesday February 18, votes had been received
>from 218 people, and acknowledgements sent, with the exception of one
address which bounces due to its mailer being mis-configured. To all
of you who have voted so far I say: "Thank You!".
adelmans at citadel.bitnet
anderson at atnf.csiro.au
anw at anwsun.phya.utoledo.edu
bob at ipac.caltech.edu
bpirenne at eso.org
bschlesinger at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
c1796 at slvaxa.umsl.edu
cbiemes at noao.edu
cguirao at eso.org
colorado at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov
dreher at bkyast.berkeley.edu
ed at astro.umd.edu
fmurtagh at eso.org
gondwana at athena.mit.edu
hmadorf at eso.org
howard at ssl.msfc.nasa.gov
jmcgaha at pimacc.pima.edu
kemper at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
mary at jach.hawaii.edu
neff at stars.gsfc.nasa.gov
pdierckx at eso.org
pgrosbol at eso.org
pwb at isaac.phys.unsw.oz.au
ralbrech at eso.org
rick at ipac.caltech.edu
sysevm%nsrvan.uucp%clark.uucp at clark.edu
w3whw at scfmvs.bitnet
weiland at aruba.gsfc.nasa.gov
whb at hoh-2.att.com
wls at astro.umd.edu
Lenny Abbey labbey at gtri01.gatech.edu
David Adler dadler at negra.aoc.nrao.edu
Miguel Albrecht malbrech at eso.org
Michael Albrow phys170 at csc.canterbury.ac.nz
Bruce Balick balick at tahoma.phys.washington.edu
Tom Bania bania at buast4.bu.edu
Timothy Banks bankst at kauri.vuw.ac.nz
Klaus Banse kbanse at eso.org
Jeannette Barnes jbarnes at noao.edu
Fritz Benedict fritz at dorrit.as.utexas.edu
Jeff Bloch 103283 at sstdp1.lanl.gov
Michael Eric Boschat andromed at atm.dal.ca
P.J. Boulay pjb4288 at ultb.isc.rit.edu
Jeffrey Oliver Breen job at cfa236.harvard.edu
Daniel Briggs dbriggs at zia.aoc.nrao.edu
Lawrence E. Brown elwin at gamma.phys.clemson.edu
Liz Bryson bryson at cfht.hawaii.edu
Markus Buchhorn markus at merlin.anu.edu.au
Sinclair Budd cmaae50 at cc.ic.ac.uk
Frank Bull bull%pyrrus.uucp at noao.edu
Ann Burgess aburgess at atnf.csiro.au
Bob Burns bburns at polaris.cv.nrao.edu
Howard Bushouse bushouse at iuegtc.dnet.nasa.gov
Mark Calabretta mcalabre at macabre.cv.nrao.edu
Hulya CalIskan jk017 at triuvm11.bitnet
Bill Carson brighton%phuket.uucp%pixar.uucp at next.com
Carol Christian carolc at ssl.berkeley.edu
Chris Clark chris at cfht.hawaii.edu
Rick Coates rick at ateq.com
Bruce C Cogan bcc900 at cscgpo.anu.edu.au
Judith Cohen jlc at deimos.caltech.edu
Mike Collins mcollins at phx.mcd.mot.com
Mark E. Cornell cornell at puck.as.utexas.edu
Paulo da Costa dacosta at prl.philips.nl
Bill Cotton bcotton at gorilla.cv.nrao.edu
Dennis Crabtree crabtree at dao.nrc.ca
Malcolm J. Currie cur at starlink.rutherford.ac.uk
Chris J. Davis chris at airdata.socal.com
Mike Davis davis at naic.edu
Carl A. Dobson cad at ssl.berkeley.edu
Elwood C. Downey e_downey at hwking.cca.cr.rockwell.com
Frank Drake drake at dragon.ulowell.edu
Chris Dudley dudley at galileo.ifa.hawaii.edu
Ron Ekers rekers at atnf.csiro.au
Rick Ellis rick at ofa123.fidonet.org
Martin Ewing ewing-martin at cs.yale.edu
Allen Farris farris at stsci.edu
Eric D. Feigelson edf at astro.psu.edu
Tony Ferro tony at quasar.la.asu.edu
david fisher fish at helios.ucsc.edu
Chris Flatters cflatter at greystoke.cv.nrao.edu
Murray Forbes forbesmc at matai.vuw.ac.nz
Thierry Forveille forveill at gag.observ-gr.fr
Priscilla Frisch frisch at galadriel.uchicago.edu
Terry Gaetz gaetz at julian.uwo.ca
Bob Garwood bgarwood at sngldsh.cv.nrao.edu
FRANK GHIGO fghigo at lodestar.gb.nrao.edu
John Glaspey glaspey at cfht.hawaii.edu
Brian Glendenning bglenden at colobus.cv.nrao.edu
Orhan GOKCOL ucgokcol at tritu.bitnet
Daniel Golombek golombek at stsci.edu
James P. Goltz frost at helix.nih.gov
Steve Grandi grandi at noao.edu
Andrew Gray agray at atnf.csiro.au
Eric Greisen egreisen at polaris.cv.nrao.edu
Gerry Grieve grieve at geop.ubc.ca
Gaston Groisman gaston at cpsc.ucalgary.ca
Edward J. Groth groth at pupgg.princeton.edu
Bob Hanisch hanisch at stsci.edu
Wendy Harrison harrison at cfht.hawaii.edu
Booth Hartley booth at ipac.caltech.edu
Helge Hauglin helgeha at ifi.uio.no
Jeff Hayes hayes at stsci.edu
Greg Hennessy gsh7w at fermi.clas.virginia.edu
Tony Hewitt hewitt at aslpet.med.ge.com
Mike Hicks hicksm at lpl.arizona.edu
Phil Hodge hodge at stsci.edu
John Horne horne at cfht.hawaii.edu
Victor Hughes hughesv at qucdn.queensu.ca
Gareth Hunt ghunt at nrao.edu
Dr. Albert Hybl hybl at umbc4.umbc.edu
Peter D. Jackson jackson at cobecl.dnet.nasa.gov
Dave Jenner davej at phast.phys.washington.edu
Diab Jerius dj at pelf.harvard.edu
Justin Jonas phjj at ruchem.ru.ac.za
Dean C Josephson dean at cfht.hawaii.edu
Joel C. Justen joel%crpi.uucp at uunet.uu.net
Markus G. Kempf kempf at rhrk.uni-kl.de
John Kerr john at cfht.hawaii.edu
james kiley jkiley at andy.bgsu.edu
Edward King eking at herca.jpl.nasa.gov
Quincey Koziol koziol at ncsa.uiuc.edu
N PAUL KUIN kuin at nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
Tom Kuiper kuiper at kuiper.jpl.nasa.gov
Krishna Kunchithapadam krisna at cs.wisc.edu
Glen Langston glangsto at saips.cv.nrao.edu
MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER LAPAGLIA m953618 at mcdonald.nadn.navy.mil
Charles Lawrence crl at eccles.caltech.edu
D.A. Leahy leahy at iras.ucalgary.ca
Zoltan Levay levay at stsci.edu
Greg Lindahl gl8f at fermi.clas.virginia.edu
Peter Linde peter at astro.lu.se
Bob Link link at cfht.hawaii.edu
Joseph St. Lucas stlucas at gdwest.gd.com
Lars Lundahl lundahl at oso.chalmers.se
Dyer Lytle lytle at noao.edu
Barney Magrath magrath at cfht.hawaii.edu
George Martin gmartin at zia.aoc.nrao.edu
Rick McGonegal mcgonegr at noao.edu
Ed McGuire emcguire at ccad.uiowa.edu
David Mehringer dmehring at zia.aoc.nrao.edu
Ken Mighell mighell at merlin.anu.edu.au
Stefan Mochnacki stefan at vela.astro.utoronto.ca
David Moffett dpm at cs.purdue.edu
Christopher B. Moore cmoore at alioth.mit.edu
J. R. Munoz_Peiro jmunoz at estsaa.dnet.nasa.gov
KAYLENE MURDOCH phys166 at csc.canterbury.ac.nz
Pat Murphy pmurphy at nrao.edu
Steve Murray ssm at cfa244.harvard.edu
Robert Mutel rlm at sunlight.physics.uiowa.edu
Matthew J. Nelson nelson at larry.sal.wisc.edu
Mike Newberry newberry at as.arizona.edu
Patrick L. Nolan pln at egret1.stanford.edu
Ray Norris rnorris at atnf.csiro.au
Michael Olberg olberg at oso.chalmers.se
Nancy Oliversen noliversen at iuegtc.dnet.nasa.gov
Eric C. Olson ericco at ssl.berkeley.edu
Bruce Oneel oneel at arupa.gsfc.nasa.gov
Patricio Ortiz ortiz at vela.astro.utoronto.ca
Paul Palmer palmerp at math.orst.edu
Aliza R. Panitz buglady at silver.lcs.mit.edu
Tim Pearson tjp at eccles.caltech.edu
Jeffrey A. Pedelty pedelty at jansky.gsfc.nasa.gov
George D. Phillies phillies at wpi.wpi.edu
The Daft Pict mclean at shadow.stsci.edu
Phil Plait pcp2g at karma.astro.virginia.edu
Joe Plassmann joep at asgard.lpl.arizona.edu
Jose Daniel Ponz jdp at vilspa.dnet.nasa.gov
Tony Putman tonyp at ucthpx.uct.ac.za
Ernst Raimond exr at nfra.nl
Kavan Ratnatunga kavan at merlin.anu.edu.au
Somak Raychaudhury somak at cfa203.harvard.edu
Gail Reichert reichert at rosgip.gsfc.nasa.gov
Brian Reynolds reynolds at fsg.com
Greg N. Roberts roberts at orion.arc.nasa.gov
Andreas Roemer andi at comet.gold.sub.org
Chris Rogers crogers at drao.nrc.ca
Steve Rooke rooke at noao.edu
a. m. rushton rushton at stsci.edu
Robert Rutledge rutledge at space.mit.edu
Gustaf Rydbeck gustaf at oso.chalmers.se
Paul J. Schinder schinder at leprss.gsfc.nasa.gov
Rob Seaman seaman at noao.edu
Nigel Sharp sharp at vela.tuc.noao.edu
Steinn Sigurdsson steinly at topaz.ucsc.edu
Michal Simon msimon at ccmail.sunysb.edu
Jhs John Simonetti jhs at astro.phys.vt.edu
Robert W. Spiker rws3n at astsun9.astro.virginia.edu
Ralf Stephan hagbard at ark.abg.sub.org
Carolyn Stern stern at jasra.harvard.edu
Peter B. Stetson stetson at dao.nrc.ca
Mark Stevens stevens at stsci.edu
Thomas Stingl stingl at gate.fzi.de
Jose Suarez suarez at as.arizona.edu
Denis Sullivan sullivan at emf.vuw.ac.nz
William Thompson thompson at serts.gsfc.nasa.gov
Rich Thomson rthomson at dsd.es.com
Michael H. Tipping greywolf at vesta.unm.edu
Doug Tody tody at noao.edu
Tasso Tzioumis atzioumi at atnf.csiro.au
Frank Valdes valdes at noao.edu
Dirk Valk dirk at spacsun.rice.edu
Edward Vielmetti emv at msen.com
Stephen Walton swalton at solaria.csun.edu
George M. Weaver weaver at astro.psu.edu
Don Wells dwells at fits.cx.nrao.edu
Mark Wieringa mwiering at atnf.csiro.au
Dan Wilcox wilcox at cfht.hawaii.edu
Tony Willis twillis at drao.nrc.ca
rob woiccak rewoicc at erenj.bitnet
Donna Womble womble at cass05.dnet.nasa.gov
Al Wootten awootten at polaris.cv.nrao.edu
Jim Wright jwright at cfht.hawaii.edu
Bill Wyatt wyatt at cfa214.harvard.edu
Peter Yee yee at spectre.arc.nasa.gov
A. Young ayoung at eso.org
Nelson Zarate nelson at stsci.edu
Yun Fei Zhang zhang at buast0.bu.edu
--
Donald C. Wells Associate Scientist dwells at nrao.edu
National Radio Astronomy Observatory +1-804-296-0277
520 Edgemont Road Fax= +1-804-296-0278
Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-2475 USA 78:31.1W, 38:02.2N
| en |
converted_docs | 926430 | **Materials Not Included in**
**Airworthiness Directive (AD) Docket**
Docket Number: FAA- 2008-0849
Directorate Identifier: 2008NM080AD
A310-54-2036, R02 \-\-- 9/28/07
A310-54-2036, R01 \-\-- 9/14/99
A310-54-2032, R01 \-\-- 10/8/07
A310-54-2032 \-\-- 5/29/96
Name/Description of Item(s) Not Included in FDMS Docket and Maintained
in the
Supplemental AD Docket
**MAY BE VIEWED AT:** Federal Aviation Administration
Transport Airplane Directorate
Rules Docket
1601 Lind Ave. SW.,
Renton, WA 98057
425.227.1221
**DURING THE HOURS OF:** 9 a.m. and 3 p.m., Monday through Friday,
except Federal holidays.
Form Date: 03/05/2008
| en |
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| en |
all-txt-docs | 264916 | *
* $Id: pdfdoc.dat,v 1.1.1.1 1996/03/08 17:48:06 mclareni Exp $
*
* $Log: pdfdoc.dat,v $
* Revision 1.1.1.1 1996/03/08 17:48:06 mclareni
* Pdf
*
*
1***********************************************************************
* *
* CERN *
* *
* W5051 PDFLIB 1995.03.15 *
* *
* --------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* PDFLIB: Nucleon, Pion and Photon Parton Density Functions *
* and alpha(s) Calculations *
* *
* User's Manual *
* *
* Version 6.06 *
* *
* *
* H. Plothow-Besch/CERN-PPE *
* *
* CH-1211 Geneva 23 *
* BITNET/EARN address: PLOTHOW@CERNVM.CERN.CH *
* Tel.: +41 - 22 - 767 39 80 *
* *
* A complete manual in PostScript format exists on a separate file *
* Requests can be addressed to the CERN Program Library Office *
* *
* Copyright by H. Plothow-Besch *
* *
* Abstract *
* *
* This document describes an integrated package of Parton Den- *
* sity Functions called PDFLIB which has been added to the CERN *
* Program Library Pool W999 and is labelled as W5051. In this pack- *
* age all the different sets of parton density functions of the *
* NUCLEON, the PION and the PHOTON which are available today (about *
* 100 different sets) have been put together. All these sets have *
* been combined in a consistent way such that they all have similar *
* calling sequences and no external data files have to be read in *
* anymore. A default set has been prepared, although those prefering *
* their own set or wanting to test a new one may do so within the *
* package. The selection mode, the program parameters as well as *
* the possibilities to modify the defaults and to control errors *
* occured during execution are described. *
* *
* The package offers as well a program to calculate the strong *
* coupling constant alpha(s) to first or second order (default). *
* The correct Lambda(QCD) associated to the selected set of struc- *
* ture functions and the number of allowed flavours with respect to *
* the given Q**2 is automatically used in the caculation. For those *
* structure functions where the evolution has been performed to *
* leading order only, an alpha(s) value fixed to first order is re- *
* turned. *
* *
* The package is written in standard FORTRAN-77 and is avai- *
* lable on all CERN system areas. *
* *
* Submitter: H. Plothow-Besch/CERN-PPE *
* Language: FORTRAN 77 *
* Library: PDFLIB *
* *
***********************************************************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* *
* _______________________________________________________________ *
* | | *
* | PDFLIB - User's Manual | *
* | | *
* | CERN Program Library entry W5051 | *
* | | *
* | Copyright CERN, Geneva 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 | *
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* *
* Table of Contents *
* page *
* *
* PROGRAM SUMMARY .......................................... 3 *
* *
* 0. Major Differences compared to earlier Versions 4 *
* 0.1 The actual Version 6.06 wrt Version 5.00 ............ 4 *
* 0.2 Version 5.00 wrt Version 4.00 ....................... 4 *
* 0.3 Version 4.00 wrt Version 3.00 ....................... 4 *
* 0.4 Version 3.00 wrt Version 2.00 ....................... 6 *
* 0.5 Version 2.00 wrt Version 1.00 ....................... 7 *
* *
* 1. Introduction 8 *
* *
* 2. The Structure Functions Package PDFLIB 10 *
* 2.1 Parameter Setting and Selection of sets ............ 10 *
* 2.2 The Calling Sequence: PDFLIB Format ................ 12 *
* 2.3 The Calling Sequence: PDG Format ................... 14 *
* 2.4 Error Handling ..................................... 14 *
* 2.5 Features ........................................... 15 *
* 2.6 PION Structure Functions ........................... 16 *
* 2.7 PHOTON Structure Functions ......................... 17 *
* 2.8 How to find PDFLIB ................................. 18 *
* *
* 3. alpha(s) Calculation 18 *
* *
* 4. Conclusions 19 *
* *
* 5. Acknowledgements 21 *
* *
* 6. Appendix 22 *
* A : Example of how to use PDFLIB ........................ 22 *
* B : List of subprograms and COMMON blocks in PDFLIB *
* which are relevant to the user ...................... 25 *
* C : Complete list of subprograms in PDFLIB .............. 26 *
* *
* 7. References 32 *
* *
* 8. List of Tables 34 *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
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* *
* PROGRAM SUMMARY *
* *
* *
* Titel of Program : PDFLIB, version 6.06 *
* *
* Catalogue number : W5051 in the CERN Computer Program Library *
* *
* Program obtainable from : CERN Computer Program Library Office *
* *
* Computer for which the program is designed and others on which it *
* has been tested: *
* Computer : IBM 3090, VAX, IBM-RISC, DECS, SUN, APOLLO, HP-UX, *
* Silicon Graphics, NEXT, CDC, CRAY, IBM-PC *
* *
* Operating systems : VM/CMS, VAX/VMS, ULTRIX *
* *
* Programming language used : FORTRAN 77, program is available also *
* in the PATCHY and the CMZ format *
* *
* Number of lines in distributed progam, *
* including test data, etc : 99 000 *
* *
* Memory required, *
* including testprograms and some documentation : 5 700 000 bytes *
* *
* No. of bits in a word : 64 *
* *
* Peripherals used : line printer (optional) *
* *
* Keywords : parton density functions, structure functions, W5051, *
* nucleon-, proton-, pion-, photon density parametrisa- *
* tions, Altarelli-Parisi equation, strong coupling *
* constant alpha(s) *
* *
* Nature of physical problem : *
* All theoretical calculations of cross sections involving the *
* hadronic structure of the incoming particles, i.e. protons, pions *
* or photons, use the parton density at a given longitudinal momen- *
* tum X of the parton and at a given momentum transfer Q**2. There *
* is a variety of parametrisations available, but each of them has *
* its own structure for input and/or output. *
* *
* Method of solution : *
* Collection of all available parton density parametrisations and *
* application in an identical format for all of them, regardless of *
* the author's convention or of the particle type. *
* *
* References : *
* [1] H. Plothow-Besch, 'PDFLIB: Structure Functions and alpha(s) *
* Calculations', User's Manual - Version 1.00, W5051 PDFLIB, *
* 1991.03.21, CERN-PPE. *
* [2] H. Plothow-Besch, 'PDFLIB: a library of all available parton *
* density functions of the nucleon, the pion and the photon and *
* the corresponding alpha(s) calculations', *
* Comp. Phys. Comm. 75 (1993) 396-416. *
* *
* *
******************************** - 3 - ********************************
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* *
* 0. Major Differences compared to earlier Versions *
* *
* 0.1 The actual Version 6.06 wrt Version 5.00: *
* *
* The following major changes compared to version 5.00 of PDFLIB *
* have been implemented: *
* *
* Several NUCLEON structure function sets have been added: *
* - the NLL sets A' and G of Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS-Ap) *
* and (MRS-G) of February 1995 with grid data as well as in its *
* parametrized version (MRS-Ap-F) and (MRS-G-Fit), *
* - the version 3 of the CTEQ group of October 1994 as NLL parame- *
* trisation in the MS_bar as well as in the DIS renormalisation *
* scheme and as LO (CTEQ3M, CTEQ3D, CTEQ3L), *
* - the new sets of GRV of November 1994 as NLL in the MS_bar as *
* well as in the DIS renormalisation scheme and as LO GRV *
* (GRV94-MS, GRV94DI, GRV94-LO), *
* *
* a NEW group of PHOTON structure function sets have been added: *
* - the six NLL sets of the WHIT group (WHIT1-G to WHIT6-G). *
* *
* Please note that as new the default set the MRS set (G) has been *
* chosen (NPTYPE = 1, NGROUP = 3, NSET = 41). *
* *
* More details can be found on the next pages of this updated *
* User's Manual. *
* *
* The response from the Physics community has been very satis- *
* factory, which is encouraging us to keep up-to-date with the *
* latest developments in this area. The author will be pleased to *
* learn about new parton density functions, as well as to receive *
* suggestions to improve both, the usage and the documentation. *
* *
* *
* 0.2 Version 5.00 wrt Version 4.00: *
* *
* The following major changes compared to version 4.00 of PDFLIB *
* have been implemented: *
* *
* NUCLEON structure function sets have been added: *
* - the NLL set A of Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS-A) and the *
* parametrized version (MRS-A-Fit) *
* PHOTON structure function sets have been added: *
* - the NLL set of Aurenche, Fontannaz and Guillet (AFG-G). *
* *
* *
* 0.3 Version 4.00 wrt Version 3.00: *
* *
* The following major changes compared to version 3.00 of PDFLIB *
* have been implemented: *
* *
* NUCLEON structure function sets have been updated or added: *
* - the updated NLL sets of Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS) of *
* November 1992, the sets S0', D0' and D-' in the MSbar as well *
* as the sets S0', D0' and D-' in the DIS renormalisation *
* scheme. Please note that the previous S0, D0 and D- sets have *
* *
******************************** - 4 - ********************************
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* *
* been retracted by the authors. The new MRS(H) set in both *
* schemes have also been added, *
* - the NLL and LO sets of the CTEQ collaboration (CTEQ) in its *
* parametrised form of January 1993. These are the sets 1M, 1MS *
* and 1ML in the MSbar, the set 1D in the DIS renormalisation *
* scheme and the LO set 1L, *
* - the new NLL sets A and B of Berger and Meng (BM) of *
* February 1993 with special gluon distributions, and finally *
* - the new NLL and LO sets of the CTEQ collaboration (CTEQ) in *
* its parametrised form of August 1993. These are the sets 2M, *
* 2MS, 2MF and 2ML in the MSbar, the set 2D in the DIS renorma- *
* lisation scheme and the LO set 2L. The revised CTEQ2 version, *
* CTEQ2p, of November 1993 is recommended by the authors. *
* *
* Please note that the default set has been put to the GRV set HO *
* (NPTYPE = 1, NGROUP = 5, NSET = 3 / former MODE = 72). *
* The MOST DRASTICAL change of the package has been, however, the *
* NEW FORMAT of PARAMETER SETTINGS. Instead of using only ONE para- *
* meter (MODE) to select a set of parton density functions (PDF), *
* each PDF set is now identified by THREE parameters. These are *
* NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET, for PARTICLE TYPE (Nucleons, Pions or *
* Photons) AUTHOR GROUP (f.ex. MRS, CTEQ, GRV, etc) and the PARAME- *
* TRISATION SET within the group. Therefore the user should provide *
* THREE parameters (NPTYPE, NGROUP, NSET) to the subroutine PDFSET, *
* each time a PDF set shall be selected. But to make life nice and *
* easy, it is also possible to select a PDF set by transferring only *
* ONE parameter to PDFSET as before: this parameter should then *
* identify the NAME of the author group in an unequivocal way; the *
* selection of the PDF set within the author group is made by the *
* corresponding VALUE value (f.ex. PARM(1) = 'MRS' with VALUE(1) = *
* 29.0D0 would select the 29th set of the Nucleon PDFs of MRS, and *
* f.ex. PARM(1) = 'GRVph' with VALUE(1) = 1.0D0 would select the *
* first set of the Photon PDFs of GRV). As a suggestion, the NAME for*
* each PDF set can be found in the NEW COMMON block /W505110/SFNAME, *
* where SFNAME is a CHARACTER*8 array with dimension SFNAME(NPTYMX, *
* NGRMAX,NSETMX), and NPTYMX, NGRMAX, NSETMX are defined by the *
* parameter sequence, +SEQ, W5051P2. In case the user wants to se- *
* lect the DEFAULT, it is sufficient to transfer as the ONLY parame- *
* ter PARM(1) = 'Nset' with VALUE(1) = 0.0D0. This change of format *
* had been necessary to take into account the inflationary growing *
* number of PDFs until now and to foresee already the possibility of *
* adding new PDFs in a more flexible way. Please note that in case *
* of any INCONSISTANCY of parameter settings, it is always chosen *
* the DEFAULT settings !
* Please also note that the internal COMMON block /W50511/ has been *
* modified to /W50511/ NPTYPE,NGROUP,NSET,MODE,NFL,LO,TMAS. *
* *
* Full backward compatibility with previous versions is ensured !! *
* This means that old programs using PDF sets up to version 3.00 of *
* PDFLIB should run without ANY change. To ensure this, four new *
* COMMON blocks have been added: *
* - /W50519/ NEWVER : to flag the NEW/OLD version with the *
* LOGICAL variable NEWVER, *
* - /W505120/ NPGSMX(NPTYMX,NGRMAX),NSETFL(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX) : *
* to provide the actual maximum number of parametrisation sets *
* per particle type and author group, and to flag the retracted *
* *
******************************** - 5 - ********************************
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* *
* PDF sets (NSETFL(I,J,K) = 0), *
* - /W505121/ NPTYCR(MODEMX),NGROMX(MODEMX),NSETCR(MODEMAX) : *
* to provide the cross reference to the NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET *
* value (NEW format) for a given MODE value (OLD format), *
* and *
* - /W505122/ MODECR(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX) : to provide the *
* cross reference to the MODE value (OLD version) for a given *
* NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET value (NEW format). In case of the *
* above added PDF sets NO MODE value is available; in that case *
* MODECR(I,J,K) = -1 is returned. *
* *
* *
* 0.4 Version 3.00 wrt Version 2.00 *
* *
* The following major changes compared to version 2.00 of PDFLIB *
* had been implemented: *
* *
* NUCLEON structure function sets had been updated or added: *
* - the NLL set of Aurenche et al. (ABFOW), *
* - the updated NLL set of Kwiecinski, Martin, Roberts and *
* Stirling (KMRS) set B0 with u_bar not equal to d_bar *
* of April 1992, *
* - the new NLL sets of Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS) *
* set S0, D0 and D- with u_bar not equal to d_bar of April 1992. *
* Please note that the default set had been put to the MRS set S0 *
* (MODE = 45). *
* *
* PION structure function sets had been added: *
* - the new LO and NLL sets of Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV-P) *
* of August 1991, *
* - the new sets 2 and 3 of Aurenche et al. (ABFKW-P). *
* Please also note that the ABFKW set had changed MODE number from *
* 110 -> 180, as well as the SMRS sets from 120ff -> 130ff, and *
* that earlier inconsistencies in the parton density definitions *
* had been corrected. *
* *
* For the first time also PHOTON structure function sets had been *
* added to the package. These sets were the following: *
* - the old Duke and Owens (DO-G) LO and NLL sets, *
* - the old LO sets 1 to 4 of Drees and Grassie (DG-G), *
* - the new LO sets 1 to 3 of Abramowicz, Charchula and Levy *
* (LAC-G), *
* - the new LO sets 1 and 2 and the NLL set of Gordon and Storrow *
* (GS-G) of July 1991, *
* - the new LO and NLL sets, as well as the leading term of the *
* NLL calculation of Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV-G) *
* of December 1991, *
* - the new NLL sets of Aurenche et al. (ACFGP-G) of April 1992. *
* *
* Some improvements in the usage of the package had been made: *
* - more protections had been implemented and inconsistencies *
* had been corrected to make the package more robust and *
* available on ALL system areas, and finally *
* - the subroutine STRUCTM had been added. STRUCTM is basically *
* the same routine as the old steering subroutine STRUCTF apart *
* from ONE additional parameter in the argument list which had *
* *
******************************** - 6 - ********************************
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* *
* been added to transfer separately the parton densities for *
* u_bar and d_bar. The argument list of the subroutine STRUCTF *
* was as before; in case of STRUCTF sea = (u_bar + d_bar)/2 is *
* transferred. The subroutine PFTOPDG, which is the sterring *
* routine in PDG format, was unchanged; this routine always *
* transferred u_bar and d_bar separately. *
* *
* *
* 0.5 Version 2.00 wrt Version 1.00 *
* *
* The following major changes compared to version 1.00 of PDFLIB *
* had been implemented: *
* *
* New parton density functions of the NUCLEON had been added: *
* - the old LO set of Buras and Gaemers of 1978 (BEBC) for com- *
* pleteness, *
* - all the LO sets of Diemoz, Ferroni, Longo and Martinelli (DFLM)*
* including their parametrisation for the NLL average fit, *
* - the new LO set 1.1 of Owens (DO 1.1) of June 1991, *
* and finally *
* - the new LO and NLL sets of Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV) of *
* May 1991. *
* *
* PION structure function sets had been added to the package: *
* - the old Owens (OW-P) sets 1 and 2, *
* - the newer Aurenche et al. (ABFKW-P) set and *
* - the new Sutton, Martin, Roberts and Stirling (SMRS-P) sets 1, *
* 2 and 3. *
* *
* Some improvements in the usage of the package had been made: *
* - COMMON block names had been changed to avoid interference *
* to those defined by the user (/IMODE/ -> /W50511/, *
* /ALAMB/ -> /W50512/), *
* - three new COMMON blocks had been added: *
* a) /W50513/ XMIN,XMAX,Q2MIN,Q2MAX : *
* to provide the minimum and maximum values of X and Q**2 for *
* each set of structure functions, *
* b) /W50510/ IFLPRT : *
* to provide a print flag at different levels to print *
* b.1) the variables of the three COMMON blocks *
* /W50511/, /W50512/ and /W50513/ at job initialisation *
* b.2) error messages during job execution *
* c) /W50514W/ PDFWGT : *
* to take into account the event weight for error counting *
* - a subroutine PDFSTA had been added to allow at job termination *
* for a summary how often X and Q**2 limits have been exceeded, *
* - the MODE number of some structure functions had been changed *
* to keep consistensy, *
* - the number of parameters which can be set through the sub- *
* routine PDFSET had been extended to 20, *
* - more protections had been implemented and inconsistencies *
* had been corrected to make the package more robust, *
* and finally *
* - a subroutine PFTOPDG had been provided as an interface for *
* those users who prefer the flavour code convention of the PDG *
* instead of the PDFLIB format. *
* *
******************************** - 7 - ********************************
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* *
* 1. Introduction *
* *
* *
* The number of useful sets of parton density functions of the *
* NUCLEON available today is about 70 and is still growing. The ol- *
* der sets are leading order evolutions only, like *
* *
* - Buras and Gaemers (BEBC) [1], *
* - Owens and Reya (OR) [2], *
* - Baier, Engels and Petersson (BEP) [3], *
* - Gl"uck, Hoffmann and Reya (GHR) [4], *
* - Duke and Owens (DO) sets 1 and 2 [5], *
* - Eichten, Hinchliffe, Lane and Quigg (EHLQ) sets 1 and 2 [6], *
* - Diemoz, Ferroni, Longo and Martinelli (DFLM) with *
* Lambda_4(QCD) = 200 MeV for soft and hard valence quark and *
* soft and hard gluon distributions [7], and finally *
* - the new LO paramerisation of Owens set 1.1 (DO 1.1) [8]. *
* *
* Most of the sets, essentially the more recent ones, are *
* next-to-leading order evolutions, like *
* *
* - Diemoz, Ferroni, Longo and Martinelli (DFLM) with *
* Lambda_4(QCD) = 160, 260, 360 MeV [7], *
* - Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS) sets 1 to 3, sets E and B *
* and sets E' and B' [9], *
* - Harriman, Martin, Roberts and Stirling (HMRS) sets E, E+, E- *
* and B [10], *
* - Kwiecinski, Martin, Roberts and Stirling (KMRS) [11] sets B0 *
* and B-, and for the B- set with different radii for shadowing, *
* - Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS-B Lambda) [11] for the B0 *
* set also with different values of Lambda_4(QCD) = 135, 160, *
* 200 and 235 MeV, *
* - Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS) [12] sets S0, D0 and D- *
* as well as the upgraded KMRS set B0, all having u_bar not *
* equal to d_bar, *
* - Morfin and Tung (MT) sets 1 to 6 [13], *
* - Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV) [14] including their new para- *
* metrisation from August 1991, *
* - Aurenche et al. (ABFOW) [15], *
* - the upgraded Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS) [16] sets *
* S0', D0' and D-' in the MSbar renormalisation scheme and MRS(H)*
* - the upgraded Martin, Roberts and Stirling (MRS) [17] sets *
* S0', D0' and D-' in the DIS renormalisation scheme and MRS(H), *
* - the sets 1M, 1MS and 1ML in the MSbar and the set 1D in the *
* DIS renormalisation scheme of the CTEQ collaboration (CTEQ) *
* [18] in its parametrised form, *
* - the new sets A and B of Berger and Meng (BM) [19] with special *
* gluon distributions, and *
* - the new sets 2M, 2MS, 2MF and 2ML in the MSbar and the set 2D *
* in the DIS renormalisation scheme of the CTEQ collaboration *
* (CTEQ) [20] in its parametrised form which superseed already *
* the previous CTEQ sets 1M, 1MS, 1ML and 1D. The CTEQ collabo- *
* ration provides also parametrisations to leading order, the *
* sets 1L [18] and 2L [20]. *
* *
* *
* *
******************************** - 8 - ********************************
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* *
* There is also a limited number of parton density functions of *
* the PION available. These are the old set to leading order evolu- *
* tion of *
* *
* - Owens (OW-P) [21], sets 1 and 2, *
* *
* and the newer and the very new next-to-leading order evolutions of *
* *
* - Aurenche et al. (ABFKW-P) [22], sets 1, 2 and 3, *
* - Sutton, Martin, Roberts and Stirling (SMRS-P) [23], sets 1, 2 *
* and 3 and *
* - Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV-P) [24], the LO and NLL sets. *
* *
* In addition there are also a few parton density functions of *
* the PHOTON available. These are the old sets to leading order evo- *
* lution of *
* *
* - Duke and Owens (DO-G) (and the NLL) [25] using an asymptotic *
* solution of the Altarelli-Parisi equation, *
* - Drees and Grassie (DG-G) sets 1 to 4 [26] using a full solu- *
* tion of the Altarelli-Parisi equation, *
* *
* the new leading order evolution of *
* *
* - Abramowicz, Charchula and Levy (LAC-G) [27] sets 1 to 3 using *
* a full solution of the Altarelli-Parisi equation, *
* *
* and the new next-to-leading order evolution of *
* *
* - Gordon and Storrow (GS-G) [28], the LO sets 1 and 2 and the *
* NLL set, *
* - Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV-G) [29], the LO, NLL and the *
* leading term of the NLL sets, and *
* - Aurenche et al. (ACFGP-G) [30] sets 1 and 2, without and with *
* massive charm. *
* *
* The different sets differ also in the renormalisation scheme *
* they use. The DFLM series, the sets 1 to 6 of the MT series, the *
* new MRS sets S0', D0' and D-' and the new CTEQ sets 1D and 2D are *
* performed in the DIS renormalisation scheme [31]. If the LO evo- *
* lutions of these authors are ignored, all the other sets are *
* performed in the MS_bar renormalisation scheme. All sets are made *
* using four flavours in the initial state (NF = 4). The value of *
* the QCD scale factor, Lambda_4(QCD), ranges from 45 to 500 MeV. *
* *
* We have put together all these different sets of parton density *
* functions in one single package [32]. We have modified the sets *
* such that no external data files for the grids have to be read in *
* anymore. All these structure function sets have been combined in a *
* consistent way such that they all appear in an IDENTICAL STRUCTURE *
* to the user. The selection is made via THREE parameters, NPTYPE, *
* NGROUP and NSET, which identify a PDF set by its PARTICLE TYPE *
* (Nucleon: NPTYPE = 1, Pion: NPTYPE = 2, Photon: NPTYPE = 3), its *
* AUTHOR GROUP (f.ex. MRS: NGROUP = 3, CTEQ: NGROUP = 4, *
* GRV: NGROUP = 5) and its PDF SET WITHIN THE GROUP (NSET = 1,2,3 *
* etc.). It is also possible to select a PDF set by transferring *
* *
******************************** - 9 - ********************************
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* *
* only ONE parameter to PDFSET as before: this parameter should then *
* identify the NAME of the author group in an unequivocal way; the *
* selection of the PDF set within the author group is made by the *
* corresponding VALUE value (f.ex. PARM(1) = 'MRS' with VALUE(1) = *
* 29.0D0 would select the 29th set of the Nucleon PDFs of MRS, and *
* f.ex. PARM(1) = 'GRVph' with VALUE(1) = 1.0D0 would select the *
* first set of the Photon PDFs of GRV). As a suggestion, the NAME for*
* each PDF set can be found in the new COMMON block /W505110/SFNAME, *
* where SFNAME is a CHARACTER*8 array with dimension SFNAME(NPTYMX, *
* NGRMAX,NSETMX), and NPTYMX, NGRMAX, NSETMX are defined by the *
* parameter sequence, +SEQ, W5051P2. The parameters should be, *
* NPTYPE, NGROUP, NSET or the 'NAME' of the PDF set with their VALUE *
* values should be set with a call to the subroutine PDFSET at the *
* initialisation phase. A simple SUBROUTINE call, which is IDENTICAL *
* for all applications (nucleons, pions, photons) returns the parton *
* densities for all partons (u, d, s, c, b, t, gluon and their anti- *
* quarks) at a given X value (where X is the fraction of the longi- *
* tudinal momentum carried by the parton) and the Q-scale SCALE (in *
* GeV). A default set has been prepared, in which case it is suffi- *
* cient to transfer as the ONLY parameter PARM(1) = 'Nset' with *
* VALUE(1) = 0.0D0, although those preferring their own private set *
* or wanting to test a new one may do so within the package. Error *
* control can be obtained by setting a print flag to obtain output *
* either during execution and/or as a summary at job termination via *
* a call to the subroutine PDFSTA. In addition, the different parton *
* density sets have been modified such that the library can be used *
* on all the different computer systems known today. The library has *
* been tested on the different system areas to ensure identical re- *
* sults within the given machine precision. *
* *
* Within the same package a program is also provided to calculate *
* the strong coupling constant alpha(s) to second order (default) *
* or to first order (by user's choice). The correct Lambda(QCD) as- *
* sociated to the selected set of structure functions and the number *
* of allowed flavours with respect to the given Q**2 is automati- *
* cally used in the calculation. For those structure functions where *
* the evolution has been performed to leading order only, the *
* alpha(s) value to first order is returned. *
* *
* *
* *
* 2. The Structure Functions Package PDFLIB *
* *
* *
* In the following the use of and the access to the PDFLIB pack- *
* age is described. *
* *
* 2.1 Parameter Setting and Selection of Sets *
* *
* *
* The user may access his/her preferred set of structure func- *
* tions by setting the THREE parameters, NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET, *
* which identify each set of parton density functions via a call *
* to the subroutine *
* *
* CALL PDFSET(PARM,VALUE) *
* *
******************************* - 10 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* at the initialization phase of his/her MAIN program, or use the *
* package as a 'black box' with the default values (see below). The *
* arguments PARM and VALUE are vectors of dimension 20 and have the *
* following meaning *
* *
* PARM(I) = character*20 variable, which defines in any order *
* the variables *
* 'NPTYPE', 'NGROUP', 'NSET', 'MODE', 'INIT0', *
* 'NFL', 'LO', 'TMAS', 'QCDL4', 'QCDL5' and *
* 'XMIN', 'XMAX', 'Q2MIN', 'Q2MAX' *
* VALUE(I) = the corresponding numerical value of the variable *
* PARM(I) *
* (TMAS, QCDL4, QCDL5, XMIN, XMAX, Q2MIN and Q2MAX *
* are DOUBLE PRECISION variables), *
* *
* where *
* *
* NPTYPE = number of particle type ranging from 1 to 3 *
* (Nucleons: NPTYPE = 1, Pions: NPTYPE = 2 and *
* Photons: NPTYPE = 3) (Default: NPTYPE = 1) *
* NGROUP = number of author group ranging from 1 to 7 *
* (Default: NGROUP = 5) *
* NSET = number of a selected structure function set within *
* the author group ranging from 1 to 34 *
* (Default: NSET = 3) *
* (MODE = number of a selected structure function set ranging *
* from 0 to 281 - OLD format !!) *
* (Default: MODE = 45) *
* INIT0 = in case of PARM(1) = 'INIT0' PDFSET fills as the *
* only action the COMMON blocks /W505110/, /W505120/ *
* /W505121/ and /W505122/ *
* NFL = desired number of flavours in the alpha(s) calcula- *
* tion ranging from 3 to 6 *
* (Default: NFL = 5) *
* LO = order of alpha(s) calculation; if LO = 1, alpha(s) *
* to first order only *
* (Default: LO = 2) *
* TMAS = the user defined value of the top-quark mass in *
* GeV/c**2 (optional) *
* (Default: TMAS = 100.0D0) *
* QCDL4 = QCD scale, Lambda_4(QCD), in GeV for four flavours *
* QCDL5 = QCD scale, Lambda_5(QCD), in GeV for five flavours *
* corresponding to QCDL4 *
* *
* and *
* *
* XMIN = minimum allowed X value *
* XMAX = maximum allowed X value *
* Q2MIN = minimum allowed Q**2 value (in (GeV/c)**2) *
* Q2MAX = maximum allowed Q**2 value (in (GeV/c)**2) *
* *
* for each set of structure functions. *
* *
* If the user wants to select the default settings, it is suffi- *
* cient to give PARM(1) = 'Nset' with VALUE(1) = 0.0D0 as the ONLY *
* parameter to PDFSET. Please note that a PDF set may also be iden- *
* *
******************************* - 11 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* tified by the NAME of the author group provided in an unequivocal *
* way. The selection of the PDF set within the author group is, in *
* that case, given by the corresponding VALUE value. The NAME for *
* each PDF set can be found in the COMMON block /W505110/SFNAME, *
* where SFNAME is a CHARACTER*8 array with dimension SFNAME(NPTYMX, *
* NGRMAX,NSETMX), and NPTYMX, NGRMAX, NSETMX are defined by the para-*
* meter sequence, +SEQ, W5051P2. Please also note that the variable *
* names can be transferred in lower, upper or mixed character modes. *
* *
* Please also note that PDFSET can be called as often as the user *
* likes. In order to redefine the parameters to select other sets of *
* structure functions which the user wants to investigate, it might *
* be necessary to call PDFSET in an alternating way, but it is al- *
* ways mandatory to transfer either the THREE parameters, NPTYPE, *
* NGROUP, NSET, or the 'NAME' of the author group with their corres- *
* ponding VALUE values. The subroutine PDFSET fills the internal *
* COMMON blocks *
* *
* COMMON/W50511/ NPTYPE,NGROUP,NSET,MODE,NFL,LO,TMAS *
* COMMON/W50512/ QCDL4,QCDL5 *
* COMMON/W50513/ XMIN,XMAX,Q2MIN,Q2MAX *
* *
* at the time the routine is called. Please note that in case of a *
* multiple call to PDFSET with fewer parameters redefined than in a *
* preceeding call, always the last parameters are kept in memory. *
* All variables of the three COMMON blocks can be automatically *
* printed at job initialisation by setting the print flag IFLPRT in *
* the COMMON block *
* *
* COMMON/W50510/ IFLPRT *
* *
* to IFLPRT = 2. *
* *
* *
* *
* 2.2 The Calling Sequence: PDFLIB Format *
* *
* *
* The main steering routine for a set of structure functions is *
* accessed as follows: *
* *
* CALL STRUCTM(X,SCALE,UPV,DNV,USEA,DSEA,STR,CHM,BOT,TOP,GL) *
* *
* Please note that all variables are defined as DOUBLE PRECISION. *
* The user has to provide the following INPUTs: *
* *
* X = X value of parton *
* SCALE = QCD scale in GeV *
* *
* The subroutine STRUCTM returns the following OUTPUT: *
* *
* UPV = up valence quark *
* DNV = down valence quark *
* USEA = sea (up_bar) *
* DSEA = sea (down_bar) *
* STR = strange quark *
* *
******************************* - 12 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* CHM = charm quark *
* BOT = bottom quark *
* TOP = top quark *
* GL = gluon *
* *
* This steering routine has separate arguments for u_bar and *
* d_bar-quarks to take into account that some of the new sets of *
* nucleon density functions provide separately the densities for *
* u_bar and d_bar. In case u_bar is not given separately from d_bar *
* it is set USEA = DSEA. *
* *
* Please note that STRUCTM returns X * parton distribution *
* function ! *
* *
* An older version of the main steering routine
* *
* CALL STRUCTF(X,SCALE,UPV,DNV,SEA,STR,CHM,BOT,TOP,GL) *
* *
* is still available. Also here all variables are defined as *
* DOUBLE PRECISION. Please note that STRUCTF has only ONE argument *
* for the sea-quark, which gives u_bar = d_bar or (u_bar + d_bar)/2. *
* The user has to provide as above the following INPUTs: *
* *
* X = X value of parton *
* SCALE = QCD scale in GeV *
* *
* The subroutine STRUCTF returns the following OUTPUT: *
* *
* UPV = up valence quark *
* DNV = down valence quark *
* SEA = sea (up_bar = down_bar or (up_bar + down_bar)/2) *
* STR = strange quark *
* CHM = charm quark *
* BOT = bottom quark *
* TOP = top quark *
* GL = gluon *
* *
* Please note that also STRUCTF returns X * parton distribution *
* function ! *
* *
* A list of available sets of NUCLEON structure functions in the *
* package is given in Table 1. *
* *
* The recommended set of structure functions from the different *
* authors is indicated with a flash. If NSET is set to zero *
* (or if any of the three parameters, NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET, is *
* undefined) a default set is selected which is a nucleon parton *
* dennsity set, the set of MRS (G) with Lambda_4(QCD) = 255 MeV *
* (NPTYPE = 1, NGROUP = 3, NSET = 41). *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 13 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* 2.3 The Calling Sequence: PDG Format *
* *
* *
* To allow the use of the package with the flavour code conven- *
* tion of the Particle Data Group (PDG) an interface has been writ- *
* ten which translates the PDFLIB format (see Section 2.2) into the *
* PDG format. Instead of calling the subroutine STRUCTM the user *
* preferring the flavour code convention of the PDG accesses the *
* package via a call to the subroutine *
* *
* CALL PFTOPDG(X,SCALE,DXPDF). *
* *
* All variables are defined as DOUBLE PRECISION as before, and *
* X and SCALE are INPUTs provided by the user having the same *
* meaning as above (see Section 2.2). *
* *
* The subroutine PFTOPDG outputs a vector DXPDF(-6:6) of which *
* its variables have the following meaning: *
* *
* DXPDF(0) = gluon *
* DXPDF(1) = sum of down valence + down_bar quark *
* DXPDF(2) = sum of up valence + up_bar quark *
* DXPDF(3) = strange quark *
* DXPDF(4) = charm quark *
* DXPDF(5) = bottom quark *
* DXPDF(6) = top quark *
* and DXPDF(-1) to DXPDF(-6) are the corresponding antiquarks. *
* *
* DXPDF(-1) = DXPDF(-2) stands for down_bar = up_bar or *
* (down_bar + up_bar)/2 in almost all parametrisations. In case *
* where u_bar is not equal to d_bar (like for the retracted MRS S0, *
* D0 and D- sets, the updated MRS S0', D0' and D-' in MS_bar and DIS *
* renormalisation scheme as well as the upgraded KMRS set B0 and one *
* of the MT series) DXPDF(-1) = d_bar and DXPDF(-2) = u_bar. In all *
* sets is DXPDF(3) = DXPDF(-3), DXPDF(4) = DXPDF(-4), *
* DXPDF(5) = DXPDF(-5) and DXPDF(6) = DXPDF(-6) so far. *
* *
* Please note that also PFTOPDG returns X * parton distribution *
* function ! *
* *
* *
* *
* 2.4 Error Handling *
* *
* *
* A note of caution should be addressed here. All structure *
* functions are limited in X and Q**2 which range for most of the *
* sets from *
* *
* 4 - 10 < Q**2 < 10**6 - 10**8 (GeV/c)**2 *
* 10**{-5} - 10**{-4} < X < 1. *
* *
* If the user wants to extend the X or Q**2 ranges, it is pos- *
* sible for some of the structure function sets, but the result *
* should be looked at with great caution. If in doubt, please check *
* with the authors of the structure function set. The program is *
* *
******************************* - 14 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* protected against calculations of Q**2 values below Q2MIN (in this *
* case Q**2 = Q2MIN) and of X values in unphysical regions (X < 0 or *
* X > 1). The execution of the program is stopped in the later case. *
* *
* A COMMON block can be accessed *
* *
* COMMON/W50513/ XMIN,XMAX,Q2MIN,Q2MAX *
* *
* where *
* *
* XMIN = minimum allowed X value *
* XMAX = maximum allowed X value *
* Q2MIN = minimum allowed Q**2 value (in (GeV/c)**2) *
* Q2MAX = maximum allowed Q**2 value (in (GeV/c)**2) *
* *
* is given for each set of structure functions. To control how often *
* the X or Q**2 ranges have been exceeded during execution of the *
* user's program a call to the subroutine *
* *
* CALL PDFSTA *
* *
* at the termination phase of his/her MAIN program allows to print *
* a summary of these errors. If the COMMON block *
* *
* COMMON/W50514W/ PDFWGT *
* *
* where *
* *
* PDFWGT = weight *
* *
* is filled by the user on an event-to-event basis the statistics *
* in the error summary takes into account this weight. *
* *
* The print flag in the COMMON/W50510/IFLPRT may be set to *
* IFLPRT = 3 to print an error message EACH TIME a limit is exeeded *
* during job execution. Please note that setting this flag may pro- *
* duce an ENORMOUS AMOUNT of output! *
* *
* *
* *
* 2.5 Features *
* *
* *
* If NPTYPE = 1, NGROUP = 1 and NSET = 1, the user has the possi- *
* bility to use his/her own private set of structure functions *
* (i.e. CDHS effective structure functions could be inseted here, *
* or the user could implement a new set of structure functions for *
* testing purposes). To insert the private set the DUMMY subroutine *
* *
* SUBROUTINE STRPRIV(X,SCALE,UPV,DNV,USEA,DSEA,STR,CHM,BOT,TOP,GL) *
* *
* should be activated by the user. All variables have to be defined *
* as DOUBLE PRECISION. The variables have the same meaning as des- *
* cribed for the subroutine STRUCTM in Section 2.2 (for explanations *
* see there). *
* *
* *
******************************* - 15 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* For the calculation of the strong coupling constant alpha(s) *
* (see Section 3) with the user's private set of structure functions *
* the user should provide a value for the variables QCDL4 and QCDL5 *
* via the subroutine PDFSET at the initialization phase. In fact, *
* because only the parameter QCDL5 is used in the alpha(s) calcul- *
* ation, only this definition is mandatory. *
* *
* *
* *
* 2.6 PION Structure Functions *
* *
* *
* All the available sets of structure functions of the PION have *
* been added to the package as well: *
* *
* *
* - the old Owens (OW-P) sets 1 and 2 [21], *
* - the newer sets 1 to 3 of Aurenche et al. (ABFKW-P) [22], *
* - the very new Sutton, Martin, Roberts and Stirling (SMRS-P) *
* sets 1 to 3 [23] and *
* - the very new Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV-P) [24] sets of LO *
* and NLL calculations. *
* *
* The calling sequence to the pion set of structure functions is *
* kept identical to those described in Section 2.2 for the nucleon *
* structure fuctions. It can be either *
* *
* CALL STRUCTM(X,SCALE,UPV,DNV,USEA,DSEA,STR,CHM,BOT,TOP,GL) *
* *
* or *
* *
* CALL PFTOPDG(X,SCALE,DXPDF) *
* *
* or the old version of the main steering routine *
* *
* CALL STRUCTF(X,SCALE,UPV,DNV,SEA,STR,CHM,BOT,TOP,GL) *
* *
* where, as before, the INPUTs are to be provided by the user in *
* DOUBLE PRECISION. The OUTPUT has the same definitions as before *
* (see Section 2.2). In case of the pion structure functions it is *
* also returned X * parton distribution function with *
* UPV = DNV, SEA = STR (USEA = DSEA = STR) and TOP = 0 *
* (DXPDF(1) = DXPDF(2), DXPDF(3) = DXPDF(-1) = DXPDF(-2) and *
* DXPDF(6) = 0). *
* *
* A list of available sets of PION structure functions in the *
* package is given in Table 2. *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 16 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* 2.7 PHOTON Structure Functions *
* *
* *
* In the previous version, all the available sets of structure *
* functions of the PHOTON have been added to the package as well, *
* *
* - the old Duke and Owens (DO-G) LO and NLL sets [25], *
* - the old Drees and Grassie (DG-G) sets 1 to 4 [26], *
* - the new Abramowicz, Charchula and Levy (LAC-G) [27] *
* sets 1 to 3, *
* - the new Gordon and Storrow (GS-G) [28] sets, the LO sets 1 *
* and 2 and the NLL set, *
* - the new Gl"uck, Reya and Vogt (GRV-G) [29] sets, the LO, NLL *
* and the leading term of the NLL calculations, and *
* - the new Aurenche et al. (ACFGP-G) [30] NLL sets 1 and 2, *
* without and with massive charm. *
* *
* The calling sequence to the photon set of structure functions *
* is also kept identical to those described in Section 2.2 for the *
* nucleon structure fuctions. It can be either *
* *
* CALL STRUCTM(X,SCALE,UPV,DNV,USEA,DSEA,STR,CHM,BOT,TOP,GL) *
* *
* or *
* *
* CALL PFTOPDG(X,SCALE,DXPDF) *
* *
* or the old version of the main steering routine *
* *
* CALL STRUCTF(X,SCALE,UPV,DNV,SEA,STR,CHM,BOT,TOP,GL) *
* *
* where, as before, the INPUTs are to be provided by the user in *
* DOUBLE PRECISION. The OUTPUT has the same definitions as before *
* (see Section 2.2). In case of the photon structure functions it *
* is also returned X * parton distribution function (note that the *
* alpha(QED) has to be taken care of by the user !) with UPV = USEA, *
* DNV = DSEA and TOP = 0 (DXPDF(1) = 2 * DXPDF(-1), DXPDF(2) = *
* 2 * DXPDF(-2), as a result of the definitions - see Section 2.3 -, *
* and DXPDF(6) = 0), while all the other quarks are set identical to *
* their antiquark densities. *
* *
* A list of available sets of PHOTON structure functions in the *
* package is given in Table 3. *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 17 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* 2.8 How to find PDFLIB *
* *
* *
* At CERN the PDFLIB library and corresponding documentation are *
* available on all systems in the standard areas. *
* *
* System Library Documentation *
* *
* CERNVM PDFLIB TXTLIB Q PDFLIB DOC Q *
* VXCERN CERN:[PRO.LIB]PDFLIB.OLB CERN:[PRO.DOC]PDFLIB.PS *
* Unix /cern/pro/lib/libpdflib.a /cern/pro/doc/pdf.ps *
* systems *
* *
* The package may be accessed via the CERNLIB command: *
* *
* CERNLIB PDFLIB *
* *
* *
* Whenever you use this program, please give reference to the *
* following papers: *
* *
* H. Plothow-Besch, 'PDFLIB: a library of all available parton *
* density functions of the nucleon, the pion and the photon *
* and the corresponding alpha(s) calculations', *
* Comp. Phys. Comm. 75 (1993) 396-416. *
* *
* and/or *
* *
* H. Plothow-Besch, 'PDFLIB: Structure Functions and *
* alpha_s Calculations', User's Manual - Version 1.00, *
* W5051 PDFLIB, 1991.03.21, CERN-PPE. *
* *
* and/or *
* *
* H. Plothow-Besch, 'PDFLIB: Nucleon, Pion and Photon Parton *
* Density Functions and alpha_s Calculations', *
* User's Manual - Version 6.06, W5051 PDFLIB, 1995.03.15, *
* CERN-PPE. *
* *
* *
* *
* 3. alpha(s) Calculation *
* *
* *
* Within the same package a program is provided to calculate the *
* strong coupling constant alpha(s) to second order as a function *
* of Lambda(QCD) of five flavours and the desired number of fla- *
* vours (NFL) for the selected set of structure functions, which *
* fixes Lambda(QCD). The formula on which the calculations are *
* based upon can be found in Ref. [33]. The same three parameters, *
* NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET, which select a structure function set, *
* is used to steer the calculation of the alpha(s) value at a given *
* scale from the Lambda(QCD) defined in the selected PDF set. *
* *
* The value of alpha(s) is matched at the thresholds q = m_q. *
* When invoked with NFL < 0, it chooses NFL as the number of fla- *
* *
******************************* - 18 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* vours for which the masses are less then q. For the quark masses *
* where thresholds are changed the following values have been used: *
* m_charm = 1.5 GeV/c**2, m_bottom = 4.75 GeV/c**2 and *
* m_top = 100 GeV/c**2. *
* *
* The alpha(s) value can be obtained via a call to: *
* *
* FUNCTION ALPHAS2(SCALE) *
* *
* The user has to provide the following INPUT: *
* *
* SCALE = QCD scale in GeV *
* *
* The function ALPHAS2 returns the following OUTPUT: *
* *
* ALPHAS2 = alpha strong to second order, *
* *
* if LO not equal to one. For those structure functions, for which *
* the evolution is done to leading order only, alpha(s) to first *
* order is returned. *
* *
* The same subroutine *
* *
* SUBROUTINE PDFSET(PARM,VALUE) *
* *
* as described in Section 2.1 should be used to change the default *
* values of the variables NPTYPE, NGROUP, NSET, NFL, LO, TMAS, *
* QCDL4, QCDL5, XMIN, XMAX, Q2MIN and Q2MAX. *
* *
* The internal COMMON block *
* *
* COMMON/W50512/ QCDL4,QCDL5 *
* *
* where *
* *
* QCDL4 = QCD scale, Lambda_4(QCD), in GeV for four flavours *
* QCDL5 = QCD scale, Lambda_5(QCD), in GeV for five flavours *
* corresponding to QCDL4 *
* *
* provides the actual value of Lambda_4(QCD) and Lambda_5(QCD) used *
* in the alpha(s) calculation for four and five flavours, respectiv- *
* ly, for each set of structure functions. *
* *
* *
* *
* 4. Conclusions *
* *
* *
* In the Long Write-up as an example, the NUCLEON structure *
* function distributions at the scale Q**2 = m_W**2 for u and d va- *
* lence quarks as well as for the sea and gluon contributions are *
* shown in Figs. 1 to 4 respectively, as a function of the parton X. *
* The average X values for CERN and FNAL as well as for LHC and SSC *
* energies at that scale are indicated. Please, note the logarithmic *
* scale for the gluon distribution. The d/u ratio of the valence *
* quarks is shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen from all these figures *
* *
******************************* - 19 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* these figures that there is a large spread in shape for the dif- *
* ferent sets in all contributions leading to different results in *
* the cross section calculations. It should be pointed out that the *
* spread from the different parametrisations in the SAME renormali- *
* sation scheme is MUCH LARGER than the spread from parametrisations *
* in different renormalisation schemes. This is true for ALL parton *
* densities, and in particular at small X values ! *
* *
* A comparison to recent data is shown in Fig. 6, where the ratio *
* F_2(n)/F_2(p) at Q**2 = m_W**2 is displayed. This ratio mainly re- *
* flects the d/u ratio of valence quarks which is the dominant un- *
* certainty of the W and Z boson cross section ratio in pp or pp_bar *
* reactions at lower energies. In fact, the older sets of structure *
* functions, namely the set of Owens and Reya [2] and the set of *
* Baier et al. [3] have only been implemented for completeness. *
* These sets should not be used for cross section calculations of *
* any hard processes at high energies anymore. From Fig. 6 we con- *
* clude that also the other older sets of structure functions, *
* namely the two sets of Duke and Owens [5] and the two sets of *
* Eichten et al. [6] should be used with some care, because they do *
* not fit the recent low energy deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon data *
* from NMC and BCDMS [34]. This is not surprising because these data *
* were not available when the sets have been made. The new set of *
* DO 1.1 superseeds the old DO sets 1 and 2 but still gives very *
* limited results in the low X region, even though data are avai- *
* lable there. (Please note that the last data point at the lowest *
* X value shown in Fig. 6 is out of range in Q**2 for all sets of *
* structure functions and that the point before last is very much at *
* the limit of the allowed range). *
* *
* In Fig. 7 the F_2(p) distribution of the recent data from Ref. *
* [35] at Q**2 = 5 GeV**2, together with the very recent data at *
* Q**2 = 15 GeV**2 from the H1 and the ZEUS experiments [36] at the *
* the ep-collider HERA is shown as a function of X. Overlayed on the *
* same Figure are a few theoretical predictions of more recent par- *
* ton parametrisations [12,13,14,15,16,20] at Q**2 = 15 GeV**2. *
* Please note that most of these parametrisations are NOT real pre- *
* dictions because the data are fully or partially used in the fits. *
* Apart from Ref. [13] set B2, from Ref. [14] set HO, from Ref. [16] *
* set D-' and (H) and from Ref. [20] the new set 2pM, most of these *
* more recent parametrisations fail to describe well enough the low *
* X behaviour of the present data. *
* *
* From Figs. 6 and 7 we conclude that the recent sets of parton *
* densities, nameley the GRV set HO [14], but also the old MT set *
* B2 [13] - both sets are real predictions -, and the updated MRS *
* set (H) [16], could be preferred for all theoretical predictions *
* involving structure functions, because they fit the present data *
* best which, at the moment, still suffer from large uncertainties. *
* *
* As an example, the u_bar, strange and gluon densities for the *
* different sets of structure functions of the PHOTON are shown in *
* Figs. 7, 8 and 9 of the Long Write-up, respectively, as a function *
* of X at the scale Q**2 = 100 (GeV/c)**2. In Fig. 10 a comparison *
* of F_2(gamma)/alpha(QED) as a function of X at Q**2 = 100 (GeV/c)**2
* for the different photon structure function sets is made. The *
* *
******************************* - 20 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* charm quark density has been taken into account. The theoretical *
* predictions are compared with experimental data from the JADE *
* experiment [37] at the same Q**2 value. Because of the large *
* experimental uncertainties no distinction between the *
* different parton density sets can be made yet. *
* *
* Coming new sets of structure functions could and should be *
* easily implemented in this package. Authors of new sets are kindly *
* requested to provide us with the relevant information. *
* *
* Please return any problems, questions, suggestions for im- *
* provements to the author of the package *
* (e-mail address: PLOTHOW@CERNVM.CERN.CH). *
* *
* Requests for the Long Write-up of the User's Manual can be ad- *
* dressed either to the author or to the CERN Program Library Office.*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 5. Acknowledgements *
* *
* *
* The author of the package would like to thank *
* M.A. Marquina/CERN-CN for help and support making this package *
* available to the Physics community as part of the CERN Program *
* Library. In addition we give many thanks to G. Folger/CERN-CN and *
* I. McLaren/CERN-CN for thoroughly testing out the package on the *
* different system areas. *
* *
* We also would like to thank J.M. Marraffino/FNAL for the help- *
* ful comments and the correction set which he supplied. *
* *
* And finally we acknowledge K. Charchula/DESY who provided the *
* source code of some of the photon structure functions which had *
* previously been implemented in the package. *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 21 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Appendix A *
* *
* *
* As an example how to use the package, the FORTRAN code to ob- *
* tain Fig. 1 of the Long Write-up which shows the parton density *
* function distributions for the up valence quark as a function of *
* the parton X for all sets of structure functions is given below: *
* *
* PROGRAM PDFUPV *
* C define the maximum number of PDF sets, the name and the cross reference
* PARAMETER (NPTYMX = 3, NGRMAX = 8, NSETMX = 41) *
* COMMON /W505120/ NPGSMX(NPTYMX,NGRMAX),NSETFL(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX)
* CHARACTER*8 SFNAME(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX) *
* COMMON /W505110/ SFNAME *
* COMMON /W505122/ MODECR(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX) *
* C define HBOOK settings *
* PARAMETER (NHBMEM = 500000) *
* COMMON /PAWC/ HMEM(NHBMEM) *
* PARAMETER (NB=900, ID=100) *
* C define DOUBLE PRECISION variables for calling sequence to STRUCTM
* DOUBLE PRECISION DX,DSCALE,DUPV,DDNV,DUSEA,DDSEA,DSTR,DCHM,DBOT,DTOP,DGL
* DOUBLE PRECISION ALF,ALPHAS2 *
* REAL X, SCALE, UPV, DNV, USEA, DSEA, STR, CHM, BOT, TOP, GL *
* COMMON/W50516/ FIRST *
* LOGICAL FIRST *
* CHARACTER*20 PARM(20) *
* DOUBLE PRECISION VAL(20) *
* DATA SCALE/80.140/ *
* DATA X00/0.002/,DX0/0.001/,XLOW/0.0015/,XUP/0.9015/ *
* C *
* CALL HLIMIT(NHBMEM) *
* DSCALE=SCALE *
* C first call to PDFSET to initialize COMMON/W505120/ *
* PARM(1) = 'Init0' *
* VAL(1) = 0.D0 *
* CALL PDFSET(PARM,VAL) *
* C loop over all existing sets of Nucleon structure functions (SF) *
* NPTYPE = 1 *
* NHB = 0 *
* DO 20 IGR = 1,NGRMAX *
* IF(NPGSMX(NPTYPE,IGR).EQ.0) GOTO 20 *
* DO ISET = 1,NPGSMX(NPTYPE,IGR) *
* C book histograms for each set of SF separately *
* NHB = NHB + 1 *
* CALL HBOOK1(ID+NHB,'U Valence quark ',NB,XLOW,XUP,0.) *
* C force label printing for each set of SF (not only the 1st) *
* FIRST = .TRUE. *
* C define and set parameters *
* PARM(1) = 'Nptype' *
* VAL(1) = NPTYPE *
* PARM(2) = 'Ngroup' *
* VAL(2) = IGR *
* PARM(3) = 'Nset' *
* VAL(3) = ISET *
* CALL PDFSET(PARM,VAL) *
* *
* *
******************************* - 22 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Example of Fig. 1, cont'd *
* *
* C loop over all X bins *
* DO 10 I=1,NB *
* X = X00 + (I-1)*DX0 *
* DX = X *
* IF(X.LT.XLOW .OR. X.GT.XUP) GOTO 10 *
* CALL STRUCTM(DX,DSCALE,DUPV,DDNV,DUSEA,DDSEA,DSTR,DCHM,DBOT,DGL)
* UPV=DUPV *
* IF(X.GT.0.499 .AND. X.LE.0.500) WRITE(6,1000) X,SCALE,UPV *
* 1000 FORMAT(/,' X= ',F6.4,' Q= ',F6.3,' UPV= ',8.4) *
* CALL HF1(ID+NHB,X,UPV) *
* 10 CONTINUE *
* C get alpha(s) for selected set of SF at Q = SCALE *
* ALF = ALPHAS2(DSCALE) *
* WRITE(6,4000) NPTYPE,IGR,ISET,SFNAME(NPTYPE,IGR,ISET), *
* + MODECR(NPTYPE,IGR,ISET),NSF *
* WRITE(6,4001) DSCALE,ALF *
* 4000 FORMAT(/,' Nptype = ',I1,' Ngroup = ',I1,' Nset = ',I2, *
* + ' Name = "'A8,'" CrMode = ',I3,' HBId = ',I3) *
* 4001 FORMAT(1H ,' SCALE = ',F8.4,' alpha(s) = ',F6 *
* C get error summary for each set of SF *
* CALL PDFSTA *
* ENDDO *
* 20 CONTINUE *
* STOP *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 23 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* This code will produce the following output: *
* *
* *
* 1. HBOOK Output : *
* *
* one histogram for each set of structure functions. The histo- *
* gram output has then been accessed, and each histogram has been *
* superimposed on one single frame using the PAW package [38] to *
* obtain Fig. 1 of the Long Write-up. *
* *
* *
* 2. Print Output (Example is given for NPTYPE = 1, *
* NGROUP = 3, NSET = 41 only : *
* *
* ___________________________________________________________________ *
*| |*
*| 1***** PDFLIB Version: 6.06 Released on 950315 at 17.05 in |*
*| the CERN Program Library W5051 ***** |*
*| ***** Library compiled on 950315 at 2337 ***** |*
*| |*
*| Nucleon PDFs: Ngroup = 3, Nset = 41, for MRS Set (G) (L255-MSb)|*
*| ------------------------------------------------------------------|*
*| Structure Functions |*
*| ------------------- |*
*| |*
*| X= 0.5000 Q= 80.140 UPV= 0.1176 |*
*| |*
*| Nptype = 1 Ngroup = 3 Nset = 41 Name = "MRS-G " CrMode = -1 HBId = 60
*| Scale = 80.1400 alpha(s) = 0.1154 |*
*| |*
*| PDFLIB : Summary from PDFSTA |*
*| Nptype = 1 Ngroup = 3 Nset = 41 Name = "MRS-G " CrMode = -1|*
*| Nfl = -5 LO = 2 Tmas = 180.00 GeV/c**2 |*
*| QCDL4 = 0.2550 GeV, QCDL5 = 0.1708 GeV |*
*| Xmin = 0.10E-04, Xmax = 0.99999E+00, Q2min = 5.000 (GeV/c)**2,
*| Q2max = 0.27E+10 (GeV/c)**2 |*
*| |*
*| PDFSTA: NO errors occured |*
*|___________________________________________________________________|*
* *
* *
* Apart from the two top lines the print output shown above is *
* repeated for each set of structure functions. *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 24 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Appendix B *
* *
* *
* A list of subroutines, functions, COMMON blocks and parameters *
* of RELEVANCE to the user which are used in PDFLIB is given below: *
* *
* *
* List of relevant subprograms and COMMON blocks in PDFLIB: *
* *
* _________________________________________________________________ *
* | | *
* | (S = Subroutine, F = Function, C = COMMON, P = Parameter) | *
* | | *
* | ------------------------------------------------------------- | *
* | | *
* | S PDFSET : to set all parameters for PDFLIB | *
* | S STRUCTF : to access PDFLIB with output in PDFLIB format | *
* | S STRUCTM : to access PDFLIB with output in PDFLIB format | *
* | (with u_bar not equal to d_bar) | *
* | S PFTOPDG : to access PDFLIB with output in PDG format | *
* | S PDFSTA : to print summary of parameters and error statistics
* | F ALPHAS2 : to calculate alpha(s) to second order QCD | *
* | | *
* | C W50510 : IFLPRT - to set print flag | *
* | C W50511 : NPTYPE,NGROUP,NSET,MODE,NFL,LO,TMAS | *
* | - to select a structure function set, to | *
* | define number of flavours, flag for leading | *
* | order and value for the mass of the top quark | *
* | C W50512 : QCDL4,QCDL5 - contains Lambda_4(QCD) and | *
* | Lambda_5(QCD) (in GeV) | *
* | C W50513 : XMIN,XMAX,Q2MIN,Q2MAX - contains minimum and | *
* | maximum values of X and Q**2 | *
* | C W50516 : FIRST - to force printing name of structure | *
* | function set in case of multiple choices | *
* | C W50519 : NEWVER - flags NEW/OLD version of PDFLIB format| *
* | C W505110 : SFNAME - contains NAME (CHARACTER*8 array with | *
* | dimension SFNAME(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX)) for | *
* | each set of PDFs | *
* | C W505120 : NPGSMX(NPTYMX,NGRMAX),NSETFL(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX)*
* | - contains maximum number of stucture functions| *
* | per particle type and author group, and FLAG | *
* | for retracted PDF set (NSETFL(I,J,K) = 0), | *
* | C W505121 : NPTYCR(MODEMX),NGROCR(MODEMX),NSETCR(MODEMX) | *
* | - cross reference to the NPTYPE, NGROUP and | *
* | NSET value (NEW format) for a given MODE | *
* | value (OLD format) | *
* | C W505122 : MODECR(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX) - cross reference | *
* | to the MODE value (OLD format) for a given | *
* | NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET value (NEW format) | *
* | P W5051P2 : MODEMX - maximum number of structure function | *
* | sets in the OLD PDFLIB format | *
* | : NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX - maximum number of | *
* | structure function sets in the NEW PDFLIB | *
* | format for particle type, author group number | *
* | and number of sets within an author group | *
* | P W5051P7 : L6 - to define logical print unit number | *
* |_______________________________________________________________| *
******************************* - 25 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Appendix C *
* *
* *
* A complete list of subroutines, functions, COMMON blocks and *
* parameters which are used in PDFLIB is given below: *
* *
* *
* Complete list of subprograms and COMMON blocks in PDFLIB: *
* (in alphabetical order) *
* *
* _________________________________________________________________ *
* | | *
* | (S = Subroutine, F = Function, C = COMMON, P = Parameter) | *
* | | *
* | ------------------------------------------------------------- | *
* | | *
* | S ABFKW1 : ABFKW SF set 1 in the pion (NP=2,NG=6,NS=1) | *
* | S ABFKW2 : ABFKW SF set 2 in the pion (NP=2,NG=6,NS=2) | *
* | S ABFKW3 : ABFKW SF set 3 in the pion (NP=2,NG=6,NS=3) | *
* | S ACFGP1 : ACFGP SF set 1 in the photon (NP=3,NG=6,NS=1) | *
* | S ACFGP2 : ACFGP SF set 1 in the photon (mc) (NP=3,NG=6,NS=2)*
* | F AFCPLU : to get PD with massive charm for ACFGP | *
* | F AFGETFV : to interpolate PDs in grid for ACFGP | *
* | F AFPOLIN : to interpolate PDs in grid for ACFGP | *
* | F AFRATIN : to interpolate PDs in grid for ACFGP | *
* | F ALPHAS2 : to calculate alpha(s) to second order QCD | *
* | F AUGETFV : to interpolate logarithmically PDs in grid | *
* | S AURGAM : to get the PDs in the photon for ACFGP-G | *
* | S AURPI1 : to get the PDs in the pion for ABFKW-P set 1 | *
* | S AURPI2 : to get the PDs in the pion for ABFKW-P set 2 | *
* | S AURPI3 : to get the PDs in the pion for ABFKW-P set 3 | *
* | S AURPR : to get the PDs in the nucleon for ABFOW | *
* | F BBETA : DOUBLE PRECISION beta function using DGAMMA | *
* | F BETA : SINGLE PRECISION beta function using GAMMA | *
* | S BXF3 : BEP SF set for up and down valence quarks | *
* | S BXGLUE : BEP SF set for gluons | *
* | S BXQBAR : BEP SF set for antiquarks | *
* | F CTQ1PD : CTEQ SF sets 1M, 1MS, 1ML, 1D and 1L | *
* | F CTQ1PF : Description of CTEQ sets 1M, 1MS, 1ML, 1D, 1L | *
* | F CTQ2OPD : CTEQ SF sets 2M, 2MS, 2ML, 2D and 2L | *
* | F CTQ2OPF : Description of CTEQ sets 2M, 2MS, 2ML, 2D, 2L | *
* | S CTQ2OPS : CTEQ SF sets 2M, 2MS, 2ML, 2D and 2L | *
* | F CTQ2PPD : CTEQ SF sets 2pM, 2pMS, 2pML, 2pD and 2pL | *
* | F CTQ2PPF : Description of CTEQ sets 2pM, 2pMS, 2pML, 2pD, 2pL*
* | S CTQ2PPS : CTEQ SF sets 2pM, 2pMS, 2pML, 2pD and 2pL | *
* | F DBFINT : to interpolate linearly PDs in grid (double precision)
* | S DFLM1 : interface to DFLM 160 (NP=1,NG=2,NS=7) | *
* | S DFLM2 : interface to DFLM 260 (NP=1,NG=2,NS=8) | *
* | S DFLM3 : interface to DFLM 360 (NP=1,NG=2,NS=9) | *
* | S DFLM4 : interface to DFLM soft valence quarks (NP=1,NG=2,NS=1)
* | S DFLM5 : interface to DFLM hard valence quarks (NP=1,NG=2,NS=2)
* | S DFLM6 : interface to DFLM soft gluons (NP=1,NG=2,NS=3) | *
* | S DFLM7 : interface to DFLM hard gluons (NP=1,NG=2,NS=4) | *
* | S DFLM8 : interface to DFLM LO average fit (NP=1,NG=2,NS=5) *
* | S DFLM9 : interface to DFLM NLL average fit (NP=1,NG=2,NS=6)*
* | S DGPHO1 : DG SF set 1 in the photon (NP=3,NG=2,NS=1) | *
* |_______________________________________________________________| *
******************************* - 26 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* _________________________________________________________________ *
* | Complete list of subprograms, cont'd | *
* | | *
* | S DGPHO2 : DG SF set 2 in the photon (NP=3,NG=2,NS=2) | *
* | S DGPHO3 : DG SF set 3 in the photon (NP=3,NG=2,NS=3) | *
* | S DGPHO4 : DG SF set 4 in the photon (NP=3,NG=2,NS=4) | *
* | S DOPHO1 : DO SF set 1 in the photon (NP=3,NG=1,NS=1) | *
* | S DOPHO2 : DO SF set 2 in the photon (NP=3,NG=1,NS=2) | *
* | S FXAVER : DFLM SF set of LO central average fit | *
* | S FXG160 : DFLM SF set of NLL with QCDL4 = 160 | *
* | S FXG260 : DFLM SF set of NLL with QCDL4 = 260 | *
* | S FXG360 : DFLM SF set of NLL with QCDL4 = 360 | *
* | S FXGHAR : DFLM SF set of LO hard gluon | *
* | S FXGSOF : DFLM SF set of LO soft gluon | *
* | S FXNLLA : DFLM SF set of NLL central average fit | *
* | S FXVHAR : DFLM SF set of LO hard valence | *
* | S FXVSOF : DFLM SF set of LO soft valence | *
* | F GAMFUN : to calculate GAMMA funct. in either SP or DP prec.*
* | F GAMMADO : to calculate GAMMA funct. in SP (Hastings) | *
* | F GHRDV : GHR SF set for down quarks | *
* | F GHRGL : GHR SF set for gluons | *
* | F GHRUV : GHR SF set for up quarks | *
* | F GHRXI : GHR SF set for antiquarks | *
* | F GHRXS : GHR SF set for strange quarks | *
* | F GRVFGP : GRV SF set for gluons in the pion | *
* | F GRVFQBP : GRV SF set for s, c and b quarks in the pion | *
* | F GRVFV : GRV SF set for up + down valence quarks | *
* | F GRVFVP : GRV SF set for valence quarks in the pion | *
* | F GRVFW : GRV SF set for antiquarks and gluons | *
* | F GRVFWS : GRV SF set for strange, charm and bottom quarks| *
* | S GRVGAH0 : GRV SF set lead. terms of NLL in the photon (NP=3,NG=5,NS=1
* | S GRVGAHO : GRV SF set of NLL in the photon (NP=3,NG=5,NS=2) *
* | S GRVGALO : GRV SF set of LO in the photon (NP=3,NG=5,NS=3)| *
* | F GRVGF : GRV SF set for u and d quarks and gluons in the photon
* | F GRVGFS : GRV SF set for s, c and b quarks in the photon | *
* | S GRVHO : GRV SF set of NLL (NP=1,NG=5,NS=3) | *
* | S GRVLO : GRV SF set of LO (NP=1,NG=5,NS=4) | *
* | S GRVPIHO : GRV SF set of NLL in the pion (NP=2,NG=5,NS=1) | *
* | S GRVPILO : GRV SF set of LO in the pion (NP=2,NG=5,NS=2) | *
* | S GSXCOR : to get X coordinates for SFGSHO + LO sets 1, 2 | *
* | S HMRS1EB : Description of HMRS sets E, B (1.90-retracted) | *
* | S HMRS2EB : Description of HMRS sets E, B (3.90) | *
* | S HMRS3EB : Description of HMRS sets E, B (4.90) | *
* | S HMRSGEB : Description of HMRS sets E, E+, E- and B | *
* | S KMRSEB : Description of KMRS sets E and B | *
* | S KMRSGEB : Description of KMRS B0 with L=135,160,200,235 | *
* | S MRSDSHP : Description of MRS sets D0', S0', D-', (H) | *
* | S MRSEB : Description of MRS sets E and B | *
* | S MRSEBP : Description of MRS sets E' and B' | *
* | S NEWDO1 : DO SF set 1.1 (NP=1,NG=1,NS=10) | *
* | S PDFSET : to set all parameters for PDFLIB | *
* | S PDFSTA : to print summary of param. and error statistics| *
* | S PDFVERS : to get date and time of PDFLIB Library release | *
* | F PDXMT : Description of MT sets 1 to 11 | *
* | S PDZXMT : MT SF sets 1 to 11 | *
* | S PFTOPDG : to access PDFLIB with output in PDG format | *
* | S PHLAC1 : interface to LAC-G set 1 in the photon | *
* |_______________________________________________________________| *
******************************* - 27 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* _________________________________________________________________ *
* | Complete list of subprograms, cont'd | *
* | | *
* | S PHLAC2 : interface to LAC-G set 2 in the photon | *
* | S PHLAC3 : interface to LAC-G set 3 in the photon | *
* | S RXDV : OR SF set for down valence quarks | *
* | S RXGLUE : OR SF set for gluons | *
* | S RXQBAR : OR SF set for antiquarks | *
* | S RXUD : OR SF set for the sum of up + down quarks | *
* | S SEADIS : BEBC SF set for antiquarks | *
* | S SFABFOW : ABFOW SF set (NP=1,NG=6,NS=1) | *
* | S SFBMA : BM SF set A (NP=1,NG=7,NS=1) | *
* | S SFBMB : BM SF set B (NP=1,NG=7,NS=2) | *
* | S SFCTQ11 : CTEQ SF set 1L (LO) (NP=1,NG=4,NS=12) | *
* | S SFCTQ12 : CTEQ SF set 1M (NP=1,NG=4,NS=13) | *
* | S SFCTQ13 : CTEQ SF set 1MS (NP=1,NG=4,NS=14) | *
* | S SFCTQ14 : CTEQ SF set 1ML (NP=1,NG=4,NS=15) | *
* | S SFCTQ15 : CTEQ SF set 1D (NP=1,NG=4,NS=16) | *
* | S SFCTQ21 : CTEQ SF set 2L (LO) (NP=1,NG=4,NS=17) | *
* | S SFCTQ22 : CTEQ SF set 2M (NP=1,NG=4,NS=18) | *
* | S SFCTQ23 : CTEQ SF set 2MS (NP=1,NG=4,NS=19) | *
* | S SFCTQ24 : CTEQ SF set 2MF (NP=1,NG=4,NS=20) | *
* | S SFCTQ25 : CTEQ SF set 2ML (NP=1,NG=4,NS=21) | *
* | S SFCTQ26 : CTEQ SF set 2D (NP=1,NG=4,NS=22) | *
* | S SFDISD0 : MRS SF set D0' (DIS) (NP=1,NG=3,NS=33) | *
* | S SFDISDM : MRS SF set D-' (DIS) (NP=1,NG=3,NS=34) | *
* | S SFDISH : MRS SF set (H) (NP=1,NG=3,NS=36) | *
* | S SFDISS0 : MRS SF set S0' (DIS) (NP=1,NG=3,NS=32) | *
* | S SFEHLQ1 : EHLQ SF set 1 (NP=1,NG=1,NS=8) | *
* | S SFEHLQ2 : EHLQ SF set 2 (NP=1,NG=1,NS=9) | *
* | S SFGRVH : old GRV SF set of NLL (NP=1,NG=5,NS=1) | *
* | S SFGRVL : old GRV SF set of LO (NP=1,NG=5,NS=2) | *
* | S SFGSHO : GS SF set of NLL in the photon (NP=3,NG=4,NS=1)| *
* | S SFGSLO1 : GS SF set 1 of LO in the photon (NP=3,NG=4,NS=2) *
* | S SFGSLO2 : GS SF set 2 of LO in the photon (NP=3,NG=4,NS=3) *
* | S SFKBMR2 : KMRS SF set B- with R2 shadowing (NP=1,NG=3,NS=19)*
* | S SFKBMR5 : KMRS SF set B- with R5 shadowing (NP=1,NG=3,NS=20)*
* | S SFLACG1 : LAC SF set 1 in the photon (NP=3,NG=3,NS=1) | *
* | S SFLACG2 : LAC SF set 2 in the photon (NP=3,NG=3,NS=2) | *
* | S SFLACG3 : LAC SF set 3 in the photon (NP=3,NG=3,NS=3) | *
* | S SFMRSD0 : MRS SF set D0 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=27) | *
* | S SFMRSDM : MRS SF set D- (NP=1,NG=3,NS=28) | *
* | S SFMRSS0 : MRS SF set S0 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=26) | *
* | S SFMSBB0 : MRS SF set B0' (NP=1,NG=3,NS= | *
* | S SFMSBD0 : MRS SF set D0' (NP=1,NG=3.NS=30) | *
* | S SFMSBDM : MRS SF set D-' (NP=1,NG=3,NS=31) | *
* | S SFMSBH : MRS SF set (H) (NP=1,NG=3,NS=35) | *
* | S SFMSBS0 : MRS SF set S0' (NP=1,NG=3,NS=29) | *
* | S SFMT10 : interface to MT set 6 (MS_bar) | *
* | S SFMT11 : interface to MT set LO | *
* | S SFMTU1 : interface to MT set S1 (DIS) | *
* | S SFMTU2 : interface to MT set B1 (DIS) | *
* | S SFMTU3 : interface to MT set B2 (DIS) | *
* | S SFMTU4 : interface to MT set E1 (DIS) | *
* | S SFMTU5 : interface to MT set 6 (u_bar + d_bar)/2 (DIS) | *
* | S SFMTU6 : interface to MT set S1 (MS_bar) | *
* | S SFMTU7 : interface to MT set B1 (MS_bar) | *
* |_______________________________________________________________| *
******************************* - 28 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* _________________________________________________________________ *
* | Complete list of subprograms, cont'd | *
* | | *
* | S SFMTU8 : interface to MT set B2 (MS_bar) | *
* | S SFMTU9 : interface to MT set E1 (MS_bar) | *
* | S SMRSP31 : SMRS SF set 1 in the pion (NP=2,NG=3,NS=1) | *
* | S SMRSP32 : SMRS SF set 2 in the pion (NP=2,NG=3,NS=2) | *
* | S SMRSP33 : SMRS SF set 3 in the pion (NP=2,NG=3,NS=3) | *
* | S SMRSPI : Description of SMRS sets 1, 2, 3 in the pion | *
* | S SRCTQ21 : CTEQ SF set 2pL (LO) (NP=1,NG=4,NS=23) | *
* | S SRCTQ22 : CTEQ SF set 2pM (NP=1,NG=4,NS=24) | *
* | S SRCTQ23 : CTEQ SF set 2pMS (NP=1,NG=4,NS=25) | *
* | S SRCTQ24 : CTEQ SF set 2pMF (NP=1,NG=4,NS=26) | *
* | S SRCTQ25 : CTEQ SF set 2pML (NP=1,NG=4,NS=27) | *
* | S SRCTQ26 : CTEQ SF set 2pD (NP=1,NG=4,NS=28) | *
* | S STRBEBC : BEBC SF set (NP=1,NG=1,NS=2) | *
* | S STRBEP : BEP SF set (NP=1,NG=1,NS=4) | *
* | S STRCBP : MRS SF set B' (NP=1,NG=3,NS=7) | *
* | S STRCEP : MRS SF set E' (NP=1,NG=3,NS=6) | *
* | S STRDO1 : DO SF set 1 (NP=1,NG=1,NS=6) | *
* | S STRDO2 : DO SF set 2 (NP=1,NG=1,NS=7) | *
* | S STRGHR : GHR SF set (NP=1,NG=1,NS=5) | *
* | S STRH1B : HMRS SF set B (NP=1,NG=3,NS=9 - retracted) | *
* | S STRH1E : HMRS SF set E (NP=1,NG=3,NS=8 - retracted) | *
* | S STRH2B : HMRS SF set B (NP=1,NG=3,NS=11) | *
* | S STRH2E : HMRS SF set E (NP=1,NG=3,NS=10) | *
* | S STRH3B : HMRS SF set B (NP=1,NG=3,NS=15) | *
* | S STRH3B1 : HMRS SF set B - L=100 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=16) | *
* | S STRH3B3 : HMRS SF set B - L=300 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=17) | *
* | S STRH3E : HMRS SF set E (NP=1,NG=3,NS=14) | *
* | S STRH3EM : HMRS SF set E- (NP=1,NG=3,NS=13) | *
* | S STRH3EP : HMRS SF set E+ (NP=1,NG=3,NS=12) | *
* | S STRKB0 : KMRS SF set B0 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=21), updated version *
* | S STRKB02 : KMRS SF set B0 - L=135 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=22) | *
* | S STRKB03 : KMRS SF set B0 - L=160 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=23) | *
* | S STRKB04 : KMRS SF set B0 - L=200 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=24) | *
* | S STRKB05 : KMRS SF set B0 - L=235 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=25) | *
* | S STRKB0O : KMRS SF set B0 (old version) | *
* | S STRKBM : KMRS SF set B- (NP=1,NG=3,NS=18) | *
* | S STRMRS1 : MRS SF set 1 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=1) | *
* | S STRMRS2 : MRS SF set 2 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=2) | *
* | S STRMRS3 : MRS SF set 3 (NP=1,NG=3,NS=3) | *
* | S STROWP1 : OW SF set 1 in the pion (NP=2,NG=1,NS=1) | *
* | S STROWP2 : OW SF set 2 in the pion (NP=2,NG=1,NS=2) | *
* | S STRPRIV : Dummy subroutine for a new set of SF | *
* | S STRUCB : MRS SF set B (NP=1,NG=3,NS=4) | *
* | S STRUCE : MRS SF set E (NP=1,NG=3,NS=5) | *
* | S STRUCOR : OR SF set (NP=1,NG=1,NS=3) | *
* | S STRUCTF : to access PDFLIB with output in PDFLIB format | *
* | S STRUCTM : to access PDFLIB with output in PDFLIB format | *
* | TESTGAM : main program to test PDFLIB for photons | *
* | TESTGAMO : main program to test PDFLIB for photons (OLD) | *
* | TESTPDF : main program to test PDFLIB in PDFLIB format | *
* | TESTPDFO : main program to test PDFLIB in PDFLIB format (OLD)*
* | TESTPDG : main program to test PDFLIB in PDG format | *
* | TESTPDGO : main program to test PDFLIB in PDG format (OLD)| *
* | TMAINUPV : main program to show how to use the package | *
* |_______________________________________________________________| *
******************************* - 29 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* _________________________________________________________________ *
* | Complete list of subprograms, cont'd | *
* | | *
* | TMAINUPVO: main program to show how to use the package (OLD) *
* | F V3 : BEBC SF set to calculate X * VALDIS | *
* | S VALDIS : BEBC SF set for up + down valence quarks | *
* | S VLAMBD : Entry in PDZXMT to get Lambda value for MT sets| *
* | S WATE32 : defines 32 point Gaussian quadrature routine | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* | | *
* |_______________________________________________________________| *
******************************* - 30 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* _________________________________________________________________ *
* | Complete list of subprograms, cont'd | *
* | | *
* | C W50510 : IFLPRT - to set print flag | *
* | C W50511 : NPTYPE,NGROUP,NSET,MODE,NFL,LO,TMAS - | *
* | to select structure function set, to define | *
* | number of flavours, flag for leading order | *
* | and value for the mass of the top quark | *
* | C W50512 : QCDL4,QCDL5 - contains Lambda_4(QCD) and | *
* | Lambda_5(QCD) (in GeV) | *
* | C W50513 : XMIN,XMAX.Q2MIN,Q2MAX - contains minimum | *
* | and maximum values of X and Q**2 | *
* | C W50514 : WXMIN,WXMAX,WQ2MIN,WQ2MAX,WTXMIN,WTXMAX,WQ2MIN,| *
* | WQ2MAX - error counting for fractional and | *
* | total number of X and Q**2 | *
* | C W50514W : PDFWGT - to transmit user filled event weight | *
* | C W50515 : IFLSET,IFLSTA - to transmit flag for call to | *
* | subroutine PDFSET or PDFSTA | *
* | C W50516 : FIRST - to force printing name of structure | *
* | function set in case of multiple choices | *
* | C W50517 : N6 - contains logical print unit number | *
* | C W50518 : save of COMMONs W50510, W50511, W50512, W50513 | *
* | C W50519 : NEWVER - to flag NEW or OLD version of PDFLIB | *
* | format | *
* | C W505110 : SFNAME - contains NAME (CHARACTER*8 array with | *
* | dimension SFNAME(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX)) for | *
* | each set of PDFs | *
* | C W505120 : NPGSMX(NPTYMX,NGRMAX),NSETFL(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX)*
* | - to provide the actual maximum number of stuc-| *
* | ture function sets per particle type and author| *
* | group, NSETFL(I,J,K) = 0 for retracted PDF set | *
* | C W505121 : NPTYCR(MODEMX),NGROCR(MODEMX),NSETCR(MODEMX) | *
* | - to provide the cross reference to the | *
* | NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET value (NEW format) for | *
* | a given MODE value (OLD format) | *
* | C W505122 : MODECR(NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX) - to provide the | *
* | cross reference to the MODE value (OLD format) | *
* | for a given NPTYPE, NGROUP and NSET value | *
* | (NEW format) | *
* | P W5051P0 : LFLPRT - to define print level (D=0) | *
* | P W5051P1 : LPTYPE,LGROUP,LNSET,IFL,LORD,TM - to define | *
* | the defaults for a PDF set given by the | *
* | particle type, author group and number of set | *
* | within an author group, defaults for number of | *
* | flavours, leading order flag and mass of the | *
* | top quark (D=1, 5, 3, 5, 2, 100.D0) | *
* | P W5051P2 : MODEMX - maximum number of structure function | *
* | sets in the OLD PDFLIB format | *
* | : NPTYMX,NGRMAX,NSETMX - maximum number of | *
* | structure function sets in the NEW PDFLIB | *
* | format for particle type, author group number | *
* | and number of sets within an author group | *
* | P W5051P2 : MODEMX - to define maximum number of SF sets | *
* | in PDFLIB (OLD format) (D=281) | *
* | P W5051P7 : L6 - to define logical print unit number (D=6) | *
* | P W5051P7 : L6 - to define logical print unit number | *
* | W50511C : Comments only - complete list of available SFs | *
* |_______________________________________________________________| *
******************************* - 31 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* References *
* *
* *
* [1] A.J.Buras and K.J.F. Gaemers : Nucl. Phys. B132 (1978) 249; *
* BEBC WA 59 Collaboration, K. Varnell et al., Z. Phys. C36 (1987) 1.
* *
* [2] J.F.Owens and E. Reya : Phys. Rev. D17 (1978) 3003. *
* *
* [3] R. Baier, J. Engels and B. Petersson : Z. Phys. C2 (1979) 265. *
* *
* [4] Gl"uck, E. Hoffman and E. Reya : Z. Phys. C13 (1982) 119. *
* *
* [5] D.W. Duke and J.F.Owens : Phys. Rev. D30 (1984) 49. *
* *
* [6] E. Eichten, I Hinchliffe, K. Lane and C. Quigg : *
* Rev. Mod. Phys. 56 (1984) 579 and Rev. Mod. Phys. 58 (1985) 1065.
* *
* [7] M. Diemoz, F. Ferroni, E. Longo and G. Martinelli : *
* Z. Phys. C39 (1988) 21. *
* *
* [8] J.F.Owens : Phys. Lett. 266B (1991) 126. *
* *
* [9] A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : Phys.Rev. D37 (1988) 1161;
* Phys. Lett. 206B (1988) 327 and Mod. Phys. Lett. A4 (1989) 1135.
* *
* [10] P.N. Harriman, A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : *
* Phys. Rev. D42 (1990) 798 and Phys. Lett. 243B (1990) 421. *
* *
* [11] J. Kwiecinski, A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : *
* Phys. Rev. D42 (1990) 3645; *
* A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : *
* Phys. Rev. D43 (1991) 3648. *
* *
* [12] A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : *
* Phys. Rev. D47 (1993) 867. *
* *
* [13] J. Morfin and W.K. Tung : Z. Phys. C52 (1991) 13. *
* *
* [14] M. Gl"uck, E. Reya and A. Vogt : Z. Phys. C48 (1990) 471; *
* Z. Phys. C53 (1992) 127 and Phys. Lett. 306B (1993) 391. *
* *
* [15] P. Aurenche et al. : Phys. Rev. D39 (1989) 3275. *
* *
* [16] A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : *
* Phys. Lett. 306B (1993) 145 and Phys. Lett. 309B (1993) 492. *
* *
* [17] A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : *
* RAL Preprint, RAL-92-078 (1992) and RAL Preprint, RAL-93-077 (199
* *
* [18] CTEQ collaboration, J. Botts et al. : Phys. Lett. 304B (1993) 159.
* *
* [19] E.L. Berger and R. Meng : Phys. Lett. 304B (1993) 318; *
* CERN-TH 6739/92; ANL-HEP-CP-92-108 and *
* E.L. Berger, R. Meng and J. Qiu : ANL-HEP-CP-92-79. *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 32 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* [20] CTEQ collaboration, J. Botts et al. : *
* to be published *
* *
* *
* [21] J.F.Owens : Phys. Rev. D30 (1984) 943. *
* *
* [22] P. Aurenche et al. : Phys. Lett. 233B (1989) 517. *
* *
* [23] P.J. Sutton, A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts and W.J. Stirling : *
* Phys. Rev. D45 (1992) 2349. *
* *
* [24] M. Gl"uck, E. Reya and A. Vogt : Z. Phys. C53 (1992) 651. *
* *
* [25] D.W. Duke and J.F.Owens : Phys. Rev. D26 (1982) 1600. *
* *
* [26] M. Drees and K. Grassie : Z. Phys. C28 (1985) 451. *
* *
* [27] H. Abramowicz, K. Charchula and A. Levy : *
* Phys. Lett. 269B (1991) 458. *
* *
* [28] L.E. Gordon and J.K. Storrow : Z. Phys. C56 (1992) 307. *
* *
* [29] M. Gl"uck, E. Reya and A. Vogt : Phys. Rev. D46 (1992) 1973 *
* and Phys. Rev. D45 (1992) 3986. *
* *
* [30] P. Aurenche et al. : Z. Phys. C56 (1992) 589. *
* *
* [31] G. Altarelli, R.K. Ellis and G. Martinelli : *
* Nucl. Phys. B143 (1978) 521 and B157 (1979) 461. *
* *
* [32] H. Plothow-Besch, 'PDFLIB: a library of all available parton *
* density functions of the nucleon, the pion and the photon *
* and the corresponding alpha(s) calculations', *
* Comp. Phys. Comm. 75 (1993) 396-416; *
* H. Plothow-Besch, 'PDFLIB: Structure Functions and alpha(s) *
* Calculations', User's Manual - Version 1.00, W5051 PDFLIB, *
* 1991.03.21, CERN-PPE. *
* *
* [33] Review of Particle Properties, June 1992, *
* Phys. Rev. D45 (1992), Part. II, p. III.54. *
* *
* [34] BCDMS Collaboration, A.C. Benvenuti et al. : Phys. Lett. 223B (1989) 485
* Phys. Lett. 237B (1990) 592 and Phys. Lett. 237B (1990) 599; *
* EMC Collaboration, M. Arneodo et al. : Nucl. Phys. B333 (1990) 1;
* NMC Collaboration, D. Allasia et al. : Phys. Lett. 249B (1990) 366;
* P. Amaudruz et al. : Nucl. Phys. B371 (1992) 3.
* *
* [35] NMC Collaboration, P. Amaudruz et al. : Phys. Lett. 295B (1992) 159.
* *
* [36] H1 Collaboration, I. Abt et al. : DESY preprint 93-117 (1993); *
* ZEUS Collaboration, M. Derrick et al. : DESY preprint 93-110 (1993).
* *
* [37] JADE Collaboration, W. Bartel et al. : Z. Phys. C24 (1984) 231.*
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 33 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* [38] PAW, CERN Program Library Entry Q121, Long Write-up; *
* R. Brun, O. Couet, C. Vandoni and P Zanarini; *
* see also to References therein. *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* List of Tables *
* *
* *
* 1 List of available sets of NUCLEON structure functions in *
* PDFLIB version 6.06 ...................................... 35 *
* *
* *
* 2 List of available sets of PION structure functions in PDFLIB *
* version 6.06 ............................................. 37 *
* *
* *
* 3 List of available sets of PHOTON structure functions in PDFLIB *
* version 6.06 ............................................. 38 *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 34 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Table 1 *
* *
* Available sets of NUCLEON structure functions in PDFLIB *
* *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* Nptype *
* Ngroup Q**2 Name of Set Scheme Reference *
* Nset min *
* QCDL4 *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 0 200 0.3 ->GRV HO MS_bar NLL Default *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 1 1 PRIVATE to user *
* 1 1 2 45 0.5 BEBC LO [Nucl.Phys. B132 (1978) 249]
* 1 1 3 500 1.8 OR LO [Phys.Rev. D17 (1978) 3003]
* 1 1 4 470 5 BEP LO [Z. Phys. C2 (1979) 265]
* 1 1 5 400 4 GHR LO [Z. Phys. C13 (1982) 119]
* 1 1 6 200 4 DO Set 1 LO [Phys.Rev. D30 (1984) 49]
* 1 1 7 400 4 DO Set 2 LO *
* 1 1 8 200 5 EHLQ Set 1 LO [Rev.Mod.Phys. 56 (1984) 579;
* 1 1 9 290 5 EHLQ Set 2 LO Rev.Mod.Phys. 58 (1985) 1065]
* 1 1 10 177 4 DO Set 1.1 LO [Phys.Lett.266B (1991) 3275]
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 2 1 200 10 DFLM soft valence LO [Z. Phys. C39 (1988) 21
* 1 2 2 200 10 DFLM hard valence LO *
* 1 2 3 200 10 DFLM soft gluon LO *
* 1 2 4 200 10 DFLM hard gluon LO *
* 1 2 5 200 10 DFLM central av. LO *
* 1 2 6 300 10 DFLM central av. DIS NLL *
* 1 2 7 160 10 DFLM 160 DIS NLL [unpublished] *
* 1 2 8 260 10 ->DFLM 260 DIS NLL *
* 1 2 9 360 10 DFLM 360 DIS NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 3 1 107 5 MRS 1 MS_bar NLL [Phys.Rev. D37 (1988) 1181]
* 1 3 2 250 5 MRS 2 MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 3 178 5 MRS 3 MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 4 91 5 MRS E MS_bar NLL [Phys.Lett. 206B (1988) 327]
* 1 3 5 228 5 MRS B MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 6 91 5 MRS E' MS_bar NLL [Mod.Phys. Lett.A4 (1989) 1135
* 1 3 7 228 5 MRS B' MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 8 100 5 HMRS E (1.90) MS_bar NLL [retracted] *
* 1 3 9 190 5 HMRS B (1.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 10 100 5 HMRS E (3.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 11 190 5 HMRS B (3.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 12 100 5 HMRS E+(4.90) MS_bar NLL [Phys.Lett. 243B (1990) 421]
* 1 3 13 100 5 HMRS E-(4.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 14 100 5 HMRS E (4.90) MS_bar NLL [Phys.Rev. D4 (1990) 798]
* 1 3 15 190 5 HMRS B (4.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 16 100 5 HMRS B (8.90) MS_bar NLL [unpublished] *
* 1 3 17 300 5 HMRS B (8.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 18 190 5 KMRS B-(7.90) MS_bar NLL [Phys.Rev. D42 (1990) 3645]
* 1 3 19 190 5 KMRS B-R2 Shadow (7.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 20 190 5 KMRS B-R5 Shadow (7.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 21 190 5 KMRS B0-190 (7.90) MS_bar NLL (as updated 4.92) *
* *
******************************* - 35 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Table 1 (cont'd) *
* *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* Nptype *
* Ngroup Q**2 Name of Set Scheme Reference *
* Nset min *
* QCDL4 *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 3 22 135 5 MRS B0-135 (10.90) MS_bar NLL [Phys.Rev. D43 (1991) 3648]
* 1 3 23 160 5 MRS B0-160 (10.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 24 200 5 MRS B0-200 (10.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 25 235 5 MRS B0-235 (10.90) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 26 215 5 MRS S0 (4.92) MS_bar NLL [retracted] *
* 1 3 27 215 5 MRS D0 (4.92) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 28 215 5 MRS D- (4.92) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 29 230 5 MRS S0' (11.92) MS_bar NLL [Phys.Lett. 306B (1993)145
* 1 3 30 230 5 MRS D0' (11.92) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 31 230 5 MRS D-' (11.92) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 32 230 5 MRS S0' (2.93) DIS NLL [RAL-92-078 (1992)]
* 1 3 33 230 5 MRS D0' (2.93) DIS NLL *
* 1 3 34 230 5 MRS D-' (2.93) DIS NLL *
* 1 3 35 230 5 MRS (H) (11.93) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 36 230 5 MRS (H) (11.93) DIS NLL *
* 1 3 37 230 5 MRS (A) (5.94 MS_bar NLL [RAL-94-055 (1994)]
* 1 3 38 230 5 MRS (A) Fit (5.94) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 39 230 5 MRS (Ap) (2.95 MS_bar NLL [RAL-94-104 (1994)]
* 1 3 40 231 5 MRS (Ap) Fit(2.95) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 3 41 255 5 ->MRS (G) (2.95 MS_bar NLL [RAL-95-021 (1995)]
* 1 3 42 255 5 MRS (G) Fit (2.95) MS_bar NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 4 1 212 4 MT S1 DIS NLL [Z. Phys. C52 (1991) 13]
* 1 4 2 194 4 MT B1 DIS NLL *
* 1 4 3 191 4 MT B2 DIS NLL *
* 1 4 4 155 4 MT E1 DIS NLL *
* 1 4 5 237 4 MT 6 (1/2s) DIS NLL *
* 1 4 6 212 4 MT S1 MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 7 194 4 MT B1 MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 8 191 4 MT B2 MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 9 155 4 MT E1 MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 10 237 4 MT 6 (1/2s) MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 11 144 4 MT LO LO *
* 1 4 12 168 4 CTEQ 1L LO [retracted] *
* 1 4 13 231 4 CTEQ 1M MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 14 231 4 CTEQ 1MS MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 15 322 4 CTEQ 1ML MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 16 247 4 CTEQ 1D DIS NLL *
* 1 4 17 190 4 CTEQ 2L LO [retracted] *
* 1 4 18 213 4 CTEQ 2M MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 19 208 4 CTEQ 2MS MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 20 208 4 CTEQ 2MF MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 21 322 4 CTEQ 2ML MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 22 235 4 CTEQ 2D DIS NLL *
* 1 4 23 190 4 CTEQ 2pL LO [to be published]*
* 1 4 24 213 4 CTEQ 2pM MS_bar NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
******************************* - 36 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Table 1 (cont'd) *
* *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* Nptype *
* Ngroup Q**2 Name of Set Scheme Reference *
* Nset min *
* QCDL4 *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 4 25 208 4 CTEQ 2pMS MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 26 208 4 CTEQ 2pMF MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 27 322 4 CTEQ 2pML MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 28 235 4 CTEQ 2pD DIS NLL *
* 1 4 29 177 4 CTEQ 3L LO [MSU-HEP/41024] *
* 1 4 30 239 4 ->CTEQ 3M MS_bar NLL *
* 1 4 31 247 4 CTEQ 3D DIS NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 5 1 160 0.2 old GRV HO MS_bar NLL [retracted] *
* 1 5 2 220 0.2 old GRV LO LO *
* 1 5 3 200 0.3 GRV HO MS_bar NLL [Z. Phys. C53 (1992) 127]
* 1 5 4 200 0.25 GRV LO LO *
* 1 5 5 200 0.4 GRV 94 LO LO [DO-TH 94/24 (1994)]
* 1 5 6 200 0.4 ->GRV 94 HO MS_bar NLL *
* 1 5 7 200 0.4 GRV 94 HO DIS NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 6 1 230 2 ABFOW MS_bar NLL [Phys.Rev D39 (1989) 3275]
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 1 7 1 254 5 BM A MS_bar NLL [Phys.Lett. 304B (1993)318
* 1 7 2 254 5 BM B MS_bar NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* *
* Table 2 *
* *
* Available sets of PION structure functions in PDFLIB *
* *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* Nptype *
* Ngroup Q**2 Name of Set Scheme Reference *
* Nset min *
* QCDL4 *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 2 1 1 200 4 OW-P Set 1 LO [Phys.Rev. D30 (1984) 943]
* 2 1 2 400 4 OW-P Set 2 LO *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 2 3 1 190 5 SMRS-P 1 MS_bar NLL [Phys.Rev. D45 (1992) 2349]
* 2 3 2 190 5 ->SMRS-P 2 MS_bar NLL *
* 2 3 3 190 5 SMRS-P 3 MS_bar NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 2 5 1 200 0.3 ->GRV-P HO MS_bar NLL [Z.Phys. C53 (1992) 651]
* 2 5 2 200 0.25 GRV-P LO LO *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 2 6 1 231 2 ->ABFKW-P 1 MS_bar NLL [Phys.Lett.233B (189) 517]
* 2 6 2 181 2 ABFKW-P 2 MS_bar NLL *
* 2 6 3 281 2 ABFKW-P 3 MS_bar NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
******************************* - 37 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* Table 3 *
* *
* Available sets of PHOTON structure functions in PDFLIB *
* *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* Nptype *
* Ngroup Q**2 Name of Set Scheme Reference *
* Nset min *
* QCDL4 *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 3 1 1 380 10 DO-G LO LO [Phys.Rev. D26 (1982) 1600]
* 3 1 2 440 10 ->DO-G HO MS_bar NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 3 2 1 400 1 ->DG-G Set 1 LO [Z. Phys. C28 (1985) 451]
* 3 2 2 400 1 DG-G Set 2 LO *
* 3 2 3 400 20 DG-G Set 3 LO *
* 3 2 4 400 200 DG-G Set 4 LO *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 3 3 1 200 5 LAC-G 1 LO [Phys.Lett.269B (1991) 458]
* 3 3 2 200 5 ->LAC-G 2 LO *
* 3 3 3 200 5 LAC-G 3 LO *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 3 4 1 200 5.3 ->GS-G HO MS_bar NLL [Z.Phys. C56 (1992) 307]
* 3 4 2 200 5.3 GS-G LO set 1 LO *
* 3 4 3 200 5.3 GS-G LO set 2 LO *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 3 5 1 200 0.3 GRV-G LHO DIS*) NLL [Phys.Rev. D46 (1992) 1973;
* 3 5 2 200 0.3 ->GRV-G HO DIS*) NLL Phys.Rev. D45 (1992) 3986]
* 3 5 3 200 0.25 GRV-G LO LO *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 3 6 1 200 2 ACFGP-G HO MS_bar NLL [Z.Phys. C56 (1992) 589]
* 3 6 2 200 2 ->ACFGP-G HO-mc MS_bar NLL *
* 3 6 3 200 2 ->AFG-G HO MS_bar NLL *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* 3 8 1 400 4 WHIT-G 1 LO [KEK preprint 93-160]*
* 3 8 2 400 4 ->WHIT-G 2 LO *
* 3 8 3 400 4 WHIT-G 3 LO *
* 3 8 4 400 4 WHIT-G 4 LO *
* 3 8 5 400 4 WHIT-G 5 LO *
* 3 8 6 400 4 WHIT-G 6 LO *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- *
* *
* *
* *
* *) not standard, please consult references. *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 38 - ********************************
1***********************************************************************
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
******************************* - 39 - ********************************
| en |
all-txt-docs | 052439 | (CO-99-11) Population Estimates for Counties by Race and Hispanic Origin: July 1, 1995
Source: Population Estimates Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233
Contact: Demographic Call Center Staff, 1-866-758-1060
pop@census.gov (please include a phone number with email correspondence)
Internet Release Date: August 30, 2000
Total Total White White Total Total Total Total
FIPS White Hispanic non- Black American Asian & Hispanic
State Hispanic Indian Pacific
and & Alaska Islander
County Area Name Native
Code
36000 NEW YORK 18150928 14010037 1879165 12130872 3177661 72919 890311 2484801
36001 Albany County 298406 263385 5168 258217 27693 616 6712 6457
36003 Allegany County 51610 50691 368 50323 392 116 411 427
36005 Bronx County 1193562 630946 394100 236846 510072 7378 45166 558494
36007 Broome County 204492 194778 2498 192280 4670 376 4668 2919
36009 Cattaraugus County 85332 82004 620 81384 835 2042 451 685
36011 Cayuga County 82826 78904 984 77920 3176 303 443 1378
36013 Chautauqua County 140965 136545 4599 131946 3059 632 729 5064
36015 Chemung County 93951 87054 1023 86031 5715 225 957 1654
36017 Chenango County 51826 51021 554 50467 430 159 216 613
36019 Clinton County 82831 77728 1642 76086 3996 239 868 2452
36021 Columbia County 63638 60368 1048 59320 2802 119 349 1303
36023 Cortland County 48753 47915 483 47432 388 150 300 554
36025 Delaware County 47593 46654 612 46042 569 124 246 672
36027 Dutchess County 261294 229490 9627 219863 23543 428 7833 11589
36029 Erie County 959630 820467 22499 797968 119745 6122 13296 26565
36031 Essex County 37615 36121 669 35452 1201 100 193 871
36033 Franklin County 49354 43740 1272 42468 2798 2621 195 1873
36035 Fulton County 54037 52724 498 52226 893 111 309 601
36037 Genesee County 61022 58735 493 58242 1225 769 293 555
36039 Greene County 47413 44046 1413 42633 2912 173 282 1997
36041 Hamilton County 5178 5142 32 5110 18 12 6 32
36043 Herkimer County 66120 65541 435 65106 271 117 191 451
36045 Jefferson County 114396 104319 3068 101251 8188 506 1383 4343
36047 Kings County 2274114 1194252 360472 833780 931460 9663 138739 509309
36049 Lewis County 27603 27245 148 27097 158 66 134 158
36051 Livingston County 65225 62391 1033 61358 2161 223 450 1412
36053 Madison County 71116 69424 574 68850 864 291 537 687
36055 Monroe County 721367 608075 26647 581428 94065 2326 16901 31849
36057 Montgomery County 51971 50954 3068 47886 615 110 292 3281
36059 Nassau County 1299255 1121378 79804 1041574 123000 1974 52903 91089
36061 New York County 1522932 970992 297862 673130 402288 7614 142038 441197
36063 Niagara County 221266 204659 2295 202364 13330 2169 1108 2585
36065 Oneida County 241432 222808 5134 217674 15262 550 2812 7145
36067 Onondaga County 468958 415037 6812 408225 41438 3506 8977 8649
36069 Ontario County 98800 95785 1362 94423 2041 258 716 1613
36071 Orange County 321654 290275 23520 266755 25428 981 4970 26489
36073 Orleans County 44998 40624 1015 39609 3914 228 232 1601
36075 Oswego County 125033 123212 1329 121883 666 494 661 1450
36077 Otsego County 61176 59730 770 58960 908 124 414 863
36079 Putnam County 89991 87738 2741 84997 1007 144 1102 2878
36081 Queens County 1962791 1203323 348749 854574 453547 7855 298066 421453
36083 Rensselaer County 154410 145693 1931 143762 5712 314 2691 2201
36085 Richmond County 396161 336610 31932 304678 35238 858 23455 37081
36087 Rockland County 276027 230313 17430 212883 30101 766 14847 21441
36089 St. Lawrence County 114884 109556 1375 108181 3304 938 1086 2396
36091 Saratoga County 193910 188851 2125 186726 2694 318 2047 2515
36093 Schenectady County 148671 138805 2450 136355 7098 296 2472 2972
36095 Schoharie County 32641 31931 556 31375 493 76 141 649
36097 Schuyler County 19163 18821 169 18652 229 54 59 220
36099 Seneca County 32427 31592 340 31252 499 80 256 378
36101 Steuben County 99555 97292 590 96702 1274 230 759 639
36103 Suffolk County 1348750 1220796 94868 1125928 93323 3503 31128 105627
36105 Sullivan County 70103 62871 5046 57825 6334 160 738 5607
36107 Tioga County 52739 51836 394 51442 388 97 418 436
36109 Tompkins County 97612 86988 2291 84697 3588 321 6715 2603
36111 Ulster County 167146 154633 6929 147704 9377 520 2616 8397
36113 Warren County 61418 60553 583 59970 354 125 386 609
36115 Washington County 60794 58373 967 57406 2130 117 174 1489
36117 Wayne County 93706 89485 1800 87685 3426 284 511 2040
36119 Westchester County 891161 714071 89365 624706 132403 1692 42995 100609
36121 Wyoming County 44117 41097 716 40381 2744 105 171 1345
36123 Yates County 24007 23650 268 23382 209 51 97 290
Note: Hispanics can be of any race.
An explanation of the race and Hispanic origin categories used in this table can be found at
www.census.gov/population/estimates/rho.txt
The estimates presented here were produced by a method which is still in a developmental stage. They
may not be accurate for populations which are very small or have unusual race distributions and they may not
reflect recent changes in the distribution of the population with respect to race and Hispanic origin. These
figures should be used with caution.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 044652 | year day dechr hour min sec rh esh clong clat HGIlong br bt bn vp1r vp1t vp1n crot np1 vp1 Tp1 vaz vel Bx By Bz sBx sBy sBz nal val Tal np2 vp2
1977.0000 222.0000 0.5231 0.0000 31.0000 23.0000 0.9600 167.7600 127.0300 -5.4800 49.0654 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 521.9946 8.1090 -6.6518 1657.0000 8.7500 522.1000 176284.0000 0.8900 0.7300 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3000 537.2000 440738.0000 7.5200 521.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 1.2431 1.0000 14.0000 35.0000 0.9600 167.7500 126.6300 -5.4900 49.0909 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 528.2793 11.2504 -1.0145 1657.0000 8.4200 528.4000 229744.0000 1.2200 0.1100 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7.3900 527.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 1.9631 1.0000 57.0000 47.0000 0.9600 167.7500 126.2200 -5.4900 49.1064 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 515.1793 6.8340 8.8134 1657.0000 6.7800 515.3000 158629.0000 0.7600 -0.9800 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2300 540.6000 486346.0000 6.2200 516.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 2.6831 2.0000 40.0000 59.0000 0.9600 167.7400 125.8200 -5.4900 49.1320 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 516.0676 6.4854 9.7296 1657.0000 6.7700 516.2000 185321.0000 0.7200 -1.0800 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2900 529.4000 426250.0000 5.9500 514.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 3.4031 3.0000 24.0000 11.0000 0.9600 167.7300 125.4200 -5.4900 49.1575 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 528.2466 6.5463 -3.6882 1657.0000 6.9800 528.3000 187975.0000 0.7100 0.4000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6.0400 530.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 4.1231 4.0000 7.0000 23.0000 0.9600 167.7200 125.0100 -5.4900 49.1730 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 556.6151 12.2426 -7.4826 1657.0000 5.8100 556.8000 164739.0000 1.2600 0.7700 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2000 569.6000 421624.0000 5.2900 555.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 4.8431 4.0000 50.0000 35.0000 0.9600 167.7200 124.6100 -5.5000 49.1986 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 548.1192 -6.0271 -19.5251 1657.0000 5.8500 548.5000 181638.0000 -0.6300 2.0400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2400 554.2000 511814.0000 5.2000 547.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 5.5631 5.0000 33.0000 47.0000 0.9600 167.7100 124.2000 -5.5000 49.2141 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 545.0575 -6.7546 43.0917 1657.0000 5.1000 546.8000 206209.0000 -0.7100 -4.5200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2200 567.1000 542168.0000 4.4400 550.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 6.2831 6.0000 16.0000 59.0000 0.9600 167.7000 123.8000 -5.5012 49.2396 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 557.3107 16.2485 -13.0420 1657.0000 6.0200 557.7000 157716.0000 1.6700 1.3400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2200 569.9000 588764.0000 4.9100 556.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 6.8381 6.0000 50.0000 17.0000 0.9600 167.6600 123.4500 -5.5024 49.2177 -4.1100 -6.6200 2.5000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4.1100 6.6200 2.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 7.0031 7.0000 0.0000 11.0000 0.9600 167.6900 123.3900 -5.5035 49.2552 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 560.0686 -2.8348 -43.9806 1657.0000 5.6700 561.8000 161721.0000 -0.2900 4.4900 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 561.6000 440322.0000 4.9200 563.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 7.5581 7.0000 33.0000 29.0000 0.9600 167.6500 123.0500 -5.5047 49.2432 4.6600 -6.6200 -0.9600 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -4.6600 6.6200 -0.9600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 7.7231 7.0000 43.0000 23.0000 0.9600 167.6900 122.9900 -5.5059 49.2807 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 532.8448 3.1620 16.1871 1657.0000 6.1400 533.1000 211640.0000 0.3400 -1.7400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2400 554.6000 475418.0000 5.3400 532.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 8.2781 8.0000 16.0000 41.0000 0.9600 167.6500 122.6400 -5.5071 49.2587 5.9400 -0.6200 -2.8600 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -5.9400 0.6200 -2.8600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 8.4431 8.0000 26.0000 35.0000 0.9600 167.6800 122.5900 -5.5082 49.3062 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 522.5388 -51.7879 -1.0998 1657.0000 6.1400 525.1000 197315.0000 -5.6600 0.1200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2100 549.4000 515725.0000 5.5900 527.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 8.9981 8.0000 59.0000 53.0000 0.9600 167.6400 122.2400 -5.5094 49.2842 6.2800 -2.0200 1.5500 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -6.2800 2.0200 1.5500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 9.1631 9.0000 9.0000 47.0000 0.9600 167.6700 122.1800 -5.5106 49.3218 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 539.1918 -4.1408 -14.4022 1657.0000 6.4500 539.4000 178685.0000 -0.4400 1.5300 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2400 563.9000 841741.0000 5.6900 538.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 9.7183 9.0000 43.0000 6.0000 0.9600 167.6300 121.8400 -5.5118 49.3099 6.5600 -5.2200 -1.2300 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -6.5600 5.2200 -1.2300 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 9.8831 9.0000 52.0000 59.0000 0.9600 167.6600 121.7800 -5.5129 49.3473 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 509.1820 -2.1329 -10.7548 1657.0000 6.5700 509.3000 161958.0000 -0.2400 1.2100 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2400 535.5000 411853.0000 5.7600 508.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 10.4383 10.0000 26.0000 18.0000 0.9600 167.6200 121.4300 -5.5141 49.3255 7.2000 -3.7200 3.5600 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -7.2000 3.7200 3.5600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 10.6031 10.0000 36.0000 11.0000 0.9600 167.6600 121.3700 -5.5153 49.3628 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 498.9774 -14.0249 -5.0533 1657.0000 6.4500 499.2000 160597.0000 -1.6100 0.5800 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2200 533.0000 757151.0000 5.6200 496.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 11.1583 11.0000 9.0000 30.0000 0.9600 167.6200 121.0300 -5.5165 49.3510 4.9100 -3.1200 4.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -4.9100 3.1200 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 11.3231 11.0000 19.0000 23.0000 0.9600 167.6500 120.9700 -5.5176 49.3884 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 526.1965 3.8573 -22.6988 1657.0000 4.7600 526.7000 150309.0000 0.4200 2.4700 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2600 557.0000 611464.0000 4.1100 527.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 11.8783 11.0000 52.0000 42.0000 0.9600 167.6100 120.6200 -5.5188 49.3665 5.2500 -3.3200 -0.7800 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -5.2500 3.3200 -0.7800 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.8942 15.0000 53.0000 39.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.4000 -5.5200 49.5200 1.1800 -5.4200 -3.6200 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 1657.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -1.1800 5.4200 -3.6200 0.2300 0.2800 0.2700 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9056 15.0000 54.0000 20.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3900 -5.5200 49.5167 1.5000 -5.4600 -3.3800 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 1657.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -1.5000 5.4600 -3.3800 0.4300 0.2400 0.4000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9117 15.0000 54.0000 42.0000 0.9600 167.5700 118.3600 -5.5200 49.4903 1.0800 -5.6200 -3.1900 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -1.0800 5.6200 -3.1900 0.4800 0.4400 0.4400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9167 15.0000 55.0000 0.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3900 -5.5200 49.5233 0.9000 -5.7400 -3.1200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1657.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.9000 5.7400 -3.1200 0.6000 0.5300 0.5200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9231 15.0000 55.0000 23.0000 0.9600 167.5700 118.3500 -5.5200 49.4870 0.8100 -5.3200 -3.4700 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.8100 5.3200 -3.4700 0.8900 0.7300 0.6300 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9281 15.0000 55.0000 41.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3800 -5.5200 49.5200 1.0100 -5.2300 -3.2200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1657.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -1.0100 5.2300 -3.2200 0.9900 0.6200 0.7500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9342 15.0000 56.0000 3.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3800 -5.5200 49.5236 1.9400 -5.7000 -2.4300 527.4940 18.2361 24.9832 1657.0000 5.5900 528.4000 136961.0000 1.9800 -2.7100 -1.9400 5.7000 -2.4300 0.7600 0.3800 0.4000 0.2300 531.9000 405862.0000 4.8700 526.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9458 15.0000 56.0000 45.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3700 -5.5200 49.5205 2.8900 -5.9200 -1.8800 523.1484 11.6892 25.5011 1657.0000 5.4100 523.9000 105906.0000 1.2800 -2.7900 -2.8900 5.9200 -1.8800 0.4300 0.5000 0.4300 0.2600 538.0000 478797.0000 4.7500 525.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9569 15.0000 57.0000 25.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3700 -5.5200 49.5271 3.1000 -6.0600 -2.1400 516.1970 21.4546 21.7441 1657.0000 5.4400 517.1000 122178.0000 2.3800 -2.4100 -3.1000 6.0600 -2.1400 0.2300 0.2000 0.2400 0.2400 539.1000 462567.0000 4.7100 517.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9683 15.0000 58.0000 6.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3600 -5.5200 49.5238 3.3000 -5.7900 -2.1700 515.9671 17.6573 21.0965 1657.0000 5.2800 516.7000 129386.0000 1.9600 -2.3400 -3.3000 5.7900 -2.1700 0.2100 0.1700 0.1900 0.2200 536.2000 438737.0000 4.4300 515.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9794 15.0000 58.0000 46.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3600 -5.5200 49.5304 3.3800 -5.4400 -2.7100 517.6162 19.7943 22.8879 1657.0000 4.6200 518.5000 119998.0000 2.1900 -2.5300 -3.3800 5.4400 -2.7100 0.3200 0.3700 0.4700 0.2100 529.5000 327899.0000 4.0100 515.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 15.9908 15.0000 59.0000 27.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3500 -5.5200 49.5271 3.3700 -4.3300 -2.7200 518.9067 6.2494 28.0142 1657.0000 5.1200 519.7000 145034.0000 0.6900 -3.0900 -3.3700 4.3300 -2.7200 0.3000 0.3500 0.5700 0.2500 540.7000 634437.0000 4.6600 522.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0019 16.0000 0.0000 7.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3400 -5.5200 49.5237 3.2600 -1.6000 -4.0600 521.3992 -16.0213 36.2025 1657.0000 6.1600 522.9000 154857.0000 -1.7600 -3.9700 -3.2600 1.6000 -4.0600 0.3500 0.5800 0.4300 0.3200 549.0000 449574.0000 5.1600 523.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0133 16.0000 0.0000 48.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3400 -5.5200 49.5304 3.4600 -1.0000 -4.0900 524.2881 -13.0880 33.1795 1657.0000 5.8100 525.5000 146021.0000 -1.4300 -3.6200 -3.4600 1.0000 -4.0900 0.3500 0.5700 0.3400 0.2900 537.8000 532266.0000 5.1800 524.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0244 16.0000 1.0000 28.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3300 -5.5200 49.5270 3.7600 -0.7900 -3.6300 518.2072 -25.9792 31.2803 1657.0000 5.9500 519.8000 155770.0000 -2.8700 -3.4500 -3.7600 0.7900 -3.6300 0.3200 1.1700 0.6500 0.3400 549.3000 601290.0000 5.3100 521.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0358 16.0000 2.0000 9.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3200 -5.5200 49.5237 2.9500 -0.9300 -4.3400 526.8956 -14.8096 32.4237 1657.0000 5.7300 528.1000 147763.0000 -1.6100 -3.5200 -2.9500 0.9300 -4.3400 0.2600 0.6900 0.2700 0.2600 538.9000 369778.0000 4.9700 527.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0469 16.0000 2.0000 49.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3200 -5.5200 49.5303 2.7800 -3.0700 -2.7600 527.8264 -10.0426 24.7115 1657.0000 5.6700 528.5000 134873.0000 -1.0900 -2.6800 -2.7800 3.0700 -2.7600 0.3300 2.7000 1.6800 0.3200 544.6000 634190.0000 4.9300 530.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0583 16.0000 3.0000 30.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3100 -5.5200 49.5270 2.8400 -2.5100 -3.4800 525.8854 -35.4824 34.3619 1657.0000 6.0700 528.2000 143669.0000 -3.8600 -3.7300 -2.8400 2.5100 -3.4800 0.3600 2.4200 1.6700 0.3400 542.8000 369830.0000 5.3300 527.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0694 16.0000 4.0000 10.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3000 -5.5200 49.5236 3.3100 -4.1400 -2.7600 522.8764 4.6543 25.1166 1657.0000 5.9800 523.5000 151570.0000 0.5100 -2.7500 -3.3100 4.1400 -2.7600 0.4100 1.0200 0.9000 0.3600 544.8000 540634.0000 5.2100 523.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0808 16.0000 4.0000 51.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.3000 -5.5200 49.5303 3.4800 -3.2200 -3.6000 519.3370 -3.8977 31.4010 1657.0000 5.8000 520.3000 168420.0000 -0.4300 -3.4600 -3.4800 3.2200 -3.6000 0.4500 0.3000 0.2500 0.3200 539.6000 497690.0000 5.1200 521.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.0919 16.0000 5.0000 31.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2900 -5.5200 49.5269 3.2100 -3.0100 -3.8800 519.9587 -6.7159 33.8093 1657.0000 5.9000 521.1000 148100.0000 -0.7400 -3.7200 -3.2100 3.0100 -3.8800 0.3200 0.6400 0.5900 0.3400 546.5000 556331.0000 5.1200 521.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1033 16.0000 6.0000 12.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2900 -5.5200 49.5336 3.0000 -3.4200 -3.9800 527.7837 -3.6847 30.8947 1657.0000 5.7600 528.7000 151024.0000 -0.4000 -3.3500 -3.0000 3.4200 -3.9800 0.5100 0.2000 0.3300 0.2600 544.3000 374339.0000 5.1400 527.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1144 16.0000 6.0000 52.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2800 -5.5200 49.5302 2.9800 -2.8300 -4.1900 522.9332 -0.9127 31.8008 1657.0000 5.6700 523.9000 138803.0000 -0.1000 -3.4800 -2.9800 2.8300 -4.1900 0.4000 0.6900 0.5300 0.2800 541.9000 540271.0000 5.0100 522.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1258 16.0000 7.0000 33.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2700 -5.5200 49.5269 3.4000 -2.3700 -3.8900 519.8235 -10.1626 31.8909 1657.0000 5.5900 520.9000 174754.0000 -1.1200 -3.5100 -3.4000 2.3700 -3.8900 0.4300 0.9100 0.6200 0.3400 544.1000 373469.0000 4.7200 522.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1369 16.0000 8.0000 13.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2700 -5.5200 49.5334 3.0700 -2.8000 -3.2100 522.4530 -7.2041 33.8803 1657.0000 5.8600 523.6000 160035.0000 -0.7900 -3.7100 -3.0700 2.8000 -3.2100 0.4400 1.5000 0.9100 0.3700 545.4000 538140.0000 5.0000 523.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1483 16.0000 8.0000 54.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2600 -5.5200 49.5302 3.7900 -2.0900 -2.9300 516.5433 -16.1428 26.9937 1657.0000 5.5100 517.5000 200820.0000 -1.7900 -2.9900 -3.7900 2.0900 -2.9300 0.6300 1.8400 0.8000 0.2600 546.7000 454628.0000 4.6200 519.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1594 16.0000 9.0000 34.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2500 -5.5200 49.5267 4.1700 -2.8700 -2.9000 522.0472 -1.3667 26.0805 1657.0000 5.7400 522.7000 148195.0000 -0.1500 -2.8600 -4.1700 2.8700 -2.9000 0.7500 0.7500 0.3900 0.2900 543.9000 562009.0000 4.7200 524.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1708 16.0000 10.0000 15.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2500 -5.5200 49.5335 4.4900 -1.7100 -3.0700 516.4078 -10.6369 24.5390 1657.0000 5.6000 517.1000 176762.0000 -1.1800 -2.7200 -4.4900 1.7100 -3.0700 0.1700 0.5100 0.3900 0.3500 537.6000 482331.0000 4.8700 519.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1819 16.0000 10.0000 55.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2400 -5.5200 49.5300 4.7200 -0.6700 -2.6900 516.3850 -16.0476 24.1831 1657.0000 5.4900 517.2000 177538.0000 -1.7800 -2.6800 -4.7200 0.6700 -2.6900 0.1600 0.4300 0.1600 0.3200 546.2000 441621.0000 4.8900 515.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.1933 16.0000 11.0000 36.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2300 -5.5200 49.5268 4.8200 0.4000 -2.5300 518.0801 -24.9758 20.8324 1657.0000 6.1200 519.1000 197243.0000 -2.7600 -2.3000 -4.8200 -0.4000 -2.5300 0.2500 0.4000 0.3600 0.2900 549.6000 521183.0000 5.0500 522.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2044 16.0000 12.0000 16.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2300 -5.5200 49.5333 4.9000 -0.0000 -2.1300 517.5345 -27.4851 21.2686 1657.0000 5.5500 518.7000 178019.0000 -3.0400 -2.3500 -4.9000 0.0000 -2.1300 0.2300 0.3100 0.3000 0.3000 546.1000 644650.0000 5.0100 517.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2158 16.0000 12.0000 57.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2200 -5.5200 49.5301 4.1100 -0.9500 -1.7900 518.8069 -34.1863 22.0643 1657.0000 5.9100 520.4000 205095.0000 -3.7700 -2.4300 -4.1100 0.9500 -1.7900 0.8400 2.5100 1.2000 0.3900 532.2000 577615.0000 5.1700 522.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2269 16.0000 13.0000 37.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2200 -5.5200 49.5366 2.8600 -5.1800 -0.6700 525.3992 15.2264 13.7638 1657.0000 5.5100 525.8000 149653.0000 1.6600 -1.5000 -2.8600 5.1800 -0.6700 1.0700 0.4100 1.3400 0.3100 544.5000 566830.0000 4.7700 525.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2383 16.0000 14.0000 18.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2100 -5.5200 49.5334 0.6900 -5.5600 1.4500 537.2291 11.1595 -7.6908 1657.0000 5.7700 537.4000 157024.0000 1.1900 0.8200 -0.6900 5.5600 1.4500 0.7300 0.3300 0.4000 0.3000 544.9000 400691.0000 4.7900 537.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2494 16.0000 14.0000 58.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2000 -5.5200 49.5299 0.8000 -5.4800 2.0300 533.7271 13.0440 -15.0993 1657.0000 5.3200 534.1000 137293.0000 1.4000 1.6200 -0.8000 5.4800 2.0300 0.4600 0.4500 0.6700 0.3300 540.7000 496247.0000 4.6100 534.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2608 16.0000 15.0000 39.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.2000 -5.5200 49.5367 0.4200 -4.7500 0.1900 540.9888 2.2661 2.6438 1657.0000 5.3700 541.0000 172298.0000 0.2400 -0.2800 -0.4200 4.7500 0.1900 0.2400 1.2200 0.6100 0.2900 542.1000 365127.0000 4.9400 540.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2719 16.0000 16.0000 19.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1900 -5.5200 49.5332 -0.2600 -5.9000 -0.2900 549.2475 24.4609 2.9747 1657.0000 5.0500 549.8000 118799.0000 2.5500 -0.3100 0.2600 5.9000 -0.2900 0.5700 0.3900 0.3300 0.3900 548.3000 602446.0000 4.5300 548.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2833 16.0000 17.0000 0.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1800 -5.5200 49.5300 0.9900 -5.0700 -0.1600 544.0939 0.2849 2.5640 1657.0000 6.1500 544.1000 199631.0000 0.0300 -0.2700 -0.9900 5.0700 -0.1600 0.4200 0.8100 1.0600 0.3200 536.6000 368830.0000 5.2700 541.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.2944 16.0000 17.0000 40.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1800 -5.5200 49.5365 3.2300 0.3900 0.7600 523.9065 -9.6936 -2.0120 1657.0000 5.9100 524.0000 163644.0000 -1.0600 0.2200 -3.2300 -0.3900 0.7600 1.8300 2.6600 0.9500 0.2900 540.4000 572664.0000 5.3600 523.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3058 16.0000 18.0000 21.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1700 -5.5200 49.5333 4.1300 -0.4400 1.8500 522.9621 -6.3895 -14.4260 1657.0000 5.8900 523.2000 197282.0000 -0.7000 1.5800 -4.1300 0.4400 1.8500 0.9300 2.2000 1.0800 0.3500 536.2000 573808.0000 5.4000 522.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3169 16.0000 19.0000 1.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1600 -5.5200 49.5298 2.6500 -3.7600 1.0900 527.1693 4.4165 3.5885 1657.0000 5.3400 527.2000 176235.0000 0.4800 -0.3900 -2.6500 3.7600 1.0900 1.6300 1.3600 0.6100 0.3500 542.5000 527797.0000 4.4900 527.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3283 16.0000 19.0000 42.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1600 -5.5200 49.5366 2.5200 -2.6400 0.6500 537.1069 9.9379 -1.1251 1657.0000 5.2100 537.2000 150115.0000 1.0600 0.1200 -2.5200 2.6400 0.6500 1.9300 3.0600 1.0000 0.3300 545.9000 425418.0000 4.6600 535.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3394 16.0000 20.0000 22.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1500 -5.5200 49.5331 5.1500 0.8000 0.9500 516.5211 -7.6633 -4.7786 1657.0000 5.8100 516.6000 200966.0000 0.0000 0.5300 -5.1500 -0.8000 0.9500 0.2700 0.5900 0.2200 0.2900 542.5000 585359.0000 5.3200 513.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3508 16.0000 21.0000 3.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1500 -5.5200 49.5399 5.4000 0.3400 1.8600 513.3083 -24.7458 -14.1751 1657.0000 5.7700 514.1000 202463.0000 -2.7600 1.5800 -5.4000 -0.3400 1.8600 0.3600 0.6900 0.5000 0.3100 536.6000 543792.0000 5.2300 513.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3619 16.0000 21.0000 43.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1400 -5.5200 49.5364 5.4800 0.8800 2.1200 510.6205 -33.1098 -14.5610 1657.0000 5.5400 511.9000 157495.0000 -3.7100 1.6300 -5.4800 -0.8800 2.1200 0.2300 0.2900 0.4000 0.3200 542.4000 593935.0000 4.8100 512.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3733 16.0000 22.0000 24.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1300 -5.5200 49.5332 5.2400 1.0800 2.1300 506.2357 -28.1257 -9.2041 1657.0000 6.0200 507.1000 142179.0000 -3.1800 1.0400 -5.2400 -1.0800 2.1300 0.3600 0.6900 0.6100 0.2400 538.8000 662374.0000 5.2000 509.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3844 16.0000 23.0000 4.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1300 -5.5200 49.5397 5.0800 1.6100 1.7900 511.7734 -39.7382 -9.4080 1657.0000 5.8500 513.4000 159262.0000 -4.4400 1.0500 -5.0800 -1.6100 1.7900 0.3000 0.3300 0.7700 0.3000 541.4000 509007.0000 4.8500 514.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.3958 16.0000 23.0000 45.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1200 -5.5200 49.5365 5.2600 1.5200 1.7700 508.2456 -35.7183 -10.1387 1657.0000 5.2600 509.6000 153571.0000 -4.0200 1.1400 -5.2600 -1.5200 1.7700 0.3800 0.5400 0.4200 0.2800 552.9000 638348.0000 5.0400 512.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4069 16.0000 24.0000 25.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1100 -5.5200 49.5330 5.1300 1.9200 2.4300 512.3492 -37.7145 -13.0040 1657.0000 5.5000 513.9000 155861.0000 -4.2100 1.4500 -5.1300 -1.9200 2.4300 0.2500 0.2900 0.3100 0.2900 543.1000 449665.0000 4.7500 514.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4183 16.0000 25.0000 6.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1100 -5.5200 49.5398 5.2900 0.8900 2.6100 508.7486 -33.8802 -15.1328 1657.0000 5.3200 510.1000 144803.0000 -3.8100 1.7000 -5.2900 -0.8900 2.6100 0.2400 0.5700 0.3400 0.3400 533.0000 484904.0000 4.4100 516.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4294 16.0000 25.0000 46.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.1000 -5.5200 49.5363 4.5100 1.2100 3.2900 515.3185 -25.3836 -21.7146 1657.0000 5.4300 516.4000 162913.0000 -2.8200 2.4100 -4.5100 -1.2100 3.2900 0.5900 0.8500 0.6000 0.3200 542.5000 564296.0000 4.9400 516.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4408 16.0000 26.0000 27.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0900 -5.5200 49.5331 2.9500 2.4400 4.0500 531.1019 -49.0819 -18.9051 1657.0000 5.2700 533.7000 141048.0000 -5.2800 2.0300 -2.9500 -2.4400 4.0500 0.4100 0.5400 0.6800 0.3400 534.7000 615596.0000 4.7500 534.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4519 16.0000 27.0000 7.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0900 -5.5200 49.5396 3.4100 1.0800 4.4100 522.1207 -34.0386 -22.2042 1657.0000 5.5200 523.7000 156706.0000 -3.7300 2.4300 -3.4100 -1.0800 4.4100 0.3700 0.4000 0.4100 0.2300 544.3000 485710.0000 4.7500 524.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4633 16.0000 27.0000 48.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0800 -5.5200 49.5364 3.2400 -0.3000 3.7800 522.1789 -37.8883 -26.0639 1657.0000 5.5100 524.2000 177119.0000 -4.1500 2.8500 -3.2400 0.3000 3.7800 0.4400 2.3900 1.0300 0.3200 531.1000 648535.0000 4.8500 527.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4744 16.0000 28.0000 28.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0800 -5.5200 49.5429 3.6500 -0.4000 4.2000 520.9849 -29.0364 -27.1634 1657.0000 5.1700 522.5000 166061.0000 -3.1900 2.9800 -3.6500 0.4000 4.2000 0.3000 1.3500 0.6600 0.3500 542.5000 566895.0000 4.7400 524.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4856 16.0000 29.0000 8.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0700 -5.5200 49.5395 3.6500 -0.8700 4.0000 513.0098 -26.7061 -26.7423 1657.0000 5.0800 514.4000 146525.0000 -2.9800 2.9800 -3.6500 0.8700 4.0000 0.7400 1.8600 0.5300 0.3700 536.2000 583150.0000 4.5300 519.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.4967 16.0000 29.0000 48.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0600 -5.5200 49.5361 2.6900 -3.2700 4.1900 523.3200 -7.0333 -29.5357 1657.0000 5.4300 524.2000 155679.0000 -0.7700 3.2300 -2.6900 3.2700 4.1900 0.3400 0.4500 0.3200 0.2900 544.2000 527771.0000 4.7000 526.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5081 16.0000 30.0000 29.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0600 -5.5200 49.5428 2.4700 -4.4300 3.7600 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 1657.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -2.4700 4.4300 3.7600 0.4500 0.3600 0.1700 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5306 16.0000 31.0000 50.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0400 -5.5200 49.5361 -0.5100 -7.6500 0.3700 553.2093 15.7424 -8.5974 1657.0000 5.0200 553.5000 132972.0000 1.6300 0.8900 0.5100 7.6500 0.3700 0.5600 0.4000 0.3700 0.3600 542.6000 389217.0000 4.1700 552.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5417 16.0000 32.0000 30.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0400 -5.5200 49.5427 -0.3200 -7.5800 0.4000 550.4973 28.8503 -7.2163 1657.0000 4.9800 551.3000 117198.0000 3.0000 0.7500 0.3200 7.5800 0.4000 0.4700 0.2400 0.1600 0.3500 545.1000 529772.0000 4.5300 552.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5531 16.0000 33.0000 11.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0300 -5.5200 49.5394 0.2800 -7.7000 0.7900 549.2300 16.8764 -11.0304 1657.0000 5.1700 549.6000 137683.0000 1.7600 1.1500 -0.2800 7.7000 0.7900 0.8300 0.3000 0.5400 0.3700 534.7000 509878.0000 4.2800 549.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5642 16.0000 33.0000 51.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0300 -5.5200 49.5459 1.1000 -7.5000 1.7500 542.8653 28.0703 -15.0889 1657.0000 4.8500 543.8000 109278.0000 2.9600 1.5900 -1.1000 7.5000 1.7500 0.5700 0.4800 0.3600 0.2800 543.0000 455057.0000 4.1600 541.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5758 16.0000 34.0000 33.0000 0.9600 167.6000 118.0200 -5.5200 49.5428 0.1700 -7.2500 1.3900 554.5997 15.8789 -9.0065 1657.0000 5.1700 554.9000 140018.0000 1.6400 0.9300 -0.1700 7.2500 1.3900 0.4600 0.5900 0.3800 0.2900 548.8000 403017.0000 4.2800 554.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5869 16.0000 35.0000 13.0000 0.9600 167.5900 118.0100 -5.5200 49.5394 0.6500 -7.0700 2.3100 545.6094 20.8648 -20.6892 1657.0000 4.7900 546.4000 116415.0000 2.1900 2.1700 -0.6500 7.0700 2.3100 0.2200 0.2900 0.3700 0.3900 543.8000 439140.0000 4.2900 546.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.5983 16.0000 35.0000 54.0000 0.9600 167.5900 118.0100 -5.5200 49.5461 0.1800 -7.3700 1.0900 550.7576 17.7894 -7.7907 1657.0000 4.9100 551.1000 136789.0000 1.8500 0.8100 -0.1800 7.3700 1.0900 0.2700 0.3500 0.3800 0.3100 552.4000 354199.0000 4.1900 551.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6094 16.0000 36.0000 34.0000 0.9600 167.5900 118.0000 -5.5200 49.5427 0.2500 -6.8500 1.7300 547.1506 31.9318 -4.4960 1657.0000 5.0900 548.1000 109444.0000 3.3400 0.4700 -0.2500 6.8500 1.7300 0.3300 0.9000 1.7100 0.3600 544.1000 454044.0000 4.1800 548.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6208 16.0000 37.0000 15.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9900 -5.5200 49.5394 -0.7400 -6.3800 2.4300 550.5056 15.7616 -17.2112 1657.0000 5.3100 551.0000 121820.0000 1.6400 1.7900 0.7400 6.3800 2.4300 1.0200 0.3000 0.5600 0.2800 547.8000 359981.0000 4.2900 550.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6319 16.0000 37.0000 55.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9900 -5.5200 49.5460 -2.0300 -5.5200 1.9600 557.4300 20.3426 -14.8988 1657.0000 4.7300 558.0000 140229.0000 2.0900 1.5300 2.0300 5.5200 1.9600 0.4700 0.3900 0.2900 0.3700 549.2000 490244.0000 4.2100 559.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6433 16.0000 38.0000 36.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9800 -5.5200 49.5427 -2.0100 -5.2700 2.5800 560.4847 9.8812 -19.1838 1657.0000 4.5500 560.9000 115574.0000 1.0100 1.9600 2.0100 5.2700 2.5800 0.4900 0.2600 0.2500 0.3300 544.5000 448703.0000 4.0500 559.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6544 16.0000 39.0000 16.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9800 -5.5200 49.5493 -1.1200 -3.8000 2.5000 548.1065 4.0179 -27.2871 1657.0000 5.5400 548.8000 179805.0000 0.4200 2.8500 1.1200 3.8000 2.5000 0.9000 0.6500 0.6200 0.3700 547.5000 485307.0000 4.8400 548.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6658 16.0000 39.0000 57.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9700 -5.5200 49.5460 -0.6200 -4.8000 2.7000 551.0409 13.9483 -27.4412 1657.0000 4.8500 551.9000 133560.0000 1.4500 2.8500 0.6200 4.8000 2.7000 0.3000 1.2300 0.5200 0.3000 540.2000 360358.0000 4.0900 551.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6769 16.0000 40.0000 37.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9600 -5.5200 49.5426 -0.1500 -5.6700 2.5100 543.7827 31.1639 -5.2287 1657.0000 4.5700 544.7000 118384.0000 3.2800 0.5500 0.1500 5.6700 2.5100 0.4900 0.4600 0.7100 0.3900 547.9000 599198.0000 4.2900 545.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6883 16.0000 41.0000 18.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9600 -5.5200 49.5493 -0.2800 -4.9400 3.2800 544.2681 12.0661 -27.5782 1657.0000 4.9200 545.1000 136201.0000 1.2700 2.9000 0.2800 4.9400 3.2800 0.4400 0.5400 0.3500 0.3500 546.0000 350950.0000 4.3500 545.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.6994 16.0000 41.0000 58.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9500 -5.5200 49.5459 0.9600 -5.9900 1.6500 542.1816 27.8452 -14.8800 1657.0000 4.5900 543.1000 107735.0000 2.9400 1.5700 -0.9600 5.9900 1.6500 0.5600 0.5600 0.8100 0.3300 538.1000 297676.0000 4.0500 539.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7108 16.0000 42.0000 39.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9400 -5.5200 49.5426 0.6700 -6.2100 1.2800 539.3919 17.7992 -11.1163 1657.0000 5.1000 539.8000 139551.0000 1.8900 1.1800 -0.6700 6.2100 1.2800 0.3100 0.2100 0.3600 0.3000 543.8000 396286.0000 4.4600 540.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7219 16.0000 43.0000 19.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9400 -5.5200 49.5492 2.5400 -4.5300 3.5900 525.0046 4.9482 -30.2729 1657.0000 4.4000 525.9000 156196.0000 0.5400 3.3000 -2.5400 4.5300 3.5900 0.6100 0.4200 0.3800 0.3100 545.4000 506357.0000 3.9300 526.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7333 16.0000 44.0000 0.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9300 -5.5200 49.5459 1.6900 -4.9500 3.4600 535.9776 6.8292 -32.4089 1657.0000 4.7200 537.0000 135094.0000 0.7300 3.4600 -1.6900 4.9500 3.4600 0.3100 0.3500 0.5100 0.3200 537.1000 482578.0000 4.3200 537.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7444 16.0000 44.0000 40.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9300 -5.5200 49.5525 2.0200 -5.3000 3.6300 531.0041 22.7199 -20.8823 1657.0000 4.4400 531.9000 131017.0000 2.4500 2.2500 -2.0200 5.3000 3.6300 0.3400 0.5500 0.4600 0.2800 541.8000 430733.0000 3.8800 529.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7558 16.0000 45.0000 21.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9200 -5.5200 49.5492 2.4100 -5.6400 3.0300 527.0938 10.6729 -22.9259 1657.0000 4.2100 527.7000 118033.0000 1.1600 2.4900 -2.4100 5.6400 3.0300 0.5500 0.3600 0.3200 0.3400 534.0000 483501.0000 3.7400 527.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7669 16.0000 46.0000 1.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9100 -5.5200 49.5458 2.1000 -5.3800 2.5100 534.7954 21.7601 -22.2460 1657.0000 4.6300 535.7000 143153.0000 2.3300 2.3800 -2.1000 5.3800 2.5100 0.3200 0.3900 0.2900 0.2700 538.9000 532266.0000 3.9900 533.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7783 16.0000 46.0000 42.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9100 -5.5200 49.5525 -0.6600 -5.0700 1.6500 544.8621 9.0350 -16.9349 1657.0000 5.2800 545.2000 144586.0000 0.9500 1.7800 0.6600 5.0700 1.6500 0.8700 0.3800 0.3900 0.3200 549.8000 342751.0000 4.5500 543.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.7894 16.0000 47.0000 22.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.9000 -5.5200 49.5491 -0.9800 -4.4900 2.4300 553.9862 5.5114 -23.2201 1657.0000 5.3200 554.5000 164775.0000 0.5700 2.4000 0.9800 4.4900 2.4300 0.8200 0.4600 0.3400 0.3100 548.0000 403731.0000 4.7900 554.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8008 16.0000 48.0000 3.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8900 -5.5200 49.5458 1.7700 -5.3600 1.5000 532.9666 4.6511 -10.9784 1657.0000 4.8900 533.1000 148286.0000 0.5000 1.1800 -1.7700 5.3600 1.5000 0.8200 0.5100 0.4300 0.3200 530.0000 471052.0000 4.1500 532.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8119 16.0000 48.0000 43.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8900 -5.5200 49.5524 0.5200 -5.1300 2.2100 544.2514 15.0122 -26.4380 1657.0000 4.5100 545.1000 119514.0000 1.5800 2.7800 -0.5200 5.1300 2.2100 0.9500 0.6600 1.5600 0.3100 549.4000 526978.0000 4.0200 542.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8233 16.0000 49.0000 24.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8800 -5.5200 49.5491 1.2100 -5.3500 1.5900 541.7864 9.5515 -21.5743 1657.0000 5.0100 542.3000 148825.0000 1.0100 2.2800 -1.2100 5.3500 1.5900 0.4100 0.6900 0.4200 0.3300 545.4000 369986.0000 4.5700 542.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8344 16.0000 50.0000 4.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8700 -5.5200 49.5457 1.0900 -5.1900 2.1000 533.5919 11.2703 -27.1300 1657.0000 4.9900 534.4000 152876.0000 1.2100 2.9100 -1.0900 5.1900 2.1000 0.6500 0.4700 0.6300 0.3300 545.8000 556409.0000 4.4000 532.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8458 16.0000 50.0000 45.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8700 -5.5200 49.5524 -0.2200 -5.1400 2.7200 549.9355 13.0560 -21.2285 1657.0000 4.7700 550.5000 152116.0000 1.3600 2.2100 0.2200 5.1400 2.7200 0.4700 0.3400 0.3200 0.2900 543.3000 407993.0000 4.2900 548.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8569 16.0000 51.0000 25.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8600 -5.5200 49.5490 1.3900 -5.0300 1.1100 542.5236 26.1542 -12.6104 1657.0000 4.5300 543.3000 114752.0000 2.7600 1.3300 -1.3900 5.0300 1.1100 1.4900 0.9900 1.4100 0.3300 547.3000 605344.0000 3.8300 540.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8683 16.0000 52.0000 6.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8600 -5.5200 49.5557 1.2500 -5.0300 1.7500 538.5628 3.8539 -15.5142 1657.0000 4.7600 538.8000 146681.0000 0.4100 1.6500 -1.2500 5.0300 1.7500 0.7400 0.6500 0.7100 0.3400 540.5000 542467.0000 4.1400 540.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8794 16.0000 52.0000 46.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8500 -5.5200 49.5523 1.4800 -4.5700 0.5900 541.2466 4.0621 -6.4241 1657.0000 4.8800 541.3000 161919.0000 0.4300 0.6800 -1.4800 4.5700 0.5900 0.9000 0.4100 0.4000 0.3700 541.3000 587152.0000 4.4200 542.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.8908 16.0000 53.0000 27.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8400 -5.5200 49.5490 4.2100 -1.0500 -0.1700 521.0857 -25.1207 3.0958 1657.0000 5.0900 521.7000 225891.0000 -2.7600 -0.3400 -4.2100 1.0500 -0.1700 0.7200 1.2300 0.7300 0.3800 529.5000 610632.0000 4.2300 519.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9019 16.0000 54.0000 7.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8400 -5.5200 49.5556 4.6000 -0.1400 -0.2000 523.1766 -27.4185 -2.3774 1657.0000 4.6600 523.9000 207982.0000 -3.0000 0.2600 -4.6000 0.1400 -0.2000 0.1700 0.2000 0.2200 0.2900 546.5000 611399.0000 4.4100 524.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9133 16.0000 54.0000 48.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8300 -5.5200 49.5523 4.5300 -0.5500 -0.1600 519.2631 -20.9465 -3.9003 1657.0000 5.4800 519.7000 218508.0000 -2.3100 0.4300 -4.5300 0.5500 -0.1600 0.1600 0.2200 0.2800 0.2900 542.2000 459878.0000 4.6100 519.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9244 16.0000 55.0000 28.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8200 -5.5200 49.5489 4.2700 -0.4800 -0.1200 528.5335 -18.9186 -5.4462 1657.0000 4.6800 528.9000 248884.0000 -2.0500 0.5900 -4.2700 0.4800 -0.1200 0.2000 0.3000 0.3900 0.2900 541.2000 580110.0000 4.5700 525.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9358 16.0000 56.0000 9.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8200 -5.5200 49.5556 4.1300 0.7500 -0.5300 521.7804 -30.9081 2.2807 1657.0000 5.1600 522.7000 225696.0000 -3.3900 -0.2500 -4.1300 -0.7500 -0.5300 0.3600 0.6000 0.6100 0.2600 544.5000 464517.0000 4.4900 523.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9469 16.0000 56.0000 49.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8100 -5.5200 49.5522 3.5500 2.0800 -0.9600 523.4915 -30.2760 -5.9490 1657.0000 5.1400 524.4000 186829.0000 -3.3100 0.6500 -3.5500 -2.0800 -0.9600 0.6600 0.6600 0.7700 0.3100 530.8000 457682.0000 4.5500 528.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9583 16.0000 57.0000 30.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8000 -5.5200 49.5489 2.6800 3.5900 -1.7800 532.2964 -39.8367 4.0061 1657.0000 5.4400 533.8000 159772.0000 -4.2800 -0.4300 -2.6800 -3.5900 -1.7800 0.4500 0.1800 0.2900 0.3400 535.7000 558007.0000 4.9000 534.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9694 16.0000 58.0000 10.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.8000 -5.5200 49.5555 3.1400 2.7400 -1.6100 531.9273 -32.1613 1.2091 1657.0000 5.6300 532.9000 156257.0000 -3.4600 -0.1300 -3.1400 -2.7400 -1.6100 0.7100 0.5700 0.3900 0.3000 535.5000 322377.0000 4.9200 535.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9808 16.0000 58.0000 51.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7900 -5.5200 49.5522 3.5600 0.1300 -1.7400 524.7318 -13.2824 0.4581 1657.0000 4.9600 524.9000 220012.0000 -1.4500 -0.0500 -3.5600 -0.1300 -1.7400 0.5000 1.2300 0.7800 0.3100 534.5000 524743.0000 4.3200 523.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 16.9919 16.0000 59.0000 31.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7900 -5.5200 49.5588 2.7400 1.1200 -0.7600 527.0877 -22.3680 18.8838 1657.0000 5.3400 527.9000 161786.0000 -2.4300 -2.0500 -2.7400 -1.1200 -0.7600 0.7000 1.3000 2.2400 0.3100 526.7000 439386.0000 4.3300 527.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0033 17.0000 0.0000 12.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7800 -5.5200 49.5555 1.7900 3.4600 2.0400 542.6794 -45.1886 6.7959 1657.0000 5.1500 544.6000 152733.0000 -4.7600 0.0000 -1.7900 -3.4600 2.0400 1.0800 0.6000 1.1300 0.3300 542.2000 387710.0000 4.5400 544.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0144 17.0000 0.0000 52.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7700 -5.5200 49.5521 3.7000 3.4600 0.6500 526.9069 -44.3382 -5.7221 1657.0000 5.0600 528.8000 156550.0000 -4.8100 0.6200 -3.7000 -3.4600 0.6500 0.4000 0.2600 0.3900 0.3500 546.3000 490296.0000 4.3600 529.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0258 17.0000 1.0000 33.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7700 -5.5200 49.5588 3.5900 3.5000 -0.2500 529.4508 -44.2731 -1.2055 1657.0000 4.9900 531.3000 160526.0000 -4.7800 0.1300 -3.5900 -3.5000 -0.2500 0.3100 0.1900 0.2900 0.2900 539.3000 579005.0000 4.4400 531.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0369 17.0000 2.0000 13.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7600 -5.5200 49.5554 3.2200 3.8100 0.3900 527.9305 -37.8425 -3.9723 1657.0000 4.9900 529.3000 157472.0000 -4.1000 0.4300 -3.2200 -3.8100 0.3900 0.2800 0.3300 0.6000 0.3900 547.2000 536372.0000 4.3200 530.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0483 17.0000 2.0000 54.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7500 -5.5200 49.5521 2.5600 1.9700 0.7600 529.2966 -46.7729 -6.5849 1657.0000 4.8800 531.4000 154363.0000 -5.0500 0.7100 -2.5600 -1.9700 0.7600 0.7600 1.8000 1.3200 0.2500 548.6000 418401.0000 4.5600 531.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0594 17.0000 3.0000 34.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7500 -5.5200 49.5587 1.1800 -4.3100 2.0900 542.3540 1.5145 -19.3186 1657.0000 5.1800 542.7000 190324.0000 0.1600 2.0400 -1.1800 4.3100 2.0900 0.8600 0.5000 0.9500 0.2900 547.1000 485372.0000 4.4200 543.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0708 17.0000 4.0000 15.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7400 -5.5200 49.5554 2.4100 -4.5000 1.8700 537.0352 11.9995 -18.8522 1657.0000 4.6000 537.5000 126586.0000 1.2800 2.0100 -2.4100 4.5000 1.8700 1.7700 2.6900 0.7700 0.2300 546.0000 391218.0000 3.9300 537.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0819 17.0000 4.0000 55.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7300 -5.5200 49.5520 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 534.8480 14.4726 -19.5257 1657.0000 4.2400 535.4000 127759.0000 1.5500 2.0900 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2700 547.9000 522690.0000 3.8300 533.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.0933 17.0000 5.0000 36.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7300 -5.5200 49.5587 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 530.6320 6.4832 -11.6720 1657.0000 4.3700 530.8000 107547.0000 0.7000 1.2600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3200 541.5000 540686.0000 3.6500 532.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.1044 17.0000 6.0000 16.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7200 -5.5200 49.5553 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 509.7742 -20.5638 3.3837 1657.0000 4.8700 510.2000 167127.0000 -2.3100 -0.3800 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2900 539.6000 480382.0000 4.1000 510.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.1158 17.0000 6.0000 57.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7200 -5.5200 49.5620 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 508.1743 -15.0823 1.4197 1657.0000 4.8800 508.4000 162887.0000 -1.7000 -0.1600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3300 535.5000 565505.0000 4.2200 509.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.1494 17.0000 8.0000 58.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.7000 -5.5200 49.5619 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 516.8058 -21.7058 6.3199 1657.0000 4.3700 517.3000 184418.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2800 546.3000 558787.0000 3.9200 516.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.1608 17.0000 9.0000 39.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6900 -5.5200 49.5586 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 507.1331 -27.5541 10.9933 1657.0000 5.2200 508.0000 137884.0000 -3.1100 -1.2400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3000 539.3000 499665.0000 4.4400 512.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.1719 17.0000 10.0000 19.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6800 -5.5200 49.5552 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 518.8113 -23.8313 27.7638 1657.0000 4.6800 520.1000 157365.0000 -2.6300 -3.0600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3300 534.5000 379914.0000 4.2300 519.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.1833 17.0000 11.0000 0.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6800 -5.5300 49.5619 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 517.1524 -24.9311 21.5192 1657.0000 4.8000 518.2000 126203.0000 -2.7600 -2.3800 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3100 533.2000 578265.0000 4.2000 518.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.1944 17.0000 11.0000 40.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6700 -5.5300 49.5584 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 513.4719 -25.9215 22.0876 1657.0000 4.7200 514.6000 146499.0000 -2.8900 -2.4600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3200 541.5000 442596.0000 4.2400 515.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.2058 17.0000 12.0000 21.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6600 -5.5300 49.5552 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 511.0158 -31.5236 20.5635 1657.0000 4.8300 512.4000 134395.0000 -3.5300 -2.3000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3300 534.8000 535606.0000 4.1500 517.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.2169 17.0000 13.0000 1.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6600 -5.5300 49.5618 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 512.5860 -31.5307 18.8312 1657.0000 4.9300 513.9000 144180.0000 -3.5200 -2.1000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3200 543.6000 607501.0000 4.1700 514.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.2283 17.0000 13.0000 42.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6500 -5.5300 49.5585 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 506.0074 -29.5307 5.6620 1657.0000 4.8300 506.9000 153188.0000 -3.3400 -0.6400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3100 544.0000 420260.0000 4.2700 513.4000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.2394 17.0000 14.0000 22.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6500 -5.5300 49.5650 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 1657.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4.2300 511.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.2506 17.0000 15.0000 2.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6400 -5.5300 49.5616 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 505.9246 -16.6949 -0.1767 1657.0000 5.3000 506.2000 152781.0000 -1.8900 0.0200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3300 536.5000 591830.0000 4.3100 511.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.2617 17.0000 15.0000 42.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6300 -5.5300 49.5582 4.6100 -0.5400 -0.2400 516.3503 -10.6808 11.9907 1657.0000 4.7300 516.6000 181193.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -4.6100 0.5400 -0.2400 2.1500 1.8900 2.9200 0.3400 549.8000 523353.0000 4.1800 513.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.3225 17.0000 19.0000 21.0000 0.9600 167.5900 117.6000 -5.5300 49.5641 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 520.0123 -4.3565 24.3421 1657.0000 4.8100 520.6000 147376.0000 -0.4800 -2.6800 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2800 543.5000 574522.0000 4.3800 519.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.8492 17.0000 50.0000 57.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.3000 -5.5300 49.5754 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 535.0558 9.3394 26.6407 1657.0000 4.7500 535.8000 104922.0000 1.0000 -2.8500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2700 546.3000 491739.0000 4.1900 534.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.8606 17.0000 51.0000 38.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.3000 -5.5300 49.5821 1.4400 -3.7600 -4.9300 531.9263 5.3848 30.0202 1657.0000 4.5200 532.8000 106082.0000 0.0000 -3.2300 -1.4400 3.7600 -4.9300 0.5500 0.3700 0.4100 0.2700 536.1000 517505.0000 4.0000 535.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.8717 17.0000 52.0000 18.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2900 -5.5300 49.5787 2.1200 -3.8200 -4.5900 528.9520 1.4771 26.1478 1657.0000 4.8200 529.6000 137052.0000 0.1600 -2.8300 -2.1200 3.8200 -4.5900 0.8400 0.3800 0.2600 0.2800 546.5000 646092.0000 4.0900 527.5000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.8831 17.0000 52.0000 59.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2800 -5.5300 49.5754 1.8900 -3.5100 -4.7700 527.7772 3.2240 25.4438 1657.0000 4.9700 528.4000 112413.0000 0.3500 -2.7600 -1.8900 3.5100 -4.7700 0.5500 0.3100 0.2300 0.3100 531.9000 566479.0000 4.1800 529.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.8944 17.0000 53.0000 40.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2800 -5.5300 49.5822 1.4300 -4.0000 -4.4900 533.3602 7.0752 25.1548 1657.0000 4.9900 534.0000 136984.0000 0.7600 -2.7000 -1.4300 4.0000 -4.4900 0.5100 0.3200 0.2800 0.3100 550.1000 574496.0000 4.2800 533.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9058 17.0000 54.0000 21.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2700 -5.5300 49.5789 1.6900 -4.4000 -4.2300 531.9417 9.9352 16.8128 1657.0000 4.5100 532.3000 129711.0000 1.0700 -1.8100 -1.6900 4.4000 -4.2300 0.3500 0.3200 0.2900 0.3200 538.4000 530889.0000 3.9000 531.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9169 17.0000 55.0000 1.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2700 -5.5300 49.5855 2.6900 -4.5300 -2.7600 535.0771 1.8678 27.7614 1657.0000 4.8200 535.8000 127573.0000 0.2000 -2.9700 -2.6900 4.5300 -2.7600 0.7300 0.8400 1.9200 0.2700 545.9000 609749.0000 4.0600 534.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9283 17.0000 55.0000 42.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2600 -5.5300 49.5822 3.4300 -3.6500 -3.3300 522.0037 16.4958 6.1075 1657.0000 4.3200 522.3000 119472.0000 1.8100 -0.6700 -3.4300 3.6500 -3.3300 0.3400 0.5700 0.8100 0.3600 535.3000 434345.0000 4.0100 523.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9394 17.0000 56.0000 22.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2500 -5.5300 49.5788 2.6800 -4.1200 -3.3900 521.3475 4.0037 18.7530 1657.0000 4.8600 521.7000 144222.0000 0.4400 -2.0600 -2.6800 4.1200 -3.3900 0.9700 1.0700 0.6100 0.3200 541.1000 486606.0000 4.2200 521.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9508 17.0000 57.0000 3.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2500 -5.5300 49.5855 1.6600 -4.8500 -3.7900 527.2289 17.1215 14.2739 1657.0000 4.5000 527.7000 108768.0000 1.8600 -1.5500 -1.6600 4.8500 -3.7900 0.7700 0.5400 0.4300 0.2400 539.9000 442219.0000 4.0900 528.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9619 17.0000 57.0000 43.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2400 -5.5300 49.5821 3.4700 -4.9500 -1.4900 521.0356 19.4698 0.9100 1657.0000 5.0700 521.4000 150540.0000 2.1400 -0.1000 -3.4700 4.9500 -1.4900 0.3400 0.3700 0.6000 0.3300 548.3000 539023.0000 4.3900 518.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9733 17.0000 58.0000 24.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2400 -5.5300 49.5888 4.0900 -4.5100 -1.9900 513.6699 10.5805 4.6630 1657.0000 4.9300 513.8000 153305.0000 1.1800 -0.5200 -4.0900 4.5100 -1.9900 0.1500 0.1700 0.2000 0.3600 535.9000 630175.0000 4.3300 518.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9844 17.0000 59.0000 4.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2300 -5.5300 49.5854 4.1500 -4.1700 -2.0100 514.7023 12.8487 6.2007 1657.0000 4.8300 514.9000 147360.0000 1.4300 -0.6900 -4.1500 4.1700 -2.0100 0.2400 0.2100 0.1900 0.3300 547.7000 504265.0000 4.2900 514.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 17.9958 17.0000 59.0000 45.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2200 -5.5300 49.5821 4.0100 -4.2800 -2.2700 518.1749 7.9592 8.1411 1657.0000 4.6600 518.3000 120885.0000 0.8800 -0.9000 -4.0100 4.2800 -2.2700 0.3100 0.3100 0.3300 0.3200 533.3000 436359.0000 4.3500 517.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 18.0069 18.0000 0.0000 25.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2200 -5.5300 49.5887 3.4600 -4.2800 -2.7800 520.4406 5.0869 15.6289 1657.0000 5.5700 520.7000 155777.0000 0.5600 -1.7200 -3.4600 4.2800 -2.7800 0.6000 0.9100 0.5700 0.2900 534.8000 388217.0000 4.7600 520.3000
1977.0000 222.0000 18.0183 18.0000 1.0000 6.0000 0.9600 167.5500 117.1700 -5.5300 49.5454 3.8500 -1.9300 -4.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1658.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -3.8500 1.9300 -4.5000 0.4100 0.9900 0.6400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 18.0425 18.0000 2.0000 33.0000 0.9600 167.5800 117.2000 -5.5300 49.5897 2.7700 -0.5700 -2.5400 518.7406 0.1811 12.8589 1657.0000 4.8200 518.9000 118923.0000 0.0200 -1.4200 -2.7700 0.5700 -2.5400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3200 537.2000 515322.0000 4.2900 518.7000
1977.0000 222.0000 18.7625 18.0000 45.0000 45.0000 0.9600 167.5700 116.7900 -5.5300 49.6052 5.2900 3.1300 -0.4600 511.9173 -40.1090 -3.7641 1657.0000 5.1800 513.5000 152401.0000 -4.4800 0.4200 -5.2900 -3.1300 -0.4600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2200 539.4000 432045.0000 4.5400 514.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 19.4825 19.0000 28.0000 57.0000 0.9600 167.5700 116.3900 -5.5300 49.6307 5.2700 -0.8500 -0.9400 516.4014 -24.3529 5.0530 1657.0000 4.0500 517.0000 110948.0000 -2.7000 -0.5600 -5.2700 0.8500 -0.9400 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2800 533.5000 603577.0000 3.7000 515.1000
1977.0000 222.0000 20.2025 20.0000 12.0000 9.0000 0.9600 167.5600 115.9800 -5.5300 49.6463 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 509.8473 -4.0044 -6.1405 1657.0000 4.2900 509.9000 124166.0000 -0.4500 0.6900 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1800 520.6000 338775.0000 3.7400 507.9000
1977.0000 222.0000 20.9225 20.0000 55.0000 21.0000 0.9600 167.5500 115.5800 -5.5300 49.6718 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 507.6712 -3.4557 -10.9004 1657.0000 3.7900 507.8000 108521.0000 -0.3900 1.2300 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2300 526.5000 584788.0000 3.1800 507.2000
1977.0000 222.0000 21.6425 21.0000 38.0000 33.0000 0.9600 167.5400 115.1700 -5.5400 49.6873 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 499.0582 2.7002 -11.5868 1657.0000 3.8900 499.2000 97532.0000 0.3100 1.3300 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2000 527.6000 413750.0000 3.4600 497.8000
1977.0000 222.0000 22.3625 22.0000 21.0000 45.0000 0.9600 167.5400 114.7700 -5.5400 49.7129 5.5100 -1.1300 2.1500 496.9570 6.0718 -2.4288 1657.0000 4.0800 497.0000 137969.0000 0.7000 0.2800 -5.5100 1.1300 2.1500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2200 511.4000 373988.0000 3.9400 493.6000
1977.0000 222.0000 23.0825 23.0000 4.0000 57.0000 0.9600 167.5300 114.3700 -5.5400 49.7384 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 484.8341 -3.3002 7.2780 1657.0000 4.3600 484.9000 112686.0000 -0.3900 -0.8600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1400 547.8000 382915.0000 3.7300 481.0000
1977.0000 222.0000 23.8025 23.0000 48.0000 9.0000 0.9600 167.5200 113.9600 -5.5400 49.7539 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 502.4468 -3.4201 11.9288 1657.0000 4.3200 502.6000 132745.0000 0.0000 -1.3600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1800 512.9000 385514.0000 3.7900 502.5000
| it |
all-txt-docs | 296576 | Biogeochemical Transformations of Selenium in Anoxic Environments
Ronald S. Oremland, U.S. Geological Survey
Introduction
Selenium is a micronutrient involved in diverse biochemical
reactions and has long been known to be required in the diet of animals and
for the growth of plants. Indeed, a deficiency of dietary selenium in cattle
results in deleterious effects, including anemia and death. Selenium is
required for the growth of several species of phytoplankton and bacteria. In
contrast with its widespread use as a cofactor in biochemical systems, when
absorbed at high concentrations selenium poses a threat to the health of
animals, and selenium oxyanions (e.g., selenate and selenite) inhibit the
growth of a variety of microorganisms.
Anthropogenic sources of selenium to the environment are diverse
and include fly ash from fossil fuel combustion, petroleum refining, mine
drainage, and domestic household sources such as dandruff shampoo. Ironically,
it is selenium that is already abundant in the environment in the form of
naturally occurring seleniferous salts that have caused the most problems.
Thus, the leaching of selenium oxyanions caused by agricultural activity on
irrigated seleniferous soils, such as those of the western San Joaquin
Valley of California, have commanded the most attention and have become the
focus of debate in the scientific community, among water management
professionals, in the agricultural industry, and at public forums.
Consequently, attention was drawn to the fact that although much was known
concerning the toxicity of selenium to individual species, there was little
information available with regard to the geochemical properties of selenium,
its biologically mediated geochemical reactions (biogeochemistry), or the
bioavailability of its various chemical forms. For the past decade, therefore,
research has been focused on the transport of selenium in the environment
and how these properties can be exploited to devise treatment technologies and
enlightened management practices.
Microorganisms are known to have biochemical interactions with
selenium that can affect its chemical speciation and complexation and hence
may be of significance in affecting its mobility in nature. Indeed, a
biogeochemical redox selenium "cycle" analogous to that of sulfur or
nitrogen was first proposed three decades ago. Because many of the
environments that receive seleniferous waste can be characterized as anoxic-
for example, subsurface saturated soils or organic-rich marsh sediment-
biochemically mediated transformations of selenium carried out by anaerobic
bacteria have been a logical area of investigation. This chapter summarizes
the work conducted in this area, taking special note of the efforts made
over the past decade.
| en |
converted_docs | 922157 | **Statistics in Brief**
**An Analysis of Full Time Equivalent Staff Per State Workload As it
Appears in Fiscal Years 1997 and 1998**
By: Renée R. Jackson
Program Analyst
February 2000
The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not
be construed as representing the official position or policy of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services or any office therein.
**BACKGROUND**
This **[Statistics in Brief]{.underline}** is an analysis of State
staffing, salary, and fringe benefits information as they compare to
average caseload, paternities established, administrative expenditures,
total collections TANF/FC and Non-TANF collections, and cases in which a
collection was made on an obligation. The information was taken from
reports received in the Office of Child Support Enforcement from the 54
States and jurisdictions.
There are several ways in which State Child Support Enforcement (CSE)
agencies administer their programs. States are required by federal
regulation to designate a single and separate organizational unit of
State government to administer the child support program. Some States
either designate the Social Services Agency, the Department of Revenue
or the Office of the Attorney General as their administrative agency.
Operations of the Child Support program can either be at the state level
(state-administered) or local level (county-administered); the majority
of State programs are State-administered and operated.
Staff that work in the Child Support program can either work directly
for the State or county in the Child Support office, or through
cooperative or purchase of service agreements. A **cooperative
agreement** is a written agreement between CSE agencies and other
agencies who provide certain child support services. The agreement must
meet specified requirements including the reimbursement of actual costs
incurred in providing these services.
The State Child Support agency may have cooperative agreements with:
Prosecuting Attorneys, District Attorneys, Attorney General's Office,
Department of Health and Social Services, Sheriff's Department, Clerk of
Court, Family Law Referees, Department of Administrative Services,
Bureau of Collection Services, Department of Income and Maintenance,
Division of State Police, Welfare Investigation Unit, Department of
Children and Youth Services, Department of Justice, Vital Records, U.S.
Marshall's Office (applies only to D.C.), Department of Employment
Services, and others.
A **purchase of service agreement** is an agreement between CSE agencies
and other providers of services. Purchase of service agreements are used
by State and local IV-D agencies to obtain IV-D services. These
agreements can be with a for-profit private organization or business to
run the IV-D program in a particular jurisdiction. Purchase of service
agreements are also used when a State or local IV-D agency purchases
services from another public agency. Sometimes when the services are
being purchased from elsewhere in the same umbrella agency a memorandum
of understanding (MOU) is used.
**FULL TIME EQUIVALENT STAFF**
State Child Support Enforcement agencies report annual information on
the number of staff and costs associated with staff, for state and local
employees and also for employees under purchase of service and
cooperative agreements. The number of staff is reported in Full Time
Equivalents (FTEs). This means the number of hours worked by all
part-time staff is divided by 2080 for conversion to full-time status
for reporting purposes. This paper examines current FTE staffing
arrangements and levels in the 54 States and jurisdictions that operate
the Child Support Program. It also reviews total FTE trends over a ten
year period from fiscal year 1989 through 1998.
The following table shows FTE staff from FY 1989-1998. Chart 1 shows FTE
staff per total average caseload for the ten year period, FY 1989-1998
increased substantially.
**[TOTAL FULL TIME EQUIVALENT STAFF FOR TEN FISCAL YEARS]{.underline}**
###### FY 1989-1998
**COOPERATIVE/**
**PURCHASE OF**
**STATE &LOCAL SERVICE %**
**[FY]{.underline}** **[U.S. TOTAL]{.underline}** **[IV-D
AGENCY]{.underline} [AGREEMENTS]{.underline} [CHANGE]{.underline}**
**1989 35,110 22,778 12,332**
**1990 37,043 24,546 12,497 5.5**
**1991 39,632 26,505 13,127 7.0**
**1992 42,146 28,180 13,966 6.3**
**1993 44,811 30,184 14,627 6.3**
**1994 49,230 32,977 16,092 9.9**
**1995 51,432 35,276 16,156 4.9**
**1996 53,932 33,783 16,951 9.7**
**1997 52,483 34,725 16,843 3.4**
**\*1998 56,232 35,452 15,276 7.1**
**Note: \* Illinois and Wisconsin are estimated using previous years'
data.**
A total of 52,483 FTE staff working in the Child Support program was
reported as of FY 1997 and 56,232 in FY 1998. **Table 1** represents the
number of FTE staff for each State for fiscal years 1997 and 1998. The
State with the largest total staff was California (6,436) in both FY 97
and FY 98 (8,122). The Virgin Islands had the smallest staff (38) in FY
97 and FY 98 (33). Seventeen States had over 1,000 FTEs in FY 97 and 15
States in FY 98. Eight States (Florida, Guam, Kansas, Mississippi,
Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Vermont) did not report
cooperative or purchase of service agreements in FY 97 and four States
(Guam, Illinois, Mississippi, and Missouri) did not report cooperative
agreements in FY 98.
**Table 2** shows the percent change in FTE data by State between FY 97
and FY 98. Twenty-eight States increased their FTEs in FY 98 from the
previous year. The change in the number of FTEs between FY 97 and FY 98
ranged from a high of 26 percent (Nevada and California) to a low of
-14.4 percent (Delaware). A total of 21 States decreased their FTEs, and
a total of 27 increased their FTEs.
**Table 3** shows the total salary and fringe benefits for State and
local IV-D agency staff and staff under cooperative or purchase of
service agreements. Total salary and fringe benefits for State and local
IV-D agency staff and cost for staff under cooperative agreements both
increased in 1998 from the previous fiscal year. State and local IV-D
agency salary and fringe benefits were \$1.5 billion in 1997 and \$1.7
billion in 1998, a 14.6 percent increase. Costs associated with staff
under cooperative or purchase of service agreement were \$550 million
for 1997 and \$646 million for 1998, a 17 percent increase.
Total salary and fringe benefits per FTE are shown in **Table 4**. In FY
1997 a total of \$39,098 was paid in salary and fringe benefits per FTE
and for FY 1998 a total of \$41,827 was paid in salary and fringe
benefits per FTE, a difference of 7 percent between the two years. Some
States did not report total salary and fringe benefits in both years.
Total distributed child support collections were \$13 billion for 1997
and \$14 billion in 1998, a 7.4 percent increase between the two years.
Total distributed collections per FTE were \$254,634 for 1997 and
\$255,243 in 1998. South Carolina collected the highest amount per FTE
in 1997 (\$579,731) and also in FY 98 (\$657,759). Nationally, there was
a 1 percent increase in distributed collections per FTE between 1997 and
1998. Collections per FTE decreased for 15 States, and increased by 17
percent or more for 9 States between fiscal years 1997 and 1998. This
information can be found in **Table 5**.
TANF/FC distributed collections were \$2.8 billion in 1997 and \$2.6
billion in 1998, a 6.8 decrease between the two years. This may be
attributed to the decrease in the TANF caseload. **Table 6** shows
TANF/FC collections per FTE were \$54,164 for FY 97 and \$47,142 for FY
98. Maine collected the highest amount per FTE in FY 97 (\$131,991). In
FY 98, the highest amount collected per FTE was \$124,228 by Rhode
Island. The national percent change in TANF/FC collections per FTE was a
decrease of 13 percent between FY 97 and FY 98. Forty-four States
decreased in TANF/FC collections per FTE between the two years, and two
States increased by 5 percent or more.
Non-TANF distributed collections were \$10.5 billion in FY 97 and \$11.7
billion in FY 98, a 11.2 percent increase between the two years. For FY
97, South Carolina collected the highest amount per FTE (\$473,169) (as
shown in **Table 7**). In FY 98, the highest amount collected per FTE
was also \$571,982 by South Carolina. The national percent increase in
non-TANF distributed collections per FTE was 3.8 percent between 1997
and 1998. As shown, twelve States decreased TANF/FC collections per FTE
between FY 97 and FY 98, twelve States increased by 20 percent or more.
Total administrative expenditures were \$3.4 billion in FY 1997 and
\$3.6 billion in FY 1998, a 4.5 percent increase. Total administrative
expenditures per FTE were \$65,390 for FY 1997. South Carolina had the
highest amount expended per FTE (\$134,970) and Puerto Rico had the
lowest amount expended (\$37,487) for FY 1997. Total expenditures per
FTE were \$63,776 for 1998. In 1998, South Carolina again had the
highest amount expended per FTE (\$139,526) and Puerto Rico was again
the lowest \$34,519. Twenty-two States decreased expenditures per FTE
between 1997 and 1998. **Table 8** shows total administrative
expenditures per FTE. There was a national percent change total of --2.5
percent for FY 1997 and FY 1998.
**Table 9** shows FTE per total caseload. Total average caseload was
19,057,164 in FY 1997 and 19,419,449 in FY 1998, a 1.9 percent increase.
Average caseload per FTE was 368 for FY 1997. States ranged from a high
of 950 (South Carolina) cases to a low of 169 (Guam) cases per FTE. In
FY 1998, average caseload per FTE was 350. States ranged from a high of
935 (South Carolina) cases to a low of 172 (Guam) cases per FTE. The
national percent change was a 4.1 percent decrease between 1997 and
1998.
**Table 10** shows that total cases with collections were 4,207,824 in
1997 and 4,502,729 in 1998, a 7 percent increase. Total cases with
collections per FTE was 80 in 1997. States ranged from a high of 273
(South Carolina) cases with collections per FTE to a low of 34 (Arizona)
cases with collections per FTE. In 1998, total cases with collections
per FTE was 80; the highest number of cases with collections per FTE was
302 (South Carolina) and the lowest number was 2 (North Carolina). There
was no change in cases with collections per FTE between 1997 and 1998
(80).
Nationally, the total number of IV-D paternities established in FY 1997
was 814,136 and 848,178 in FY 1998, a 4.2 percent increase. Since all
States did not voluntarily report the number of paternities acknowledged
(in-hospital), the analysis only includes IV-D paternities established
by the IV-D agency. The average number of IV-D paternities established
per FTE, as shown in **Table 11,** was 16 in 1997. The highest number of
IV-D paternities established per FTE was reported for South Carolina
(57). In 1998, the total number of IV-D paternities established per FTE
was 15. Twenty-six States decreased IV-D paternities per FTE between
1997 and 1998. The percent change between the two years was a 2.7
percent decrease.
##### CONCLUSION
Total Full Time Equivalent (FTE) staff has continued to grow slowly over
the years. The size of the CSE staff is a contributing factor to the
size caseload the State can manage, how many paternities the State can
establish and how much child support the State can collect.
Eighteen States had an average of 200 or more cases per FTE in FY 1997
and 16 states in FY 1998. The highest number of IV-D paternities that
were established per FTE was 57 by South Carolina in 1997. Again, South
Carolina established moreof IV-D paternities per FTE than any other
State in 1998; the number was 60.
South Carolina had the highest collections per FTE for both FY 1997 and
FY 1998 (over \$500,000 in 1997 and over \$600,000 in 1998). Michigan
and Wisconsin followed with over \$400,000 each collected per FTE in
both years.
Whether a State manages its staff requirements with State and local
employees or by cooperative and purchase of service agreements or by any
combination thereof, adequate numbers of well-trained staff is an
important factor in the effective administration of a Child Support
Enforcement program. In addition, other factors that affect the
administration of the CSE program would be State policies, procedures,
processes, degree of automation, management skills, etc.
| en |
converted_docs | 256666 | Archived Information
1
2
THE SECRETARY OF EDUCATION\'S COMMISSION
3
ON
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OPPORTUNITY IN ATHLETICS
5
SAN DIEGO TOWN HALL MEETING
6
WYNDHAM EMERALD PLAZA HOTEL
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400 WEST BROADWAY
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SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92101
9
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2002
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Reported By Lynne E. Woodward, CSR No. 10440, RPR
20 PRS Job No. 12-133930
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1 I N D E X
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4 INTRODUCTION OF COMMISSIONERS \...\...\...\...\.... 6
5 OPENING REMARKS BY TED LELAND \...\...\...\...\.... 8
6 OPENING REMARKS BY CYNTHIA COOPER \...\...\...\... 10
7 TESTIMONY OF VAL ACKERMAN \...\...\...\...\...\..... 13
8 TESTIMONY OF COREY BRAY \...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 24
9 TESTIMONY OF JEROME KRAVITZ \...\...\...\...\...\... 33
10 TESTIMONY OF JON VEGOSEN \...\...\...\...\...\...\... 41
11 QUESTIONING OF PANEL ONE BY THE COMMISSION \... 50
12 TESTIMONY OF ANDREW ZIMBALIST \...\...\...\...\.... 62
13 TESTIMONY OF CHARLES M. NEINAS \...\...\...\...\... 69
14 TESTIMONY OF RICK BAY \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 77
15 TESTIMONY OF ROSA PEREZ \...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 88
16 TESTIMONY OF JOHN WELTY \...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 97
17 QUESTIONING OF PANEL TWO BY THE COMMISSION \... 105
18 TESTIMONY OF SAM BELL \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 132
19 TESTIMONY OF DONNA LOPIANO \...\...\...\...\...\.... 144
20 TESTIMONY OF KIMBERLY SCHULD \...\...\...\...\..... 152
21 QUESTIONING OF PANEL THREE BY THE COMMISSION . 162
22 LUNCH RECESS \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 183
23 PUBLIC GUIDELINES SET BY TED LELAND \...\...\.... 184
24 PUBLIC COMMENT BY GEENA DAVIS \...\...\...\...\.... 185
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4 PUBLIC COMMENT BY CEDRIC DEMPSEY \...\...\...\.... 190
5 PUBLIC COMMENT BY HANNAH-BETH JACKSON \...\..... 196
6 PUBLIC COMMENT BY PAM GILL-FISHER \...\...\...\... 202
7 PUBLIC COMMENT BY DIANE MILUTINOVICH \...\...\... 207
8 PUBLIC COMMENT BY STEVE BUTCHER \...\...\...\..... 211
9 PUBLIC COMMENT BY ELAINE HAGIN \...\...\...\...\... 214
10 PUBLIC COMMENT BY MARIE ISHIDA \...\...\...\...\... 218
11 PUBLIC COMMENT BY LINDA JOPLIN \...\...\...\...\... 221
12 PUBLIC COMMENT BY MICHAEL E. MESSNER \...\...\... 225
13 PUBLIC COMMENT BY AMY DEMPSTER \...\...\...\...\... 229
14 PUBLIC COMMENT BY JOE KELLY \...\...\...\...\...\... 233
15 PUBLIC COMMENT BY NANCY M. SOLOMON \...\...\..... 237
16 PUBLIC COMMENT BY JED CLARK \...\...\...\...\...\... 242
17 PUBLIC COMMENT BY GENE DERMODY \...\...\...\...\... 245
18 PUBLIC COMMENT BY VALERIE BONNETTE \...\...\..... 250
19 PUBLIC COMMENT BY BARBARA J. ZEITZ \...\...\..... 254
20 PUBLIC COMMENT BY J. ROBINSON \...\...\...\...\.... 258
21 PUBLIC COMMENT BY CHRIS L. DAVIS \...\...\...\.... 263
22 PUBLIC COMMENT BY RON NEUGENT \...\...\...\...\.... 268
23 PUBLIC COMMENT BY MARK GUMBLE \...\...\...\...\.... 272
24 PUBLIC COMMENT BY SHARON HILLIDGE \...\...\...\... 277
25 PUBLIC COMMENT BY CHERYL DOEBBLER \...\...\...\... 281
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4 PUBLIC COMMENT BY DOLORES A. GRAYSON \...\...\... 283
5 PUBLIC COMMENT BY HEATHER KIRCHHOF \...\...\..... 287
6 PUBLIC COMMENT BY DONNA LILLY \...\...\...\...\.... 290
7 PUBLIC COMMENT BY COLLEEN HAZLETT \...\...\...\... 294
8 PUBLIC COMMENT BY MARY WIBERG \...\...\...\...\.... 299
9 PUBLIC COMMENT BY BETSY STEVENSON \...\...\...\... 303
10 PUBLIC COMMENT BY RICHARD ARONSON \...\...\...\... 305
11 PUBLIC COMMENT BY LAURIE TURNER \...\...\...\..... 309
12 PUBLIC COMMENT BY DONALD B. APODACA \...\...\.... 313
13 PUBLIC COMMENT BY JOY GRIFFIN \...\...\...\...\.... 317
14 PUBLIC COMMENT BY KAY MORGAN \...\...\...\...\..... 321
15 PUBLIC COMMENT BY MARY VANDERWEELE \...\...\..... 325
16 PUBLIC COMMENT BY SUSAN BEERS \...\...\...\...\.... 327
17 PUBLIC COMMENT BY CLAIRE WILLIAMS \...\...\...\... 328
18 PUBLIC COMMENT BY MARY GALLET \...\...\...\...\.... 331
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1 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2002
2 9:00 A.M.
3
4 MR. LELAND: If we could come to order
5 please.
6 Good morning everyone, and thanks for
7 coming to the fourth town hall meeting for the
8 Secretary of Education\'s Commission on Opportunity
9 in Athletics. My name is Ted Leland, I\'m the
10 Director of Athletics and Recreation at Stanford
11 University, and I along with Cynthia Cooper
12 co-chair this commission.
13 We do, as a courtesy, have signed
14 translations available. We will sign translation
15 the opening statements this morning over here. If
16 anyone desires those services throughout today or
17 tomorrow, just please request it at the back desk.
18 In addition, I\'d like everyone to
19 make sure that they speak directly into the
20 microphones. We transcribe all of these
21 proceedings here, and in order to give our court
22 reporters a chance to be accurate, we need you to
23 use the microphones if you possibly could.
24 We\'re very pleased to be in San Diego
25 today and tomorrow for these meetings. These
5
1 hearings mark important milestones for this
2 Commission. It is our final town hall meeting.
3 This hearing represents the final opportunity for
4 the Commission to directly hear from expert eye
5 witnesses and from the general public. Anyone
6 wishing to comment after today must do so in
7 writing, please, by November 29th, Friday.
8 Today\'s meeting also marks the end of
9 our listening phase. Tomorrow the Commission will
10 begin its deliberations phase, in which we will
11 formulate our findings, develop our
12 recommendations, and begin to assemble our report.
13 In our opening statements tomorrow
14 Cynthia and I will have more to say on the
15 Commission\'s activities and timelines for the next
16 ten weeks.
17 I will begin today the same way we
18 have started the other open meetings. First, each
19 commissioner will introduce themselves to the
20 audience, and then I will provide a brief
21 background on the Commission and its work. So if
22 we could begin over here to my right with the
23 commissioners identifying themselves.
24 MR. REYNOLDS: Good morning. My name is
25 Jerry Reynolds and I\'m the Assistant Secretary of
6
1 Education at the Office of Civil Rights.
2 MR. JONES: I\'m Brian Jones, the General
3 Counsel of the US Department of Education.
4 MR. BOWLSBY: Bob Bowlsby, Director of
5 Athletics, University of Iowa.
6 MS. DE VARONA: Donna de Varona, co-chair of
7 the USOC Government Relations Committee, ABC
8 Broadcaster, and Vice-president of the Women\'s
9 Sports Foundation.
10 MR. GRIFFITH: Tom Griffith, General Counsel
11 of Brigham Young University.
12 MS. GROTH: Cary Groth, Director of
13 Athletics, Northern Illinois University.
14 MS. COOPER: Cynthia Cooper, formerly of the
15 WNBA.
16 MS. PRICE: I\'m executive director of the
17 Commission.
18 MR. SLIVE: Mike Slive, Commissioner of the
19 Southeastern Conference.
20 MR. BATES: My name is Percy Bates. I\'m the
21 Faculty Athletic Director of the University of
22 Michigan.
23 MS. KEEGAN: My name is Lisa Keegan, I\'m CEO
24 for the Education Leaders Council.
25 MS. YOW: Good morning. I\'m Debbie Yow,
7
1 Director of Athletics, University of Maryland.
2 MS. STROUP: And I\'m Sally Stroup. I\'m the
3 Assistant Secretary of Post Secondary Education.
4 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
5 The US Secretary of Education, Ron
6 Paige, appointed the Commission to examine ways to
7 strengthen enforcement and expand opportunities to
8 ensure fairness for all college and interscholastic
9 athletes. President Bush and Secretary Paige fully
10 support Title IX and the tremendous opportunity
11 that has followed since its passage. As Title IX
12 reaches the milestone of its 30th anniversary, it\'s
13 appropriate to celebrate its achievements and also
14 examine its effects.
15 The Commission\'s goals is to gather
16 facts, listen to what the American people have to
17 say, and find out how Title IX is serving our
18 citizens. Secretary Paige has charged the
19 Commission with reviewing seven specific areas.
20 One, are Title IX standards for
21 assessing equal opportunity in athletics working to
22 promote opportunities for male and female athletes?
23 Two, is there adequate Title IX
24 guidance that enables colleges and school districts
25 to know what is expected of them and to plan an
8
1 athletic program that effectively meets the needs
2 and interests of their students?
3 Three, is further guidance or other
4 steps needed at the junior or senior high school
5 levels where the availability or absence of
6 opportunities will critically affect the
7 prospective interests and abilities of student
8 athletes when they reach college age?
9 Question four, how should activities
10 such as cheerleading or bowling factor into the
11 analysis of equitable opportunities?
12 Five, how do revenue producing and
13 large roster teams affect athletic opportunities?
14 Six, in what way do opportunities in
15 other sports venues such as the Olympics,
16 professional leagues, and community recreation
17 programs interact with the obligations colleges and
18 school districts have to provide equal athletic
19 opportunity?
20 And last question, seven, apart from
21 Title IX enforcement, are there other efforts to
22 promote athletic opportunities for both male and
23 female students such as private/public partnerships
24 to support the efforts of school districts and
25 colleges in a local area?
9
1 In order to develop findings and
2 recommendations we have to listen to experts,
3 receive comments from the general public, and
4 analyze data from organizations around the country.
5 To date we have heard from 39 expert witnesses in
6 our previous meetings in Atlanta, Chicago, and
7 Colorado Springs. We have also heard from a large
8 number of people during the public comment period
9 at our three meetings. This afternoon we will hear
10 from dozens and dozens more.
11 In addition to the testimony and
12 public comments, the Commission has received
13 hundreds of letters, e-mails and phone calls
14 pointing to us information. We truly appreciate
15 this flow of information. This process has enabled
16 to us begin to fully understand the promise and the
17 achievements of Title IX.
18 I want to again thank you for being
19 here today. Now I turn to my co-chair, Cynthia
20 Cooper, who will describe this morning\'s panelists.
21 MS. COOPER: Good morning everyone. Thank
22 you, Ted. And as Ted mentioned moments ago, the
23 Commission has heard from hundreds of individuals.
24 Now that the listening phase of the Commission is
25 drawing to a close, I want to extend a few words of
10
1 thanks to the individuals who have made the
2 listening process possible. First I want to thank
3 the panelists who have traveled to our meetings to
4 provide us with expert testimony. Most of the
5 panelists have taken time away from their work and
6 traveled some distance to meet with us. To these
7 panelists I want to say thank you on behalf of this
8 Commission.
9 Second, I\'d like to thank the members
10 of the public who have come forward to provide us
11 with comments. You too have taken time off from
12 work to tell us your comments and to tell us your
13 stories. Your input has definitely been valuable.
14 Third, I wish to thank the continuing
15 efforts of each and every commissioner to sift
16 through the comments and information we have
17 received. Ted and I appreciate your hard work and
18 your time.
19 Fourth, I want to thank \-- I want to
20 thank our Commission staff. Debbie and her staff
21 are continuing to create and manage a process
22 through which this Commission can do its job.
23 Finally, I wish to thank those
24 companies who have helped sponsor the Commission
25 meetings. We especially appreciate Target and Jean
11
1 Knudsen, hopefully I pronounced that correctly, the
2 manager of Target\'s community relations program for
3 sponsoring this meeting.
4 We have three panels of witnesses
5 this morning. Our first panel will provide
6 testimony regarding statistics, statistics on the
7 increasing and decreasing \-- I\'m sorry.
8 Our first panel will provide
9 testimony regarding statistics on the increases and
10 decreases in intercollegiate athletic programs.
11 Also as a part of the first panel, WNBA President
12 Val Ackerman \-- hey, Val \-- will testify about the
13 impact of Title IX on the advancement of women \--
14 of women in positions of leadership in American
15 business.
16 Our second panel will provide
17 perspectives on the financing of intercollegiate
18 athletic programs.
19 Our third and final panel will
20 explore the impact of Title IX on walk on athletes.
21 Following our three panels, we will
22 break for lunch. We will have a public comment
23 period from 2:00 to 5:00 p.m., and during that time
24 we\'ll explain how that process works. So from 2:00
25 to 5:00 we will give you information on that.
12
1 Are there any questions from the
2 Commission?
3 With that, let\'s now open the fourth
4 town hall hearing on the Secretary\'s Commission on
5 Opportunity in athletics.
6 Val Ackerman. Val is one of the
7 reasons why I\'m up here. Val Ackerman is the
8 president of the Women\'s National Basketball
9 Association, the WNBA. The WNBA is affiliated with
10 the 29-team National Basketball Association, and
11 since its inaugural season in 1997 has become one
12 of the prominent women\'s professional sports
13 organizations in the world. The league features 16
14 teams.
15 Val joined the NBA in 1988 as a staff
16 attorney and served as Special Assistant to the
17 Commissioner from 1990 to 1992. She was named
18 Director of Business Affairs in 1992 and
19 Vice-president of Business Affairs in 1994.
20 As a member of the board of directors
21 of USA Basketball, Val helped create the \'95/\'96
22 USA Women\'s Basketball National Team program which
23 culminated with a gold medal performance in 1996,
24 summer Olympics in Atlanta.
25 Val currently serves on the USA
13
1 Basketball Executive Committee and is a member of
2 the Board of Trustees for the Naismith Memorial
3 Basketball Hall of Fame. Val?
4 MS. ACKERMAN: Thank you, Cynthia.
5 MR. LELAND: Val, before you begin, let\'s
6 make it clear, we\'ve asked the presenters to make a
7 ten-minute presentation. They\'ve also submitted
8 something in writing to us. At about nine minutes
9 or so I\'ll just say, \"One minute to go.\" We\'ll try
10 to keep ourselves on that time frame. And at the
11 end of the four presentations we will have 20 or 25
12 questions from the Commission.
13 MS. ACKERMAN: Thank you. It\'s truly a
14 privilege for me to be here and I want to thank the
15 Commission and all of you for allowing me to be a
16 part of this very important dialogue. Like many
17 Americans, I\'ve been following the Commission\'s
18 work over the course of the last couple of months
19 with great interest.
20 It\'s clear that Title IX has spawned
21 many real life issues for those in the
22 interscholastic and intercollegiate levels who are
23 responsible for bringing this legislation\'s mandate
24 to life.
25 I have to confess that I can\'t
14
1 profess the same day-to-day familiarity with these
2 issues that many of the panelists who have
3 previously come before you have, but it\'s my hope
4 that, in my role as president of the women\'s
5 professional sports league, I can offer some
6 perspective and some insight into Title IX\'s
7 broader reach and its effects on other aspects of
8 American life. As thereto, we have some very
9 important real life consequences and I believe
10 those should be factored into the Commission\'s
11 deliberations.
12 The WNBA was founded in 1996. It was
13 in the wake of the great successes of American
14 women at the Atlanta Olympics, particularly in team
15 sports. We completed our sixth season this past
16 summer, and I\'m proud to say this in the period of
17 time that\'s elapsed since we opened our doors in
18 1997, we have attracted levels of fan, corporate
19 and network support that men\'s pro sports leagues,
20 including the NBA, took decades to acquire.
21 I have served as the president of the
22 WNBA since its inception. And I can tell you quite
23 bluntly that there would be no WNBA were it not for
24 Title IX. Whether intended by its authors or not,
25 this legislation has not only fostered the growth
15
1 of high school and college sports programs for
2 girls and women, but it has also spurred the advent
3 of women\'s professional team sports here in the US
4 with the WNBA and now the WUSA as the first
5 iterations of that. Title IX has given us our
6 player (inaudible), but probably more importantly,
7 it\'s helped engender a climate of receptivity to
8 women\'s sports that has allowed us to begin to
9 build a business, and that\'s vital, because as a
10 pro league, we trade on the interest of fans. And
11 the good news is just that, that women\'s
12 professional team sports now have fan followings.
13 So why does that matter? Well, the
14 WNBA matters for reasons that go beyond simply its
15 it\'s entertainment value to its fans. Number one
16 is the first step in the evolution of the
17 capability of women athletes in this country to
18 make a living from team sports. That\'s an
19 important privilege and it\'s one that male athletes
20 in this country have enjoyed for decades.
21 In addition, the WNBA has the ability
22 to and actually does impact young fans in a
23 profoundly important and positive way. Our league
24 has given and continues to give young girls female
25 role models to look up to, and equally importantly
16
1 it allows young boys to see that women can do what
2 men can do, at least in the sport of basketball.
3 And in both cases those are very important
4 messages. They\'re messages of tolerance, and I
5 believe they will eventually effect a full
6 incorporation of women into other institutions like
7 corporations and the political process that, in
8 turn, will only enrich our collective lives.
9 I hope and I expect that some day
10 additional women\'s pro sports leagues will emerge
11 and grow. Sports like softball, volleyball, ice
12 hockey, even football are among the candidates.
13 And when they do, I\'m very certain that they are
14 going to bring the same sorts of concrete benefits
15 to players and fans that the WNBA has. If and when
16 that happens, I\'m very sure that Title IX will be a
17 major part of the reason why.
18 While it may be tempting to say that
19 preserving this connection between college and pro
20 is somehow outside of the Commission\'s purview, I
21 would argue that the greater good represented by
22 this progression dictates otherwise, and if
23 anything, even more should be done at the colleges
24 and pro leagues jointly to strengthen these outlets
25 in this connection. And I can tell you that, in
17
1 the sport of basketball, working together with the
2 NCAA, we are now trying to do exactly that.
3 Another significant side effect of
4 Title IX, at least from my experience, has been its
5 contribution to the growth in number and influence
6 of women in a wide range of non-sports professions.
7 Obviously only a very small percentage of college
8 athletes, be they male or female, will go on to
9 make pro sports a career. There\'s simply too few
10 opportunities, and in women\'s team sports the
11 options are still very very scant.
12 But sports can be an extremely
13 effective training ground for real life careers.
14 And I can tell you from personal experience that
15 women who play sports in college, any sport, are
16 significantly enhancing their chances of maximizing
17 professional opportunities.
18 I myself came out of an
19 intercollegiate athletic program. I was among
20 the first scholarship players for the women\'s
21 basketball team at the University of Virginia back
22 in 1977. In my first year at Virginia, the women\'s
23 basketball program offered exactly one scholarship,
24 and I got half of it. I shared it with a teammate,
25 and I like to joke that I got the tuition and fees
18
1 and she got the room and board, so I got to go to
2 class and she got to eat.
3 (Laughter.)
4 Although I was very fortunate to be
5 an early Title IX beneficiary, it was impossible
6 not to notice just how much catching up there was
7 to do. A post collegiate career in basketball, at
8 least domestically, back in 1981 when I graduated
9 was simply not an option. So when my college
10 career ended, I went on to law school and then went
11 on to Wall Street, and I ended up in the front
12 offices of the NBA, or at least I call it the MNBA,
13 not to confuse the two, back in 1988.
14 I\'m very certain that this path would
15 not have been open to me, or would not have opened
16 to me had I not played sports at Virginia, and in
17 that way distinguished myself to my prospective
18 employers.
19 As an executive today, I can attest
20 that when I see a resume that cites the applicant\'s
21 participation on a college athletic team,
22 regardless of the sport, it stands out. It tells
23 me this that candidate has been through certain
24 rigors not experienced by college students at
25 large, rigors like juggling, managing a certain
19
1 daily regimen and withstanding pressure of
2 performance. And I know that other companies share
3 that perception.
4 As an example, at the WNBA we
5 recently started an off court player intern program
6 with General Motors, one of our sponsors, at their
7 request, because they wanted to begin developing
8 our players as future General Motors executives.
9 Why? Because they\'re athletes, and GM assumes that
10 that will make them more effective employees once
11 their playing days are over.
12 Once in the door, the sports
13 experience can also give women the edge as they
14 look to advance. In my business, which is pro
15 sports, like many businesses women are being
16 underrepresented at the highest levels. And as it
17 turns out, women who do assume leadership roles
18 often have a sports background.
19 In a study that was recently
20 conducted earlier this year by Oppenheimer and Mass
21 Mutual, in fact, more than 80 percent of 400
22 business women surveyed said that they played
23 sports growing up, and the lessons that they
24 learned on the playing field directly contributed
25 to their success in business. The reality is that
20
1 sports are part of the culture of American
2 business, they\'re part of the language, and women
3 who have some tie to that culture are simply a step
4 ahead.
5 It is good for American business that
6 the competencies and the management styles and the
7 viewpoints of women are coming to the fore, and one
8 of the best ways to ensure that that continues is
9 to preserve and to expand the sports opportunities
10 that can and do help prepare women to later assume
11 executive leadership positions.
12 Because it\'s so relevant to our
13 business, my position has also allowed me to assess
14 our gains and related activities to observe the
15 overall levels of interests girls and women have in
16 sports. Simply put, they\'re growing. As the
17 mother of two daughters who play in organized
18 sports leagues, I\'ve seen with my own eyes what\'s
19 happened to the youth, even in sports like girls
20 soccer and girls basketball. The participatory
21 numbers are significant and they\'re climbing.
22 There\'s a good deal of data here, and
23 in the interest of time I will say only that the
24 girls game of basketball today is the fastest
25 growing segment of the entire sport. Now more than
21
1 eight million girls annually play the sport of
2 basketball in the United States, and soccer
3 opportunities for girls have become equally
4 prevalent, another seven million there. So it can
5 increasingly be said that girls who play sports are
6 now the rule rather than the exception.
7 More girls and women than ever before
8 in this country are also experiencing sports as
9 spectators. A recent study conducted by
10 Scarborough Sports Marketing found that pro sports
11 avidity levels among females ages 18 and older have
12 doubled since 1988, with an estimated 50 million
13 women now avidly following pro sports of all kinds.
14 In the WNBA, 80 percent of our
15 stadium audience and half of our television
16 audience is female, with a fair portion of that
17 young females under the age of 18.
18 Young girls are enthusiastically
19 following the league and our players, perhaps as an
20 extension of their own experience as participants,
21 but it goes the other way too. We think that
22 watching sports will, in turn, inspire and
23 strengthen the desire of girls to play more, that
24 seeing will lead to imitation, that exposure will
25 breed interest. And with the increase in exposure
22
1 due to the proliferation of women\'s sports
2 programming on television, the number of girls who
3 are or will become interested in sports seems only
4 destined to grow, which in turn solidifies the need
5 to provide and protect the participatory outlets
6 that allow that interest to be expressed, whether
7 at youth, interscholastic or intercollegiate
8 levels.
9 I\'d like to close with some thoughts
10 concerning implementation. Title IX in its current
11 form can be made to work, as many college athletic
12 departments have proven. As with other businesses
13 there may well be best practices related to the
14 administration of Title IX which can be shared by
15 and promoted to cover institutions so that the
16 incidences of discontinued programs, be they male
17 or female, can be reduced or hopefully even
18 prevented, practices ranging from budget management
19 to enhanced marketing efforts designed to drive
20 revenue, and more specifically, net revenue for
21 sports that historically have been non-revenue
22 producing. That\'s certainly been the case for both
23 professional and collegiate levels over the last
24 ten years.
25 MS. COOPER: Time is up.
23
1 MS. ACKERMAN: To expand \-- am I done?
2 MS. COOPER: Time is up. I would let you
3 go.
4 (Laughter.)
5 MS. ACKERMAN: One last statement, one last
6 sentence.
7 MS. COOPER: Do it.
8 MS. ACKERMAN: I would just say that the
9 stakes have become high enough that nothing less
10 than a full exploration of these and other options
11 should be conducted and given the importance of
12 perpetuating Title IX\'s mandate for women in
13 general. I would tell you that it would not be
14 difficult to form a private coalition of many
15 business leaders to assist (inaudible), and if that
16 were ever to be done, I can tell you I would be
17 very happy to volunteer. Thank you.
18 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
19 (Applause.)
20 MS. COOPER: Put me on the spot.
21 Corey Bray is the Assistant Director
22 of Research in Education Services at the National
23 Collegiate Athletic Association, the NCAA. In this
24 position Corey manages the NCAA in-house research
25 projects covering all aspects of the association
24
1 business. He develops and refines surveys \--
2 survey instruments, compiles data and manages
3 databases, establishes data validity, performs
4 statistical analysis and evaluates the results, and
5 creates statistical graphics. You have all that
6 today? Just kidding.
7 Additionally, Corey drafts and edits
8 abstracts, summary reports, and all study documents
9 and correspondence. He then presents and explains
10 the results to NCAA committees and staff. Corey?
11 MR. BRAY: I want to thank the Commission
12 for giving me the opportunity to make this
13 presentation this morning.
14 Although I have not attended any of
15 the three prior meetings of this Commission, I\'ve
16 been informed that NCAA data on participation rates
17 have been used by many of the previous presenters.
18 At times there\'s evidently been some confusion and
19 disagreement regarding those data.
20 As the person responsible for
21 compiling the NCAA participation rates data for the
22 past four years, it is my hope this morning to
23 provide the Commission members with insight into
24 the collection methods and current uses of these
25 data, as well as highlight the limitations of the
25
1 data.
2 Specifically I would like to shed
3 light on the questions I was asked to address
4 regarding the type of participation and sponsorship
5 data that we collect, how those data are collected,
6 and the accuracy of the data. Then I will provide
7 the Commission with a few highlights of the data
8 before I discuss some of the limitations.
9 Before I discuss the specifics of
10 NCAA participation data, let me say a word about
11 the goals of NCAA research. It is our goal to
12 provide the highest quality data possible to the
13 decision makers within the NCAA structure. We
14 attempt to provide the facts in a way that can be
15 used by our government structure to make informed
16 decisions. It is not our intention to suggest or
17 create specific policies. Those decisions are left
18 to groups like yourselves. This is why you see so
19 much detailed information in our participation
20 rates before us.
21 We have attempted to present the data
22 in a way that will allow them to be analyzed fully
23 by any potential user in ways that have not been
24 yet considered. The NCAA has collected and
25 reported data on the number of sports sponsored and
26
1 participants since the 1981/\'82 academic year.
2 These data are collected annually in mid August for
3 the previous academic year for each and every
4 institution using the sports sponsorship form.
5 Until 1999 this was a paper form. From 1999 to the
6 present, the data has been collected via the Web.
7 Since sports sponsorship data have
8 been required for NCAA membership, our response
9 rate on that aspect of the data has always been 100
10 percent. Before the electronic version of the form
11 was adopted, participation data response rate was
12 between 90 and 100 percent of our membership. For
13 the past three years the rate has been 100 percent.
14 The major change in our methodology
15 came in 1995/\'96 when data from provisional NCAA
16 members was added to the report. This change is
17 noted in all of our reports. Because of these
18 exceedingly high response rates, we believe the
19 data collected are very accurate reflections of
20 overall participation within the NCAA.
21 Over time our major purpose for
22 providing these data has been simply to report the
23 number of participation opportunities by sport and
24 gender within the entire NCAA membership. To that
25 end, we have focused the report on the total number
27
1 of NCAA participants over time. However, we
2 realize that the charge of this Commission is
3 broader than that focus, and I would like to
4 highlight some of the factors that need to be taken
5 into account as you review the data for NCAA
6 membership.
7 These include the growth in NCAA
8 membership over time, the changes in divisional
9 classification among our members, for example,
10 schools moving from Division II to Division I,
11 schools adding and dropping sports teams, and
12 changes to the number of sports that have
13 championship status within our association.
14 Because of all these factors, we also
15 provide the data on a current institution basis.
16 This provides a different way of looking at this
17 information and may be useful in addressing some of
18 the questions that this Commission is facing.
19 In addition, I would point you to the
20 recent GAO studies that include both NCAA and NAIA
21 institutions and have used our data in ways to
22 address some different research questions.
23 As we turn to some of the specific
24 data, I want to highlight first the number of
25 sports sponsored by NCAA member institutions over
28
1 the past four years. As you can see from this
2 graphic, the number of women\'s teams within the
3 NCAA has grown dramatically over that time period,
4 and there are now more women\'s teams than men\'s.
5 However, the number of men\'s teams within our
6 association has also grown over that time period.
7 This same basic trend can be seen
8 within all divisional classifications, and you have
9 these data in the packet that was sent to you.
10 The next graphic display shows the
11 number of actual participants by gender over that
12 same time period. Again, the chart shows
13 significant gains in women\'s participation
14 opportunities within the NCAA, but also small gains
15 in overall opportunities for men. Men continue to
16 show about 50,000 more participants within the NCAA
17 than women. Again, this overall trend is seen
18 within each of our membership divisions.
19 I want to make it clear that these
20 previous two slides reflect the overall membership
21 and do not adjust the data for some of the factors
22 that have been mentioned earlier; for example, the
23 change in NCAA membership over time and the impact
24 on both men\'s and women\'s sports.
25 To take some of those factors into
29
1 account, we have also presented the data on a per
2 institution basis. This slide contains data
3 related to the number of sports sponsored by the
4 average institution within the NCAA. As you can
5 see, the number of women\'s sports sponsored has
6 increased from about six in 1981 to about eight in
7 2000. Conversely, the number of men\'s sports
8 sponsored on average has decreased from slightly
9 over eight in 1981 to just under eight in 2000.
10 Similarly, we have seen a strong
11 increase in the number of female participants on
12 campuses in that time period. In 1981 the average
13 NCAA member had about 100 female participants.
14 Most recent data showed increase to almost 150.
15 Male participation at the average campus has
16 decreased from around 250 to about 200. However,
17 as you can see, male participation is still
18 significantly higher than female participation on
19 our average campus.
20 In summation, let me present you with
21 a few facts that can be seen within these data.
22 Overall, male participation within the NCAA has
23 increased by 23.6 percent since 1981. Overall
24 female participation has increased by 131 percent
25 in that same time frame. The number of sports
30
1 sponsored has increased by 14.7 percent for males
2 and by 94.3 percent for females.
3 On a per school basis the number of
4 male athletes has decreased by 7.7 percent between
5 1981 and 2000. The number of female athletes have
6 increased over that time frame by 52.6 percent.
7 In terms of the number of sports
8 sponsored, the average number for men decreased by
9 13.7 percent while the average number for women
10 increased by 31.1 percent.
11 I want to make it clear that these
12 calculations came directly from our most recent
13 sports participation report, and could have been
14 done by anyone with access to the Web. This is an
15 example of how we believe our data can and should
16 be used.
17 GAO compiled the data contained in
18 this slide in 1999. The unique aspect of their
19 report was that it isolated this analysis to
20 identical group of schools in both 1985/\'86 and
21 \'96/\'97. Each 725 schools were chosen because they
22 had not changed NCAA divisional affiliation within
23 that time frame.
24 As you can see from the data, the
25 results are very similar to previous results that
31
1 we have shown on a per institution basis. In other
2 words, the opportunities for females increased
3 slightly in that time and the opportunities for
4 males decreased slightly.
5 In the 2001 report, the GAO combined
6 NCAA and NAIA data in an attempt to, among other
7 goals, to determine if the number of men\'s and
8 women\'s intercollegiate sports participants and
9 teams at four-year colleges and universities
10 changed in the two decades since \'81/\'82 school
11 year. That then showed a substantial increase in
12 female participation and a modest increase in male
13 participation, which is similar to the NCAA overall
14 data.
15 These two GAO reports are just two
16 examples of how NCAA data can be used to answer
17 different questions.
18 Where does that leave us? I believe
19 that I have presented you with several relevant
20 facts from my data, and as John Adams liked to say,
21 facts are stubborn things. However, facts can only
22 take you so far in these types of policy debates.
23 What the facts mean and how they should guide us in
24 future decision making are questions that are left
25 up to your Commission and others who must wrestle
32
1 with these issues in a broader scope.
2 We hope that these facts will assist
3 you in the process and we stand ready to prepare
4 any other relevant data.
5 I believe that Cedrick Dempsey,
6 President of the NCAA will follow up with some of
7 these facts in his statement to the Commission
8 later today. He will offer his insights on these
9 issues based on the data and his 52 years of
10 experience within intercollegiate athletics. I\'m
11 sure that he will offer the Commission some ideas
12 to consider in your deliberations.
13 Again, I want to thank the Commission
14 for this opportunity, and I would be happy to
15 answer any questions you have now or at sometime in
16 the future.
17 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
18 (Applause.)
19 MS. COOPER: Dr. Jerome Kravitz currently
20 holds two positions. Since 1965 he has been a
21 professor at Harvard University where he teaches
22 psychology. In addition, since 1975 he has been
23 employed part-time at the Department of Education
24 as a statistician.
25 Jerry has published ten scientific
33
1 research papers where statistical analysis was the
2 basic tool used to evaluate the numerical results.
3 Jerry also has published and edited an edited book
4 of readings and he holds two patents. That word.
5 Jerry received his undergraduate
6 degree in statistics from \-- ah-oh, that school,
7 Baruch School City Colleges of New York City. He
8 received his masters degree in research methodology
9 and his doctorate degree in \-- who writes these
10 things? And research in methodology from New York
11 School for Social Research.
12 Jerry will speak to us today in his
13 capacity as an employee of the Department of
14 Education. Dr. Kravitz.
15 MR. KRAVITZ: Thank you very much.
16 MS. COOPER: Did you write this? Just
17 joking.
18 MR. KRAVITZ: Can you hear me?
19 MS. DE VARONA: Actually, I do think people
20 are having a hard time hearing so if you could
21 speak up.
22 MR. KRAVITZ: I would like to thank the
23 Commission for this opportunity. Page 2 please.
24 Today I\'m going to be presenting the
25 analysis, statistical analysis of data.
34
1 MS. COOPER: Those of you who forgot your
2 glasses, forget it.
3 MR. KRAVITZ: That was obtained from an NCAA
4 report entitled NCAA Year-by-Year Sports
5 Participation, 1982 to 2001, NCAA research report.
6 I\'m glad to see that many of the
7 analyses that Corey has done agree with mine in
8 substance, but I have a slightly different
9 perspective on it that may be of interest. At the
10 bottom of the second column of this table, we can
11 see that between 1982 and 2001, NCAA added 262
12 institutions. On the line below that, to the right
13 we can see that the men\'s teams have increased by
14 989, and there\'s been an increase of 39,066 men
15 athletes. Over to the right further there has been
16 an increase of 3,638 women\'s teams and an increase
17 of 76,677 women\'s athletes for a yearly rate of
18 change of 4,035 athletes per year.
19 Now, these changes in teams, athletes
20 for the men and for the women I call the apparent
21 change, because these data contain in them a
22 contaminating effect. The contaminating effect is
23 due to the 262 institutions that joined the NCAA.
24 Each one of those institutions existed before they
25 joined the NCAA, and when they joined the NCAA
35
1 they, of necessity, brought with them a number of
2 teams. The number of teams that they had to bring
3 with them were 8, 10, 12, or 14, equally divided
4 between men and women, teams each, so that the
5 number of teams that are shown is inflated by these
6 numbers. These do not represent an increase in
7 athletic opportunities, but rather they represent a
8 change of location for the institution and the
9 teams themselves.
10 When the statistics are contaminated
11 by such a variable, one of the things the
12 statisticians do is convert the data into rates,
13 and Corey, in fact, did that. There are, from
14 these data, three possible rates that can be
15 calculated. One is the number of teams per
16 institution, the second rate that can be calculated
17 is the number of men per team, and the third rate
18 that can be calculated is the number of athletes
19 per institution. Of course this can be done for
20 the women athletes also.
21 Page 3 please. Based on the analysis
22 of these rates and the comparison of the changes of
23 the rates over these years, a number of findings
24 have emerged. Number one, men athletes have, in
25 fact, lost 1,434 teams. Between 1985 and 2001 men
36
1 athletes have lost 57,700 athletes.
2 Next finding is that the women have
3 not gained 3,638 teams, but rather have gained
4 approximately 2,111 teams. In addition, women
5 athletes have gained a real rate of 51,967 athletes
6 over the course of this period of time. That\'s a
7 rate of gain of 2,735 women athletes per year.
8 The next finding requires a little
9 explanation, and that is that women athletes \--
10 excuse me, women have been, since 1860, have been
11 increasing their presence in colleges and
12 universities, and in 1972 they were 43 percent of
13 the enrollment in colleges and universities. In
14 the year 1979, women achieved 50 percent enrollment
15 in the colleges and universities, and in 1999 there
16 were, according to NCES statistics, 1,809,000 more
17 women in four-year and two-year institutions than
18 men. That represents women\'s presence in higher
19 education at a rate of 56.12 percent of the total.
20 If you convert that to a base of 100,
21 there are 127 percent more women in the colleges
22 and universities today than men. For every 100
23 men, there are 127 women.
24 The projections for the year
25 2000/2001, NCES projections, increase that rate to
37
1 57 percent, and by the year 2011 the rate will
2 stand somewhere between 59 and 62 percent of women
3 greater enrollment than men. For 1999, that means
4 that, for every 100 students, men students on
5 campus, there is 127 women. For the year 2001,
6 according to the projections, for every 100 men on
7 campus there is 133 women. By the time we get to
8 2011, if those projections hold up, for every 100
9 men on campus there will be 150 women.
10 This is relevant in the current
11 discussions, because test number one of the
12 three-part test requires that women\'s athletic
13 participation be proportionate to enrollment, and
14 so, based on the 1999 figures, right now there
15 should be 127 women athletes on every campus for
16 every 100 male athletes. Obviously this is not the
17 case. And according to the 2001 figures, if they
18 hold up, there should be 133 women athletes on
19 every campus for every 100 men, male athletes. And
20 by the year 2001, 2011, it should be 150 women
21 athletes for every 100 men athletes.
22 Obviously this is not the case, and
23 what would be needed to bring the proportionality
24 that the test number one of the three-part test
25 requires? What would it take to make women 56
38
1 percent of the athletes on campus? What it would
2 require is the addition of 116,000 women athletes.
3 This is relevant to, and it should be
4 viewed in the context of the previous finding, that
5 is, in the last 19 years, 51,967 women athletes
6 have increased \-- increased their participation in
7 the NCAA, and so the 116,000 is 2 1/4 times the
8 achievement that\'s been managed in the last 19
9 years, and if current rates hold, it indicates that
10 it would take an additional 42 years for that
11 proportionality to be achieved.
12 Another way that the proportionality
13 could be achieved is if the women present, as they
14 are presently constituted as 150,000, page number
15 3, 4, please, if that number remains the same,
16 then \-- and that number is taken as 56 percent,
17 then the men would have to be reduced to 44
18 percent, and that reduction would require the
19 elimination of 90,865 men athletes.
20 Next finding that \-- of the analysis
21 is based on data obtained from the National
22 Federation of High Schools.
23 MS. COOPER: One minute.
24 MR. KRAVITZ: One minute?
25 And based on that data I was able to
39
1 calculate participation rates between, excuse me,
2 recruitment rates to the NCAA of men and women
3 athletes, and the data indicates that the
4 recruitment rates for men are 5.38 percent and the
5 recruitment rates for women are 5.39 percent.
6 One of the facts from the National
7 Federation of High Schools is that, in the year
8 2000 there were 2,784,000 female athletes in high
9 school. And some have asked, is that pool not
10 adequate for the needs of the women\'s programs on
11 the collegiate level?
12 The last finding indicates that that
13 total pool has to be reduced in some significant
14 ways. First way is the fact that not all high
15 school, women high school students go on to
16 college. 64 percent do, but that indicates that 36
17 percent do not. Of those that go on to college,
18 only 62 percent go to four-year colleges, the
19 colleges in the NCAA, and of those that do go to
20 the four-year colleges, not all are full-time
21 students. 77 percent are full-time students and,
22 of course, 23 percent are not.
23 And then lastly, of the 2,784,000
24 high school athletes, they don\'t all graduate in
25 any given year. Only 25 percent of them graduate
40
1 in a year. Taking all these factors into account,
2 the real effective \-- real effective pool of
3 athletes available for college participation is
4 216,000 in a particular year.
5 MS. COOPER: Time is up.
6 MR. KRAVITZ: Thank you very much.
7 (Applause.)
8 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
9 Jon Vegosen is one of four founding
10 members of the firm Funkhouser Vegosen Liebman &
11 Dunn in Chicago. He grew up in New Jersey. In
12 1973 Jon received his undergraduate degree in
13 political science from Northwestern University,
14 graduating Phi Beta Kappa. That was really
15 important to put in this, with departmental, that
16 word, honors.
17 At Northwestern Jon was on the
18 varsity tennis team and was captain his junior and
19 senior years. He was selected to the All Big Ten
20 Conference Tennis Team in 1973. In 1976 Jon
21 received his law degree from Northwestern
22 University School of Law. Jon?
23 MR. VEGOSEN: Thank you very much.
24 Before you turn that on, I just want
25 to make sure everybody has a booklet, that they got
41
1 those ahead of time.
2 Thank you very much for this
3 opportunity. I\'m here as a representative of the
4 United States Tennis Association, the governing
5 body of tennis for the US, and the Intercollegiate
6 Tennis Association, the governing body of college
7 tennis.
8 These associations have a unique
9 perspective on American tennis. For well over 100
10 years, the United States has provided opportunities
11 for both men and women. Tennis was one of the
12 first women\'s sports in the Olympics, and women and
13 men have played mixed doubles together since the
14 19th century. There has been equal prize money at
15 the US Open for 25 years.
16 The ITA has been equally supportive
17 of women and men ever since its membership was
18 expanded in 1982 to include women\'s tennis. It is
19 one of the few collegiate sports associations with
20 a coed membership base. The ITA has nearly 1500
21 women\'s and men\'s coaches representing over 1200
22 institutions and serving over 15,000 college
23 varsity student athletes.
24 The USTA and the ITA have been
25 working together to safeguard American college
42
1 tennis, most recently through the Collegiate
2 Committee of the USTA Subcommittee Preserving
3 American Collegiate Tennis.
4 We support the tremendous strides
5 that women have made through Title IX, and we want
6 to preserve those gains. We are also concerned
7 about its unintended consequences for both men and
8 women, not only with regard to collegiate tennis
9 programs, but also concerning the adverse impact
10 that Title IX can have on minorities and grassroots
11 tennis programs.
12 The authors of Title IX did not
13 intend to take away opportunities for young men.
14 Their goal was to provide more opportunities for
15 young women. Some of the unintended consequences,
16 however, are that men are being excluded from
17 programs or are being denied benefits on the basis
18 of their sex. This is contrary to the intent and
19 spirit of Title IX \-- openness and opportunity for
20 all.
21 The data is sobering. ITA research,
22 spearheaded by Executive Director David Benjamin,
23 shows that during the 50-year time frame from 1930
24 until 1980, only four varsity college tennis
25 programs in the US were cut. In the succeeding
43
1 decades from \'81 to \'91, the elimination rate
2 increased more than seven times, with 31 known
3 programs being dropped. In the last decade the
4 program cuts have more than quadrupled, with a
5 staggering 141 tennis programs being dropped
6 between 1992 and 2002. In addition to these
7 fatalities, over the past two decades 42 other
8 programs were eliminated, the precise years
9 unknown. In the past two decades, 214 varsity
10 tennis college programs have been dropped, and 69
11 of those have been terminated within the past three
12 years.
13 The USTA and ITA recoil whenever a
14 program is eliminated, whether it be a men\'s or
15 women\'s program. In the past two decades programs
16 have been cut in every division. Of the 214 cut
17 programs, 153 have been men\'s and 61 have been
18 women\'s programs.
19 Men\'s varsity tennis programs have
20 been dropped 2 1/2 times more frequently than
21 women\'s. A major factor in this reduction has been
22 the efforts of colleges to bring their head counts
23 into compliance with Title IX, and its unfortunate
24 interpretation that there must be equal outcomes
25 rather than equal opportunity.
44
1 A troubling irony of these cuts is
2 that, although men\'s college tennis programs are
3 being dropped 2 1/2 times more often than women\'s,
4 there are more boys playing USTA sanctioned junior
5 tournaments in the US than girls.
6 Although men\'s programs have borne
7 the brunt of elimination, women\'s programs have
8 also been affected. The USTA and the ITA recognize
9 that additional factors, particularly a lack of
10 financial resources, have contributed to these
11 cuts. Title IX and budget limitations are
12 unwittingly intertwining to undermine both men\'s
13 and women\'s tennis programs. It\'s not just men\'s
14 tennis programs versus women\'s. We have
15 non-revenue generating programs such as tennis
16 being sacrificed at the expense of revenue
17 generating sports, or so-called revenue generating
18 sports.
19 Tennis is truly a gender blind sport.
20 At the college level there are dual meet matches
21 for both men and women varsity players, with an
22 equal number of tournaments and draw sizes. The
23 ITA has extensive program awards that are given
24 equally to men and women. On the professional
25 scene, prime time coverage is equivalent for major
45
1 events like the US Open. The message is clear,
2 there are no differences between the sexes.
3 There is, however, a profound
4 difference in the gender message at the collegiate
5 level in terms of scholarships and participation.
6 For example, the men\'s varsity tennis team in a
7 fully-funded Division I school has only 4 1/2
8 scholarships, the women\'s team has 8.
9 Most of the men\'s varsity rosters
10 have a squad limit of 8 players, and the women\'s
11 roster can have 12. And imbalances like this exist
12 at other schools or even worse.
13 Most colleges have far more
14 scholarships to offer women than men. In fact,
15 there are a number of Division I programs that
16 cannot fill all of their scholarship spots, and the
17 opposite is true for men\'s programs.
18 The inequities in scholarships are
19 causing many parents to hesitate about investing in
20 their children\'s futures. It can cost 10 to 30,000
21 dollars a year for a family to cover the expenses
22 involved in a child\'s development. With the
23 growing demise of men\'s tennis scholarships, more
24 parents are likely to abandon tennis in part
25 because of dwindling scholarship opportunities for
46
1 boys.
2 Another disturbing consequence of
3 Title IX has been the adverse impact on walk ons.
4 Jerry Noyce, Chairman of the USTA Collegiate
5 Committee and former men\'s tennis coach at the
6 University of Minnesota reports that half of his
7 team captains were walk ons. I was a walk on at
8 Northwestern and became captain my junior and
9 senior year, and I was the first player to be
10 selected at Northwestern to the All Big Ten Team.
11 I experienced valuable life lessons,
12 including goal-setting, time management, teamwork
13 and travel. Today that wouldn\'t happen. Jerry\'s
14 players and I would be told, \"Thanks for your
15 interest, but there\'s no room for you,\" and that\'s
16 what thousands of males athletes in tennis and
17 other sports are told every year. They are turned
18 away, while women\'s tennis teams struggle to fill
19 their rosters, and that hurts the athletes and it
20 hurts the schools.
21 Tennis is the sport for a lifetime,
22 with college tennis the, quote unquote, way station
23 that serves as a competitive high point of this
24 great tradition. The culminating varsity tennis
25 experience at colleges is the reward for all of the
47
1 junior training and competition. The opportunities
2 should be expanding in the 21st century for both
3 men and women, not diminishing. If Title IX is
4 supposed to be open to all, these glaring
5 inequities in tennis shouldn\'t exist. We shouldn\'t
6 be telling young men that their dreams of trying
7 out for college tennis are illusory.
8 It is critical to appreciate the
9 long-term impact of the unintended consequences of
10 Title IX for tennis. If these trends continue,
11 men\'s collegiate tennis will be jeopardized. If
12 that occurs, we will see a devastating effect for
13 minorities and at the grassroots level for girls as
14 well as boys.
15 The USTA has been devoting enormous
16 resources to promote tennis for minorities.
17 Multi-cultural participation is a level one
18 priority, and the results have been terrific.
19 After playing for college tennis, MaliVai
20 Washington and James Blake have enjoyed illustrious
21 professional careers, as did Lori McNeil on the
22 women\'s side. Many of our top juniors today are
23 African-Americans, Hispanics, and members of other
24 minority groups.
25 More important, programs and
48
1 scholarships that the USTA has established have
2 provided pathways up for the disadvantaged and the
3 disabled. We have minority girls and boys and
4 individuals with disabilities picking up racquets
5 in programs throughout this country like they\'ve
6 never done before. If the unintended consequences
7 of Title IX persist and severely reduce the
8 opportunities for talented young American
9 minorities, the effect will be to choke up pathways
10 and undermine tennis opportunities at the
11 grassroots.
12 Now, while it is essential to
13 identify issues, it\'s also important to provide
14 some suggestions for consideration, and we have it
15 here. First, we suggest that the Commission
16 recognize that Title IX needs a more flexible
17 interpretation. Second, we also suggest that the
18 Commission recognize that differences in numbers of
19 participants do not necessarily mean that there is
20 discrimination. And finally, we suggest that
21 Title IX be interpreted to correlate equal
22 opportunity on a sport-by-sport basis rather than
23 on an across-the-board basis. For sports such as
24 tennis, swimming, golf, gymnastics, where both men
25 and women play, opportunities for men and women
49
1 should be equal.
2 This approach would provide the same
3 opportunities for men and women in each sport. It
4 would also help to eradicate the inequities that
5 currently exist for men without compromising
6 women\'s opportunities and programs.
7 MS. COOPER: One minute.
8 MR. VEGOSEN: The USTA and the ITA thank the
9 Commission for its time and its concern. We will
10 be glad to discuss these important issues and
11 suggestions in further dialogues. We leave the
12 ultimate decision in your capable hands. Thank
13 you.
14 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
15 (Applause.)
16 MR. LELAND: Thank you for your comments.
17 That was very enlightening. We now have 20 minutes
18 for questions, and also I want to comment to the
19 commissioners that Corey Bray\'s background
20 statement was inadvertently put in Jerry\'s section
21 of your binder, so if you\'re looking for the backup
22 materials for him, you\'ll find them both under, I
23 believe it was section D.
24 So let\'s open up for questions.
25 Anybody \--
50
1 MR. REYNOLDS: Okay, this question is for
2 Corey. You state that 7.7 \-- participation by
3 school for males has declined by 7.7 percent, and
4 I\'m just curious whether you have any data that can
5 shed some light on whether that decline was caused
6 by declining interest on the part of male athletes
7 or whether roster management is the causal agent.
8 MR. BRAY: The NCAA has not collected any
9 data on reasons why these changes have occurred, we
10 only know that changes have occurred and note them
11 by sport where appropriate. We don\'t know any
12 reasons why.
13 I may point you a 2001 report that I
14 mentioned in my presentation that the GAO did that
15 attempted to answer those questions of why, why
16 schools decide to add or not add a sport and why
17 schools decide to drop or not drop a sport. And so
18 that\'s the type of study that can be done to try
19 and answer your question, but to date the NCAA has
20 not done such a study.
21 MR. REYNOLDS: Thank you.
22 MR. LELAND: Donna?
23 MS. DE VARONA: Corey, can you tell me, has
24 there been a decline in the average size of the
25 football squad and has participation in football
51
1 increased or decreased?
2 MR. BRAY: I can tell you that. Overall in
3 1981/\'82 the average squad size for a football team
4 was 82. In 2000/2001 the average squad size was
5 94.2. That\'s all three divisions combined. In
6 \'81/\'82 the number of participants in football was
7 40,733, and in 2000/2001 the number of participants
8 was 56,804.
9 MS. DE VARONA: Also, can I \--
10 MR. BRAY: That also includes an increase in
11 the number of teams and institutions into the NCAA.
12 MR. LELAND: Go ahead.
13 MR. GRIFFITH: Is that in our materials that
14 you\'re reading from?
15 MS. DE VARONA: Is that in our materials?
16 MR. BRAY: I don\'t believe it is, but it is
17 on our Website and I provided that Web address to
18 everyone so you can look at it.
19 MS. GROTH: Corey, does that include all
20 sports so we can look at men\'s and women\'s teams?
21 MR. BRAY: This includes every sport that
22 the NCAA collects data on, it\'s considered a
23 championship sport, at that level, and emerging
24 sports, and some selected non-championship sports
25 for men from \'81/\'82 to 2000/2001.
52
1 MR. LELAND: Donna?
2 MS. DE VARONA: But you are familiar with
3 the GAO report on athletic participation and
4 discontinued teams, so does this report eliminate
5 concerns which we have, and everybody is confused
6 about, about double counting NAIA and NCAA schools
7 that (inaudible) members?
8 MR. BRAY: That would be a question for the
9 office of the GAO report.
10 MS. DE VARONA: You cannot answer that
11 question?
12 MR. BRAY: I cannot. I was not a part of
13 that study. We provided the data, the same data
14 that\'s in this book, but they did the study so they
15 should answer those questions.
16 MS. GROTH: Corey, the information that you
17 provided, the statistics, does that include the new
18 institutions that have joined the NCAA, the 200
19 some institutions that have joined since \'81 or
20 \'82?
21 MR. BRAY: Yes. As I stated in my
22 presentation, we do an overall count, so however
23 many members we had in whatever year is what we use
24 to calculate the participation and the sports
25 sponsorship data.
53
1 MR. LELAND: Yes.
2 MS. DOW: Corey, I don\'t know if you have
3 this information, but in terms of minority male
4 participation opportunities in collegiate sports,
5 where would football rank, do you have any idea?
6 That\'s an area of concern that I have, and watching
7 that, and I anecdotally feel as though it\'s
8 significant, but I don\'t really have the
9 statistics.
10 MR. BRAY: The NCAA has begun a study called
11 The Student Athlete Ethnicity Report, we\'ve done it
12 for the last two years, and we\'re collecting data
13 on the ethnicity of all students within the NCAA.
14 And since we only have two years of data it\'s kind
15 of hard to give you \-- we can\'t give you any trends
16 on any changes in the minority population of
17 football. The next closest thing is to look at the
18 proportions that are given within the graduation
19 rates reports, and those go back to, I believe
20 \'91/\'92 was the first report, but it\'s \-- and of
21 course I don\'t have those reports with me, but
22 that\'s something we could definitely get to you at
23 a later date.
24 MS. YOW: I appreciate that. I don\'t think
25 anybody would want to do anything to inadvertently
54
1 or unintentionally damage the opportunities for
2 minority males to secure college degrees through
3 athletic participation.
4 MR. LELAND: Let me \-- Corey, I have a
5 feeling that the migration of schools into the
6 NCAA, it sort of confounded their statistics. It
7 seems to me that those schools tended, and this is
8 just my perception, tended to be smaller schools
9 with less athletes when they came in, so it seems
10 to me the per athlete number is skewed because of
11 the schools migrating into the NCAA that now are
12 part of our statistics that weren\'t part of our
13 statistics in \'81/\'82 are the smaller type, many
14 times non-football playing programs.
15 Is that borne out in the data?
16 Because I look at the drop in the average number of
17 male participants, and I see a lot of new, smaller
18 athletic programs moving into the NCAA to capture
19 the championship opportunities the NCAA offers. Is
20 there any way we could look at that or have you
21 already told us the answer to that?
22 MR. BRAY: I have a slide here that wasn\'t
23 part of my presentation that shows by division
24 the average number of males and females per
25 institution. What I presented to you before was
55
1 overall. And I can show you that, if you wish.
2 It\'s also in the participation book.
3 MR. LELAND: I\'d like to see that, but I
4 think there\'s also been a confounding within the
5 NCAA because a lot of smaller schools have moved \--
6 and by small schools, I mean schools that have
7 smaller athletic programs, the minimum, eight for
8 men, eight for women or whatever the present rules
9 require, have moved from II to I and III to II over
10 a period of time.
11 There\'s been a migration. A
12 significant increase in the number of Division I
13 schools to take advantage of the men\'s basketball
14 tournament money, that\'s my perception at least,
15 and many times they bring smaller programs, so if
16 we see a slide that says there\'s less male athletes
17 in Division I, per school that\'s not going to
18 really surprise me, because I think a lot of the
19 smaller programs have migrated from II to I.
20 So maybe you can answer that question
21 while you\'re still on this slide.
22 MR. BRAY: I don\'t have the answer on the
23 number of schools that have changed division. It\'s
24 something we could get, but I don\'t have the answer
25 on the number of NAIA schools that have come into
56
1 the NCAA but that\'s also something we can try and
2 track down. I don\'t believe that, as part of the
3 process, we find out where they\'re coming from, we
4 just know they want to get into the NCAA.
5 MR. LELAND: And I\'m sorry, I didn\'t make
6 myself clear. I don\'t think coming from the NAIA
7 is the issue for me, it\'s just getting into the
8 NCAA, and I thought most of them were probably NAIA
9 schools. And \-- but there\'s also been a migration
10 within that, and I think many of the commissioners
11 are interested, at least they have indicated to me
12 that they are, in knowing what has happened to
13 those participation opportunities that were there
14 in \'81 and \'82 for NCAA male athletes. What\'s
15 happened to them, those people, or to those
16 opportunities, I guess is the way to say it.
17 MR. BRAY: I think as a starting point it\'s
18 appropriate to look at the 1999 GAO report, which I
19 provided a slide on, and that report specifically
20 looked at a core group of 725 NCAA member
21 institutions that were members in 1985/\'86 and in
22 1996/\'97, and during that time did not change
23 division status.
24 MR. LELAND: Okay.
25 MR. BRAY: So that\'s a core group that they
57
1 looked at. And I think from the slide, which I\'m
2 not hooked up on that any more, but if you
3 remember, the slide shows increases for women and
4 decreases for men.
5 MR. LELAND: Small decreases for men.
6 MR. BRAY: Yes. Is that something you want
7 me to put up on the screen again?
8 MR. LELAND: I think \-- Cynthia has found it
9 here in the book for me, so if nobody else has that
10 question, I\'ll answer it at another time. Are
11 there other \-- yes, Lisa.
12 MS. KEEGAN: I have a question about
13 scholarships. In the data, Corey, that you keep,
14 or Jerry, you commented on point number eight about
15 the real pool, the actual pool of women athletes
16 attrition from high school into college. Number
17 one, it would be fascinating for me to also see if
18 that\'s for young men, the attrition response to the
19 same kind of pressures, and I\'m wondering what
20 scholarships have to do with that.
21 I mean, it\'s an interesting number to
22 me, very interesting how many continue from high
23 school on into collegiate sport, and where is the
24 desire, and if that\'s going to be driven by
25 scholarships. I was just wondering, do either one
58
1 of you keep that data or know where you can find
2 it?
3 MR. BRAY: I\'m not quite sure what specific
4 piece of data you\'re looking for.
5 MS. KEEGAN: Scholarships.
6 MR. BRAY: You\'re talking about
7 scholarships?
8 MS. KEEGAN: Scholarships offer in
9 particular team sports. And also Jerry, do you
10 have these figures, that number eight question,
11 which I think is a great one, is it calculated for
12 young men as well? Is it in my \--
13 MR. KRAVITZ: In Appendix C are a number of
14 NCAA tables for \-- excuse me, NCES tables \--
15 MS. KEEGAN: Okay.
16 MR. KRAVITZ: \-- of enrollment and part-time
17 status and information of that sort, so yes, it is
18 part of the packet.
19 MR. LELAND: Jerry, that\'s Appendix C of
20 your submitted statement?
21 MR. KRAVITZ: Yes.
22 MR. BRAY: And on the scholarships topic,
23 the NCAA produces a report called the Gender Equity
24 Report every other year, and in that report by
25 division we provide averages for the number of
59
1 scholarships awarded, the number of student
2 athletes receiving athletic aid, and a total dollar
3 amount by sport, by division. That report is on
4 our Website and you can download it any time you
5 want.
6 MS. KEEGAN: Thank you.
7 MR. BRAY: We do not have a total number of
8 scholarships that were given. This data comes from
9 the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act Form. We
10 get the vast majority of our schools submitting
11 that form to us, but we don\'t have a 100 percent
12 response rate so we cannot give you totals. We
13 produce averages.
14 MS. KEEGAN: All right.
15 MR. LELAND: Are there other questions? I
16 feel a little bit like I just got a Stat 60 lecture
17 and I need to go home and think about it.
18 (Laughter.)
19 I think the hope of the commissioners
20 is that there would be some clarity and unanimity
21 regarding some of these numbers, because it is a
22 concern for us, the trends that we have observed,
23 but it\'s difficult to grasp the real impact of
24 these trends until we get a better feel for the
25 statistics, and I really do appreciate you two guys
60
1 coming, but I\'m going to need a little bit of time
2 to try to think this through.
3 MS. GROTH: Corey, I know some of the
4 athletic directors have that information provided
5 by NCAA, but perhaps distributing that information
6 to the other commissioners would be very helpful.
7 MR. BRAY: Yeah. As I mentioned, all the
8 reports that the NCAA staff does is on our Website,
9 so if you want to get those at any time, you can
10 download them, and you don\'t need to wait for the
11 snail mail to deliver it, you can just grab it
12 whenever you want.
13 MR. LELAND: Okay. Any more questions?
14 Well, thank you. Again, we really
15 appreciate your time and your effort, and your
16 articulance. Thank you very much.
17 (Applause.)
18 Okay. Let\'s try to move into the
19 next without taking a break, if we can. My
20 popularity just went down with all the
21 commissioners. But if we could move Andrew and
22 Chuck and Rick and Rosa and President Welty up, it
23 would be appreciated.
24 We\'ll hold for just a second and get
25 the name tags up here.
61
1 Okay, let\'s reconvene and begin
2 again.
3 This particular panel has five
4 presenters, which will make the accustomed ten-
5 minute statement and then we\'ll open it up for
6 questions. For the first time in history the
7 Commission is actually three minutes ahead of
8 schedule.
9 So the First panelist is Andrew
10 Zimbalist. He received his bachelor\'s degree from
11 the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1969 and
12 his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1972
13 and \'74 respectively. He has been with the
14 Department of Economics at Smith College since 1974
15 and he has been a visiting research fellow at
16 Harvard University.
17 He is presently the Robert A. Woods
18 Endowed Professor of Economics at Smith College and
19 a member of the five college graduate faculty.
20 Dr. Zimbalist has published 13 books and several
21 dozen articles primarily in the areas of
22 comparative economic systems, economic development,
23 and sports economics. He recently published
24 Economics of Sport I and II and was a guest editor
25 and contributor to the May 2002 special issue of
62
1 the Journal of Sports Economics, which was on
2 competitive balance. Dr. Zimbalist, thank you.
3 MR. ZIMBALIST: Thank you very much for
4 having me here.
5 The athletics arms race is alive and
6 well, but it has little to show for itself on the
7 bottom line. The 2002 NCAA revenue and expenses
8 study finds that, of the 114 reporting DIA schools,
9 the average athletic department deficit was 600,000
10 dollars in 2001. If one adds to this the average
11 of 1.425 million dollars in student fees going to
12 athletics, and the 4.625 million in donations going
13 to athletics, a standalone athletic department
14 operating deficit averages 6.05 million dollars.
15 Even this number substantially understates the
16 average subsidy going to athletics for Division I-A
17 schools.
18 The problem is that the one-sided
19 incentives in DIA lead most schools to choose the
20 holy grail of financial \-- chase the holy grail of
21 financial gain. But like the NCAA itself, athletic
22 departments are run by ADs, coaches and conference
23 commissioners who do not have to answer to
24 stockholders and do not face the financial
25 discipline of the marketplace. The consequence is
63
1 endemic waste. For example, DIA football does not
2 need 85 scholarships, 60 would do fine. NFL teams
3 have 45 roster plus seven reserve players. The
4 average DIA team has 32 walk ons, plus 85
5 scholarship players.
6 If football scholarships were cut to
7 60, the average college would save approximately
8 750,000 dollars annually, enough to finance more
9 than \-- enough to finance more than two wrestling
10 teams whose average cost is 330,000 dollars per
11 team.
12 College coaches have protested that
13 college football teams cannot be properly compared
14 to professional teams. The latter, they say, can
15 always call up reserves when players get injured,
16 but college teams must have players on their
17 rosters. This is a red herring. The NCAA Injury
18 Surveillance Systems Summary reports that for the
19 2000/2001 season the serious injury rate during
20 games in football was 14.1 per thousand athlete
21 exposures, while the rate in football practices was
22 1.6 per thousand. If we assume that 60 players
23 enter a game and the team plays 13 games during the
24 year, then the average total number of serious
25 injuries, where a player is out seven days or more
64
1 from games, is 11 per year. If on average each
2 such player misses two games, then the average
3 number of game-injured players is 1.6 players per
4 game.
5 Performing a similar computation for
6 practice-injured players, assuming 80 exposures per
7 practice, five practices per week and 15 weeks of
8 practice yields 9.6 injured players during the
9 year. If each misses two games on average and the
10 average number of practice-injured players is 1.48
11 per game, and the total number of injured players
12 per game is 3.17, to be cautious, one can even
13 double or triple this estimate and there would
14 still be fewer than seven, or fewer than ten
15 injured players per game. There is no
16 justification here for having 85 grants-in-aid in
17 Division I-A football, even if the average team did
18 not have 32 walk ons.
19 But why stop here? The NCAA should
20 seek a congressional antitrust exemption with
21 regard to coaches\' salaries. Currently there are
22 dozens of Division I men\'s basketball coaches who
23 make one million dollars or more, and dozens more
24 football coaches in this category. Knock them down
25 to 200,000, which would still put them above 99
65
1 percent of the faculty, and colleges would be able
2 to add another three to six sports teams, or heaven
3 forbid, reduce their large athletic deficits.
4 Lest anyone think that these
5 stratospheric coaches\' salaries are justified
6 economically, let me remind you that economic
7 theory predicts a coach will be paid a salary up to
8 his or her marginal revenue product in a
9 competitive labor market.
10 That said, how can it be that the top
11 paid coaches in college football and men\'s
12 basketball get comparable compensation packages to
13 each other when the average DIA football team has
14 fully three times the revenues as the average DIA
15 basketball team? And how could it be that the top
16 dozen or so DIA football coaches get paid salaries
17 similar to NFL coaches, when the average NFL team
18 has revenues of more than ten times the size of the
19 average DIA football team?
20 These coaches compensation packages
21 have more in common with reported stock option
22 plans in Enron, World Com, and other corporations
23 \--
24 (Applause.)
25 \-- than they do in the competitive
66
1 marketplace. Coaches are reaping the value of what
2 their unpaid athletes produce. If unpaid athletes
3 are subject to restrained trade because they\'re
4 amateurs, then Congress should be willing to allow
5 coaches salaries also to be restrained.
6 Other savings are also available to
7 athletic programs. Colleges going to bowl games
8 might also consider reducing the size of the
9 traveling enterouges, eliminating the practice of
10 putting the men\'s basketball and football teams up
11 at a local hotel before home games, diminishing the
12 size of their coaching staff, cutting the length of
13 the playing seasons in many sports and so on.
14 Let me conclude with a final comment
15 about DIA football. One often hears that gender
16 equity is fine, but football should be taken out of
17 the equation; that is, remove football\'s 85
18 scholarships and its operating budget before
19 judging parity between men\'s and women\'s sports.
20 There is no justification for such a policy. One
21 might just well argue that women\'s crew should be
22 taken out before the gender participation numbers
23 are compared. Title IX does not state that there
24 shall be no gender discrimination where team
25 revenue generation is equal. It simply states that
67
1 there shall be no gender discrimination, period.
2 A sport\'s presumed profitability is
3 plainly not a relevant criteria. As stated in
4 Article 1 of the NCAA Constitution, college sports
5 are based on the principle of amateurism and the
6 subordination of athletic to academic goals. As
7 such, Division I and II schools benefit mightly
8 from not directly paying their athletes from tax
9 exemptions on facility bonds and from special tax
10 treatment of UBIT income.
11 Further, in 1984 the Supreme Court
12 determined that the NCAA may legitimately restrain
13 trade in many areas because, due to its amateur
14 branding, college sports increase output and
15 enhancements over welfare. If college sports were
16 to professionalize and separate out their football
17 programs using non matriculated athletes and paying
18 them salaries and benefits, then there would be a
19 case to eliminate football from gender equity
20 reckonings. As long as football benefits from the
21 umbrellas of amateurism and the academy, however,
22 the only rational course is to treat it the same as
23 all sports programs for Title IX purposes.
24 In sum, the financial problem with
25 college sports today is not Title IX or its
68
1 implementation guidelines. The problem is waste.
2 Thank you for your attention.
3 (Applause.)
4 MR. LELAND: Our next invited presenter is
5 Charles M. Neinas. Chuck Neinas is president of
6 Neinas Sports Services, a company designed to
7 provide consulting services in sports, especially
8 in intercollegiate athletics. He is currently
9 retained as an advisor to the American Football
10 Coaches Association and a consultant to Host
11 Communications in the development of NCAA football.
12 Chuck was Executive Director of the
13 College Football Association from 1980 to 1997, the
14 first and only executive director of that
15 organization. He\'s also been actively involved in
16 many NCAA committees throughout his career. Chuck
17 is also the recipient of the Amos Alonzo Stagg
18 Award, the highest award presented by the American
19 Football Coaches Association, and additionally, the
20 James J. Corbett Award, the highest award presented
21 by the National Association of Collegiate Directors
22 of Athletics. He is one of only two individuals
23 ever to receive both of these prestigious honors.
24 Chuck Neinas, thank you.
25 MR. NEINAS: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Can you
69
1 hear me all right?
2 MR. LELAND: Yes.
3 MR. NEINAS: I\'m glad I get to follow my new
4 best friend, Andy.
5 (Laughter.)
6 The one thing we have in common is
7 we\'re both University of Wisconsin graduates.
8 I do have a copy of my prepared text.
9 I\'m going to obviously deviate from that somewhat,
10 but the title of it is \"What\'s Fair?\"
11 I probably go back longer than some
12 of you, because I was involved way back in the
13 \'60s, and I can remember when the division of girls
14 and women\'s sports was really the so-called
15 governing body for women\'s athletics, and at that
16 time they turned down a development grant from the
17 United States Olympic Committee to try to help
18 promote women\'s sports. And their agenda was more
19 in the operation of recreational activities, not
20 competitive activities.
21 Well, the world has turned many times
22 since that\'s happened, and largely because of
23 Title IX, plus a change in philosophy, we see more
24 activity in terms of women\'s sports. Now, no one
25 is here designing to inhibit the development of
70
1 women\'s sports, but I have to say what\'s fair? As
2 women\'s sports have developed over the last three
3 decades, you have heard about the unintended
4 consequences, and by the way, I think all of you
5 should be wearing black and white striped shirts
6 because you\'re like an official, and no matter
7 which side you come down on the call, somebody is
8 going to object.
9 I learned long ago there\'s two things
10 anybody can do in this country, and that\'s boil
11 water and tell you how to run sports. But the
12 passiveness of DGWS has given way to the energetic
13 Women\'s Sports Foundation led by Donna Lopiano, and
14 some institutions have embraced Title IX more
15 actively than others, but I don\'t think there\'s
16 been any doubt that there\'s been an increase in
17 women\'s participation and opportunities.
18 Now, one thing that is a concern that
19 you\'ve heard before is proportionality and its
20 impact on the unintended consequences for men to
21 have the opportunity to participate in sports.
22 Walk ons, you\'ve heard about walk
23 ons. Well, the College Football Association did
24 innumerable number of surveys in a wide variety of
25 areas. One of them was the compass issue of
71
1 athletic squads. 36 percent, now this admittedly
2 \-- let me explain, the College Football Association
3 at that time was comprised of some 60 major
4 football playing institutions, and we found that
5 36 percent of those who participated in
6 intercollegiate athletics did not receive aid, so
7 they could be considered walk ons. As a matter of
8 fact, the number of unaided athletes ranged from 51
9 percent of the wrestlers to 27 percent of the
10 football players.
11 Now, why walk ons? Well, there are
12 surveys which indicate that males are more anxious
13 to participate in athletics without receiving aid
14 than females, so if we are going to get involved in
15 the idea of proportionality, we have to find a way
16 to allow people to at least have the opportunity to
17 walk on.
18 MR. LELAND: Excuse me, Chuck. Could you
19 speak more directly into the mike?
20 MR. NEINAS: Yes, sir.
21 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
22 MR. NEINAS: The question was asked about
23 ethnicity in terms of college athletics. The
24 College Football Association did an extensive
25 survey of the members\' entire athletic program. We
72
1 had 9300 students involved in their database, 3500
2 were football players, the remaining were men and
3 women involved in other sports. We compiled this
4 information and shared it with Ursula Walsh, who
5 was then the Director of Research for the NCAA.
6 Interestingly enough, we found that
7 if you remove the sports of football, men\'s and
8 women\'s basketball, and men\'s and women\'s track,
9 you had 91 to 92 percent white, three to four
10 percent African-American, and five percent other
11 involved in the intercollegiate athletic program.
12 When you put in the ethnicity and included all
13 sports, 68 percent of the student athletes were
14 white, 24 percent were African-American, and the
15 remainder were Hispanic, Oriental or some other.
16 So there\'s one idea that shows the different
17 composition of sports.
18 Now, we also did a football player
19 survey, we did about three of those and I\'m in the
20 process of doing one now for the American Football
21 Coaches Association. The last football player
22 survey we had showed that there was approximately
23 48 to 49 percent of the football players were
24 African-American.
25 Now, there\'s a considerable
73
1 difference between sports as to where your athletes
2 come from. This may surprise you. But there are
3 almost 60 percent of college football players come
4 from communities of 100,000 or less. When you turn
5 that around in the sport of basketball, an
6 overwhelming number come from larger cities.
7 Now, what does this have to do with
8 opportunities? Well, we\'re talking about the
9 equivalency grant sports, where the number of
10 grants and aid are limited. You have to have
11 unaided players to participate and fulfill the
12 team.
13 Let\'s talk about dollars. The
14 Athletic Directors Association conducted a
15 financial survey in 1995/\'96. There were 87
16 Division I-A institutions that participated. Now,
17 the figures that were obtained at that time did not
18 include revenue which has now been generated by the
19 ECS Bowl Association, by the increased amount of
20 money that\'s derived from the NCAA basketball
21 tournament, and some of the more profitable
22 television contracts which have been developed
23 through the conferences. The total amount of money
24 generated by those institutions was just about one
25 and a half billion dollars, 1.5 billion. Of that
74
1 amount, 85 percent was generated revenue, which
2 almost could be completely attributed to football,
3 men\'s basketball, and gifts and donations to the
4 university.
5 All women\'s sports and all men\'s
6 sports except football and basketball generated
7 less than one percent of the revenue.
8 Now, the grants-in-aid in women\'s
9 sports average 892,000 per member institution while
10 the average grants for men\'s sports, including
11 basketball but excluding football, amounted to
12 721,000 dollars. The women\'s sports program
13 expense was 183 million dollars, the sports expense
14 for other men\'s programs was 126 million, excluding
15 football and men\'s basketball.
16 Now, what was interesting also is
17 that three hundred million dollars of that revenue
18 was used to service sponsorship of other sports
19 that was developed in connection with that program.
20 There is a major misconception which
21 is obviously existing here today in some minds
22 about the size of football squads. I have
23 personally done retention rate surveys every other
24 year since 1978. Now, this is Division I-A only.
25 The size of Division I-A football squads has been
75
1 reduced through the years, partially because of a
2 reduction in the number of grants, and secondly
3 because more institutions are now capping the size
4 of the number of athletes that try out for
5 football.
6 Four years ago there was less than
7 ten percent of the Division I-A institutions that
8 limited the number of players that could try out
9 for the sport of football. The most recent survey
10 we did showed that there\'s more than 40 percent
11 that now limit the number of people who can try out
12 for football. Why is that important? Well, by
13 golly, kids like to try out and be a member of the
14 team. Are on walk ons any good? (Inaudible) a
15 former Iowa coach, told me he had nine walk ons
16 that were either all conference or captains of the
17 walk on football team.
18 Pro football is a different element.
19 Number one, they have four mini camps. Number two,
20 they play four to five exhibition games. Number
21 three, they have 58 under contract but can only
22 dress 47, but the information which I\'ve obtained
23 from the National Football League, and this is
24 what\'s most important, they are involved in more
25 than 90 player transactions a year per team.
76
1 I talked to Bill Pullion when he was
2 with the Charlotte football team, the Carolina
3 Panters. They had 138 different players practice
4 that year with Carolina.
5 My conclusion is very simple.
6 MR. LELAND: One minute.
7 MR. NEINAS: Thank you. You\'re going to
8 hear today that you would not treat your daughter
9 any differently than you would treat your son. I
10 agree with that. But if my daughter chooses not to
11 play volleyball, it should not prohibit my son from
12 playing football. College students, male or
13 female, should have a chance to be a part of the
14 team. Thank you.
15 (Applause.)
16 MR. LELAND: Thank you, Chuck.
17 Our next invited speaker is Rick Bay.
18 Rick is a graduate of the University of Michigan.
19 He\'s now Executive Director of Athletics and
20 Special Assistant to the President at San Diego
21 State University, a position to which he was
22 promoted in January of 2000 after having served as
23 Director of Athletics for San Diego State since
24 1995. Rick was formerly the Athletic Director of
25 the University of Minnesota for Men, University of
77
1 Oregon, and Ohio State University plus Chief
2 Operating Officer for two major league baseball
3 teams. Rick is the first athletic director in
4 San Diego history to sit on the president\'s cabinet
5 and is an integral part of the university\'s
6 administrative management team.
7 Under Rick\'s leadership the San Diego
8 State athletics has achieved compliance with gender
9 equity requirements mandated by the CAL NOW Consent
10 Decree. This lawsuit settlement required San Diego
11 State to mirror male and female student enrollment
12 ratios in reaching proportionality and limits male
13 and female students, and also grant-in-aid
14 expenditures and overall expenditures. San Diego
15 State now offers six men\'s sports, eleven women\'s
16 sports, having added women\'s crew three years ago.
17 Rick Bay, thank you.
18 MR. BAY: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Before I
19 begin, my presentation is exactly ten minutes and
20 45 seconds long, so I would ask for the Val
21 Ackerman forgiveness factor.
22 MR. LELAND: We call it the Ackerman factor.
23 MR. BAY: My hero in life was my father. He
24 died when he was only 48, but he was my high school
25 football and wrestling coach, and he enlightened me
78
1 about everything from sportsmanship to social
2 justice to race relations. He was a real life
3 Atticus Finch from Harper Lee\'s Pulitzer Prize
4 winning novel, To Kill A Mockingbird. Atticus is a
5 white lawyer who defends a black man accused of
6 raping a white woman in Alabama in the 1930s. We
7 see the story through the eyes of Atticus\'
8 six-year-old daughter, Scout, as the trial awakens
9 her to the racism and prejudice in the adult world.
10 Like Atticus Finch, my dad was a wise
11 man and inscrutably honest and fair. And if he
12 were here today, he would be applauding Title IX
13 and asking why he hadn\'t thought of it and why it
14 hadn\'t happened long before it did, some 30 years
15 ago. Compared to civil rights issues, gender
16 equity controversies are relatively new, but we are
17 still arguing the same principle \-- the rights of
18 each other regardless of race, creed or gender.
19 When it comes to gender, possibly no piece of
20 federal legislation outside of women\'s suffrage has
21 made more of an impact on society than Title IX.
22 In looking back on it, from the days
23 of the good ol\' boy coaches to the current Bowl
24 Championship Series, I am embarrassed as a member
25 of the male species to admit that were it not for
79
1 Title IX legislation, women in American would not
2 have nearly the opportunities in sports that they
3 do today.
4 That said, however, Title IX is not
5 perfect and it needs a pinch of common sense and
6 more dialogue characterized by civility rather than
7 rancor. Title IX\'s more serious flaw by far is in
8 allowing or, in some cases, requiring the standard
9 of proportionality to determine whether or not a
10 university has complied with the spirit of the law.
11 While compliance with Title IX can be
12 achieved by an institution demonstrating that it is
13 accommodating the athletic interests of women on
14 its campus or by showing that it has a history of
15 adding women\'s sports, it is the remaining prong
16 known as proportionality that is problematic and,
17 in my opinion, an unfair and unacceptable
18 alternative method of meeting the standard.
19 Proportionality is simply a
20 mathematical formula that requires that
21 participation rates of men and women in varsity
22 sports mirror the gender makeup of the campus
23 enrollment. Thus if the school has a 45 percent
24 male enrollment, men cannot claim more than about
25 45 percent of varsity roster slots, even if many
80
1 more men want to participate, and even if women\'s
2 interests have already been fully accommodated.
3 This approach, I think, is wrong-headed and serves
4 only to exacerbate the dispute. It is ironic that
5 that while the motivation for the genesis of
6 Title IX was to eliminate discrimination against
7 women, Title IX must now depend on a discriminatory
8 benchmark of its own to validate its desired
9 results.
10 Some will argue, of course, that
11 proportionality is but one of three prongs, all of
12 which can satisfy Title IX\'s compliance, and that
13 the proportionality prong is for those institutions
14 that want to be absolutely certain that they are
15 within the law. Unfortunately, however, while many
16 schools have been found in compliance on the basis
17 of meeting women\'s interests or increased
18 opportunities for women, many others have felt
19 bullied into proportionality as the only means of
20 achieving compliance, the only so-called safe
21 harbor.
22 Such is the case at my school,
23 San Diego State University. We\'re one of 23
24 campuses that make up the California State
25 University System, and as a system, because of the
81
1 court ordered consent decree, we find ourselves
2 with only one satisfactory benchmark when it comes
3 to Title IX compliance, and only one \--
4 proportionality.
5 About nine years ago, before I
6 arrived at San Diego State, the California Chapter
7 of the National Organization for Women sued the
8 California State University, charging that women in
9 the CSU did not have an equal opportunity in
10 intercollegiate sports. What came out of that
11 lawsuit was an out-of-court settlement called the
12 CAL NOW Consent Decree, in which the CSU agreed
13 that each campus must meet the proportionality test
14 in three areas, not simply participation, but also
15 in scholarship expenditures and total expenditures
16 to be considered in compliance with the decree,
17 Title IX aside.
18 The CAL NOW proportionality formula
19 applies to fund raising as well, which means that
20 if women are 55 percent of the student body, and
21 the men\'s soccer team earns 40,000 dollars in a
22 fund raising effort, they must give about half that
23 money to the women. This caveat is a shocking
24 revelation to most potential donors, and it
25 dramatizes that in the California State University,
82
1 proportionality is not an alternative safe harbor,
2 but it is the law of the land for the entire system
3 across many categories. For San Diego State, the
4 claim that we\'ve met the interests of our women on
5 campus in terms of varsity athletics means nothing.
6 For San Diego State to demonstrate that we have a
7 history of increasing women\'s opportunities is an
8 equally hollow argument. Of course, our case is
9 the extreme, but extremism is the problem in this
10 ongoing controversy.
11 I\'m not here today to argue that
12 Title IX has been the sole culprit for the demise
13 of many men\'s intercollegiate sports programs
14 across the country, and I\'m not going to rehash the
15 many old football arguments rather. Rather, I want
16 to stay focused on the unintended consequences of
17 Title IX, when the proportionality prong of the
18 legislation is applied. Whether we\'d like to admit
19 it or not, proportionality is a quota system. I
20 think most of us, even more liberal thinkers who
21 are hard-line Title IX advocates, would agree that
22 we should not tolerate quotas in any endeavor. We
23 don\'t have quotas in any other area within the
24 university of which I\'m aware, and if we did, the
25 free speech steps of our campus would suddenly
83
1 become very active. The by-product of this system
2 is that we have reached a point where women\'s
3 interest in sports are dictating men\'s
4 opportunities.
5 To illustrate this point even more
6 vividly, as someone who serves on the president\'s
7 cabinet at San Diego State, I was once in a meeting
8 that included not only the rest of the cabinet, but
9 the deans of the various colleges on our campus.
10 At one point during our discussion the dean of our
11 College of Engineering was very concerned over the
12 fact that in the last class of admitted freshmen to
13 the college, only 10 of the 100 students were
14 women, despite a concerted effort to encourage more
15 women to enroll. He made the remark that he would
16 like to do something to raise the percentage of
17 women who want a degree in engineering.
18 As the athletic director I don\'t say
19 too much in these high-brow cabinet meetings that
20 include the deans, but that comment struck a chord.
21 Tongue in cheek, I told him that if he wanted to
22 raise the percentage of women who were students in
23 the College of Engineering, he simply needed to do
24 what we do in athletics, that is, reduce the number
25 of men the college admits. After all, if 10
84
1 percent of the freshmen engineering class already
2 are women, and if you\'re not successful in
3 recruiting more than that, you can raise that
4 number to 20 percent by cutting the number of men
5 who are admitted from 100 to 50. Thus, even if no
6 more than those original ten women want to attend,
7 you can still double your percentage of female
8 enrollment. Well, obviously that solution is
9 absurd, but it\'s exactly what we\'re doing in
10 athletics when we are tied to the proportionality
11 standard.
12 Having said all this, I want to
13 reiterate what I stated at the beginning. Title IX
14 has been badly needed and extremely effective
15 legislation overall. Not only are women better off
16 because of it, but we as a society are better off
17 as well. Clearly we need some way of measuring
18 whether institutions are living up to the spirit of
19 Title IX, but I believe that gauge must be more
20 subjective and fair than what proportionality
21 offers.
22 As stated by Steve Erber at the
23 Atlanta town hall meeting last August, quote,
24 proportionality is a measure of outcome, not a
25 measure of opportunity, end quote. And as Judge
85
1 Rebecca Doherty stated in Peterson vs. LSU, quote,
2 the proportionality prong is inappropriate in
3 determining Title IX compliance, because the test
4 assumes that men and women are on all campuses are
5 equally interested and able to participate in
6 athletics, end quote.
7 Simply put, proportionality should
8 not be a safe harbor for anyone on any side of this
9 question. San Diego State should not be able to
10 use the proportionality test to convince skeptics
11 that we have met women\'s interests, and likewise
12 CAL NOW champions should not be able to cite the
13 lack of proportionality as evidence that San Diego
14 State has not met women\'s interests.
15 I would hate to think that the US
16 Naval Academy, which has only 15 percent female
17 enrollment, would ever seek refuge in the safe
18 harbor of proportionality, when over one-third of
19 its 1000 participants in varsity sports are women
20 currently. Technically, under proportionality,
21 Navy could eliminate nearly 200 participation
22 opportunities for women tomorrow and still argue
23 that it is in compliance. But what sense would
24 that make?
25 MR. LELAND: One minute.
86
1 MR. NEINAS: In closing, as always, I\'m
2 better at finding a problem than I am in solving
3 it. But there must be some intuitive way of
4 measuring whether or not we are being fair to women
5 in athletics without substituting one form of
6 discrimination for another. Despite our
7 ideological differences, I think we can do it. As
8 Eric Brady wrote of Title IX in USA Today earlier
9 this year, and I quote, conventional wisdom says
10 liberal Democrats love the law and conservative
11 Republicans loathe it, but the more complex truth
12 is how you feel about Title IX is not determined by
13 ideology alone. Some Republicans are soccer moms
14 and some Democrats are wrestling dads, end quote.
15 Thus, we are in this together.
16 Together we must solve the problem. I believe that
17 as a society we are creative and smart enough to
18 come up with something that both my father and
19 Atticus Finch would be proud of. Thank you.
20 (Applause.)
21 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
22 We would appreciate the courtesy if
23 people would just take a second and either turn
24 your cell phone off or check to make sure it is
25 off.
87
1 Our next invited presenter is
2 President Rosa Perez. Prior to becoming President
3 at Canada College in Redwood City, California, Rosa
4 Perez served as a Vice President in three other
5 California community colleges; City College of San
6 Francisco, Canyon College, and Chabot College. She
7 was also Vice Chancellor in the San Francisco
8 Community College District.
9 President Perez\'s commitment to
10 athletics is evident in her previous appointments
11 as varsity softball coach at City College of
12 San Francisco, as an athletic advisor at West
13 Valley College, and in her own competitive
14 experience while attending some university,
15 Stanford University and in numerous leagues over
16 the years. She also has the acronym \--
17 Throughout her career President Perez
18 has received many honors. She was recently honored
19 as one of the outstanding female Hispanics in the
20 Bay Area, and in 2001 she was named Woman of the
21 Year in the 11th Senatorial District in California.
22 President Perez, thank you.
23 MS. PEREZ: Thank you very much.
24 Good morning, and welcome to the
25 great state of California. I don\'t know that
88
1 anybody has done that for you yet. I just want to
2 tell you it\'s great to have you here, and to
3 Cynthia Cooper, I just want to let you know that
4 you are a hero for both my daughter and my son, and
5 it\'s wonderful to be before you this morning.
6 I am with you this morning as the
7 representative of the world\'s largest statewide
8 system of higher education. It\'s a thrill to be
9 able to say that. Each year the California
10 community colleges educate nearly 20 percent of the
11 nation\'s population of college students. Each year
12 our colleges provide unprecedented high quality
13 educational opportunities at low cost to nearly
14 three million California residents of all ages.
15 Our system encompasses 108 colleges, employs nearly
16 60,000 faculty and staff, and has an annual state
17 budget of nearly five billion dollars.
18 The California Community Colleges
19 Commission on Athletics is a legislatively mandated
20 entity responsible for the administration of
21 intercollegiate athletics. The system is large
22 enough to merit its own oversight agency separate
23 from the NJCAA, and we\'ve been in business since
24 1902. We just completed a year long celebration
25 honoring 25 years of women\'s intercollegiate
89
1 athletics at community colleges in California.
2 Nearly 25,000 full-time community
3 college student athletes compete in 23 sports
4 sanctioned by the COA. None received scholarships,
5 and all must maintain a 2.0 grade point average in
6 NCAA transferable courses in order to participate.
7 COA sports teams within our nine
8 all-sport conferences are dotted with the unique
9 and unusual. Here are some examples of current
10 athletes in our system; a 57-year-old grandmother
11 completing in cross country, a father-son tandem
12 competing together on the same basketball team, a
13 71-year-old granddad competing in men\'s golf, a
14 20-year-old amputee playing basketball, and many
15 women in their 40s returning to compete on women\'s
16 golf teams, women\'s badminton teams and selected
17 other sports.
18 We are a system that takes great
19 pride in being the true people\'s colleges and of
20 our open access, open door policies. In our
21 opinion it is unfathomable to think that athletic
22 administrators would not provide opportunities
23 equitably to men and women, and at the same time,
24 we see that the work of equity continues to require
25 the attention of institutional leaders guided by
90
1 the law in its regulation.
2 The vision of Title IX has yet to be
3 realized. Although I speak to you today as a
4 college president on behalf of the COA, I also want
5 you to know that I am a former athlete and a
6 varsity softball coach. When I played softball at
7 Stanford University, it was a club sport, and now
8 thanks to Title IX, it is one of the many excellent
9 varsity sports that are available to both women and
10 men at that university.
11 About ten years ago the university
12 sent all of the women that had played in club
13 sports over the years a certificate acknowledging
14 our participation in what should have been varsity
15 level play. The university recognized how Title IX
16 had raised its awareness and consciousness and now
17 is inducting us into its formal sports family.
18 That certificate meant so much to me,
19 because team play was such an important part of my
20 own development. It developed my character, my
21 leadership, my drive to succeed and to contribute.
22 I\'m a Hispanic female who is the first in my family
23 to go to college, and sports developed me and gave
24 me the confidence to lead. I am a college
25 president today because I was a team captain first.
91
1 As a varsity coach I remember, even
2 after Title IX, what it was like to have to go to
3 the men to borrow equipment, beg for field time,
4 and to work with inner city high schools to recruit
5 potential players where there was not adequate
6 support for girls to play, especially in the Latino
7 community. So my work has always included
8 inspiring girls, who really would not, if just
9 given a survey today, indicate interest, because I
10 saw that I needed to, and we continue to need to
11 work with parents and families and communities to
12 develop that interest and to develop the trust in
13 our institutions in the work that we do.
14 If you look at the participation of
15 young Latinas in athletics in California, and I
16 would say throughout the United States, you would
17 see that we still have a long way to go.
18 I am very proud to be a member of the
19 board of the Commission on athletics because of its
20 conscious commitment to equity. The COA has
21 systematically increased the number of sport
22 opportunities for women and provided critically
23 important leadership on gender equity to our member
24 colleges. To us, Title IX is not social activism
25 that favors the minority. To us, it\'s a law
92
1 designed to ensure that fully one-half of the
2 American population gets basic rights in the
3 classroom and on the playing field. Our reason for
4 that belief is just as clear. It is the right
5 thing to do.
6 California Governor Gray Davis is
7 convinced of that, as well as is our legislature,
8 having recently signed and funded Assembly Bill
9 2295, a law that will require all educational
10 entities in our state, from K-12 to higher
11 education, to gather data about Title IX. The
12 intent of this bill is to ensure that Title IX
13 guidelines are being followed in California. A
14 report is due back to the assembly in January of
15 2004.
16 Earlier I pointed out just how unique
17 our system of colleges continues to be. However,
18 that uniqueness does pose problematic issues for
19 our open door system. Consider the following:
20 nearly 57 percent of our 2.9 students are women.
21 Our average age is 27. We do not offer athletic
22 scholarships, as I\'ve already said. Most of our
23 students live on their own and maintain jobs while
24 attending college, oftentimes going to classes in
25 the evening after feeding their kids their evening
93
1 meal.
2 Our colleges do not have anything
3 remotely close to the huge budgets of four-year
4 universities, and our colleges have more than
5 500,000 adults ages 40 years or older, and nearly
6 300,000 adults between 30 and 39 years of age.
7 Thousands of our students enter specific short-term
8 occupational certificate programs to learn new
9 skills for job upgrades and aren\'t interested in
10 transferring to universities.
11 These points illustrate our
12 uniqueness, which we fully embrace. That
13 uniqueness is the very reason why a large majority
14 of our colleges must have the flexibility of the
15 three-prong test, and are best served by using
16 prong three to demonstrate the non-discriminatory
17 reasons why disproportional participation is
18 justifiable.
19 Our focal point of our concern
20 centers not on the proportionality criteria or the
21 three-prong test, but on the failure of the Office
22 of Civil Rights, sorry about that, guys, to provide
23 educational materials and workshops on the use of
24 prong three and how it does permit departures in
25 proportionality when there\'s differences in the
94
1 availability of males and females to participate
2 because of work and family responsibilities.
3 We need for the OCR to emphasize that
4 the safe harbor terminology used to characterize
5 prong one as a term of legal art rather than the
6 only way to comply. We need to have OCR reinforce
7 the acceptability of less than proportional
8 participation in institutions like our community
9 colleges, when the cause of such imbalance is our
10 unique student population.
11 When Title IX was passed, there was a
12 heavy emphasis placed on training by the Office of
13 Civil Rights. I remember that because I was a
14 Title IX compliance officer at the time, and the
15 OCR spent a lot of time helping us understand the
16 law and interpret it. The confusion today is
17 simply as a result of the years of neglect and
18 continued training that has kept up to date with
19 the evolution of the law and its options of the
20 three-prong test.
21 There are inherent differences at
22 each level of education. We all cannot be painted
23 with the same brush. Equity at the K-12 level and
24 in many four-year institutions with traditional
25 student populations and athletic scholarships may
95
1 be proportionate, but proportionality may not
2 reflect the needs and interests of a community
3 college population across the country. At the
4 community colleges we need educational assistance
5 that shows us how to use prong three to justify
6 non-discriminatory athletic programs that may not
7 be proportional to the numbers of males and females
8 in our student bodies.
9 The second solution is that the
10 Commission must focus on enforcement. There has
11 been no proactive sustained movement in this area.
12 We need to develop the personnel, training
13 programs, and enforcement teams to ensure
14 implementation of the law.
15 The COA and the State of California
16 believe that the passage of Title IX was one of the
17 most significant and far reaching events in the
18 history of athletics. Like the widespread
19 integration of the late 1960s, it transformed the
20 culture of athletics and, in turn, fundamentally
21 influenced American lives. It needs to continue to
22 do so. The law is just fine. Don\'t fix what\'s not
23 broken. Thank you.
24 (Applause.)
25 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
96
1 Our next presenter is Dr. John Welty.
2 Dr. Welty has been president of California State
3 University Fresno since 1991 where he is also a
4 professor in the School of Education and Human
5 Development. Recently President Welty chaired a
6 group of seven California State University
7 presidents, who were responsible for overseeing
8 agreement reached for CAL NOW to increase
9 opportunities for women, particularly in athletics.
10 Dr. Welty received his Bachelor\'s
11 degree from Western Illinois University, his
12 Master\'s degree from Michigan State University, and
13 his Doctorate in Administration of Higher Education
14 from the Indiana University in Bloomington.
15 He has had numerous publications, sat
16 on dozens of committees and advisory committees,
17 he\'s been involved in all kinds of academic
18 enterprises, won numerous awards, and as recently
19 as 2001 he was recognized by the California State
20 Student Association as University President of the
21 Year. John Welty, thank you.
22 MR. WELTY: Thank you, and thank you for
23 this opportunity to be with you on behalf of the 23
24 campuses in the California State University, which
25 currently enrolls over 400,000 students.
97
1 Over the last ten years the
2 California State University has made enormous
3 progress in the area of gender equity in athletics,
4 and today I want to focus my comments on the
5 achievements that have been made during this
6 period.
7 In 1993, as has been mentioned, the
8 California National Organization for Women filed a
9 lawsuit against the CSU alleging that the system
10 failed to comply with Article 5 of the California
11 Education Code, which is state legislation passed
12 in 1976 that mirrors Title IX legislation. Rather
13 than pursue a lengthy and costly litigation
14 process, the CSU made the choice to enter into a
15 five-year consent decree with CAL NOW, and the CSU
16 presidents made a commitment to achieve equity for
17 women in intercollegiate athletics within a
18 five-year period.
19 Equity was to be achieved by meeting
20 the following criteria: First, the percentage of
21 female student athletes on a campus would be within
22 five percent of the percentage of NCAA eligible
23 women.
24 Second, funding for women\'s athletics
25 programs would be within ten percent of the
98
1 percentage of NCAA eligible women enrolled on a
2 campus, and that in some cases the decree allowed
3 allowances that were made for non-comparable
4 expenses, for example, expenses that applied to the
5 more costly sports such as football.
6 And third, out of the total grants
7 and aids available, grants given to women would be
8 within five percent of the percentage of NCAA
9 eligible women.
10 In order to implement this
11 commitment, the CSU established a system-wide
12 monitoring committee of seven presidents and over
13 the last eight years I\'ve served as chair.
14 Let me share with you the dramatic
15 results of this massive effort on the part of our
16 campuses. First, in the area of participation, the
17 percentage of women participating in
18 intercollegiate athletics within the CSU increased
19 from 35 percent in \'92/\'93 to 52 percent in
20 2000/2001. Within an eight-year period, an
21 additional 1499 women participated on an annual
22 basis in intercollegiate athletics. During this
23 same period, male participation decreased from 65
24 percent to 48 percent, a decrease of 647 male
25 students.
99
1 The CSU\'s achievement of raising the
2 ratio of female student participation in athletics
3 is even more dramatic when considered in context.
4 Most CSU students attend a California high school
5 and/or community college, and last year the
6 statewide participation rate of female athletes was
7 41 percent in California\'s high schools, and 36
8 percent in the state\'s community colleges.
9 This places the participation rate of
10 female student athletes in the CSU at 11 percentage
11 points higher than high school, 16 percentage
12 points higher than the community colleges. But to
13 accomplish this dramatic increase over the last ten
14 years, campuses added 59 sports for women and 15
15 sports for men and eliminated 19 female sports and
16 32 male sports.
17 These changes were all made for
18 programmatic, financial and equity reasons. For
19 example, CSU Northridge recently dropped football
20 after a deliberative process which considered the
21 financial, programmatic and equity issues it faced
22 in its program.
23 Secondly, the percentage of
24 expenditures devoted to women\'s intercollegiate
25 athletics increased from 25 percent in \'92/\'93 to
100
1 48 percent in 2000/2001. This represents an
2 increase of 30.2 million dollars, or a 313 percent
3 increase. The increase for men\'s programs during
4 this period was 16 1/2 million, or 50 percent.
5 Third, the percentage of
6 grants-in-aids allocated to women\'s intercollegiate
7 athletics increased from 35 percent in \'92/\'93 to
8 51 percent in 2000/2001. This represents an
9 increase of 5.8 million dollars or 227 percent.
10 This increase for grants-in-aids to male students
11 in the same period was 3.4 million dollars or 75
12 percent.
13 In addition to the above
14 achievements, over 40 million dollars was spent in
15 the six-year period from \'92 on to build new
16 facilities or renovate existing facilities for
17 women\'s intercollegiate athletics. We\'re proud of
18 the progress that\'s been made over this eight-year
19 period, and in the spring of 1999, in a joint press
20 conference with CAL NOW, we announced that we had
21 satisfied the, largely satisfied the terms of the
22 consent decree, but more importantly, in my view,
23 we had created equitable athletic programs on our
24 campus.
25 In order to maintain our
101
1 achievements, however, and to continue to make
2 progress, the CSU chancellor and presidents made
3 the decision to implement a system-wide program of
4 voluntary self-monitoring, and to continue to hold
5 campuses accountable for meeting the benchmarks
6 that had been established in the consent decree.
7 We\'re now in the fourth year of this voluntary
8 self-monitoring, and I continue to chair the
9 monitoring committee.
10 Each year we continue to obtain data
11 from the campuses, and in cases where compliance
12 has not occurred, we expect campuses to submit a
13 program in which they outline how they will
14 continue that compliance.
15 What have we learned during this
16 period of time? First, we\'ve learned that
17 presidential, chancellor, and board leadership is
18 essential in order to create change.
19 Secondly, we also learned that
20 interest in intercollegiate athletics follows
21 opportunity. Opportunity, however, can outstrip
22 interest. In some instances, for example, we have
23 experienced the following: Some female teams have
24 experienced difficulty in recruiting enough women
25 to compete. Secondly, in an effort to meet
102
1 expenditures targets, we had trouble spending money
2 allocated to women\'s programs. And third, in order
3 to meet grant-in-aid targets, some women\'s programs
4 were told to recruit out-of-state athletes, a
5 solution that\'s contrary to our commitment to the
6 residents of the state of California.
7 Third, the increase in female student
8 enrollment within the CSU system makes it difficult
9 to continue to meet participation targets. In the
10 fall of 2001 within the CSU, female students made
11 up 57.8 percent of our undergraduate enrollment.
12 This percentage is growing by approximately one
13 percent per year.
14 Fourth, the NCAA regulations that
15 established scholarship limits and determined the
16 maximum number of scholarships can be provided and
17 specifics sports are also a problem. In some cases
18 campuses within the system are not able to meet
19 equitable standards in the area of grants-in-aid
20 because they are already giving the maximum number
21 of scholarships under NCAA rules, in spite of their
22 meeting the proportionality standard.
23 In closing let me offer this
24 recommendation to the Commission on behalf of my
25 presidential colleagues. We suggest that standards
103
1 rather than rigid numbers be established for
2 universities in order to comply with Title IX.
3 Every university should be required to meet these
4 standards within a reasonable period of time.
5 Perhaps the NCAA would adopt these standards as
6 requirements for universities to be certified, but
7 higher education community has a history of
8 voluntary accreditation processes to assure
9 quality. These standards would allow for a program
10 to be looked at in its entirety rather than
11 focusing on rigid numbers that might not fit an
12 individual institution\'s circumstances.
13 This approach would allow
14 institutions to measure outcomes related to its
15 programs and assess how equitable programs are
16 viewed from the view of student athletes. The
17 number of male and female student athletes
18 available in an institution service area might be
19 assessed. An institution would be expected to
20 offer more outreach programs to high schools to
21 encourage more female interest, and there are many
22 more examples which could be given. The continued
23 focus on rigid numbers will only exacerbate the
24 polarization of athletic departments and lead to
25 thicker books of regulations.
104
1 Finally, let me suggest one other
2 idea for consideration. Perhaps those institutions
3 which are able to demonstrate that they have met
4 the standards that are established to comply with
5 Title IX would be given extra points when
6 competitive grants are submitted to the Department
7 of Education and other federal agencies. Let me
8 assure you that that change alone would get every
9 institution\'s attention.
10 Thank you for this opportunity to be
11 with you this morning.
12 (Applause.)
13 MR. LELAND: Thank you. We\'ll now open it
14 up for questions from the commissioners. We have
15 about 20 minutes for questions and then we\'ll take
16 a break.
17 So let me start off with one.
18 President Welty, you were fairly clear in saying
19 that the proportionality required under CAL NOW was
20 based on the number of NCAA eligible women. Could
21 you explain that and could you also maybe tell me
22 whether that was a difference, what the differences
23 between that and what the OCR standards are?
24 MR. WELTY: Well, specifically, and this got
25 to be fairly complicated, we used the NCAA
105
1 definition of eligibility to calculate the men and
2 women in our student populations when we calculated
3 that percentage. So that did exclude, for example,
4 students that were over certain ages and part-time
5 students, etc.
6 We have, in fact, though, as you run
7 the numbers on our total student population, they
8 mirror very closely what our eligible population is
9 to what our actual population.
10 MR. LELAND: Other questions from \-- Debbie?
11 MS. YOW: You knew I would be the first one.
12 MR. LELAND: I knew, I knew.
13 MS. YOW: I\'d like to ask a question of
14 Mr. Zimbalist and Dr. Perez about proportionality.
15 You know, so much of our discussions are really,
16 this is really a trust issue, and given my
17 background I understand that, but nonetheless, I\'m
18 very interested, if you could just make yourself
19 think about it in this way. Do you find that the
20 standard of prong one, the proportionality
21 standard, do you find that to have a logic flow?
22 In other words, the people that I\'ve
23 talked to who don\'t agree with that seem to not
24 agree with it because they don\'t see a logic flow
25 between a comparison of the undergraduate
106
1 enrollment, male to female, to participation rates
2 in athletics. And I just want to focus on that and
3 get your thoughts on that and whether or not you
4 think it\'s appropriate. If you do, why, and if you
5 don\'t, any idea you might have for something that
6 could be used that would be better?
7 MR. ZIMBALIST: First let me say that I
8 think it\'s important, in talking about prong one,
9 to recognize always that there are two other
10 prongs, and prong one \--
11 MS. YOW: Wait, wait, wait. I\'m sorry, I\'m
12 sorry. This is my question. Prong one only. No
13 prong two discussion, no prong three. Prong one.
14 Because \--
15 MR. ZIMBALIST: Yes, ma\'am.
16 MS. YOW: Thank you.
17 MR. ZIMBALIST: I think there\'s a logic
18 flow, and this is what I think it is. To me,
19 what\'s important about the proportionality prong is
20 that it sets a standard and it pushes the system
21 forward, you know. If we were to ask 20 years ago
22 or 1972 when Title IX was passed, what are the
23 inherent interests of women to participate in
24 sports, we would have seen a much lower level.
25 Just about everybody in this room would agree that
107
1 in 1972, I\'m quite sure, that women were not as
2 interested in sports as men. And one of the
3 reasons why women continue to be less interested in
4 the aggregate than men, even today, is because
5 society has taught them to be less interested and
6 because the level of resources that are devoted to
7 women\'s sports is less and that makes it less
8 attractive.
9 And I think the idea of getting to a
10 place sometime in the future where there\'s no
11 discrimination means pushing the system, and I
12 think that that\'s what the proportionality prong is
13 all about. It pushes the system, it sets some kind
14 of a standard.
15 (Applause.)
16 Now, let me also say that, whenever
17 you have social change, whenever you have social
18 change in any area, there are going to be tensions
19 and there are going to be anomalies and there are
20 going to be people who get hurt by it. And what \--
21 I think that should not lead you to abandon the
22 social change. It should lead you to try to deal
23 with some of the people who are getting hurt by it,
24 it should lead you to make modifications, but you
25 know, the fact that in the California system,
108
1 sometimes that has to go out of the state to meet
2 the women\'s participation level is an example of
3 that kind of tension. It\'s going to happen. It
4 should not lead you to abandon the system that has
5 brought us to where we are today.
6 (Applause.)
7 MS. PEREZ: You mentioned the very key word
8 at the very beginning, which is trust, and I would
9 say there\'s no reason why women should trust that,
10 just on the basis of the other two prongs, things
11 will be just fine. You know, the prong one \-- what
12 prong one does give us is very clearly a logic
13 flow, it does have enough flexibility within it, it
14 is not a rigid prong, but it does give us, I think,
15 some pretty simple thinking, focused sometimes on
16 our dialogue around this business whose hearts we
17 still have to open up and whose minds we are still
18 working on. It gives us the hammer we
19 unfortunately still have to yield in order to make
20 the change we\'re looking for.
21 It helps us get more aggressive in
22 the areas of developing interest in recruitment, in
23 doing the right thing, and prong one gives us a
24 term, it gives us a goal that we absolutely have to
25 turn to in order to achieve equity. And you know,
109
1 I just don\'t know how else to state it. I can\'t
2 imagine that we could do our work without having
3 the capacity provided to us through prong one.
4 MS. YOW: I appreciate the responses, which
5 is what I asked for. Just a comment, though, I
6 apologize. Mr. Zimbalist, I just want to let you
7 know that a lot of us as athletic directors do not
8 lack financial discipline, we\'re doing the best we
9 can under some very challenging circumstances. I
10 referred to it earlier, if we used classic
11 counseling terminology, one would suggest that we
12 find ourselves in what would be called a double
13 bind. If we use colloquialisms it would be damned
14 if we do and damned if we don\'t, would be how you
15 would say that.
16 And if there\'s an antitrust movement,
17 unfortunately my women\'s basketball coach would
18 lose money, so let\'s not do that too soon. She
19 would lose 75,000 dollars in this scenario, and I
20 would hate for her to lose that money.
21 And then last thing, the athletes are
22 not unpaid. The last time I checked they\'re
23 getting five years of full scholarships, free
24 medical support and opportunity for millions of
25 people to see them, quote, do their thing, and I
110
1 feel pretty good about that. But I do very much
2 appreciate both your perspectives on the
3 proportionality prong.
4 MR. LELAND: Okay. Jerry?
5 MR. REYNOLDS: Mr. Zimbalist, I just want to
6 make sure that I understand where you\'re coming
7 from. It seems to me there are two obvious ways to
8 view Title IX. One way is to view it as an
9 anti-discrimination statute, a law that\'s intended
10 to ensure that men and women aren\'t harmed on the
11 basis of their sex.
12 Another way to view it is that the
13 law is a vehicle for social change, for
14 transforming the landscape of society with respect
15 to participation in athletics by women. Looking at
16 those two approaches, which one \-- which one do you
17 embrace?
18 MR. ZIMBALIST: I hope you won\'t be as rigid
19 with me as Ms. Yow was a moment ago.
20 I\'d like to say that it\'s both. It\'s
21 written as a statute for non-discrimination, but it
22 was written at a time when there was
23 discrimination, so it\'s both a statute that
24 promotes social change and a statute that promotes
25 non-discrimination.
111
1 MR. LELAND: I was going to say, what you
2 could have said is her question could be your
3 answer. Donna?
4 MS. DE VARONA: Andy, let\'s suppose that
5 proportionality is taken out of the law and the law
6 states that you cannot discriminate on the basis of
7 sex in any institution that receives government
8 funding, and suppose that these programs were
9 slowed down. This is a two-part question. How do
10 you then define what isn\'t discrimination if we got
11 rid of proportionality? And if we did, because
12 we\'ve heard from a lot of wrestling advocates and
13 tennis advocates and swimming and gymnastics, do
14 you think if we slowed this down, that these
15 programs would indeed be put back into schools?
16 I\'m not asking you to look into the
17 future, but I think it\'s an important question,
18 given the dynamics of what the debate is, whether
19 it\'s the problem of revenue-producing sports that
20 demand good coaches\' salaries or whether it\'s
21 capping teams and cutting teams to meet the
22 mandates of Title IX.
23 MR. ZIMBALIST: Let me say that I don\'t
24 view my own expertise to be in the area of
25 implementation of Title IX. I was asked what I
112
1 thought about the proportionality prong, and I\'ve
2 told you what I thought the value of it was, so I\'m
3 not sure I\'m in the position to tell you what would
4 happen if prong one weren\'t there.
5 It does seem to me that, in general
6 if it weren\'t there, you would want some other
7 mechanism to drive the system, and some of the
8 incentives that the president spoke about, you
9 know, might serve that function.
10 In terms of whether or not, if you
11 took away prong one, would the wrestling team come
12 back and would the male gymnastics team come back
13 and so on, I disagree, not with Ms. Yow in
14 particular with regard to her administration at
15 Maryland, but I do disagree as a general
16 proposition with regard to the operation and
17 function of athletics budgets in athletic
18 departments.
19 I think there\'s an enormous amount of
20 endemic waste, and that one of the reasons for it
21 is that these departments are separated out from
22 the rigors of budgetary discipline at the
23 university, but more importantly the, rigors of
24 budgetary discipline that comes from a marketplace
25 and comes from having to answer to shareholders who
113
1 care about getting a dividend or a capital gain
2 while they\'re holding their stock. And it\'s a very
3 self-contained mechanism that reinforces itself.
4 I happen to believe that if you
5 eliminated prong one therefore, there\'s absolutely
6 no guarantee, not to say it wouldn\'t happen in a
7 particular case, but absolutely no guarantee that
8 this system that doesn\'t have its own internal
9 discipline mechanism would then take that money
10 rationally that they were saving from spending less
11 on women\'s sports and give it back to the male
12 wrestling team.
13 MS. DE VARONA: In respect to that, what is
14 your opinion or where do you think Jerry Kravitz
15 was going with his interpretation of his own
16 statistics as it related to proportionality and
17 interest in providing opportunities to women
18 athletics?
19 MR. ZIMBALIST: Where Kravitz seems to be
20 going is the elimination of the first prong. I
21 find that some of his statistics are quite
22 baffling. He uses a recruitment rate that seems to
23 be the number of female participating athletes
24 divided by the number of high school athletes
25 reduced by the 77 percent and the 64 percent, and
114
1 then he takes that number and he reapplies it to
2 say how many there ought to be, so it was
3 topological.
4 It seems to me that you can play the
5 statistics game in all sorts of different ways.
6 What we all seem to be about, even those of us on
7 the panel who disagree with each other, is that we
8 think Title IX has been productive and that it
9 ought to march forward, and I\'m not sure that
10 Mr. Kravitz\'s remarks would lead us in that
11 direction.
12 MR. LELAND: Cary?
13 MS. GROTH: I would like to talk about the
14 other two prongs if we can for just a minute, and
15 Dr. Perez, you addressed this in your comments.
16 First of all, a comment. I reread the 1996
17 interpretation that was distributed by \-- sent out
18 by Norma Cantu last night, and I find it
19 interesting that it clearly states that all \-- you
20 can meet just one of those three prongs, yet we
21 keep arguing prong one.
22 Perhaps, and I guess I\'m going to \--
23 this is a question to the panelists, if we were to
24 strengthen prongs two and three, go back to the
25 1996 interpretation, and work with the member
115
1 institutions in finding ways to meet prongs two or
2 three, taking away the stigma of the safe harbor
3 only for one of those prongs, would that help?
4 MS. PEREZ: I\'d like to comment on that. I
5 don\'t think it would help at all. I think it would
6 set us backward. I think we need all three. It\'s
7 the whole context.
8 MS. GROTH: I\'m not suggesting take away
9 prong one, just strengthening prongs two and three.
10 I\'m not suggesting \--
11 MS. PEREZ: I think they\'re written fine.
12 My comments were that we need the education. We
13 need OCR to be working with us. The language is
14 very very clear, I think \-- and in them, I don\'t
15 know what you would do to strengthen them. Again,
16 the training was important. It was important in
17 the beginning of Title IX, it\'s important now.
18 MR. LELAND: Percy?
19 MR. BATES: My question is somewhere between
20 Andy and Chuck. I heard 60 football scholarships,
21 I think maybe, Chuck, you were arguing for holding
22 it at 65. What\'s the basis \-- I guess I\'m trying
23 to understand how we arrive at those numbers. Can
24 you help us with that?
25 MR. NEINAS: I would be glad to. And first
116
1 of all, I\'d like to say to Mr. Zimbalist, there are
2 a lot of athletic directors sitting up here who
3 realize that they have hundreds of thousands of
4 shareholders who voice their opinion every
5 Saturday.
6 (Laughter.)
7 And basically, you got to remember
8 there\'s an evolution \-- or a system that at one
9 time conferences themselves established
10 (inaudible). There were no (inaudible) reports.
11 We started out at 105 and that never even was
12 implemented, then it went to 95, 92, 88, 85.
13 As I indicated earlier, I\'ve done
14 surveys since 1978 every other year, and the number
15 of aid is always five to seven below the total
16 number of the limit, because there\'s no (inaudible)
17 enough. Know who is going to get hurt, who is
18 going to quit, who is going to transfer, or who is
19 going to flunk out. So you basically are going to
20 operate with less than that.
21 The thing that is interesting, and
22 this is a little bit not to your question, but for
23 example, probably the healthiest college football
24 today is Division III nonscholarship football. For
25 example, Mt. Union College has 180 football players
117
1 that plays nine junior varsity games. Now, any of
2 us who were involved in the philosophical basis
3 that college athletics is good for everyone would
4 say, we need to applaud that program. I can
5 remember when we used to have freshman football
6 programs, I was opposed to freshman eligibility,
7 and that was a great day.
8 So what you have is, because of
9 economics, we have actually reduced the number of
10 grants-in-aid, unrelated to Title IX. People fail
11 to recognize that in the NCAA you can be I-A with
12 85, you can be I-AA with 63, you can be Division II
13 with 36, or you can be Division III and unaided.
14 I would be interested in what Cedric
15 Dempsey has to say, because a lot of people rush
16 into Division I to get some of that basketball
17 money, and if they have a football program they
18 then have to put it into Division I.
19 Let me just say one thing and I\'ll be
20 quiet. I have shared with Division I-A athletics
21 directors, as some of you have heard, and I\'ve
22 shared with American football coaches, and there\'s
23 no one here who represents that group, I\'m
24 concerned about the future of college football. I
25 have some real concerns, and we need to get a
118
1 better handle on some things, because I want to see
2 as many colleges as possible play this sport, and
3 that is unrelated to Title IX. But I think college
4 football has become a whipping boy in some areas
5 and it\'s unfair, because there is not a recognition
6 as the totality of college football within the NCAA
7 as well as the NAIA.
8 MR. BATES: Okay.
9 MR. LELAND: I\'d like to \-- oh, I\'m sorry.
10 MR. ZIMBALIST: I\'m happy to concede to
11 Chuck that the 85 scholarships doesn\'t become 85
12 scholarship players in a particular year, it might
13 become 80 or 78. According to the NCAA there are
14 32 walk ons on average for DIA teams. Still brings
15 you over 110 people on the football team. You
16 don\'t need that many. I think it\'s plain and
17 simple. And we can argue about whether NFL teams
18 have 55 or 58 people on their contract, and it\'s
19 true, they have mini camps, they each recruit 50
20 people in the amateur drafts, and they have people
21 beyond the amateur draft every year that come into
22 these mini camps.
23 But the fact of the matter is they
24 put somewhere in the mid 50s, that number of people
25 on their contract. One could make the argument
119
1 that, because they don\'t have a minor league system
2 and because they don\'t have mini camps and because
3 they don\'t have the Canadian Football League to
4 draw from, that NCAA teams need to have more than
5 the NFL teams. Fine. If you had 60 scholarships
6 and you had 32 people, walk ons, you probably have
7 more walk ons if you limited the number of
8 scholarships to 60, you still have 90 or 100 people
9 on the football team. That\'s more than enough. I
10 think plain common sense would tell you that.
11 MR. BATES: Thank you.
12 MR. NEINAS: Let me say that anybody up here
13 who is a coach realizes, of the 32 walk ons, half
14 of them will cut themselves within the first month,
15 and that\'s a fact of life.
16 MR. JONES: This is a question for Mr. Bay.
17 You know, having now sat through four
18 of these, you know, public meetings, you know,
19 there are a lot of common themes that I think we\'re
20 beginning to see coming out of these, and one of
21 these themes, or two of those themes really, you
22 know, are continuing to play out today as we look
23 at the three-part test. And you know, one of them
24 is the suggestion that look, we have three very
25 independent tests here, and part of the problem
120
1 is that the Department of Education and the OCR in
2 particular isn\'t doing a good enough job of
3 explaining how parts two and three work, or letting
4 people know that there are three independent tests.
5 And at the same time, on the other
6 hand, I\'ve heard Debbie and others who have sat
7 here and said no, no. As a practical matter, you
8 know, proportionality is the sum of the game here,
9 you know, either because there\'s a lack of clarity
10 in the law about how the parts two and three are
11 interpreted and applied, or just the way we\'ve come
12 to define parts two and three functionally.
13 There\'s a proportionality element even built into
14 those two tests.
15 So I\'m just curious, from your
16 perspective as an athletic director in a large
17 program and having experience in several other
18 large athletic programs, what your sense of this
19 question and these themes really is. I mean, do
20 you \-- from your perspective are you getting a
21 sense that you just don\'t have a good sense of how
22 parts two and three operate or how OCR views them
23 or is it, you know, something else? Is it that
24 parts two and three, do just, you know, ultimately
25 do take you right back into a proportionality
121
1 analysis? What\'s your sense?
2 MR. BAY: Well, I\'d like to have the luxury
3 of being able to use prongs two or three. In the
4 California State System we don\'t. We are just tied
5 to proportionality alone. That is the only
6 measure. Now, we are an exception, I know, around
7 the country, but I would like to think that, as a
8 fair-minded manager of the athletic department,
9 that I could provide gender equity using prongs two
10 or three given the opportunity to do so.
11 But I think while proportionality,
12 Mr. Zimbalist says it pushes the system, I
13 certainly agree with that, it does push the system,
14 but I don\'t know how far we want to go down that
15 road. I mean, if we get into proportionality based
16 on race as well as gender, that brings about some
17 other kinds of issues, and certainly
18 proportionality based on race would push the system
19 as well, but I\'m not sure how comfortable people
20 would be with that.
21 So I think we have to be a little bit
22 careful with proportionality, but I don\'t think
23 that a quota system in this country ought to be, in
24 any sense, a safe harbor for those who want to use
25 it to say they met the requirement, nor should it
122
1 be a safe harbor for those who are critical of
2 those who have not met it. I just don\'t think it
3 is a fair test, that that is acceptable given my
4 own value system.
5 MR. LELAND: I\'ve got a question that some
6 of the commissioners asked this previously. You\'re
7 currently a thoughtful, experienced athletic
8 administrator forced into the difficult situation
9 recently of dropping some men\'s programs. I think
10 the commissioners would be interested in getting a
11 short answer on what force is pushed on you at
12 San Diego State University to make that decision to
13 drop those men\'s sports. What role did
14 proportionality play, Title IX, CAL NOW? Could you
15 give us a feeling for that? The commissioners have
16 asked to talk to someone who had made that
17 difficult decision who was supportive of Title IX.
18 MR. BAY: Well, in my career at four
19 schools, I\'ve only dropped one sport and that was
20 here at San Diego State. When I arrived, we had
21 the situation \-- for example, we have the women\'s
22 swimming, we don\'t have men\'s swimming. We have
23 women\'s track, we don\'t have men\'s track.
24 Ironically our women\'s track team would be much
25 better if we had men\'s track because of the culture
123
1 of the sport, the two genders working together in a
2 single program. The sport that I ended up dropping
3 was men\'s volleyball. I hated to do that, because
4 if there was any place in the country where
5 volleyball has a life, it\'s here in California,
6 particularly on the men\'s side.
7 I didn\'t drop men\'s volleyball to \--
8 specifically to comply with Title IX. I was faced
9 with a budget situation, however, where I had to
10 save \-- I had to save 300,000 dollars. I had to
11 find and cut 300,000 dollars out of my budget.
12 Men\'s volleyball is about \-- was about a 150,000
13 dollar item for me, all things considered.
14 Given CAL NOW and proportionality as
15 it relates to overall expenses, the only way I
16 could trim some money from both the men and women
17 was first to trim the men\'s budget, so by cutting
18 150,000 dollars relative to men\'s volleyball, it
19 allowed me in a less dramatic way to trim 150,000
20 dollars of expenses out of the women\'s side for a
21 total of 300,000. So I wouldn\'t blame the cutting
22 of men\'s volleyball on Title IX or CAL NOW. It was
23 a budgetary decision.
24 MR. LELAND: Okay.
25 MS. COOPER: I have a question for anyone on
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1 the panel, and I just want to be very clear about
2 this. Without the proportionality prong, just say
3 it never existed, would women\'s participation in
4 sports have grown the way it has at this point?
5 And then the second part of the question is,
6 without the proportionality prong, just say it
7 never existed, would men\'s participation have
8 dropped anyway? Like would wrestling because of
9 budget issues, etc., etc., have still been dropped
10 or gymnastics or etc.?
11 MR. LELAND: We\'ve got this one more
12 question and then we\'ll have to \--
13 MR. WELTY: I\'d like to say that the higher
14 education community would have complied, but I
15 think the reality is, the proportionality standard
16 has been necessary and made it possible for
17 opportunities to be increased.
18 I think the question we now face,
19 though, is how do we go forward, having gone
20 through a period of change, and to develop a set of
21 standards that we expect all institutions to adhere
22 to, that, in fact, assures equity?
23 The second part of your question is,
24 I think, and I speak from the president\'s
25 viewpoint, the reality is that in the coming years
125
1 there will be a shift in the change in how many
2 sports we can offer because of the economics that
3 we\'re facing. Athletic directors have a very
4 difficult time, and I can assure you that
5 presidents are going to require them to make
6 changes that are probably not going to be pleasant
7 in all cases.
8 MS. PEREZ: I can speak as a college
9 president on this. Absolutely without
10 proportionality we would not have had the increase
11 we\'ve experienced in women\'s sports in respect to
12 participation. And I think it\'s still needed.
13 I think in terms of your second
14 question, which is the cutting of men\'s sports, I
15 don\'t think it\'s about Title IX, I absolutely think
16 it\'s about budget, and I think frequently we hear
17 Title IX used as an excuse by CEOs to say this is
18 because of women, rather than to face some of the
19 politics around budget cuts of male sports or in
20 other areas of the institution. Unfortunately I
21 think it\'s a \-- it\'s just \-- it really is a budget
22 situation that institutions face, which is why I do
23 not think that you will see men\'s sports
24 reintroduced should this be changed.
25 (Applause.)
126
1 MR. LELAND: Muffet and then \--
2 MS. McGRAW: I have two really quick yes or
3 no questions. First Rick Bay. Back in \'93 the
4 reason that you were forced to go to prong one, was
5 it because a lot of the schools were not in
6 compliance with prongs two and three?
7 MR. BAY: I\'m sorry, I didn\'t hear the first
8 part of your question.
9 MS. McGRAW: Back in \'93 when the whole
10 thing came about and you were forced to use prong
11 one in your solution, was it because a number of
12 schools were not in compliance with prongs two and
13 three?
14 MR. BAY: I can\'t really answer that. John
15 Welty would be better served to answer that, I
16 think. I wasn\'t here when the CAL NOW Consent
17 Decree came down. My guess is that it was just a
18 surefire way mathematically to make sure that women
19 were going to be given a fair share of
20 opportunities in intercollegiate sports. And as a
21 result, as I said, it was an out-of-court
22 settlement, CSU agreed with CAL NOW to make that
23 the one and only standard relative to guaranteeing
24 equity on the campuses.
25 MS. McGRAW: Do you concur with that?
127
1 MR. WELTY: Yeah, I think it is accurate to
2 say, if you look across all of our campuses, not
3 all campuses would have complied with one of those
4 prongs. It is important to point out that what we
5 reached in the consent decree was a negotiated
6 settlement. It, in fact, does not meet the
7 proportionality standard that is \-- was placed
8 under Title IX at this point, so this is a way in
9 which we thought we could demonstrate equity using
10 this particular approach.
11 MR. LELAND: Okay, Donna, last question.
12 MS. DE VARONA: I just want to get back
13 to \-- you decided to drop volleyball for budget
14 reasons and you say it\'s not Title IX reasons.
15 MR. BAY: Not directly Title IX. We had to
16 find 300,000 dollars and men\'s volleyball was a
17 sport that was \-- had a budget of about 150,000
18 dollars. There was no way \-- I had to choose
19 really between dropping one sport and taking a
20 little money, comparable money out of the women\'s
21 side across the board or trying to find that
22 300,000 dollars in weakening all of our sports by
23 taking money across the board, significant amount
24 of money.
25 MS. DE VARONA: I\'ve done a little research
128
1 and it was reported that one year ago the Union
2 Tribune questioned the San Diego State University
3 Athletic Department accumulated debt of 1 point
4 million, despite questionable program expenditures
5 such as 4,383 dollars for helmet decals, 40,720 for
6 600 pairs of Nikes, and 37,796 for hotel rooms and
7 buses on nights before football home games. The
8 Tribune reported that the 2001/2002 athletic budget
9 would be 17.9 million, 16.4 million, or 36 percent
10 of which comes from the university\'s general fund.
11 Faced with this deficit, San Diego State did what
12 you said you did, you cut the volleyball team
13 rather than reduce the five million dollar football
14 budget, which the Tribune reported was one million
15 more than the twelve-sport women\'s sport program
16 budget. With 36 percent of your budget coming from
17 the university, did San Diego ever consider that it
18 might not be a Division I school, or did you
19 consider that maybe you could look at these
20 expenditures and fund volleyball, bring back men\'s
21 volleyball for the next season?
22 (Applause.)
23 MR. BAY: Well, football is the one sport,
24 when you take into account all the revenues that
25 you attribute to football, that actually generates
129
1 more money than is spent, and as a result it helps
2 fund all the other sports, including women\'s
3 sports. To say that we could cut football, if
4 that\'s what someone is suggesting, or drop football
5 and therefore save money, it wouldn\'t be the case.
6 MS. DE VARONA: I\'m not suggesting dropping
7 football, you know. I\'m a UCLA graduate and we
8 went to the Rose Bowl that year and I happen to
9 love attending football games. I\'m just \-- it
10 seems you inherited a situation where you had to do
11 something drastic, and I think a lot of schools
12 that haven\'t met certain criteria or have
13 difficulty trying to compete in this escalating
14 work, and competing against schools to stay
15 competitive so they can bring in the revenue \--
16 MR. BAY: Right.
17 MS. DE VARONA: \-- find themselves in your
18 situation.
19 When we talk about due diligence and
20 dropping these men\'s sports, is there a best
21 practices where you could have found a way to save
22 the volleyball team?
23 MR. BAY: I could have found a way to save
24 the volleyball team if I had cut a significant
25 amount of money from every sport budget across the
130
1 board, which I think then would weaken our entire
2 program. And I felt that in order to keep the rest
3 of the program strong, the best way to go about
4 that would be to eliminate one sport. It was a
5 difficult choice. I\'ve been at four schools for 18
6 years and I\'ve never been in a situation where I
7 have had to cut a sport. If there would have been
8 any way, or a better way in my judgment to have met
9 our budget criteria by not cutting volleyball, I
10 would have done it.
11 You mentioned the expenditures that
12 we spend in football. Our football budget is
13 pretty modest by competitive standards, and so
14 we\'re trying to keep our revenue sports relatively
15 strong so that they can generate revenue. So yes,
16 we could have \-- to answer your question, Donna, I
17 wish we could have gone in and sliced 150,000
18 dollars out of the football budget that you
19 mentioned, but it would have reduced our capability
20 to be competitive in football, which would have in
21 turn reduced our capability to generate revenue to
22 help support all the sports, including the women\'s
23 programs.
24 MS. DE VARONA: Thank you.
25 MR. LELAND: Okay, thank you. Those were
131
1 great presentations, great questions, and we will
2 now take a ten-minute break and we will readjourn
3 at 11:48 and take our next panel. Thank you again.
4 (Recess.)
5 MR. LELAND: If people could begin to take
6 their seats please.
7 We now have our next three invited
8 speakers. We will again follow the same format,
9 which is three ten-minute presentations, followed
10 by a question and answer period of approximately 15
11 minutes long.
12 I\'d like to announce now that Deborah
13 (Debbie) Corum, Associate Commissioner at the
14 Southeast Conference, was \-- had some difficulty
15 getting here today. We are hoping that she will be
16 able to be an invited presenter tomorrow morning at
17 our forum. We\'re hoping she can make plane
18 arrangements here.
19 Again, welcome to our presenters.
20 The first up is Sam Bell.
21 Sam is completing his sixth year as
22 the President of the National Track and Field
23 Coaches Association. Sam was the first president
24 of the NCAA Division I Track and Field Coaches
25 Association. Sam was also the first Olympic
132
1 Development Chairman of the Athletics Congress,
2 predecessor to USA Track and Field, and he
3 organized the first two Olympic festivals in track
4 and field.
5 Sam Bell coached track and field as
6 well as cross country at three different
7 universities over a 40-year span, Indiana
8 University, Bloomington, Oregon State University,
9 Corvallis, and University of California, Berkeley.
10 Mr. Bell was inducted into the
11 National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1992 for
12 his contributions to the world of track and field.
13 Sam, thank you for coming.
14 MR. BELL: Thank you for the opportunity to
15 speak to you. Is this on?
16 MR. LELAND: Yes, sir.
17 MR. BELL: I\'d like to speak to you on
18 several fronts, but to start with I want to talk
19 about the issue of the non-scholarship athlete who
20 goes out for sports at the collegiate level. I
21 want to tell you five stories.
22 The first is of a young man named
23 Norman Hoffman, who came to Oregon State University
24 when I was there in the fall of 1958. It was my
25 first year of collegiate coaching. Norm was a
133
1 so-so high school runner. He had run 2:03 in the
2 880 yards in high school and had run a 4:31 mile.
3 His academic credentials were even more ordinary
4 than his track performance.
5 (Laughter.)
6 Those were not credentials that would
7 have caused to us recruit him, but he showed up
8 with a great deal of enthusiasm. In his senior
9 year, he competed on the 4 by 880 yard relay team
10 which set a world record for that distance. He
11 also ran 1:48 while in college and the next year
12 ran 1:47:3 when the world record was 1:46. He
13 finished fourth in the Olympic trials in 1964.
14 This is a young man who walked on with what
15 appeared to be no talent if we went by today\'s
16 standards of what you could keep on a team due to
17 artificial quotas. He graduated, came back and got
18 a Masters, became a professor of Health Education
19 at Bakersfield College in Bakersfield, California,
20 and was the author of at least four textbooks.
21 The second person I\'d like to mention
22 is Dan Hayes, who was from Shelbyville, Indiana and
23 came to Indiana University without very good
24 running credentials. He competed in the NCAA
25 Championships in cross country and ran on a world
134
1 record 4 by 1 mile relay team indoors while he was
2 here. He ran 4:26 in high school and ran 4:05 in
3 college and went on to med school. He went to Dana
4 Farber Cancer Institute in Harvard after his
5 residency, then to Georgetown University, still
6 working in cancer research, and he is now at the
7 University of Michigan still doing cancer research.
8 He is an example of the fact that there are people
9 out there who aren\'t going to attract notice in
10 high school, but who can go on and do great things.
11 Dan has told me his most meaningful experiences in
12 college took place in track and field and cross
13 country.
14 The third person that I would like to
15 mention is a young woman named Judy Bogenschutzt-
16 Wilson who graduated from Indiana University in
17 1989 and got a masters degree from Indiana
18 University in 1995. She was the head girls track
19 and cross country coach at Bloomington High School
20 South in 1988 to 1990. In 1990 to 1991 an
21 assistant men\'s and women\'s coach at the University
22 of South Florida. In 1992 to 1996 director/head
23 coach for men\'s and women\'s track and cross country
24 at DePaul University in Greencastle, Indiana. In
25 1986 to 1989 the assistant coach of women\'s track
135
1 and cross country at the University of Connecticut.
2 In 1998 she came back to Indiana University as the
3 head women\'s cross country coach and the assistant
4 track coach. She progressed while she was there
5 from 5:26 miler in high school to where she was
6 fifth in the 10K at the big ten championships and
7 third in the 5K at the big ten meet as a senior.
8 She was a member of the 1988 indoor big ten
9 championship team being the first one for IU\'s
10 women in track and field. She participated in the
11 Olympic trials in 1988 and in 1989 was the Olympic
12 Festival half marathon champion and record holder.
13 She became a new mother this past Sunday.
14 The fourth person I would like to
15 mention is a young woman named Rosanne
16 Barnhill-Wilson. She ran 2:22 for the 880 yards in
17 high school and did not run cross country. In
18 college she ran a 2:13 800 meters, a 4:30 1500
19 meters, and she competed in the NCAA cross country
20 championships in 1981 and was a graduate assistant
21 at IU from 1984 to 1986. She left here to be the
22 head women\'s coach at the University of Connecticut
23 in 1986 to 1989, and in 1989 came back to Indiana
24 University as head women\'s coach in a combined
25 program and coached here from 1989 to 1998. She
136
1 left because her husband had taken a professor\'s
2 job at the University of Evansville at Evansville,
3 Indiana. She is now teaching elementary school in
4 Evansville.
5 Both of these young women are
6 examples of people who were not good enough in high
7 school to attract the attention of the coaching
8 staff, but came to Indiana and made great progress
9 and broadened their education and created life
10 paths by what they did.
11 The last person I want to speak about
12 in depth is Robert Cannon, who came to Indiana
13 University from a high school in Columbus, Ohio as
14 a non-scholarship athlete. He triple jumped 45
15 feet in high school, not the kind of a mark that
16 would attract the attention of college coaches.
17 While in college he triple jumped 55 four, which is
18 a fairly dramatic improvement, and he long jumped
19 over 25 feet. He continued to compete after
20 finishing his degree and took a job with the Toyota
21 Corporation at Long Beach, California through the
22 Olympic job development program. He made the
23 Olympic team in 1988 and ended up with a best jump
24 of 56 eight. He\'s a kid that under today\'s
25 limitations of the politically correct term of
137
1 roster management would probably not have been on
2 our team. The squad limitations in order to
3 satisfy someone\'s bean counting in Washington or
4 somewhere else is an illustration of a good law
5 gone wrong by interpretation.
6 I have told you the stories of five
7 people and I could talk with you about 30 or 40
8 more who had their lives influenced by being able
9 to come out for track or field and going far beyond
10 what they ever envisioned when they started out or
11 what seemed possible when they enrolled in college.
12 We will lose a lot of this type of
13 student athlete if we stay with quotas, with a
14 quota mentality and a roster management. I will
15 list a few more, but will not dwell on each one.
16 Laura Brad walked on at Oregon State with a 10:6
17 high school pole vaulter in high school who was the
18 first NCAA indoor pole vault championship.
19 Bob Price, 4:43 high school miler,
20 (inaudible) California, California Academy. At the
21 University of California he ran 4:04 for the mile
22 and ran 8:34 for the 3,000 meter steeple chase.
23 The altitude at Echo\'s Summit, California in the
24 1968 Olympic trials did him in and he finished
25 fourth, just missing the team.
138
1 John McNichols, injured in high
2 school in Indiana who stayed out for four years and
3 never lettered, but grew. He coached at three high
4 schools and is now the head men\'s coach and
5 director of track and field at Indiana State
6 University. He also has served on the USAPF
7 Development (inaudible) the best pieces of
8 (inaudible) in the US. On Monday his school hosts
9 the NCAA Division I cross country championships.
10 Mark Harsy, a very average distance
11 runner from Long Island, New York stayed with the
12 program for four years, coached in high school in
13 Indiana, and is now a very successful coach for men
14 and women at Finlay University in Ohio.
15 These stories could be duplicated in
16 any university, in any sport where the leadership
17 is willing to teach and lead. Athletics is a part
18 of the educational system, and this is true even of
19 football. A view stated by one advocate of no
20 change in Title IX interpretation was, the
21 (inaudible) presidents and athletic directors is
22 the problem, not Title IX. The advocates of no
23 change remind me of Chicken Little going around
24 proclaiming the sky is falling.
25 The quota system imposed by the
139
1 proportionality ruling of Title IX is an area
2 that\'s going to affect a lot of people in a
3 negative way if it continues, and it certainly
4 needs to be completely disregarded in order that we
5 don\'t take opportunities away from young people. I
6 have heard people say those darn walk ons in
7 football shouldn\'t be there because they never
8 play. Well, some of those darn walk ons do play
9 and eventually some of them become scholarship
10 athletes. Sports that have such limited financial
11 aid as track and field, wrestling, baseball, and I
12 could go on and on, couldn\'t survive without the
13 walk on athlete. I wonder if anyone who is
14 proposing that we eliminate the walk ons would also
15 suggest that we only allow people who are on
16 scholarship to go into the school of business or
17 any other school on campus. I also wonder if we
18 should do the same thing in music.
19 I read the note to the discussion
20 that the Commission had in Colorado Springs where
21 someone brought up the fact that maybe they should
22 count cheerleaders and pom squads and dance teams,
23 and the comment was made, well, the Office of Civil
24 Rights of the Department of Education said you
25 couldn\'t do that. Since this Commission is
140
1 advising the Office of Civil Rights and the
2 Department of Education about what to do, I would
3 suggest to you that you consider the possibility
4 that these young women who are on dance teams and
5 pom squads do that because they choose to do it.
6 I\'ve watched those people perform, and many of them
7 could be athletes on our track and field team, but
8 they choose to do the other thing because it\'s what
9 they want to do. They get to perform in front of
10 big crowds, and I can tell you that they work just
11 as hard as people who are in athletics. They have
12 coaches, they train daily, they do weight training,
13 our athletic department supplies trainers for them,
14 coaches for them, uniforms for them, travel
15 expenses for them, and they go and compete at a
16 national level. They are athletes a lot more than
17 those involved in some of the so-called emerging
18 sports that are being pushed on us by the NCAA.
19 Some schools even scholarship them. Everyone
20 doesn\'t, but it would be a thing to look at as a
21 possibility to broaden the opportunity for women to
22 compete.
23 I know this Commission has at least
24 two members who are going on talk shows on TV and
25 saying that there should be no change in the
141
1 interpretation of Title IX. I am wondering why
2 Commission members who are supposed to be impartial
3 to be studying the issue would be doing that, but
4 that\'s a thing for the Commission itself to discuss
5 and maybe the Department of Education to look at.
6 Before my retirement in 1998 I had
7 coached women in track and field from 1980 until
8 that time in a combined program. Those women
9 received the same opportunities that our men did in
10 every aspect of the program, except they had more
11 scholarship funding.
12 When Indiana added women\'s track and
13 field in 1978, they hired a young man who had been
14 a graduate assistant of ours, and he was the only
15 coach. After two years I went to our director of
16 athletics and asked him to combine the programs
17 where we have adequate coaching for our women and
18 where they could have adequate scholarship to build
19 a program. At that time that was done and our
20 women\'s program grew as a result of it.
21 I think that what I\'ve talked about
22 is true at basically every school in the country
23 who had men\'s and woman\'s programs. There is no
24 way that the women are \--
25 MR. LELAND: One minute.
142
1 MR. BELL: \-- going to take a backward step
2 by eliminating the proportionality ruling. I hope
3 the Commission will see its way clear that there
4 needs to be some changes made to Title IX in their
5 recommendations to the Department of Education.
6 At Indiana University our
7 undergraduate student body is 51.7 percent women
8 and 48.3 percent men. At Indiana University we
9 have 29,630 undergraduate students. 8,735 are
10 enrolled in the school of education. 6,455 are
11 those are women, 73.9 percent, and 2,280, 26.1
12 percent are men. Would anyone dare suggest that we
13 enforce proportionality there? These figures seem
14 to indicate interest, the figures of men\'s and
15 women\'s \--
16 MR. LELAND: Time.
17 MR. BELL: \-- participation in athletics
18 would seem to do the same thing. It defies logic
19 that someone would advocate proportionality in
20 athletics but not in education. I have found a
21 large number of illogical athletes in favor of
22 quotas.
23 MR. LELAND: Thank you. We can read the
24 rest of it, thank you.
25 MR. BELL: I\'m done.
143
1 (Applause.)
2 MR. LELAND: I notice you picked up the pace
3 in the last minute.
4 MR. BELL: Oh, yeah.
5 MR. LELAND: Donna Lopiano is currently
6 Executive Director of the Women\'s Sports
7 Foundation. Donna received her bachelor\'s degree
8 from Southern Connecticut State University and both
9 her masters and doctoral degrees from the
10 University of Southern California. She has been a
11 college coach in men\'s and women\'s volleyball,
12 women\'s basketball and softball. She was a
13 collegiate program athletic administrator for over
14 23 years, most notably at the University of Texas,
15 Austin, where, for an eight-year period she was
16 director of women\'s athletics and ran one of the
17 top Division I programs in the country.
18 As an athlete, Donna participated in
19 26 national championships in four sports and was a
20 nine-time All American in four different positions
21 in softball, a sport on which she played on six
22 national championship teams. She is a member of
23 the National Sports Hall of Fame, the National
24 Softball Hall of Fame, and the Texas Women\'s Hall
25 of Fame. And to show you what a small world this
144
1 is, Donna and I co-hosted in 1979 in Texas one of
2 the first Title IX seminars when I was working at
3 the University of Houston and she was at Austin.
4 So we\'re pleased to have you here, Donna. Thank
5 you.
6 MS. LOPIANO: Thanks, Ted. I\'ve said this
7 to Ted and to everybody here that I know that I do
8 not envy your task. Faced with the flood of
9 information, the stacks of paper, the competing
10 statistics, I didn\'t even understand the statistics
11 this morning and I have a Ph.D., and the passion of
12 those who really champion walk ons and those
13 fellows who have lost their opportunity to play, it
14 seems to be a very difficult place for you guys to
15 be in, but I\'m here to suggest that the task may
16 not be as difficult as it seems, and forgive me for
17 over simplifying, but this is way I keep my head
18 straight on this issue.
19 We live education, we live in
20 athletics. As Debbie Yow said, we live in an
21 environment of finite resources. And when you look
22 at, prior to Title IX, if you had a hundred dollars
23 and you gave hundred dollars to a hundred young
24 athletes, they had all the resources and they were
25 all participation opportunities, you kick in Title
145
1 IX and now we\'re faced with resources having to be
2 shared. Very few schools, very few schools were
3 able to go out and raise 100 percent more
4 resources, to raise another hundred dollars to make
5 sure men stayed exactly where they were and women
6 were given exactly the same opportunity with nobody
7 losing. Very few schools.
8 At almost every school male athletes
9 lost something. They might have lost access to the
10 weight room at the time they wanted it. Maybe they
11 lost the biggest gym. Maybe they lost numbers of
12 scholarships. Maybe, maybe they kept their
13 participation opportunities but some walk ons lost
14 the chance to play. Maybe they just got lower
15 budgets. And then at some schools decisions were
16 made that, instead of cutting budgets from all of
17 those sports, just like Rick Bay had to make that
18 decision, that guess what? We\'re going to cut some
19 men\'s sports opportunities.
20 Schools under Title IX have made
21 different decisions about the use of their
22 financial resources, and in most cases, at best,
23 previously advantaged male athletes were, are not
24 now, and will continue to not be happy at losing
25 their advantaged status. And at worst, there are
146
1 going to be disadvantaged male athletes, previously
2 advantaged, to lose their chance to play. And
3 they\'re going to be really unhappy.
4 They want you to fix it, and that\'s
5 the rub. They want you to make their schools go
6 back and change their decisions. Instead of
7 cutting their sport, let\'s reduce everybody\'s
8 budget. But you know and I know, and this is where
9 you are caught between the rock and a hard place,
10 just like Debbie is on a more frequent basis, that
11 it\'s not possible for any of us on the outside, for
12 the Commission or otherwise, to intercede in those
13 institutional decisions. You can\'t go in and say
14 guess what? This is what I would do in your
15 circumstance.
16 The only other thing you can do is
17 look at that wrong and weaken it. And I would
18 suggest to you that to do so would be to place this
19 advantaged, previously advantaged population in the
20 position of continuing to be advantaged, that the
21 one thing this Commission shouldn\'t do is weaken
22 Title IX.
23 Three points. It\'s okay to have
24 sympathy for that walk on. It\'s okay to have
25 sympathy for every male who loses his opportunity
147
1 to play, but you must have unbiased sympathy. You
2 have to feel just as sorry for every woman who
3 didn\'t have the chance to play, for women who
4 still, at the institutional level, are not getting
5 chances to play, who are not getting benefits, and
6 you simply can\'t discriminate on the basis of sex
7 in your empathy.
8 Second, as hard as it might seem, it
9 is inevitable that the previously advantaged class
10 will be unhappy. In all civil rights laws, be it
11 race or gender, the advantaged class perceives a
12 loss when they must give up generations of
13 privilege and advantage. These feelings and
14 circumstances are real and they cannot be fixed.
15 As a life lesson, sharing the sandbox
16 is one of the most difficult lessons that we will
17 ever have to teach our children. And let\'s not kid
18 ourselves. If you change the law, you will be
19 changing the rules of the sandbox for the last 30
20 years, rules that have served us well.
21 Last point. The proposed use of
22 interest surveys to replace the proportionality
23 standard is preposterous, and it will not stand up
24 in the courts. The use of the results of
25 administering a culturally biased attitude
148
1 assessment instrument to reduce the basic
2 obligations of educational institutions to provide
3 equal opportunity is simply invalid. Such uses
4 have been attempted and unequivocally been rejected
5 by the courts. You cannot in good conscience
6 consider such a use of interest surveys. There is
7 currently an appropriate place for interest
8 surveys, it\'s in prong three, it\'s used in
9 conjunction with prong (inaudible) and appropriate
10 other measures. That has been upheld by the
11 courts. To use it alone is simply not the thing to
12 do.
13 Last, I\'d like to really think about
14 even using the term or the belief that boys are
15 more interested in sports than girls. This is not
16 about interests. This is about a gold ring. There
17 are six million boys and girls out there playing
18 high school sports. Six million. And they\'re all
19 looking up at this gold ring. Their parents are
20 looking at it and they\'re looking at it too.
21 There\'s a billion dollars in college athletic
22 scholarships out there for that. There\'s billions
23 of dollars more for the benefits and opportunities,
24 there are privileges in terms of getting into the
25 best schools, even if you don\'t get an athletic
149
1 scholarship. That is what athletics is all about.
2 To say that a girl isn\'t interested, equally as
3 interested in boys in that gold ring is
4 preposterous. It\'s as bad as saying that a person
5 of color isn\'t interested in a medical degree or
6 law school or as interested as his or her white
7 counterpart.
8 In closing, I respectfully urge the
9 Commission to take four positions. One, to
10 reaffirm your commitment to the law as it is
11 currently written. It has withstood the test of
12 time and repeated reviews in our courts. It\'s a
13 good law that has created steady progress toward
14 equal opportunity for women in sports.
15 Second, to recognize better
16 enforcement of the law. We are still not there. I
17 don\'t understand the statistics. You look at every
18 single institution and you look at those numbers,
19 and we aren\'t even close to equal opportunity yet.
20 I don\'t care whether they\'re budget numbers or
21 participation numbers. There are still too many
22 schools dragging their feet and out of compliance.
23 Three, we recommend that the
24 Department of Education, the Office of Civil Rights
25 better educate colleges and universities about
150
1 prongs two and three especially, and I love Rick
2 Bay, Rick and I have known each other for years and
3 years, this is a terrific document, the \'96
4 clarification. If you don\'t read this and say my
5 God, look at the flexibility that these schools
6 have. Why isn\'t somebody reading it? Why aren\'t
7 you looking at it and saying (inaudible), that\'s
8 ridiculous.
9 And last, to recommend to national
10 government organizations to do one thing that they
11 really can do to truly save opportunities for male
12 and female gymnasts and wrestlers and walk ons,
13 when we have a finite or declining revenue source
14 to make it less likely that schools will opt to cut
15 teams instead of budgets, you have to recommend
16 that every possible examination be done toward the
17 end of capping athletic expenditures in as many
18 ways as possible, even if it means the use of
19 limited antitrust exemptions. No one, no athletic
20 director in their right mind is going to
21 unilaterally cap expenditures. If the NCAA or the
22 national governing organization doesn\'t do it,
23 nobody is going to do it. And that\'s the answer to
24 solving some of the problems that are before you.
25 Thank you for this opportunity.
151
1 (Applause.)
2 MR. LELAND: Our next invited presenter is
3 Kimberly Schuld. Ms. Schuld is a Special Assistant
4 to the Commissioner at the United States Commission
5 on Civil Rights. Prior to this position Kimberly
6 was the Director of External Relations at the
7 Independent Woman\'s Forum where she was Director
8 of, quote, Fair Play, a Project on Gender Equality,
9 closed quote.
10 Kimberly graduated from California
11 State University Fullerton with a degree in
12 physical education and exercise physiology. While
13 at Calstate Fullerton she served two terms on the
14 university\'s Athletics Council and also served on
15 the Title IX Compliance Subcommittee.
16 In her professional career she has
17 written extensively on issues relating to Title IX,
18 she has supervised a Title IX project for graduate
19 students at Harvard\'s Kennedy School of Government
20 during the 1998/\'99 term. She has assisted Linda
21 Chavez, President of the Center for Equal
22 Opportunity in the preparation for the
23 Congressional testimony on Title IX athletics in
24 June of 2000 in the hearing before the House
25 Education Subcommittee on Oversight.
152
1 Kimberly, thank you.
2 MS. SCHULD: Thank you very much for
3 inviting me. I do want to underscore that I am
4 here today not in my role as a Special Assistant to
5 the Commission on Civil Rights, but rather as the
6 former director of the Play Fair project of the
7 Independent Women\'s Forum, which I directed for
8 more than four years.
9 I have a lot of statistics also and I
10 have a prepared statement, which I quite frankly am
11 just going to ask you to read and I\'m going to set
12 aside, because I have some things that have been
13 brought up today that I would rather address.
14 I think one of the things missing in
15 all the testimony and everything that I read in the
16 transcripts from previous town hall meetings is an
17 understanding of what we mean when we say Title IX
18 this, Title IX that. I see stickers, I see
19 T-shirts, I see placards saying don\'t cut Title IX.
20 Nobody, in my four and a half years working on the
21 Commission, nobody that I have seen coming through
22 this Commission has suggested cutting Title IX.
23 What I want to be clear on for the
24 sake of the audience is that the Title IX statute,
25 very clear document, very reasonable document, very
153
1 necessary document, the law passed 30 years ago, is
2 good and is not what\'s under scrutiny here.
3 23 years ago, seven years after the
4 statute was passed, the policy interpretation was
5 written by government bureaucrats with the input of
6 some outside groups under a political deadline
7 under a political hook. There was not a great deal
8 of thoughtful analysis put into how it would be
9 interpreted into the future. They had to pass this
10 thing by December of \'79 to make the deadline for
11 the new Department of Education being formed in
12 1980.
13 To address problems that have arisen
14 based on the changes in our culture and society out
15 of that 1979 policy interpretation is not you all
16 touching the holy grail. We will not go backwards
17 because of the cultural changes. I want to be very
18 clear that it is a policy written by bureaucrats,
19 not a statute, not anything the courts rule on, it
20 is a policy that you are being asked to make
21 recommendations on.
22 I see the role of this Commission in
23 one place; to make recommendations that will focus
24 that Title IX policy and the implementation of that
25 policy on the overall availability of opportunities
154
1 to accommodate demonstrated interests in an effort
2 to provide the best possible experience for student
3 athletes at the high school and collegiate level
4 regardless of their sex. I want to focus on the
5 best possible experience for the student athlete.
6 We\'ve all been talking as though
7 Title IX, or women athletics exists in a vacuum, as
8 though it has no bearing on the relationship to the
9 outside world, to the outside marketplace. And
10 Commissioner Cooper, you asked the question, if
11 prong one had not been in place, would there have
12 been growth in women\'s sports. The answer is yes.
13 The answer is yes, because after 1979 policy
14 interpretation with the three-prongs was passed, it
15 wasn\'t implemented for ten years, and yeah, women\'s
16 sports grew. Would they have grown at the
17 astonishing rate they have during the \'90s?
18 Probably not, but they would have grown.
19 You also asked the question, without
20 prong one would men\'s sports have seen the decline
21 that they have seen. The answer is some, but not
22 as much as we have seen.
23 When you think about what
24 recommendations you are going to make, I certainly
25 hope you will take two people into consideration.
155
1 The first is the athletic director who is on the
2 ground and has to implement this policy. Having
3 worked as an athletic director at Calstate
4 Fullerton, which at the time was a Division I
5 football school operating on a very limited budget
6 in an urban area where we competed against UCLA and
7 USC, we competed against two pro football teams for
8 revenues, for the dollar coming from our students,
9 for the dollar coming from our community. I know
10 the pressures of being an athletic director and I
11 don\'t see anything in the policy that gives them a
12 whole lot of flexibility or allows them to be
13 creative, because the policy does not require that
14 you do anything to increase the number of
15 opportunities for women, or the (inaudible) of
16 opportunities. It does not require \-- it does not
17 offer, excuse me, any incentives to enhance the
18 resources of your existing teams if you still
19 haven\'t met the proportionality goal. You don\'t
20 get credit for that. And it leads schools to a
21 place where they are artificially manufacturing
22 interests which use up the scant resources that
23 should go to the existing teams to bolster their
24 competitive advantage.
25 Take, for example, Arizona State
156
1 University developing a women\'s crew team in the
2 middle of the desert. They developed this team to
3 add to their proportionality numbers. However, in
4 the middle of the desert, how many of their feeder
5 schools have a crew team? Where do they get their
6 qualified athletes from? More importantly, I ask
7 you, what message does it send to the other female
8 athletes that the school would spend 300,000 to
9 500,000 dollars to bring a rowing team in the
10 desert rather than giving them more resources to be
11 more competitive, to travel to more meets, to add
12 more equipment, to build perhaps a new locker room.
13 These are the kids, and I do say
14 kids, who weren\'t even born when this policy was
15 written. And we\'re telling them, you\'re only about
16 numbers, you\'re only about body parts.
17 I would also like to think our
18 culture has changed dramatically. Because of that,
19 I disagree with Professor Zimbalist that we need to
20 keep prong one because it addresses a societal \-- I
21 can\'t think of his exact word here. I can\'t find
22 it and I don\'t want to waste time, but essentially
23 that society won\'t do this on its own so we have to
24 force them to do it. That may have been true 30
25 years ago, but we have enough female athletes
157
1 playing, we have enough fathers coaching their
2 daughters, we have enough coaches who will never
3 let that happen again.
4 I think the job of this Commission is
5 not to look at the past and say yahoo, Title IX
6 worked great, the policy has worked great up to
7 this point and therefore don\'t touch it, but to
8 look to the future.
9 I think the current implementation of
10 Title IX depresses the marketability and growth of
11 women\'s sports. (Inaudible) have already said that
12 there are no requirements to add to the women\'s
13 side and there are no rewards for enhancing the
14 competitive ability of a women\'s team, but more
15 importantly, everything that has been written in
16 the policy interpretation in \'96, and I do not
17 agree that it\'s \-- it (inaudible) on the
18 flexibility, was designed to bring men down to the
19 level that we currently are at. That is the
20 easiest way for an athletic director to get around
21 the whole issue of proportionality.
22 The pressure on the athletic director
23 from the university president not to get involved
24 in a lawsuit or drag him into a lawsuit, the
25 pressure from an academic senate that says why are
158
1 we spending a single darn penny on sports, this is
2 an academic institution, the pressure from the
3 student organization who says why are our student
4 fees going to pay for athletes when we haven\'t even
5 been at the games, these are real pressures. None
6 of them are addressed in the Title IX
7 implementation. None of them give athletic
8 directors any flexibility to be creative and get
9 around these things.
10 It\'s not that I want to get around
11 having girls play sports. No one is suggesting
12 that. But you have to understand that the
13 pressures on the athletic director are not just
14 about participation rates and dollars going into
15 the women\'s programs.
16 Secondly, OCR policy leaves too much
17 in the hands of NCAA for interpretation. The NCAA
18 has misrepresented what the safe harbor should be,
19 what the safe harbor is. Schools are responding to
20 that. Athletic directors are not lawyers. I
21 wouldn\'t want them to be. But you practically have
22 to have a law degree to say to the NCAA, wait a
23 second, that policy does not make sense.
24 I guess I\'m turning lights out here.
25 Thirdly, OCR policy does not require
159
1 that injured party to file a complaint. We talk
2 about the third prong, it won\'t be accepted in
3 courts, the third prong this, lots of schools are
4 surviving, they\'re complying with the third prong.
5 The third prong does not protect a school. If I
6 sit in my office in Washington, DC and read an
7 article in the Chronicle of Higher Ed and decide,
8 I\'m going to file a complaint with the OCR against
9 University X because they\'re not in proportion, and
10 that is exactly what political groups have done.
11 The politicization of Title IX, the
12 politicization of women\'s sports shortchanges
13 female athletes. There are a lot of problems that
14 needed to be fixed. Those battles have been won,
15 and we need to move forward now, beyond 1972,
16 beyond 1979, even beyond 1992 when Amy Prouser sued
17 Brown University.
18 We need to take into account that
19 there are differences in interest levels in the
20 aggregate between boys and girls and men and women.
21 Those interest levels are not driven because
22 society tells girls they can\'t play sports.
23 There\'s too much information out there for girls to
24 ignore that girls should play sports, that there
25 are benefits to that. Every teen and pre-teen
160
1 magazine encourages girls to play sports, and yet
2 they don\'t. Society is not telling them not to,
3 they simply don\'t have the interest. That doesn\'t
4 mean that a single female does not have more or
5 as much interest as a single boy. It means in the
6 aggregate, girls overall do not have the same
7 interest level as boys overall.
8 Is the federal government responsible
9 for creating that interest, or are the advocates of
10 sports responsible for creating that interest? I
11 would contend that it is not the proper role of the
12 federal government to create interest levels, but
13 rather to provide a framework where anybody who is
14 interested in playing a sport, and it is a
15 legitimate opportunity that is offered fairly and
16 that they are offered the resources they need.
17 Finally, looking forward in your
18 policy, understand, participation opportunities are
19 out there and they\'re not being used by women.
20 What women really need now, after 30 years of the
21 law, after 23 years of policy interpretation, and
22 after 12 years of lawsuits, is a change in the
23 resources structure, and that\'s where prong two and
24 prong three are more valuable to the future of
25 Title IX implementation than prong one is.
161
1 As an athletic director, I could put
2 all my eggs in one basket, give every single penny
3 of my women\'s program to the women\'s basketball
4 team and leave my other teams completely unfunded.
5 That\'s not a practical thing to do, but I could do
6 it legally, under OCR policy, because the OCR
7 policy only looks at the top line numbers. It
8 tells us nothing about what might be happening to
9 those student athletes. So I would urge you to
10 ignore the group thing and look at the individual.
11 Thank you.
12 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
13 (Applause.)
14 MR. LELAND: We have about 15 minutes for
15 questions. Tom?
16 MR. GRIFFITH: Thank you very much.
17 Ms. Lopiano, thank you very much for
18 the encouragement you\'ve given to the Commission
19 today about recognizing that we have a tough job
20 and encouraging us to do so. That tenor is
21 strikingly different from some comments that you
22 were reported to have made in yesterday\'s Baltimore
23 Sun. I\'d like to read this to you.
24 In yesterday\'s Baltimore Sun it was
25 reported that you said about this Commission, \"This
162
1 is a fiasco. I think the Commission is a setup.
2 If I were on the Commission, I would quit. I would
3 worry about my integrity.\"
4 First of all, Ms. Lopiano, did you
5 say those things?
6 MS. LOPIANO: I did, and they\'re not
7 inconsistent with what I just told you.
8 MR. GRIFFITH: And then if I may ask you, in
9 what way is this Commission a setup?
10 MS. LOPIANO: I believe that, if you look at
11 the record in terms of you have two-thirds of this
12 Commission who are representing Division I-A, you
13 have a vested interest and a conflict of interest
14 in weakening the law to make it less necessary for
15 you to do the budget, the tough budget decisioning
16 that has to be done to comply with Title IX. I
17 think the composition of the Commission, therefore,
18 puts in question its integrity.
19 Secondly, I think the Commission has
20 rightfully, on any number of occasions, asked the
21 DOE staff for certain experts to be before you.
22 You submit those names to DOE staff, it goes up the
23 line to the White House, and what comes out is not
24 what you\'ve asked for, but what the DOE staff
25 wants. And you\'re left with dealing with limited
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1 expertise to apply to the problem and obfuscation
2 of data, you still haven\'t seen the GAO\'s expert
3 report, you refuse to call Marty Shaw.
4 I mean, I could keep going on, but I
5 don\'t think what\'s happened so far has had the kind
6 of integrity that you should be proud of. And I\'m
7 not saying it\'s your fault, I\'m saying the
8 appointment process is flawed and I\'m saying you\'re
9 trying to do the right thing and DOE staff is
10 obstructing you.
11 (Applause.)
12 MR. GRIFFITH: Let me respond to that if I
13 may. I do worry about my integrity a great deal.
14 I have a public life, I have a private life, and my
15 integrity means more to me than anything else in my
16 career. I bitterly resent your suggestion that my
17 integrity or the integrity of my fellow
18 commissioners is in some way compromised by this
19 service.
20 I don\'t know about others, but I\'ll
21 tell you about myself. I did not seek out this
22 opportunity to serve. The Secretary of Education
23 asked me to do so, and I presume it was the same
24 for everyone else as well. We all are busy people,
25 we have plenty to do. My observations is that the
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1 only reason people are serving here is because they
2 care about the issue and they want to do the right
3 thing.
4 Now, reasonable and good people,
5 Ms. Lopiano, can differ on this issue. Reasonable
6 and good people can differ. Your comments about
7 our integrity are not helpful to the process.
8 Would you publicly disavow your comments now?
9 MS. LOPIANO: No, I would not.
10 (Applause.)
11 I\'m not questioning your personal
12 integrity, I am questioning the integrity of
13 process, and I\'m suggesting to you that, faced with
14 this process, that people of integrity should
15 complain about it, that you should get \--
16 MR. GRIFFITH: And we should quit. Right?
17 Isn\'t that what you suggested to the \--
18 MS. LOPIANO: No, I didn\'t say to quit.
19 I \--
20 MS. COOPER: Okay. In the interest of the
21 process, let\'s move on with other questions.
22 MR. GRIFFITH: Well \--
23 MS. COOPER: Let\'s move on with other
24 questions.
25 MS. SIMON: My question is for Donna, but it
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1 doesn\'t go to integrity.
2 I\'m a social scientist, I\'m not an
3 athletic director, and I believe very strongly in
4 looking at data. I teach courses in public policy
5 in which I say let\'s look at the data to see how we
6 could influence public policy, and I know the
7 difference between junk data and valid and reliable
8 data.
9 What I\'m troubled about, Donna, is
10 you say, well, these interest surveys, that\'s soft
11 mushy data. I think you could get good interest
12 surveys. I think social scientists now know how to
13 get good surveys on a great many topics. But more
14 than that, we have, as I understand it, ten years
15 of data not on interest, but on actual
16 participation between boys and girls in high
17 schools. And as I understand it, those
18 participation data show that 58 percent of boys in
19 high school are interested, and playing, sports,
20 compared to 42 percent of girls who actually
21 participate in sports.
22 Now, why wouldn\'t you think that we
23 should use the experience of the past 30 years to
24 say what can we do to strengthen Title IX, to make
25 it as fair as possible and so on? Why would you
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1 not want to use data that, in fact, shows, not
2 differences in interest, which you say may be
3 mushy, but actual differences in participation?
4 Why shouldn\'t that come into effect?
5 MS. LOPIANO: Let me answer your questions
6 backwards. One, what you see in terms of high
7 school are participation opportunities, not
8 interests, participation opportunities. And the
9 opportunity is determined when I, as an athletic
10 director, say I will start this sport. And it\'s
11 that simple.
12 So what you\'re seeing is the decision
13 on the part of the athletic directors to set
14 participation numbers at this level, and every time
15 they set them at that level, then girls fill them.
16 The second part is soft data. You
17 know, as a social scientist you know that interest
18 surveys are measures of attitudes. No boy in this
19 country would ever answer an interest survey that
20 says \"Are you interested in sports?\" with the
21 answer, \"No.\" He has been taught culturally, in
22 order to be considered a male, he really should be
23 interested in sports. And a female that\'s asked
24 the same question is going to respond in a very
25 different way than a male who has been taught
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1 otherwise in terms of what is expected of him.
2 To base a limitation of opportunity
3 on that kind of culturally influenced attitude data
4 is as soft as you can get, and is not \-- it\'s never
5 been upheld by the courts, and I think if you do
6 it, it will be struck by the courts.
7 MS. SIMON: Can I make just one more
8 comment?
9 But Donna, I\'m talking about actual
10 participation, and that is hard data, not
11 attitudinal data. And secondly, (inaudible) Julian
12 Simon won a very famous bet for betting the planet.
13 I would like to make a bet with you that if we did
14 a really good survey, we would find a significant
15 minority of young boys who would say, \"I\'m not
16 interested in sports.\"
17 MS. LOPIANO: Let me see if I can \--
18 MS. SIMON: I think American society has
19 changed quite a lot. But anyway \--
20 MS. LOPIANO: That\'s fine. Let me see if I
21 can explain it a different way.
22 I know of no coach \-- if I hire a
23 coach tomorrow in any of these programs and I give
24 them a recruiting budget and I give them an
25 operating budget and some scholarships, I know of
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1 no coach who would ever come back to me and hand me
2 back their paycheck and say, \"Sorry, I couldn\'t
3 find any girl not interested in playing my sport.\"
4 So that as soon as we say, \"You have a team, here
5 is your budget,\" that is the opportunity to play,
6 and that is the proof of pudding, not an interest
7 survey.
8 MS. SIMON: But what about a participation
9 survey? You keep talking interest surveys and I\'m
10 saying there \--
11 MS. LOPIANO: Oh, let\'s talk about
12 participations surveys.
13 MS. SIMON: Well, that\'s the only thing I
14 have been talking about.
15 MS. LOPIANO: Participation is the
16 opportunity to play. My decision is \--
17 MS. SIMON: And the actual playing.
18 MS. LOPIANO: \-- to hire a coach, and every
19 time I\'ve done that, every time you say I\'m going
20 to start this sport, girls fill that opportunity.
21 It is not interest, it is the opportunity to play.
22 MR. LELAND: Let\'s try to move on to the
23 next \--
24 MS. SCHULD: Could I just make a comment?
25 MS. DE VARONA: Do you want me to go?
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1 MR. LELAND: Yeah.
2 MS. DE VARONA: This is a two-part question,
3 one for Kimberly and one for Donna.
4 Donna, as we have debated these
5 issues of dropping men\'s sports as an unintended
6 consequence of Title IX, and that\'s the rhetoric we
7 have been dealing with, if you look at the
8 collegiate environment, and since you were an
9 athletic director and had to balance opportunities
10 and resources, how can we how can we create a
11 better environment for the student athlete? And
12 I\'m not just talking about the scholarship athlete,
13 I\'m talking about the athlete that just wants to
14 participate, doesn\'t care if they\'re on
15 scholarship, they just want to go to a school and
16 say I represented my school in a sport. Because I
17 think when this all falls through the cracks, we
18 are talking about \-- and we\'ve been, I think, too
19 focused on Division I and not high school, and
20 there\'s reasons why women aren\'t, you know, getting
21 those opportunities, but what would your
22 recommendation be? Because I hope we can focus on
23 solutions here.
24 MS. LOPIANO: Yeah. It all comes down to
25 resources. To the extent that we can make
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1 recommendations, to encourage governing
2 organizations to create rules that control costs,
3 you will self solve the problem, because the more
4 resources you have, the more opportunities you can
5 provide. Right now no one can expect an individual
6 institution to do the right thing, to not drop
7 men\'s sports, to not reduce or, you know, constrict
8 the program because they can\'t act unilaterally
9 without making themselves less competitive
10 vis-a-vis each other. There\'s \-- you would lose
11 your job. You would lose your job tomorrow if you
12 said, \"I\'m cutting back to 60 football
13 scholarships.\" You can\'t do it. But if everybody
14 did it and if you could not be blamed for voting on
15 it, you would really be in better shape.
16 And that\'s where it\'s hard. I think
17 it\'s hard for a Division I-A group like this, you
18 know, the majority of you, to come out in favor of
19 doing things like cutting football scholarships.
20 And you have to go home and answer to the money
21 people.
22 MS. DE VARONA: And Kimberly, you said that
23 you were supportive of Title IX and all the things
24 that it\'s done and it\'s necessary, but you object
25 to the implementations in the policy. How would
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1 you \-- what would you suggest in changes of policy
2 and what do you see the end result being?
3 MS. SCHULD: My suggestion for changing the
4 policy would be to focus more on prong two and
5 prong three, primarily on prong two, the
6 distribution of resources. I think that the
7 opportunities, despite what Ms. Lopiano says, are
8 there. Participation in those opportunities is
9 driven by interests, and our society does not tell
10 males what they should and shouldn\'t say about
11 sports. Their own biology tells them that. And I
12 can refer \--
13 (Laughter.)
14 \-- to \-- excuse me. I can refer the
15 Commission to some very substantial sociological
16 and anthropological studies, things that \--
17 MR. LELAND: Excuse me. Can we have order
18 please?
19 MS. SCHULD: Where I would like to see this
20 Commission go is to take the onus off of the
21 proportionality test completely. Stop counting
22 athletes by their body parts. It is not true that
23 males and females are interchangeable beings. We
24 cannot have the same strict scrutiny that we do
25 under race, because a black male is the same as the
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1 Asian male, same as a white male, but a white
2 female is not the same as a white male. That is
3 something that you have no control over, and
4 athletic directors have no control over.
5 I would also like to suggest that you
6 offer a lot more incentives into the implementation
7 for athletic directors, provide more guidance so
8 that the NCAA doesn\'t have the whole shebang of
9 what those policies should be.
10 As far as micromanaging costs and
11 resources, one of the things the 1996 policy
12 interpretation took away from minor men\'s sports
13 was the ability to raise their own money. We have
14 numerous stories of male athletes whose teams were
15 being cut for, quote unquote, budgetary reasons,
16 who went out and got endowments in the millions of
17 dollars so that the school would never have to pay
18 a penny for that team, and they were still you
19 can\'t be here because if you are we\'re not in
20 proportionality. We took away the opportunity for
21 men to raise their own money, which is the way
22 minor men\'s sports have always survived.
23 We constantly go back to playing
24 football. I wonder how would you explain to the
25 baseball players at Southwest College that football
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1 was to blame for their team being cut, when the
2 school has never had a football team? Yes, there
3 are issues within football spending that need to be
4 addressed. They are separate from the policy
5 interpretation under scrutiny today.
6 MR. LELAND: Okay.
7 (Applause.)
8 MS. YOW: Going back to our favorite topic,
9 proportionality, I think, you know, it\'s
10 interesting, I\'m going to ask this question of
11 Donna, I think you\'re getting the lion\'s share of
12 the questions this morning. By the way, if you
13 didn\'t see Donna play softball, you missed it. She
14 was extraordinary as an athlete.
15 I think the case \-- we can make a
16 stronger case about scholarship interests. Who
17 wouldn\'t be interested in going to college on an
18 athletic scholarship? I\'m not going there right
19 now because I\'m going to overload if I do.
20 I just want to talk for a minute,
21 just ask the question about the concept of the walk
22 on again. It\'s a prevailing issue, it\'s a baseline
23 issue, it\'s there every day, and one of the things
24 that\'s troubling me about it as a female who, you
25 know, I love athletics like I love breathing.
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1 Everything I have, everything that is dear to me
2 came through my opportunities through athletics,
3 so, you know, I\'m pretty much in favor of Title IX
4 in general. But I have a problem with the walk on
5 issue for this reason. I\'m going to give you a
6 specific example and then I guess I\'m making the
7 assumption that, if it\'s happening with Maryland,
8 it might be happening at other institutions as
9 well. Our women\'s lacrosse team has won seven
10 consecutive national championships in that sport in
11 the \'90s. We\'re very good at that sport.
12 We have a men\'s wrestling team that\'s
13 average. They\'re average in part because they\'re
14 only partially scholarshiped. I\'m saying that for
15 the benefit of my coach because this is going to
16 get transcribed, and I\'m not suggesting he\'s
17 average.
18 But what happens every single year
19 and why I feel such pain on this issue, is that we
20 do cap his sport in terms of participation numbers,
21 and so there are between ten and 15 young men every
22 year who aren\'t on scholarship but want to walk on
23 to the team who do get cut, and it is such a
24 challenge when you\'re standing there with them and
25 there are tears in their eyes, and we know they
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1 just want a uniform, they want to come to practice,
2 they\'re probably never even going to get into a
3 meet, but they just want to be able to say they are
4 a member of the team.
5 At the same time, and this is true,
6 you can ask Cindy (inaudible), our coach, we are
7 over on her side of the world saying you have to
8 carry this number of women, and it\'s not an
9 extraordinary number by standards in lacrosse, and
10 what we continually get back is she can\'t. And she
11 gets frustrated, I get frustrated, and the reason
12 she said is, once she has used her scholarship
13 dollars, she can\'t find very many women who want
14 to just play that sport at our institution, even
15 though we won seven national championships in the
16 \'90s, because they choose other activities in
17 school, whatever that might be, debate team, the
18 band, whatever it is.
19 The reason it\'s problematic for me is
20 I see that, know it to be the case, see her
21 struggle with it, and see the wrestling guys get
22 turned away. Is there room, in your estimation,
23 and just I am asking for your opinion, is there
24 room at least for the walk on possibility, a way to
25 take care of guys that want to compete so that they
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1 can, as always, there\'s not a detrimental impact on
2 women, and in my case if you\'re just using those
3 two sports there would not be a detrimental impact
4 because we\'re trying to pull women to us.
5 How do you feel about proportionality
6 just as related to the walk on issue?
7 MR. LELAND: Donna, before you answer that,
8 we need a little change in style. We need a quick
9 answer on this one. That was the longest question
10 I\'ve ever heard.
11 (Laughter.)
12 MR. LELAND: It was a good one.
13 MS. DE VARONA: I thought I asked that
14 question.
15 MS. YOW: I did not want to be
16 misunderstood.
17 MR. LELAND: And you weren\'t. So if you
18 could go ahead and answer, then we have one more
19 question and we\'ll be done.
20 MS. LOPIANO: I wish I had a really short
21 answer. One, the last thing I would do as an
22 administrator is cut a sport or say nobody walk on.
23 I think it really requires a careful look at all
24 the possibilities under Title IX. Maybe it
25 requires a look at whether or not I want to tier my
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1 athletic program in terms of funding. I want to
2 create a certain level of opportunity that comes in
3 at this level, a certain level of opportunity
4 that\'s not as clearly funded, and then a level of
5 opportunity that is minimally funded.
6 And maybe that depends on revenue
7 producing sports up here, and maybe under that
8 circumstance I can look at a walk on in any sport
9 as being at a different level, and maybe I can make
10 that possible. But I can do it under prong two and
11 three, and I would be dishonest with you if I said
12 I could do it here in front of this committee.
13 I would have to look at your program
14 and say, let\'s look at this before I cut a single
15 opportunity. And that\'s what athletic directors
16 aren\'t doing and that\'s why \--
17 MS. YOW: 30 seconds, Ted. Less than 30
18 seconds.
19 We are tiered, we have been for
20 years, twelve men sports, four fully scholarshipped
21 sports, and our attorneys say prong one. Forget
22 two, forget three.
23 MR. LELAND: How many national championships
24 was that again? Percy?
25 MR. BATES: My question is for Sam. Sam, in
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1 listening to you, you obviously have a great deal
2 of sensitivity to both men and women athletes, but
3 short of modifying prong one, given the experience
4 that you\'ve had, do you have any thoughts other
5 than modifying prong one, that might be some advice
6 to us?
7 MR. BELL: Well, the thing I would say that
8 I heard in Atlanta where I was that the safe harbor
9 is prong one, and that\'s said by some of the
10 radicals in the women\'s movement, so it was pretty
11 obvious that that\'s where they were coming from.
12 And Donna loved it.
13 (Laughter.)
14 She and I disagree violently on this
15 issue.
16 I happen to believe that when you go
17 out with chalk and inscribe chalk on a sidewalk in
18 the fraternity/sorority area and say come out for
19 crew, no experience necessary, for a varsity sport
20 at a major university, it\'s a joke. And I think
21 the sports that we\'re adding for women that have no
22 following, no lead up to have people have
23 experience to come and say these are major sports,
24 decries the issue of what athletics is about.
25 I think that the proportionality
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1 prong, and I know that people on the women\'s side
2 who are adamant about this think that the glass
3 ceiling, if you take that away all controls are
4 gone, there is no way women are going to go back to
5 where they were when Title IX was passed.
6 And I would remind all of you that
7 Title IX was not passed for athletics. That wasn\'t
8 what it was passed about. But I\'ve been in Ted
9 Stevens\' office and talked to him about it and he
10 says, \"What\'s happened is not at all what I
11 imagined would happen when the law was passed,\"
12 and he was one of the co-authors.
13 So things get out of hand, and
14 sometimes the pendulum has to swing before it can
15 come back to center, and it has swung. It needs to
16 come back to center where we use some common sense
17 about what we\'re doing instead of radical emotions
18 that say, oh, the women are going to be abused
19 again if we get rid of proportionality. I just
20 can\'t buy that.
21 MS. COOPER: Just a question, I know we\'re
22 supposed to finish. Sorry.
23 Okay. Are you saying that, would you
24 agree that you would \-- would you still have to use
25 chalk to promote that women\'s team if you cut some
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1 of the football budget to help with the marketing
2 of that program?
3 MR. BELL: I don\'t think the size of a
4 football team or a track team or a baseball team \--
5 MS. COOPER: No, no, no. Hold on. We don\'t
6 have a lot of time, so we\'re just going to be very
7 specific.
8 If you took one dollar, a hundred
9 dollars, a thousand dollars from your football
10 budget, not yours, but a football budget, to help
11 with marketing and promoting that woman\'s sport,
12 would you have to use chalk?
13 MR. BELL: Yeah, you would.
14 MS. COOPER: Okay, thank you. And then over
15 here, sorry. Hi, Kimberly.
16 MS. SCHULD: Hello.
17 MS. COOPER: Are you saying that if you took
18 the proportionality prong out, that \-- and you
19 would have to leave it up to the different
20 universities and it would be the trust issue, that
21 women\'s sports, we would have a WNBA right now,
22 that women\'s sports would have made the advances
23 that it has made, or you\'re just saying that we
24 would have \-- they would have crawled along just
25 because of societal differences and in 30 years we
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1 would have grown some but, you know, hey, maybe not
2 as much?
3 MS. SCHULD: I separate the two issues.
4 First, in terms of the prong, the proportionality
5 test, yes, it created opportunities and opened
6 doors, and in addition to that there was explosive
7 growth in women\'s sports, even when the prong,
8 proportionality test was not being enforced.
9 I separate the women\'s NBA, I
10 separate women\'s professional sports from Title IX
11 for this reason: The success of women\'s sports in
12 the professional setting is a market issue, and
13 it\'s a market that has been built because we have
14 now an experienced pool of athletes that have aged
15 into it. Looking forward, looking forward is what
16 this Commission has to do. Not looking back, but
17 looking forward, the proportionality test is
18 actually going to depress your available pool of
19 talented athletes for those professional sports,
20 and isn\'t the proper role of a school or a
21 government to build that market for you versus
22 letting the marketplace build that with, for
23 example, the WNBA with the help of the NBA?
24 The soccer women\'s championships, and
25 Donna de Varona and I debated this this morning, a
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1 year-long marketing program, stellar marketing
2 program, filled those seats to capacity, bursting
3 at the seams. That was beautiful. What it did not
4 tell us, though, was whether or not there was a
5 market for women\'s professional soccer to fill
6 those same stadiums. What it told us was there was
7 a market for women\'s professional sports, and they
8 can\'t fill the stadiums, and that doesn\'t mean they
9 shut done, and it doesn\'t mean they shouldn\'t be
10 marketing, it does mean that the schools and the
11 government can\'t control it.
12 MS. COOPER: Okay. I could go on but we
13 have to eat.
14 MR. LELAND: Thank you for coming, and we
15 will stand adjourned and reconvene promptly at two
16 o\'clock. Thank you.
17
18 (Lunch recess.)
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1 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2002
2 2:00 P.M.
3
4 MR. LELAND: Welcome to this afternoon\'s
5 session in which the Commission will elicit public
6 comment, and we have had a process that\'s worked
7 for us very well in the past, where we ask that we
8 vacate the front rows, ask the four or five next
9 speakers to come and sit in the front row, and then
10 we handle a group of four or five speakers and then
11 we change it over. So if we could do that.
12 We limit everyone to five minutes,
13 and at the end of four minutes the lights here will
14 change, Cynthia or myself will say, \"One minute,\"
15 and then exactly at five minutes, in the issue of
16 fairness, we\'ll turn the microphone off so we can
17 move through.
18 The reason we\'re doing this in such a
19 draconian style is because we have not only filled
20 up this afternoon with five-minute segments, but we
21 have almost 80 people on the waiting list who asked
22 to testify today that we can\'t handle. So in
23 fairness to giving everyone a chance to state their
24 opinion, we need to move this thing along as
25 quickly as we possibly can.
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1 Remember to be respectful of cell
2 phones. Please take a second to turn them off.
3 Another thing, we enjoy running a fun
4 and interesting meeting. I think that, try to
5 eliminate, as much as we can, applause and booing,
6 etc., from the audience. Cynthia and I might get
7 booed, but we would like to create an atmosphere
8 where all opinions are equally respected, and I
9 think that\'s the best way to do business here.
10 So we do have, I think I can fairly
11 classify them as three special speakers to start
12 off, and again, in the issue of fairness, we\'re
13 going to ask these three people to limit their
14 comments to five minutes. Then we will begin the
15 three-hour session of the commissioners, so the
16 fact that we have some special guests to start off
17 today will not in any way discriminate against
18 those people who signed up on the Website and
19 signed up at the registration desk. So let\'s jump
20 forward to, first, Geena Davis.
21 MS. DAVIS: Thank you. Good afternoon.
22 I am an actor, mother, and amateur
23 athlete, and my interest in Title IX stems from
24 personal experience. When I accepted the role in A
25 League of Their Own, I had to learn how to play
185
1 baseball. My various coaches, who were all pros,
2 told me that I was a natural. Up until then I
3 really had no idea that I could excel at sports.
4 Let\'s just say that my limited childhood experience
5 did not convince me to pursue a basketball career,
6 no matter how tall I was.
7 Subsequently I trained in fencing and
8 horseback riding, ice skating, pistol shooting,
9 tae kwon do, all for other films, and all of which
10 I learned well enough to make my characters at
11 least look proficient in them, so clearly I had
12 some untapped athletic ability. At the age of 41 I
13 decided to try my hand at archery. With intensive
14 training I got good enough to eventually win the
15 California Gold Cup and qualified to compete in the
16 Olympic trials for the 2000 team, placing 24th.
17 Becoming an athlete has changed my
18 life utterly. The personal rewards have been so
19 profound that I can only wonder what my life would
20 have been like had I played sports as a girl. Yet
21 so many women and girls never experience anything
22 like it. 30 years after the law was enacted, they
23 still have not received the promise of Title IX.
24 And one of my personal goals is to see that girls
25 know their rights and get to play.
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1 Now, I\'m not here to encourage the
2 Office of Civil Rights to enforce the law. This is
3 your responsibility, and to do otherwise is to fail
4 your duty to the public. You know that, you don\'t
5 need me to remind you.
6 I\'m not here to ask you to remember
7 that Title IX does not require athletic programs to
8 eliminate men\'s sports to fund women\'s teams. You
9 know that, you don\'t need me to remind you.
10 I\'m not here to point out that
11 millions more girls are playing sports since
12 Title IX was enacted, and thousands more boys as
13 well. You also know that and don\'t need me to
14 remind you.
15 I am here to take you for a short
16 ride in Thelma and Louise\'s car.
17 (Laughter.)
18 If you think it\'s fair and just and
19 right to limit a girl\'s opportunity to play sports
20 based on her response to an interest survey. You
21 don\'t have to be an academic researcher to know
22 that, if faced with the question, \"Are you
23 interested in participating in sports?\" that most
24 boys in our society would feel compelled to say,
25 \"Yes.\" They\'ve been raised with the idea that real
187
1 men play sports. It\'s perceived as a component of
2 manhood, they\'ve been encouraged from the first
3 time they saw a ball.
4 Some girls will respond with the same
5 level of interest as boys. They grew up in
6 families able to pay for their participation in
7 youth sports, they were encouraged to play. On the
8 other hand, many girls, when asked about their
9 interest in sports, will respond with little or no
10 enthusiasm. Maybe their mothers didn\'t play
11 sports, they may not have had an athletic female
12 role model, maybe their families didn\'t encourage
13 them to play or couldn\'t afford to pay for it.
14 Maybe these girls fear that they will be labeled
15 masculine or at least not real women. These girls
16 know the answer they\'re supposed to give, and it\'s
17 not, \"I\'d like to be a baseball player.\"
18 Interest surveys are simply mirrors
19 of what we have taught our children. They reflect
20 our stereotypes and all of our fears. But picture
21 this: You administer an interest survey to all the
22 girls in any school. The next day, Julie Foudy and
23 Cynthia Cooper come and tell the girls how much fun
24 it is to play. They tell them how it\'s affected
25 their self-confidence, their health and success.
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1 Then Julie and Cynthia assure these girls that they
2 will be offered the same chances to excel in sports
3 as the boys they know. You administer your
4 interest survey again, the results will be
5 different, I promise you.
6 As the mother of a seven-month-old
7 daughter, and Stuart Little, I might add \--
8 (Laughter.)
9 \-- let me assure you that every
10 father and mother is watching what you do. We want
11 our daughters to be treated with the same fairness,
12 concern, respect and encouragement as our sons,
13 whether it\'s in the classroom or on the playing
14 field. The benefits to society of girls saying yes
15 to sports are too great to take a step backwards
16 now. We want them to have the undisputed positive
17 effects of playing, like better body image and self
18 regard, like diminished drug use and teen
19 pregnancy. You know that and you don\'t need me to
20 remind you. But that\'s what I came here to do, all
21 the same.
22 Now, how did I get the courage to
23 stand up and share my convictions and belief? From
24 sports, but you know that.
25 (Applause.)
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1 MS. COOPER: You made a great parent of
2 Stuart Little, by the way. My kids love you.
3 MR. LELAND: Next up, Cedric Dempsey please.
4 MR. DEMPSEY: Can I raise this and not count
5 against my five minutes?
6 (Laughter.)
7 MS. COOPER: Four minutes.
8 MR. DEMPSEY: I\'m Cedric Dempsey, President
9 of the NCAA. And after this morning I wish I had
10 about 15 minutes to respond, but I will go quickly
11 through seven minutes of presentation in five, so
12 pay attention please.
13 You\'ve heard from Assistant Director
14 on Research, Corey Bray, on his participation
15 statistics, and you heard in your first session
16 from Judy Sweet, vice-president of championships of
17 the NCAA. And I would like to draw on both of
18 those presentations with my remarks.
19 First of all, I would like to say I\'m
20 a strong supporter of Title IX. No but.
21 (Applause.)
22 Looking at Corey\'s numbers makes
23 clear that the laws had a significant effect on the
24 number of opportunities for females to participate
25 in athletics at all levels. Within the NCAA we
190
1 have seen the number of women participants more
2 than double in the past 20 years. Our membership
3 is very proud of that accomplishment, and as an
4 organization we have also seen an increase in men\'s
5 participation during that same period.
6 It is true that, at an institutional
7 level, there are slightly fewer participation
8 opportunities for men than there were two decades
9 ago. However, I would like to propose a reason
10 other than Title IX that may have led to some of
11 those changes.
12 As many of you remember, in 1978 the
13 membership in Division I agreed that departments of
14 athletics should strive to be financially self
15 supporting. To meet that goal, many institutions
16 were forced to reduce spending and increase
17 revenue. Since men\'s sports were absolutely
18 dominant in those days, it was from the men\'s side
19 that cuts needed to come. It was also true that
20 resources from non-revenue sports were moved to
21 revenue sports in an effort to create even more
22 revenue for the athletics departments.
23 All of this probably led to
24 reductions in the non-revenue men\'s sports. The
25 data shows that the early \'80s was a time when many
191
1 men\'s sports were being cut. It seems this drive
2 for self-sufficiency is at least in part to blame
3 for many of those cuts.
4 Having noted that, the decrease on a
5 per school basis on men\'s sports, I want to bring
6 to the Committee\'s attention a couple of other
7 statistics that indicate that we still have a ways
8 to go in terms of gender equity.
9 As Corey\'s data clearly illustrates,
10 there is a sizable discrepancy in overall
11 participation numbers between men and women. In
12 addition, the NCAA\'s recently released report on
13 revenues and expenses in intercollegiate athletics
14 shows continuing financial discrepancy between the
15 men\'s and women\'s programs.
16 For example, the average athletics
17 program for Division I-A level spends 10.9 million
18 on men\'s programs and 4.6 million on women\'s
19 programs. That works out to be 34,000 dollars per
20 male student athlete and 20,000 dollars per female
21 student athlete. These are numbers that we need to
22 continue to monitor and assure that progress is
23 being made.
24 One complaint that has come to my
25 attention through our membership is that they
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1 cannot get a consistent, clear assessment of what
2 it takes to be in compliance with Title IX. From a
3 national perspective, it would assist our
4 membership if this Commission would define some
5 standards for compliance within each of the three
6 prongs, and then ensure that the standards are
7 enforced consistently from region to region.
8 I would also suggest that the
9 Commission take a look at the definition of
10 \"participant\" in the data. Currently anyone who is
11 on the roster on the first day of competition is
12 counted as a participant, whether or not they ever
13 actually compete. I\'ve heard of bowling teams that
14 count 100 women as participants under the
15 definition, but really only have 20 to 25 who
16 compete.
17 NCAA bylaws currently call for a
18 separate calculation that is based on whether a
19 student athlete actually competes in a given year.
20 And finally, I would like to share
21 with you recommendations from the NCAA Committee on
22 Women\'s Athletics that were supported by the
23 President and Executive Subcommittee on Gender and
24 Diversity Issues. The committee supported the
25 CWA\'s following recommendations: One, more
193
1 education about the law at all levels; two,
2 consistent interpretations of the law by the Office
3 of Civil Rights regional offices; three, stronger
4 enforcement of the law; four, greater understanding
5 of the flexibility of prong three, of the
6 three-prong test; and five, greater awareness and
7 understanding that each prong of the three-prong
8 test stands alone as a valuable compliance tool.
9 The presidents on the executive
10 committee in their recent meetings had discussions
11 extensively on these issues and gave full support.
12 I want to assure you that the NCAA
13 stands ready to assist the Commission in any way as
14 you may find possible in moving forward with this
15 very important issue. And we want to thank you
16 very much for the opportunity to speak with you
17 today. And do I still have some time?
18 MR. LELAND: No.
19 (Laughter.)
20 MR. DEMPSEY: No. I would like to say this
21 to you. It\'s extremely important, you\'ve heard a
22 lot of data thrown at you today, a lot of
23 statistics, and your chair took a course from me
24 called test of measurements at one time, and one
25 thing I had our students read was how statistics
194
1 lie. And I think it\'s very important to recognize,
2 as you\'ve heard today the same set of statistics
3 being analyzed by different people saying different
4 things. I encourage all of you to do the right
5 thing, that you can build whatever case you want to
6 build based upon the data that\'s available, but the
7 hearings are certainly providing the opportunity.
8 In closing I would also say this to
9 you, that the problem is not Title IX. We are
10 trying to take a perfect law and put it into an
11 imperfect mission of what we\'re trying to
12 accomplish in intercollegiate athletics. If we
13 would abide by the educational mission, we would
14 not be standing here today or sitting here today
15 trying to decide what\'s in the best interests of
16 men and women in this country. They will all have
17 the opportunity to participate. And so the real
18 problem we have is how to regain the educational
19 mission of what we\'re all about. Because if we
20 can\'t justify the educational mission of what we
21 are doing in intercollegiate sports, we shouldn\'t
22 be having it for men or for women.
23 Thank you.
24 (Applause.)
25 MR. LELAND: Hannah-Beth Jackson. We won\'t
195
1 move you to four minutes either. You\'ve got five
2 minutes.
3 MS. JACKSON: See, I always find myself in
4 that position, but as someone who has participated
5 in sports virtually my entire life I know what to
6 do when the microphone is too high is you grab it
7 and you bring it to the level which makes you most
8 comfortable to speak.
9 My name is Hannah-Beth Jackson. I\'m
10 an Assembly member, I represent 450,000
11 Californians in the California legislature. I
12 represent the areas of Santa Barbara and Ventura
13 Counties. Contrary to what the people in San Diego
14 think, I think I represent the most beautiful part
15 of the world, but I\'m willing to share it. I\'m
16 willing to share it.
17 (Laughter.)
18 I\'m also a lifelong athlete. At the
19 age of eight I was the best baseball player on my
20 team, but I am a pre Title IX kid and girls were
21 not allowed to play little league when I was a
22 little girl growing up. I didn\'t understand it. I
23 could throw the ball farther, I could hit it
24 farther, and I ran faster and I was a lot smarter
25 than most of the kids I played with, because I knew
196
1 when the ball was coming to the shortstop, you put
2 your mitt down to the ground and didn\'t let the
3 ball fly between your legs.
4 (Laughter.)
5 Be that as it may, because I couldn\'t
6 play baseball I took up tennis. I became the New
7 England junior tennis champion as a young woman,
8 started my high school tennis team. We won all
9 four years, the championship. It was limited then
10 because there weren\'t that many other schools to
11 play. I personally corralled enough women to get
12 out there and make a team, and personally made sure
13 that we had practices every day. I wasn\'t the most
14 popular kid in school, but we did well.
15 I went on to college and started my
16 own college team, because again, that was still pre
17 Title IX and girls weren\'t supposed to sweat, we
18 could only glow.
19 (Laughter.)
20 So we glowed. And because of the
21 experiences that I had as an athlete when I was not
22 limited by what I could do, when I had the
23 opportunity to go out and to achieve, I had the
24 opportunity to go out and compete, and when I won I
25 could take all the glory and when I lost I couldn\'t
197
1 blame anybody else for the loss. I think those are
2 life lessons and I think they\'re critical for every
3 young woman to learn.
4 And so I then became a lawyer, again
5 before that was common to do, and then because I
6 was too foolish to listen to people telling me that
7 I shouldn\'t run for public office, I did anyway and
8 I won. And I\'m now in my third term of the
9 California Legislature, I\'m the Co-chair of the
10 Select Committee on Title IX and the In-coming
11 Chair of the Women\'s Legislative Caucus.
12 Nobody said I couldn\'t. Well, they
13 may have said it, but I didn\'t listen. And I\'m
14 here to say today that the discussion that I think
15 you should be having, with all due respect, is why
16 all this is (inaudible) boys, but why haven\'t we
17 reached greater parity for girls \--
18 (Applause.)
19 \-- because we are half the
20 population, and these young women sitting out here
21 have every right to expect the same opportunities
22 in life, every right to expect the same chance to
23 succeed, to go out there, to glow as much as they
24 want to glow, to learn what sports have to offer.
25 Sports are an outstanding teacher. Sports give
198
1 people the opportunity to go out and to do the best
2 they can, to reach levels of expectations that they
3 may not otherwise have had, and 80 percent of the
4 women in the California Legislature today, most of
5 whom will reluctantly admit that they are pre
6 Title IX people themselves, because of the age
7 factor, of course, but 80 percent of them
8 participated in sports as children growing up. I
9 think that sends a tremendous message about the
10 impact of sports.
11 Now, my remarks are not written and
12 I\'m not accustomed to standing and working off of
13 this and I know my time is running out, but as I
14 said, I\'m a lawyer by profession and it\'s hard to
15 limit anything I say to five minutes.
16 I just want to focus if I can on the
17 fact that our prior speaker whose comments I
18 greatly respect and admire, not only Geena Davis,
19 who is a hero, is that we spend 34,000 dollars per
20 male student and 20,000 per female student in
21 sports, and people are saying we have to cut back?
22 The problem is we haven\'t come far enough, and I
23 would urge the recommendations we have heard from
24 so many people here today that what we need to do
25 is make Title IX work better. That means, OCR,
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1 you\'ve got to go out there and you\'ve got to
2 educate people better on what those expectations
3 are. You\'ve got to make them consistent. You\'ve
4 got to make them clear.
5 The goals that we have under the
6 three-prong test I think are reasonable, because
7 along with the subjectivity of prongs two and
8 three, we need some level of objectivity. I think
9 it\'s important to note that the California State
10 University which was sued in order to get
11 compliance with Title IX came into, entered into a
12 consent decree, but that consent decree,
13 interestingly enough, did not require equal parity,
14 it simply required that they do better than they
15 had. And you heard the testimony that there were
16 levels where they were allowed a five percent and
17 ten percent differential. We did not say you\'ve
18 got to go 50/50 across the board. What we said is
19 that you\'ve got to do better.
20 And we have made improvements. You
21 can\'t argue with the statistic that, pre Title IX,
22 one out of every 27 young women in high school
23 participated in sports, and today it\'s one in every
24 two and a half. Something has happened, and what
25 it is that\'s happened is we say to girls, we want
200
1 you to compete. We want you to have this
2 experience. Sports was never intended to be just
3 for boys alone. I don\'t see anywhere, written
4 anywhere that athletics are for boys only.
5 In fact, what we\'ve seen is when
6 girls compete, there is greater respect between the
7 sexes. We have greater role modeling. Girls
8 understand and appreciate what they can accomplish
9 and so do boys.
10 I think I\'m out of time, but I want
11 to thank you very much for this opportunity to
12 speak. We in California are going to continue to
13 push Title IX forward, to get greater compliance.
14 I greatly respect all of you, the positions you\'re
15 in with finances the way they are today. Remember,
16 that sandbox is only so big, but when you say boys
17 and girls, we want you to play here together when
18 the sandbox has only been for boys, they got to
19 understand they\'re going to have to give up a
20 little bit in order to make it an equal playing
21 ground for everyone.
22 I look forward to the results that
23 you come up with here. We in California are going
24 to continue moving forward. I hope we can work
25 together. I wish you the best of luck, and I just
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1 want to say to you as I put the microphone back,
2 one of the lessons I learned through sports is that
3 it\'s not the size of the dog in the fight, it\'s the
4 size of the fight in the dog. Thank you.
5 (Applause.)
6 MR. LELAND: Is Assemblyman Carol Liu here?
7 Okay. Now, these next five people
8 we\'ll call, if you\'d like to come up and sit in the
9 front row and then we\'ll call you in order. Pam
10 Gill-Fisher, Diane Milutinovich, Marie Ishida,
11 Elaine Hagin, and Steve Butcher, if they could come
12 forward please. Pam Gill-Fisher will be first.
13 MS. GILL-FISHER: Thank you for this
14 opportunity to address the Commission. I have
15 worked at the University of California Davis for 30
16 years as a coach, teacher and athletic
17 administrator. I have served on a variety of ARAW
18 and NCAA committees, and currently serve on the
19 NCAA Division II Management Council. I am also
20 currently the President Elect of the National
21 Association for Collegiate Women Athletic
22 Administrators.
23 On my own campus I chaired a Title IX
24 review for the first time in 1978. Yes, I am that
25 old. And again in 1988. Compliance with Title IX
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1 at UC Davis has been achieved through the
2 leadership of our chancellor and a diligent group
3 of campus administrators who believe that gender
4 equity is not a choice, but a requirement. This
5 has been a campus-wide effort, not just an athletic
6 effort. We now have a standing committee in our
7 campus, the Title IX Work Group, that is chaired by
8 our Vice-chancellor of Student Affairs and includes
9 a Title IX officer for the campus, Vice-chancellor
10 of Academic Affairs, Athletic Director, Senior
11 Women\'s Administrator, and Faculty Athletic
12 Representative.
13 UC Davis believes that it is in
14 compliance with Title IX. We have reached that
15 point with a successful football program,
16 approximately 800 student athletes, 25 varsity
17 sports, and 32 club sports. We also have athletic
18 aid that is equally distributed between men and
19 women.
20 We have been named the top women\'s
21 program in Division II by Sports Illustrated twice,
22 have won five Sears Cups for the top overall
23 program in Division II, and have done this while
24 meeting Title IX requirements.
25 We are in the process of moving to
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1 NCAA Division I and will not, will not drop or tier
2 sports, which is in a Memorandum of Understanding
3 with our students, and we will fully fund all
4 sports at the maximum level of Division I in 2007
5 and 2008 in our referendum this past week just
6 funded there.
7 I did not come here today to speak of
8 my own personal experiences with Title IX, as
9 anyone associated with intercollegiate athletics
10 over the past 30 years has benefitted in some way.
11 I am no different and would not be in the position
12 I am today without the benefit of Title IX.
13 I came today to reinforce what many
14 people have already stated. You, the Commission,
15 have the opportunity and responsibility to bring a
16 recommendation that sifts through the emotion and
17 false accusations and get to the heart
18 of the issue.
19 Is Title IX unfair in the way that it
20 is enforced or the way that it is interpreted? I
21 would encourage you to look at the facts
22 surrounding the drop in men\'s sports and what has
23 happened to program expansion in those programs.
24 Statistically and factually we know that those
25 dollars saved by dropping men\'s sports are not
204
1 spent adding opportunities for women. Rather,
2 those dollars are being spent to increase the
3 budgets of already existing programs in football
4 and men\'s basketball.
5 You as a Commission have the
6 credibility to challenge the status quo. You as a
7 Commission have the potential to advise college
8 presidents about the possibilities of meeting
9 Title IX without dropping sports. You have the
10 potential to renew the efforts to stop the arms
11 race in football and men\'s basketball that has
12 sacrificed many men\'s sports in the name of
13 Title IX.
14 In reality, the elephant in the
15 living room, the emperor with no clothes is really
16 Division I-A football and men\'s basketball, not
17 Title IX. Title IX, as it is written and enforced,
18 allows three means of complying. For those who
19 have not complied, I believe that Marshall
20 Greenberger said it best, you have chosen not to
21 comply. You do have choices, more choices for
22 compliance than any other federal legislation.
23 Title IX is used as an excuse by
24 those who have the greatest ability to pay, the
25 Division I-A football programs. It is, in fact,
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1 those schools that cut sports most often with the
2 other 900 members of the NCAA \-- while the other
3 900 members of the NCAA are working to comply with
4 your resources.
5 MR. LELAND: One minute.
6 MS. GILL-FISHER: I fully agree with
7 Christine Grant\'s statement that we cannot really
8 address gender equity until we address the arms
9 race. My hope is that you will find what is really
10 needed is not a change in the guidelines of Title
11 IX, but what is really needed is one, greater
12 education, greater support of the Office of Civil
13 Rights, encourage the NCAA President\'s Commission
14 to review the numbers of grants-in-aid per sport
15 and establish appropriate criteria for the
16 assignment of those numbers, encourage the NCAA
17 President\'s Commission to create what essentially
18 will discourage the arms race as an example of
19 supporting legislation that would make off-campus
20 housing the night before a home game illegal; five,
21 encourage and explore the number of full-time
22 assistant coaches when looking at the data
23 presented by athletic directors and college
24 presidents who bemoan the lack of female
25 participants. I believe you will find that it then
206
1 is a direct correlation, that the percent of female
2 student athletes receiving full-time coaching
3 and \--
4 MR. LELAND: Time.
5 MS. GILL-FISHER: \-- is scarring and
6 severely disproportionate, which leads to a
7 difference in recruited women.
8 MR. LELAND: Thank you. Diane?
9 MS. MILUTINOVICH: My name is Diane
10 Milutinovich. I was the Associate Athletics
11 Director at Fresno State for 22 years. I am not
12 here as a representative of Fresno State, I\'m here
13 to tell you what I\'ve seen and observed.
14 Much progress has been made. I\'m not
15 going to repeat those facts and figures. Many more
16 girls and women are participating today because of
17 the law called Title IX. Without laws like Title
18 IX, nothing would change. Those who have benefits
19 and opportunities don\'t willingly give them up.
20 People do not like change, nor do they want to
21 share. There are many girls and women who have
22 an interest in participating but do not have the
23 opportunity to play or participate in
24 intercollegiate athletics.
25 First we heard that women aren\'t
207
1 interested in sports, but when women are given
2 opportunities, they came in droves. Then we heard
3 there isn\'t enough money, but budgets continue to
4 grow astronomically.
5 The ideal way for schools and
6 universities to comply with the law would have been
7 to share the money and increase women\'s sports
8 until equity was achieved. However, some schools,
9 for a variety of reasons, have chosen to drop men\'s
10 sports and blame Title IX. Title IX is an easy
11 whipping girl. It\'s an easy excuse. Nothing can
12 be \-- nothing had to be explained. It\'s
13 self-explanatory. Boys and men who had played
14 sports that were eliminated blamed girls and women
15 who had not had the opportunities to participate
16 and compete, and of course they blamed Title IX.
17 Title IX is no more a quota law than
18 the programmatic limits set on the chemistry class,
19 an engineering class, or a graduate class. Blaming
20 Title IX took the monkey off the back of
21 institutions and their administrators. Now they
22 don\'t have to explain where they\'re spending those
23 huge, astronomical amounts of money.
24 Most of the time this eliminated any
25 critical analysis of budgets and redirected the
208
1 attention from where the money was being spent to a
2 battle between the men\'s so-called minor sports and
3 women\'s sports. Very rarely did anyone ask how
4 much money was going to be saved or where those
5 savings were going to be spent.
6 Title IX has accomplished a lot.
7 More women are participating, more women have
8 received athletic aid, more women have better
9 equipment, travel facilities, etc., but equity has
10 not been accomplished. At my institution there are
11 ten women\'s teams, but there is more interest. We
12 have women\'s club teams in water polo, bowling, and
13 we have community colleges and high schools who
14 participate in golf, but we have no golf team at my
15 university.
16 Earlier today you heard how well the
17 CSU system is doing. That is not the whole story.
18 While significant progress has been made at the two
19 universities represented today, and the
20 participation numbers have dramatically increased,
21 spending has leveled off. According to the most
22 recent EADA reports, both universities have
23 participation rates of over 52 percent, but for
24 women they spend 42 percent or less on operating
25 budgets for those teams. The total operating
209
1 expense is less than 42 percent, and the total
2 scholarship dollars for women is less than 48
3 percent.
4 Those two universities are no
5 different than most universities in the country.
6 Women do not want to see men\'s sports dropped,
7 women\'s sports are dropped so \-- when sports are
8 dropped, institutions do so for a variety of
9 reasons. Women should not be blamed. We have the
10 right to equitable benefits, treatment and
11 services.
12 Title IX was passed to ensure equity
13 and it must be maintained. Who doesn\'t want their
14 daughters, granddaughters, sisters, nieces and
15 friends to get those same lifelong advantages and
16 benefits that participating in intercollegiate
17 athletics provides?
18 Those who want Title IX to change,
19 meaning they don\'t want it enforced, please do not
20 change Title IX, weaken the regulations and
21 guidelines that it provided more equitable benefits
22 and opportunities to women in sports. If it is an
23 everyday struggle to get near Title IX equity, now
24 is not the time to back away from Title IX or its
25 enforcement. Thank you.
210
1 (Applause.)
2 MR. LELAND: Thank you. Steve?
3 MR. BUTCHER: I better just take it in my
4 hand anyway. Is that how this works?
5 Anyway, my name is Steve Butcher and
6 I represent USA Gymnastics. I\'m on the board of
7 directors, and also I\'m an employee here in
8 San Diego County for the YMCA.
9 I\'ve listened to all the speakers
10 today and I\'m very impressed with all the comments
11 made. It really surprised me when I drove up this
12 morning to see people protesting outside. The
13 reason why is I never considered this forum to be
14 an attack on women and their opportunities in
15 sports.
16 This Commission has been given the
17 opportunity to review all of the comments made
18 today and then eventually make a recommendation on
19 the opportunities that exist for men and women in
20 sports, particularly at the collegiate level. This
21 is why I\'m here today, and I\'m here to support
22 opportunities for both men and women.
23 It is clear that there\'s no simple
24 answer for Title IX and this complex subject. I
25 currently spend a large amount of time on two
211
1 collegiate campuses here in San Diego County, and
2 it\'s very interesting, when you mention the word
3 Title IX to men\'s minor sport athletes, the first
4 thing they say is, \"It\'s got to go.\" But I say to
5 all of these gentlemen, \"Hey, Title IX is not the
6 real problem, the problem begins with enforcement,
7 and it would take implementation of Title IX, but
8 the real problem comes down to dollars and cents
9 and the money.\"
10 Every day I work with two male \-- two
11 or three male gymnasts that are aspiring to be
12 collegiate gymnasts next year. And one of them
13 asked me a few days ago, \"Steve, if you have a son,
14 would you have him do gymnastics?\" And I reminded
15 these two guys, these three guys, actually, that,
16 \"You\'re going to be collegiate gymnasts next year,
17 but probably if I had a son, he would do gymnastics
18 in the beginning, but I would only have him do
19 gymnastics in preparation for another sport.\" They
20 wanted to know why. I said because the way things
21 are going, it\'s likely they\'re going to have to
22 play another sport to have an opportunity at the
23 collegiate level. This really surprised these
24 gentlemen, but at the rate things are going, that
25 possibility does exist. It hurt me to say that as
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1 well.
2 Trust me, no one is more excited to
3 see our women\'s world cup and women\'s soccer teams
4 win the gold medal. I realize that Title IX is the
5 driving force behind these accomplishments, and I
6 take great pride in being from this country that is
7 so progressive. However, I want to see equal
8 opportunities for both men and women without
9 diminishing any women\'s opportunities.
10 However, I now worry about the
11 decrease in opportunities for men, especially since
12 interest is so high. Presently the USA Men\'s
13 Gymnastics Team is number two in the world, and
14 this is based on the results of last years world
15 championships.
16 Two of the five members of our
17 current world championship team have ties to the
18 NCAA. However, every one of the gymnasts on our
19 men\'s gymnastics team, every single member began
20 and continued in gymnastics aspiring to be a
21 collegiate gymnast. So I worry about what will
22 possibly happen in the future if this opportunity
23 doesn\'t exist.
24 I have to say that, again, I\'m happy
25 for the achievements of the women\'s national soccer
213
1 team and all the women\'s sports because of Title
2 IX, but more than ever before I\'m worried about
3 what\'s going to happen with the future of our
4 Olympic program for men, and also what\'s going to
5 happen with our society for lack of these
6 opportunities for men.
7 I\'ve witnessed in our USA Men\'s
8 Junior Olympic Program incredibly high numbers and
9 a great rapid increase in the amount of men
10 participating over the last 20 years. However, the
11 amount of collegiate programs are going down.
12 So I urge this Commission to review
13 all of the information presented today, and I
14 shouldn\'t say just today, but also at your past
15 meetings, but to make a recommendation for
16 equitable enforcement of Title IX. I think that
17 everyone is in favor of current opportunities for
18 women and to continue with those opportunities, but
19 also let\'s try not to eliminate current and future
20 opportunities for men. Thank you.
21 (Applause.)
22 MR. LELAND: Elaine?
23 MS. HAGIN: Good afternoon. My name is
24 Elaine Hagin. I serve as the first vice-president
25 of the Women\'s International Bowling Conference and
214
1 I\'m also very proud to be an advisory board member
2 of the Women\'s Sports Foundation.
3 WIBC is the world\'s oldest and the
4 largest women\'s sports organization and so I\'m here
5 speaking for our nearly 1.3 million members. Our
6 mission is to identify and fulfill the needs of
7 women bowlers. And this afternoon I will be
8 addressing your priority area number four, which
9 was how should activities such as cheerleading or
10 bowling factor into the analysis of equitable
11 opportunities. And before I do this, I\'d like to
12 take this opportunity to introduce some of the
13 ladies that are accompanying me today. These
14 ladies are all in the lovely pink. Would you
15 please stand up? San Diego Women\'s Bowlers
16 Association.
17 (Applause.)
18 We have the president (inaudible),
19 and the secretary, Lynn Graves, who also happens to
20 be a director of the California Women\'s Bowling
21 Association.
22 Anyway, it\'s the belief of the WIBC
23 that the provisions of Title IX should be
24 strengthened to encourage further equity for
25 women\'s athletics. The WIBC further believes that
215
1 men\'s sports should not be cut to ensure equity,
2 but rather that additional opportunities should be
3 added for women.
4 The high school and collegiate
5 efforts supported and promoted by our bowling
6 industry have opened many many opportunities for
7 both men and women competing in the sport of
8 bowling. Title IX has provided additional avenues
9 for not only the females in athletics, but for male
10 athletes as well. It has assisted in allowing
11 youth bowlers nationwide to represent their high
12 schools and colleges in the sport of bowling.
13 High school bowling itself has grown
14 immensely in recent years. There are currently ten
15 state athletic associations that recognize bowling
16 as a varsity letter sport, and according to
17 feedback from the field, more than 60 percent of
18 the student athletes participating in these
19 programs were not previously involved in other
20 school extracurricular activities prior to the
21 implementation of high school varsity bowling
22 programs.
23 Now, let me tell you a little bit
24 about college bowling, because it\'s also
25 experiencing significant growth. There are
216
1 currently 42 four-year institutions that sponsor
2 bowling as a national collegiate athletic
3 association women\'s sport. The bowling industry is
4 currently working with the NCAA to move the sport
5 of bowling from emerging sport status to
6 championship sports status, and this should occur
7 in the very very near future.
8 The NCAA initiative has been well
9 received by historically African-American
10 institutions in particular. During the 2001/2002
11 season, more than 70 percent of the student
12 athletes competing in bowling for NCAA institutions
13 were minorities. Due in part to the implementation
14 of Title IX, the sport of bowling has been able to
15 provide youth with additional opportunities to
16 represent their institutions on a high school and
17 on a collegiate level.
18 MR. LELAND: One minute.
19 MS. HAGIN: As reported in many studies, the
20 benefits received by participants in high school
21 and collegiate athletics are overwhelming.
22 Students participating in extracurricular
23 activities develop leadership skills and
24 communication skills through their involvement in
25 these programs. Their participation in athletic
217
1 programs provide them with a very very strong
2 foundation to become leaders who contribute a great
3 deal to society.
4 Further clarification of the current
5 criteria utilized to demonstrate compliance is
6 really necessary to the growth of opportunities for
7 both men and women in athletics, and it\'s our
8 belief that the Office of Civil Rights should
9 regulate schools that drop men\'s athletic
10 programs \--
11 MR. LELAND: Time.
12 MS. HAGIN: \-- in an attempt to meet
13 compliance standards. Thank you for the
14 opportunity to speak to the Commission.
15 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
16 (Applause.)
17 MR. LELAND: Marie Ishida?
18 MS. ISHIDA: Good afternoon. My name is
19 Marie Ishida. I\'m the Executive Director of the
20 California Interscholastic Federation, which is the
21 governing body for 1322 public and private high
22 schools in the state of California, and we
23 represent almost approximately 662,000 student
24 athletes.
25 After a series of these town hall
218
1 meetings, I\'m sure the Commission has heard
2 everything you\'ve ever wanted to hear and probably
3 more than you\'ve ever wanted to hear. However,
4 other than the meeting in Illinois, most of the
5 focus has been on the collegiate level. In one
6 respect maybe that\'s good, it keeps the high
7 schools under the radar and maybe out of the
8 spotlight. But I must admit I\'m somewhat a little
9 disappointed by that. I believe we in the high
10 school community are as responsible and accountable
11 as well as our counterparts at the collegiate
12 level.
13 I\'m not here to argue the validity of
14 the interpretation of how Title IX should be
15 applied. I am here to verify as a witness to the
16 positive effects that the implementation of
17 Title IX has had on the emergence of girls involved
18 in high school sports in California.
19 As you have already heard all the
20 statistical data in your previous forums and again
21 today, the Title IX has definitely increased the
22 numbers of young women participating in high school
23 athletics. In California we have experienced these
24 same ratios and these same increases. At the same
25 time, boys participation has increased as well,
219
1 although not at the same rate.
2 Is CIF satisfied with where we are?
3 Absolutely not. We have a long way to go. As
4 evidenced by a recently passed bill that someone
5 referenced earlier, AB 1295, it\'s going to do a
6 study of athletics in the state of California from
7 the seventh grade through the collegiate level.
8 They\'re going to be surveying our programs based on
9 facilities, scheduling, prime time scheduling,
10 uniforms, etc., etc.
11 I have an idea of how that survey is
12 going to come out, and it will be interesting to
13 see exactly if that survey supports what I think is
14 already happening. Honestly I believe our
15 governing body of the CIF made up of educators are
16 really good people, just as you are, but having
17 been part of the change process of CIF in the early
18 \'90s, I can tell you, it took pressure from outside
19 forces to really face \-- for this organization to
20 really face the inequities within our own
21 organization as well as in our schools.
22 It has been mentioned several times
23 already today, and I totally agree that this really
24 has a lot to do about revenues and funding, or the
25 lack thereof. I think until such time this issue
220
1 is faced, institutions will be facing the terrible
2 decisions that have been talked about today. The
3 CIF does not agree that opportunities for boys and
4 men be eliminated, rather that adequate funding be
5 provided for more opportunities for both genders.
6 I would ask the Commission to
7 recommend that at this time that Title IX laws and
8 interpretations be left alone and be currently
9 applied to athletics as it is now, until such time
10 the issue of the lack of funding be addressed.
11 Thank you very much for your time.
12 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
13 (Applause.)
14 MS. COOPER: Linda Joplin, Michael Messner,
15 Amy Dempster, Joe Kelly, Nancy Soloman, and we\'ll
16 start with Linda.
17 MS. JOPLIN: Good afternoon.
18 MS. COOPER: I just want to remind you guys
19 to say your name into the microphone for the
20 transcriber, please.
21 MS. JOPLIN: That\'s the next word I was
22 getting to.
23 My name is Linda Joplin. I am here
24 today representing California National Organization
25 for Women\'s 80,000 members and donors.
221
1 I was president of California NOW
2 when we sued the 19-campus state university system
3 that you heard so much about earlier this morning.
4 Since then we have filed six Title IX complaints
5 against other institutions at the high school and
6 college level. We\'re also reviewing Title IX
7 compliance at the 104 community colleges, and with
8 the help of CIF we have sent out a Title IX booklet
9 to every high school in the state.
10 My attempt is to contribute something
11 that has not been said 50 times already to you, so
12 here goes.
13 Number one, why is it that over 50
14 colleges and universities dropped men\'s wrestling
15 between \'94 and \'98 when Title IX was (inaudible).
16 I have never seen an adequate explanation as to why
17 this happened, so there must be more going on here.
18 Between 1977 and 1990 the 19 campuses
19 of the state university system dealt with budget
20 cuts by eliminating 800 female athletes and only
21 400 male athletes. Women\'s percentage of
22 participation dropped by \-- from 36 percent to 30
23 percent. This is why California NOW felt it
24 necessary to file suit.
25 Dr. Welty spoke this morning about
222
1 the significant progress they have made since \'93.
2 So let\'s recognize that athletic administrators are
3 willing to cut both men\'s and women\'s teams. It\'s
4 just that lawsuits such as ours have taken the
5 women\'s teams off the table for the most part in
6 recent years.
7 It\'s my understanding that when the
8 three-prong test was being negotiated in the late
9 \'70s, women were 42 percent of college students.
10 It\'s interesting to note that now they are 42
11 percent of athletes. So over 30 years we have
12 reached sort of what the goal was at that point.
13 But now women are 55 percent of students, so the
14 measurements have changed.
15 There are two basic philosophical
16 camps; those that believe strongly in providing
17 broad based athletic programs with whatever funding
18 they have available, and those whose main priority
19 is having winning football and men\'s basketball
20 programs.
21 When it comes to money there are the
22 haves and the have-nots. The haves are in the BCS
23 football conferences and get millions of dollars,
24 even if their school was not selected for a bowl
25 game. They also get a piece of the major TV
223
1 revenues. The have-nots are the rest of the
2 schools that have a very slim chance of getting
3 into a bowl game and significantly less access to
4 TV money.
5 The haves continue to find creative
6 new ways of spending large amounts of money. We\'ve
7 heard about the hotel rooms before home games,
8 that\'s my favorite. I\'ve already recently read
9 that some schools are now spending up to 225,000
10 dollars on 300-page football media guides. Now,
11 where are the priorities? The results is that
12 other schools feel that they have to do likewise to
13 maintain a level of recruiting and competitive
14 advantage. Thus the costs keep skyrocketing.
15 The have-nots are trying to compete
16 at the same level without the same access to
17 resources. They have the option of trying to spend
18 more in the hopes that it will fill the stadium,
19 but the most consistent result is that they run up
20 deficits and have to cut the budget. Those that
21 don\'t have a strong commitment to a broad based
22 athletic program cut minor men\'s sports because
23 they know they have a good chance of being sued if
24 they try to cut any women\'s teams. The have-nots
25 don\'t even complain much because they hope that
224
1 some day they might be invited into the club.
2 So what is going to rectify the
3 situation? There is the very slim chance that the
4 presidents that control the NCAA will crack down on
5 the ballooning budgets, but I wouldn\'t hold my
6 breath. It\'s not a pretty picture and I\'m not sure
7 what the federal government can do to fix it. If
8 you do decide to propose eliminating prong one of
9 the three-prong test, I am convinced that you will
10 see cuts on both the men\'s and women\'s sides when
11 athletic directors find that they need more money.
12 As long as the have-nots are trying
13 to keep up with the less successful haves, let
14 alone the very successful haves, the pressure to
15 cut minor men\'s sports will continue as strong as
16 ever. Changing the rules so that there is even
17 less pressure to increase opportunities for women
18 is going to solve nothing. Thank you.
19 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
20 (Applause.)
21 MS. COOPER: Mr. Messner?
22 MR. MESSNER: My name is Michael Messner and
23 I\'m a sociologist at the University of Southern
24 California. For the past 20 years or so my
25 research has focused primarily on issues related to
225
1 gender and sports in the United States.
2 Nearly a century ago there was a
3 surge of athletic feminism in this country. The
4 subsequent backlash did not eliminate, but did
5 manage to ghetto-ize women\'s sports for several
6 decades. With the revival of feminism in the \'60s,
7 this ghetto-ization was challenged on many fronts.
8 You and I have lived through a
9 revolutionary social transformation. However, this
10 is still an incomplete revolution. Today female
11 athletes too often do not receive equal
12 opportunities, facilities, shares of scholarship
13 funds, coaching salary budgets, recruiting and
14 operating budgets, or media coverage. I doubt that
15 the tide of female athleticism will ever return to
16 its pre 1970s state. However, I do think that we
17 are a key historical juncture. Without continued
18 vigilance at many levels, including rigorous
19 enforcement of Title IX, we are in danger of moving
20 toward new forms of ghetto-ization and
21 marginalization of girls and women\'s sports.
22 Some have recently suggested that
23 there is a greater interest among male athletes
24 than among female athletes. Some have suggested
25 that this is centered in our plumbing \--
226
1 (Laughter.)
2 \-- and that this can be seen in
3 larger numbers in males who join teams as walk ons.
4 When I heard this claim, I pitched it out to
5 several hundred scholars on the listserve of the
6 North American Society for the Sociology of Sport.
7 Every reply I have received said that, to their
8 knowledge, there was no research that supported
9 this claim, but several scholars challenged the
10 idea that it makes any sense at all to try to
11 include an assessment of interest in deciding
12 whether to offer equitable opportunities in sports.
13 Our recent experiences from peewee
14 sports to NCAA athletics should tell us that there
15 is a reciprocal relationship between interest and
16 opportunity, between supply and demand. Our job as
17 educators is to supply equitable opportunities.
18 When we do that, the girls and women come, they
19 play and they reap the benefits of sports.
20 It\'s now a well documented fact that
21 athletic participation is good for the physical and
22 social well being of girls and women. I want to
23 suggest something further. Equity for girls and
24 women in sports is also good for boys and men. For
25 me, this is a fundamental point. As a scholar of
227
1 gender in sports, as a former athlete and
2 especially as a father of two young boys, one of
3 the most unfortunate aspects of recent discussions
4 about Title IX is the way that the debate is
5 framed as pitting the interests of boys and men
6 against those of girls and women. I don\'t think we
7 should see it this way.
8 My sons are growing up in a world in
9 which they can expect to work alongside women as
10 colleagues. There\'s a good chance that they will
11 have women as bosses. How well are our schools
12 preparing them for this? Despite the feminist
13 movement, my sons experience, often daily, a sea of
14 cultural images, institutional contexts and peer
15 interactions that encourage them to see women
16 narrowly, as sexual objects, as support objects, as
17 weak, subordinate, and second class citizens. Too
18 often these kinds of views are reinforced through
19 boys\' experiences in sports.
20 Sexist attitudes, of course, hurt
21 girls and impede their hopes of equal treatment as
22 adults. But sexism also dehumanizes boys and men
23 and it will make it difficult for them to function
24 effectively as adults in a world where gender
25 equity is the rule. If these boys and men are to
228
1 grow up to respect women as colleagues and leaders,
2 it\'s crucial early on that they see and experience
3 girls\' and women\'s full range of strength, skill
4 and assertiveness. The physical realm of athletics
5 is an essential dimension of this.
6 MS. COOPER: One minute.
7 MR. MESSNER: Schools that deny girls and
8 women equal opportunities in sports are also
9 denying boys and men access to the range of
10 experiences that they need to rise above the
11 lingering misogyny that still discolors the daily
12 experiences of so many of us.
13 For the good of our daughters and our
14 sons, I urge you to support the continued
15 enforcement of Title IX. Thank you very much.
16 (Applause.)
17 MS. COOPER: Thank you. Amy?
18 MS. DEMPSTER: Good afternoon. My name is
19 Amy Dempster and I represent several students from
20 the Women\'s Studies Association at California State
21 University of Fullerton.
22 In 1999 a woman by the name of
23 Leilani Rios was offered a scholarship awarded to
24 her because of the Title IX legislation for her
25 track and field ability to attend California State
229
1 University of Fullerton. She was a 19-year-old
2 woman, a mother, and a wife. She worked as an
3 exotic dancer at a club down the street to earn
4 money so that she could pay for the cost of living
5 while going to school. Because of her job she was
6 kicked off of the track team, which resulted in the
7 loss of her scholarship, which was pivotal for her
8 to attend California State University of Fullerton.
9 Because of our society\'s engrained
10 gender roles, women as mothers are valued less, so
11 Ms. Rios\'s only option to be valued in the work
12 force was to seek a degree in a higher level of
13 education.
14 Since the enactment of the Title IX
15 legislation in 1972 which covers three major areas
16 of high school and college athletics, athletic
17 financial assistance, effective accommodations of
18 students\' interests and abilities, and other
19 program components, women have been able to utilize
20 their competitive skills the same way that men have
21 for centuries to attempt to level the playing
22 field.
23 An explanation of what the Title IX
24 legislation has done and can do for the equality of
25 women and men includes increasing the number of
230
1 women in higher levels of education, which fosters
2 a competitive field for both men and women to
3 achieve their best, it increases the numbers of
4 women in specialized job fields as well as allowing
5 women to be valued the same as men in the work
6 force.
7 Since the passage of Title IX, women
8 have been able to take advantage of monetary
9 benefits necessary to attend levels of education
10 after high school. These benefits come in the form
11 of scholarship and financial aid. For example,
12 Ms. Rios had the opportunity to attend California
13 State University at Fullerton because of the
14 scholarship she had received as a result of the
15 Title IX legislation. Her ability on the track
16 field enabled her to attend an institution of
17 higher learning, which will give her the skills she
18 needs to be able to provide for her family so that
19 she does not have to rely on welfare to help her
20 and her family.
21 Higher levels of education are
22 necessary for women to be able to become
23 independent and self sufficient so that we can
24 achieve higher levels of satisfaction outside of
25 the domestic sphere. It allows women to attempt to
231
1 have the same benefits as men have had, such as
2 higher pay and specialized job fields like science
3 and math.
4 According to the Women\'s Sports
5 Foundation, male athletes at college level receive
6 179 million dollars more than female athletes in
7 scholarships each year. Many use this argument to
8 justify the gunning of Title IX. However, it is
9 important to recognize that there is no mandate
10 that requires a college to eliminate men\'s teams to
11 achieve compliance. A false dichotomy is presented
12 when we begin to frame the Title IX debate as a
13 zero (inaudible).
14 The work force continues to value
15 traditional male behavior whereas assertiveness,
16 egocentrism, and individualism is valued over
17 collaboration and relational bonds. If women are
18 to be valued equally with their male counterparts
19 in the public arena, they must learn these skills
20 needed to comply with traditional masculine norbs.
21 The way in which women learn these skills of
22 communication are by attending colleges and
23 universities after high school, while also learning
24 to compete and work with others through organized
25 sports.
232
1 MS. COOPER: One minute.
2 MS. DEMPSTER: However, the only way that
3 women will be able to learn the skills of
4 competition and group communication is if they have
5 the opportunity to do so.
6 Since the enactment of Title IX, an
7 explosion of opportunities for girls and women on
8 and off the playing field has been presented.
9 Women have jumped at the opportunity and still are
10 increasing in numbers in higher levels of education
11 and organized sports. Should this committee
12 recommend dropping proportionality for meeting
13 Title IX requirements, untold numbers of women and
14 girls will drop out of sports all together. What a
15 shame, what a shame. Thank you.
16 (Applause.)
17 MS. COOPER: Thank you. Joe Kelly?
18 MR. KELLY: I am Joe Kelly, Duluth,
19 Minnesota. I have twin daughters, college seniors,
20 and I\'m Executive Director of Dads and Daughters, a
21 national education advocacy nonprofit that works on
22 strengthening father/daughter relationships, and
23 I\'m here to tell you that Title IX is one of the
24 best things that ever happened to fathers.
25 (Applause.)
233
1 Why? Because Title IX has begun to
2 make it unremarkable for girls to play sports,
3 unlike in generations past. Because most men grow
4 up seeped in sports and, as sports fans, thanks to
5 Title IX, fathers and daughters now have a whole
6 new playing field on which to connect. A
7 father/daughter relationship can thrive on playing
8 catch or on a jump shot or cheering on a team.
9 We live in a culture where girls and
10 women are still valued, frankly, more for the size
11 of their cleavage than for the size of their heart,
12 skill and talent. Put your daughter\'s face in that
13 picture, and you quickly see how horrible those
14 attitudes are to girls. But it\'s not only girls
15 who are bombarded with these corrosive messages.
16 Boys are too, and boys that grow up believing that
17 cleavage is more important than heart are headed
18 for disaster in relationships.
19 But as the first man in our
20 children\'s lives, we fathers and stepfathers can
21 blast this lie to smithereens. But since we grew
22 up as boys, getting close to our daughters is often
23 problematic, even though statistics show that girls
24 who are close to their dads do better in school,
25 they delay sexual activity and substance abuse, and
234
1 they\'re very likely to get involved in sports if
2 they\'re close to their dads. I think that\'s in
3 part because sports is a natural comfort zone for
4 men, and Title IX makes it a bridge to their
5 daughters.
6 Texas banker Dave Chapman volunteered
7 to coach his son\'s rec league basketball team and
8 he loved it, and when his younger daughter was old
9 enough he volunteered to coach her too. But he was
10 appalled that the girls team had to use a
11 different, older gym than the boys used. So he
12 fought to open the so-called boys gym and he
13 succeeded.
14 I run into guys like Dave Chapman all
15 the time. These guys are not radical feminists.
16 They simply know that athletics are goods for girls
17 and boys, and they know when their girls are being
18 treated unfairly, and most important, these dads
19 don\'t want their daughters or their sons to think
20 such inequities are acceptable.
21 In high school I participated in a
22 minor sport, cross country. There was nothing
23 minor about what it did for my well being. I was
24 troubled then as a student and remain troubled now
25 as a parent and citizen at the attitudes that often
235
1 keep school sports hierarchies entrenched, to the
2 detriment of all student athletes.
3 You\'ve heard expert testimony that
4 educational institutions continue to wrongly blame
5 Title IX for cutting or curtailing minor men\'s
6 sports. In the 1960s, before Title IX, my minor
7 cross country team struggled for a scrap of
8 attention and resources compared to that lavished
9 on the other autumn sport, football, at my high
10 school, and this was at an all boys high school, a
11 Catholic high school committed to social justice.
12 If you\'re a man who has played a
13 minor sport, you\'ll recognize this still too common
14 method of allocating support for sports. It\'s a
15 dynamic that long predates the emergence of girls\'
16 sports, although Title IX is slowly changing that.
17 I volunteer at a local high school
18 and I\'ve seen the way that girls\' sports enrich
19 boys\' lives. I challenge you, as I have done, to
20 go and watch teen boys cheer on their high school
21 girls basketball team, or hear a grade school boy
22 saying he wants to play soccer like (inaudible) or
23 run the offense like Cynthia Cooper.
24 MS. COOPER: One minute.
25 MR. KELLY: Then explain to me how that is
236
1 bad for boys. Title IX opens doors for boys, and
2 one of the most important ways it does is when our
3 sons grow up to be fathers. The field of sports
4 has long been fertile ground for strengthening
5 fathers connected with sons, whether or not you
6 play an organized sport, and Title IX now welcomes
7 daughters onto that field, helping father and child
8 share the fun and physicality and the joy of
9 watching scholastic and pro teams play, regardless
10 of the child\'s gender. Don\'t let future fathers
11 and daughters and sons lose this precious field of
12 play. Don\'t force fathers into the limited world
13 where sons and daughters are valued differently
14 just because of their gender. Fathers need a
15 strongly enforced Title IX.
16 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
17 (Applause.)
18 MS. SOLOMON: Good afternoon. I\'m Nancy
19 Soloman. I\'m a Senior Staff Attorney at the
20 California Women\'s Law Center for the focus on sex
21 discrimination.
22 I submitted a statement to the
23 Commission this morning, but I want to highlight a
24 few of the legal issues that the Commission is
25 asked to look at.
237
1 First of all, the Commission was
2 asked, has Title IX worked to increase
3 opportunities for both boys and girls? And I would
4 suggest to you commissioners, that itself is a
5 loaded question, because Title IX was never meant
6 to increase opportunities for both boys and girls.
7 Title IX is an anti-discrimination statute that was
8 meant to increase opportunities and to ensure
9 equity for the underrepresented sex, and because of
10 the historical discrimination against girls in
11 athletics, that has been females, and that
12 continues to be females.
13 So what this Commission should be
14 asking itself, really, is has Title IX achieved
15 gender equity, has Title IX eliminated sex
16 discrimination, and has there been regulations
17 sought and achieved anti sex discrimination
18 policies in our schools.
19 I want to address three of the issues
20 addressed here today. One is proportionality, the
21 other is revenue, and finally the idea of interest
22 surveys.
23 As to proportionality, we all know
24 there\'s nothing in Title IX or the federal
25 regulations and policies that would require schools
238
1 to cut male teams. Right? The schools asked for
2 that. In litigation the schools ask for
3 flexibility in the face of limited athletic budgets
4 to be able to cut male teams in order to achieve
5 proportionality. The fact is that a school has a
6 limited athletic budget that is a finite athletic
7 budget, and they can choose to do whatever they
8 want with that athletic budget, but what they
9 cannot do is discriminate against females.
10 Now, imagine if you had a corporation
11 that was sued for paying its similarly situated
12 male employees less than its female employees.
13 Now, suppose that corporation goes to court and
14 says, \"Well, you know, in order to increase the pay
15 for my female employees, I\'m going to have to
16 decrease the pay for my male employees. I have a
17 limited budget.\" Would anyone suggest that that
18 was a viable argument or that the female employees
19 should sit it out in the hopes that one day will
20 corporation will increase revenue? Certainly not.
21 And that same argument has no place in the Title IX
22 debate. Women deserve gender equity now.
23 We\'ve also heard about reverse
24 discrimination and ADF quotas. These legal
25 concepts have no place in the Title IX debate.
239
1 Those are the concepts that are in the employment
2 law context and the admissions context, but they\'re
3 not transferable to the Title IX debate because we
4 are not dealing with similarly situated individuals
5 competing for limited spots.
6 The beauty of Title IX is that it
7 allows schools to create sex segregated teams.
8 Schools have sex segregated teams, by very nature.
9 Right? So how do we determine if there\'s continued
10 discrimination? Well, one way is to look at
11 proportionality, that\'s one of three ways. That\'s
12 a very workable way of determining whether girls
13 are achieving equity. It\'s not the same thing as
14 when you\'re applying for a job. Any man or woman
15 who is similarly situated and it\'s similar criteria
16 and there is one position. By its very nature,
17 sports and the sex of the athlete is a relevant
18 characteristic when you\'re looking at sex equity in
19 sports.
20 Now, I was going to say today that a
21 subtext throughout all these hearings and what I\'ve
22 heard from a lot of people today is that girls
23 aren\'t interested in sports and girls are being
24 forced to create opportunities in commencement with
25 girls\' interests and abilities to play, but I don\'t
240
1 have to say it\'s a subtext because someone
2 testified today and said exactly that.
3 We sued the City and the Department
4 of Recreation in Los Angeles, and you know what was
5 testified in the pretrial litigation? They said,
6 \"Girls aren\'t interested in playing sports, and
7 that accounts for the low numbers. It\'s not sex
8 discrimination.\" And after they instituted the
9 Raise the Bar program, they have had a 115
10 increased percent in girls playing.
11 Very quickly, as to revenue, I would
12 urge the Commission to remember that there\'s a
13 distinction between revenue generating and profit
14 generating, and NCAA statistics state, and I have
15 that in my statement, that most schools do not \--
16 most football teams do not pay for themselves, let
17 alone their other programs. Regardless, the
18 educational resources, and athletics is one of
19 them, should not be divvied up as if our schools
20 are some type of private corporation that only
21 allocates resources to revenue generating products.
22 These are educational resources.
23 Finally, the interest surveys, the
24 idea that a girl has to take an interest survey to
25 get gender equity, I don\'t remember boys ever
241
1 taking interest surveys when schools decided to
2 allocate more than half of their athletic budget to
3 the male sports teams. And if I\'m missing
4 something, let me know, but I don\'t remember that.
5 These ideas are based on gender stereotypes about
6 girls\' interests in sports.
7 MS. COOPER: Time.
8 MS. SOLOMON: And I urge the Commission not
9 to change the regulations based on these type of
10 stereotypes. Thank you.
11 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
12 (Applause.)
13 MR. LELAND: Our next five speakers are Jed
14 Clark, Gene Dermody, Valerie Bonnette, Barbara
15 Zeitz, and J. Robinson, if they would move forward
16 please. Jed will be first.
17 MR. CLARK: Thank you for the opportunity to
18 speak today. My name is Jed Clark. I\'m the
19 Assistant Wrestling Coach at CalState University of
20 Fullerton. I am the Orange County representative
21 for the Southern California Wrestlers Association,
22 and I am the president of the Orange County
23 Wrestling Club.
24 I come here today on behalf of the
25 Olympic sport of wrestling as well as all other
242
1 sports. I would like to start by saying that I
2 support Title IX in its original interpretation and
3 I support women in athletics. However, I do not
4 support roster management or proportionality. It\'s
5 turned into a quota.
6 I don\'t have some big speech
7 prepared, but I want to talk from the heart about
8 what wrestling did for me and just have the
9 opportunity.
10 I was blessed with the opportunity in
11 high school to wrestle, wrestle under a coach who
12 was an Olympian, and he taught me that I could go
13 to college. People in my family don\'t go to
14 college. That was a \-- wow, that was pretty
15 awesome, just to go for wrestling and getting good
16 grades.
17 I went to college and I screwed up
18 and I got kicked out and my life wasn\'t doing too
19 well pretty much for about four years. Kind of
20 drifted away from wrestling and was about ready to
21 give up on life. And in January 2000 I was leaving
22 my mother\'s house and I was driving when a car ran
23 a red light going 65 miles an hour and hit me head
24 on, and I don\'t remember too much from the
25 accident, I just remember being in the hospital and
243
1 I couldn\'t move. I was thinking this was it. But
2 I just remember I was a wrestler and wrestlers
3 don\'t give up. That man right there, J. Robinson,
4 when I was in high I went to his wrestling camp.
5 And what J. Robinson taught me is you never give
6 up. If you believe in something, you keep fighting
7 and you fight. And it took me 15 months to
8 recover. Only by the grace of God am I standing
9 here alive today. I lost everything, but I\'m here
10 and I\'m thankful for my life.
11 And after my accident and getting
12 healthy after 15 months I decided I wanted to get
13 back into wrestling. All my friends were wrestlers
14 and I kind of lost contact with them. I started
15 getting involved and I started seeing kids that
16 were kind of on the wrong path of life like I was.
17 I wanted to speak with them, I started helping the
18 kids. And some of these kids, you know, if I could
19 just make a difference with their lives, it would
20 really mean a lot to me.
21 Today, as I said, I\'m the coach at
22 Calstate Fullerton. Our roster cap is 30. That
23 means if a male wants to come walk on our team,
24 paid full tuition, we can\'t have any more than 30.
25 He\'s denied the opportunity. The days of Rudy are
244
1 over. People come here and say it\'s about money.
2 Marquette University was self-supportive. No money
3 from the university. They cut them. Bucknell
4 University was cut. They raised half a million
5 dollars, university turned it down. University of
6 Southern Colorado was cut, they raised the money to
7 support the program, money was turned down.
8 Brigham Young University, program was cut, they
9 raised the money to support it, the money was
10 turned down. Again and again in the wrestling
11 community this happened. Wrestling community never
12 asked for anything, we just asked for the
13 opportunity to raise the money ourselves. Right
14 now we\'re not allowed that opportunity. Wrestlers
15 aren\'t allowed the opportunity to walk on as well
16 as all athletes.
17 So I ask you today when you go back
18 to Washington, D.C., get rid of the current quota
19 system that is for proportionality. Thank you very
20 much.
21 (Applause.)
22 MR. LELAND: Gene?
23 MR. DERMODY: Good afternoon. My name is
24 Gene Dermody, and I will summarize my research,
25 which is supported by my own professional
245
1 experience.
2 I have had 35 years with the sport of
3 wrestling, 15 years as a New Jersey High School
4 chemistry teacher, head wrestling coach, and a
5 freestyle club coach. I\'ve had ten years as a
6 policymaker and executive with the Federation of
7 Gay Games, 20 years as an organized competitor and
8 coach at all six Gay Games, and one year as a board
9 member with the Bay Area Sports Organizing
10 Committee, a group which recently promoted
11 San Francisco to the USOC as one of the American
12 bid cities for the 2012 Olympics.
13 My purpose here today is to
14 articulate a different consequence of
15 proportionality. The Gay Games have always been
16 more sensitive to the inclusion of women and have
17 gone to great lengths in terms of research and
18 expenditures to increase female participation since
19 1982. However, after six Gay Games we have yet to
20 break the 40 percent barrier of female
21 participation in athletics. And in frustration, I
22 have come to question the very premise of gender
23 proportionality. Not that I would recommend a
24 rollback of commitment, resources and effort, but
25 it is inconceivable for the Gay Games to consider
246
1 restricting men\'s participation in order to achieve
2 proportionality. There is just too much at stake
3 for us.
4 Young males are at a greater social
5 risk than young females. The risks include
6 academic failure, violence, mental disorders,
7 learning disabilities, drug addiction, alcoholism,
8 incarceration, suicide, HIV, and general mortality
9 rates. Some of the risks are congenital, but some
10 are social.
11 The cause of many of the social
12 problems is self-esteem, and it manifests itself in
13 the extreme in young males as an anti social
14 syndrome with two paradoxically opposite behaviors.
15 The aggressive male, often the bully, who
16 persecutes his peers is consequently isolated by
17 them. The passive male, often the sissy, who is
18 persecuted by his peers consequently isolates
19 himself.
20 Regardless of whether there\'s too
21 much or too little self esteem, the isolation
22 compounds the antisocial behaviors. The condition
23 cuts across all demographics. Bullies and sissies
24 can be big and little, jocks and geeks, straight
25 and gay. But despite the persistent stereotypes,
247
1 there is little correlation with any one factor,
2 save the lack of persistent, healthy interaction
3 with traditional male institutions of
4 socialization, sports.
5 Team sports like baseball, football
6 and basketball work well with many externally
7 directed young males. These males respond well to
8 traditional discipline, peer pressure and the group
9 ethos, the military group dynamics approach.
10 Baseball requires exceptional hand/eye
11 coordination, football and basketball limit
12 participation by gross size. Sadly, in all three
13 sports, it is genetics that is the excluding
14 factor, but proportionality is not threatening
15 these sports.
16 Threatened by proportionality are the
17 individual sports that appeal to the other
18 demographic of male athletes, gymnastics, diving
19 and wrestling, for example, which have an element
20 of art to them. These sports have an important
21 place in an enlightened society, because they have
22 a rich tradition for being more inclusive,
23 especially for the more introspective, inner
24 directed young males who do not fit the
25 morphological group dynamic and kinematic
248
1 requirements of the baseball/football/basketball
2 paradigm.
3 If the objective of our educational
4 system is to enhance the level of fairness through
5 diversity and equal access to opportunity, then the
6 contribution that gymnastics, diving, and wrestling
7 have made to the self-esteem of young gay males is
8 an asset that is of value to a pluralistic society.
9 The leadership provided by just two of our gold
10 medal Olympic athletes, Bruce Hayes and David
11 Pickler, as role models to young gay males, has
12 been inspirational and noteworthy. However, the
13 university athletic programs that produced these
14 and other gay Olympic athletes are either
15 threatened by or already a victim of
16 proportionality.
17 MR. LELAND: One minute.
18 MR. DERMODY: This example is not anecdotal.
19 It could be easily replicated in other sports, not
20 only by Olympic athletes but the vast network of
21 university coaches and competitors known to us
22 within the Gay Games movement.
23 I know what it is like to be
24 different, to not be able to catch or throw a
25 baseball, to be too little for football and too
249
1 short for basketball. I know what it feels like to
2 be the runt, to be violent, aggressive and angry
3 that I could not play because there was no game for
4 me. I can only shudder to think where I would be
5 today if I had never wandered into my first
6 wrestling practice at NYU as a walk on. One need
7 only look at the tragedy of my generation, HIV, to
8 comprehend how that program saved my life. I would
9 not have had that chance if proportionality was
10 practiced back in 1966. Thank you.
11 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
12 (Applause.)
13 MR. LELAND: Valerie?
14 MS. BONNETTE: My name is Valerie Bonnette.
15 I should say that I\'m not an athletics professional
16 or an education administrator who has tried to do a
17 lot of reading on Title IX in my spare time. I am
18 a civil rights professional. Title IX is a civil
19 rights law, and Title IX athletics has been my
20 career for 23 years.
21 I\'ve read the transcripts from the
22 Atlanta, Chicago and Colorado Springs meetings. It
23 has all been said dozens of times before. We\'re
24 having this debate again because the same people
25 who have repeatedly lost in our courts in the
250
1 judicial branch of our government, the same people
2 who called for the 1995 Congressional hearing on
3 the three-part test proclaiming it a quota system
4 and who did not get the result they wanted from the
5 legislative branch of our government, are the same
6 people behind the creation of this Commission, and
7 who are hoping for this Commission\'s endorsement to
8 make changes via the political appointees in the
9 executive branch of our government.
10 The only Title IX policy in question
11 is the three-part test. It follows standard civil
12 rights analyses. If groups as they occur in the
13 larger population are represented to the same
14 extent as the smaller population, then compliance
15 is presumed. The proportionality test simply
16 incorporates this initial analytical approach and
17 is used for sex and race discrimination cases. If
18 you do not meet it, then institution officials have
19 two ways to show that their actions have not caused
20 the underrepresentation. Of the twelve US Courts
21 of Appeals nationwide, eight have heard cases
22 involving the three-part test, none have found it
23 invalid.
24 There\'s been a decade-long campaign
25 slogan of quotas, quotas, quotas, which follows a
251
1 time honored political approach of starting with a
2 statement that is factually incorrect and saying it
3 enough times so that people who do not have the
4 time to do the research buy what you\'re selling.
5 The General Accounting Office has
6 done two studies of OCR\'s cases during the 1990s
7 involving the three-part test. I have analyzed
8 those cases since 1998 in our reviews for our
9 clients. Both the GAO studies and my two reviews
10 reveal the same pattern, nearly three-quarters of
11 the cases are resolved by institutions complying
12 with test three or test two, not proportionality.
13 These results do not surprise me or
14 any of the career civil rights professionals at
15 OCR. The campaign slogan of quotas is false. The
16 evidence proves that it is false. The Secretary\'s
17 charge to this Commission is to strengthen Title
18 IX. The only way you can strengthen Title IX for
19 women is to make proportionality the only
20 compliance option, and that would be illegal. If
21 you wish to weaken Title IX for women, then you
22 will recommend actions that fundamentally alter the
23 legally validated three-part test, or fundamentally
24 alter the approach regarding counting participants
25 and enrollments that would have the same effect as
252
1 altering the three-part test.
2 The three-part test says exactly what
3 it needs to say, and is supremely fair when
4 properly interpreted. This Commission has heard
5 very little about its proper interpretation.
6 There are reasons why our Congress
7 wrote our civil rights laws, why eight US Courts of
8 Appeals have validated the three-part test, and
9 why Congress has not ordered that this policy be
10 revised. And these are the same reasons why this
11 Commission should recommend strongly that this
12 policy be retained. What needs changing is
13 people\'s level of education. When someone is
14 ignorant of the law, you change their level of
15 knowledge, you don\'t change the law. The main
16 concern for the three-part test is that institution
17 officials do not have clear guidance on how each
18 test works.
19 I have five recommendations. Test
20 one, establish specific percentage point
21 differences that constitute substantial
22 proportionality. Permissible differences would
23 range from five to two percentage points based on
24 total participation numbers. Test two, the
25 addition of a women\'s team in the last three years
253
1 or a 25 percent increase in women\'s participation
2 in the last five years would create a strong
3 presumption of compliance. Test three, explain the
4 analysis in English.
5 (Laughter.)
6 Recommendation four, put OCR\'s
7 closure letters and corrective action plans on
8 their Website. Recommendation five, fix the EADA
9 report. I\'ve elaborated on each of these
10 recommendations in writing. Thank you.
11 (Applause.)
12 MR. LELAND: For the commissioners\'
13 information, (inaudible) have been in contact with
14 Valerie a couple of times and she has submitted a
15 significant piece of work to us that she has worked
16 hard on. We have copies for the commissioners in
17 the back or we can send them to your homes as we\'ve
18 done in the past. Thank you, Val. Barbara?
19 MS. ZEITZ: Gentlemen and ladies, thank you
20 for this opportunity to speak. I am Barbara J.
21 Zeitz, I hold a Masters in Women\'s Studies from the
22 (inaudible) in Chicago.
23 I direct my remarks to gender
24 discrimination and federal funding. Michael
25 Kimmell, author, professor \-- professor and author
254
1 of Manhood in America writes that we remain unaware
2 of the (inaudible) of gender in our lives only
3 helps to perpetuate gender inequality. Gender
4 inequality bears a history of political acceptance
5 as gender reality unless the end quality manifests
6 itself in the male gender. Historically it is
7 addressed politically. Establishment of this
8 Commission, landmark gender legislation, and
9 multiple gender decisions in our courts document
10 this pattern. The 1976 Supreme Court case of
11 (inaudible) recognized sex discrimination for the
12 first time applying the intermediate standard of
13 judicial review that gender-based differential
14 treatment does constitute the (inaudible) of equal
15 protection of the law, in violation of the 14th
16 amendment. But it was a reverse sex discrimination
17 decision. An 18-year-old male could not buy hard
18 liquor, an 18-year-old female could. The Supreme
19 Court saw it as a gender injustice and ruled in his
20 favor.
21 In (inaudible) discussion at the town
22 meeting in Chicago, another gender injustice was
23 voiced about an athlete who returned to his
24 university to find his sport canceled, but the
25 injustice to an athletic female peer, who would
255
1 have had neither the opportunity to participate in
2 a university sport, nor the experience to see it
3 canceled, was not voiced. If keeping sort, he is
4 actually ahead of her. He has one positive and one
5 negative. She has two negatives.
6 Another concerned voice in
7 subcommittee in Chicago voiced being damned in the
8 30-year process of Title IX, does not observe that
9 girls were being damned in the 155-year process
10 prior to Title IX. Politically this damning
11 process to girls was accepted as gender reality.
12 Sisters deferred to brothers.
13 Please consider the female
14 perspective of gender injustices and damning
15 processes experienced by girls as well as by boys,
16 because historically legislation affecting both
17 genders lend themselves to be addressed from a male
18 perspective. In the 107th Congress, only 13 of 100
19 US senators are women, and only 59 of 434 US
20 representatives. Policy advisors for Attorney
21 General John Ashcroft stated that President Bush
22 does not support quotas that hurt boys, but to the
23 quota of girls hurt, there was no mention of
24 support by President Bush.
25 Speaker Hasteur is quoted as
256
1 believing strongly in human equality, but wrestling
2 with the issue of women\'s equality he\'s expected to
3 play a significant role in any reshaping of Title
4 IX. Hasteur complains that the law is undercutting
5 men\'s sports, such as wrestling. Title IX is not
6 about wrestling. Its legal language is not even
7 about sports. Sports, however, is the arena where
8 this legislation has received an exponential amount
9 of scrutiny. Sports is also the arena which
10 embodies exponential gender disparity.
11 However, if sports is to be the
12 evaluating arena, 30 years must not be evaluated in
13 isolation without evaluating all 185 years since
14 1817 when phys ed first appeared in the American
15 educational system at the all-male US Military
16 Academy and established the need for legislation
17 such as a Title IX.
18 Gentlemen and ladies, Title IX is
19 about gender discrimination and federal funding.
20 Title IX is about revenues collected from tax
21 dollars of both genders, and the non sex
22 discriminatory judicial manner in which those tax
23 dollars are to be allocated for both the sex
24 genders in public educational programs.
25 The sex discrimination of federal
257
1 funding this law is about has not yet been
2 expunged. Currently through the United States
3 system of taxation and allocation of revenue,
4 girls\' and women\'s tax dollars fund the exact
5 sports programs that keep them off the playing
6 field.
7 MR. LELAND: One minute.
8 MS. ZEITZ: Reversing this gender injustice
9 is not the legal intent of Title IX. The intent of
10 this law is gender justice of allocated federal
11 funds, nothing more. Thank you.
12 (Applause.)
13 MR. LELAND: J. Robinson?
14 MR. ROBINSON: My name is J. Robinson and
15 I\'m the parent of a son and a daughter, former
16 Olympian and head wrestling coach at the University
17 of Minnesota, which is the defending NCAA
18 champions.
19 When informed of these meetings being
20 held around the country, I chose San Diego for two
21 specific reasons. One, I was born and raised here
22 and began my journey both in athletics and life.
23 Number two, the San Diego area is a great example
24 as to the negative effects of proportionality that
25 is had on my sport.
258
1 When I graduated from Mt. Miguel High
2 School in San Diego, I had the opportunity to
3 wrestle at many college programs throughout the
4 state. Over nine junior colleges had programs
5 schools besides most four-year colleges, schools
6 like San Diego State and UCLA. Currently there are
7 less than 30 junior colleges that have wrestling
8 programs. San Diego State, plus most four-year
9 programs are gone. Only a few remain. This
10 elimination of college programs is in contrast to
11 the fact that wrestling is growing at every other
12 level in this state.
13 It is important to state, I am not
14 against Title IX nor have never been against Title
15 IX. What I\'m against is the quota system that has
16 developed eliminating men\'s teams and
17 opportunities. Over 400 college programs at all
18 levels have been eliminated. This equates out to
19 200 college coaching jobs and 12,000 opportunities
20 for boys in college.
21 When things are confusing and there\'s
22 not a clear choice, we need to return to our
23 fundamentals. In this case, what was the original
24 intent of Title IX? It was meant to increase
25 women\'s opportunities. It was never intended to
259
1 eliminate all men\'s programs. Title IX was meant
2 to provide equal opportunity for all. Listen to
3 the words. No person shall on the basis of sex be
4 excluded from participation in, be denied the
5 benefit of. These words denote equal treatment for
6 both genders.
7 The problem is not Title IX, the law,
8 but its misinterpretation. This misapplication of
9 the interpretation proportionality, if left
10 unchecked, will be the demise of men\'s athletic
11 programs and all the values they provide to young
12 men.
13 In college we do not provide equal
14 opportunity for those that want to participate.
15 What we do is generate numbers constantly to
16 fulfill the proportionality quota system that has
17 developed. Decisions, whether marketing, travel,
18 scholarships, salaries, fund raising, equipment,
19 are not made on what the needs, where the resources
20 best should be spent to increase the opportunities
21 for all. No. The decisions are driven by numbers
22 and numbers alone.
23 Every decision, no matter how
24 small, is based on what the other side has. When
25 my team comes back from the Christmas break, they
260
1 will get no per diem to provide a place where they
2 sleep. They will stay with their friends, sleep on
3 their couches, sleep on the floor, unlike the
4 women\'s gymnastics teams which will be housed in a
5 hotel because the budgets must reflect differences.
6 This number system has driven a wedge
7 between men and women and it needs to stop. A
8 system needs to be developed that allows all that
9 want to participate the same chance, whether men or
10 women. We must stop artificially creating a number
11 game and concentrate on meeting the needs of the
12 students.
13 Let us not confuse opportunity with
14 participation. When you meet the needs of those
15 interested, you are fulfilling opportunity.
16 Creating an interest is not the same as providing
17 opportunity. As you fulfill the immediate
18 interest, others will become interested and then
19 there will become a need to prevent more
20 opportunity.
21 There is a correlation between
22 interest and growth. Opportunity means that you
23 are given a chance at the entry level.
24 MR. LELAND: One minute.
25 MR. ROBINSON: And then you have to prove
261
1 yourself in order to move up the ladder. When I
2 started in wrestling there were part-time coaches,
3 no travel budgets, limited equipment budgets,
4 limited scholarships, the list goes on and on. How
5 do you fix this situation? You use the market and
6 interest. We already have two of the components in
7 our current evaluation, whether schools are in
8 compliance. You then combine the two present
9 components with two of the most important
10 ingredients in our society, the market and
11 interest. Number one, you meet the needs that
12 there is now. You find out what the real interest
13 is. Number two, you continue to improve men and
14 women\'s programs as they grow at the high school
15 and club level, developing criteria for adding
16 them. And number three, the most important, you
17 add an amendment to Title IX that says you cannot
18 drop a men\'s sport to come into compliance. This
19 shifts the burden of the decision making from
20 cutting teams to finding other solutions. It will
21 force administrations that currently hide \--
22 MR. LELAND: Time.
23 MR. ROBINSON: \-- behind proportionality to
24 find workable solutions.
25 (Applause.)
262
1 MS. COOPER: Thank you. Chris Davis, Ron
2 Neugent, Mark Gumble, and Sharon Hillidge. Is
3 Sharon here?
4 MS. HILLIDGE: Yes, I am.
5 MS. COOPER: And Cheryl Doebbler?
6 MS. DOEBBLER: I\'m here.
7 MS. COOPER: Okay. And we\'ll start with
8 Chris.
9 MR. DAVIS: Hello. My name is Chris Davis.
10 I\'m a father of a son and a daughter. I am the
11 head wrestling coach at Vista High School just
12 north of here. I have come today to speak but also
13 to listen and to learn. And I\'ve been impressed
14 with what I\'ve heard from both sides actually. I
15 first got involved with this because I felt that it
16 was something that was intellectually unfair.
17 When I celebrated the increase in
18 women\'s opportunities provided by Title IX, I
19 thought somehow by default we are shortchanging
20 them because we are allowing the elimination of
21 men\'s sports in order to come into compliance,
22 which by default, being the math person that I am,
23 means less opportunity overall. So I became kind
24 of openminded and wanted to look at it and educate
25 myself independent of my affiliations.
263
1 I have celebrated opportunities for
2 both my female students and athletes that I\'ve been
3 around as well as my male students and athletes.
4 I\'ve witnessed, though, a change and I\'ve witnessed
5 an interesting slope that\'s taken place.
6 When I first asked around about this
7 I was concerned about fairness, and I remember
8 talking to a friend of mine who is a football coach
9 at Eastern Illinois University and they were
10 audited, I believe, in 1995, and he was asked by
11 the auditor, \"Can you tell me why the women\'s
12 basketball team averages \$16.53 per day on meals
13 while the men\'s basketball team averages \$17.86 per
14 day on meals?\" His response was, \"I would assume
15 that a 230 pound male eats a little bit more than a
16 160 pound female.\" And her response to him was,
17 \"That shouldn\'t matter. It should be equal.\"
18 And I believe there\'s some things
19 there that do matter. And I became concerned about
20 the fairness. I became concerned that this was an
21 issue of winning. I listened to the 150 years
22 versus the 30 years that was spoken about earlier,
23 and somehow \-- even what I got from that is there\'s
24 an injustice here, but there\'s a greater injustice
25 that\'s been there, so we shouldn\'t be concerned
264
1 about it. Injustice is injustice.
2 I have a female athlete who played
3 junior college basketball, was a star at our
4 school. She received four scholarship offers,
5 three scholarship offers to smaller schools and
6 chose not to play there because she didn\'t like the
7 towns that they were in. And I celebrate that
8 opportunity for her to be able to do that and make
9 that choice.
10 On the other hand, I have a former
11 athlete who wrestles at a school north of here,
12 probably wouldn\'t be in school if it weren\'t for
13 wrestling and the structure that it provided and
14 the care that was given to him by a coach. Their
15 program \-- the athletic director has been there
16 twice to drop it. When he sees the kids, he can\'t
17 do it. The new coach there has said, \"Hey, we need
18 new wrestling mats,\" and the guy said, \"Don\'t ask
19 for any more money because you\'ll get dropped.\"
20 At that school it happens to be 61
21 percent female. On their soccer team, women\'s
22 soccer team there\'s 33 spots available and last
23 year they filled it with 26. Just seems to be some
24 inequities there and lack of fairness.
25 I cannot emphasize enough for you how
265
1 much I celebrate the spirit of Title IX. I have my
2 daughter. I recollect back to the men who talked
3 about the connection between a father and daughter.
4 I look forward to that ability to maybe connecting
5 with her on an athletic level, and I believe in
6 every single thing that they say that athletics
7 does for young women, and especially in our culture
8 that\'s been referred to today.
9 By the same token, I see that men are
10 the evil ones, from some of the words I\'ve heard.
11 And it just \-- when you look at my son, he\'s not
12 evil. He\'s not a bad person. Neither is my
13 daughter. And they both deserve equal opportunity
14 to pursue dreams as is written here.
15 I had another student who received a
16 letter from a school in Georgia that said we have
17 space available on a women\'s golf team, women\'s
18 crew team, women\'s lacrosse team, scholarships
19 available, no experience necessary. She actually
20 chose to go to the University of San Diego and pay
21 her way.
22 Another student of mine played
23 softball. Was a dancer, gave up softball after her
24 sophomore year to pursue dance. But where she
25 wanted to go to school she found that there wasn\'t
266
1 a lot of dance opportunity and the school said,
2 \"Hey, we\'ll give you a scholarship for the softball
3 and you can dance for us, and that\'s how you\'ll pay
4 your way,\" so she did. And that\'s fantastic,
5 that\'s fantastic that she has that opportunity, but
6 yet I have several athletes that come through my
7 program that when they are done they have no
8 opportunity to pursue, to pursue what they have
9 worked for and dreamed for because, as I heard the
10 lady speak earlier, the president of our California
11 Chapter of NOW, it somewhat becomes a race between
12 football and basketball. I would ask that this
13 Commission really look at a way to defend both. If
14 you want to be equal and pursue that, defend,
15 defend the sports opportunities that are out there
16 against universities that place a higher emphasis
17 on winning, on the money generated from football \--
18 MS. COOPER: Time.
19 MR. DAVIS: \-- because in the end you\'re
20 shortchanging girls when you allow them to
21 eliminate men\'s sports. I firmly believe that.
22 Thank you.
23 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
24 (Applause.)
25 MS. COOPER: Ron Neugent.
267
1 MR. NEUGENT: My name is Ron Neugent. I was
2 a member of the 1980 US Olympic Swimming Team and I
3 swam at the University of Kansas in the early
4 1980s. I\'ve also served on the US Olympic
5 Committee\'s Board of Directors and their Athletes
6 Advisory Counsel. I\'m an orthodontist in Wichita,
7 Kansas and I teach at Wichita State University four
8 hours a week.
9 In a three-week period in March of
10 2001, three Big Twelve Conference schools, the
11 University of Kansas, the University of Nebraska,
12 and Iowa State University discontinued their men\'s
13 swimming and diving programs. In addition, Kansas
14 dropped their men\'s tennis program and Iowa State
15 dropped men\'s baseball. No women\'s sports were
16 affected.
17 Our men\'s swimming and diving task
18 force was told by the chancellor and athletic
19 director at the University of Kansas that men\'s
20 swimming and diving could be reinstated if we
21 raised 12.1 million dollars to endow the program
22 fully. We were given three months to produce 2.1
23 million dollars in cash as a down payment to
24 preserve the program.
25 The men\'s tennis task force was told
268
1 to raise six million dollars. No help was provided
2 by the athletic department or the university.
3 Alumni groups that offered financial support to the
4 university were simply turned away.
5 Approximately 35 to 40 male student
6 athletes were told they needed to leave the
7 University of Kansas if they wanted to continue
8 their sports at the collegiate level.
9 Discontinuing the men\'s sports may
10 not be a violation of Title IX, but to require one
11 gender to fully fund their programs to continue the
12 collegiate sports when the other gender is not
13 required to fund their own programs is
14 discrimination in its purest form.
15 We now have no collegiate men\'s
16 swimming and diving programs in Kansas. Zero. We
17 have no NCAA Division I men\'s swimming and diving
18 programs in Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska and
19 Oklahoma, yet according to last year\'s United
20 States swimming membership figures, we have nearly
21 4,100 male swimmers age 18 and under in those four
22 states. These figures do not include high school
23 boys who swim high school only.
24 Is it fair to tell our male swimmers
25 and divers they must leave the Midwest if they want
269
1 to swim at the collegiate level when their female
2 teammates and friends can stay?
3 We hear these are tough economic
4 times for collegiate athletic departments. We are
5 told there is not enough money in the budget to
6 support men\'s Olympic sport athletic educational
7 opportunities. Men\'s swimming at the University of
8 Kansas, University of Nebraska and Iowa State
9 University had survived the Great Depression and a
10 world war, and had provided more than 75 years of
11 athletic educational opportunities, and now
12 suddenly they\'re gone.
13 As a 12-year-old, my heroes were the
14 swimmers on the University of Kansas men\'s swimming
15 team. We don\'t have those heroes in our state now.
16 In Colorado Springs Dr. Leland asked
17 about schools that have dropped men\'s sports due to
18 cost allocation and whether universities might be
19 hiding behind Title IX as a way to move dollars
20 into their revenue sports budgets. At Kansas the
21 combined budget of men\'s swimming and diving and
22 men\'s tennis was approximately 650,000 dollars
23 during the 2000/2001 school year. Eliminating
24 these programs increased the football program
25 budget from 5.4 million to six million dollars in
270
1 2001/2002.
2 I am concerned that university
3 athletic departments are eliminating programs and
4 moving towards the minimum number of sports
5 required for Division I membership. Athletic
6 education \-- oh. Eventually women\'s sports will be
7 affected.
8 Athletic educational opportunities
9 are being eliminated.
10 MS. COOPER: One minute.
11 MR. NEUGENT: With fewer sports it becomes
12 much easier to continue to fund the arms race in
13 revenue sports. As a health care provider I am
14 concerned about the health effects of reduced
15 athletic opportunities. We are already hearing
16 reports of increased incidence of diabetes and
17 childhood obesity.
18 As the Commission prepares its
19 report, I would ask that you consider two
20 recommendations. First, limiting roster size or
21 roster management has no place in collegiate
22 athletics. Roster size should be determined by the
23 coach, the number of student athletes interested in
24 participating, and the budget of the program,
25 period. Roster size based on proportionality
271
1 eliminates educational opportunities for males and
2 females. Don\'t deny non-scholarshipped athletes
3 the benefits learned from collegiate sports.
4 Second, I would ask that you ask
5 Secretary Paige to strongly recommend to the NCAA
6 to increase its minimum number of sports required
7 for Division I membership. We must have NCAA
8 requirements that raise the bar. Individual
9 athletic departments will not do this on their own.
10 MS. COOPER: Time.
11 MR. NEUGENT: Thank you.
12 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
13 (Applause.)
14 MS. COOPER: Mark Gumble?
15 MR. GUMBLE: Hello. My name is Mark Gumble
16 and I\'m the Director of the Athletic Advisement
17 Center at San Diego State University. I must tip
18 my hat to all of you. I work with student
19 athletes, tried to get them to sit as long as you.
20 (Laughter.)
21 Since I will not have the opportunity
22 to make the decisions that will determine the fate
23 of this daunting and perplexing issue, I hope to
24 offer a voice of the common man to those who will.
25 If I\'ve learned anything from today\'s testimony, it
272
1 is that common ground will not be found without
2 common sense.
3 I became aware of Title IX in 1979
4 when, as a high school freshman I learned of Susan
5 Girard\'s victory to save the women\'s indoor track
6 team at (inaudible) High School. Our high school
7 decided to drop its indoor track team due to lack
8 of interest, inadequate training facility, and
9 budget problems. She lobbied the school board to
10 be allowed to train as an individual and represent
11 the school in the state qualifying championships.
12 She won her argument without a lawsuit and went on
13 to win the state championship and later was named
14 athlete of the year by a local newspaper. Title IX
15 served its mission on that day in 1979. It also
16 set a precedent for more opportunities for women at
17 our high school.
18 For the past 23 years I\'ve seen
19 countless student athletes benefit from this one
20 piece of legislation. Unfortunately, I have also
21 seen nearly as many suffer from the proportionality
22 test which has been used to determine its
23 effectiveness.
24 I am a middle child of five who
25 followed my two older brothers in the sport of
273
1 wrestling in the same year that Title IX was
2 passed. Along with my two brothers I have two
3 younger sisters. They may have become the best
4 wrestlers in the household if wrestling was
5 available to them back in those days. Nonetheless,
6 they filled their competitive drives in other ways,
7 by succeeding in track, softball, volleyball and
8 soccer throughout high school. Although my
9 brothers and I continued to wrestle throughout
10 college as a walk on, my sisters did not
11 participate beyond the high school level.
12 My family represents a microcosm of
13 one of the central issues of Title IX enforcement.
14 Since women are less likely than their brothers to
15 walk on as college athletes, men\'s opportunities to
16 do the same are being eliminated to balance the
17 books of proportionality.
18 The impact of Title IX today is far
19 different than its intended impact 30 years ago.
20 Today Title IX is more associated with finding
21 equality in numbers than it is with doing what is
22 right for people. It is well documented that
23 athletic administrators across the countries have
24 been forced to find creative ways to meet
25 proportionality by managing roster sizes.
274
1 Sometimes this is done by inflating women\'s
2 representation with ghost athletes, more often by
3 eliminating men\'s sports where there is a
4 demonstrated interest, and at its worse it means
5 cutting successful men\'s programs.
6 One of the most disturbing arguments
7 in this whole debate is that walk on male athletes
8 are expendable because many of them are willing to
9 go through the rigors of practicing long hours with
10 no real opportunities to ever compete in order to
11 reap the perks associated with being a male varsity
12 team member. To argue that walk ons are expendable
13 is to argue that non-revenue male sports are
14 expendable too, because the vast majority of these
15 sports could not exist without walk ons
16 contributing on a regular basis.
17 I submitted to the Commission a very
18 incomplete list of athletes who have walked on to
19 the college sports teams and have achieved amazing
20 heights in athletics. Some of these people include
21 Division I All Americans, Olympians, record holders
22 and professional athletes. Leading this list is
23 the University of Florida (inaudible) the star
24 shortstop and a World Series champion, Anaheim
25 Angels.
275
1 MS. COOPER: One minute.
2 MR. GUMBLE: Another notable on this list is
3 Auburn\'s three-time Olympic gold medalist Ron
4 Gaines, and finally there\'s Brian Greasy, a walk on
5 quarterback at the University of Michigan who is
6 now playing for the Denver Broncos.
7 As a former wrestler, many victims
8 have lost opportunities as a result of the illegal
9 quota systems which have been enforced to prove
10 compliance with Title IX. I\'m also a brother to
11 sisters who have learned a great many lessons
12 firsthand because of the many opportunities Title
13 IX provided them that our mothers and aunts never
14 had.
15 I urge you to use common sense in
16 finding balance to the numbers you will use to
17 determine what is equitable. Let common sense
18 guide you as it has the leaders and experts before
19 you who have struggled with social issues. They
20 have heard the voice of common sense by those who
21 fought for equality in the past, they hear the
22 voice now and know that Title IX is good for our
23 society.
24 MS. COOPER: Time.
25 MR. GUMBLE: Now is also the time to listen
276
1 to the voice of common sense, which says no more
2 opportunities for men should be lost along the way.
3 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
4 MR. GUMBLE: Thank you.
5 (Applause.)
6 MS. COOPER: Sharon Hillidge?
7 MS. HILLIDGE: Ladies and gentlemen, my name
8 is Sharon Hillidge, and I have a very unique job.
9 I have been a teacher in the Chula Vista Elementary
10 School District for the past 24 years, and for the
11 last seven and a half years I have served as a
12 resource teacher for my district at the United
13 States Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista. My
14 program is called Exercise a Dream, and in the past
15 seven and a half years, over 67,000 children from
16 my school district have participated in educational
17 tours, sport clinics, and special events at the
18 training center.
19 Ironically, Exercise a Dream owes its
20 beginnings to our first ever National Girls and
21 Women\'s Sports Day. It began with 1200 sixth grade
22 girls held in February of 1995 before the Olympic
23 Training Center was even open. Sixth grade girls
24 were bused in from 24 elementary schools and took
25 part in five different sports.
277
1 This event was also significant
2 because our district superintendent and board of
3 education allowed it to be held during school time,
4 and even more importantly, supported it as a girls
5 only event. This year we will be celebrating our
6 ninth annual Girls and Women\'s Sports Day drawing
7 girls from 39 other district elementary schools.
8 The success of this event set the
9 wheels in motion to design a program where both
10 girls and boys could benefit from the experience of
11 working with Olympians and future hopefuls as well
12 as having access to an amazing facility in our back
13 yard. Exercise a Dream was created and a
14 partnership for the Olympic Training Center was
15 realized.
16 Why is a program like Exercise a
17 Dream important? It dispels many of the myths that
18 seem to be fostered at the early ages, that boys
19 are better at sports than girls, that girls don\'t
20 like team sports, that girls don\'t like
21 competition, to name a few. What better age to
22 teach children about equal opportunity, physical
23 excellence and achievement, and respect for skill
24 and abilities, no matter what the gender, than at
25 the elementary school level? It provides
278
1 opportunities for boys and girls learning and
2 excelling together instead of separately. It uses
3 male and female athletes serving as role models for
4 boys and girls. To see the admiration and respect
5 from a sixth grade boy learning a soccer skill from
6 a female professional athlete sends a message that
7 women can experience high levels of sports success
8 just like men.
9 In my work we see young boys admire
10 girls for their sports skills and competitiveness
11 and not for just how they look or what they wear.
12 And most importantly, the everyday acceptance that
13 girls have a right to compete in sport and games as
14 they do. What better age to provide equal
15 opportunity and recognize the achievements of all
16 athletes.
17 Why is this important to me? I
18 remember moments when I was in elementary school,
19 in third grade being the only girl picked to play
20 baseball with the boys during recess because I
21 could field and hit the ball. Memories in fourth
22 grade at being the best wall ball player, boy or
23 girl. Good memories for me, but not considered
24 acceptable achievements by my parents and other
25 adults. Torn and dirty dresses, skinned and
279
1 scraped knees were not considered very ladylike
2 pursuits.
3 I continued to participate in sports
4 throughout high school, to the complete puzzlement
5 of my mother. I can still hear her say, \"Why don\'t
6 you want to be a cheerleader? Think how popular
7 you would be.\" In high school we competed in
8 school versus school competitions. They were
9 considered play dates, with no official outcome or
10 championship.
11 MS. COOPER: One minute.
12 MS. HILLIDGE: But I knew \-- I graduated
13 high school in \'73, but I knew of no one receiving
14 a Title IX scholarship. I went on to San Diego
15 State to finish my teaching credential. One
16 personal statistics I will always regret, and that
17 is that during my six years of competition my
18 parents did not attend any of my events. My three
19 brothers competed in various sports like little
20 league and football, and they attended almost all
21 of these activities.
22 Title IX has given today\'s young
23 girls a chance to participate, to achieve, to
24 experience winning, and to reach for any athletic
25 dream they might aspire to. Title IX has given
280
1 today\'s young girls female role models in sports to
2 emulate and admire. For me, Title IX is not just
3 about the money, it\'s about the opportunity for all
4 children, boys and girls, to have an equal chance
5 at having a dream. My expectation is that what
6 Title IX has set in motion 30 years ago will not be
7 diminished or go away. My wish for today and into
8 the future will be that no little girl will be left
9 to wonder what if. Thank you.
10 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
11 (Applause.)
12 MS. COOPER: Cheryl?
13 MS. DOEBBLER: My name is Cheryl Doebbler
14 and I\'m a parent of a gymnast. My daughter has
15 been a gymnast for 18 years. For 16 of those years
16 she was a gymnast before she ever set foot on a
17 college campus. She is now currently a member of
18 the Southeast Missouri State University Women\'s
19 Gymnastics Team.
20 The NFHS survey would have never
21 counted her in its stats. She never competed in a
22 junior high school nor a high school. Yet she has
23 been a competitive gymnast since the age of seven.
24 The National Federation of High School survey omits
25 thousands of athletes in private clubs which makes
281
1 this document irrelevant regarding key information
2 proving interest in gymnastics. USA Gymnastics is
3 the governing body for the sport of gymnastics in
4 the United States. They estimate there are three
5 million children participating in gymnastics in our
6 country.
7 Membership has increased to 54
8 percent over the last ten years, and the number of
9 private clubs has increased by 37.5 percent in the
10 last five years. Top competitors represent their
11 region in national competitions. They also
12 represent our country in the World Games and in the
13 Olympics. College recruiters seek these very
14 athletes to put on their teams to support their
15 universities. Historically speaking, these top
16 athletes come from private clubs, and they would
17 have never been included in an NFH survey.
18 If the statistics provided by USA
19 Gymnastics were used, universities, athletic
20 directors, and this Commission would be seeking
21 ways of adding more programs in colleges across our
22 nation as the numbers, interest, participation, and
23 long-term commitment of these athletes is
24 documented.
25 Please understand the resolve of the
282
1 gymnast, the parents, and the families who have
2 supported our children in their devotion to their
3 sport. Thank you.
4 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
5 (Applause.)
6 MR. LELAND: Thank you very much. Our next
7 five speakers are Dolores Grayson, Heather
8 Kirchhof, Donna Lilly, Erin Uyeshima, and Colleen
9 Hazlett. Come forward please and we will begin
10 with Dr. Grayson.
11 MS. GRAYSON: Thank you. My name is Dolores
12 Grayson and I\'m an educational equity consultant
13 and researcher and current chair of the Association
14 for Gender Equity and Leadership in Education. My
15 background includes teaching, coaching, school
16 administration, and several years as a gender
17 equity specialist. I worked with the first grant
18 fund in the state of California to provide training
19 and technical assistance for school districts,
20 which, by the way, was at Calstate University
21 Fullerton. I was a local Title IX coordinator at
22 the (inaudible) Unified School District, a Title IX
23 Stat Specialist at the Midwest Equity Assistance
24 Center at Kansas State University, a former Title
25 IX consultant for the California Department of Ed,
283
1 and my last bureaucratic position was as the
2 Director of the Educational Equity Center at the
3 Los Angeles County Office of Education. In that
4 capacity I provided technical assistance and
5 training for 95 school districts, including 81 K-12
6 school districts and 14 community college school
7 districts with 28 colleges. We serve 1.8 million
8 students.
9 For the last several years my work
10 has focused on perception and expectation theory
11 and specifically gender (inaudible) and
12 expectations and student achievement.
13 For me, Title IX is so much more
14 than athletics. Part of what I\'ve seen change in
15 schools as I\'ve gone around this country, and one
16 area that hasn\'t been mentioned too much here is
17 the fact that Title IX has provided us with a
18 vehicle to use to provide safer schools, safer
19 learning environments and playing fields for all
20 students. Title IX has spawned policies at the
21 state level. 15 states have passed state laws
22 patterned after Title IX against harassment of all
23 forms, name calling and bullying.
24 This morning as I listened to the
25 conversation about lack of interest of students, I
284
1 can tell you that one of the main reasons that
2 young women across this country hesitated playing
3 sports for years and getting involved in sports had
4 nothing to do with not wanting to be in sports but
5 had everything to do with how hard it was to be a
6 female interested in sport or in science and the
7 kinds of derisive remarks that one got subjected to
8 for participating in that, the same kind of remarks
9 that males interested in dance or cheerleading or
10 helping professions were subjected to.
11 It\'s important to continue to provide
12 training and technical assistance to districts,
13 colleges and universities. Virtually all training
14 and technical assistant moneys have been eliminated
15 at the state and local levels. This is something
16 that also fails to get mentioned. Literally all of
17 the state Department of Education assisted
18 positions, everything except the ten regional
19 centers of which Dr. Bates represents one, are the
20 only sources for any kind of training or technical
21 assistance, but nothing at the state or local
22 levels.
23 It\'s important to continue to develop
24 a society and schools in which little girls and
25 little boys can explore and develop their own
285
1 interests based on their own skills and abilities,
2 not limited by gender perceptions and expectations.
3 The reality is, we don\'t know what people are
4 capable of becoming.
5 I heard some discussion about
6 biology. One thing I do know is that I grew up in
7 a time \-- up the coast here there\'s a community
8 named Tarzana. It was named after Tarzan, you
9 know, the Edgar Rice Burroughs places. And when I
10 was growing up there were movies about Tarzan and
11 guys like Johnny Wismo and Buster Crab, and some of
12 those names, and some of you know those names, some
13 don\'t. They were former Olympians. That\'s where
14 they got them as actors. They were Olympic
15 swimmers. I can tell you that those guys never
16 expected 14 and 15 year old females to break their
17 swimming records, but Donna, am I correct? That\'s
18 happened. We don\'t know what people are capable of
19 doing.
20 (Applause.)
21 I also saw some charts up here. All
22 over the country right now this administration is
23 challenging school districts to close academic
24 performance gaps, and we\'re getting a lot of
25 pressure to do that. The biggest fear that
286
1 everyone has is that students who are achieving
2 will start losing as students who traditionally
3 haven\'t achieved start gaining. This morning I saw
4 a sport chart that looked like that fear. I saw
5 that we all need to work on a chart that has all
6 students continuing to participate and gain, and
7 those who have traditionally been underserved to
8 start gaining and participating at a more rapid
9 pace so we close the gaps academically and
10 athletically. In the south where I grew up, they
11 used to say we\'ll treat people either equally well
12 or equally shabby. If everybody has to swim, we\'ll
13 close the swimming pools. Well, some of the
14 solutions I\'ve heard around here today sound to me
15 like people are willing to treat people equally
16 shabby.
17 I suggest that we know what we can do
18 and what we can\'t do with this piece. Let\'s not
19 keep our focus so limited that we lose the bigger
20 picture of just how important this piece of
21 legislation has been to all of us. Keep it intact.
22 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
23 (Applause.)
24 MR. LELAND: Heather?
25 MS. KIRCHHOF: Hello. Thank you for having
287
1 me here today. My name is Heather Kirchhof and I\'m
2 11 years old and I go to the Vista Academy of
3 Visual and Performing Arts. I have been a member
4 of Girls, Inc. since I was six. Girls, Inc. is
5 about being strong, smart and bold. Today I am
6 being bold.
7 In 1972 Congress passed Title IX
8 which guarantees girls access to federally funded
9 athletic school programs. Now 30 years later I
10 have come to speak to you about how sports have
11 affected my life.
12 Some of the sports offered at my
13 school are volleyball, basketball and cross
14 country. I devote a lot of my time to soccer. I
15 also like community sports because I have a chance
16 to meet different people from other schools and
17 communities.
18 I like sports because they are fun to
19 do. Because of sports I have made many friends. I
20 have played sports for five years; four years of
21 soccer and one year of softball. My teammates and
22 I laugh a lot and have water bottle and water
23 balloon fights after practice.
24 Sports also keep me in shape. My
25 last season I spent about six to seven hours a week
288
1 devoting my time to sports. I like the
2 competition. Sports are good for me emotionally,
3 and unless I have a lot of homework, it\'s a good
4 way to spend my time. When I win I feel so good,
5 but when I lose I feel bad. Either way, I know I
6 tried my hardest.
7 In the future I would like to play
8 basketball, tennis, swimming, ice skating, in-line
9 skating and field hockey. Sports benefit me in a
10 lot of ways. They help me with my social skills
11 and communication. While being on a team sport I
12 have learned to be accountable for brushing up on
13 time to practice and games.
14 The movie A League of Their Own
15 inspired me a lot. It taught me that boys and
16 girls are equal. When I play sports, my mom says I
17 have to keep my grades up. If not, I will have to
18 be taken out and learn that responsibility. I am
19 planning on playing sports in high school. I feel
20 school sponsored sports are important. One thing,
21 I would like to get a sports scholarship to
22 college. I come from a single parent family. I
23 feel these programs are important to families who
24 sometimes do not have the right resources to send
25 their children to college.
289
1 Thank you for your time in listening
2 to what I had to say. I think anything that helps
3 me and my peers keep our minds focused on sports is
4 worth talking about. Please don\'t drop the ball on
5 girls.
6 (Applause.)
7 MR. LELAND: Thank you, Heather. Donna?
8 MS. LILLY: What an act to follow.
9 (Laughter.)
10 MS. LILLY: I\'m Donna Lilly. I represent
11 the American Association of University Women here
12 in California.
13 On behalf of the 26,000 members of
14 AAUW in California, I want to thank you for the
15 opportunity to speak today. We are 120 years old
16 and we\'ve promoted equity for women and girls\'
17 lifelong education and positive societal change
18 during those 120 years. Our members strongly
19 support Title IX and advocate for its vigorous
20 enforcement.
21 I have joined our members in working
22 with women and men across the country to support
23 Title IX and to promote the firm belief that there
24 shall be no barriers to full participation in
25 education or the workplace on the basis of gender,
290
1 race, creed, age, sexual orientation, national
2 origin, disability or class.
3 Although Title IX has broken down
4 barriers to opportunities in education and
5 athletics, equity for all has not been achieved.
6 While male and female participation in athletics
7 has steadily grown, female students continue to lag
8 in participation opportunities, receipt of
9 scholarships, and allocation of operating and
10 recruitment budgets. Contrary to what Title IX\'s
11 adversaries believe, discrepancies in participation
12 rates are the result of continuing discrimination
13 and access to equal athletic opportunities.
14 As the National Coalition for Women
15 and Girls in Education has made very clear, it is
16 neither logical nor permissible to consider a lack
17 of interest in college sport participation on the
18 part of female students when less than 200,000
19 college participation opportunities exist for the
20 seven and a half million high school girls
21 participating in sports today. In actuality,
22 resources allocated to women\'s sports have never
23 caught up to the resources allocated for men\'s
24 sports.
25 It\'s the position of AAUW that no
291
1 changes to Title IX standards as applied to
2 athletics are warranted or necessary. Any
3 modification to the standards to limit future
4 opportunities for women would violate the goal of
5 gender equity. Any modification to the standard
6 that is based on the premise that women are less
7 interested than men in sports is both factually
8 inaccurate and legally invalid. What is necessary
9 to ensure an equal opportunity is vigorous
10 enforcement of Title IX at all levels of education
11 and a softening of our commitment to civil rights
12 should not be precipitated by institutional
13 finances and management decisions to emphasize big
14 ticket sports programs, and we have heard that here
15 today from many, many different points of view.
16 AAUW supports the three-prong test
17 used to determine athletic compliance. You\'ve
18 heard this over and over. This test is reasonable,
19 fair, and has been upheld as a constitutional by
20 eight federal circuit courts.
21 The three prongs are, as you know,
22 proportional percentage which provides
23 opportunities for both genders in proportion to the
24 numbers within the student body, needs assessment
25 by student body surveys to measure unmet needs for
292
1 athletic participation, and a history of increasing
2 athletic opportunities for women.
3 Oftentimes institutions have
4 difficulty reaching this compliance because of
5 misrepresentation of the three-prong test. The
6 most difficult prong of this test is
7 proportionality. If it has not been met, the
8 institution can reach compliance by surveying the
9 athletic needs of the students and using the
10 resulting data to increase opportunities for
11 underrepresented groups.
12 MR. LELAND: One minute.
13 MS. LILLY: While proportionality is the
14 ultimate goal, the three-prong test gives
15 institutions flexibility to demonstrate a history
16 of movement toward that goal.
17 Title IX has broken down barriers to
18 opportunity in education over the last 30 years.
19 However, the equity for all has not been achieved.
20 We applaud what you have done, we urge you to
21 protect and advance the progress made over the last
22 30 years, and please, do not tamper with the
23 promise of this landmark law. Thank you.
24 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
25 MR. LELAND: Is Erin here, Erin Uyeshima?
293
1 Okay. Colleen?
2 MS. HAZLETT: My name is Colleen Hazlett and
3 I\'m an educator at Northern California (inaudible)
4 from Stanford University. First I\'d like to
5 commend our 11-year-old speaker, and I think she\'s
6 a perfect result of Title IX. Without sports I
7 doubt she would have had the self-esteem and the
8 courage to come up here and speak in front of all
9 these adults, so I think she is an example of why
10 this needs to continue.
11 Okay. I consider myself a product of
12 Title IX. In 1979 I learned to play water polo.
13 Since there were no high school girls teams in my
14 area, I had to play on my high school\'s boys team.
15 I was fortunate to have a coach who supported me
16 and saw that I was good at the game. This was the
17 first time I had ever heard of Title IX and have
18 never forgotten what it has provided for me. If
19 not for water polo I would not have gone on to
20 college, earning a degree and later a teaching
21 credential. For me it wasn\'t about scholarships
22 and money, but rather the love of the game and the
23 people involved.
24 Because I wanted to continue with
25 water polo, I also continued swimming and went on
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1 to swim two years in junior college and two more
2 years in a four-year school while completing my
3 degree.
4 During my collegiate years there were
5 no scholarships available for women, and colleges
6 only had club teams. At that time women who wanted
7 to play at the college level did so for the pure
8 joy of the game and not for the free education.
9 Admittedly we were a pretty rough group, with
10 sometimes only 20 dollars for food at weekend
11 tournaments, cramming eight people into small cars,
12 and often showing up not knowing where we would
13 sleep that night, and were sleeping on the floors
14 at friends of friends\' dorms and apartments.
15 I\'m sharing this with the committee
16 because I want you to understand how far athletics
17 for women in many of the non-traditional sports
18 have come. Now women playing at the college level
19 don\'t have to worry about having enough money to
20 eat over the three-day tournament, how they\'re
21 going to get there or where they will stay when
22 they do get there. Progress has changed the game
23 and the women who play it, but it is a good change.
24 Until the mid \'90s only a few
25 universities had water polo as a varsity sport. At
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1 the same time the schools were forced to examine
2 Title IX\'s interpretation and within a few years
3 the number of women\'s college teams playing at the
4 varsity level increased so rapidly that it became
5 an official NCAA sport a year prior to the
6 predicted. Many different club teams have
7 benefitted from these new interpretations of
8 Title IX and became varsity sports instead of club
9 teams.
10 At the high school level it is a
11 different story. I sent the Commission a copy of
12 the civil rights complaint I filed in July of 2002.
13 Even though the school district has had over a year
14 to change, remedy, rectify and progress toward a
15 more equitable athletic program, they still
16 continue to sit on their thumbs about it.
17 Yesterday the agenda for the district
18 school board meeting it was made public in
19 co-curricular services for winter sports,
20 coaches are listed for approval. For the girls
21 basketball head coach it is listed at five percent
22 stipend, but two assistants are listed at two
23 percent or one percent and to be paid by a booster
24 stipend. The boys basketball coaches are listed at
25 the head coach, five percent, two assistant coaches
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1 at four percent, and one at four percent booster
2 stipend. This indicates that the district was
3 paying the boys two assistant coaches at the normal
4 four percent each, while the girls\' team has to
5 find funding for its two assistant coaches totaling
6 less than four percent. Is this equitable?
7 This is not the first issue regarding
8 inequities in coaching and pay that have come
9 before the school board. I\'ve communicated many
10 times within the school board on the inequities
11 within the athletic department, but they continue
12 to sit on their thumbs about it. It is almost the
13 more they get away with, the more they do. They\'ve
14 shown no interest in changing and I believe it will
15 not until they are forced to by the Office of Civil
16 Rights.
17 This district hired two 20-year-old
18 males to be the head coaches for the boys and girls
19 water polo programs. This is the first year
20 they\'ve separated the positions. In the past they
21 hired only a head coach for the boys, and then told
22 that person they were to coach both. For the
23 previous five years there has never been an
24 official girls head water polo coach, even though
25 they are two separate programs that run
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1 simultaneously. Neither one of these two young men
2 are qualified to be head coaches. I applied and
3 was told I didn\'t meet the qualifications, even
4 though I have more years experience than these two
5 have been alive. I\'ve traveled with the national,
6 played on teams that won numerous first, second,
7 and third places at US water polo nationals.
8 MR. LELAND: Time. Or one minute, excuse
9 me.
10 MS. HAZLETT: The consequences of this was
11 detrimental for the girls team. For the first time
12 ever we placed less than third in league play and
13 were outscored by league opponents 86 to 31 in ten
14 games. Water polo points are scored one point at a
15 time, unlike some other sports.
16 I hope the information I\'ve provided
17 in my complaint demonstrate that things are not
18 equitable yet in athletics, and I believe the high
19 schools are grossly out of compliance, ignorant and
20 arrogant about Title IX. Removing or revamping or
21 doing anything other than aggressively demanding
22 compliance would be devastating to female athletes.
23 Coming so close but yet still being so far is not
24 how this should end. Thank you.
25 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
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1 (Applause.)
2 MS. COOPER: Mary Wiberg, Betsy Stevenson,
3 Richard Aronson, Laurie Turner, and Julie Gelfat.
4 And we will start with Mary Wiberg.
5 MS. WIBERG: Good afternoon. I\'m Mary
6 Wiberg. I\'m the Executive Director of the
7 California Commission on the Status of Women for
8 the past year.
9 Given the fact that California has
10 more than 17 million women and girls, the issues
11 concerning Title IX are very important to us and
12 we\'re particularly pleased that the California
13 Legislature has established a select committee on
14 Title IX to help us in this state look at that more
15 closely. For the purposes of this town meeting
16 however, my 17 plus years working in gender equity
17 at the State of Iowa Department of Education seem
18 more relevant.
19 I\'d like briefly to address the first
20 three questions that you all are debating as you
21 come up with recommendations. Title IX
22 regulations, question 1, Title IX regulations are
23 working to promote opportunities for both men and
24 women in situations where either group is the
25 underrepresented sex. Clearly, as legislation
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1 written to address the strong bias against women in
2 education, including athletics, the law has
3 primarily benefitted women; however, it is a gender
4 equity law, not a women\'s equity law, and it
5 doesn\'t need to be revamped.
6 In Iowa, one of my responsibilities
7 was to participate in equity reviews of K through
8 12 and community college districts to assure that
9 the requirements of federal OCR regulations on
10 Title IX as well as Title VI and Section 504 were
11 met. The federal requirement that states \-- state
12 departments of education conduct such visits is
13 specifically related to Title IX and the history of
14 sex bias in career and technical education.
15 In Iowa, visits were expanded to
16 address all state and federal requirements related
17 to equity, race, disability, and general. Because
18 sex bias in vocational education also applied to
19 boys \-- do you remember, some of you, when boys
20 could not take home economics classes or prepare to
21 be nurses? \-- careful attention was paid to all
22 issues affecting gender equity, including
23 athletics, and research shows that girls who
24 participate in athletics are more likely to pursue
25 non-traditional careers in technology, the
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1 professions and the trades resulting in higher wage
2 jobs. Other panelists today have addressed this.
3 From those experiences in Iowa, I
4 know that most schools and community colleges have
5 been making some good faith efforts to be in
6 compliance with Title IX, but still have more to do
7 within the context of the law. The manner in which
8 these state department OCR reviews are conducted
9 varies greatly from state to state, and I know that
10 from the visits in Iowa, while each district or
11 college was to have a Title IX coordinator, these
12 positions were primarily met with paper compliance,
13 someone was given the title and very little was
14 done with it.
15 As you look at what you might say
16 about Title IX in athletics, you might wish to
17 address the role of someone on campus addressing
18 Title IX.
19 You\'ve talked about the elimination
20 of men\'s \-- Title IX as being causal in eliminating
21 men\'s sports, but clearly, as one of you said in
22 Colorado Springs, if finances weren\'t an issue, we
23 wouldn\'t be here. We would just have solved the
24 problem and we would have done it proudly by adding
25 more women\'s sports. It\'s a combination of finance
301
1 and gender equity issues.
2 In your conclusions I hope the impact
3 of finances will be clear and that quality data
4 will be included that supports any conclusions. If
5 adequate data is not available, you could recommend
6 a better process for collecting and assessing data.
7 MS. COOPER: One minute.
8 MS. WIBERG: Two things. I\'d like to say
9 that training for implementation of Title IX
10 clearly is not adequate. Dee Grayson addressed the
11 issue of funding at the state level. You might
12 like to consider in your recommendations funding so
13 that OCR and the Department of Education could
14 provide greater technical assistance across the
15 states, and that technical assistance be provided
16 through more than just OCR. And if OCR\'s
17 implementation of Title IX monitoring is not
18 consistent, then that calls for staff development
19 at the Department of Education as well. Am I out
20 of time?
21 MS. COOPER: No.
22 MS. WIBERG: Okay. One last thing that I\'d
23 like to say is, you raised in your last meeting the
24 question of whether or not you should do something
25 to encourage physical education and health at the K
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1 through 12 level. I think that would be a
2 wonderful recommendation for you to come forward
3 with. When you look at youth obesity and you look
4 at the interest in developing a core group that\'s a
5 feeder to athletic programs and that builds strong
6 youth, that would be a fine recommendation. Thank
7 you for your time.
8 (Applause.)
9 MS. COOPER: Thank you. Betsy Stevenson?
10 MS. STEVENSON: Good afternoon. I\'m the
11 Associate Athletic Director of the University of
12 California at Los Angeles.
13 We have done it all in Westwood. We
14 have won 80 plus national championships in men\'s
15 and women\'s sports, we have dropped men\'s sports,
16 we\'ve added women\'s sports without pressure, we\'ve
17 added women\'s sports with pressure, we\'ve generated
18 more money in football than we spend, we roster
19 manage, we have chosen not to pay our football and
20 men\'s basketball coach a million dollars, we are
21 the first school to publicly turn down a bid for a
22 football bowl game because it wasn\'t financially a
23 sound decision for our program.
24 (Applause.)
25 In 1997 we hired Valerie Bonnette,
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1 who you heard from today. I am not going to waste
2 your time. Use her solutions in your deliberation.
3 She knows what\'s fair, she\'s been in the trenches,
4 and I strongly urge your support of her solutions.
5 I have personally worked with OCR
6 staff on two complaint resolutions at two different
7 universities. My experience is that the OCR staff
8 takes several approaches that the Commission should
9 scrutinize. They work only to satisfy the specific
10 complaint, and if participation opportunities are
11 the focus of the complaint, proportionality seems
12 to be forwarded as the choice for resolution.
13 They employ methods or attitudes that
14 do not measure culture, only dollars. They focus
15 on bureaucratic procedures and timetables more than
16 on reasonable timely resolution. Proportionality
17 seems to be the easiest way to close cases. In
18 summary, lack of consistency in interpretation from
19 one OCR region to the next exists and should be
20 addressed.
21 In my opinion and experience, schools
22 are not adding men\'s Olympic sports programs
23 because they are not in a position to add women\'s
24 opportunities at the same time.
25 At the University of California at
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1 Los Angeles we\'ve been offered millions and
2 millions of dollars to reinstate the sport of men\'s
3 swimming. At this point in our program for a
4 variety of reasons we have added a new sport
5 recently, financially we don\'t want to go into
6 debt, we\'re trying to figure out how we could do
7 that and still be in compliance with Title IX and
8 be a financially \-- a program that\'s financially in
9 the black.
10 The law is good, the OCR staff
11 approach on working to resolve complaints needs
12 work. Improving this aspect will only improve
13 compliance with the law.
14 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
15 (Applause.)
16 MS. COOPER: Richard?
17 MR. ARONSON: Everyone relax, it\'s going to
18 be an easy speech. Less than five minutes.
19 Dick Aronson, Executive Director of
20 the College Gymnastics Association and a professor
21 emeritus at the University of Massachusetts,
22 Lowell.
23 I\'ve been involved in this sport for
24 years and years as an athlete, a coach, a judge, an
25 administrator, and for the past nine years I\'ve
305
1 been trying to figure out what the hell has
2 happened to men\'s gymnastics.
3 Because this is the last open
4 meeting, I will not touch anything that we\'ve
5 talked about and you\'ve been through for the last
6 three meetings, but will address several other
7 areas that may have an effect when you come down to
8 your final decisions for you, Department of
9 Education, and the NCAA.
10 Incidentally, everyone has talked
11 about their children, I have four grandchildren and
12 all in sports, and the women and the girls, about
13 this big now, I run to their soccer matches,
14 tennis, and of course, gymnastics.
15 In a related matter, this is not the
16 first time these meetings have been, I\'m sorry,
17 held. There have been about twelve of them, with
18 the first one held in Chicago in August of \'93. A
19 year later in August of \'94 in a meeting in
20 Washington that was attended by a highly visible
21 Olympian that, and I quote, the NCAA is the
22 greatest training ground in America for sports.
23 Apparently, everyone, we\'ve lost sight.
24 Also at this point it\'s ironic you\'ve
25 had these meetings. Why? Because they possibly,
306
1 possibly I say, could have been avoided if various
2 members of the NCAA administration, including
3 institutional officers and athletics responded to
4 years of correspondence that I personally wrote to
5 discuss various methods to stop the elimination of
6 sports, men and women. However, with few
7 exceptions these efforts were ignored and we
8 continue to lose programs.
9 Finally, to initiate after this year
10 the Coaches Association of Wrestling supported by
11 the College Sports, I\'m sorry, Council sued the
12 Department of Education and that\'s why you\'re all
13 here, bringing attention to this national serious
14 collegiate problem, the examination of effects of
15 the elimination of sports on \-- I\'m sorry \--
16 institutions.
17 To that end, university
18 administrators are aware that Title IX, coupled
19 with escalating costs to operate programs are the
20 two most important reasons why sports are being
21 eliminated.
22 Having said this, I suggest the
23 Commission move to enforce the purposes and
24 policies of the NCAA stated in the manuals of
25 operation. If this is accomplished, it
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1 will remind the membership that dropping sports
2 reflects a failure to support the welfare of
3 student athletes, disrupts the lives of those, lost
4 their jobs, and can be detrimental to the image of
5 the institution.
6 Next, the Commission should revisit
7 the prong in Title IX entitled proportionality by
8 either recommending revisions, not getting rid of
9 it now, creating an amendment, or creating a
10 balanced program of percentages that would equally
11 represent equality for men and women.
12 Finally, the Commission must send a
13 clear and powerful message to the NCAA that the
14 business of athletics must be revisited by
15 university presidents and athletic administrators
16 that seek avenues such as a redistribution of funds
17 in order to maintain sports for all interested
18 students.
19 These are desperate times in
20 collegiate athletics, so we must turn to desperate
21 measures to ensure the viability and credibility of
22 collegiate programs. Remember, not everyone can
23 play football or basketball. Some of us five feet
24 six are gymnasts. There must be room for other
25 sports \--
308
1 MS. COOPER: Time.
2 MR. ARONSON: \-- specifically Olympic sports
3 whose collegiate \--
4 MS. COOPER: (Inaudible) no, just kidding.
5 It\'s time.
6 (Laughter.)
7 MR. ARONSON: I got so excited.
8 MS. COOPER: Sorry.
9 MR. ARONSON: Thank you, and you got the
10 message.
11 (Applause.)
12 MS. COOPER: Thank you. Laurie Turner. Is
13 Laurie Turner here?
14 MS. TURNER: Yes, I am.
15 MS. COOPER: Well, hustle it up, girl.
16 MS. TURNER: I was \-- I was on the wait list
17 and \--
18 MS. COOPER: Well, you\'re not waiting any
19 more.
20 MS. TURNER: I was number 115 so I wasn\'t
21 really prepared.
22 I want to thank everybody for the
23 opportunity to just make a couple of specific
24 comments relative to my own experience. I\'m the
25 Associate Athletic Director at University of
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1 California San Diego, school right here in
2 San Diego. I am a product of Title IX. I
3 participated at Washington State University as an
4 athlete during the time where Title IX had not been
5 instilled. I was there in the late \'70s, and at
6 that opportunity I was on an athletic scholarship,
7 so scholarships became prevalent during the time I
8 was there, and if it wasn\'t for athletics I know I
9 would not have the opportunity to stay and continue
10 in a four-year institution, and it was the
11 experiences that I had at that time that allowed me
12 to realize that it was something that I wanted to
13 do as far as a career.
14 Much like some of the individuals,
15 I\'m not sure there\'s much I can say to you today.
16 I really see the board and your expertise as doing
17 the right thing. I think that you, over the last
18 four town meetings, probably have had your fill of
19 personal stories, but I think it\'s important to
20 recognize that some of the comments stated today, I
21 just want to reinforce, because I was one of those
22 girls that was perceived as a tomboy when I was
23 growing up. I can recall very vividly not being
24 supported as far as my experiences in athletics at
25 any time. In elementary school I can remember
310
1 being pulled aside, missing my recess because I
2 could throw the ball further than all the boys, run
3 faster than all the boys, and making my friends
4 that were boys look bad, and there were times where
5 I had to sit in and write sentences in the
6 elementary room saying I would not hit or throw the
7 ball further than the boys.
8 So how I grew through that. What I
9 did was I participated in high school
10 opportunities, all on rec teams. There was not any
11 in my high school and I grew up in the state of
12 Washington, the Seattle area, which at that point
13 in time in the late \'70s had some opportunities for
14 some programs, but certainly not for all of the
15 different areas, and I certainly today think back
16 to those days and look at all the opportunities
17 that women have, girls have, and I wish at some
18 times that I would have to do it over again, the
19 camp opportunities, the scholarship opportunities,
20 but on the other hand I\'m glad to have been a
21 coach, a college coach for 14 years, administrator
22 for ten years, and actively involved in women\'s
23 athletics.
24 As an administrator I do think it\'s
25 important to recognize that the whole issue of
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1 Title IX and the three-prong approach, the emphasis
2 today on prong two and prong three, I think is very
3 relevant to look at that and say how can we get
4 beyond subjective, but objective benefits to those
5 two prongs. I\'m fighting situations constantly as
6 administrators, much like many of you dealing with
7 roster management, and it is very difficult to sit
8 in there and tell the male athlete that is on one
9 of the programs that they cannot participate,
10 because it hits very close to my own self about the
11 opportunity that I did not have and the fact that I
12 would want those boys to have the opportunity.
13 And I think that all of us know that
14 it comes back to the institutions, it comes back to
15 the decisions that we make in regards to Title IX
16 does not dictate that you must drop programs, it
17 does not dictate that you must drop male
18 opportunities, it all becomes issues and decisions
19 making in regards to what we as administrators are
20 doing the right thing and making sure that we
21 recognize the importance. Thank you.
22 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
23 (Applause.)
24 MS. COOPER: Is Julie here? Julie Gelfat,
25 G-e-l-f-a-t. Are you here? You\'re not here.
312
1 Okay, let\'s move on.
2 MR. LELAND: Okay. Next five. Alexandra
3 Hart, Donald B. Apodaca, Wendy Taylor May, Dr. Joy
4 Griffin, and Dr. Kay Morgan, if they could come to
5 the front. Looks like there\'s only three of our
6 five. Is Alexandra, are you on the \-- Donald?
7 MR. APODACA: My name is Donald Apodaca.
8 I\'m an optometrist at Kaiser Permanente. I\'m a
9 walk on coach at a high school in Santa Ana,
10 California. And I did want \-- Donna De Varona, oh,
11 there she is. I remember seeing pictures of her
12 winning all those medals at the Olympics three or
13 four years ago.
14 (Laughter.)
15 And Cynthia Cooper, I\'m honored to be
16 in your presence.
17 I just want to say a few things.
18 Personally in the ninth grade I didn\'t go out for
19 any sports. In the tenth grade, a coach,
20 Mr. Serani, asked me to go out for cross country
21 and it changed my life. 100 percent changed my
22 life. But in the ninth grade I did have
23 activities. I found out how to buy alcohol without
24 being 21, it\'s pretty easy. I found out how to get
25 in fights, I was in fights a lot. I was in the
313
1 counselor\'s office. And it all turned around when
2 I went out for sports. I think intrinsically I
3 knew that those things were not what I wanted to
4 do, but that\'s what I was doing, and the influence
5 of a coach I\'m grateful for.
6 I want to say that I\'m grateful also,
7 some people are saying they\'re so happy that sports
8 made them what they are. I\'m happy that they kept
9 me from being what I might have been. The guy that
10 I used to go drinking with is in prison, and I
11 won\'t go into all that.
12 And then people are talking about
13 equity and equal over and over again here. Now, I
14 know that my daughter is in drama and she went to a
15 university up north, and she claims that seven out
16 of ten, in other words, it was a ratio of seven to
17 three in the dramatic productions were women. The
18 dance program was more biased towards women.
19 Journalism I guess was pretty close to 50/50, and
20 choir was biased towards women. And these are all
21 college supported activities.
22 And I know that there is some fear
23 amongst some people that support Title IX as it is
24 written with all the exactitudes that are
25 apparently required by some people that we do not
314
1 want to include those other activities, but sports
2 for me was an outlet and an activity that helped me
3 greatly, and I think there\'s other things, I don\'t
4 know why people are afraid of including those.
5 There is another question about
6 equality. If you go to a prison, the ratio is not
7 equal. If you go to juvenile hall, the ratio is
8 not equal. And unfortunately the ratios favor men
9 in that situation too. The Trouble with Boys by
10 (inaudible) says that boys are labeled as
11 behaviorally and emotionally disturbed four to one
12 over women. They need an outlet. We all need an
13 outlet, whether it\'s sports or whether it\'s
14 journalism or whether it\'s choir, we need an
15 outlet. And for some reason boys, I don\'t know if
16 it\'s testosterone, I don\'t know what it is.
17 As far as money, equal distribution
18 of money, that\'s fine with me. I get paid so
19 little, I\'ll do exactly what I can, because I feel
20 in my heart that it\'s important, or no money,
21 distributing scholarships equally. But roster
22 limits seems to me similar to the situation where
23 there was a wise king and two women were arguing
24 over the baby that both claimed to be the mother
25 of, and they went to the wise king and he said, \"We
315
1 will make it equal. We will cut the baby equally
2 in half.\" And it seems like when you have roster
3 limits, where you limit and you say no, you can\'t
4 come out, and I\'ve heard a few people indirectly
5 sort of support roster limits, and I see the
6 argument, but it seems like it\'s making equality
7 the same way as that king proposed. And of course
8 some of you know the rest of that story.
9 So in conclusion, we cannot go back
10 to the bad old days. I know that women\'s sports
11 was underrepresented and I so greatly admire the
12 women who are involved and are involved in
13 athletics.
14 MR. LELAND: One minute.
15 MR. APODACA: Fine. But I just think that
16 there\'s some way that intelligent people, and I\'m
17 sure all of you are, can figure out a way to
18 prevent roster limits and to prevent the cutting of
19 programs that are so vital to keep our young men
20 otherwise occupied so they don\'t end up in the
21 places that my friend who I used to go drinking
22 with is. Thank you.
23 (Applause.)
24 MS. COOPER: Thank you.
25 MR. LELAND: Is Wendy Taylor May here?
316
1 Okay, Dr. Griffin.
2 MS. GRIFFIN: Good afternoon. I am Dr. Joy
3 Griffin, President of the National Association for
4 Girls and Women in Sport, NHEWS.
5 For over 100 years NHEWS has been
6 advocating for equitable and quality sport/fitness
7 opportunities for all girls and women in a manner
8 that promotes social justice and change. I am an
9 Associate Professor at the University of New Mexico
10 with specializations in moral and ethical issues,
11 sports psychology, sports sociology, and gender and
12 multi culture issues.
13 So why is sports so important? Let
14 me tell you a story. Let me tell you about a young
15 Native American girl who lived way out on the rural
16 prairies. There wasn\'t a lot to do, the nearest
17 traffic light being 25 miles away, and the nearest
18 place with two traffic lights being 45 miles away.
19 There was a lot of temptation to find things to do
20 like take drugs or just hang out. However, the
21 young Blackfoot woman stayed in high school because
22 of the many sports that she thrived at. She loved
23 basketball the most, and was surprised to be able
24 to go to college to play. She played through
25 college and then, because of her love of and belief
317
1 in sports, she even went on to graduate school.
2 Yes, as you probably already guessed
3 by now, that young woman was me. Sports have
4 opened up the way for me to be able to serve and
5 help so many other people.
6 Research indeed shows that,
7 especially for young women of color, sports
8 participation is important. So why is sport
9 participation so important? My best answer comes
10 from my own personal experience. For as long as I
11 can remember I\'ve loved all kinds of sports. I
12 loved finding my limits, competition,
13 companionship, belonging, skill development, me
14 development, and just the sheer exhilaration of
15 movement. I am passionate in my belief that sport
16 can provide opportunities for physical, mental,
17 social, moral, and spiritual development.
18 These sport benefits, of course,
19 should be open to every person. We need to provide
20 quality programs and equal chances for sport
21 participation for girls and women. We need to
22 educate girls and women for success in sport
23 leadership roles and advocate publicly for
24 increased career opportunities in sport for women.
25 Sport can promote personal awareness, development
318
1 and strength.
2 Title IX is important because of all
3 the educational benefits the sport provides. If
4 sport is important for the development of our boys
5 and men, why is it not equally important for the
6 development of our girls and women? Sport
7 interests and abilities evolve as a function of
8 opportunity and experience. It is amazing how fast
9 sport interests and abilities have grown for women
10 since Title IX. From 1972 to 2001 there has been
11 an 847 percent increase in young women involved in
12 high school varsity sports, and a 403 percent
13 increase of women who participate in collegiate
14 sport. Yet 30 years after Title IX, female
15 athletes are not receiving equal treatment or
16 opportunities to participate, and opportunities for
17 women in sport leadership have declined
18 drastically.
19 Modification to Title IX that would
20 limit future opportunities for women in sport would
21 violate the goal of gender equity. The essence of
22 Title IX is to provide educational opportunities
23 for sport for all people.
24 Why is sport participation so
25 important? Your best answer comes from your own
319
1 personal sport experiences. For many of you on
2 this panel, sport has been central to your own
3 personal development and thus your increased
4 capacity to serve and to help others. Consider
5 what your life may have been like without sport.
6 Why is sport participation so important? Because
7 it has improved your life and the lives of others
8 around you. It is a good thing, and access to good
9 things should be open to all.
10 I\'m also a researcher and empirical
11 evidence is important. Therefore I have summarized
12 and cited findings from studies that I believe
13 provide important information as you make your
14 decisions on Title IX.
15 MR. LELAND: One minute.
16 MS. GRIFFIN: They are in point form because
17 I know you\'re doing a lot of reading. I\'ve tried
18 to make them as clear and concise as possible.
19 Let us all remember that Title IX is
20 a civil rights law and is a statement of our own
21 social justice values. We should have sport
22 available for all because of what it can do for us.
23 Thank you.
24 (Applause.)
25 MR. LELAND: Thank you. Dr. Morgan?
320
1 MS. MORGAN: I am Dr. Kay Morgan from
2 Albuquerque, New Mexico.
3 Throughout my 34 years of teaching
4 and coaching, I have seen just how much girls and
5 young women enjoyed sports and wanted to
6 participate. I also know what a struggle it has
7 been to provide the opportunities that they
8 rightfully and legally were entitled. Even after
9 Title IX was passed, we faced unequal treatment.
10 Our high school girls teams were locked out of the
11 weight rooms by some of the boys coaches. Three
12 teams had to share 15 uniforms and the track
13 athletes had to exchange clothes during meets so
14 the relay teams were dressed the same.
15 Even with these inequitable
16 situations, we persisted. We believed Title IX
17 requirements would not be met locally if the
18 administration and male coaches were not
19 supportive, but we finally had a law behind us.
20 I currently teach physical education
21 at Kirtland Elementary School in Albuquerque, Peter
22 Espinoza, principal. It is an ethnically diverse
23 school with a very high poverty base. Title IX, as
24 it is written, is of great importance to the sport
25 opportunities my students receive. Most of our
321
1 families cannot financially afford club type
2 sports. For them to realize the educational
3 benefits of sport participation, it must come in
4 the schools.
5 My students and I have been
6 discussing the importance of sport. We do this all
7 the time, much because of that. Many of your
8 comments echo what research has continuously shown
9 about sport participation. I\'m certain you have
10 been provided many of these research findings.
11 When asked why they wanted to play
12 sports in middle and high school, an equal number
13 of boys in the second, fourth, and fifth grades
14 gave the same reasons. Have fun, play with
15 friends, get to know other people, and make new
16 friends, feel happy, exercise your bones, muscles,
17 and heart, stay healthy and fit and not be lazy.
18 Much of their answers focused on teamwork, work
19 together for success and to accomplish goals, stick
20 together, learn good sportsmanship, learn how to
21 share the ball, how to get along, and how to learn
22 to respect others.
23 All girls and boys should have the
24 same opportunities to achieve these benefits
25 through sport participation for themselves as well
322
1 as for our country\'s future well being.
2 Two of my Hispanic fourth grade girls
3 recognize benefits of sport participation. One
4 said playing sports would help her keep her grades
5 up. The other said she would be more responsible
6 and not get in trouble. Again, these comments
7 correlate with research that has shown that teenage
8 female athletes are less likely to get pregnant as
9 non-athletes, and female student athletes,
10 including those of color, graduate from high
11 school at a much higher rate than the general
12 female student body.
13 Another fourth grade girl said, \"It
14 could help me pay for college.\" This possibility
15 was also reflected at our school\'s recent fall
16 fiesta. A first grade African-American girl kept
17 making basketball shots. As she sank each shot,
18 her father proudly yelled, \"That\'s my girl. Next,
19 college scholarship, then the WNBA.\"
20 (Laughter.)
21 My class has also talked about the
22 importance of Title IX to sport and school classes
23 and why we have it. Sometimes I believe answers
24 lie in the innocence and justice of children. When
25 asked how they would feel if they did not have a
323
1 chance to play on a team in school, the responses
2 included sad, terrible, angry, left out. A second
3 grade boy said that if boys only got to play, girls
4 can\'t keep their muscles strong. All were adamant
5 about fairness so no one is left out. Everyone
6 should have a chance to get a scholarship.
7 Everyone should be treated equally.
8 I think it is important that so many
9 of these comments about gender equity and fairness
10 came from the boys. These children also understand
11 that social justice issues span across every aspect
12 of our lives.
13 MR. LELAND: One minute.
14 MS. MORGAN: One fourth grade boy said that
15 if we did not have Title IX, we might start the
16 times again like when they separated black and
17 white. Another fourth grade boy seemed confused
18 that there was even a question about changing any
19 of Title IX. He said, \"I don\'t understand. Boys
20 and girls use the same water fountain.\"
21 (Laughter.)
22 I close with one of the fourth grade
23 boys, his very strong opinion. Keep Title IX for
24 eternity. Thank you.
25 (Applause.)
324
1 MR. LELAND: Our next five \--
2 MS. GRIFFIN: Sorry to break the protocol.
3 I had one more thing to say that I forgot to say.
4 What do I expect from this
5 Commission? I expect you to do your best. When I
6 evaluate students, I know it will change their
7 lives. I do my best to understand everything.
8 There\'s a lot to read and there\'s a lot to know,
9 but I expect you to do your best.
10 (Applause.)
11 MR. LELAND: Our next five speakers, or our
12 last five speakers will be Mary VanderWeele, Bob
13 Steele, Susan Beers, Claire Williams, and Mary
14 Gallet, if they would come forward if they\'re still
15 here. We\'ve been able to get a little bit into the
16 wait list. Are either of you Mary?
17 MS. VANDERWEELE: Mary VanderWeele?
18 MR. LELAND: Yes.
19 MS. VANDERWEELE: I\'m Mary VanderWeele. I
20 promise to be brief.
21 Like many women and girls here, I
22 embody Title IX. As an eighth grader in 1974 I
23 played on my school\'s first ever girls\' team
24 wearing a boys\' basketball uniform. I went on to
25 play three varsity sports in high school and two
325
1 varsity sports as a non-scholarship athlete at a
2 Division III school, and while a University of
3 Michigan law student, played on that school\'s club
4 soccer team. I am now a proud mother of two little
5 athletes, soccer coach of many little boys and
6 girls, and a practicing lawyer who can communicate
7 in sports parlance and succeed in a large corporate
8 environment because I played sports.
9 Why remove prong one when it provides
10 another option for compliance? We heard many
11 people here today complain about proportionality,
12 but not one of those persons has really explained
13 why prongs two and three are not viable
14 alternatives. I find it disturbing and confusing
15 to hear that Commissioner Yow\'s attorneys are
16 telling her that proportionality is the only
17 realistic option, when 75 percent of those programs
18 complying with Title IX achieve compliance through
19 prongs two or three.
20 The stories we\'ve heard about having
21 to recruit women with no prior experience in
22 sports, create crew teams in the desert, and turn
23 away enthusiastic and talented walk ons, these are
24 situations addressed by prong three. If it\'s not
25 clear or if it\'s not working, let\'s address prong
326
1 three, not prong one.
2 I agree with Rosa Perez and many
3 others here today who have stated that clear
4 standards, education and training on prongs two and
5 three are the solution. Thank you very much.
6 MR. LELAND: Susan Beers?
7 MS. BEERS: I think you probably have heard
8 everything that there is to hear.
9 My name is Dr. Susan Beers. I\'m the
10 Athletic Director of the Fortune College Community
11 College. I also was the chair of the Gender Equity
12 Committee for the State of California.
13 The significant contributions of
14 Title IX have been many. Athletics has opened a
15 path to participation for many women, which
16 enriches the college experience for all. I
17 personally would not have my job if it had not been
18 for Title IX, which opened up a door of opportunity
19 for me. As opportunities for women\'s participation
20 in sports grow, they benefit women of experiences,
21 performances which are mirrored in our professional
22 lives, which maximizes opportunities. The addition
23 of women\'s sports opportunities continues to create
24 additional interests for other girls and women
25 which would not be possible without Title IX.
327
1 I call on you to continue expanding
2 opportunities for women to reflect institutions\'
3 enrollments so women, too, can achieve their
4 greatest potential, and to refocus on this civil
5 rights law. The law is designed to ensure equal
6 opportunity. It\'s been 30 years and we continue to
7 debate the law, rather than put in resources
8 towards enforcement. Because of this lack of
9 enforcement, our organizations in our own state
10 have used the state laws, not federal enforcement
11 to ensure equity. Thank you.
12 MR. LELAND: Thank you, Dr. Beers. Claire
13 Williams?
14 MS. WILLIAMS: Hi. My name is Claire
15 Williams. I\'m a senior at Smith, an all women\'s
16 liberal arts college. I am a three-year collegiate
17 soccer captain and have attended the NCAA
18 leadership conference, and am currently the co head
19 of captains board. This is my 16th year of playing
20 organized soccer and my eighth year running track.
21 As a current student athlete and
22 future leader in women\'s sports, I would like to
23 argue today to keep Title IX standards as they are.
24 First, the opportunity for women to play sports at
25 the collegiate level is not yet equal to that for
328
1 men, and second, the potential to reach female
2 athletes traditionally held on the margins of
3 society and bring them to emerging sports has not
4 yet been realized.
5 Although only 28 percent of schools
6 reviewed by the Office of Civil Rights between 1994
7 and 1998 use the first prong as compliance,
8 qualification of Title IX is necessary to keep in
9 place a system to help expedite the goal of
10 achieving a equality for women. If the
11 proportionality prong is lessened in strength, the
12 future for women and minorities in sport is bleak.
13 With tight budget, athletic departments will no
14 longer look to expand opportunities for women and
15 will continue to favor revenue sports that rarely
16 produce profits.
17 Adding a team can be very difficult
18 for institutions that have tight budgets. However,
19 with more cooperation and sharing of resources,
20 money can be saved and reallocated toward the
21 reality of equality. Collaboration is often
22 interpreted as a female style of leadership and may
23 be difficult to adopt within the tightly structured
24 male model that dominates sports and views on women
25 as athletes and prevents women from becoming
329
1 administrators.
2 The question of whether Title IX has
3 helped minorities to increase their level of
4 athletic participation is up for debate. Some
5 argue that white athletes dominate women\'s sports
6 identified as emerging by the NCAA, such as golf,
7 lacrosse and crew. Others argue that practicing
8 budget management by cutting football scholarships,
9 which traditionally has a high percentage of black
10 male athletes, will only hurt chances that
11 minorities have to attend college. I can say that
12 Title IX can and does and have significant
13 implications for minorities, immigrants, and
14 refugees. Self-confident, successful, fit women
15 can help to serve as positive role models for
16 generations to come. To increase the number of
17 minority women in colleges, programs in urban
18 schools to promote participation in sports are
19 necessary. In addition to track and basketball,
20 both traditionally popular with African-Americans,
21 soccer is another sport whose popularity continues
22 to grow in the United States and has a history of
23 being played by our Hispanic neighbors to the
24 south.
25 Once in the college arena, minorities
330
1 can be targeted for coaching and administrative
2 positions, and will increase their visibility as
3 role models for younger generations of athletes.
4 With this hearing today we recognize
5 that we are at a crossroads with Title IX, and have
6 an opportunity to affirm the standards and
7 encourage proactive programming that can positively
8 influence minority populations in sports. Let\'s
9 make sure that what comes out of these hearings is
10 a better understanding of the disenfranchised
11 groups, such as minority men and women, and support
12 your efforts to do justice to the purpose of Title
13 IX and to those who are currently at the margins of
14 sport participation. I therefore respectfully
15 request that Title IX be upheld as it stands today
16 and suggest stricter enforcement of the law to
17 ensure compliance by all institutions. Thank you.
18 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
19 (Applause.)
20 MR. LELAND: Mary Gallet?
21 MS. GALLET: Good afternoon. My name is
22 Dr. Mary Gallet. I am an educational equity
23 coordinator, compliance coordinator for the
24 California Department of Education.
25 And today you\'ve heard a lot about
331
1 Title IX and the benefits and disadvantages of
2 implementing Title IX in college and university
3 levels. I\'m here to talk a little bit about K-12
4 education, and I will briefly read a portion of
5 the \-- of California\'s statement on our position on
6 Title IX, but I would like to talk a little bit
7 about what I have seen as a compliance coordinator
8 in the field.
9 The California Department of
10 Education strongly supports Title IX as it is
11 written, including the regulations that support it.
12 Title IX is an important piece of our overall
13 commitment to ensure that every student has equal
14 access to a quality education. Athletics and all
15 extracurricular activities are an integral part of
16 the educational experience of our students.
17 In 1982 California enacted
18 legislation very similar to Title IX, but went a
19 step further, explicitly prohibiting sexual
20 harassment. Recently California added a
21 prohibition against discrimination, harassment
22 based on sexual orientation and perceived gender.
23 To implement both state and federal
24 non-discrimination law, we have developed
25 administrative regulations to guide school
332
1 districts. We have also incorporated these
2 administrations, these regulations in our
3 coordinated compliance review process, and that\'s
4 what I\'d like to talk to you about today.
5 The coordinated compliance review
6 process in the state of California addresses
7 educational equity and not just gender equity, and
8 we made this change this year. What we found as we
9 visited schools and districts across the state is
10 that, where Title IX is being enforced and where
11 regulations and the law was understood, there were
12 gains. However, Title IX goes beyond athletics.
13 When you take a look at science,
14 non-trad courses, math, when you take a look at all
15 of those courses in our system in K-12, we have to
16 also ask the question what do our daughters, what
17 do the girls in our system have access to, while
18 taking a look at the boys, where they are, and if
19 they\'re not making gains, ask the question why.
20 So within the state of California one
21 of the things that we are doing at the moment is
22 we\'re working collaboratively with our school
23 districts to take a closer look at how we can
24 implement all of civil rights and Title IX to
25 address educational equity in the system. It\'s a
333
1 tremendous challenge, and to me at times it feels
2 like a daunting task, but it has to be done.
3 And it\'s very difficult. I\'ve heard
4 the comments about OCR and all of the slams you\'ve
5 taken today, and I empathize. Being in the field
6 and working on compliance is very challenging,
7 because we (inaudible) and we have to trust that
8 the districts and the boards would care enough to
9 do what is best for their community. Board members
10 are voted in for that reason, that our communities,
11 we hope that they do what is best for their
12 children.
13 So when we\'re looking at the issue
14 of compliance, it has to be approached in a
15 collaborative manner, because we can say, okay, you
16 know what? If you\'re not complying for a certain
17 number of days, we\'re going to take X amount of
18 dollars away from you, but who does that really
19 hurt? It hurts our children, because then more
20 programs are going to be cut with the justification
21 that there are no dollars to implement them.
22 MR. LELAND: One minute.
23 MS. GALLET: So I ask you, when you are
24 considering your recommendations, to take into
25 account what you think would work for our students
334
1 and for our districts, because K-12 feeds into our
2 universities and our colleges, and if we can do a
3 good job at that level, maybe we can resolve some
4 of the problems that were expressed to you today.
5 Thank you.
6 MR. LELAND: Thank you.
7 (Applause.)
8 MR. LELAND: Just a couple of comments.
9 First of all, on behalf of the entire Commission,
10 we want to thank all of you who persevered today
11 and all of you who spoke. I think we\'re all
12 uniformly impressed with the passion and the
13 knowledge that you bring to the issues and the
14 clarity of the presentations were compelling.
15 Tomorrow morning we will meet at
16 nine o\'clock. We will have the one postponed
17 invited presentation by Debbie Corum, and then
18 assuming that nobody quits tonight, we\'ll start
19 tomorrow our public debate. Thank you.
20
21 (Proceedings concluded at 5:05 p.m.)
22
23 \* \* \*
24
25
335
1
2 REPORTER\'S CERTIFICATE
3
4 I, Lynne E. Woodward, CSR No. 10440, hereby
5 certify that I reported in shorthand the above
6 proceedings on Wednesday, November 20, 2002,
7 beginning at 9:00 a.m., at Wyndham Emerald Plaza
8 Hotel, 400 West Broadway, San Diego, California;
9 and I do further certify that the above and
10 foregoing pages contain a true and correct
11 transcript of all said proceedings of said
12 transcript.
13
14
15
16
17 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
18 Lynne E. Woodward, CSR No. 10440
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
336
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all-txt-docs | 412972 | October 11, 1974
Dr. Francis Crick
NRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
University Postgraduate Medical School
Hills R.oad, Cambridge CB2 2QH
England
Dear Francis:
I am sorry to have delayed so long in answering your letter. How-
ever, Sung-Hou Kim went to Korea to see his mother and I felt I could
not reply, especially in terms of drafting a letter for publication, without
consulting him. In writing my previous long letter to you, I consulted
with him quite thoroughly so in a sense that letter came from both of
us.
Your general criticism of our publication is unfounded. It is not
true that Sung-Hou's interpretation was not sufficiently convincing for
us to have published it without the stimulus of the English work. Prior
to the Madison meeting we had started, and his visit to M. I. T. then
was precisely for that purpose. It is quite likely that we could have
been more rapid in publication if the two laboratories were not separated,
but that is not the issue. Furthermore, it is not correct to say that if
we saw the advantages of the revision as early as April that we should
have then proceeded with publication. As I described in the earlier
letter, some of the interactions were becoming definite in April, but
they were not all apparent and many were tentative. It takes a long
ti.me to make sure that these interactions are correct since there were
many alternative tracings to be considered. Sung-Hou found the partial
structure method of value here. However, I learned in August from
Robertus that in April the h1RC workers had already established a number
of the tertiary interactions which are in their final paper. The same
question can be raised. Why did they wait until mid June to write up a
paper when they already knew of these relations in April? The answer is
obvious. The structure is large and complex and one has to make a
number of decisions. Even so, by June it was apparent that a' number of
these interpretations were still tentative as shown both in our paper and
in the MRC paper.
Unfortunately~ the i.mpression I get from here is that you are either
not being given all of the facts or you are being misled. You were given
Dr. Franci.s Crick
Page Two
October 11, 1974
incorrect facts about what went on at the Gordon Conference. David Blow
had incorrect notes on the Steenbock Conference, which I have been
able to clear up by listening to the tape recording of the meeting.
Furthermore, if it is your impression that your colleagues gave a full
presentation of the structure at the Steenbock meeting, you are being
grossly mi.slctd again. I have recently received a copy of the "New
Scientist" article which has caused me a great deal of distr,ess. In it
the MRC group are quoted as having given a full account of their proposed
model a-t the Steenbock meeting. This is very far from the truth. The
tape transcript shows exactly what was disclosed, a slide of the wire model
`and an electron density map section. The wire model was chiefly useful
in allowing me to point out to Jon Robertus that our revised D stem
looked similar to his. However, as you know, one cannot see details
in a wire model slide. In the discussion Robertus said that they have
defined a large number of tertiary interactions, but unfortunately he could
not show them now, but would be able to in "several weeks time. "
He described two of the four tertiary interactions which I had mentioned
in my talk and, in response to a question, added the third one.
There are some points in your letter which I should comment on.
You mention uncertainty about our incorporation of A9 into the model
before the meeting. I suspect this arises from the response which
Sung-Iiou made at the meeting to Jon Robertus' comments about the A9
interaction. The tape transcript makes this clear. In response to a
question about A9 being protected, Robertus said that this opened up
" Pandora' s box, " as A9 was involved in a "triple base with 12 and 22."
Sung-fIouls response to this, audible in the tape, was one of confusion
and incredulity. I am sure that this was taken as evidence of the fact
that he had not known of this interaction. In fact, A9 does not bind to
either 12 or to 22; but binds to residue 23. Robertus had made an error
in describing the interaction and Sung-Hou was trying to understand
how he could possibly interpret that residue as interacting with both 12
and 22. Some of Robertus' confusion may have stemmed from the fact
that there was an error in the diagram of the "Nature" paper which shows
a tertiary interaction bctwccn A9 with both 12 and 23. In any case, if you
had doubts about this interaction, all you had to do was contact Struther Arnott
since he has it in his notes.
My presentation was the first one of the first day of the meeting.
h!Iy comment,, q covered our research in more or less chronological order,
except at the beginning I stressed the special role of the constant bases.
Near the end of the talk I presented information about the chemical
modification studies and stressed the role of the constant bases in the
tertiary interactions. I mentioned that we have a modified tracing with a
clifferent folding of the anticadon, differ -cnt from that which we had described
earlier.
Dr. Francis Crick Page Three
0ct01:,er 11, 1974
I am glad that you mentioned my junior colleagues in your letter
because I have been feeling very badly about them. They attended a lecture
at Brandeis when Aaron was there in which Aaron more or less openly
suggested that we had purloined his interpretations, repeating the charges
which were in your and David's letters. This was told to me not only
by my junior colleagues who attended the lecture, but also by other
crystallographers in the audience. He also had apparently told this
in private conversation to a number of individuals in this country
because when my colleagues went to a meeting of the American Crystal-
lograhic Association at the end of August, there was considerable
discussion there about the nature of these charges. Both I and my
colleagues received telephone calls at that time from friends asking
what was going on, as knowledge of the charges in your's and David Blow's
letter seemed to bc widespread. These unfounded charges have done
considerable damage to our reputation. Now in the "New Scientist"
publication Aaron has developed a number of additional charges which
as you may imagine also distress my colleagues and myself.
Let me cite a specific example which leads me to believe that you
are not completely informed about what was going on. The point I wish
to raise stems from the statement in your first letter that we gave no
indication that we were planning to publish material based on what we
had said at the Steenbock meeting. This is quite untrue, for not only
did your colleagues understand that we were publishing a paper, but they
acted in accordance with this. Let me cite the following facts:
Fact 1: The original version of the "Nature" paper, which R.obertus
sent us a preprint of on August 5 makes only passing reference to chemical
modification experiments, involving only residues 16, 1'7 and 20. This
was despite the fact that a large experimental effort had been Carrie B out
dealing with the study of the pyrimidine modifications of yeast tRNAp e.
The studies were completed well before the Steenbock meeting as Brian
Clark reported on them there. I suspect that a general statement was not
made in the "Nature" paper because of residual uncertainty about the
interpretation of certain parts of the electron density map.
Fact 2: During my presentation at the Stecnbock meeting, I laid
great emphasis on the chemical modification studies. I showed a s$ide
listing the purineG c that are unreactive and reactive for yeast tRNAP le
and also discussed the analogous studies of Chang on other tRNA's for
pyrimidine modifications. It was clear that the slide which I showed
was prepared for publication and indeed it was an earlier version of
Dr. Francis Crick Page Four
October 11, 1974
Figure 1 of ollr publicat.ion. This was noted by your colleagues. I
made a statement, repeated twice, that we have a tertiary folding in
our model which accounts for the chemical modification data.
Fact 3: Immediately after ihe Steenbock meeting your colleagues
prepared an unusual paper for the journal "Nucleic Acid Research" which
presents very little experimental data, but essentially says that the
model is entirely in agreement with chemical modification studies. This
paper was prepared in a great rush and special pressure was put on the
Editors to publ.ish the paper quickly. An Editor of this journal informed
me that the rule of the journal is that papers received and refereed by
the 2 1 st of the month go into the next month's issue. Their paper was
received on the 2 8th of June and it appeared in about two weeks time.
In fact, it appeared in such a rush that a figure was included in it with
an incorrect twisting of the T@C loop. They would never have rushed so
and published a paper with so little data except they knew we were to
publish. Furthermore, nowheres in that paper is there any reference to
the fact that I had clearly stated at the Madison meeting that our molecular
m.odel agreed with the chemical modification data. In addition, they
describe the T54-A58 interaction with more confidence than in the
"Nature" paper, and it was one of the tertiary interactions described
by me in my talk.
Fact 4: When the "Nature" paper was revised some two weeks later,
a sentence was added saying that the model is in good accord with
chemical modification data.
All of this occurred of course before my preprint arrived in
Cambridge and it is quite clear to an outsider that it was done in response
to my presentation at the Steenbock meeting. In short, the interpretation
of their electron density map wa s not sufficiently convincing for them to
ha&`k%%road statement about chemical modification without the stimulus
of my presentation at the Steenbock meeting. I rather suspect that you
know nothing about this, but the facts speak for themselves. Under these
circumstances, do you think that a public statement from your colleagues
might be appropriate?
Let me say how much I deeply resent this whole business. Aaron
sent two junior colleagues to a meeting with instructions: They were
to say they had sent a manuscript in, but were not prepared to disclose
t.he contents except in a superficial fashi.on. When we then joined in
this cat-and-mouse game of not telling all, a hue and cry arose from the
Ml~C,when we sent you our paper, with a large number of false charges
flying about. The informnti.on on which these charges were leveled was
Dr. l?rancis Crick
Page Five
October 11, 1974
completely unreliable, based on inferences obtained in the context of
discussions at a meeting in which we adopted Aaron's ground rules,
i. e. , tell only a minimum of what you have been doing. Aaron then
proceeded to publicize these initial charges without attempting to
verify them, and when these were shown to be false, he then proceeded
to invent new charges dealing with the interactions between Kim and
myself, again with no factual basis whatsoever. On top of this, he
made false statements to the "New Scientist, " and again strongly implied
publicly that we had purloined his interpretations. Minimal effort was
made by him or others at Cambridge to ascertain the factual basis of any
of these charges. Having carried out a very complete public character
assassination of me and my colleagues, he poses as the injured party.
The "New Scientist" is widely read here and several friends have
asked me about the charges it contains. It seems to me that Aaron has
been leaking selective portions of our correspondence in such a way as to
cast me in a very bad light. In view of this I do not see how we can make
a simple public statement along the lines suggested in David Blow's or
your letter without responding to the various charges aired in the "New
Scientist" article. I have been in touch with the editors of "Science"
who have read the "New Scientist" piece, but they have informed me that
they are strongly disinclined to publish anything on this matter either
from me or the MRC. So at the present time I am pondering what would
be an appropriate course of action. I feel that Aaron has behaved very
badly in making a number of public charges both in lectures here and
in statements to the "New Scientist" and I am now debating whether a
lengthy and detailed reply to the "New Scientist" would be an appropriate
forum for setting the facts straight.
On the scientific side I agree entirely with your comments concerning
the desirability of proving the structure. In the present state of our
analysis we regard many of the interactions as tentative as indicated in
our paper; however, judging from the description of the MRC fourier as
published in the "Nature" article, I believe there are some small, but
perhaps significant differences in the structures found in the monoclinic
and the orthorhombic forms. However, this will only come out in the long
run with further work.
With best regards.
AR: edc
Alexander Rich
| en |
markdown | 199045 | # Presentation: 199045
## Climate Prediction Program for the Americas (CPPA)
**Outline****:**
** ****- CPPA background**
** ****- major past and ongoing activities and achievements**
** ****- opportunities/advances in science & technology communities**
** ****- CPPA direction and objectives in 10 years**
** ****- short-term priorities (FY07-09)**
** ****- milestones and progress measurement**
** ****- engage stakeholders and how to quantify the impacts on stakeholders?**
** ****- international and educational components**
** ****- issues**
**- The presentation is preliminary**
**- we’ll interact with external community and NOAA operations to refine future plans**
** ****- 2nd OGP-NWS Dialogue meeting (NCPO-NWS Dialogue)**
** ****- US CLIVAR**
** ****- GEWEX SSG and GAPP Science Advisory Group**
** ****- CPPA Science Guidance/Working Group**
## Climate Prediction Program for the Americas CPPA Science Objectives
**Improve**** the ****understanding and**** ****model ****simulation of ocean, atmosphere and land-surface ****processes**
**Determine ****the ****predictability ****of climate variations on intra-seasonal to interannual time scale**
**Advance**** NOAA’s ****operational ****climate forecasts, monitoring, and analysis ****systems**
**Develop ****climate-based**** hydrologic forecasting capabilities**** and decision support tools ****for water resource applications.**
- PACS
- CPPA
## CPPA Past/Ongoing Activities
** ****Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions**
- Address systematic ocean-atmosphere model biases
- *Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate (**EPIC**)*
** ****Land-Atmosphere Interactions**
- Understand and model land-atmosphere interactions
* **Land surface model*
* **Land data assimilation system*
- Develop and evaluate high resolution regional climate models and analyses
- *Regional Reanalysis** and regional climate modeling*
** ****Coupled Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Interactions**
- Evaluate and improve the observing and coupled o-l-a modeling of the climate system
- *North American monsoon experiment (**NAME**)*
* **Western mountain hydroclimate*
* **Drought and climate extremes predictability*
** ****Water Resource Applications**
- interpret climate forecasts for better water resource management
- hydrologic predictability
- improve hydrologic forecasting
- develop water resource decision support tools
## Expected short-term CPPA Achievements
- reduced ocean-atmosphere model biases
** **improved land surface model as part of global climate models
- operational global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) which provides initial land states for GCM
- improved seasonal predictions via regional climate models
- improved warm season precipitation prediction
- better drought monitoring and prediction products
* *improved applications of climate forecasts for various decision support
## Opportunities in next 10 years (from advances in the entire science and technology communities)
- new and improved observations and data
- for process studies; better initial conditions; model validation
- increased computing power
- higher resolution models; larger ensemble runs;
- increased complexity of models
- process-resolved models, e.g., cloud-resolving models, dynamic vegetation
- modern data assimilation
## CPPA Long-term Direction to address remaining uncertainties
- focus on _regional impacts_ of global & large scale variability
- study and simulate fine-scale, more complex physical processes
- predictability of the coupled climate/Earth system
- clouds and land-atmosphere coupling;
- meso-scale air-sea interaction
- _field experiments_ in support of model improvements (CPT approach)
- continue to transfer research into _NOAA operations_
- _expand applications_ beyond water resource management
- fire
- agriculture
## CPPA FY07-09 Priorities
** **Drought predictability and prediction
- Large scale forcing; regional and small scale feedbacks;
- American Monsoon monitoring and prediction
- Land surface processes and modeling
- Tropical Pacific SST prediction
- double ITCZ; eastern ocean boundary SST;
- Field experiments (using CPT approach)
- Western Mountain Hydroclimate Studies (winter season)
- VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Studies (VOCALS)
- Improve applications of climate forecast for water resource management
## CPPA FY07-09 Activities in Drought Predictability and Prediction
**Determine the ****role of SSTs**** in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins in forcing major North American droughts of the 20th Century.**
**Quantify the strength of ****land-atmosphere feedbacks**** to the evolution of drought and assess their treatment among current AGCMs.**
**Develop new operational ****Drought Monitor products**** ****which optimally synthesize in situ, satellite, and model-generated analyses to support hydrologic and agricultural applications.**
**Conduct ****drought Climate Testbed project**** and issue recommendations for improvements in ****NOAA’s**** Climate Forecast System (joint with NCEP).**
**Test and evaluate newly developed empirical and dynamical ****Drought Prediction products****.**
## Western Mountain Hydroclimatology
**Western Mountain Hydroclimatology **
**Monsoon mountain**
**rainfall very sensitive**
**to model parameterizations**
**(Gochis et al.)**
**Challenge and future studies:**
** ****Observations and data analyses**
- orographic precipitation including assimilating remote sensing data
- hydroclimatic processes in western mountains in cold seasons
** ****Prediction**
- downscaling precipitation forecasts from large scale to sub-basin
- seasonal predictability in mountain regions (local and remote forcing)
- representation of subgrid variability of hydrologic variables (precipitation, snow, togography, vegetation) in climate models
- - A planning meeting will be held in 2006 to develop
- implementation strategies
- - will leverage community and interagency effort
**Notes:**
Winter snow distributions
Elevation-precipitation relations
Snow melt with elevation
Runoff generation
Groundwater recharge/ discharge
Downscaling precipitation from a climate model grid to complex topography
Representation of subgrid variability
REPRESENTATION OF SUBGRID
VARIABILITY OF:
- TOPOGRAPHIC GRADIENT
- SNOW ON THE GROUND
- SWE
- PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION
- VEGETATION
## VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Studies (VOCALS)
- VOCALS is an international program for studies of the eastern tropical Pacific climate
- VOCALS is a post EPIC study
- Science goals emphasize:
- Interactions between the climate in the southeastern Pacific and remote climates, particularly over South America and its monsoon system,
- Biases in coupled GCMs and effects on seasonal and interannual predictability,
- Local air-sea interactions, including stratocumulus clouds.
## Main Users of CPPA Program
- NWS operations
- NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) and GFDL climate model
- NWS/OHD & RFCs hydrologic prediction system
- Information needs: improved understanding and modeling of climate processes and _improved forecast skill_
- Water resource managers
- Information needs: _downscaling_ of climate forecasts and _regionalized _forecasts
- Fire manager, agriculture, ...
- Information needs:
## How to measure program progress?
- number of new/improved products
- new/improved model components and schemes
- reports on predictability studies
- demonstration of improved simulation/forecast skills
## How to engage stakeholders?
- How does CPPA engage stakeholders and end users?
- direct engagement:
- fund projects to directly work with stakeholders
- CPPA Core Project to directly transfer research into NWS operations
- indirect engagement thru partnership with other programs, such as, SARP, NCTP
- example: experimental hydrologic prediction system
- How to quantify the impacts of CPPA on stakeholders?
- number of case studies and successful stories
## CPPA International Components
meetings for scientific planning, field coordination, and post-field data set development, analyses, and modeling
travel of international PIs and their students to participate in the field and to enable joint research among investigators
transfer of research into other countries
Expand LDAS and hydrologic Prediction system into Mexico
Test Eta model in S. America
forecaster exchanges
collaborative deployment and operation of observing systems
cooperative development and provision of data sets
observing system design and transition to operations
**meetings for scientific planning, field coordination, and post-field data set development, analyses, and modeling**
**travel of international PIs and their students to participate in the field and to enable joint research among investigators**
**transfer of research into other countries**
**Expand LDAS and hydrologic Prediction system into Mexico**
**Test Eta model in S. America**
**forecaster exchanges**
**collaborative deployment and operation of observing systems**
**cooperative development and provision of data sets**
**observing system design and transition to operations**
## CPPA Educational Components
training courses in observations, analysis and modeling
graduate education opportunities at US institutions
**training courses in observations, analysis and modeling**
**graduate education opportunities at US institutions**
## Issues
** ****Does NOAA Climate Prediction & Project Program support **_**international **_**climate operations/services? **
** ****NOAA needs a mechanism for operational organizations to take over long-term research data development so that research funds can be released to support new research.** | en |
converted_docs | 899356 | \[ACT OF JANUARY 14, 1793
An act regulating the coinage of copper.
*Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives*
*of the United States of America in Congress assembled,* That
every cent shall contain two hundred and eight grains of
copper, and every half cent shall contain one hundred and
four grains of copper; and that so much of the act entitled
"An act establishing a mint, and regulating the coins of
the United States," as respects the weight of cents and half
cents, shall be, and the same is hereby repealed.
\(7\)
| en |
markdown | 698645 | # Presentation: 698645
## OSHA REGULATION FOR RF RADIATION EXPOSURE
**Bob Curtis**
**US OSHA Directorate of ****Technical Support**
## Current OSHA RF Standards
**General Industries **(1910.97)
- 10 mW/cm2, 6 min TWA (1966 ANSI)
- Design of RF Warning Sign
- Voluntary Language - Not Enforceable
**Telecommunications **(1910.263)
- Recognizes PPE Controls
**Construction**
- 10 mW/cm2, no averaging time
## Obviously Outdated
**Exposure Limit **is from 1966 ANSI
- Not frequency dependent
- Does not address induced current limits
- Incomplete on **Hazard Communication**
- Describes RF sign but not where to use it
- One warning sign for all conditions
- Incomplete on **RF Safety Program **Elements
## “Modifications” to OSHA Standards
- OSHA Directives to Inspectors and Official Interpretation Letters
- Acceptance of newer ANSI RF sign
- ANSI Laser Standard Recommended in lieu of outdated OSHA standard.
- Guidance for using RF PPE
- Education of Employers, Employees, and Compliance Staff
## Enforcement of Consensus Standards
- Guidance for Enforcement of OSHA Standards (e.g., How to measure RF)
- Support and Criteria for Citations of OSHA’s General Duty Clause
- Establishes Criteria for Safety and Health Programs When Required
## General Duty Clause OSH Act Section 5(a)(1)
- Employers shall provide work which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm.
## General Duty Clause Criteria
- At Least One Employee Exposed
- There is a Recognized Serious Hazard
- There Are Feasible Means to Correct
- The Employer Knew (or should have known with reasonable diligence)
- Rely Heavily on **Consensus Standards**
**Even if in Conflict with Existing Standards**
## Establishing Employer Knowledge and Feasible Controls
- Common Industry Practice
- Consensus Standards
- “5(a)(1) Letter” to Employers
- Usually based on Consensus Standards
- e.g., ANSI, TLV’s
## Existing Generic Standards
- Hazard Communications
- Hazardous Waste & Emergency Response
- Construction Safety & Health Plan
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Lock Out/Tag Out (of Hazardous Energy)
*All of These Could be Cited Based on Violation of Consensus Standards*
## Safety & Health Programs
- OSHA Working to Require Safety & Health Programs
- Many State OSHAs Already Require
- Required for Federal Agencies
- Required by International Standards (ISO)
- Good Employers will Implement Regardless of OSHA
## RF Protection Program
- Utilization of RF source equipment which meet applicable RF standards when new and during its lifetime.
- RF hazard identification and periodic surveillance by a competent person.
- Identification and Control of RF Hazard Areas.
## RF Protection Program (cont.)
- Implementation of controls and SOP’s to reduce RF exposures to levels in compliance with applicable guidelines.
- RF safety and health training to ensure that all employees understand the RF hazards and control methods used.
- Employee involvement in the structure and operation of the S&H Program.
## RF Protection Program (cont.)
- Implementation of an appropriate medical surveillance program
- Periodic (e.g., annual) reviews of the program to identify and resolve deficiencies
- Assignment of responsibilities, including adequate authority and resources to implement and enforce the program.
## 1997 Law Promotes Consensus Standards
- Agencies to Adopt Applicable Consensus Standards Rather Than Developing Their Own
- Agencies Must Justify Exceptions
- “Consensus” Standard Implies Open Discussions and All Views Considered
- Agencies Encouraged to Participate in Developing Consensus Standards
## Role of Regulators in Consensus Standards Development
- Ensure All Stakeholder’s Views Are Heard
- Promote Worker Safety Through Justifiable and Rational Requirements
- Ensure Public and Open Process of Standards Development.
- Provide Credibility to the Final Product
- Provide Technical Expertise
## RF Priority Needs
- ISO Standards which prescribe RF Safety Program Elements, such as the Ionizing Radiation and Laser Safety Programs
- ISO Standards which support specific RF Program Elements, such as for testing of RF Protective Clothing
- Implementation of RF Safety Programs | en |
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| de |
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Before the
Federal Communications Commission
Washington, D.C. 20554
In re )
)
GERARD A. TURRO ) MM Docket No. 97-122
)
For Renewal of License ) File Nos. BRFT-970129YC
for FM Translator Stations ) BRFT-970129YD
W276AQ(FM), Fort Lee, NJ, and )
W232AL(FM), Pomona, NY )
)
MONTICELLO MOUNTAINTOP )
BROADCASTING, INC. )
)
Order to Show Cause Why the )
Construction Permit for FM Radio )
Station WJUX(FM), Monticello, NY, )
Should Not Be Revoked )
Appearances
Charles R. Naftalin and Alan Y. Naftalin on behalf of Gerard A.Turro; James P. Riley and
Andrew S. Kersting on behalf of Monticello Mountaintop Broadcasting, Inc; Michael D. Hays, John
S. Logan, Richard A. Helmick, Roy R. Russo and J. Brian DeBoice on behalf of Universal
Broadcasting of New York, Inc.; and James W. Shook and Alan E. Aronowitz on behalf of the
Chief, Mass Media Bureau, Federal Communications Commission.
DECISION
Adopted: July 6, 2000 ; Released: July 20, 2000
By the Commission: Chairman Kennard not participating.
1. In this Decision the Commission affirms the Initial Decision ("I.D."), 15 FCC Rcd 560
(ALJ 1999), of Administrative Law Judge Arthur I. Steinberg ("ALJ"), which granted the
applications of Gerard A. Turro for renewal of license for FM translator stations W276AQ(FM),
Fort Lee, New Jersey, and W232AL(FM), Pomona, New York, and concluded that the
construction permit of Monticello Mountaintop Broadcasting, Inc. ("Monticello") for FM radio
station WJUX(FM), Monticello, New York, should not be revoked.
I. BACKGROUND
2. Turro has been the licensee of the Fort Lee translator since March 1986 and the Pomona
translator since January 1995. From September 1993 to July 1995, he was also the licensee of
Intercity Microwave Relay Station WMG-499. Turro also owns a business called FM 103.1, Inc.,
doing business as Jukebox Radio ("Jukebox Radio"), located in Dumont, New Jersey, which
produces radio programming consisting of music of the 1940s and 1950s. The Fort Lee translator
and the Jukebox Radio studio are both located in Bergen County, New Jersey, Turro's place of
residence. On two separate occasions, Turro sought waiver or amendment of the Commission's
rules to permit program origination on his Fort Lee translator. Both requests were denied. See
Gerard A. Turro, 2 FCC Rcd 6674 (1987), aff'd, Turro v. FCC, 859 F.2d 1498 (D.C. Cir. 1988);
Report and Order, FM Translator Stations, 5 FCC Rcd 7212, 7219-20 (1990), recon. denied and
clarified, 8 FCC Rcd 5093 (1993).
3. In January 1991, Turro requested a "declaratory ruling" from the Mass Media Bureau
"concerning the operation of commercial FM translators." Specifically Turro asked whether it
would be permissible for an FM translator station to purchase air time on the FM station that it
rebroadcasts where: (a) the translator operates outside the primary contour of the originating station;
(b) the primary station does not reimburse the translator for air time or financially support it; (c) the
translator complies with the Commission's rules regarding the purchase of brokered air time; and (d)
the translator may sell advertising during the brokered time. Bureau Exh. 1, p. 6.
4. In a letter dated November 19, 1991, the Bureau responded that Turro's time brokerage
"proposal would [not] be prohibited by the Commission's rules or policies." In pertinent part, the
Bureau stated:
[T]he issue presented by Mr. Turro's request is whether the licensee of a translator station is permitted
to enter into a time brokerage contractual arrangement with its primary station, provided that the primary
station does not either reimburse the translator station licensee for the purchase of the brokered time or
provide financial support for the translator station's operation.
. . . .
Under 74.1232(e), an FM translator station whose coverage contour extends beyond the protected
contour of the primary station cannot receive any support, before or after construction, either directly or
indirectly, from the primary station. This applies to all persons and entities having any interest or
connection with the primary station.
With regard to brokerage arrangements between licensees and brokers, such arrangements usually
involve the broker as both program producer and commercial salesperson for a time block purchased
from the licensee. Our rules only require licensees to keep brokerage contracts at the station and make
them available for Commission inspection upon request (47 C.F.R. 73.3613(d) (1989)).
In view of the specific circumstances presented by Mr. Turro's request, we conclude that his proposed
operation would be consistent with the Commission's rules and policies as outlined above. However, this
conclusion rests on the following requirements: the time brokerage contract must be kept at the primary
station and made available for Commission inspection upon request per 73.3613(d); there must be a
bona fide, arm[']s-length transaction between the primary station and the translator; the licensee of the
translator station will have to pay the primary station a rate charge comparable to the amount charged
other purchasers of brokered airtime, or an amount consistent with such charges in the local broadcast
community; and at no time would the translator station receive financial support, directly or indirectly,
from the primary station to cover any costs associated with the operation and maintenance of the
translator station.
Bureau Exh. 1, pp. 8-9.
5. After receiving the Bureau's ruling, Turro began exploring ways to form such an
arrangement to bring FM programming to Bergen County. On October 17, 1994, Turro and Wesley
R. Weis, the sole owner of Monticello, the permittee of WJUX(FM), entered into a Network
Affiliation Agreement. The Agreement provided that Turro would provide Jukebox Radio
programming to WJUX twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and that Turro would
compensate Monticello for carrying the programming on WJUX. The parties also agreed that the
Fort Lee and Pomona translators would rebroadcast WJUX's signal.
6. In February 1995, Universal Broadcasting of New York, Inc. ("Universal"), the licensee
of AM station WVNJ, Oakland, New Jersey, complained to the Commission that Turro and Weis
were violating the Commission's rules. Inter alia, Universal alleged that Turro was not receiving the
WJUX signal off the air and rebroadcasting it via his translator stations, but was sending Jukebox
Radio programming directly from his Dumont studio facilities to the Fort Lee translator over his
microwave relay station, WMG-499. As a result of the allegations, the Commission conducted an
investigation, including inspections by an FCC field engineer of the respective facilities on April 13
and 14, and May 15, 1995. Following the inspections, the Bureau sent Letters of Inquiry to Turro
and Monticello, and they responded.
7. Based upon the responses to the Letters of Inquiry and the results of the field inspections,
the Commission determined that serious questions existed regarding Turro's and Monticello's basic
qualifications. Because of the commonality of facts and issues involving the respective stations, the
Commission made Turro and Monticello parties to a consolidated proceeding. By Hearing
Designation Order, Order to Show Cause and Notice of Opportunity for Hearing, 12 FCC Rcd 6264
(1997) ("HDO"), the Commission specified issues to determine:
(a) whether Turro's operation of his translator stations violated Sections 74.531(c)
and 74.1231(b) of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. 74.531(c) and 74.1231(b),
with respect to the operation of translator stations;
(b) whether Monticello has violated and/or continues to violate Sections 73.1120 and
73.1125(a) and (c) of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. 73.1120 and 73.1125(a)
and (c), with respect to the maintenance of a main studio for WJUX(FM);
(c) whether Turro engaged in an unauthorized transfer of control, or otherwise
exercised and/or continues to exercise de facto control over WJUX(FM), in violation
of Section 310(d) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.
310(d), and Section 73.3540(a) of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. 73.3540(a);
(d) whether Monticello engaged in an unauthorized transfer of control or otherwise
abdicated control of WJUX(FM) to Turro or an affiliated entity in violation of
Section 310(d) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.
310(d), and Section 73.3540(a) of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. 73.3540(a);
(e) whether Turro misrepresented and/or lacked candor to the Commission
concerning the operation of his translator stations;
(f) whether Monticello and/or its agents misrepresented and/or lacked candor to the
Commission concerning the operation of WJUX(FM).
The ultimate issues set for hearing were to determine whether Turro's renewal applications should
be granted and whether Monticello is qualified to be or remain a Commission broadcast permittee.
Pursuant to Section 309(e) of the Act, 47 U.S.C. 309(e), the burden of proof on the issues
pertaining to Turro's qualifications was assigned to the licensee and, pursuant to Section 312(d) of
the Act, 47 U.S.C. 312(d), the burden of proof on the issues going to Monticello's qualifications
was placed on the Bureau. The HDO also called for a determination, pursuant to Section 503(b) of
the Act, 47 U.S.C. 503(b), of whether an order of forfeiture in an amount not to exceed $250,000
should be issued against Turro and/or Monticello for each of the alleged violations which occurred
or continued within the applicable statute of limitations. Finally, the HDO made Universal a party
to the proceeding.
8. In the I.D., the ALJ concluded that: (a) Turro's operation of his translators was in
compliance with 47 C.F.R. 74.1231(b), but that his operation of his relay station, WMG-499, was
in violation of 47 C.F.R. 74.531(c), and that any forfeiture for this violation was precluded by the
statute of limitations; (b) Monticello briefly violated 47 C.F.R. 73.1125(c) in a minor respect, but
that no sanction was warranted for this violation, and that Monticello otherwise was in compliance
with the main studio rules; (c) there was no unauthorized transfer or abdication of control of WJUX;
and (d) neither Turro nor Monticello intentionally misrepresented facts or lacked candor with the
Commission. The ALJ ultimately concluded that Turro's renewal applications for his translator
stations should be granted, and that there was no basis for revocation of Monticello's construction
permit for WJUX.
9. Universal excepts to the I.D. and urges reversal. The Bureau also excepts and argues that
the I.D. should have denied Turro's renewal applications and revoked Monticello's construction
permit, or alternatively, imposed forfeitures. Turro and Monticello support affirmance of the I.D. in
all respects. Universal also requests oral argument. This request is denied. We believe that the
pleadings and the record below provide an adequate basis for decision and that oral argument would
not materially assist our resolution of this proceeding.
II. UNAUTHORIZED TRANSFER OF CONTROL ISSUES
A. Findings
10. Weis and Turro have known each other for some twenty years. At one time Weis, who
had worked in various businesses in the radio industry for many years, had an interest in the Pomona
translator, and. since December 1986, Weis has also owned the building where Jukebox Radio is
located. I.D., 9-10. In the summer of 1994 Turro informed Weis that Larry Fishman, who held
the construction permit for an FM station in Monticello, New York, was interested in selling the
permit. Turro thought Weis might want to own a station because of his past broadcast experience.
Subsequently Turro told Weis of the Bureau's 1991 letter, and Turro proposed that Weis acquire the
FM permit and that Turro supply Jukebox Radio programming and commercial advertising for the
station. Id. at 17-18. After several meetings with Fishman, Weis agreed to purchase the permit
for $120,000, which included $40,000 at closing and a note for the $80,000 balance. Turro and
Weis also discussed an arrangement that would be consistent with the Bureau's 1991 letter. They
agreed that Jukebox Radio would make monthly payments to Monticello in consideration for which
Monticello would provide air time on the FM station, and that the station's signal would be
rebroadcast by the Fort Lee and Pomona translators. Id. at 19-21.
11. On October 17, 1994, Turro and Weis entered into the Network Affiliation Agreement,
a copy of which was available at WJUX's main studio. Id. at 74. The understanding was
structured as a network affiliation agreement on the advice of counsel because Turro told counsel he
intended to provide programming to other stations. The Agreement provided that Jukebox Radio
would provide Monticello with programming "via satellite, phone lines, or other suitable means"
twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, and would provide all local station
identifications, public affairs programming, and EBS tests. Jukebox Radio also agreed to abide by
all FCC rules governing program content and to indemnify Monticello against any forfeitures
imposed by the FCC. The parties also agreed to abide by all applicable FCC rules and regulations.
The Agreement also provided that the Fort Lee translator could rebroadcast the FM signal. Both
Weis and Turro believed that the Agreement was consistent with the Bureau's 1991 letter
authorizing a translator station to act as a time broker. Id. at 22-23, 31; Bureau Exh. 11, p. 217.
12. In order to induce Monticello to enter into the Agreement, Turro on the same day signed
a Guaranty of Payment, whereby he personally guaranteed all payments from Jukebox Radio to
Monticello during the life of the Agreement up to $400,000. Weis stated that he suggested the
Guaranty because of the possibility that Turro's operation could go out of business. Jukebox Radio
also paid Monticello $40,000, a figure Weis came up with, as an additional incentive for entering
into the Agreement. I.D., 24-25.
13. On July 17, 1995, Turro and Weis signed an Amendment to Network Affiliation
Agreement. The Amendment provided that Monticello retained responsibility for ascertaining
community needs, that Monticello had the right to broadcast programming other than Jukebox Radio
programming, that Monticello could delete, preempt, or substitute for Jukebox Radio programming,
and that Monticello's acceptance and broadcast of Jukebox Radio programming was subject to its
responsibility to comply with all FCC regulations. The Amendment stated that it was "retroactive
to the commencement of the Agreement." Turro and Weis testified that the Amendment was agreed
to in November 1994, but not signed until July 1995. The Agreement was amended on the advice
of counsel. Its purpose, according to Weis, was to clarify the Agreement to reflect Monticello's
obligations to the Commission. Monticello substituted or preempted Jukebox Radio programming
on two occasions, once in 1995 when the program feed went out, and once in 1997 when political
commercials were broadcast. Id. at 32-34.
14. Monticello acquired the FM permit from Fishman on October 18, 1994. At that time,
Monticello entered into a tower lease, as well as a lease for studio and office space in Ferndale, New
York, with Mountain Broadcasting Corporation ("MBC"). MBC was the licensee of WVOS(AM)
and WVOS(FM) ("WVOS"), Liberty, New York, and its offices were also located in the Ferndale
building. Weis hired Eugene Blabey, who was the general manager of the WVOS stations and an
owner of MBS, to be the general manager of WJUX. On October 21, 1994, the new station went
on the air. Weis stated that all of the equipment was available and the station was built in two days.
On November 30, 1994, Turro informed the Bureau that the Fort Lee translator had begun
rebroadcasting the primary station. Id. at 35-38, 41, 45.
15. It was decided that Turro would become chief operator for the station, in which capacity
he provided technical support from October 1994 until August 1995. He was not paid for this role,
and it took up little of his time. Turro stated that he provided general assistance in starting up the
station but did not build the facilities. Primarily he installed his Jukebox Radio audio equipment and
tested to see that it worked. He also inspected the WJUX main studio equipment and verified that
it was working. Turro stated that Weis was present during the construction process and directed the
construction crew. Id. at 42-43.
16. Two weeks prior to the time WJUX went on the air, there was a discussion of the need
for Weis to divest his interest in the Pomona translator station. Weis understood that he could not
own both a translator and an FM station where the translator operated outside the primary contour
of the station being rebroadcast. On January 10, 1995, Weis transferred his interest in the Pomona
translator to Turro pursuant to Commission approval. Soon thereafter the Pomona translator began
rebroadcasting the signal of WJUX. Id. 44-45.
17. With respect to the station's finances, Weis testified that he alone exercised financial
control over WJUX. He stated that Turro never guaranteed any debt incurred by Monticello or
Monticello's performance of any contract or lease. Monticello paid the balance due Fishman for the
purchase of the permit, made the lease payments for its transmitter site and main studio, and paid the
compensation for all persons it employed at WJUX. It also paid the bills for services, products, and
utilities used for the station. Weis wrote the checks to construct the station, pay the staff, and meet
the station's operating expenses. He also signed personal guarantees in connection with
Monticello's lease of its transmitter site and office and studio space from MBC. And Turro testified
that he never had financial control over or responsibility for WJUX. Id. at 46-47.
18. Weis testified that he also exercised responsibility over the personnel of the FM station,
including hiring Blabey as general manager, Carol Montana as public affairs director and general
staff support person, and George Spicka to perform part-time engineering services. The latter two
were hired at Blabey's recommendation. Weis also hired Alan Kirschner, the station's current chief
operator, who replaced Turro in this position in August 1995. Weis agreed to pay Blabey $100 a
week to act as general manager. Later Blabey also entered an agreement with Weis with respect to
advertising sales. Because Blabey was an owner of WVOS, he performed services for that station
that were different from those he performed for WJUX. Blabey had only occasional contact with
Jukebox Radio. Id. at 49-51; tr. 937-38. Blabey introduced Montana to Weis, and when she was
hired in October 1994, she entered into a letter agreement with Weis regarding her employment.
Her starting salary was $100 a month and was later raised by Weis at Blabey's recommendation.
She met with Weis on WJUX business on an as-needed basis, and Blabey also gave her directions
regarding WJUX programming, including directing her to send a "bulletin board" of PSAs to
Jukebox Radio. I.D., 52-53.
19. Weis also stated that he exercised ultimate authority over WJUX's programming. Weis
understood when he acquired the station and when he agreed with Turro to the time brokerage
arrangement that Jukebox Radio would provide popular music, including music of the big band era,
that would appeal to residents of Sullivan County, New York, where the community of Monticello
is located. When WJUX began operations, Weis also directed that the station carry public service
and public affairs programming designed to serve Monticello and Sullivan County. Specifically Weis
had discussions with Blabey which resulted in the public affairs programs produced by Blabey and
aired on WVOS being rebroadcast over WJUX on different days and at different times than WVOS
carried them. This accomplished providing this programming to a potentially different audience in
Sullivan County. Turro stated that when Weis and Blabey arranged for public affairs programming
to be broadcast on WJUX, he decided to carry that programming on Jukebox Radio. Id. at 54-
55.
20. A weekly program called "People Who Make a Difference," which focused on the
activities of Sullivan County residents who had a positive influence on their community, was
produced at WJUX's main studio and broadcast beginning in February 1995. Both WJUX and
WVOS carried the program. Blabey also sent tapes of the programs to Jukebox Radio for
broadcast. Another program, called "Open Mike," which provided a forum for community leaders
to answer questions from listeners, was originally broadcast on WVOS and later rebroadcast on
WJUX. Blabey sent tapes of the program to Jukebox Radio and it was broadcast on WJUX on a
tape-delayed basis. This program was broadcast on WJUX beginning at least as early as May 1996.
Id. at 56-57.
21. Between October 1994 and October 1995, WJUX only broadcast programs directed at
Sullivan County residents that were also carried at different times on WVOS. During this same time
period, however, WJUX broadcast PSAs that were not carried on WVOS. Weis had discussions
with Blabey which resulted in the broadcast by WJUX of PSAs that Weis believed were of interest
to the community of Monticello and Sullivan County. It was Montana's job at WJUX to gather
material for PSAs, compile a bulletin board of prospective PSAs, and forward it to Jukebox Radio
for broadcast over WJUX. She designated on the bulletin board, or informed Jukebox Radio
regarding, PSAs of particular importance that should be aired. Although Jukebox Radio made the
determination as to which PSAs to produce and air, it followed her suggestions in almost every
instance. Id. at 58-59.
22. Turro stated that Jukebox Radio had discretion to reject public affairs programming from
WJUX produced by Blabey or PSAs received from Montana. If it did so, however, WJUX had the
right to delete Jukebox Radio programming and place the PSAs and public affairs programs on the
air directly at WJUX. Blabey also put emergency announcements regarding Sullivan County on
WJUX. During a snow storm, when he was informed by the Sullivan County Manager that the
roads were being closed, Blabey told Jukebox Radio that he had an emergency message to air on
WJUX, prepared the message, and sent it to the Dumont studio to be originated. Id. at 60-61.
B. ALJ Conclusions
23. The ALJ found no basis for concluding that Weis, Turro, or any entity owned by Turro,
engaged in an unauthorized transfer of control of WJUX in violation of 47 U.S.C. 310(d). The
ALJ noted that, while there is no exact formula by which control may be determined, the
Commission looks beyond mere legal title and focuses on the factors of finances, personnel, and
programming in order to ascertain whether a transfer of control has occurred.
24. Applying these factors, the ALJ concluded that Weis was in sole control of the finances
of Monticello and WJUX at all times. He found that Weis alone was responsible for the station's
financial obligations and that Jukebox Radio's monthly payments were typical of time brokerage
arrangements. He also found that Weis's insistence on an inducement payment and a personal
guarantee in order to enter into the Network Affiliation Agreement with Turro were consistent with
his control. The ALJ also found that Weis was in ultimate supervisory control of WJUX's
programming. Weis exercised this control, the ALJ stated, by substituting public affairs
programming for Jukebox Radio programming, in keeping with the terms of the Amendment to
Network Affiliation Agreement. The ALJ also found that Turro's sale of most or all of WJUX's
commercial time was typical of all time brokerage arrangements. Finally the ALJ concluded that
Weis also exercised supervisory control over the station's personnel. Weis hired or approved of the
hiring of the station's employees, and Turro was uninvolved in these decisions. In the ALJ's view,
Turro's limited role as chief operator of the station did not establish any transfer to him of ultimate
decision-making authority.
C. Exceptions
25. Universal argues that Weis abdicated control of WJUX and Turro assumed control of the
station from the outset. In general, Universal argues that the ALJ erred because his analysis did not
focus on the methods of operation of Turro and Weis prior to April 13, 1995, the date on which the
Commission first inspected the subject facilities. With respect to finances, Universal asserts that
Turro's relationship with Weis went beyond that of a traditional time broker and resulted in Turro
being the source of all of WJUX's revenue and assuming all the risk. Universal states that Turro
induced Weis to purchase the station permit and bankrolled the transaction by providing the down
payment, the station income, guaranteeing payments, and indemnifying Weis against FCC
forfeitures. With regard to programming, Universal contends that the unamended Network
Affiliation Agreement transferred control to Turro because it did not give Weis the right to preempt
programming. As for WJUX's personnel, Universal alleges that Blabey and Montana followed
Turro's instructions during the Commission inspection of WJUX, and that their roles were
ministerial compared to Turro's responsibilities at the station.
26. Echoing Universal's exceptions, the Bureau asserts that the ALJ erred by ignoring the
history leading up to the construction of WJUX, by unduly emphasizing the individual aspects of
control and not considering the totality of the circumstances, and by unreasonably relying on
ameliorative steps taken by Turro and Weis only after their arrangement had come under scrutiny.
The Bureau contends that Weis would not have purchased the station permit but for Turro's
financial and other assistance and, furthermore, that Turro's payments to Monticello after the station
was constructed, under the Network Affiliation Agreement, meant that WJUX's existence was
totally dependent on Turro. As to station personnel, the Bureau states, the ALJ did not sufficiently
consider Turro's role as chief operator of the station. In addition, the Bureau asserts, Turro, not
Monticello, controlled programming, sales of commercial time, remote control of WJUX's
transmitter, and the main studio telephone. With regard to programming, the Bureau argues that the
Amendment giving Monticello the right to preempt Jukebox Radio programming was not executed
until well after WJUX was inspected by the FCC, the Bureau had sent letters of inquiry to Weis and
Turro, and the latter were aware that the legality of their operation was under review.
27. Turro replies that Monticello was in control of WJUX's finances, personnel, and
operations, including essential aspects of the station's programming obligations, and was also legally
responsible for the operations of WJUX. Monticello argues that, although it and Turro have had an
ongoing business relationship through their Network Affiliation Agreement, it always maintained
ultimate decision-making authority over WJUX and did not engage in an unauthorized transfer of
control of the station in violation of 47 U.S.C. 310(d).
D. Discussion
28. These issues were specified to determine whether Turro and/or Monticello engaged in an
unauthorized transfer or abdication of control of WJUX from Monticello to Turro. In assessing
where control of a broadcast station resides, the Commission does not apply a litmus test, but rather,
it generally looks to determine who has authority over the basic operational policies of the station.
In making this determination, we focus specifically on the areas of programming, personnel, and
finances. See Southwest Texas Broadcasting Council, 85 FCC 2d 713, 715 (1981); Stereo
Broadcasters, Inc., 87 FCC 2d 87 (1981), recon. denied, 50 R.R. 2d 1346 (1982); Bennett Gilbert
Gaines, 8 FCC Rcd 1405 (Rev. Bd. 1993), rev. denied, 9 FCC Rcd 533 (1994). We have stated that
a licensee's involvement in a time brokerage agreement does not per se constitute an unauthorized
transfer of control, and indeed we apply the same traditional tripartite standard in such a case as we
do in any other case to ascertain who mandates basic policies governing fundamental station
operations. See WGPR, Inc., 10 FCC Rcd 8140, 8141-42 (1995); Cosmopolitan Broadcasting
Corp., 59 FCC 2d 558, recon. denied, 61 FCC 2d 257 (1976).
29. Applying these principles here, we find, first, the record shows that Weis, rather than
Turro, maintained control and ultimate responsibility with regard to WJUX's finances. Specifically
Weis met with Fishman to discuss a sale of the construction permit, negotiated the purchase price for
the permit, and was obligated to pay the balance due on the sale. Although Turro installed and tested
Jukebox Radio equipment and provided general assistance to Monticello during the construction
process, Weis directed the station's construction and alone paid the station's construction costs.
Weis also personally guaranteed the station's lease agreements with MBC and made the lease
payments for its site and main studio, and wrote the checks that paid WJUX's operating expenses as
well as its legal bills. He also hired the station's staff and paid their salaries. WJUX's staff referred
all financial matters to Weis, and Turro had no check-writing authority on any Monticello account.
In brokerage situations, "we require that licensees must maintain their own bank accounts, pay the
salaries of their own employees, and remain responsible for their own obligations to programmers,
utility companies, and other operational matters." WGPR, Inc., 10 FCC Rcd at 8145. Monticello
met this requirement.
30. Nevertheless the exceptors argue that Weis's financial control was undermined, first, by
Turro's inducements to Monticello to enter into the Network Affiliation Agreement, including his
$40,000 payment and his personal guarantee of payments from Jukebox Radio during the duration
of the Agreement up to $400,000, and, second, by his provision of all of the station's income. We
disagree with these contentions. The record shows that, albeit Turro was instrumental in introducing
Weis to the idea, Weis decided to purchase the permit from Fishman and agreed to the arrangement
proposed by Turro because he believed it was a good business opportunity. I.D., 20. Moreover it
was at Weis's behest that the financial inducements to enter the Agreement were agreed to by Turro.
It was Weis's testimony that he wanted the guarantee because of the possibility that Turro could go
out of business and that he would not have built the station and entered into the Agreement without
the initial $40,000 payment. Tr. 1381-83, 1392, 1409-10. And Turro testified that Weis did not
have to repay the $40,000. Tr. 1831-32. Weis developed the specific amounts for the payment and
the guarantee, which figures Turro accepted, and the inducements inured to Monticello's benefit;
they did not evidence Turro's control over WJUX but rather served to increase Turro's financial
obligations to Weis. Thus, although Weis may have used the $40,000 to fund his down payment for
the station, these facts do not establish that Turro was in financial control of WJUX.
31. Weis also determined the amount of the monthly payments from Jukebox Radio to
Monticello under the Network Affiliation Agreement based on his business plan to cover capital
costs and operating expenses and produce an acceptable profit, and at one point Weis demanded an
increase in the payments to cover additional capital expenditures. I.D., 26-28. Weis's calculus
was not unusual. By definition:
A [time brokerage] agreement is a contractual arrangement whereby the licensee
makes its airtime available to the time broker in exchange for an amount calculated
to incorporate the station's fixed and operating costs plus a built-in profit. So long
as the time brokerage agreement governing the arrangement is one which retains the
ultimate decision-making authority in the licensee, the receipt of [monthly payments]
does not amount to the licensee's abdication of its control over finances.
WGPR, Inc., 10 FCC Rcd at 8145. Moreover, counter to Universal's assertion that Turro assumed
all the risk, if Jukebox Radio missed any monthly payments to Monticello, the latter was still
obligated to pay the station's lease costs and other expenses. I.D., 47. And, finally, contrary to
the exceptors' claims, Turro's provision of all of WJUX's income via monthly payments was not
uncharacteristic of other time brokerage understandings approved by the Commission. See Choctaw
Broadcasting Corp., 12 FCC Rcd 8534, 8541 (1997), citing WGPR, Inc., 10 FCC Rcd at 8145
(even where monthly time brokerage payments "constitute the sole source of funding of . . .
broadcast operations for the term of the brokering arrangement," their receipt did not amount to
abdication of control over finances); accord, Roy R. Russo, Esq., 5 FCC Rcd 7586, 7587 (MMB
1990).
32. With respect to control over station programming, the exceptors argue that, under the
Network Affiliation Agreement, WJUX was totally dependent on Turro to provide virtually all its
programming, and Turro and Weis did not amend the Agreement to give Monticello the right to
preempt Jukebox Radio programming until after the FCC began to focus on the parties' relationship.
We disagree that these or any other factors in the record demonstrate that Monticello did not
exercise ultimate control over WJUX's programming.
33. To begin with, although Weis contracted with Turro for Jukebox Radio to provide full-
time programming to WJUX pursuant to the Network Affiliation Agreement, at the time Weis
acquired the construction permit and entered into the Agreement, he believed that the Jukebox
Radio music format would appeal to a large number of listeners in Sullivan County. Moreover,
when the station went on the air, Weis directed his staff to carry public affairs programs and PSAs
aimed at Monticello and Sullivan County.
34. Specifically Weis consulted with Blabey and arranged for public affairs programs
produced by Blabey and aired on WVOS to be rebroadcast on WJUX on different days and at
different times so that they were heard by a different audience. The Bureau questions this
arrangement and points to the relatively small number of programs WJUX directed toward Sullivan
County as opposed to Bergen County, but does not show why the programs in question or the
manner of their broadcast in fact were not responsive to the needs of the Monticello area and thus
did not serve the public interest. These programs included "Open Mike" a forum for community
leaders to be questioned by listeners and "People Who Make a Difference" which highlighted
significant accomplishments of area residents and was produced locally in WJUX's main studio.
Contrary to the exceptors' assertion that the ALJ focused excessively on events occurring after the
Commission began to scrutinize the parties, the latter program aired prior to the FCC inspection and
the issuance of letters of inquiry to Turro and Weis. Turro had no involvement in the production of
either program. He stated that when Weis and Blabey decided to broadcast public affairs
programming, he carried that programming on Jukebox Radio.
35. Similarly, pursuant to Weis's wish to broadcast public service announcements of interest
to the community, Montana gathered material for PSAs and arranged for their broadcast over
WJUX. Jukebox Radio almost always accepted her suggestions. If Turro had declined to carry this
programming, Monticello could have deleted Jukebox Radio programming and substituted its own
public affairs programs and PSAs. Weis also demonstrated his control over station programming at
one point by announcing that WJUX would no longer carry political advertisements. I.D., 63.
Weis later rescinded his decision, and WJUX thereafter preempted Jukebox Radio programming to
broadcast local political commercials. In like manner, Blabey also placed emergency announcements
of local importance on WJUX, such as when weather conditions forced road closings
36. The Amendment to the Agreement, which was intended to clarify Monticello's
responsibilities in accordance with its obligations to the Commission, is consistent with the evidence
of the parties' actual conduct. The Amendment provided that Monticello was responsible for
ascertaining community needs and could delete, preempt, or substitute for Jukebox Radio
programming in order to provide its own programming responsive to those needs. It also stated that
Monticello was responsible for compliance with the Commission's rules including, inter alia, those
governing political programming, sponsorship identification, and maintenance of a public file. In
these respects, the provisions of the amended Agreement closely approximated the terms of other
brokerage agreements we have approved that did not transfer ultimate control over programming.
See Choctaw Broadcasting Corp., 12 FCC Rcd at 8539; WGPR, Inc., 10 FCC Rcd at 8142-43; Roy
R. Russo, 5 FCC Rcd at 7587.
37. With regard to the timing of the Amendment, although the Amendment was not signed
until July 1995, it was retroactive to the beginning of the Agreement, which was entered into on
October 17, 1994. Turro and Weis both testified that they agreed to the Amendment in November
1994, shortly following the Agreement, and five months prior to the Commission's inspection of the
station in April 1995. They did so on the advice of counsel, who drafted the Amendment. In these
circumstances, and in view of the fact that WJUX did broadcast public affairs and other
programming not obtained from Jukebox Radio that was responsive to the needs of the community
of Monticello, as early as February 2, 1995, we cannot agree with the exceptors that the Amendment
was merely a reaction to FCC scrutiny. Finally, with respect to the exceptors' claims regarding
Turro's intentions to provide 100% of WJUX's programming, although Turro planned to purchase
all of WJUX's airtime, as the Bureau recognizes, this too is consonant with Commission rulings
setting no limits on the amount of time a station could sell. See Gisela Huberman, Esq., 6 FCC Rcd
5397 (MMB 1991); Brian M. Madden, Esq., 6 FCC Rcd 1871 (MMB 1991); Peter D. O'Connell,
Esq., 6 FCC Rcd 1869 (MMB 1991). By the same token, Turro's sale of WJUX's commercial time
is also consistent with the standard role of a time broker in these arrangements. See WGPR, Inc., 10
FCC Rcd at 8140; Roy R. Russo, 5 FCC Rcd at 7587.
38. We also agree with the ALJ that Weis, on behalf of Monticello, and not Turro, exercised
control over WJUX's station personnel. Weis hired Blabey, as general manager, Montana, as public
affairs director, Spicka, to do engineering work, and Kirschner, as chief operator. Turro was not
involved in these hiring decisions. Blabey and Montana had written agreements with Weis regarding
their employment and pay. Montana was supervised by Blabey and ultimately answered to Weis.
She also understood that Weis supervised Blabey. Moreover, despite exceptors' contentions, there
is no evidence that Turro exercised ultimate control over WJUX simply by virtue of his position as
chief operator from October 1994 to August 1995. Turro was chief operator at the time of the FCC
inspection in April 1995, so it was not inappropriate for Blabey to put him in contact with Serge
Loginow, the FCC engineer conducting the inspection, to answer questions about station
operations. In sum, we conclude that neither Turro nor Monticello engaged in an unauthorized
transfer of control of WJUX. Even if an unauthorized transfer of control had occurred, we have
held that revocation or nonrenewal of a station authorization would not be appropriate in the
absence of concealment and misrepresentation, which we do not find present here. See 74, infra;
Bennett Gilbert Gaines, 8 FCC Rcd at 1408., and cases cited therein.
39. As a final matter, although the exceptors argue that the ALJ unduly emphasized the
individual aspects of the traditional test for determining control, as opposed to the parties' history prior
to construction, we find that the ALJ's analysis was consistent with Commission precedent and that, in
any case, the overall circumstances do not warrant a contrary result. The facts that Turro and Weis had
known each other a long time, that Turro informed Weis of the permit's availability, and that Turro had
previously sought Commission authority to originate programming do not establish that Turro assumed
unauthorized control of the station. Trinity Broadcasting of Florida, Inc., 14 FCC Rcd 13570 (1999),
vacated in part, No. 99-1183 (D.C. Cir. May 5, 2000), cited by the exceptors, does not support a
departure from the policies we typically consider most indicative of control. See 14 FCC Rcd at 13596
72 (examining station finances, personnel matters, and programming in order to determine whether
"parent" entity had power to dominate management of corporate affairs).
III. MAIN STUDIO ISSUE
A. Findings
40. WJUX's community of license, Monticello, with a population of 7,000, and WVOS's
community of license, Liberty, with a population of 5,000, are located about ten miles apart in
Sullivan County, New York. The main studios of both stations are located in separate quarters in
the same building in Ferndale, New York, which is adjacent to Liberty. WJUX is a tenant of MBC,
the licensee of WVOS. I.D., 67-68. The HDO raised questions as to whether the WJUX main
studio had program production and transmission capability, remote control equipment to control the
transmitter, a toll-free telephone number for the residents of Monticello, and a meaningful staff
presence. 12 FCC Rcd at 6270-71.
41. Weis testified that, at the time of the FCC inspection on April 13, 1995 and thereafter,
the WJUX studio was equipped to originate programming and deliver it to the transmitter site for
broadcast. Herman Hurst, an experienced engineer who did consulting work for Turro and
Monticello, also testified that the WJUX main studio had programming capability. Turro stated that
the main studio equipment was working at the time WJUX was constructed in October 1994. Serge
Loginow, Jr., the FCC field engineer who conducted the inspection in April 1995, was shown
WJUX's main studio equipment, including a control board typically found in a studio from which
programming could be originated, as well as a microphone and tape machines. Blabey stated that he
informed Loginow that programming could be originated from the WJUX studio by throwing a
switch located down the hall in the WVOS transmitter room, without having to visit the WJUX
transmitter site. Montana also testified that programming could be originated from the WJUX main
studio without leaving the studio building. I.D., 69-70, 72, 76-77, 79.
42. Weis further testified that the WJUX transmitter could be remotely controlled from
WJUX's main studio by telephone dial-up. At the time of the FCC inspection, Turro informed
Loginow that, although there was "no remote control equipment" at the WJUX studio, there was a
dial-up remote control system available at the main studio. Blabey testified that at the time of the
inspection there was a telephone at the main studio that could be used, after dialing a number and
entering a code, to control the transmitter. Montana also testified that there was dial-up remote
control capability for the transmitter from the main studio and that she knew how to use it. And
Hurst testified that WJUX had remote control capability to its transmitter from its main studio at the
time of the FCC inspection. Id. at 69, 102, 104-05.
43. With regard to its staffing, Weis testified that WJUX was adequately staffed by Blabey,
its general manager, and Montana, its public affairs director. Although Blabey and Montana were
also employed by WVOS, Weis stated that they had more than adequate time to perform their duties
for WJUX. Because the WJUX and WVOS main studios were located in the same building, Blabey
and Montana were based full time in the Ferndale building. Id. at 82.
44. Blabey acted as WJUX's general manager from the time the station began broadcasting.
Blabey's employment agreement with Monticello described him as an "independent consultant on
radio station management matters," and Blabey stated the agreement was structured this way for tax
reasons. The agreement provided that Blabey would be available to the station during normal
business hours, and Blabey stated that he was already present during those hours in connection with
WVOS. Blabey stated that he represented the community to Weis because Weis was not a Sullivan
County resident. Blabey explained that he was involved in the community and participated in civic
organizations on behalf of both WJUX and WVOS, and people in the community associated him
with both stations. Id. at 84-85.
45. Blabey recruited and suggested employees for Weis to hire. All of WJUX's employees,
with the exception of Kirschner, who replaced Turro as chief operator, were hired at Blabey's
recommendation. Blabey also supervised Montana's work. Typically Blabey's duties at WJUX
included answering the telephone, going through the mail, handling inquiries, informing Weis of
financial or other matters that required his attention, arranging for programming, and making
decisions. Blabey was familiar with the station's issues/programs lists, which were prepared by the
Jukebox Radio staff. He also prepared Arbitron information requests for the station. Id. at 86-
87.
46. Blabey stated that he and others in the building could tell if service on WJUX was
interrupted because they monitored the station periodically on the radio and listeners called in.
When he learned that the station was off the air, he took steps to put it back on. Blabey had an
arrangement whereby Weis paid him commissions for sales made locally for commercials on WJUX.
In February 1995 Blabey sought to engage another salesperson to sell time locally on the station.
Weis approved the hiring of Stan Silverstein for this purpose. Id. at 88-90.
47. Montana stated that she worked full time as WVOS's business manager and part time as
WJUX's public affairs director. Blabey described Montana as a very competent person who held the
WVOS operation together. She began working for WJUX in October 1994. Originally she was
engaged as an independent consultant but later became an employee. When she was first engaged,
Blabey told her she would work the same hours for WJUX as she did for WVOS. Montana's duties
included picking up the mail at the post office, distributing the mail at the studio building, bringing
to Weis or Blabey's attention mail they needed to see, bringing bills to Blabey and Weis for payment,
handling petty cash, dealing with walk-ins, and taking care of callers' requests. She remembered
receiving only two listener complaints about WJUX, one involving a listener's inability to receive the
station's signal on his cable system, and the other involving a complaint about the station's music
content. With respect to the latter, she informed Jukebox Radio, which then made an appropriate
adjustment to its schedule. Montana monitored the station's broadcasts on her way to and from
work. When there was a program interruption, she informed WJUX's engineer. Id. at 91-95.
48. Montana represented WJUX in the community and made sure that PSAs of interest to
the community were broadcast on the station. She stated that she had lived in Sullivan County for
approximately twenty years, that people knew she worked for WJUX, and that they told her of
relevant events for broadcast on both WJUX and WVOS. Montana prepared PSA bulletin boards
for WJUX and WVOS. She prepared the WVOS bulletin board first and then used it for WJUX.
The bulletin boards were generally the same for both stations, although on one or two occasions she
edited something out of the WVOS bulletin board before using it for WJUX. She decided, without
consulting Blabey or Weis, what would be included on the bulletin board. Montana received, but did
not prepare, the programs/issues lists for WJUX and put them in the station's public file. The public
file was maintained at the Monticello public library, and a copy was kept at WJUX's main studio.
Id. at 96-97.
49. Turro served as WJUX's chief operator from the time the station went on the air until
mid-1995. He was then replaced by Kirschner, who was hired by Weis. Monticello hired Spicka in
August 1995 as an engineer, and he conducted weekly Emergency Action Notification System tests
and meter readings. Spicka was an employee, not a consultant, and did not work for WVOS. He
assisted at the time of the FCC inspection, and when a fiber optic cable was cut and the Jukebox
Radio feed interrupted in the summer of 1995, Spicka originated music from the WJUX main studio.
WJUX also employed Charles Martin to fill in when Blabey, Montana, and Spicka were away. Id.
at 98-100.
50. On November 2, 1994, WJUX established a local telephone number for its main studio.
The number was publicly listed and was toll-free for Monticello residents. Calls to the local number
were not answered at the main studio but were forwarded to the Dumont studio and answered there.
In July 1995, subsequent to the FCC inspection, the call-forwarding arrangement was terminated and
all calls to the WJUX telephone number were answered at the WJUX main studio. Montana
testified that even before a telephone for WJUX was installed in her office in July 1995, people in the
community knew that the WJUX and WVOS studios were located in the same building, and people
wanting to call WJUX would call on the WVOS line. NYNEX sent the bills for telephone service
from November 1994 to mid-1995 to Jukebox Radio, which paid them. When Weis discovered that
this was the case, the billing was changed and Monticello paid all subsequent bills for WJUX
telephone service. Id. at 107-08, 113-14.
B. ALJ Conclusions
51. With one minor exception, the ALJ found that Monticello was in full compliance with the
Commission's main studio rules. First, with respect to 47 C.F.R. 73.1120, which provides that
every broadcast station "will be licensed to the principal community . . . which it primarily serves,"
the ALJ rejected the contention that WJUX primarily served Bergen County, New Jersey, rather
than Monticello, New York. Second, the ALJ found that Monticello complied with 47 C.F.R.
73.1125(a), which required it to maintain a main studio within the principal community contour of
the station, because its main studio in Ferndale, New York was located within that contour. Third,
with regard to 47 C.F.R. 73.1125(c) (currently 73.1125(d)), which requires a broadcast station to
"maintain a local telephone number in its community of license or a toll-free number," the ALJ
determined that the station violated this provision for a brief time because it did not maintain a local
telephone number until November 2, 1994, which was twelve days after it began broadcasting on
October 21, 1994. The ALJ concluded that this rule violation was de minimis. As for the period
from November 2, 1994 to July 1995, when calls were forwarded to Dumont, New Jersey, the ALJ
held that there was no rule violation because calls to the WJUX number during this period were toll-
free for residents of Monticello.
52. With regard to program origination capability, the ALJ concluded that the testimony of
numerous witnesses established that the WJUX main studio contained all the equipment necessary
for program production and that the equipment was capable of being used for that purpose.
Similarly, with regard to remote control capability, the ALJ found that the WJUX transmitter was
capable of being controlled by remote control from either the WJUX main studio or the Dumont
studio, that WJUX's employees at the main studio knew how to use the dial-up remote control
system, and that such operation was fully consistent with Commission requirements. Finally, as to
the staffing at WJUX's main studio, the ALJ found that the presence of Blabey and Montana at the
Ferndale main studio building constituted a meaningful management and staff presence that was fully
consistent with Commission precedent. In the ALJ's view, the record clearly reflected that the
WJUX main studio was attended on a full-time basis during normal business hours by Blabey and
Montana.
C. Exceptions
53. The Bureau argues that the I.D. erroneously concluded that Blabey and Montana
constituted a meaningful management presence at WJUX. With respect to Blabey, the Bureau states
that WJUX's issues/programs lists were not prepared by him, but by Turro's Jukebox Radio staff,
that Blabey was engaged only as an independent consultant and paid a weekly consulting fee, that he
continued to work as WVOS's general manager, and that his overriding concern was the operation
of WVOS, not WJUX. With respect to Montana, the Bureau points out that, notwithstanding her
role in preparing PSA bulletin boards, the decision as to what PSAs were actually produced and
broadcast was made at the Dumont studio, that she also was engaged initially by WJUX as an
independent consultant, and that she functioned full-time as WVOS's business manager. Finally,
because it believes the evidence shows that Turro, rather than Monticello's staff, controlled the
operation of WJUX, the Bureau asserts it was error for the ALJ to find that Monticello complied
with the managerial presence requirement of the main studio rule.
54. Universal argues first that the Monticello main studio did not have a WJUX sign and thus
could not be considered readily accessible to the community of license. Second, Universal maintains
that WJUX did not have a meaningful managerial and staff presence at its facility because it only had
a part-time skeletal staff of two consultants whose primary responsibilities ran to WVOS. Third,
Universal asserts that WJUX did not maintain a local toll-free telephone number and that its call-
forwarding arrangement was insufficient. And, finally, Universal contends that WJUX did not have
satisfactory transmitter remote control capability at its main studio.
55. In reply, Monticello asserts that its main studio in Ferndale, New York is readily
accessible to the public because it is within the station's principal community contour. It further
argues that its lack of a local telephone number for a twelve day period does not warrant an adverse
determination against it under the rule or imposition of a sanction. Next it contends that the I.D.
correctly found that WJUX had remote control capability. Finally, Monticello maintains that its
employment of Blabey and Montana meets the Commission's requirement of having a meaningful
managerial and staff presence at the main studio.
D. Discussion
56. This issue pertains to whether Monticello complied with the provisions of the
Commission's main studio rules with regard to WJUX. "A station must maintain a main studio
which has the capability adequately to meet its function . . . of serving the needs and interests of the
residents of the station's community of license." See Main Studio and Program Origination Rules,
3 FCC Rcd 5024, 5026 (1988). We conclude that, except for the one infraction found by the ALJ,
Monticello met our requirements, and that its one violation was too minor to warrant revocation of
Monticello's authorization or imposition of a forfeiture.
57. First, the WJUX main studio in Ferndale, New York was located within the station's
principal community contour, in accordance with 47 C.F.R. 73.1125(a). The fact that for a time
there was no sign identifying the WJUX main studio does not mean the studio was not readily
accessible to the public, as Universal alleges. The record shows, through Montana's testimony, that
people in the local community knew she worked for WJUX and would bring to her attention
relevant events for broadcast over the station, and, even before a telephone was installed in her
office and a sign placed out front, people in the community knew that the WJUX studio was located
in the same building as the WVOS studio.
58. Second, there is no question that, during the first twelve days WJUX was on the air
October 21 to November 2, 1994 -- Monticello did not comply with the requirement of 47 C.F.R.
73.1125(c) that it "maintain a local telephone number in its community of license or a toll-free
number." But this was not by itself a matter warranting a sanction, particularly since it was
corrected after a relatively short time, and Monticello was truthful in reporting the violation in
response to the Bureau's letter of inquiry and during pre-hearing discovery. We disagree with
Universal that Monticello also violated this rule for a longer period between November 1994 and
July 1995. Before all calls to WJUX were answered at the WJUX main studio beginning in July
1995, calls to the WJUX number that were forwarded to the Dumont studio and answered there still
were toll-free for Monticello residents, as the rule requires. Moreover Montana explained that, prior
to July 1995, because local residents knew that the WJUX and WVOS studios were in the same
building, people wanting to call WJUX would do so on the WVOS line. In these circumstances, we
conclude that Monticello was in compliance during this period.
59. There is no support for Universal's additional claim that WJUX did not have transmitter
remote control capability at its main studio. Weis, Blabey, Montana, and Hurst all testified to the
existence of a telephone dial-up remote control system at the main studio. Blabey and Montana
were familiar with how to use the system, and there was a telephone at the main studio that could be
used for this purpose.
60. The exceptors also argue that Monticello did not maintain a meaningful management and
staff presence at WJUX. We disagree. The Commission requires a station to have a meaningful
management and staff presence at its main studio in order to "help expose stations to community
activities, help them identify community needs and interests and thereby meet their community
service requirements." See Main Studio and Program Origination Rules, 3 FCC Rcd at 5026. In
this regard, we have stated that a main studio must be staffed by management and staff personnel at
all times during normal business hours. This standard requires management and staff presence on a
full-time basis, which may be satisfied by more than two people working on part-time bases. See
Jones Eastern of the Outer Banks, Inc., 6 FCC Rcd 3615 (1991), clarified, 7 FCC Rcd 6800 (1992).
Specifically:
We require that management personnel report to work at the main studio on a daily
basis, spend a substantial amount of time there and . . . use the studio as a 'home
base.' Ultimately, that management presence must remain responsible for whatever
station operations occur from that studio. To the extent that the staff person may
fully perform . . . station functions with time to spare, and coverage of the main
studio permits, that person may also take on responsibilities for another business, as
long as the main studio remains attended during normal business hours.
7 FCC Rcd at 6802. Monticello satisfied these requirements.
61. Monticello maintained a meaningful management and staff presence at WJUX through its
employment of Blabey and Montana. Because of their other employment with WVOS, whose studio
was in the same building as WJUX's, they were in the main studio building on a full-time basis
during regular business hours. Blabey's employment agreement with WJUX specified that he would
be available during normal business hours, and he stated that he already was present during those
hours in connection with WVOS. Similarly, Montana was told by Blabey that she would work the
same hours for WJUX as she did for WVOS. It is clear from the record that both had significant
work duties at WJUX and put in substantial time on a daily basis at the station's main studio.
Blabey performed managerial duties, including recruiting employees who were subsequently hired by
Weis, supervising Montana, arranging for public affairs programming and emergency announcements
to be broadcast over WJUX, putting the station back on when it went off the air, and representing
WJUX in the community through his membership in civic organizations. Montana had numerous
staff duties, which included dealing with listeners requests and complaints, distributing the mail and
bringing important items to the attention of Weis or Blabey, and seeing to it that PSAs of local
interest were broadcast in connection with her preparation of a PSA bulletin board.
62. We also disagree with the exceptors' specific objections to the status of these two
employees. First, although Blabey was designated a consultant, this was done for tax reasons and
did not affect his management duties or responsibilities at WJUX. Second, Weis testified that both
Blabey and Montana had more than sufficient time to perform their jobs for WJUX notwithstanding
their other employment at WVOS. Although the Bureau expresses concern over the WJUX staff's
employment by a "potential competitor," it does not show how the relationships in question had any
impact on the job performance of Blabey or Montana. Additionally their part-time status at WJUX
was not in itself significant because we only require a full-time presence at the main studio, not that
each person be employed on a full-time basis. The WJUX main studio remained attended by Blabey
and Montana during regular business hours. See Jones Eastern of the Outer Banks, Inc., 7 FCC Rcd
at 6802 (management personnel not required to be "chained to their desks" during normal business
hours and staff personnel may hold other jobs). It is also clear from the record that the roles of these
employees, including the time required for them to perform their duties at WJUX and their pay, were
reflective of the existence of the time brokerage arrangement between the parties under the Network
Affiliation Agreement, and the fact that substantially all of the programming and advertising for
WJUX was provided by Jukebox Radio. Finally, because we have already concluded that Turro did
not exercise unauthorized control over WJUX, we disagree with the Bureau that his operational
activities undermined Monticello's compliance with the managerial presence requirement of the main
studio rules.
IV. MISREPRESENTATION/LACK OF CANDOR ISSUES
63. These issues relate largely to matters already discussed in this opinion, but involve
specifically the question of whether Turro or Weis made statements with respect to these matters
that were not true.
A. Findings
64. On June 21, 1995, the Bureau's Complaints and Investigations Branch sent a letter of
inquiry to Turro regarding the details of his translator station operations and his relationship with
WJUX. Turro filed a response to the Bureau letter on July 30, 1995. With respect to his
translators, Turro stated that Jukebox Radio programming he produced at the Dumont studio was
delivered by telephone line to WJUX, that it was broadcast by WJUX pursuant to the terms of the
Network Affiliation Agreement, that the WJUX broadcasts were received off the air at the Pomona
translator and rebroadcast, and that the Pomona translator rebroadcasts, in turn, were received off
the air at the Fort Lee translator and rebroadcast. Turro also stated that, prior to January 10, 1995,
the date Weis transferred his interest in the Pomona translator to him, the WJUX signal was received
directly off the air at the Fort Lee translator rather than through the Pomona translator. Supported
by an engineering statement from Hurst, Turro stated that although an acceptable signal can be
received off the air at the Fort Lee translator site, a better signal can be received at the Pomona
translator, and thus that is where the WJUX signal is received for rebroadcast. Turro also stated
that none of the programming created at the Dumont studio was delivered by telephone line to either
the Fort Lee or Pomona translator. I.D., 198-200.
65. With respect to his relationship to WJUX, Turro stated that he had no ownership interest
in Monticello, that he did not pay to construct the station's facilities or guarantee the repayment of
funds borrowed for construction, that he did not pay WJUX's operating expenses except for its
telephone bills, and did not control its programming. Turro stated that he did assist Weis in
installing equipment at WJUX, that he provided Weis with $40,000 as an inducement to enter into
the Network Affiliation Agreement, and that he served as chief operator of WJUX until May 1,
1995. As to WJUX's programming, Turro stated that Monticello had complete discretion to delete
or preempt Jukebox Radio programming and broadcast other programming. Id. at 203.
66. On June 21, 1995, the Bureau's Complaints and Investigations Branch sent a letter of
inquiry to Monticello regarding the details of WJUX's ownership, operation, and control.
Monticello filed a response with the Bureau on July 28, 1995. In the response Weis stated that he
was the sole owner of Monticello and that Turro had never held an ownership interest in WJUX.
Weis asserted that he provided all of the funds used to construct the station, that he had on hand
much of the needed equipment, and that the only money he borrowed in this connection was
$15,000 from his mother. He further stated that Turro paid him $40,000 as an inducement to enter
into the Network Affiliation Agreement and that Weis applied these funds to meet his obligations to
Fishman. Id. at 204-05.
67. Weis stated that he controlled WJUX's financial records, paid WJUX's operating
expenses except for the telephone bills that Turro had paid, and hired station personnel. The
telephone bills were sent to and paid by Turro as the result of an oversight, Weis stated, which was
being corrected. Weis also stated that WJUX's main studio was located within the station's
principal community contour, that it was open to the public, that the station's public inspection file
was maintained at the main studio, and that the program "Sullivan County People Who Make a
Difference" was recorded there. Weis asserted that Blabey and Montana had their offices at the
main studio and were present there during normal business hours, that the main studio had program
origination capability, and that a remote control point for the WJUX transmitter was located there.
He affirmed that he was solely responsible for WJUX's programming policies and for Monticello's
decision to enter into the Network Affiliation Agreement. Id. at 206-08.
B. ALJ Conclusions
68. The ALJ concluded that at all times Turro dealt with the Commission in a truthful,
candid, and forthright manner. Specifically the ALJ found that Turro did not lack candor in his
request for a declaratory ruling, and that even if Turro had disclosed more details in his request,
including his intention to program WJUX fulltime, the Bureau's ruling, based on its
contemporaneous precedent, would not have been substantially different. The ALJ also found that
Turro's statement in response to the Bureau's letter of inquiry that he had no present or future
ownership interest in Monticello was accurate, and that Turro also disclosed in his response that he
was providing all of the programming for WJUX and was personally guaranteeing Jukebox Radio
payments to Monticello. Additionally the ALJ found the fact that Turro entered into a network
affiliation agreement instead of a time brokerage arrangement was not deceptive or decisionally
significant. Finally the ALJ concluded that Turro lived up to the representations made in his request
for a declaratory ruling.
69. The ALJ also concluded that both Monticello and Weis dealt with the Commission in a
truthful, candid, and forthright manner. Specifically the ALJ found that Weis's statements in
response to the Bureau's letter of inquiry were truthful because Weis, rather than Turro, was in sole
control of WJUX's finances. Moreover, the ALJ held, the financial arrangements between Turro
and Monticello were fully disclosed. In addition, the ALJ found that Weis truthfully represented that
he, and not Turro, had ultimate supervisory control of WJUX's programming. Weis's statements
concerning Blabey and Montana and the capabilities of the WJUX main studio were also accurate,
the ALJ concluded.
C. Exceptions
70. The Bureau argues that, contrary to claims made by Turro and Monticello in their
responses to the Bureau's letters of inquiry and in Weis's testimony, Turro controlled WJUX's
programming. In the Bureau's view, Turro did not simply provide a network feed to WJUX, which
Monticello was free to accept or reject, but, rather, all of WJUX's programming was transmitted
from Turro's Dumont studio. Jukebox Radio had complete discretion to reject programming
received from Blabey and Montana, the Bureau asserts, and Weis and his staff did not know if
Jukebox Radio broadcast the PSAs Montana sent via the WJUX bulletin board. Moreover, the
Bureau avers, Jukebox Radio or Turro prepared the station's issues/programs lists, even though the
amended network affiliation agreement provided that Monticello was responsible for doing so. The
Bureau contends that Turro and Monticello lacked candor in failing to reveal the totality of their
programming arrangement and in seeking to conceal the true nature of Turro's control. The parties
were motivated to deceive, the Bureau concludes, because their arrangement was not consistent with
the Bureau's November 1991 ruling or the Commission's translator rules.
71. Universal contends that Turro misrepresented by fraudulently inducing the Bureau to
issue its 1991 ruling. Having been rebuffed in his previous attempts to obtain authority to initiate
programming on his Fort Lee translator, Universal argues, Turro was motivated to conceal from the
Bureau important information including his intention to provide all of WJUX's programming.
Universal maintains that Turro and Weis also did not disclose to the Bureau that Turro would fund
the costs of construction and operation of WJUX and assume all the risk of operating the station.
Furthermore, in Universal's view, Turro departed from the letter of the Bureau's ruling because
Turro's relationship with Weis was not a bona fide, arm's length arrangement. Universal also argues
that Turro and Weis sought to vest control of WJUX in Turro and to conceal that control from the
Commission. Finally Universal maintains that Turro and Weis deceived the Commission because
WJUX was not intended to serve its community of license, but was created in order to air
programming over the Fort Lee translator for the benefit of Bergen County.
72. Turro replies to Universal that the Commission did not designate candor issues based on
Turro's actions in obtaining and acting upon the 1991 Bureau ruling. Nevertheless Turro argues
that his request for a declaratory ruling provided all the material facts. Turro further argues that he
reasonably relied on the Bureau's ruling and entered into an arrangement with WJUX in exact
compliance with what he requested and the Bureau authorized. Moreover, Turro states, there is no
evidence that the Bureau was deceived by his actions.
73. Monticello replies that although it has maintained an ongoing business relationship with
Turro, Weis has controlled all aspects of WJUX's operation since he acquired the construction
permit. Even if the Commission found otherwise, Monticello asserts, there is no evidence that Weis
intended to deceive the Commission concerning his role with WJUX. Weis believed, Monticello
states, that the Bureau's ruling authorized the arrangement between Jukebox Radio and Monticello
and that WJUX was operated in accordance with what had been approved.
D. Discussion
74. These issues pertain to whether Turro misrepresented or lacked candor to the
Commission regarding the operation of his translator stations, and whether Monticello
misrepresented or lacked candor to the Commission regarding the operation of WJUX. We have
already reviewed many of the underlying facts in the earlier sections of this opinion. We conclude,
with regard to those matters as well as the additional findings herein, that neither party was
untruthful in its statements or intended to deceive the Commission. See Fox River Broadcasting,
Inc., 93 FCC 2d 127, 129 (1983) (misrepresentation involves false statements of fact whereas lack
of candor involves concealment or evasion; both must be coupled with intent to deceive).
75. Turning first to Turro, we are not persuaded by the evidence that Turro intended to
deceive the Commission in obtaining the Bureau's 1991 letter, or that he thereafter dealt deceitfully
with us. In his request for a declaratory ruling, Turro basically inquired whether a translator station
could purchase air time on the station it rebroadcasts and sell advertising during that time. The
Bureau understood that Turro was asking whether it was permissible under the rules governing the
operation of translator stations for a translator licensee to enter a time brokerage arrangement with
a primary station, provided that the primary station does not reimburse the translator for the
purchased time or financially support its operation. Although Turro did not state that he planned to
provide all of the primary station's programming or sell all its advertising, albeit his testimony
indicated that he had in mind purchase of 100% of the station's time, there is no direct evidence that
he intended to mislead the Bureau by deliberately concealing this information or that he had reason
to do so. As the ALJ found, it was not uncommon at the time for the Bureau to approve time
brokerage arrangements involving comparable if not identical programming and advertising terms
and to point out specifically that the Commission sets no limits on the amount of time a brokered
station may sell. See, e.g., Peter D. O'Connell, 6 FCC Rcd at 1869. Moreover, while even useless
deceptions can be a basis for disqualification, see FCC v. WOKO, 329 U.S. 223 (1946), the record
evidence does not support a finding that Turro intentionally withheld these facts in order to get
Bureau approval. Though Turro's previous unsuccessful efforts to obtain Commission authority to
originate programming on his Fort Lee translator arguably could have motivated him to conceal his
true intentions in this regard, we do not believe the weight of the evidence supports this inference,
particularly since the Commission's prior rulings were a matter of public record, and Turro openly
sought Bureau guidance regarding the relationship between a translator station and a primary
station.
76. The Bureau maintains that the parties concealed that their arrangement was not
consistent with the Bureau's ruling, but both Turro and Weis expressly believed that the Bureau's
ruling authorized their arrangement. We stated in the HDO that Turro's belief was not
unreasonable, and we find nothing in the hearing record to change our view. See 85, infra.
Moreover the parties adhered to the four specific conditions set forth in Turro's request for a
declaratory ruling, namely, that the translator would operate outside the originating station's primary
contour, that the primary station would not financially support the translator station, that the
translator station would observe the Commission's rules governing the purchase of brokered airtime,
and that advertising could be sold to support the programming. Universal claims that Turro also
sought to deceive the Commission because he entered into a network affiliation agreement, rather
than the time brokerage agreement authorized in the Bureau's 1991 letter, but the record shows that
the agreement was fashioned on the advice of counsel and, in any event, the Bureau has treated these
contractual arrangements identically in applying the Commission's policies regarding station control.
See Joseph A. Belisle, Esq., 5 FCC Rcd 7585 (1990).
77. Turro's response to the Bureau's letter of inquiry was forthright and consistent with his
actions. Thus, we disagree with the Bureau's principal contention that, contrary to his statements,
Turro actually controlled WJUX's programming. Certainly most of the station's programming came
from Jukebox Radio, in accordance with the Network Affiliation Agreement, but Monticello also
provided its own public affairs programming, PSAs, and emergency announcements, as warranted.
As we concluded earlier, Monticello, not Turro, retained ultimate control over WJUX's
programming. Although Jukebox Radio had discretion to reject Monticello's programming,
Monticello had final authority to delete Jukebox Radio programming and substitute its own
programming. The Bureau points out that Jukebox Radio prepared WJUX's quarterly
issues/programs lists, but Blabey was familiar with these lists and Montana placed them in the
station's public file at the local library and maintained a copy at the station's main studio. There is
no evidence of deception in these facts. Although the Bureau also states that WJUX was not
monitored to determine if Montana's PSAs were broadcast, the record shows that her PSAs almost
always were carried. In the same vein, although Universal asserts that Turro did not disclose his
funding and advertising plans for WJUX, we have already concluded that these arrangements were
not unusual in a time brokerage setting or indicative of an unauthorized transfer of control of the
station.
78. For similar reasons, we conclude that Monticello's response to the Bureau's letter of
inquiry and Weis's testimony also were not false or evasive. Universal contends that WJUX was a
"sham" station, which served Turro's interests in New Jersey, rather than the community of
Monticello, and that Weis was untruthful in maintaining the contrary. And the Bureau argues that
Monticello was untruthful in describing Turro's control of WJUX's programming. But the record
simply does not support these contentions. As we have previously found under the transfer of
control and main studio issues, Weis alone was responsible for WJUX's finances, ultimately
controlled its programming, and was in charge of station personnel. WJUX also complied with the
fundamental main studio requirements, including having program origination and remote control
capability, and maintaining a meaningful managerial and staff presence. Thus ultimate decision-
making authority was retained by Monticello, and WJUX served its community of license. At all
times, Monticello and Weis accurately described these underlying facts to the Commission and
truthfully represented the relationship between the parties under the Network Affiliation Agreement.
79. Finally, as noted, the ALJ ultimately found that at all times both Turro and Weis "dealt
with the Commission in a truthful, candid, and forthright manner." I.D., 294, 302. Although this
conclusion was not based on explicit demeanor findings with regard to their hearing testimony,
nevertheless, the ALJ actively questioned both witnesses at the hearing and carefully scrutinized their
testimony. After having an opportunity to observe them, the ALJ accepted their statements. His
determination that they were forthright "at all stages of this case," id., lends support to our
conclusion that neither engaged in misrepresentation or lacked candor with the Commission. Cf.
Rainbow Broadcasting Co., 13 FCC Rcd 21000, 21013 (1998), aff'd by judgment sub nom. Press
Communications LLC v. FCC, No. 98-1366 (D.C. Cir. May 25, 1999).
V. OTHER MATTERS
A. Translator Rules Issue
80. This issue was specified to determine whether Turro violated Commission rules relating
to the operation of FM translator stations. Pursuant to 47 C.F.R. 74.1231(b), "[a]n FM translator
may be used for the purpose of retransmitting the signals of a primary FM radio broadcast station or
another translator station the signal of which is received directly through space, converted, and
suitably amplified." The Commission has stated that the primary FM station signal being rebroadcast
"must be received directly over-the-air at the translator site." FM Translator Stations, 8 FCC Rcd
at 5093. The ALJ concluded that Turro's operation of his Fort Lee and Pomona translators was in
complete compliance with this rule. Specifically the ALJ found that the Fort Lee and Pomona
translators received the off-air signal of WJUX "directly through space" and that, after the Pomona
translator started to rebroadcast WJUX, the Fort Lee translator received the off-air signal of the
Pomona translator "directly through space" and retransmitted the signal of the Pomona translator on
a regular basis. See 64, supra.
81. Under 47 C.F.R. 74.531(c), an intercity relay station may be used only "to transmit
aural program material between noncommercial educational FM radio stations and their co-owned
noncommercial educational FM translator stations . . . and between FM radio stations and FM
translator stations operating within the coverage contour of their primary stations." The ALJ found
that, from late October 1994, when the Fort Lee translator began rebroadcasting WJUX, until early
July 1995, when WMG-499 was deactivated, Turro used his relay station to transmit aural program
material and telemetry or data from his program production studio in Dumont to the Fort Lee
translator, and that such use was unauthorized by the rule. The ALJ concluded that a $3,000
forfeiture would be the most appropriate sanction for Turro's violation of 47 C.F.R. 74.531(c), but
that assessment of a forfeiture was precluded by the one year statute of limitations contained in 47
U.S.C. 503(b)(6) and 47 C.F.R. 1.80(c)(1).
82. Based on the results of the field inspections and the other information before the
Commission at the time, the HDO raised questions as to whether the Fort Lee translator was
receiving the programming airing on WJUX directly from Jukebox Radio's Dumont studio and was
not retransmiting WJUX's off-the-air signal, whether intercity relay station WMG-499 was being
used to deliver programming from the Dumont studio directly to the Fort Lee translator, and
whether both translators have also been programmed through telephone lines from the Dumont
studio. The Bureau does not except to the ALJ's findings or conclusions under this issue, however,
and thus no longer disputes any of these matters. In a footnote to its exceptions under the
misrepresentation issues, Universal submits that Turro also violated Sections 74.531(c) and
74.1231(b). Universal argues, based on the testimony of two former Jukebox Radio employees, that
the Fort Lee translator routinely rebroadcast programming received directly from WMG-499, rather
than off the air from WJUX. We reject this contention as unsupported by the record. The ALJ
found that the testimony of the witnesses in question, who were working for Universal at the time
of their appearance, was not credible. Specifically he found their testimony was riddled throughout
by "major contradictions, inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and misunderstandings." The ALJ also
found that their testimony "was squarely contradicted on all significant points" by credible testimony
from other witnesses. Moreover, the ALJ found, the discredited witnesses did not have engineering
training or personal knowledge of the equipment and facilities in question. I.D., 191-92. We
have reviewed the evidence and determined that the ALJ's conclusions are amply supported by the
record. Accordingly we affirm the ALJ's resolution of this issue.
B. 47 C.F.R. 74.1232(d)
83. In its exceptions, Universal argues that the ALJ should not have granted renewal of
Turro's translator station licenses because Turro is in violation of 47 C.F.R. 74.1232(d). In
pertinent part, this rule provides that '[a]n authorization for an FM translator whose coverage
contour extends beyond the protected contour of the commercial primary station . . . will not be
granted to any person or entity having any interest whatsoever, or connection with a primary FM
station." Universal contends that the ALJ's action fundamentally misconstrued the HDO, which
found, according to Universal, that the relationship between Turro and Weis violated this rule
provision.
84. In a further pleading, styled Renewed Petition for Extraordinary Relief and Issuance of
an Order Requiring Turro to Come into Immediate Compliance with 47 C.F.R. 74.1232
("Renewed Petition for Extraordinary Relief"), Universal requests that the Commission issue an
order in this proceeding directing Turro to cease violating 47 C.F.R. 74.1232(d). Universal asks
that we order Turro either (1) immediately to terminate his programming and other connections with
WJUX, or (2) immediately to cease rebroadcasting WJUX on his translator stations. All of the other
parties, including the Bureau, oppose Universal's Renewed Petition for Extraordinary Relief.
85. First, we deny Universal's exception. We disagree that the ALJ misunderstood the HDO
and erred in renewing Turro's authorizations in spite of the requirements of 47 C.F.R. 74.1232(d).
There was no 47 C.F.R. 74.1232(d) issue designated for hearing for the ALJ to consider. We
made clear in the HDO that the ultimate determination in this proceeding of whether the public
interest would be served by a grant of Turro's renewal applications was not to be based on any
violation of 47 C.F.R. 74.1232(d). In addressing this matter, we explained that, because 47 C.F.R.
74.1232(d) prohibits Turro from having any interest or connection with WJUX apart from
rebroadcasting its programming over his translator stations, and Turro is a party to the Network
Affiliation Agreement, which is a further business relationship with WJUX, the Bureau correctly
advised Turro by letter on April 5, 1996 that these relationships violate the rule. We went on to
state:
With respect to this violation, however, we acknowledge that the Bureau issued
Turro a letter in 1991 which he may have construed to authorize his relationship with
WJUX and Monticello. We agree with the Bureau that the 1991 letter was not so
broad as to authorize what is now known to be the relationship between WJUX and
the translators. We find Turro's contention to the contrary, however, is not
unreasonable. Accordingly, we will not pursue in this proceeding any violation of
Section 74.1232(d) that may have resulted from Turro's reliance on the 1991 letter.
HDO, 12 FCC Rcd at 6269 n. 13. In view of this determination, which is still valid, we reject
Universal's contention and reaffirm that Turro's violation of 47 C.F.R. 74.1232(d) is beyond the
scope of the hearing and is not relevant in evaluating Turro's qualifications as a licensee.
86. Notwithstanding the express ruling in the HDO, Universal persists that Turro could not
justifiably have relied on the Bureau's 1991 ruling because he procured the letter through
misrepresentation and then preceded to depart from the terms of the Bureau's ruling. We disagree.
For the reasons already stated in this opinion, we conclude that Turro did not engage in
misrepresentation or lack candor with the Commission either in connection with obtaining the
Bureau's 1991 declaratory ruling or in any of his subsequent actions involving the operation of his
translator stations and his relationship with WJUX.
87. We also deny Universal's Renewed Petition for Extraordinary Relief. By way of
background, as we recited in the HDO and noted above, the Bureau advised Turro by letter dated
April 5, 1996 that so long as one or both of his translators continue to rebroadcast WJUX's off-air
programming, he must cease from having any interest in or connection with WJUX. Alternatively,
the Bureau advised that so long as Turro continues to have an interest in or connection with WJUX,
he must cease from rebroadcasting its programming over his translators. The Bureau afforded Turro
sixty days to come into compliance with 47 C.F.R. 74.1232. At the same time, the Bureau
acknowledged that its 1991 letter advised Turro that his proposal would not be prohibited by the
Commission's rules, but stated that its earlier letter contemplated a minimal connection between
Turro and the primary station and did not anticipate the substantial relationship that Turro
subsequently established with WJUX.
88. In response to the Bureau's April 5, 1996 letter, on May 31, 1996, Turro filed an
application to assign his translator licenses to a trust created for his benefit but controlled by a
trustee, Stephen M. Gansler. In a June 5, 1996 letter, the Bureau authorized Turro to continue his
stations' current program service during the pendency of the assignment application. On August 13,
1996, the Bureau ruled that Turro's assignment proposal did not comply with the April 5, 1996
directive -- largely because Turro retained an interest as the beneficiary of the proposed trust -- and
it ordered Turro to state what further steps he would take to achieve compliance. Gerard A. Turro,
11 FCC Rcd 22346 (1996). On September 6, 1996, Turro requested the dismissal of that
assignment application, and we granted this request in the HDO. On the same date, Turro filed a
new application to assign his translator stations to Press Broadcasting, Inc. In the HDO, we stated
that we would hold this application in abeyance pending the resolution of the designated hearing
issues. There the matter stands.
89. We will not grant Universal's request that we order Turro to comply with 47 C.F.R.
74.1232(d) by immediately terminating his connection with WJUX or ceasing to rebroadcast its
signal. As explained in the HDO, and confirmed in this decision, because Turro's understanding of
the Bureau's 1991 ruling was not unreasonable, we decided not to pursue in this proceeding any
violation of Section 74.1232(d). Moreover, we believe this result is further supported by the recent
opinion of the court of appeals in Trinity Broadcasting of Florida, Inc. v. FCC, No. 99-1183 (D.C.
Cir. May 5, 2000). There the court vacated the Commission's denial of renewal of a broadcast
license because the Commission had failed to give fair notice of the requirement upon which the
denial was based. Similarly, in this case, Turro was not afforded adequate notice in 1991 in response
to his request for a declaratory ruling that his proposed time brokerage arrangement would be
violative of Section 74.1232(d), and it therefore would be inappropriate to impose a sanction upon
him based on this violation.
90. It now appears that Turro is attempting to come into compliance with the rule and the
Bureau's April 1996 directive by assigning his licenses to Press. Indeed, from the time he was
informed of the Bureau's revised understanding of the prevailing law in April 1996, Turro has timely
sought to comply by assigning his licenses. According to Turro, he is currently proposing an
"unconditional sale" of his translators to Press (Opposition to Renewed Petition for Extraordinary
Relief at 6), a transaction that presumably contains none of the objectionable features of the trust
arrangement previously proposed by Turro and rejected by the Bureau. As such, grant of the
pending assignment application may well moot any remaining question of Turro's rule compliance.
As noted, we have held this assignment application in abeyance pending completion of this hearing
proceeding, and we believe that the pending assignment application is the appropriate context for
resolution of this matter. Accordingly we direct the Bureau to consider, on the basis of its review
and disposition of Turro's assignment application, whether any further action is required to
accomplish full compliance with our translator rules.
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND ORDERING CLAUSES
91. We conclude that neither Turro nor Monticello engaged in an unauthorized transfer of
control of WJUX, that Monticello fundamentally complied with the rules governing the maintenance
of a main studio for WJUX, that Turro did not misrepresent or lack candor to the Commission
concerning the operation of his translator stations, that Monticello did not misrepresent or lack
candor to the Commission concerning the operation of WJUX, and that the ALJ correctly resolved
the issue of Turro's compliance with the rules governing the operation of translator stations.
Therefore, we conclude that the public interest will be served by a grant of Turro's applications for
renewal of his translator licenses, and that Monticello possesses the requisite qualifications to be and
remain a Commission broadcast permittee.
92. ACCORDINGLY, IT IS ORDERED That the Motion for Expedited Processing filed
October 20, 1999 by Universal Broadcasting of New York, Inc. IS DISMISSED; and that the
Renewed Petition for Extraordinary Relief and Issuance of an Order Requiring Turro to Come into
Immediate Compliance with 47 C.F.R. 74.1232 filed October 20, 1999 by Universal Broadcasting
of New York, Inc. IS DENIED.
93. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED That the applications of Gerard A. Turro for renewal of
license for FM translator stations W276AQ(FM), Fort Lee, New Jersey, and W232AL(FM),
Pomona, New York (File Nos. BRFT-970129YC and BRFT-970129YD), ARE GRANTED.
94. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED That the construction permit of Monticello Mountaintop
Broadcasting, Inc. for FM radio station WJUX(FM), Monticello, New York, IS NOT REVOKED.
95. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED That the application of Monticello Mountaintop
Broadcasting, Inc. for a license to cover the construction of WJUX's facilities (File No. BLH-
941031KD) IS GRANTED.
96. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED That this proceeding IS TERMINATED.
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Magalie Roman Salas
Secretary
| en |
converted_docs | 668168 | -------------------------- -- ----------------------- ------------------------
**Key:** **Principle type and/or
purpose of contract:**
FP SUP = Fixed-Price COM SVC = Communication
Supply Services
P or C = Provision or CR SUP = DDR = Dismantling,
Clause Cost-Reimbursement Demolition, or Removal
Supply of Improvements
BR = Is Incorporation By FP R&D = Fixed-Price
Reference authorized? Research & Development
UCF = Uniform Contract CR R&D = A-E =
Format Section, when Cost-Reimbursement Architect-Engineering
applicable Research & Development
FP SVC = Fixed-Price FAC = Facilities
Service
CR SVC = Cost IND DEL = Indefinite
Reimbursement Service Delivery
R = Required FP CON = Fixed-Price TRN = Transportation
Construction
A = CR CON = Cost SP = Small Purchases
Required-When-Applicable Reimbursement
Construction
O = Optional T&M LH = Time & UTL SVC = Utility
Material/Labor Hours Services
X = Revision LMV = Leasing of Motor
Vehicles
-------------------------- -- ----------------------- ------------------------
<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><strong>Provision or Clause</strong></th>
<th><p><strong>Prescribed</strong></p>
<p><strong>In</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>P</strong></p>
<p><strong>or</strong></p>
<p><strong>C</strong></p></th>
<th><strong>IBR</strong></th>
<th><strong>UCF</strong></th>
<th><p><strong>FP</strong></p>
<p><strong>SUP</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>CR</strong></p>
<p><strong>SUP</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>FP</strong></p>
<p><strong>R&D</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>CR</strong></p>
<p><strong>R&D</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>FP</strong></p>
<p><strong>SVC</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>CR</strong></p>
<p><strong>SVC</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>FP</strong></p>
<p><strong>CON</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>CR</strong></p>
<p><strong>CON</strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>T&M</strong></p>
<p><strong>LH</strong></p></th>
<th><strong>LMV</strong></th>
<th><p><strong>COM</strong></p>
<p><strong>SVC</strong></p></th>
<th><strong>DDR</strong></th>
<th><strong>A&E</strong></th>
<th><strong>FAC</strong></th>
<th><p><strong>IND</strong></p>
<p><strong>DEL</strong></p></th>
<th><strong>TRN</strong></th>
<th><strong>SP</strong></th>
<th><p><strong>UTL</strong></p>
<p><strong>SVC</strong></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.211-70</p>
<p>Index for Specifications</p></td>
<td> 1211.204-70</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.216-70</p>
<p>Evaluation of Offers Subject to an Economic Price Adjustment
Clause</p></td>
<td> 1216.203-470</td>
<td>P</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.216-71</p>
<p>Determination of</p>
<p>Award Fee</p></td>
<td> 1216.406-70(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.216-72</p>
<p>Performance</p>
<p>Evaluation Plan</p></td>
<td>1216.406-70(b)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.216-73</p>
<p>Distribution of Award Fee</p></td>
<td>1216.406-70(c)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.216-74</p>
<p>Settlement of Letter Contract</p></td>
<td>1216.603-4</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.217-70</p>
<p>Guarantee</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.217-71</p>
<p>Delivery & Shifting</p>
<p>of Vessel</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(i)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.217-72</p>
<p>Performance</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(i)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.217-73</p>
<p>Inspection and Manner of Doing Work</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(i)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.217-74</p>
<p>Subcontracts</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(i)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.217-75</p>
<p>Lay Days</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(c)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.217-76</p>
<p>Liability and Insurance</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(ii)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.217-77</p>
<p>Title</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(ii)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.217-78</p>
<p>Discharge of Liens</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(ii)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.217-79</p>
<p>Delays</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(ii)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.217-80</p>
<p>Department of Labor Safety and Health Regulations for Ship
Repair</p></td>
<td>1217.7000(b)(ii)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.219-70</p>
<p>Small Business and Small Disadvantaged Business Subcontracting
Report</p></td>
<td>1219.708-70</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.219-71</p>
<p>Section 8(a) Direct Award</p></td>
<td>1219.811-3(f)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.219-72</p>
<p>Notification of Competition Limited to Eligible 8(a) Concerns
Alternate III</p></td>
<td>1219.811-3(d)(3)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.222-70</p>
<p>Strikes or Picketing Affecting Timely Completion of</p>
<p>the Contract Work</p></td>
<td>1222.101-71(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.222-71</p>
<p>Strikes or Picketing Affecting Access to a DOT Facility</p></td>
<td>1222.101-71(b)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.223-70</p>
<p>Removal or Disposal of Hazardous Substances - Applicable Licenses and
Permits</p></td>
<td>1223.303</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.223-71</p>
<p>Accident and</p>
<p>Fire Reporting</p></td>
<td>1223.7000(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.223-72</p>
<p>Protection of</p>
<p>Human Subjects</p></td>
<td>1223.7000(b)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.223-73</p>
<p>Seat Belt Use Policies</p>
<p>and Programs</p></td>
<td>1223.7000(c)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.228-70</p>
<p>Loss of or Damage</p>
<p>to Leased Aircraft</p></td>
<td>1228.306-70(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.228-71</p>
<p>Fair Market Value of Aircraft</p></td>
<td>1228.306-70(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.228-72</p>
<p>Risk and Indemnities</p></td>
<td>1228.306-70(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.228-73</p>
<p>Notification of Miller Act Payment Bond Protection</p></td>
<td>1228.106-470</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.231-70</p>
<p>Date of Incurrence of Costs</p></td>
<td>1231.205-32(b)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.235-70</p>
<p>Research Misconduct</p></td>
<td>1235.7000</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>R</td>
<td>R</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.236-70</p>
<p>Special Precautions for Work at Operating Airports</p></td>
<td>1236.570</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.237-70</p>
<p>Qualifications of</p>
<p>Contractor Employees</p></td>
<td>1237.110(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.237-71</p>
<p>Certification of Data</p></td>
<td><p>1213.7101</p>
<p>1237.7003(a)</p></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.237-72</p>
<p>Prohibition on Advertising</p></td>
<td><p>1213.7101</p>
<p>1237.7003(a)</p></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.237-73</p>
<p>Key Personnel</p></td>
<td>1237.110(b)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.239-70</p>
<p>Security Requirements for Unclassified Information Technology
Resources</p></td>
<td>1239.70</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.239-71</p>
<p>Information Technology Security Plan and Accreditation</p></td>
<td>1239.70</td>
<td>P</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>L</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.242-70</p>
<p>Dissemination of Information –</p>
<p>Educational Institutions</p></td>
<td>1242.7000(a)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.242-71</p>
<p>Contractor Testimony</p></td>
<td>1242.7000(b)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.242-72</p>
<p>Dissemination of</p>
<p>Contract Information</p></td>
<td>1242.7000(c)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1252.242-73</p>
<p>Contracting Officers Technical Representative</p></td>
<td>1242.7000(d)</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1252.245-70</p>
<p>Government</p>
<p>Property Reports</p></td>
<td>1245.505-70</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>YES</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
| en |
all-txt-docs | 019142 |
*Pages 1--5 from Microsoft Word - 36879*
Federal Communications Commission Washington, D. C. 20554
DA 04- 767 Released: March 24, 2004
1800E3- JLB
WBDC Broadcasting, Inc. c/ o Thomas P. Van Wazer, Esq.
Sidley Austin Brown & Wood LP 1501 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20005
West Virginia Educational Broadcasting Authority
c/ o Kenneth E. Satten, Esq. Wilkinson Barker Knauer, LLP
2300 N Street, N. W. Suite 700
Washington, D. C. 20037
Re: Special Temporary Authority to Operate Television Translator Station And
For Minor Modification of W44AA Martinsburg, West Virginia
File Nos. BPTT- 20030509AAW and BSTA- 20030509ACL; Facility ID 71688
Dear Licensees:
This is with respect to the petition to deny filed by WBDC Broadcasting, Inc. (WBDC), the licensee of WBDC- TV, channel 50, Washington, D. C., requesting that the Commission deny
the above- referenced application for minor modification of television translator station W44AA, licensed to the West Virginia Educational Broadcasting Authority (WVEBA). WBDC also
requests that we rescind the grant of the Special Temporary Authority (STA) authorizing WVEBA to operate a television translator station on channel 50 at Martinsburg, West Virginia.
According to WBDC, WVEBAs operation on channel 50 pursuant to STA causes interference to the direct reception of WBDC- TVs signal in and around Hagerstown, Maryland, in
violation of Section 74.703( b) of the Commissions rules.
Background. WVEBA originally operated television translator station W44AA on channel 44, but was displaced by the grant of a co- channel full service digital television
application at Hagerstown, Maryland. On May 5, 2003, WVEBA filed the above- referenced displacement application to change to channel 50, and several days later, filed an STA request to
operate a television translator station in accordance with the displacement application. The staff
1
2
granted WVEBAs STA request on May 14, 2003, and WVEBA began operations on channel 50 on July 2, 2003.
WBDC filed a petition to deny the displacement application on August 8 th , alleging the WVEBAs operation pursuant to the STA was interfering with Antietam Cables over- the- air
reception of WBDC- TV in Hagerstown, Maryland. In support, WBDC submits the declaration of John Handley, its chief engineer, who states that sometime in July, Antietam Cables chief
engineer asked if WBDC was having technical problems because they could no longer receive WBDCs over- the- air signal on channel 50. According to Handley, [ s] ubsequent investigation
[by Antietam] ultimately determined that the signal of translator W44AA . . . pursuant to a grant of [STA] was swamping Antietams over- the- air reception of WBDC, at both a receive antenna
mounted approximately 75 feet on a tower in Antietam Cables parking lot, and on Antietams search antenna that was mounted on a rotor approximately 25 feet high on top of their building.
Handley further claims that once Jack Wells, the WVEBA engineer responsible for the STA operation, verified that the station was operating consistent with the technical parameters of the
STA, Wells indicated to Handley that he would take no further action relating to this issue.
One week later, WBDC filed a supplement to its petition to deny the displacement application, and also requested that the Commission rescind the STA. According to Handley, he
learned that the STA operation would be off- the- air for approximately an hour mid- day on August 13 th , and used the opportunity to take photographs of the WBDC- TV picture signal --
both with the STA on- the- air and off- the- air -- at three separate sites. 1 According to WBDC, a comparison of these pictures clearly demonstrates that [the] STA operation interferes with the
direct reception of WBDCs signal. Handley also states that a viewer named Bill Weston in Rippon, West Virginia, which is located outside the WBDC- TV predicted Grade B contour,
indicated to me earlier this year that he was receiving over- the- air signal very well despite being just outside WBDCs Grade B contour, and that at Handleys request, Weston took photographs
of the signal he received in his home on August 13 th , both when the STA was on and off the air.
In its opposition, WVEBA argues that the petition should be dismissed because: (1) no complaints have been submitted from viewers within the Grade B contour of WBDC- TV
alleging that operation of the STA facility causes interference to the direct reception of WBDC-TVs signal; (2) the exhibits submitted do not support the claim of harmful interference; and (3)
Section 74.703( b) does not protect reception at a cable headend located outside WBDC- TVs predicted Grade B contour, and even if it did, the allegation of interference is unsubstantiated.
WVEBA also disputes WBDCs characterization of its efforts to resolve interference issues, and reiterates its willingness to cooperate with WBDC to identify and implement a technical
solution, if interference cognizable under the Commissions rules is documented.
1 Handley claims that Wells told him that WVETA was taking the STA operation off- air for maintenance on August
13 th , while Wells claims that Handley called him to propose a phase cancellation test at Antietam Cables headend. According to Wells, Handley asked if WVETA would turn off the transmitter on August 13 th for approximately one
hour, which Wells agreed to do. We do not find this apparent discrepancy to be material to any issues raised in this case.
2
3
In reply, WBDC argues that procedurally, the STA should not have been granted prior to appearing on public notice for comment. WBDC also asserts that Section 74.703( b) requires
more than cooperation from WVEBA; it requires WVEBA to assume affirmative responsibility (including financial responsibility) for initiating testing and deploying solutions to correct
interference problems, which WVEBA has refused to do. In addition, WBDC contends that Section 74.703( b) does not, as WVEBA claims, permit translators to interfere with the signal of a
full service station received outside of its predicted Grade B contour. Rescission of the STA is especially appropriate here, argues WBDC, where interference is occurring and WVEBA could
operate on either channel 29 or 38, rather than the present channel 50. Finally, WBDC submits an email message from Weston, the viewer who provided photographs, who states that he is no
longer able to receive an off- the- air watchable signal from WBDC- TV, and a handwritten note from another viewer in Hagerstown, stating that I used to get channel 50 very good . . . but now
I have a great deal of interference, so bad that I can no longer watch. 2
Discussion. Initially, with respect to WBDCs procedural argument that the staff erred in granting the STA prior to public notice and comment period, we note that Section 309( c)( 2)( C)
of the Communications Act specifically exempts from the notice and comment requirement in Section 309( c)( b), applications for a license under Section 319( c), or, pending application for or
grant of such license, any special or temporary authorization to permit interim operation to facilitate completion of authorized construction or to provide substantially the same service as
would be authorized by such license. Thus, the staffs grant of the STA was not procedurally infirm.
Television translator stations, as well as stations operating pursuant to special temporary authority, are authorized on a secondary basis. Thus, Section 74.703( a) provides that:
It shall be the responsibility of the licensee of a [television translator station] to correct at its expense any condition of interference to the direct reception of the signal of any other
TV broadcast analog station and DTV station operating on the same channel as that used by the [television translator station] . . .. Interference will be considered to occur
whenever reception of a regularly used signal is impaired by the signals radiated by the [television translator station], regardless of the quality of the reception or the strength of
the signal so used.
Moreover, WVEBAs STA is specifically conditioned upon the avoidance of interference to any existing broadcast facilities. WBDC is correct that it is WVEBAs responsibility to take
corrective action to resolve interference to WBDC- TVs regularly used signal. Based on the record before us, however, we conclude that WBDC has not met its burden to demonstrate that
such interference has occurred.
When considering allegations of interference from a translator station to the signal of a full service television station beyond the full service stations predicted Grade B contour, the
2 By letter dated November 14, 2003, WBDC raised the same matters in connection with WVEBAs request for an
extension of the STA.
3
4
Commission employs a balancing test. In so doing, the Commission considers whether there are wide- spread complaints of interference from over- the- air viewers and whether there are any
anomalous reception conditions, such as location on the top of a hill or a viewers use of a taller or more sophisticated than normal outdoor receiving antenna. See, e. g., Report and Order in BC
Docket No. 78- 253, 51 RR 2d 476, 493- 94 (1982).
WVEBAs translator station has been operating pursuant to an STA for over eight months, and WBDC has submitted interference complaints from only two viewers. With respect
to Westons complaint, we note that Rippon, West Virginia, is located outside WBDC- TVs predicted Grade B contour, and that Weston admits that he uses an on- mast amplifier and rotor to
receive the signal. As we explained above, in balancing consideration of interference occurring outside of a stations predicted Grade B contour, the Commission treats anomalous reception
conditions such as a viewers use of a taller than normal outdoor receiving antenna as a mitigating circumstance in favor of the translator station. We have also examined the
photographs submitted by Weston, and cannot consider them probative of interference. The photos were taken from different angles and distances, and compare a photo of a camera shot
with a photo of an animated cartoon, making it difficult to make comparisons in signal quality. The other viewer only states that he used to get a good signal from WBDC- TV, but no longer
does. Thus, we have insufficient evidence on which to reach a conclusion that WVEBAs STA operation is the source of the alleged interference. 3
Finally, with respect to the interference allegedly received by Antietam Cable, we find it unnecessary to resolve the disputed applicability of Section 74.703 to this matter. With respect to
the interference allegedly received by Antietam Cable, WBDC relies solely on the hearsay assertion of Handley that he was told that Antietam Cables reception was impaired, and that the
cable company somehow determined that the impairment resulted from the STA operation. There is no statement from a person with personal knowledge of the alleged impairment in
reception, or any explanation how Antietam Cable arrived at the conclusion, advanced by Handley, that such impairment was due to the STA operation, and not some other source. This
falls far short of the type of documentation we require in support of an interference complaint. Moreover, Antietam Cables stated reception of the WBDC- TV signal, some 23 kilometers
beyond the WBDC- TV predicted Grade B contour, was either due to use of a sophisticated receiving system (a search antenna) or the use of a taller than normal outdoor receiving antenna.
3 With respect to WBDCs supplemental showing, we do not find the submitted photographs to be relevant. These
photographs, taken of television signals received in a vehicle parked in a residential neighborhood, a parking lot and at a highway intersection, do not represent viewer complaints that reception of a regularly used signal is impaired.
Nor would they be probative evidence that WBDC was receiving interference from the translator station. As WVEBA points out, WBDC did not explain its criteria for selecting the sites at which to take photographs, or
address whether there were other conditions or events that might affect signal reception. In addition, the photos were taken from different angles and distances, making it difficult to make comparisons in signal quality, and many
of the photos include reflections from the inside of the vehicle or the outdoors, which further distort the photographed reception.
4
5
Under these circumstances, we conclude that WBDC has not presented an actionable claim of interference with respect to Antietam Cable. 4
Based upon the information provided by WBDC, we conclude that it has not submitted sufficient facts to raise a prima facie question as to whether grant of the WVEBA displacement
application would be inconsistent with the public interest. Accordingly, the petition to deny and objection and request for recission of special temporary authority, filed by WBCD Broadcasting,
Inc. ARE HEREBY DENIED, and the application for a construction permit for a television translator station on channel 50 at Martinsburg, West Virginia, filed by the West Virginia
Educational Broadcast Authority IS HEREBY GRANTED. Although we are granting this construction permit application, we emphasize that, pursuant to the provisions of Section
74.703( a), if the translators operation causes actual interference to WBDC- TVs regularly used signal and results in viewer interference complaints, WVETV will be required to resolve all such
complaints, and, if necessary, discontinue operations on Channel 50.
Sincerely,
Barbara A. Kreisman Chief, Video Division
Media Bureau
4 We also note that the interference alleged to Antietem Cable is not to a cable head end, but rather to Antietem
Cables direct off the air reception of WBDC- TVs signal.
5
| en |
converted_docs | 507613 | {width="0.8631944444444445in"
height="0.9270833333333334in"}
**UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY**
**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460**
**OFFICE OF**
**PREVENTION, PESTICIDES**
**AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES**
**[MEMORANDUM]{.underline}**
DATE: December 20, 2005
SUBJECT: **Triazole Alanine and Triazole Acetic Acid.** Acute and
Chronic Dietary Exposure Assessments to Support Reregistration and
Registration Actions for Triazole-derivative Fungicides
> PC Code: 600011 and 600082
>
> DP Number: 322239
REVIEWER: Michael Doherty, Ph.D., Chemist
> Registration Action Branch II
>
> and
>
> David E. Hrdy, Biologist
>
> Chemistry Exposure Branch
>
> Health Effects Division (7509C)
THROUGH: Christina Swartz, Branch Chief, RAB2
> Thurston Morton, Chemist
>
> Dietary Exposure Science Advisory Council (DESAC)
>
> Health Effects Division (7509C)
>
> Richard Loranger, Ph.D., Branch Senior Scientist
>
> Registration Action Branch II
>
> Health Effects Division (7509C)
TO: Michael Doherty, Ph.D., Chemist
> Registration Action Branch II
>
> Health Effects Division (7509C)
**Executive Summary**
Acute and chronic dietary risk assessments were conducted using the
Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM-FCID, Version 2.03), which uses
food consumption data from the USDA=s Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes
by Individuals (CSFII) from 1994-1996 and 1998. The analyses were
performed to support reregistration eligibility decisions (REDs) and
registration new use/new active ingredient actions for the class of
compounds known as the triazole-derivative fungicides. Physical and
biological processes in plants, livestock, humans, and the environment
have the potential to form 1,2,4-triazole from this class of compounds.
1,2,4-triazole is primarily an animal metabolite. Although
1,2,4-triazole does form in plants, it is conjugated with serine to form
triazole alanine (TA) and then further oxidized to form triazole acetic
acid (TAA), leaving lesser amounts of 1,2,4-triazole as a terminal
residue. The conjugate metabolites triazole alanine and triazole acetic
acid are the subject of this assessment. Dietary exposures and risk
associated with 1,2,4-triazole are addressed in a separate document (M.
Doherty, DP 322238, 11/1/05)
The assessments are based on registered, pending, and proposed
agricultural uses of triazole-derivative fungicides as of September 1,
2005. New use, new a.i., and emergency exemption petitions received by
the Agency after that date are not explicitly included in the
assessments. Dietary exposure and risk estimates associated with any
such petitions [may]{.underline} be sufficiently addressed by this
assessment depending on the use, the crop, and the nature of the parent
fungicide.
For the acute and chronic assessments, residue estimates were derived
from parent compound tolerance values, taking into consideration any
monitoring data that were available for TA and TAA. Both acute and
chronic assessments make the conservative assumption that 100% of foods
with triazole-derivative fungicide registrations (active, pending, and
requested) were treated with a triazole-derivative fungicide. Both
assessments are deterministic and include residue estimates for water. A
cancer assessment was not conducted. Although there is some concern
regarding the carcinogenicity of the triazole metabolites, including TA
and TAA, HED believes that the chronic dietary exposure assessment is
sufficiently protective of any cancer related effects.
The acute exposure estimate for combined residues of TA and TAA for
females 13-49 years of age is 0.0274 mg/kg/day at the 95^th^ percentile
of exposure and corresponds to a risk estimate of 27% of the acute
Population-Adjusted Dose (aPAD). Chronic exposure estimates range from
0.0054 to 0.0239 mg/kg/day. For the chronic exposure estimates, the
maximum is for children aged 1 to 2 years. The risk estimate associated
with that group is 27% of the chronic PAD (cPAD). HED is generally
concerned when risk estimates for any representative population subgroup
exceed 100% of the PAD. The risk estimates associated with TA/TAA are
below HED's level of concern. These assessments are considered to be
conservative because (1) the food residue estimates are derived from
parent fungicide tolerances or conservative use of monitoring data, (2)
the drinking water estimate is based on high-level assumptions regarding
residue estimates, and (3) all foods with existing, pending, and
proposed tolerances for one or more triazole-derivative fungicides were
assumed to have residues (i.e., 100% crop treated).
**I. Introduction**
Dietary risk assessment incorporates both exposure and toxicity of a
given pesticide. For acute and chronic assessments, the risk is
expressed as a percentage of a maximum acceptable dose (i.e., the dose
which HED has concluded will result in no unreasonable adverse health
effects). This dose is referred to as the population-adjusted dose
(PAD). The PAD is equivalent to the reference dose (RfD) divided by the
special FQPA Safety Factor.
For acute and non-cancer chronic exposures, HED is concerned when
estimated dietary risk exceeds 100% of the PAD; for cancer assessments,
HED is generally concerned when estimated cancer risk exceeds one in one
million (i.e., the risk exceeds 1 x 10^-6^). References which discuss
the acute and chronic risk assessments in more detail are available on
the EPA/pesticides web site: AAvailable Information on Assessing
Exposure from Pesticides, A User=s Guide,@ 6/21/2000, web link:
[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA‑PEST/2000/July/Day‑12/6061.pdf]{.underline}
; or see SOP 99.6 (8/20/99).
This is the first comprehensive dietary exposure assessment for TA and
TAA that has been conducted by the Health Effects Division.
**II. Residue Information**
*Food Residues*. Through a joint effort by the U.S. Triazole Task Force
(USTTF) and USDA's Pesticide Data Program (PDP), monitoring data
depicting residues of TA and TAA are available for apples, peaches,
wheat flour, bananas, eggs, peanut butter, soybeans, finished water,
strawberry, milk, grapes, and tomato. For all foods addressed by these
assessments, including those with monitoring data, an anticipated
residue was derived by converting the tolerance value for each parent
triazole-derivative fungicide to its TA equivalent using molecular
weight conversion factors. For the acute assessment, the highest
anticipated residue was used for a given food; for the chronic
assessment, the average anticipated residue was used. For foods with
monitoring data, the greater of the maximum monitoring data (maximum TA
plus maximum TAA) or the anticipated residue was used in the assessment;
the exception to this is oils, for which the lowest value was used do to
the low solubility of TA and TAA in oils. For all commodities except
those of peanut and cereal grain, the anticipated residues were used.
The maximum monitored residue value from peanut butter was used for
peanuts. For cereal grain commodities, the maximum monitored residue
value from wheat flour was used. The assessments include default
processing factors from DEEM Version 7.81. The Agency was recently made
aware of an issue with the analytical method for TA in soybeans in which
the method underestimates residues by 4 to 12 fold. That issue is still
being resolved. In order to ensure that this assessment does not
underestimate exposure to TA/TAA via soybean, all inputs for soybean
were multiplied by 10 in both the acute and chronic analyses.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1.
Summary of
Input Residue
Values for the
Acute and
Chronic Dietary
Analyses of
Triazole
Alanine and
Triazole Acetic
Acid.
--------------- -------- --------- ------------- --------- ----------- --------------
Food DEEM Anticipated Max. Remarks
Input Residue, ppm Monitored
Value, Residue,
ppm ppm^1^
Acute Chronic Acute Chronic
Pome Fruit 0.53 0.23 0.53 0.21 0.23 --
(Apple)
Artichoke 0.54 0.43 0.54 0.43 -- --
Asparagus 0.80 0.03 0.80 0.03 -- --
Banana 2.16 0.57 2.16 0.32 0.57 --
Dry Bean/Pea 0.23 0.12 0.23 0.12 -- --
Succulent 0.54 0.22 0.54 0.22 -- --
Bean/Pea
Blueberry 0.46 0.30 0.46 0.30 -- --
Caneberry 1.08 0.87 1.08 0.87 -- --
Canola 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.02 -- --
Carrot 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 -- --
Leafy Petioles 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 -- --
Barley 0.55 0.55 0.046 0.31 -- From wheat
flour
Oats 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.03 -- From wheat
flour
Rice 3.19 1.11 3.19 1.11 -- --
Rye 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.04 -- From wheat
flour
Wheat 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.03 -- From wheat
flour
Wheat Flour 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.03 0.55 --
Wild Rice 3.19 1.11 0.23 0.23 -- From rice
Citrus Group 0.46 0.23 0.46 0.23 -- --
Coffee 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 -- --
Field Corn 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.03 -- From wheat
flour
Sweet Corn 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.03 -- From wheat
flour
Cotton 1.01 0.26 1.01 0.26 -- --
Cranberry 0.46 0.24 0.46 0.24 -- --
Cucurbits 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.08 -- --
Currant 1.62 1.04 1.62 1.04 -- --
Elderberry 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 -- --
Grape 2.53 0.82 2.53 0.82 0.29 --
Raisin 2.53 0.82 2.53 0.82 -- --
Hops 15.20 7.60 15.20 7.60 -- --
Lychee 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 -- --
Mango 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 -- --
Mayhaw 0.38 0.19 0.38 0.19 -- --
Bulb Vegetables 0.14 0.09 0.14 0.09 -- --
Okra 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 -- --
Peanut 2.32 2.32 0.09 0.04 -- From peanut
butter
Peanut Butter 2.32 2.32 0.09 0.04 2.32 --
Peppers 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 -- --
Peppermint 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 -- --
Pineapple 1.59 0.82 1.59 0.82 -- --
Sorghum 0.55 0.55 0.09 0.05 -- From wheat
flour
Soybean 9.1 3.3 0.91 0.33 0.12 10X the
anticipated
residue to
account for
method issue.
Spearmint 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 -- --
Stone Fruit-no 1.08 0.95 1.08 0.74 0.95 --
cherry
Cherry 2.70 1.53 2.70 1.53 -- --
Strawberry 0.68 0.48 0.68 0.48 0.13 --
Sugar Beet 0.14 0.07 0.14 0.07 -- --
Sugar Beet 0.14 0.07 0.14 0.07 -- --
Molasses
Sunflower 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 -- --
Tomato 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.09 --
Turnip 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 -- --
Turnip Greens 2.28 2.28 2.28 0.04 -- From Leafy
petiole
Tree Nuts 0.19 0.11 0.19 0.11 -- --
Almond 0.19 0.11 0.19 0.11 -- --
Pecan 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 -- --
Pistachio 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 -- --
Poultry Meat 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 -- --
Poultry Fat 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 -- --
Poultry Meat 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 -- --
Byprod.
Poultry Liver 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 -- --
Egg 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.016 --
Cattle Meat 0.53 0.13 0.53 0.13 -- --
Cattle Fat 0.53 0.15 0.53 0.15 -- --
Cattle Meat 0.53 0.14 0.53 0.14 -- --
Byprod.
Cattle Liver 1.68 0.63 1.68 0.63 -- --
Cattle Kidney 0.91 0.29 0.91 0.29 -- --
Milk 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.04 0.01 --
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
^1^ Residue data for TA/TAA from USDA Pesticide Data Program or U.S.
Triazole Task Force monitoring data. Values are the combined maxima for
TA and TAA for monitored foods and do not reflect the maximum combined
residue of TA and TAA for a particular sample.
*Drinking Water*. Residues of 1,2,4-triazole in drinking water were
provided to HED by the Environmental Fate and Effects Division (I.
Maher, DP 320682, In Preparation). Due to the inter-conversion between
1,2,4-triazole, triazole alanine, and triazole acetic acid that may
occur in the environment, the residue estimates used in these
assessments are a summation of all three residues and, therefore,
represent an overestimate of actual concentrations of 1,2,4-triazole in
drinking water. The Tier II PRZM/EXAMS (surface water) and SCIGROW
(groundwater) residue estimates are summarized in Table 2. HED notes
that there were no detections of TA and only three detections of TAA in
any of the 271 water samples analyzed by PDP. The concentration of TAA
in the three samples with detections was less than or equal to 0.05 ppb
(0.00005 ppm). In order to use the 1,2,4-T data provided by EFED in this
assessment, the concentration values were multiplied by 2.26 to account
for the molecular weight difference between 1,2,4-T (69 Daltons) and TA
(156 Daltons). Using the value for TA is more conservative than using
the value for TAA.
---------------- ---------------- -------------- ---------------- ----------------
Table 2. Summary
of Estimated
Drinking Water
Concentrations
of
1,2,4-Triazole
and the Triazole
Acetic Acid
Equivalent.
Exposure Surface Water Groundwater
Duration Concentration, Concentration,
ppm ppm
1,2,4-Triazole Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole Triazole Alanine
Alanine
Acute 0.041 0.093 0.001 0.00226
Chronic 0.011 0.025 0.001 0.00226
---------------- ---------------- -------------- ---------------- ----------------
**III. DEEM-FCIDJ Program and Consumption Information**
1,2,4-Triazole acute and chronic dietary exposure assessments were
conducted using the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model software with the
Food Commodity Intake Database (DEEM-FCIDJ, Version 2.03), which
incorporates consumption data from USDA=s Continuing Surveys of Food
Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 and 1998. The 1994-96, 98 data
are based on the reported consumption of more than 20,000 individuals
over two non-consecutive survey days. Foods Aas consumed@ (e.g., apple
pie) are linked to EPA-defined food commodities (e.g. apples, peeled
fruit - cooked; fresh or N/S; baked; or wheat flour - cooked; fresh or
N/S, baked) using publicly available recipe translation files developed
jointly by USDA/ARS and EPA. For chronic exposure assessment,
consumption data are averaged for the entire U.S. population and within
population subgroups, but for acute exposure assessment are retained as
individual consumption events. Based on analysis of the 1994-96, 98
CSFII consumption data, which took into account dietary patterns and
survey respondents, HED concluded that it is most appropriate to report
risk for the following population subgroups: the general U.S.
population, all infants (\<1 year old), children 1-2, children 3-5,
children 6-12, youth 13-19, adults 20-49, females 13-49, and adults 50+
years old.
For chronic dietary exposure assessments, an estimate of the residue
level in each food or food-form (e.g., orange or orange juice) on the
food commodity residue list is multiplied by the average daily
consumption estimate for that food/food form. The resulting residue
consumption estimate for each food/food form is summed with the residue
consumption estimates for all other food/food forms on the commodity
residue list to arrive at the total average estimated exposure. Exposure
is expressed in mg/kg body weight/day and as a percent of the cPAD. This
procedure is performed for each population subgroup.
For acute exposure assessments, individual one-day food consumption data
are used on an individual-by-individual basis. The reported consumption
amounts of each food item can be multiplied by a residue point estimate
and summed to obtain a total daily pesticide exposure for a
deterministic exposure assessment, or Amatched@ in multiple random
pairings with residue values and then summed in a probabilistic
assessment. The resulting distribution of exposures is expressed as a
percentage of the aPAD on both a user (i.e., those who reported eating
relevant commodities/food forms) and a per-capita (i.e., those who
reported eating the relevant commodities as well as those who did not)
basis. In accordance with HED policy, per capita exposure and risk are
reported for all tiers of analysis. However, for tiers 1 and 2,
significant differences in user vs. per capita exposure and risk are
identified and noted in the risk assessment.
**IV. Toxicological Information**
Triazole alanine and triazole acetic acid are common metabolite of many
triazole-derivative fungicides. As a metabolite, there are no data
requirements, *per se*, for this compound. Nevertheless, a significant
amount of toxicological data is available and has been reviewed by HED.
The following summary table (Table 3) shows the doses selected for
assessing dietary exposure and their associated endpoints. Data are
insufficient at this time to assign a cancer classification to TA and
TAA. Available data indicate that cancers associated with these
compounds are likely to be a threshold effect and that a Q~1~^\*^
approach is not appropriate. An RfD-approach for assessing cancer has
been recommended. As such, the chronic exposure assessment is considered
to be protective of any potential cancer-related effects.
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------------+
| Number | | | |
| range | | | |
| C | | | |
| HAPTERTable | | | |
| 3. Summary | | | |
| of | | | |
| To | | | |
| xicological | | | |
| Doses and | | | |
| Endpoints | | | |
| for | | | |
| Triazole | | | |
| Alanine and | | | |
| Triazole | | | |
| Acetic Acid | | | |
| for Use in | | | |
| Dietary | | | |
| Risk | | | |
| A | | | |
| ssessments. | | | |
+=============+=============+==============+==========================+
| Exposure | Dose Used | Special FQPA | Study and Toxicological |
| Scenario | in Risk | SF\* and | Effects |
| | Assessment, | Level of | |
| | UF | Concern for | |
| | | Risk | |
| | | Assessment | |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------------+
| Acute | NOAEL = 100 | FQPA SF =1 | Prenatal developmental |
| Dietary | | | toxicity in rodents - |
| | mg/kg/day | aPAD = | rat |
| (females | | [acute | |
| 13-49) | UF = 1000 | RfD] | LOAEL = 300 mg/kg/day |
| | | {.underline} | |
| | Acute RfD = | | based on increased |
| | 0.1 | FQPA SF | incidence of skeletal |
| | mg/kg/day | | findings (unossified |
| | | = 0.1 | odontoid process). |
| | | mg/kg/day | |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------------+
| Acute | None | None | No appropriate dose and |
| Dietary | | | endpoint could be |
| (general | | | identified for these |
| population, | | | population groups. |
| including | | | |
| infants and | | | |
| children) | | | |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------------+
| Chronic | NOAEL = 90 | FQPA SF =1 | 90-Day oral toxicity in |
| Dietary | | | rodents - rat |
| | mg/kg/day | cPAD = | |
| (all | | [chronic | LOAEL = 370/400 |
| p | UF = 1000 | RfD] | mg/kg/day (M/F) based on |
| opulations) | | {.underline} | decreased leukocyte |
| | Chronic RfD | | counts in males and |
| | = 0.09 | FQPA SF | decreased triglycerides |
| | mg/kg/day | | in females. |
| | | = 0.09 | |
| | | mg/kg/day | |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------------+
| Cancer | I | | |
| | nsufficient | | |
| | data for a | | |
| | cancer | | |
| | clas | | |
| | sification. | | |
| | Based on | | |
| | the | | |
| | available | | |
| | i | | |
| | nformation, | | |
| | HED | | |
| | believes | | |
| | that an RfD | | |
| | approach is | | |
| | appropriate | | |
| | and that | | |
| | the cPAD is | | |
| | sufficient | | |
| | to assess | | |
| | cancer | | |
| | risk. | | |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------------+
**V. Results/Discussion**
*Acute Dietary Exposure Analysis*. The results of the acute dietary
exposure analysis are summarized in Table 4. As shown in the table, risk
estimates for the population subgroup females 13-49 years old (the only
population subgroup of interest for acute dietary assessments) is below
HED's level of concern at all presented percentiles of exposure. Based
on the conservative nature of this assessment, the 95^th^ percentile is
the most appropriate for regulatory purposes. At that percentile, the
acute risk estimate for this group is approximately 27% of the aPAD.
Approximately one sixth of the exposure is attributable to residues in
drinking water (data not shown).
--------------- ----------- ----------- -------- ---------- ----------- -------- ----------
Table 4. Acute
Dietary (Food +
Water) Direct
and Indirect
Exposure and
Risk Estimates
for Triazole
Alanine and
Triazole Acetic
Acid.
Population aPAD, Exposure Risk
Subgroup mg/kg/day Estimate, Estimate, %
mg/kg/day aPAD
95^th^ %ile 99^th^ 99.9^th^ 95^th^ %ile 99^th^ 99.9^th^
%ile %ile %ile %ile
Females 13-49 0.1 0.0274 27 0.0412 41 0.0827 83
yrs
--------------- ----------- ----------- -------- ---------- ----------- -------- ----------
*Chronic Dietary Exposure Analysis*. The results of the chronic dietary
exposure analysis are summarized in Table 5. As with the acute
assessment, risk estimates for all population subgroups are below HED's
level of concern. For the chronic assessment, the population subgroup
children aged 1 to 2 years has the highest exposure and risk estimates
(27% of the cPAD). Risk estimates for other population groups range from
approximately 6 to 22% of the cPAD. For these exposure estimates,
residues in water make up no more than approximately 10% of the total
dietary exposure (data not shown).
--------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------
Table 5.
Chronic Dietary
(Food + Water)
Direct and
Indirect
Exposure and
Risk Estimates
for Triazole
Alanine and
Triazole Acetic
Acid.
Population cPAD, Exposure Estimate, Risk Estimate, %
Subgroup mg/kg/day^\*^ mg/kg/day cPAD
U.S. Population 0.09 0.008038 9
(total)
All infants (\< 0.09 0.015955 18
1 year)
Children 1-2 0.09 0.023879 27
yrs
Children 3-5 0.09 0.019604 22
yrs
Children 6-12 0.09 0.012065 13
yrs
Youth 13-19 yrs 0.09 0.007293 8
Adults 20-49 0.09 0.006185 7
yrs
Adults 50+ yrs 0.09 0.005421 6
Females 13-49 0.09 0.005966 7
yrs
--------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------
**VI. Characterization of Inputs/Outputs**
Although these dietary exposure assessments are principally based on
anticipated residues, the data, selection criteria, and assumptions that
serve as the source of those residues are conservative in nature. Most
residue estimates used in the assessments are derived from
tolerance-level residues and it was assumed that 100% of foods with a
triazole-derivative-fungicide tolerance have residues of TA and TAA.
Overall, this assessment is considered to be conservative and likely
overestimates actual direct and indirect dietary exposure to TA and TAA.
Reviewed field trial data depicting measured residues of TA and TAA in
foods are likely to be available as HED progresses with evaluation of
new-use and new-active-ingredient petitions. Use of these data, as well
as incorporation of the entire distribution of monitoring data, will
result in more realistic dietary exposure and risk estimates and may be
useful if exposure and risk estimates require refinement.
**VII. Conclusions**
Based on conservative estimates of dietary exposure to triazole alanine
and triazole acetic acid, acute and chronic risk estimates for the
general U.S. population and all representative population subgroups,
including those of infants and children, are well below HED's level of
concern.
**VIII. List of Attachments**
1. Acute Food plus Water Residue Input File.
2. Chronic Food plus Water Residue Input File.
3. Acute Dietary Results Summary.
4. Chronic Dietary Results Summary.
Acute Food plus Water Residue Input File.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ver. 2.02
DEEM-FCID Acute analysis for TA/TAA
Residue file name: TA+TAA Acute Dir Food and Water.R98
Analysis Date 12-20-2005 Residue file dated: 12-20-2005/20:16:18/8
Reference dose (aRfD) = 0.1 mg/kg bw/day
Comment: RfDs are PADs. aPAD for Females 13-49 only
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
EPA Crop Def Res Adj.Factors Comment
Code Grp Food Name (ppm) #1 #2
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\--
14000030 14 Almond 0.190000 1.000 1.000
14000031 14 Almond-babyfood 0.190000 1.000 1.000
14000040 14 Almond, oil 0.190000 1.000 1.000
14000041 14 Almond, oil-babyfood 0.190000 1.000 1.000
11000070 11 Apple, fruit with peel 0.530000 1.000 1.000
11000080 11 Apple, peeled fruit 0.530000 1.000 1.000
11000081 11 Apple, peeled fruit-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
11000090 11 Apple, dried 0.530000 8.000 1.000
11000091 11 Apple, dried-babyfood 0.530000 8.000 1.000
11000100 11 Apple, juice 0.530000 1.300 1.000
11000101 11 Apple, juice-babyfood 0.530000 1.300 1.000
11000110 11 Apple, sauce 0.530000 1.000 1.000
11000111 11 Apple, sauce-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
12000120 12 Apricot 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12000121 12 Apricot-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12000130 12 Apricot, dried 1.080000 6.000 1.000
12000140 12 Apricot, juice 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12000141 12 Apricot, juice-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
95000160 O Artichoke, globe 0.540000 1.000 1.000
95000190 O Asparagus 0.800000 1.000 1.000
09020210 9B Balsam pear 0.110000 1.000 1.000
95000230 O Banana 2.160000 1.000 1.000
95000231 O Banana-babyfood 2.160000 1.000 1.000
95000240 O Banana, dried 2.160000 3.900 1.000
95000241 O Banana, dried-babyfood 2.160000 3.900 1.000
15000250 15 Barley, pearled barley 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000251 15 Barley, pearled barley-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000260 15 Barley, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000261 15 Barley, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000270 15 Barley, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
06030300 6C Bean, black, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06020310 6B Bean, broad, succulent 0.540000 1.000 1.000
06030320 6C Bean, broad, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06020330 6B Bean, cowpea, succulent 0.540000 1.000 1.000
06030340 6C Bean, cowpea, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030350 6C Bean, great northern, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030360 6C Bean, kidney, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06020370 6B Bean, lima, succulent 0.540000 1.000 1.000
06030380 6C Bean, lima, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030390 6C Bean, mung, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030400 6C Bean, navy, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030410 6C Bean, pink, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030420 6C Bean, pinto, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06010430 6A Bean, snap, succulent 0.540000 1.000 1.000
06010431 6A Bean, snap, succulent-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
21000440 M Beef, meat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
21000441 M Beef, meat-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
21000450 M Beef, meat, dried 0.530000 1.920 1.000
21000460 M Beef, meat byproducts 0.530000 1.000 1.000
21000461 M Beef, meat byproducts-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
21000470 M Beef, fat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
21000471 M Beef,fat-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
21000480 M Beef, kidney 0.910000 1.000 1.000
21000490 M Beef, liver 1.680000 1.000 1.000
21000491 M Beef, liver-babyfood 1.680000 1.000 1.000
01010520 1A Beet, sugar 0.140000 1.000 1.000
01010521 1A Beet, sugar-babyfood 0.140000 1.000 1.000
01010530 1A Beet, sugar, molasses 0.140000 1.000 1.000
01010531 1A Beet, sugar, molasses-babyfood 0.140000 1.000 1.000
13010550 13A Blackberry 1.080000 1.000 1.000
13010560 13A Blackberry, juice 1.080000 1.000 1.000
13010561 13A Blackberry, juice-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
13020570 13B Blueberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
13020571 13B Blueberry-babyfood 0.460000 1.000 1.000
13010580 13A Boysenberry 1.080000 1.000 1.000
14000590 14 Brazil nut 0.190000 1.000 1.000
15000650 15 Buckwheat 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000660 15 Buckwheat, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
14000680 14 Butternut 0.190000 1.000 1.000
09010750 9A Cantaloupe 0.110000 1.000 1.000
04020760 4B Cardoon 2.280000 1.000 1.000
01010780 1AB Carrot 0.090000 1.000 1.000
01010781 1AB Carrot-babyfood 0.090000 1.000 1.000
01010790 1AB Carrot, juice 0.090000 1.000 1.000
09010800 9A Casaba 0.110000 1.000 1.000
14000810 14 Cashew 0.190000 1.000 1.000
04020850 4B Celery 2.280000 1.000 1.000
04020851 4B Celery-babyfood 2.280000 1.000 1.000
04020860 4B Celery, juice 2.280000 1.000 1.000
04020870 4B Celtuce 2.280000 1.000 1.000
09020880 9B Chayote, fruit 0.110000 1.000 1.000
12000900 12 Cherry 2.700000 1.000 1.000
12000901 12 Cherry-babyfood 2.700000 1.000 1.000
12000910 12 Cherry, juice 2.700000 1.500 1.000
12000911 12 Cherry, juice-babyfood 2.700000 1.500 1.000
14000920 14 Chestnut 0.190000 1.000 1.000
40000930 P Chicken, meat 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000931 P Chicken, meat-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000940 P Chicken, liver 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000950 P Chicken, meat byproducts 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000951 P Chicken, meat byproducts-babyfoo 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000960 P Chicken, fat 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000961 P Chicken, fat-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000970 P Chicken, skin 0.030000 1.000 1.000
40000971 P Chicken, skin-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
06030980 6C Chickpea, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030981 6C Chickpea, seed-babyfood 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06030990 6C Chickpea, flour 0.230000 1.000 1.000
09021020 9B Chinese waxgourd 0.110000 1.000 1.000
10001060 10 Citrus citron 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10001070 10 Citrus hybrids 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10001080 10 Citrus, oil 0.460000 1.000 1.000
95001150 O Coffee, roasted bean 0.005000 1.000 1.000
95001160 O Coffee, instant 0.005000 1.000 1.000
15001200 15 Corn, field, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001201 15 Corn, field, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001210 15 Corn, field, meal 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001211 15 Corn, field, meal-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001220 15 Corn, field, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001230 15 Corn, field, starch 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001231 15 Corn, field, starch-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001240 15 Corn, field, syrup 0.550000 1.500 1.000
15001241 15 Corn, field, syrup-babyfood 0.550000 1.500 1.000
15001250 15 Corn, field, oil 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001251 15 Corn, field, oil-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001260 15 Corn, pop 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001270 15 Corn, sweet 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001271 15 Corn, sweet-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
95001280 O Cottonseed, oil 1.010000 1.000 1.000
95001281 O Cottonseed, oil-babyfood 1.010000 1.000 1.000
11001290 11 Crabapple 0.530000 1.000 1.000
95001300 O Cranberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
95001301 O Cranberry-babyfood 0.460000 1.000 1.000
95001310 O Cranberry, dried 0.460000 4.000 1.000
95001320 O Cranberry, juice 0.460000 1.100 1.000
95001321 O Cranberry, juice-babyfood 0.460000 1.100 1.000
09021350 9B Cucumber 0.110000 1.000 1.000
13021360 13B Currant 1.620000 1.000 1.000
13021370 13B Currant, dried 1.620000 1.000 1.000
13011420 13A Dewberry 1.080000 1.000 1.000
70001450 P Egg, whole 0.030000 1.000 1.000
70001451 P Egg, whole-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
70001460 P Egg, white 0.030000 1.000 1.000
70001461 P Egg, white (solids)-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
70001470 P Egg, yolk 0.030000 1.000 1.000
70001471 P Egg, yolk-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
13021490 13B Elderberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
04021520 4B Fennel, Florence 2.280000 1.000 1.000
14001550 14 Filbert 0.190000 1.000 1.000
14001560 14 Filbert, oil 0.190000 1.000 1.000
03001640 3 Garlic 0.140000 1.000 1.000
03001650 3 Garlic, dried 0.140000 1.000 1.000
03001651 3 Garlic, dried-babyfood 0.140000 1.000 1.000
23001690 M Goat, meat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
23001700 M Goat, meat byproducts 0.530000 1.000 1.000
23001710 M Goat, fat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
23001720 M Goat, kidney 0.910000 1.000 1.000
23001730 M Goat, liver 1.680000 1.000 1.000
13021740 13B Gooseberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
95001750 O Grape 2.530000 1.000 1.000
95001760 O Grape, juice 2.530000 1.200 1.000
95001761 O Grape, juice-babyfood 2.530000 1.200 1.000
95001770 O Grape, leaves 2.530000 1.000 1.000
95001780 O Grape, raisin 2.530000 4.300 1.000
95001790 O Grape, wine and sherry 2.530000 1.200 1.000
10001800 10 Grapefruit 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10001810 10 Grapefruit, juice 0.460000 2.100 1.000
06031820 6C Guar, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06031821 6C Guar, seed-babyfood 0.230000 1.000 1.000
14001850 14 Hickory nut 0.190000 1.000 1.000
09011870 9A Honeydew melon 0.110000 1.000 1.000
95001880 O Hop 15.200000 1.000 1.000
24001890 M Horse, meat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
13021910 13B Huckleberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10001970 10 Kumquat 0.460000 1.000 1.000
03001980 3 Leek 0.140000 1.000 1.000
10001990 10 Lemon 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10002000 10 Lemon, juice 0.460000 2.000 1.000
10002001 10 Lemon, juice-babyfood 0.460000 2.000 1.000
10002010 10 Lemon, peel 0.460000 1.000 1.000
06032030 6C Lentil, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10002060 10 Lime 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10002070 10 Lime, juice 0.460000 2.000 1.000
10002071 10 Lime, juice-babyfood 0.460000 2.000 1.000
13012080 13A Loganberry 1.080000 1.000 1.000
11002100 11 Loquat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
95002110 O Lychee 0.760000 1.000 1.000
95002120 O Lychee, dried 0.760000 1.850 1.000
14002130 14 Macadamia nut 0.190000 1.000 1.000
95002150 O Mango 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002151 O Mango-babyfood 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002160 O Mango, dried 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002170 O Mango, juice 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002171 O Mango, juice-babyfood 0.100000 1.000 1.000
28002210 M Meat, game 0.530000 1.000 1.000
27002220 D Milk, fat 0.110000 1.000 1.000
27002221 D Milk, fat - baby food/infant for 0.110000 1.000 1.000
27012230 D Milk, nonfat solids 0.110000 1.000 1.000
27012231 D Milk, nonfat solids-baby food/in 0.110000 1.000 1.000
27022240 D Milk, water 0.110000 1.000 1.000
27022241 D Milk, water-babyfood/infant form 0.110000 1.000 1.000
27032251 D Milk, sugar (lactose)-baby food/ 0.110000 1.000 1.000
15002260 15 Millet, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
12002300 12 Nectarine 1.080000 1.000 1.000
15002310 15 Oat, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002320 15 Oat, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002321 15 Oat, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002330 15 Oat, groats/rolled oats 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002331 15 Oat, groats/rolled oats-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
08002340 8 Okra 0.510000 1.000 1.000
03002370 3 Onion, dry bulb 0.140000 1.000 1.000
03002371 3 Onion, dry bulb-babyfood 0.140000 1.000 1.000
03002380 3 Onion, dry bulb, dried 0.140000 9.000 1.000
03002381 3 Onion, dry bulb, dried-babyfood 0.140000 9.000 1.000
03002390 3 Onion, green 0.140000 1.000 1.000
10002400 10 Orange 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10002410 10 Orange, juice 0.460000 1.800 1.000
10002411 10 Orange, juice-babyfood 0.460000 1.800 1.000
10002420 10 Orange, peel 0.460000 1.000 1.000
06022550 6B Pea, succulent 0.540000 1.000 1.000
06022551 6B Pea, succulent-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
06032560 6C Pea, dry 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06032561 6C Pea, dry-babyfood 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06012570 6A Pea, edible podded, succulent 0.540000 1.000 1.000
06032580 6C Pea, pigeon, seed 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06022590 6B Pea, pigeon, succulent 0.540000 1.000 1.000
12002600 12 Peach 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12002601 12 Peach-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12002610 12 Peach, dried 1.080000 7.000 1.000
12002611 12 Peach, dried-babyfood 1.080000 7.000 1.000
12002620 12 Peach, juice 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12002621 12 Peach, juice-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
95002630 O Peanut 2.300000 1.000 1.000
95002640 O Peanut, butter 2.300000 1.000 1.000
95002650 O Peanut, oil 0.090000 1.000 1.000
11002660 11 Pear 0.530000 1.000 1.000
11002661 11 Pear-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
11002670 11 Pear, dried 0.530000 6.250 1.000
11002680 11 Pear, juice 0.530000 1.000 1.000
11002681 11 Pear, juice-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
14002690 14 Pecan 0.050000 1.000 1.000
08002700 8 Pepper, bell 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002701 8 Pepper, bell-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002710 8 Pepper, bell, dried 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002711 8 Pepper, bell, dried-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002720 8 Pepper, nonbell 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002721 8 Pepper, nonbell-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002730 8 Pepper, nonbell, dried 0.540000 1.000 1.000
95002750 O Peppermint 1.620000 1.000 1.000
95002760 O Peppermint, oil 1.620000 1.000 1.000
95002790 O Pineapple 1.590000 1.000 1.000
95002791 O Pineapple-babyfood 1.590000 1.000 1.000
95002800 O Pineapple, dried 1.590000 5.000 1.000
95002810 O Pineapple, juice 1.590000 1.700 1.000
95002811 O Pineapple, juice-babyfood 1.590000 1.700 1.000
14002820 14 Pistachio 0.050000 1.000 1.000
95002830 O Plantain 2.160000 1.000 1.000
95002840 O Plantain, dried 2.160000 3.900 1.000
12002850 12 Plum 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12002851 12 Plum-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12002860 12 Plum, prune, fresh 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12002861 12 Plum, prune, fresh-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
12002870 12 Plum, prune, dried 1.080000 5.000 1.000
12002871 12 Plum, prune, dried-babyfood 1.080000 5.000 1.000
12002880 12 Plum, prune, juice 1.080000 1.400 1.000
12002881 12 Plum, prune, juice-babyfood 1.080000 1.400 1.000
25002900 M Pork, meat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
25002901 M Pork, meat-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
25002910 M Pork, skin 0.530000 1.000 1.000
25002920 M Pork, meat byproducts 0.530000 1.000 1.000
25002921 M Pork, meat byproducts-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
25002930 M Pork, fat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
25002931 M Pork, fat-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
25002940 M Pork, kidney 0.910000 1.000 1.000
25002950 M Pork, liver 1.680000 1.000 1.000
60003010 P Poultry, other, meat 0.030000 1.000 1.000
60003020 P Poultry, other, liver 0.030000 1.000 1.000
60003030 P Poultry, other, meat byproducts 0.030000 1.000 1.000
60003040 P Poultry, other, fat 0.030000 1.000 1.000
60003050 P Poultry, other, skin 0.030000 1.000 1.000
10003070 10 Pummelo 0.460000 1.000 1.000
09023080 9B Pumpkin 0.110000 1.000 1.000
09023090 9B Pumpkin, seed 0.110000 1.000 1.000
11003100 11 Quince 0.530000 1.000 1.000
29003120 M Rabbit, meat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
20003190 20 Rapeseed, oil 0.010000 1.000 1.000
13013200 13A Raspberry 1.080000 1.000 1.000
13013201 13A Raspberry-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
13013210 13A Raspberry, juice 1.080000 1.000 1.000
13013211 13A Raspberry, juice-babyfood 1.080000 1.000 1.000
04023220 4B Rhubarb 2.280000 1.000 1.000
15003230 15 Rice, white 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003231 15 Rice, white-babyfood 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003240 15 Rice, brown 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003241 15 Rice, brown-babyfood 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003250 15 Rice, flour 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003251 15 Rice, flour-babyfood 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003260 15 Rice, bran 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003261 15 Rice, bran-babyfood 3.190000 1.000 1.000
15003280 15 Rye, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15003290 15 Rye, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
03003380 3 Shallot 0.140000 1.000 1.000
26003390 M Sheep, meat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
26003391 M Sheep, meat-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
26003400 M Sheep, meat byproducts 0.530000 1.000 1.000
26003410 M Sheep, fat 0.530000 1.000 1.000
26003411 M Sheep, fat-babyfood 0.530000 1.000 1.000
26003420 M Sheep, kidney 0.910000 1.000 1.000
26003430 M Sheep, liver 1.680000 1.000 1.000
15003440 15 Sorghum, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15003450 15 Sorghum, syrup 0.550000 1.000 1.000
06003470 6 Soybean, seed 9.100000 1.000 1.000
06003480 6 Soybean, flour 9.100000 1.000 1.000
06003481 6 Soybean, flour-babyfood 9.100000 1.000 1.000
06003490 6 Soybean, soy milk 9.100000 1.000 1.000
06003491 6 Soybean, soy milk-babyfood or in 9.100000 1.000 1.000
06003500 6 Soybean, oil 9.100000 1.000 1.000
06003501 6 Soybean, oil-babyfood 9.100000 1.000 1.000
95003520 O Spearmint 1.620000 1.000 1.000
95003530 O Spearmint, oil 1.620000 1.000 1.000
09023560 9B Squash, summer 0.110000 1.000 1.000
09023561 9B Squash, summer-babyfood 0.110000 1.000 1.000
09023570 9B Squash, winter 0.110000 1.000 1.000
09023571 9B Squash, winter-babyfood 0.110000 1.000 1.000
95003590 O Strawberry 0.680000 1.000 1.000
95003591 O Strawberry-babyfood 0.680000 1.000 1.000
95003600 O Strawberry, juice 0.680000 1.000 1.000
95003601 O Strawberry, juice-babyfood 0.680000 1.000 1.000
20003640 20 Sunflower, seed 0.030000 1.000 1.000
20003650 20 Sunflower, oil 0.030000 1.000 1.000
20003651 20 Sunflower, oil-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
04023670 4B Swiss chard 2.280000 1.000 1.000
10003690 10 Tangerine 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10003700 10 Tangerine, juice 0.460000 2.300 1.000
08003740 8 Tomatillo 0.160000 1.000 1.000
08003750 8 Tomato 0.160000 1.000 1.000
08003751 8 Tomato-babyfood 0.160000 1.000 1.000
08003760 8 Tomato, paste 0.160000 5.400 1.000
08003761 8 Tomato, paste-babyfood 0.160000 5.400 1.000
08003770 8 Tomato, puree 0.160000 3.300 1.000
08003771 8 Tomato, puree-babyfood 0.160000 3.300 1.000
08003780 8 Tomato, dried 0.160000 14.300 1.000
08003781 8 Tomato, dried-babyfood 0.160000 14.300 1.000
08003790 8 Tomato, juice 0.160000 1.500 1.000
15003810 15 Triticale, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15003811 15 Triticale, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
50003820 P Turkey, meat 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003821 P Turkey, meat-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003830 P Turkey, liver 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003831 P Turkey, liver-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003840 P Turkey, meat byproducts 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003841 P Turkey, meat byproducts-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003850 P Turkey, fat 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003851 P Turkey, fat-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003860 P Turkey, skin 0.030000 1.000 1.000
50003861 P Turkey, skin-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
01013880 1AB Turnip, roots 0.200000 1.000 1.000
05023890 5B Turnip, greens 2.280000 1.000 1.000
14003910 14 Walnut 0.190000 1.000 1.000
86010000 O Water, direct, all sources 0.093000 1.000 1.000
86020000 O Water, indirect, all sources 0.093000 1.000 1.000
09013990 9A Watermelon 0.110000 1.000 1.000
09014000 9A Watermelon, juice 0.110000 1.000 1.000
15004010 15 Wheat, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004011 15 Wheat, grain-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004020 15 Wheat, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004021 15 Wheat, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004030 15 Wheat, germ 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004040 15 Wheat, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004050 15 Wild rice 3.190000 1.000 1.000
Chronic Food plus Water Residue Input File.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ver. 2.00
DEEM-FCID Chronic analysis for TA/TAA 1994-98 data
Residue file: TA+TAA Chronic Dir Food and Water.R98
Adjust. #2 NOT used
Analysis Date 12-20-2005 Residue file dated: 12-20-2005/20:21:39/8
Reference dose (RfD) = 0.09 mg/kg bw/day
Comment:RfDs are PADs. aPAD for Females 13-49 only
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
Food Crop Residue Adj.Factors Comment
EPA Code Grp Food Name (ppm)
#1 #2
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\--
14000030 14 Almond 0.110000 1.000 1.000
14000031 14 Almond-babyfood 0.110000 1.000 1.000
14000040 14 Almond, oil 0.110000 1.000 1.000
14000041 14 Almond, oil-babyfood 0.110000 1.000 1.000
11000070 11 Apple, fruit with peel 0.230000 1.000 1.000
11000080 11 Apple, peeled fruit 0.230000 1.000 1.000
11000081 11 Apple, peeled fruit-babyfood 0.230000 1.000 1.000
11000090 11 Apple, dried 0.230000 8.000 1.000
11000091 11 Apple, dried-babyfood 0.230000 8.000 1.000
11000100 11 Apple, juice 0.230000 1.300 1.000
11000101 11 Apple, juice-babyfood 0.230000 1.300 1.000
11000110 11 Apple, sauce 0.230000 1.000 1.000
11000111 11 Apple, sauce-babyfood 0.230000 1.000 1.000
12000120 12 Apricot 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12000121 12 Apricot-babyfood 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12000130 12 Apricot, dried 0.950000 6.000 1.000
12000140 12 Apricot, juice 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12000141 12 Apricot, juice-babyfood 0.950000 1.000 1.000
95000160 O Artichoke, globe 0.430000 1.000 1.000
95000190 O Asparagus 0.030000 1.000 1.000
09020210 9B Balsam pear 0.080000 1.000 1.000
95000230 O Banana 0.570000 1.000 1.000
95000231 O Banana-babyfood 0.570000 1.000 1.000
95000240 O Banana, dried 0.570000 3.900 1.000
95000241 O Banana, dried-babyfood 0.570000 3.900 1.000
15000250 15 Barley, pearled barley 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000251 15 Barley, pearled barley-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000260 15 Barley, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000261 15 Barley, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000270 15 Barley, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
06030300 6C Bean, black, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06020310 6B Bean, broad, succulent 0.220000 1.000 1.000
06030320 6C Bean, broad, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06020330 6B Bean, cowpea, succulent 0.220000 1.000 1.000
06030340 6C Bean, cowpea, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030350 6C Bean, great northern, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030360 6C Bean, kidney, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06020370 6B Bean, lima, succulent 0.220000 1.000 1.000
06030380 6C Bean, lima, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030390 6C Bean, mung, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030400 6C Bean, navy, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030410 6C Bean, pink, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030420 6C Bean, pinto, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06010430 6A Bean, snap, succulent 0.220000 1.000 1.000
06010431 6A Bean, snap, succulent-babyfood 0.220000 1.000 1.000
21000440 M Beef, meat 0.130000 1.000 1.000
21000441 M Beef, meat-babyfood 0.130000 1.000 1.000
21000450 M Beef, meat, dried 0.130000 1.920 1.000
21000460 M Beef, meat byproducts 0.140000 1.000 1.000
21000461 M Beef, meat byproducts-babyfood 0.140000 1.000 1.000
21000470 M Beef, fat 0.150000 1.000 1.000
21000471 M Beef,fat-babyfood 0.150000 1.000 1.000
21000480 M Beef, kidney 0.290000 1.000 1.000
21000490 M Beef, liver 0.630000 1.000 1.000
21000491 M Beef, liver-babyfood 0.630000 1.000 1.000
01010520 1A Beet, sugar 0.070000 1.000 1.000
01010521 1A Beet, sugar-babyfood 0.070000 1.000 1.000
01010530 1A Beet, sugar, molasses 0.070000 1.000 1.000
01010531 1A Beet, sugar, molasses-babyfood 0.070000 1.000 1.000
13010550 13A Blackberry 0.870000 1.000 1.000
13010560 13A Blackberry, juice 0.870000 1.000 1.000
13010561 13A Blackberry, juice-babyfood 0.870000 1.000 1.000
13020570 13B Blueberry 0.300000 1.000 1.000
13020571 13B Blueberry-babyfood 0.300000 1.000 1.000
13010580 13A Boysenberry 0.870000 1.000 1.000
14000590 14 Brazil nut 0.110000 1.000 1.000
15000650 15 Buckwheat 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15000660 15 Buckwheat, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
14000680 14 Butternut 0.110000 1.000 1.000
09010750 9A Cantaloupe 0.080000 1.000 1.000
04020760 4B Cardoon 2.280000 1.000 1.000
01010780 1AB Carrot 0.090000 1.000 1.000
01010781 1AB Carrot-babyfood 0.090000 1.000 1.000
01010790 1AB Carrot, juice 0.090000 1.000 1.000
09010800 9A Casaba 0.080000 1.000 1.000
14000810 14 Cashew 0.110000 1.000 1.000
04020850 4B Celery 2.280000 1.000 1.000
04020851 4B Celery-babyfood 2.280000 1.000 1.000
04020860 4B Celery, juice 2.280000 1.000 1.000
04020870 4B Celtuce 2.280000 1.000 1.000
09020880 9B Chayote, fruit 0.080000 1.000 1.000
12000900 12 Cherry 1.530000 1.000 1.000
12000901 12 Cherry-babyfood 1.530000 1.000 1.000
12000910 12 Cherry, juice 1.530000 1.500 1.000
12000911 12 Cherry, juice-babyfood 1.530000 1.500 1.000
14000920 14 Chestnut 0.110000 1.000 1.000
40000930 P Chicken, meat 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000931 P Chicken, meat-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000940 P Chicken, liver 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000950 P Chicken, meat byproducts 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000951 P Chicken, meat byproducts-babyfoo 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000960 P Chicken, fat 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000961 P Chicken, fat-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000970 P Chicken, skin 0.020000 1.000 1.000
40000971 P Chicken, skin-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
06030980 6C Chickpea, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030981 6C Chickpea, seed-babyfood 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06030990 6C Chickpea, flour 0.120000 1.000 1.000
09021020 9B Chinese waxgourd 0.080000 1.000 1.000
10001060 10 Citrus citron 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10001070 10 Citrus hybrids 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10001080 10 Citrus, oil 0.230000 1.000 1.000
95001150 O Coffee, roasted bean 0.005000 1.000 1.000
95001160 O Coffee, instant 0.005000 1.000 1.000
15001200 15 Corn, field, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001201 15 Corn, field, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001210 15 Corn, field, meal 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001211 15 Corn, field, meal-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001220 15 Corn, field, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001230 15 Corn, field, starch 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001231 15 Corn, field, starch-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001240 15 Corn, field, syrup 0.550000 1.500 1.000
15001241 15 Corn, field, syrup-babyfood 0.550000 1.500 1.000
15001250 15 Corn, field, oil 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001251 15 Corn, field, oil-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001260 15 Corn, pop 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001270 15 Corn, sweet 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15001271 15 Corn, sweet-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
95001280 O Cottonseed, oil 0.260000 1.000 1.000
95001281 O Cottonseed, oil-babyfood 0.260000 1.000 1.000
11001290 11 Crabapple 0.230000 1.000 1.000
95001300 O Cranberry 0.240000 1.000 1.000
95001301 O Cranberry-babyfood 0.240000 1.000 1.000
95001310 O Cranberry, dried 0.240000 4.000 1.000
95001320 O Cranberry, juice 0.240000 1.100 1.000
95001321 O Cranberry, juice-babyfood 0.240000 1.100 1.000
09021350 9B Cucumber 0.080000 1.000 1.000
13021360 13B Currant 1.040000 1.000 1.000
13021370 13B Currant, dried 1.040000 1.000 1.000
13011420 13A Dewberry 0.870000 1.000 1.000
70001450 P Egg, whole 0.020000 1.000 1.000
70001451 P Egg, whole-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
70001460 P Egg, white 0.020000 1.000 1.000
70001461 P Egg, white (solids)-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
70001470 P Egg, yolk 0.020000 1.000 1.000
70001471 P Egg, yolk-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
13021490 13B Elderberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
04021520 4B Fennel, Florence 2.280000 1.000 1.000
14001550 14 Filbert 0.110000 1.000 1.000
14001560 14 Filbert, oil 0.110000 1.000 1.000
03001640 3 Garlic 0.090000 1.000 1.000
03001650 3 Garlic, dried 0.090000 1.000 1.000
03001651 3 Garlic, dried-babyfood 0.090000 1.000 1.000
23001690 M Goat, meat 0.130000 1.000 1.000
23001700 M Goat, meat byproducts 0.140000 1.000 1.000
23001710 M Goat, fat 0.150000 1.000 1.000
23001720 M Goat, kidney 0.290000 1.000 1.000
23001730 M Goat, liver 0.630000 1.000 1.000
13021740 13B Gooseberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
95001750 O Grape 0.820000 1.000 1.000
95001760 O Grape, juice 0.820000 1.200 1.000
95001761 O Grape, juice-babyfood 0.820000 1.200 1.000
95001770 O Grape, leaves 0.820000 1.000 1.000
95001780 O Grape, raisin 0.820000 4.300 1.000
95001790 O Grape, wine and sherry 0.820000 1.200 1.000
10001800 10 Grapefruit 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10001810 10 Grapefruit, juice 0.230000 2.100 1.000
06031820 6C Guar, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06031821 6C Guar, seed-babyfood 0.120000 1.000 1.000
14001850 14 Hickory nut 0.110000 1.000 1.000
09011870 9A Honeydew melon 0.080000 1.000 1.000
95001880 O Hop 7.600000 1.000 1.000
24001890 M Horse, meat 0.130000 1.000 1.000
13021910 13B Huckleberry 0.460000 1.000 1.000
10001970 10 Kumquat 0.230000 1.000 1.000
03001980 3 Leek 0.090000 1.000 1.000
10001990 10 Lemon 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10002000 10 Lemon, juice 0.230000 2.000 1.000
10002001 10 Lemon, juice-babyfood 0.230000 2.000 1.000
10002010 10 Lemon, peel 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06032030 6C Lentil, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
10002060 10 Lime 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10002070 10 Lime, juice 0.230000 2.000 1.000
10002071 10 Lime, juice-babyfood 0.230000 2.000 1.000
13012080 13A Loganberry 0.870000 1.000 1.000
11002100 11 Loquat 0.230000 1.000 1.000
95002110 O Lychee 0.760000 1.000 1.000
95002120 O Lychee, dried 0.760000 1.850 1.000
14002130 14 Macadamia nut 0.110000 1.000 1.000
95002150 O Mango 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002151 O Mango-babyfood 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002160 O Mango, dried 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002170 O Mango, juice 0.100000 1.000 1.000
95002171 O Mango, juice-babyfood 0.100000 1.000 1.000
28002210 M Meat, game 0.130000 1.000 1.000
27002220 D Milk, fat 0.040000 1.000 1.000
27002221 D Milk, fat - baby food/infant for 0.040000 1.000 1.000
27012230 D Milk, nonfat solids 0.040000 1.000 1.000
27012231 D Milk, nonfat solids-baby food/in 0.040000 1.000 1.000
27022240 D Milk, water 0.040000 1.000 1.000
27022241 D Milk, water-babyfood/infant form 0.040000 1.000 1.000
27032251 D Milk, sugar (lactose)-baby food/ 0.040000 1.000 1.000
15002260 15 Millet, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
12002300 12 Nectarine 0.950000 1.000 1.000
15002310 15 Oat, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002320 15 Oat, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002321 15 Oat, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002330 15 Oat, groats/rolled oats 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15002331 15 Oat, groats/rolled oats-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
08002340 8 Okra 0.510000 1.000 1.000
03002370 3 Onion, dry bulb 0.090000 1.000 1.000
03002371 3 Onion, dry bulb-babyfood 0.090000 1.000 1.000
03002380 3 Onion, dry bulb, dried 0.090000 9.000 1.000
03002381 3 Onion, dry bulb, dried-babyfood 0.090000 9.000 1.000
03002390 3 Onion, green 0.090000 1.000 1.000
10002400 10 Orange 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10002410 10 Orange, juice 0.230000 1.800 1.000
10002411 10 Orange, juice-babyfood 0.230000 1.800 1.000
10002420 10 Orange, peel 0.230000 1.000 1.000
06022550 6B Pea, succulent 0.220000 1.000 1.000
06022551 6B Pea, succulent-babyfood 0.220000 1.000 1.000
06032560 6C Pea, dry 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06032561 6C Pea, dry-babyfood 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06012570 6A Pea, edible podded, succulent 0.220000 1.000 1.000
06032580 6C Pea, pigeon, seed 0.120000 1.000 1.000
06022590 6B Pea, pigeon, succulent 0.220000 1.000 1.000
12002600 12 Peach 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12002601 12 Peach-babyfood 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12002610 12 Peach, dried 0.950000 7.000 1.000
12002611 12 Peach, dried-babyfood 0.950000 7.000 1.000
12002620 12 Peach, juice 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12002621 12 Peach, juice-babyfood 0.950000 1.000 1.000
95002630 O Peanut 2.300000 1.000 1.000
95002640 O Peanut, butter 2.300000 1.000 1.000
95002650 O Peanut, oil 0.090000 1.000 1.000
11002660 11 Pear 0.230000 1.000 1.000
11002661 11 Pear-babyfood 0.230000 1.000 1.000
11002670 11 Pear, dried 0.230000 6.250 1.000
11002680 11 Pear, juice 0.230000 1.000 1.000
11002681 11 Pear, juice-babyfood 0.230000 1.000 1.000
14002690 14 Pecan 0.050000 1.000 1.000
08002700 8 Pepper, bell 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002701 8 Pepper, bell-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002710 8 Pepper, bell, dried 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002711 8 Pepper, bell, dried-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002720 8 Pepper, nonbell 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002721 8 Pepper, nonbell-babyfood 0.540000 1.000 1.000
08002730 8 Pepper, nonbell, dried 0.540000 1.000 1.000
95002750 O Peppermint 1.620000 1.000 1.000
95002760 O Peppermint, oil 1.620000 1.000 1.000
95002790 O Pineapple 0.820000 1.000 1.000
95002791 O Pineapple-babyfood 0.820000 1.000 1.000
95002800 O Pineapple, dried 0.820000 5.000 1.000
95002810 O Pineapple, juice 0.820000 1.700 1.000
95002811 O Pineapple, juice-babyfood 0.820000 1.700 1.000
14002820 14 Pistachio 0.040000 1.000 1.000
95002830 O Plantain 0.570000 1.000 1.000
95002840 O Plantain, dried 0.570000 3.900 1.000
12002850 12 Plum 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12002851 12 Plum-babyfood 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12002860 12 Plum, prune, fresh 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12002861 12 Plum, prune, fresh-babyfood 0.950000 1.000 1.000
12002870 12 Plum, prune, dried 0.950000 5.000 1.000
12002871 12 Plum, prune, dried-babyfood 0.950000 5.000 1.000
12002880 12 Plum, prune, juice 0.950000 1.400 1.000
12002881 12 Plum, prune, juice-babyfood 0.950000 1.400 1.000
25002900 M Pork, meat 0.130000 1.000 1.000
25002901 M Pork, meat-babyfood 0.130000 1.000 1.000
25002910 M Pork, skin 0.150000 1.000 1.000
25002920 M Pork, meat byproducts 0.140000 1.000 1.000
25002921 M Pork, meat byproducts-babyfood 0.140000 1.000 1.000
25002930 M Pork, fat 0.150000 1.000 1.000
25002931 M Pork, fat-babyfood 0.150000 1.000 1.000
25002940 M Pork, kidney 0.290000 1.000 1.000
25002950 M Pork, liver 0.630000 1.000 1.000
60003010 P Poultry, other, meat 0.020000 1.000 1.000
60003020 P Poultry, other, liver 0.020000 1.000 1.000
60003030 P Poultry, other, meat byproducts 0.020000 1.000 1.000
60003040 P Poultry, other, fat 0.020000 1.000 1.000
60003050 P Poultry, other, skin 0.020000 1.000 1.000
10003070 10 Pummelo 0.230000 1.000 1.000
09023080 9B Pumpkin 0.080000 1.000 1.000
09023090 9B Pumpkin, seed 0.080000 1.000 1.000
11003100 11 Quince 0.230000 1.000 1.000
29003120 M Rabbit, meat 0.130000 1.000 1.000
20003190 20 Rapeseed, oil 0.010000 1.000 1.000
13013200 13A Raspberry 0.870000 1.000 1.000
13013201 13A Raspberry-babyfood 0.870000 1.000 1.000
13013210 13A Raspberry, juice 0.870000 1.000 1.000
13013211 13A Raspberry, juice-babyfood 0.870000 1.000 1.000
04023220 4B Rhubarb 2.280000 1.000 1.000
15003230 15 Rice, white 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003231 15 Rice, white-babyfood 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003240 15 Rice, brown 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003241 15 Rice, brown-babyfood 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003250 15 Rice, flour 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003251 15 Rice, flour-babyfood 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003260 15 Rice, bran 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003261 15 Rice, bran-babyfood 1.110000 1.000 1.000
15003280 15 Rye, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15003290 15 Rye, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
03003380 3 Shallot 0.090000 1.000 1.000
26003390 M Sheep, meat 0.130000 1.000 1.000
26003391 M Sheep, meat-babyfood 0.130000 1.000 1.000
26003400 M Sheep, meat byproducts 0.140000 1.000 1.000
26003410 M Sheep, fat 0.150000 1.000 1.000
26003411 M Sheep, fat-babyfood 0.150000 1.000 1.000
26003420 M Sheep, kidney 0.290000 1.000 1.000
26003430 M Sheep, liver 0.630000 1.000 1.000
15003440 15 Sorghum, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15003450 15 Sorghum, syrup 0.550000 1.000 1.000
06003470 6 Soybean, seed 3.300000 1.000 1.000 10x for method issue
06003480 6 Soybean, flour 3.300000 1.000 1.000
06003481 6 Soybean, flour-babyfood 3.300000 1.000 1.000
06003490 6 Soybean, soy milk 3.300000 1.000 1.000
06003491 6 Soybean, soy milk-babyfood or in 3.300000 1.000 1.000
06003500 6 Soybean, oil 3.300000 1.000 1.000
06003501 6 Soybean, oil-babyfood 3.300000 1.000 1.000
95003520 O Spearmint 1.620000 1.000 1.000
95003530 O Spearmint, oil 1.620000 1.000 1.000
09023560 9B Squash, summer 0.080000 1.000 1.000
09023561 9B Squash, summer-babyfood 0.080000 1.000 1.000
09023570 9B Squash, winter 0.080000 1.000 1.000
09023571 9B Squash, winter-babyfood 0.080000 1.000 1.000
95003590 O Strawberry 0.480000 1.000 1.000
95003591 O Strawberry-babyfood 0.480000 1.000 1.000
95003600 O Strawberry, juice 0.480000 1.000 1.000
95003601 O Strawberry, juice-babyfood 0.480000 1.000 1.000
20003640 20 Sunflower, seed 0.030000 1.000 1.000
20003650 20 Sunflower, oil 0.030000 1.000 1.000
20003651 20 Sunflower, oil-babyfood 0.030000 1.000 1.000
04023670 4B Swiss chard 2.280000 1.000 1.000
10003690 10 Tangerine 0.230000 1.000 1.000
10003700 10 Tangerine, juice 0.230000 2.300 1.000
08003740 8 Tomatillo 0.160000 1.000 1.000
08003750 8 Tomato 0.160000 1.000 1.000
08003751 8 Tomato-babyfood 0.160000 1.000 1.000
08003760 8 Tomato, paste 0.160000 5.400 1.000
08003761 8 Tomato, paste-babyfood 0.160000 5.400 1.000
08003770 8 Tomato, puree 0.160000 3.300 1.000
08003771 8 Tomato, puree-babyfood 0.160000 3.300 1.000
08003780 8 Tomato, dried 0.160000 14.300 1.000
08003781 8 Tomato, dried-babyfood 0.160000 14.300 1.000
08003790 8 Tomato, juice 0.160000 1.500 1.000
15003810 15 Triticale, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15003811 15 Triticale, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
50003820 P Turkey, meat 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003821 P Turkey, meat-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003830 P Turkey, liver 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003831 P Turkey, liver-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003840 P Turkey, meat byproducts 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003841 P Turkey, meat byproducts-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003850 P Turkey, fat 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003851 P Turkey, fat-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003860 P Turkey, skin 0.020000 1.000 1.000
50003861 P Turkey, skin-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000
01013880 1AB Turnip, roots 0.200000 1.000 1.000
05023890 5B Turnip, greens 2.280000 1.000 1.000
14003910 14 Walnut 0.110000 1.000 1.000
86010000 O Water, direct, all sources 0.025000 1.000 1.000
86020000 O Water, indirect, all sources 0.025000 1.000 1.000
09013990 9A Watermelon 0.080000 1.000 1.000
09014000 9A Watermelon, juice 0.080000 1.000 1.000
15004010 15 Wheat, grain 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004011 15 Wheat, grain-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004020 15 Wheat, flour 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004021 15 Wheat, flour-babyfood 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004030 15 Wheat, germ 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004040 15 Wheat, bran 0.550000 1.000 1.000
15004050 15 Wild rice 1.110000 1.000 1.000
Acute Dietary Results Summary.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ver. 2.02
DEEM-FCID ACUTE Analysis for TA/TAA (1994-98 data)
Residue file: TA+TAA Acute Dir Food and Water.R98 Adjustment factor #2
NOT used.
Analysis Date: 12-20-2005/20:23:24 Residue file dated:
12-20-2005/20:16:18/8
Daily totals for food and foodform consumption used.
Run Comment: \"RfDs are PADs. aPAD for Females 13-49 only\"
===============================================================================
Summary calculations (per capita):
95th Percentile 99th Percentile 99.9th Percentile
Exposure % aRfD Exposure % aRfD Exposure % aRfD
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\--
Females 13-49 yrs:
0.027366 27.37 0.041218 41.22 0.082664 82.66
**Chronic Dietary Results Summary.**
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ver. 2.00
DEEM-FCID Chronic analysis for TA/TAA (1994-98 data)
Residue file name: TA+TAA Chronic Dir Food and Water.R98
Adjustment factor #2 NOT used.
Analysis Date 12-20-2005/20:31:23 Residue file dated:
12-20-2005/20:21:39/8
Reference dose (RfD, Chronic) = .09 mg/kg bw/day
COMMENT 1: RfDs are PADs. aPAD for Females 13-49 only
===============================================================================
Total exposure by population subgroup
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
Total Exposure
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
Population mg/kg Percent of
Subgroup body wt/day Rfd
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
U.S. Population (total) 0.008038 8.9%
U.S. Population (spring season) 0.008057 9.0%
U.S. Population (summer season) 0.008186 9.1%
U.S. Population (autumn season) 0.007892 8.8%
U.S. Population (winter season) 0.008026 8.9%
Northeast region 0.008232 9.1%
Midwest region 0.008186 9.1%
Southern region 0.007492 8.3%
Western region 0.008574 9.5%
Hispanics 0.008807 9.8%
Non-hispanic whites 0.007810 8.7%
Non-hispanic blacks 0.008096 9.0%
Non-hisp/non-white/non-black 0.009785 10.9%
All infants (\< 1 year) 0.015955 17.7%
Nursing infants 0.007062 7.8%
Non-nursing infants 0.019331 21.5%
Children 1-6 yrs 0.020365 22.6%
Children 7-12 yrs 0.011426 12.7%
Females 13-19 (not preg or nursing) 0.006566 7.3%
Females 20+ (not preg or nursing) 0.005578 6.2%
Females 13-50 yrs 0.006422 7.1%
Females 13+ (preg/not nursing) 0.006940 7.7%
Females 13+ (nursing) 0.007367 8.2%
Males 13-19 yrs 0.007976 8.9%
Males 20+ yrs 0.006222 6.9%
Seniors 55+ 0.005389 6.0%
Children 1-2 yrs 0.023879 26.5%
Children 3-5 yrs 0.019604 21.8%
Children 6-12 yrs 0.012065 13.4%
Youth 13-19 yrs 0.007293 8.1%
Adults 20-49 yrs 0.006185 6.9%
Adults 50+ yrs 0.005421 6.0%
Females 13-49 yrs 0.005966 6.6%
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
| en |
all-txt-docs | 458696 | Technical information: (202) 691-6569 USDL 05-877
http://www.bls.gov/oes/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: 691-5902 Thursday, May 26, 2005
OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, MAY 2004
Retail salespersons and cashiers were the two largest occupations in
the United States in May 2004, with about 4.1 and 3.4 million wage and
salary workers, respectively, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
of the U.S. Department of Labor. Other occupations with more than 2 mil-
lion workers were general office clerks; hand laborers and material movers;
registered nurses; waiters and waitresses; combined food preparation and ser-
ving workers, including fast food; janitors and cleaners, except maids and
housekeeping cleaners; and customer service representatives. Among these
large occupations, registered nurses had the highest average hourly earn-
ings--$26.06. For the other large occupations, average hourly earnings
ranged from $7.40 for combined food preparation and serving workers, includ-
ing fast food to $14.01 for customer service representatives. (See table 1.)
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations such as specialist
physicians and dentists accounted for 13 out of the 15 highest-paying
detailed occupations in May 2004. The average hourly wages for these
health-related occupations ranged from $87.31 for surgeons to $62.64 for
dentists, all other specialists. The lowest-paying occupation was fast
food cooks, who earned $7.33 per hour. Five of the six lowest-paying
occupations were related to food preparation and serving.
These statistics are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)
survey, a federal-state cooperative program between BLS and State Workforce
Agencies. The OES survey provides estimates of employment and hourly and an-
nual wages for wage and salary workers in 22 major occupational groups and
in 801 detailed occupations.
Management and legal occupational groups were the highest paying of the
22 major occupational groups. Over 30 percent of the workers in these oc-
cupational groups earned more than $43.75 per hour. (See table A.) The
major occupational group with the highest employment level in May 2004 was
office and administrative support workers, followed by sales and related
workers, food preparation and serving workers, and production workers.
The major occupational groups with the lowest average wages were food
preparation and serving related; farming, fishing, and forestry; building
and grounds cleaning and maintenance; and personal care and service. At
least 40 percent of all workers in each of these groups earned less than
$8.50 per hour.
- 2 -
Table A. Employment distribution by wage range and major occupational group,
May 2004
(Percent distribution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Wage range
Major |--------------------------------------------------------------
occupational |Under|$8.50 |$10.75|$13.50|$17.00|$21.50|$27.25|$34.50| Over
group |$8.50| to | to | to | to | to | to | to |$43.75
| |$10.74|$13.49|$16.99|$21.49|$27.24|$34.49|$43.74|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management.......| 1.3| 1.0| 2.4| 5.0| 8.6| 13.2| 15.9| 17.4| 35.2
Business and | | | | | | | | |
financial | | | | | | | | |
operations.....| 1.6| 2.0| 5.2| 11.8| 18.9| 21.6| 17.8| 11.6| 9.5
Computer and | | | | | | | | |
mathematical...| .6| 1.2| 3.1| 6.6| 12.0| 17.8| 21.8| 20.5| 16.4
Architecture and | | | | | | | | |
engineering....| .5| 1.5| 3.9| 7.8| 13.7| 20.3| 21.1| 18.2| 13.1
Life, physical, | | | | | | | | |
and social | | | | | | | | |
science .......| 1.6| 3.5| 7.5| 12.5| 17.1| 18.5| 16.1| 12.0| 11.3
Community and | | | | | | | | |
social | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 6.4| 10.4| 17.4| 21.2| 19.3| 14.2| 7.5| 2.7| .8
Legal............| 1.1| 2.1| 5.1| 10.3| 14.1| 13.8| 11.1| 11.0| 31.3
Education, train-| | | | | | | | |
ing, and li- | | | | | | | | |
brary..........| 10.6| 8.6| 9.7| 14.4| 18.8| 17.0| 11.7| 5.4| 3.7
Arts, design, | | | | | | | | |
entertainment, | | | | | | | | |
sports, and | | | | | | | | |
media..........| 12.1| 9.8| 11.8| 14.8| 15.8| 13.8| 9.6| 6.1| 6.2
Healthcare | | | | | | | | |
practitioner | | | | | | | | |
and technical..| 2.1| 4.6| 7.7| 11.9| 18.7| 21.1| 14.6| 8.1| 11.1
Healthcare | | | | | | | | |
support........| 23.2| 31.1| 24.2| 14.0| 5.5| 1.5| .4| .1| -
Protective | | | | | | | | |
service........| 15.6| 14.9| 14.6| 14.9| 13.7| 13.1| 8.3| 3.6| 1.2
Food preparation | | | | | | | | |
and serving | | | | | | | | |
related........| 65.6| 18.1| 9.2| 4.3| 1.9| .6| .2| .1| -
Building and | | | | | | | | |
grounds clean- | | | | | | | | |
ing and | | | | | | | | |
maintenance....| 40.4| 25.2| 16.7| 9.9| 5.4| 1.8| .5| .1| -
Personal care | | | | | | | | |
and service....| 47.5| 22.8| 12.2| 7.5| 4.8| 2.7| 1.3| .7| .6
Sales and | | | | | | | | |
related........| 34.5| 17.1| 11.6| 9.6| 8.3| 6.6| 4.6| 3.2| 4.5
Office and | | | | | | | | |
administrative | | | | | | | | |
support........| 13.7| 18.9| 22.7| 20.1| 14.6| 7.0| 2.1| .7| .3
Farming, fishing,| | | | | | | | |
and forestry...| 56.3| 18.0| 11.0| 7.1| 4.3| 2.1| .8| .3| .1
Construction and | | | | | | | | |
extraction.....| 6.3| 11.7| 16.5| 18.8| 17.9| 14.8| 9.5| 3.6| 1.0
Installation, | | | | | | | | |
maintenance, | | | | | | | | |
and repair.....| 6.5| 10.0| 14.6| 19.4| 21.3| 17.2| 8.1| 2.3| .7
Production.......| 16.5| 19.3| 20.3| 18.2| 12.8| 8.5| 3.1| .9| .2
Transportation | | | | | | | | |
and material | | | | | | | | |
moving.........| 25.2| 19.3| 18.1| 15.4| 11.6| 6.3| 2.2| .8| 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 3 -
Major groups in which 50 percent or more of the employment was concen-
trated in the middle three wage ranges (from $13.50 mean hourly wage to
$27.24 mean hourly wage) included business and financial operations occu-
pations; community and social services occupations; education, training,
and library occupations; healthcare practitioner and technical occupations;
construction and extraction occupations; and installation, maintenance, and
repair occupations.
Table 1 shows national cross-industry employment and wage estimates for
detailed occupations within each major group. The OES program also provides
national occupational employment and wage data by detailed industry, and
cross-industry estimates for all states and 334 metropolitan areas based on
a sample of 1.2 million establishments, collecting information on over 80
million workers in six semiannual panels. May 2004 OES data for states and
metropolitan areas and the national employment and wage data by industry
will be available on the BLS Web site in early June.
- 4 -
Technical Note
The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a semiannual
mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and
salary workers in nonfarm establishments in the United States. Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands also are surveyed, but their data are
not included in this release. Data are collected from panels of about
200,000 establishments each in May and November. Estimates from the pro-
gram use data collected over a 3-year (six-panel) period and are based on
a total sample of about 1.2 million establishments. The nationwide re-
sponse rate for the May 2004 survey was 78.8 percent for establishments,
covering 72.7 percent of weighted employment. The survey included estab-
lishments sampled in the May 2004, November 2003, May 2003, November 2002,
and 2001 panels, in addition to some certainty units from the 2000 sample.
The occupational coding system
The OES survey uses the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB)
occupational classification system, the Standard Occupational Clas-
sification (SOC) system. The SOC system is the first OMB-required
occupational classification system for federal agencies. The OES
survey categorizes workers in 1 of 801 detailed occupations. To-
gether, these detailed occupations comprise 23 major occupational
groups, one of which--military specific occupations--is not included
in the OES survey. The major groups are as follows:
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Computer and mathematical science occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
Military specific occupations (not surveyed in OES)
For more information about the SOC system, please see the Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) Web site at http://www.bls.gov/soc.
- 5 -
The industry coding system
The OES survey uses the North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS). For more information about NAICS, see the BLS Web site at
http://www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.
The OES survey includes establishments in NAICS sectors 11 (logging and
agricultural support activities only), 21, 22, 23, 31-33, 42, 44-45, 48-49,
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 71, 72, 81 (except private households),
state government, and local government. Data for the United States Postal
Service and the federal government are universe counts obtained from the
Postal Service and the Office of Personnel Management, respectively. An
establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or pro-
vides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is
generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one
type of economic activity.
The OES survey covers all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in
nonfarm industries. The survey does not include the self-employed owners
and partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, or unpaid family
workers.
Survey sample
BLS funds the survey and provides the procedures and technical support,
while the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) collect most of the data. BLS
produces cross-industry and industry-specific estimates for the nation,
states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Industry estimates are
produced for the NAICS sector, 3-digit, 4-digit, and selected 5-digit in-
dustry levels. BLS releases all cross-industry and national estimates,
and the SWAs release industry estimates at the state and MSA levels.
State Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which
the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained from
reports submitted by employers to the UI program. Supplemental sources are
used for rail transportation (NAICS 4821) and Guam because they do not report
to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry,
and size class. Size classes are defined based on number of employees in the
establishment as follows:
Size class Number of employees
____________________________________
1 1 to 4
2 5 to 9
3 10 to 19
4 20 to 49
5 50 to 99
6 100 to 249
7 250 and above
_____________________________________
A census of federal government and the post office is taken every panel.
A census of state government and Hawaii's local government is taken every
November panel. Units in rail transportation (NAICS 482) and hospitals
(NAICS 622) are sampled with certainty across a 3-year period. Establish-
ments with 250 or more employees also are sampled with virtual certainty
across a 3-year period; on average, one-sixth of these are sampled in each
panel.
- 6 -
Concepts
Occupational employment is the estimate of total wage and salary em-
ployment in an occupation across the industries surveyed. The OES survey
defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-
or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types
of paid leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers,
executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily
assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their
permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their pay-
check.
The OES survey forms sent to larger establishments contain between 50 and
225 SOC occupations selected on the basis of the sampled establishment's in-
dustry classification. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey
form contains every SOC occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are
collected primarily from establishments in industries that are the predomi-
nant employers of workers in those occupations. Each survey form is struc-
tured, however, to allow a respondent to provide detailed occupational in-
formation for each worker at the establishment; that is, unlisted occupations
can be added to the survey form. In most cases, employers with 9 or fewer
workers are sent a form with no occupations listed, and are instructed to fill
in the occupations for their workers.
Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of
premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, haz-
ardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses,
tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay,
overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, non-production bonuses,
employer cost for supplementary benefits, and tuition reimbursements.
The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report the
number of employees in an occupation for each wage range. The wage intervals
used for the May 2004 survey are as follows:
--------------------------------------------------------
|
| Wages
Interval |-------------------------------------------
| Hourly | Annual
------------|-------------------|-----------------------
Range A | Under $6.75 | Under $14,040
Range B | $6.75 to $8.49 | $14,040 to $17,679
Range C | $8.50 to $10.74 | $17,680 to $22,359
Range D | $10.75 to $13.49 | $22,360 to $28,079
Range E | $13.50 to $16.99 | $28,080 to $35,359
Range F | $17.00 to $21.49 | $35,360 to $44,719
Range G | $21.50 to $27.24 | $44,720 to $56,679
Range H | $27.25 to $34.49 | $56,680 to $71,759
Range I | $34.50 to $43.74 | $71,760 to $90,999
Range J | $43.75 to $55.49 | $91,000 to $115,439
Range K | $55.50 to $69.99 | $115,440 to $145,599
Range L | $70.00 and over | $145,600 and over
--------------------------------------------------------
- 7 -
Mean hourly wage. The mean hourly wage rate for an occupation is the
total wages that all workers in the occupation earn in an hour divided by
the total employment of the occupation. To calculate the mean hourly wage
of each occupation, total weighted hourly wages are summed across all in-
tervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. The
mean wage for each interval is based on occupational wage data collected
by the BLS Office of Compensation and Working Conditions for the National
Compensation Survey (NCS).
The mean hourly wage value for the highest wage interval, $70.00 and
over, was computed separately for each panel or annual sample (May 2004,
November 2003, May 2003, November 2002, and 2001). The average of these
mean wage rates was used for all of the $70.00 and over data in the May
2004 survey. The wage rates for this interval do not go through any wage
updating procedures.
Percentile wage. The p-th percentile wage range for an occupation is
the wage where p percent of all workers earn that amount or less and where
(100-p) percent of all workers earn that amount or more. This statistic is
calculated by uniformly distributing the workers inside each wage interval,
ranking the workers from lowest paid to highest paid, and calculating the
product of the total employment for the occupation and the desired per-
centile to determine the worker that earns the p-th percentile wage rate.
Annual wage. Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their
employers and may work more than or less than 40 hours per week. Annual
wage estimates for most occupations in this release are calculated by
multiplying the mean hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" figure of
2,080 hours (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, annual wage estimates may not
represent the actual annual pay received by the employee if they work more
or less than 2,080 hours per year. Some workers typically work less than
full time, year round. For these occupations, the OES survey collects and
reports either the annual salary or the hourly wage rate, depending on how
the occupation is typically paid, but not both. For example, teachers,
flight attendants, and pilots may be paid an annual salary, but do not work
the usual 2,080 hours per year. In this case, an annual salary is reported.
Other workers, such as entertainment workers are paid hourly rates, but gen-
erally do not work full time, year round. For these workers, only an hourly
wage is reported.
Hourly versus annual wage reporting. For each occupation, respondents
are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage
intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the cor-
responding annual rates, where the annual rate for an occupation is cal-
culated by multiplying the hourly wage rate by a typical work year of
2,080 hours. The responding establishment can reference either the hourly
or the annual rate for full-time workers, but they are instructed to report
the hourly rate for part-time workers.
- 8 -
Estimation methodology
Each OES panel includes approximately 200,000 establishments. While
estimates can be made with data from one panel or one year, the OES survey
is designed to produce estimates using six panels (3 years) of data. The
full six-panel sample of 1.2 million establishments allows the production
of estimates at detailed levels of geography, industry, and occupation.
Combining six panels of data is also necessary to obtain the full com-
plement of certainty establishments. (Note: The first semiannual panel
was in November 2002. Prior to that, about 400,000 establishments were
surveyed annually. Each earlier sample is a two-panel equivalent.)
Wage updating. Significant reductions in sampling errors are obtained
by combining six panels of data, particularly for small geographic areas
and occupations. Wages for the current panel need no adjustment. However,
wages in the five previous panels need to be updated to the current panel's
reference period.
The OES program uses the BLS Employment Cost Index (ECI) to adjust survey
data from prior panels before combining them with the current panel's data.
The wage updating procedure adjusts each detailed occupation's wage rate,
as measured in the earlier panel, according to the average movement of its
broader occupational division. The procedure assumes that there are no major
differences by geography, industry, or detailed occupation within the occupa-
tional division.
Imputation. Over 20 percent of establishments do not respond for a
given panel. A "nearest neighbor" hot deck imputation procedure is used
to impute occupational employment totals. A variant of mean imputation is
then used to impute a wage distribution for each occupation. The variant
of mean imputation for wage distributions is also applied to establishments
that provide reports with occupational totals but partial or missing wage
data.
Weighting and benchmarking. The sample establishments in each panel are
weighted to represent all establishments that were part of the in-scope
frame from which the panel was selected. Based on the sampled establish-
ments, weights are adjusted when six panels are combined. Weights are ad-
justed by benchmarking employment totals from the OES survey to employment
figures derived from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
May 2004 OES survey estimates. The May 2004 OES survey estimates are
based on all data collected from establishments in the May 2004, November
2003, May 2003, November 2002, and 2001 samples, in addition to some
certainty units from the 2000 sample. During estimates processing, OES
employment data were benchmarked to the average employment for May 2004
and November 2003 from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
- 9 -
Reliability of the estimates. Estimates calculated from a sample survey
are subject to two types of error: sampling and nonsampling. Sampling
error occurs when estimates are calculated from a subset (i.e., sample) of
the population instead of the full population. When a sample of the
population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimate of the
characteristic of interest may differ from the population value of that
characteristic. Differences between the sample estimate and the population
value will vary depending on the sample selected. This variability can be
estimated by calculating the standard error (SE) of the sample estimate.
If we were to repeat the sampling and estimation process countless times
using the same survey design, approximately 90 percent of the intervals
created by adding and subtracting 1.645 SEs from the sample estimate would
include the population value. These intervals are called 90-percent
confidence intervals. The OES survey, however, usually uses the relative
standard error (RSE) of a sample estimate instead of its SE to measure
sampling error. RSE is defined as the SE of a sample estimate divided
by the sample estimate itself. This statistic provides the user with a
measure of the relative precision of the sample estimate. RSEs are cal-
culated for both occupational employment and mean wage rate estimates.
Occupational employment RSEs are calculated using a subsample, random group
replication technique called the jackknife. Mean wage rate RSEs are cal-
culated using a variance components model that accounts for both the ob-
served and unobserved components of the wage data. The variances of the
unobserved components are estimated using wage data from the BLS National
Compensation Survey. In general, estimates based on many establishments
have lower RSEs than estimates based on few establishments. If the
distributional assumptions of the models are violated, the resulting
confidence intervals may not reflect the prescribed level of confidence.
Nonsampling error occurs for a variety of reasons, none of which are
directly connected to sampling. Examples of nonsampling error include:
nonresponse, data incorrectly reported by the respondent, mistakes made
in entering collected data into the database, and mistakes made in editing
and processing the collected data.
Additional information
The May 2004 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in
table 1, will be available soon on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/oes.
Users also may access each occupation's definition and percentile wages. The
May 2004 cross-industry data for states and metropolitan areas will be avail-
able on the BLS Web site in early June 2005. Industry staffing patterns at
the sector, 3-, 4-, and selected 5-digit NAICS levels also will be available
from the Internet beginning in early June 2005. These data will include in-
dustry-specific occupational employment and wage data.
For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, Division of Occupational Employment Statistics,
Room 2135, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC, 20212; telephone
202-691-6569 (e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov).
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, May 2004
Employment Mean wages Median hourly
Occupation Hourly Annual(1) wages
Management occupations
Chief executives 346,590 $67.27 $139,920 $67.47
General and operations managers 1,752,910 44.24 92,010 37.22
Legislators 63,440 (2) 30,750 (2)
Advertising and promotions managers 57,100 36.76 76,460 30.58
Marketing managers 177,550 46.48 96,680 42.13
Sales managers 320,240 45.68 95,010 40.49
Public relations managers 50,670 38.26 79,580 33.65
Administrative services managers 254,610 31.98 66,530 28.99
Computer and information systems managers 267,390 47.24 98,260 44.51
Financial managers 493,360 44.04 91,610 39.37
Compensation and benefits managers 55,040 35.59 74,020 31.99
Training and development managers 35,510 35.45 73,730 32.43
Human resources managers, all other 58,770 42.11 87,580 39.33
Industrial production managers 155,980 38.06 79,170 35.09
Purchasing managers 73,480 37.51 78,020 34.83
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 88,100 34.87 72,530 32.02
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers 4,810 26.51 55,140 24.38
Farmers and ranchers 540 20.78 43,230 19.44
Construction managers 185,580 37.83 78,690 33.59
Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program 50,590 19.74 41,060 17.18
Education administrators, elementary and secondary school 209,630 (2) 75,640 (2)
Education administrators, postsecondary 101,530 36.44 75,800 32.86
Education administrators, all other 22,570 32.01 66,580 28.96
Engineering managers 186,380 49.33 102,600 46.94
Food service managers 206,340 21.13 43,940 19.04
Funeral directors 23,140 25.82 53,710 22.10
Gaming managers 3,520 31.77 66,090 28.17
Lodging managers 30,860 21.18 44,060 18.11
Medical and health services managers 224,070 36.12 75,140 32.42
Natural sciences managers 40,240 46.06 95,800 42.63
Postmasters and mail superintendents 26,430 24.43 50,820 24.32
Property, real estate, and community association managers 159,980 23.44 48,760 19.22
Social and community service managers 119,280 24.39 50,740 22.50
Managers, all other 354,730 39.28 81,700 37.19
Business and financial operations occupations
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 10,860 33.42 69,520 26.48
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products 14,300 24.03 49,980 21.02
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 136,930 23.29 48,450 20.30
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 257,070 24.60 51,180 22.92
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators 234,950 22.74 47,310 21.26
Insurance appraisers, auto damage 12,520 22.01 45,780 21.79
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety,
and transportation 167,650 24.64 51,260 22.78
Cost estimators 191,080 25.90 53,870 24.01
Emergency management specialists 10,070 23.73 49,350 21.82
Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists 169,750 22.76 47,330 19.80
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 92,940 24.10 50,130 22.83
Training and development specialists 200,440 22.97 47,780 21.43
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists, all other 158,930 23.67 49,240 22.85
Logisticians 52,470 28.99 60,310 27.46
Management analysts 416,340 34.97 72,730 30.51
Meeting and convention planners 34,640 20.43 42,490 19.05
Business operations specialists, all other 847,170 27.72 57,660 25.70
Accountants and auditors 995,910 27.35 56,880 24.41
Appraisers and assessors of real estate 62,270 23.73 49,350 20.86
Budget analysts 53,300 28.41 59,100 26.94
Credit analysts 67,100 26.57 55,280 22.72
Financial analysts 177,780 33.89 70,500 29.76
Personal financial advisors 94,490 39.70 82,570 30.14
Insurance underwriters 96,110 26.08 54,240 23.34
Financial examiners 23,400 31.47 65,450 29.00
Loan counselors 31,160 18.61 38,710 16.33
Loan officers 278,830 27.98 58,200 23.48
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents 71,610 23.18 48,210 20.91
Tax preparers 51,950 16.50 34,330 13.33
Financial specialists, all other 119,840 26.64 55,420 23.82
Computer and mathematical science occupations
Computer and information scientists, research 24,720 42.32 88,020 40.96
Computer programmers 412,090 31.69 65,910 30.24
Computer software engineers, applications 425,890 37.18 77,330 36.05
Computer software engineers, systems software 318,020 39.50 82,160 38.34
Computer support specialists 488,540 20.97 43,620 19.44
Computer systems analysts 489,130 32.87 68,370 31.95
Database administrators 96,960 30.51 63,460 29.16
Network and computer systems administrators 259,320 29.55 61,470 27.98
Network systems and data communications analysts 169,200 30.49 63,410 29.14
Computer specialists, all other 130,420 30.31 63,030 28.60
Actuaries 16,350 42.05 87,460 36.70
Mathematicians 2,410 39.18 81,500 39.06
Operations research analysts 55,030 30.49 63,420 28.94
Statisticians 17,030 30.42 63,260 28.18
Mathematical technicians 1,720 20.99 43,650 18.49
Mathematical scientists, all other 8,500 29.67 61,710 29.98
Architecture and engineering occupations
Architects, except landscape and naval 94,280 31.84 66,230 28.99
Landscape architects 17,960 27.73 57,680 25.54
Cartographers and photogrammetrists 9,870 23.48 48,830 22.15
Surveyors 52,680 22.15 46,080 20.66
Aerospace engineers 73,650 38.68 80,460 38.03
Agricultural engineers 3,220 29.04 60,400 27.17
Biomedical engineers 8,650 34.04 70,800 32.54
Chemical engineers 30,320 38.49 80,050 36.91
Civil engineers 218,220 32.18 66,930 30.88
Computer hardware engineers 74,760 40.39 84,010 39.02
Electrical engineers 148,310 35.68 74,220 34.43
Electronics engineers, except computer 135,560 37.24 77,450 36.43
Environmental engineers 47,690 32.86 68,350 31.96
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors 25,860 31.78 66,110 30.64
Industrial engineers 174,960 32.05 66,660 31.26
Marine engineers and naval architects 6,620 35.44 73,720 34.63
Materials engineers 21,130 33.36 69,390 32.26
Mechanical engineers 217,010 32.91 68,460 31.88
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 5,050 32.77 68,160 31.10
Nuclear engineers 17,180 42.67 88,760 40.81
Petroleum engineers 14,690 44.15 91,820 42.55
Engineers, all other 159,720 36.32 75,540 35.78
Architectural and civil drafters 101,060 19.59 40,750 18.84
Electrical and electronics drafters 34,850 22.48 46,760 20.76
Mechanical drafters 76,610 21.70 45,140 20.67
Drafters, all other 22,620 21.91 45,560 20.13
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians 9,260 25.98 54,040 25.24
Civil engineering technicians 90,000 19.18 39,900 18.50
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians 178,560 22.66 47,130 22.26
Electro-mechanical technicians 18,770 20.74 43,130 19.92
Environmental engineering technicians 19,840 19.55 40,660 18.53
Industrial engineering technicians 68,210 22.64 47,080 20.96
Mechanical engineering technicians 46,990 21.66 45,050 20.87
Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other 88,100 23.86 49,630 23.77
Surveying and mapping technicians 60,530 15.76 32,780 14.60
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Animal scientists 1,540 25.87 53,800 24.00
Food scientists and technologists 7,210 26.98 56,110 24.44
Soil and plant scientists 9,690 26.67 55,470 24.62
Biochemists and biophysicists 15,200 34.48 71,730 33.15
Microbiologists 13,880 29.45 61,250 26.37
Zoologists and wildlife biologists 15,050 25.54 53,120 24.20
Biological scientists, all other 26,180 29.03 60,370 27.05
Conservation scientists 14,290 25.72 53,500 25.23
Foresters 10,250 23.91 49,730 23.19
Epidemiologists 4,560 27.91 58,060 26.35
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists 66,450 33.04 68,730 29.48
Life scientists, all other 13,870 30.63 63,710 26.65
Astronomers 680 44.99 93,580 46.79
Physicists 14,150 42.83 89,090 42.04
Atmospheric and space scientists 7,070 33.46 69,590 33.70
Chemists 79,650 29.43 61,220 26.95
Materials scientists 7,330 35.77 74,390 34.80
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 66,850 26.53 55,190 24.56
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers 25,100 36.96 76,870 33.04
Hydrologists 7,290 30.82 64,100 29.57
Physical scientists, all other 25,260 39.21 81,560 38.53
Economists 12,030 38.35 79,770 34.99
Market research analysts 170,200 30.28 62,990 26.99
Survey researchers 19,480 15.39 32,010 12.74
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists 96,540 29.24 60,810 26.42
Industrial-organizational psychologists 1,500 37.88 78,800 34.33
Psychologists, all other 6,480 33.53 69,740 34.57
Sociologists 3,640 30.46 63,350 27.82
Urban and regional planners 31,140 26.75 55,640 25.70
Anthropologists and archeologists 4,510 22.86 47,550 21.10
Geographers 750 28.65 59,600 28.35
Historians 2,350 23.48 48,850 21.39
Political scientists 4,370 41.24 85,770 41.71
Social scientists and related workers, all other 31,990 29.09 60,500 28.12
Agricultural and food science technicians 18,940 15.37 31,980 14.29
Biological technicians 59,710 17.04 35,450 15.97
Chemical technicians 61,700 19.04 39,600 18.35
Geological and petroleum technicians 10,420 20.85 43,360 19.35
Nuclear technicians 7,210 28.28 58,830 28.46
Social science research assistants 15,710 17.26 35,900 16.52
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health 29,460 17.90 37,230 16.99
Forensic science technicians 9,230 22.83 47,490 21.16
Forest and conservation technicians 29,910 14.79 30,770 13.14
Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other 72,580 20.52 42,680 18.19
Community and social services occupations
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 68,880 16.50 34,310 15.45
Educational, vocational, and school counselors 220,690 22.88 47,590 21.91
Marriage and family therapists 20,710 20.21 42,040 18.74
Mental health counselors 89,300 17.31 36,000 15.85
Rehabilitation counselors 115,150 14.76 30,710 13.40
Counselors, all other 21,970 18.21 37,880 16.82
Child, family, and school social workers 250,790 18.19 37,830 16.74
Medical and public health social workers 103,180 19.92 41,440 19.27
Mental health and substance abuse social workers 108,950 17.34 36,060 16.31
Social workers, all other 60,120 19.80 41,180 18.96
Health educators 46,490 20.25 42,120 18.50
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 89,170 20.53 42,690 19.04
Social and human service assistants 331,860 12.45 25,890 11.67
Community and social service specialists, all other 89,250 16.57 34,470 15.64
Clergy 35,790 19.23 40,000 17.64
Directors, religious activities and education 12,620 16.14 33,560 14.76
Religious workers, all other 8,810 11.41 23,730 9.01
Legal occupations
Lawyers 521,130 52.30 108,790 45.64
Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers 14,830 35.44 73,710 33.14
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators 4,940 29.08 60,480 26.32
Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates 25,500 42.96 89,360 44.75
Paralegals and legal assistants 210,020 19.95 41,490 18.81
Court reporters 15,520 22.63 47,070 20.63
Law clerks 43,300 16.92 35,180 16.34
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 53,700 18.93 39,360 16.77
Legal support workers, all other 69,590 21.79 45,330 20.26
Education, training, and library occupations
Business teachers, postsecondary 68,340 (2) 65,430 (2)
Computer science teachers, postsecondary 37,260 (2) 58,140 (2)
Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary 43,760 (2) 57,240 (2)
Architecture teachers, postsecondary 5,700 (2) 65,510 (2)
Engineering teachers, postsecondary 33,520 (2) 77,070 (2)
Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary 10,230 (2) 67,520 (2)
Biological science teachers, postsecondary 60,260 (2) 73,220 (2)
Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary 2,970 (2) 67,660 (2)
Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary 8,660 (2) 70,300 (2)
Chemistry teachers, postsecondary 18,720 (2) 63,520 (2)
Environmental science teachers, postsecondary 3,860 (2) 66,790 (2)
Physics teachers, postsecondary 12,590 (2) 69,210 (2)
Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary 4,990 (2) 66,060 (2)
Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary 7,670 (2) 62,940 (2)
Economics teachers, postsecondary 12,230 (2) 73,280 (2)
Geography teachers, postsecondary 4,180 (2) 61,020 (2)
Political science teachers, postsecondary 13,230 (2) 64,950 (2)
Psychology teachers, postsecondary 29,400 (2) 60,800 (2)
Sociology teachers, postsecondary 14,220 (2) 59,830 (2)
Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other 6,310 (2) 68,460 (2)
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary 105,610 (2) 76,720 (2)
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary 34,360 (2) 55,770 (2)
Education teachers, postsecondary 47,710 (2) 52,850 (2)
Library science teachers, postsecondary 3,740 (2) 54,590 (2)
Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary 9,550 (2) 51,500 (2)
Law teachers, postsecondary 12,580 (2) 95,300 (2)
Social work teachers, postsecondary 6,670 (2) 56,620 (2)
Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary 63,730 (2) 52,750 (2)
Communications teachers, postsecondary 20,760 (2) 53,130 (2)
English language and literature teachers, postsecondary 57,400 (2) 52,560 (2)
Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary 22,460 (2) 51,620 (2)
History teachers, postsecondary 19,190 (2) 58,490 (2)
Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary 17,170 (2) 56,630 (2)
Graduate teaching assistants 111,730 (2) 27,860 (2)
Home economics teachers, postsecondary 3,870 (2) 50,810 (2)
Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary 15,470 (2) 47,360 (2)
Vocational education teachers, postsecondary 112,990 21.19 44,060 19.59
Postsecondary teachers, all other 248,330 30.73 63,920 27.93
Preschool teachers, except special education 354,800 11.51 23,940 10.09
Kindergarten teachers, except special education 164,530 (2) 44,000 (2)
Elementary school teachers, except special education 1,422,840 (2) 45,670 (2)
Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education 623,400 (2) 46,510 (2)
Vocational education teachers, middle school 16,820 (2) 46,250 (2)
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education 1,021,180 (2) 48,420 (2)
Vocational education teachers, secondary school 102,210 (2) 48,000 (2)
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school 205,960 (2) 46,420 (2)
Special education teachers, middle school 98,840 (2) 48,910 (2)
Special education teachers, secondary school 138,470 (2) 49,620 (2)
Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors 63,200 20.92 43,520 18.74
Self-enrichment education teachers 141,180 16.93 35,210 14.85
Teachers and instructors, all other 505,570 (2) 33,100 (2)
Archivists 5,190 19.05 39,630 17.54
Curators 8,590 23.04 47,920 20.97
Museum technicians and conservators 8,850 16.96 35,270 15.30
Librarians 149,680 22.88 47,590 22.07
Library technicians 113,520 12.63 26,260 11.99
Audio-visual collections specialists 8,420 17.13 35,630 15.86
Farm and home management advisors 12,620 21.62 44,960 20.00
Instructional coordinators 106,590 24.74 51,450 23.46
Teacher assistants 1,242,760 (2) 20,400 (2)
Education, training, and library workers, all other 65,150 16.29 33,890 14.29
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Art directors 26,870 35.21 73,240 30.69
Craft artists 3,890 13.33 27,720 11.31
Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators 9,570 20.98 43,640 18.30
Multi-media artists and animators 30,210 27.65 57,520 24.21
Artists and related workers, all other 5,370 18.02 37,490 14.72
Commercial and industrial designers 33,050 26.77 55,670 25.15
Fashion designers 12,100 30.84 64,150 26.85
Floral designers 67,710 10.51 21,860 9.83
Graphic designers 159,720 20.25 42,120 18.28
Interior designers 46,360 21.59 44,900 19.56
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 62,220 12.51 26,020 10.89
Set and exhibit designers 8,750 19.23 40,000 17.21
Designers, all other 12,650 22.27 46,320 20.31
Actors 59,000 22.48 (3) 11.28
Producers and directors 55,260 34.84 72,470 25.40
Athletes and sports competitors 12,250 (2) 86,690 (2)
Coaches and scouts 122,930 (2) 32,780 (2)
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 11,440 (2) 27,850 (2)
Dancers 14,880 12.15 (3) 8.54
Choreographers 15,360 18.39 38,250 16.19
Music directors and composers 8,870 21.06 43,810 16.62
Musicians and singers 52,000 24.96 (3) 17.85
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 54,800 18.82 (3) 16.73
Radio and television announcers 41,430 15.22 31,650 10.64
Public address system and other announcers 8,180 14.08 29,290 10.56
Broadcast news analysts 6,930 27.28 56,740 17.78
Reporters and correspondents 52,550 18.58 38,650 15.06
Public relations specialists 166,210 23.80 49,510 21.07
Editors 100,790 23.65 49,190 21.10
Technical writers 45,100 27.24 56,650 25.71
Writers and authors 42,780 25.52 53,080 21.32
Interpreters and translators 25,410 17.61 36,630 16.28
Media and communication workers, all other 27,380 21.66 45,060 19.64
Audio and video equipment technicians 40,050 17.62 36,650 15.66
Broadcast technicians 29,940 16.14 33,560 13.47
Radio operators 1,670 17.06 35,490 15.73
Sound engineering technicians 11,650 21.91 45,570 18.32
Photographers 54,400 15.00 31,200 12.54
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture 21,600 20.04 41,690 18.08
Film and video editors 15,800 24.37 50,690 20.96
Media and communication equipment workers, all other 18,570 22.36 46,510 19.77
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
Chiropractors 21,830 42.01 87,390 33.61
Dentists, general 84,240 63.87 132,850 59.16
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons 4,950 79.69 165,750 (4)
Orthodontists 6,190 72.45 150,700 (4)
Prosthodontists 730 70.04 145,670 (4)
Dentists, all other specialists 2,710 62.64 130,300 60.64
Dietitians and nutritionists 46,530 21.46 44,640 20.98
Optometrists 22,780 46.53 96,780 42.51
Pharmacists 222,960 40.56 84,370 40.82
Anesthesiologists 25,130 83.77 174,250 (4)
Family and general practitioners 106,750 66.58 138,490 65.91
Internists, general 51,180 76.06 158,200 (4)
Obstetricians and gynecologists 20,850 84.74 176,270 (4)
Pediatricians, general 26,520 68.04 141,520 65.26
Psychiatrists 22,440 72.17 150,110 (4)
Surgeons 55,800 87.31 181,610 (4)
Physicians and surgeons, all other 162,720 66.16 137,610 67.44
Physician assistants 59,470 33.07 68,780 33.37
Podiatrists 7,550 52.11 108,400 45.38
Registered nurses 2,311,970 26.06 54,210 25.16
Audiologists 9,810 26.47 55,050 24.74
Occupational therapists 83,560 27.19 56,550 26.28
Physical therapists 142,940 30.00 62,390 28.93
Radiation therapists 14,470 29.05 60,420 27.74
Recreational therapists 23,050 16.48 34,280 15.82
Respiratory therapists 91,350 21.24 44,180 20.74
Speech-language pathologists 89,260 26.71 55,550 25.20
Therapists, all other 8,090 21.45 44,620 19.32
Veterinarians 46,090 36.07 75,030 32.01
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 56,920 44.38 92,300 27.87
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 151,240 22.41 46,600 21.99
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 141,720 15.44 32,120 14.83
Dental hygienists 155,810 28.58 59,440 28.05
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 43,540 19.09 39,710 18.60
Diagnostic medical sonographers 41,280 25.78 53,620 25.24
Nuclear medicine technologists 17,520 29.43 61,210 27.14
Radiologic technologists and technicians 177,220 21.41 44,530 20.84
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 187,900 13.30 27,650 12.17
Dietetic technicians 24,630 11.89 24,730 11.05
Pharmacy technicians 255,290 11.87 24,700 11.37
Psychiatric technicians 59,010 13.43 27,940 12.28
Respiratory therapy technicians 24,190 18.00 37,440 17.67
Surgical technologists 82,280 16.72 34,770 16.35
Veterinary technologists and technicians 58,570 12.49 25,990 11.99
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 702,740 16.75 34,840 16.33
Medical records and health information technicians 155,030 13.30 27,660 12.30
Opticians, dispensing 62,350 14.37 29,880 13.44
Orthotists and prosthetists 4,930 27.47 57,130 24.17
Health technologists and technicians, all other 72,390 18.10 37,650 16.46
Occupational health and safety specialists 36,360 25.54 53,110 24.79
Occupational health and safety technicians 11,190 21.31 44,320 20.25
Athletic trainers 13,100 (2) 36,350 (2)
Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other 52,240 18.20 37,860 16.04
Healthcare support occupations
Home health aides 596,330 9.13 18,980 8.81
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 1,384,120 10.39 21,610 10.09
Psychiatric aides 54,520 11.70 24,340 11.19
Occupational therapist assistants 20,880 18.49 38,460 18.48
Occupational therapist aides 5,240 12.51 26,030 11.13
Physical therapist assistants 57,420 18.14 37,730 18.22
Physical therapist aides 41,910 11.14 23,160 10.28
Massage therapists 32,200 17.63 36,670 15.36
Dental assistants 264,820 13.97 29,060 13.62
Medical assistants 380,340 12.21 25,400 11.83
Medical equipment preparers 40,380 12.14 25,240 11.76
Medical transcriptionists 92,740 14.01 29,150 13.64
Pharmacy aides 47,720 9.52 19,810 8.86
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 70,200 9.44 19,640 8.97
Healthcare support workers, all other 182,550 12.62 26,250 12.01
Protective service occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers 35,880 22.83 47,490 21.50
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives 96,080 31.34 65,180 30.97
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers 54,170 29.26 60,860 28.33
First-line supervisors/managers, protective service workers, all other 47,280 20.05 41,690 17.91
Fire fighters 273,630 19.06 39,640 18.43
Fire inspectors and investigators 12,500 23.03 47,890 22.28
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 1,580 19.98 41,560 18.77
Bailiffs 17,270 16.80 34,950 16.28
Correctional officers and jailers 409,580 17.29 35,970 16.15
Detectives and criminal investigators 86,880 27.16 56,500 25.96
Fish and game wardens 7,050 23.60 49,090 20.57
Parking enforcement workers 9,990 14.37 29,890 13.64
Police and sheriff's patrol officers 616,340 22.20 46,180 21.74
Transit and railroad police 4,610 22.77 47,370 21.84
Animal control workers 13,780 13.15 27,360 12.60
Private detectives and investigators 31,220 17.47 36,330 15.44
Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators 8,560 13.69 28,470 12.42
Security guards 978,570 10.61 22,070 9.77
Crossing guards 70,180 9.94 20,670 9.28
Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers 108,210 8.43 17,530 7.95
Protective service workers, all other 122,740 14.54 30,240 13.50
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Chefs and head cooks 116,930 16.42 34,160 14.75
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers 733,680 13.21 27,480 12.22
Cooks, fast food 652,500 7.33 15,250 7.07
Cooks, institution and cafeteria 401,110 9.55 19,860 9.10
Cooks, private household 650 10.83 22,530 9.42
Cooks, restaurant 765,670 9.73 20,230 9.39
Cooks, short order 225,740 8.46 17,590 8.11
Cooks, all other 10,780 10.87 22,600 10.09
Food preparation workers 863,700 8.47 17,620 8.03
Bartenders 463,000 8.29 17,240 7.42
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 2,140,740 7.40 15,390 7.06
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 458,610 7.78 16,170 7.53
Waiters and waitresses 2,219,850 7.66 15,930 6.75
Food servers, nonrestaurant 186,770 8.58 17,840 7.95
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 390,980 7.44 15,470 7.10
Dishwashers 497,650 7.50 15,600 7.35
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 316,400 7.82 16,260 7.52
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 62,620 8.89 18,490 8.26
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers 199,990 15.32 31,880 14.19
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers 102,380 18.38 38,230 16.99
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 2,103,490 9.91 20,620 9.04
Maids and housekeeping cleaners 880,150 8.62 17,930 8.13
Building cleaning workers, all other 13,580 10.74 22,350 10.17
Pest control workers 59,080 13.38 27,830 12.61
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 860,200 10.62 22,080 9.82
Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation 24,200 12.74 26,500 12.30
Tree trimmers and pruners 39,600 13.37 27,800 12.57
Grounds maintenance workers, all other 17,760 11.18 23,250 9.57
Personal care and service occupations
Gaming supervisors 25,040 19.98 41,570 19.64
Slot key persons 16,210 12.07 25,110 11.06
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers 121,250 16.07 33,430 14.59
Animal trainers 8,060 12.48 25,950 10.60
Nonfarm animal caretakers 81,110 9.24 19,220 8.39
Gaming dealers 82,560 7.89 16,420 6.89
Gaming and sports book writers and runners 18,290 9.76 20,310 8.84
Gaming service workers, all other 14,860 10.85 22,570 10.01
Motion picture projectionists 10,290 9.55 19,870 8.32
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 110,420 8.07 16,780 7.30
Amusement and recreation attendants 241,110 8.00 16,630 7.47
Costume attendants 3,460 13.81 28,720 12.04
Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants 24,320 8.80 18,310 8.44
Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other 37,080 8.57 17,820 8.14
Embalmers 8,660 17.93 37,300 17.09
Funeral attendants 29,660 10.05 20,900 9.26
Barbers 15,830 12.04 25,040 10.19
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 331,260 10.95 22,770 9.52
Makeup artists, theatrical and performance 1,060 15.28 31,780 11.74
Manicurists and pedicurists 38,030 9.65 20,080 8.89
Shampooers 16,180 7.51 15,610 7.03
Skin care specialists 19,650 13.20 27,450 11.55
Baggage porters and bellhops 55,910 10.46 21,760 8.54
Concierges 17,310 11.93 24,820 11.23
Tour guides and escorts 28,660 9.92 20,640 9.32
Travel guides 4,140 14.30 29,750 13.20
Flight attendants 101,980 (2) 51,160 (2)
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 27,730 9.99 20,780 9.17
Child care workers 513,110 8.57 17,830 8.06
Personal and home care aides 532,490 8.38 17,430 8.12
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors 182,280 14.98 31,170 12.25
Recreation workers 266,520 10.43 21,690 9.29
Residential advisors 49,960 11.17 23,240 10.30
Personal care and service workers, all other 65,070 9.81 20,410 8.63
Sales and related occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers 1,087,830 18.01 37,470 15.73
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers 307,610 34.33 71,420 28.51
Cashiers 3,438,070 8.29 17,250 7.81
Gaming change persons and booth cashiers 28,830 10.04 20,890 9.87
Counter and rental clerks 444,850 10.47 21,770 8.79
Parts salespersons 236,710 13.58 28,240 12.32
Retail salespersons 4,130,470 11.03 22,930 8.98
Advertising sales agents 144,690 23.76 49,420 19.37
Insurance sales agents 285,390 26.77 55,680 20.06
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 240,500 43.77 91,040 33.27
Travel agents 90,500 14.25 29,650 13.29
Sales representatives, services, all other 352,050 25.93 53,940 22.60
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific
products 378,080 32.37 67,330 28.17
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical
and scientific products 1,385,630 25.91 53,900 21.83
Demonstrators and product promoters 93,240 12.00 24,960 9.95
Models 1,410 13.21 27,480 10.50
Real estate brokers 40,050 37.43 77,850 28.23
Real estate sales agents 126,470 23.05 47,950 17.15
Sales engineers 71,690 36.42 75,740 33.95
Telemarketers 410,360 11.29 23,490 9.82
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 15,200 13.36 27,790 10.85
Sales and related workers, all other 198,230 18.44 38,350 15.09
Office and administrative support occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers 1,406,240 21.15 43,990 19.72
Switchboard operators, including answering service 206,370 10.81 22,490 10.38
Telephone operators 38,500 14.53 30,220 13.65
Communications equipment operators, all other 4,040 15.98 33,240 15.23
Bill and account collectors 445,180 13.95 29,010 13.20
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators 496,780 13.50 28,070 13.00
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,770,860 14.34 29,830 13.74
Gaming cage workers 19,710 11.09 23,070 10.74
Payroll and timekeeping clerks 205,670 15.02 31,240 14.59
Procurement clerks 71,740 15.11 31,420 14.85
Tellers 552,860 10.30 21,420 10.15
Brokerage clerks 73,910 18.15 37,750 16.94
Correspondence clerks 21,590 14.19 29,510 13.51
Court, municipal, and license clerks 103,090 14.63 30,420 13.67
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 66,010 15.15 31,520 13.97
Customer service representatives 2,021,350 14.01 29,130 12.99
Eligibility interviewers, government programs 93,250 16.25 33,800 15.92
File clerks 242,640 10.72 22,310 10.11
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 190,300 8.93 18,570 8.51
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 193,780 11.91 24,770 11.38
Library assistants, clerical 102,310 10.57 21,990 9.96
Loan interviewers and clerks 209,320 14.75 30,680 13.94
New accounts clerks 96,560 13.55 28,180 12.91
Order clerks 289,830 12.85 26,730 12.07
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 164,940 15.77 32,810 15.26
Receptionists and information clerks 1,071,230 10.91 22,690 10.50
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 159,910 14.48 30,120 13.34
All other information and record clerks 269,070 18.34 38,150 15.44
Cargo and freight agents 70,000 17.24 35,870 16.47
Couriers and messengers 111,700 10.26 21,330 9.71
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers 90,930 14.58 30,330 13.91
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 165,910 16.01 33,310 14.87
Meter readers, utilities 48,830 15.03 31,260 14.15
Postal service clerks 76,870 19.82 41,230 19.69
Postal service mail carriers 344,050 20.85 43,370 21.37
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 214,400 18.12 37,690 18.96
Production, planning, and expediting clerks 285,940 18.10 37,650 17.47
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 747,270 12.43 25,850 11.73
Stock clerks and order fillers 1,561,530 10.52 21,890 9.66
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 83,570 12.92 26,880 11.81
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants 1,422,610 17.69 36,790 16.81
Legal secretaries 264,070 18.40 38,280 17.65
Medical secretaries 360,850 13.42 27,900 12.76
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,743,560 13.06 27,160 12.55
Computer operators 140,870 15.79 32,850 14.94
Data entry keyers 313,590 11.72 24,380 11.18
Word processors and typists 168,430 14.17 29,480 13.48
Desktop publishers 32,790 16.40 34,110 15.55
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 239,250 14.70 30,580 14.06
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 149,700 11.27 23,440 10.76
Office clerks, general 2,970,660 11.62 24,170 10.95
Office machine operators, except computer 97,140 11.83 24,610 11.16
Proofreaders and copy markers 20,530 12.99 27,010 12.18
Statistical assistants 18,560 15.19 31,600 14.55
Office and administrative support workers, all other 318,430 13.16 27,380 12.22
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 19,890 18.50 38,480 17.06
Farm labor contractors 2,770 10.84 22,540 8.42
Agricultural inspectors 12,300 16.05 33,390 14.92
Animal breeders 1,530 15.74 32,730 13.55
Graders and sorters, agricultural products 50,110 8.52 17,710 7.90
Agricultural equipment operators 20,960 9.76 20,300 8.88
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse 240,000 8.07 16,780 7.70
Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 43,250 9.07 18,870 8.31
Agricultural workers, all other 9,500 11.06 23,010 10.15
Fishers and related fishing workers 940 14.04 29,200 11.58
Forest and conservation workers 9,140 11.34 23,590 9.51
Fallers 10,180 15.15 31,510 13.23
Logging equipment operators 27,690 13.75 28,600 13.18
Log graders and scalers 4,870 13.21 27,480 12.29
Logging workers, all other 5,680 14.06 29,240 14.29
Construction and extraction occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers 542,440 25.95 53,980 24.25
Boilermakers 18,520 22.29 46,360 21.68
Brickmasons and blockmasons 107,660 20.42 42,480 20.07
Stonemasons 16,320 17.75 36,920 16.82
Carpenters 882,490 18.26 37,970 16.78
Carpet installers 40,170 17.72 36,860 16.39
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles 15,800 17.13 35,640 15.68
Floor sanders and finishers 6,430 13.93 28,980 12.88
Tile and marble setters 42,930 18.28 38,020 17.02
Cement masons and concrete finishers 191,690 16.36 34,030 15.10
Terrazzo workers and finishers 6,700 15.47 32,170 13.45
Construction laborers 854,840 13.86 28,830 12.10
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 61,860 16.07 33,430 14.42
Pile-driver operators 4,450 22.46 46,720 21.29
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 357,080 18.62 38,730 17.00
Drywall and ceiling tile installers 113,350 17.71 36,830 16.36
Tapers 36,370 19.25 40,040 18.78
Electricians 582,920 21.58 44,900 20.33
Glaziers 43,140 17.63 36,680 15.70
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall 37,000 16.12 33,530 14.57
Insulation workers, mechanical 17,110 17.48 36,350 16.03
Painters, construction and maintenance 249,560 15.87 33,010 14.55
Paperhangers 7,660 16.87 35,090 15.73
Pipelayers 54,470 15.40 32,040 13.68
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 424,360 21.21 44,110 19.85
Plasterers and stucco masons 54,920 16.96 35,270 15.60
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 32,660 19.32 40,190 16.90
Roofers 119,820 16.17 33,630 14.83
Sheet metal workers 184,740 18.63 38,760 17.09
Structural iron and steel workers 70,240 21.30 44,300 20.40
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters 61,680 13.40 27,860 12.00
Helpers--carpenters 106,130 10.94 22,750 10.38
Helpers--electricians 92,820 11.97 24,890 11.26
Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons 26,090 10.87 22,610 9.87
Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 74,820 11.50 23,930 10.75
Helpers--roofers 21,530 10.58 22,000 9.93
Helpers, construction trades, all other 38,310 10.97 22,820 9.91
Construction and building inspectors 82,690 21.86 45,460 21.00
Elevator installers and repairers 21,110 27.98 58,190 28.23
Fence erectors 23,350 12.27 25,530 11.24
Hazardous materials removal workers 38,550 17.54 36,480 16.02
Highway maintenance workers 136,550 14.61 30,390 14.21
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 10,430 17.96 37,360 18.35
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 16,670 14.73 30,640 13.88
Segmental pavers 840 13.31 27,690 11.74
Construction and related workers, all other 81,260 12.71 26,440 11.40
Derrick operators, oil and gas 13,880 16.74 34,810 16.11
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas 13,860 18.68 38,860 17.11
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 16,210 16.05 33,380 14.75
Earth drillers, except oil and gas 19,320 17.18 35,740 16.07
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 5,290 17.85 37,130 17.16
Continuous mining machine operators 8,060 17.71 36,840 17.87
Mine cutting and channeling machine operators 3,900 17.95 37,330 17.96
Mining machine operators, all other 2,710 17.17 35,710 16.45
Rock splitters, quarry 3,180 13.43 27,940 12.54
Roof bolters, mining 4,290 18.54 38,570 18.70
Roustabouts, oil and gas 32,280 12.74 26,500 11.94
Helpers--extraction workers 26,430 13.23 27,520 12.66
Extraction workers, all other 10,450 16.37 34,050 15.66
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers 459,440 25.34 52,700 24.20
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 141,350 17.59 36,580 16.90
Radio mechanics 6,340 18.30 38,070 17.65
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers 202,160 23.10 48,050 23.96
Avionics technicians 22,310 21.38 44,460 21.30
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 21,910 16.11 33,520 15.54
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 17,390 19.46 40,470 19.25
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 71,300 20.63 42,910 20.48
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay 20,660 25.51 53,060 25.86
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 15,490 14.24 29,610 12.79
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 32,210 14.25 29,640 13.44
Security and fire alarm systems installers 44,710 16.78 34,900 16.06
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 112,830 22.69 47,190 21.77
Automotive body and related repairers 162,820 18.10 37,650 16.68
Automotive glass installers and repairers 18,150 13.98 29,080 13.45
Automotive service technicians and mechanics 668,540 16.61 34,550 15.60
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 251,430 17.66 36,730 17.20
Farm equipment mechanics 30,770 13.74 28,580 13.40
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 112,000 18.68 38,860 18.34
Rail car repairers 18,140 19.01 39,550 19.48
Motorboat mechanics 17,680 15.16 31,530 14.74
Motorcycle mechanics 15,920 14.61 30,380 13.70
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics 25,170 12.66 26,340 11.98
Bicycle repairers 7,750 9.90 20,580 9.71
Recreational vehicle service technicians 12,340 14.73 30,630 13.93
Tire repairers and changers 87,110 10.75 22,350 10.01
Mechanical door repairers 10,470 16.92 35,190 15.38
Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door 37,260 20.83 43,320 21.01
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 225,630 18.30 38,060 17.43
Home appliance repairers 40,300 16.00 33,280 15.47
Industrial machinery mechanics 212,770 19.28 40,090 18.78
Maintenance and repair workers, general 1,267,390 15.41 32,060 14.77
Maintenance workers, machinery 84,850 16.40 34,120 15.79
Millwrights 57,050 21.63 44,990 21.02
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons 3,570 18.76 39,020 18.09
Electrical power-line installers and repairers 101,760 22.91 47,640 23.61
Telecommunications line installers and repairers 144,080 19.55 40,660 19.39
Camera and photographic equipment repairers 3,830 16.29 33,880 15.54
Medical equipment repairers 23,750 18.72 38,930 17.90
Musical instrument repairers and tuners 5,290 14.88 30,950 13.47
Watch repairers 3,450 15.23 31,670 13.87
Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other 13,500 21.64 45,000 21.25
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 37,230 13.95 29,020 13.47
Commercial divers 2,230 18.66 38,820 16.94
Fabric menders, except garment 2,150 15.60 32,440 15.62
Locksmiths and safe repairers 15,540 15.30 31,830 14.60
Manufactured building and mobile home installers 12,150 11.64 24,210 11.23
Riggers 12,480 17.55 36,500 16.98
Signal and track switch repairers 7,780 21.73 45,210 21.43
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 157,310 11.18 23,250 10.25
Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other 137,650 17.23 35,830 16.23
Production occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers 696,750 22.96 47,760 21.51
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 18,710 18.02 37,470 17.79
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 27,360 12.69 26,400 12.24
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers 217,360 12.63 26,270 11.68
Electromechanical equipment assemblers 51,370 13.29 27,650 12.71
Engine and other machine assemblers 45,730 17.29 35,960 16.73
Structural metal fabricators and fitters 86,240 14.94 31,070 14.34
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators 30,250 12.59 26,190 12.18
Team assemblers 1,208,270 12.36 25,720 11.42
Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators 3,150 14.57 30,310 13.76
Assemblers and fabricators, all other 259,830 14.14 29,410 11.90
Bakers 150,900 10.97 22,820 10.26
Butchers and meat cutters 131,490 13.12 27,300 12.45
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers 137,370 9.60 19,970 9.09
Slaughterers and meat packers 134,140 10.20 21,220 10.03
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 18,110 12.12 25,210 11.46
Food batchmakers 85,010 11.34 23,590 10.62
Food cooking machine operators and tenders 41,810 10.72 22,290 10.02
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic 124,330 15.22 31,650 14.75
Numerical tool and process control programmers 17,310 20.27 42,160 19.31
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 88,980 13.54 28,170 13.18
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 37,890 14.05 29,210 13.22
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 37,210 14.81 30,810 14.33
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic 248,800 13.04 27,120 12.45
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 41,940 14.72 30,620 13.69
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic 98,770 14.10 29,330 13.19
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 70,230 15.47 32,190 15.04
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 30,280 15.16 31,530 14.91
Machinists 361,280 16.73 34,790 16.33
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders 17,150 16.13 33,560 15.74
Pourers and casters, metal 13,670 14.68 30,530 13.92
Model makers, metal and plastic 8,030 21.57 44,870 21.28
Patternmakers, metal and plastic 5,930 18.19 37,840 17.86
Foundry mold and coremakers 17,320 14.29 29,720 13.37
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic 156,480 12.47 25,940 11.63
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 97,060 14.88 30,960 14.06
Tool and die makers 99,390 21.19 44,070 20.55
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers 344,970 15.41 32,050 14.72
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders 47,210 15.39 32,020 14.32
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 25,690 14.73 30,630 14.26
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic 11,240 16.23 33,750 15.65
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 38,620 13.68 28,440 12.96
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 19,750 15.10 31,410 14.52
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 53,050 17.19 35,750 16.15
Bindery workers 73,240 12.33 25,650 11.31
Bookbinders 7,160 14.58 30,320 13.71
Job printers 56,770 16.23 33,750 15.41
Prepress technicians and workers 76,190 16.08 33,450 15.30
Printing machine operators 184,230 15.26 31,740 14.38
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 218,610 8.74 18,170 8.28
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 80,520 8.62 17,920 8.33
Sewing machine operators 242,500 9.24 19,230 8.61
Shoe and leather workers and repairers 7,840 9.68 20,120 9.29
Shoe machine operators and tenders 4,530 9.85 20,500 9.44
Sewers, hand 12,430 10.20 21,210 9.13
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers 27,180 11.76 24,450 10.79
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 21,480 10.96 22,790 10.56
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 25,320 10.44 21,700 9.80
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 45,320 11.47 23,850 11.48
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 53,490 11.41 23,740 10.87
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic
and glass fibers 23,040 13.71 28,520 13.37
Fabric and apparel patternmakers 9,340 16.23 33,760 13.85
Upholsterers 38,550 13.05 27,140 12.35
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 21,920 10.96 22,790 10.34
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 121,380 12.90 26,830 12.16
Furniture finishers 25,770 12.11 25,190 11.35
Model makers, wood 3,210 14.82 30,820 12.94
Patternmakers, wood 2,500 15.74 32,750 14.88
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 56,500 11.35 23,600 10.91
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 88,870 11.43 23,780 10.93
Woodworkers, all other 12,190 10.94 22,760 10.16
Nuclear power reactor operators 4,300 30.71 63,880 30.81
Power distributors and dispatchers 8,290 28.03 58,300 27.56
Power plant operators 33,350 25.02 52,030 25.26
Stationary engineers and boiler operators 46,870 21.66 45,060 21.22
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators 92,120 17.32 36,030 16.81
Chemical plant and system operators 59,980 21.61 44,940 21.55
Gas plant operators 10,670 24.36 50,660 24.36
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers 42,300 23.44 48,760 24.27
Plant and system operators, all other 14,930 20.14 41,900 20.10
Chemical equipment operators and tenders 48,450 18.94 39,390 18.69
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators,
and tenders 38,000 16.49 34,290 15.98
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders 42,600 13.70 28,490 12.96
Grinding and polishing workers, hand 44,210 12.03 25,030 11.28
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders 119,320 14.06 29,240 13.51
Cutters and trimmers, hand 28,780 11.60 24,120 10.59
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders 73,250 13.46 27,990 12.82
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 73,970 13.88 28,880 13.20
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 29,750 15.08 31,360 14.29
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 495,430 15.00 31,210 13.66
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 26,360 14.76 30,700 13.18
Dental laboratory technicians 44,540 16.21 33,720 14.93
Medical appliance technicians 10,080 15.19 31,600 13.38
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 25,170 12.32 25,620 11.40
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 411,660 11.59 24,110 10.67
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders 96,510 13.25 27,550 12.64
Painters, transportation equipment 49,810 18.17 37,800 16.89
Painting, coating, and decorating workers 26,990 12.01 24,970 10.95
Photographic process workers 31,610 11.07 23,010 9.63
Photographic processing machine operators 53,350 10.26 21,340 9.33
Semiconductor processors 44,440 14.46 30,070 13.85
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 24,630 12.34 25,660 11.57
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 16,860 12.15 25,270 11.18
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 8,790 12.18 25,340 10.96
Etchers and engravers 8,490 12.59 26,180 11.33
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 37,930 12.51 26,020 11.58
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 109,560 15.01 31,220 14.63
Tire builders 17,960 17.38 36,150 17.50
Helpers--production workers 480,430 10.35 21,530 9.70
Production workers, all other 299,950 13.47 28,010 11.38
Transportation and material moving occupations
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 7,460 18.90 39,310 16.40
First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 169,860 19.45 40,460 18.40
First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine
and vehicle operators 222,590 23.23 48,320 21.54
Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 78,490 (2) 129,620 (2)
Commercial pilots 21,370 (2) 62,290 (2)
Air traffic controllers 22,260 47.94 99,710 49.05
Airfield operations specialists 4,810 20.22 42,050 17.64
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 17,410 10.17 21,140 9.49
Bus drivers, transit and intercity 183,710 15.09 31,390 14.30
Bus drivers, school 475,430 11.33 23,560 11.18
Driver/sales workers 406,910 11.36 23,620 9.66
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer 1,553,370 16.63 34,580 16.11
Truck drivers, light or delivery services 938,730 12.88 26,790 11.80
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 132,650 10.34 21,510 9.41
Motor vehicle operators, all other 85,520 11.04 22,960 9.45
Locomotive engineers 31,180 26.29 54,680 24.30
Locomotive firers 620 22.23 46,230 21.56
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 6,170 18.41 38,280 17.70
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 16,410 23.03 47,900 21.46
Railroad conductors and yardmasters 35,720 25.28 52,580 22.28
Subway and streetcar operators 8,900 22.67 47,150 23.70
Rail transportation workers, all other 7,680 19.56 40,680 19.57
Sailors and marine oilers 27,570 14.98 31,160 14.00
Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels 25,200 25.11 52,230 24.20
Motorboat operators 2,830 16.25 33,790 15.39
Ship engineers 10,330 27.80 57,830 26.42
Bridge and lock tenders 3,500 17.05 35,460 17.98
Parking lot attendants 120,080 8.48 17,650 8.08
Service station attendants 90,640 8.92 18,560 8.29
Traffic technicians 6,240 17.11 35,600 16.19
Transportation inspectors 24,140 24.89 51,780 24.22
Transportation workers, all other 51,850 16.11 33,510 15.47
Conveyor operators and tenders 54,380 12.85 26,720 12.23
Crane and tower operators 43,570 18.81 39,130 17.99
Dredge operators 1,730 14.43 30,010 13.47
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators 67,080 16.40 34,120 15.37
Loading machine operators, underground mining 3,330 16.34 34,000 15.98
Hoist and winch operators 5,550 18.65 38,790 16.19
Industrial truck and tractor operators 631,530 13.57 28,230 12.78
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 330,520 9.33 19,400 8.41
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,390,910 10.53 21,910 9.67
Machine feeders and offbearers 149,500 11.31 23,530 10.68
Packers and packagers, hand 872,260 8.97 18,660 8.25
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators 4,680 21.56 44,850 21.07
Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers 9,810 17.79 37,000 17.04
Wellhead pumpers 10,040 16.33 33,960 16.31
Refuse and recyclable material collectors 139,920 13.37 27,810 12.38
Shuttle car operators 3,000 17.58 36,570 18.08
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 16,530 16.44 34,190 15.59
Material moving workers, all other 57,390 15.29 31,800 13.87
1 Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours;
for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from
the reported survey data.
2 Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.
3 There is a wide variation in the number of hours worked by those employed as actors, dancers, singers, and musicians.
Many jobs are for the duration of 1 day or 1 week, and it is extremely rare for a performer to have guaranteed employment
for a period that exceeds 3 to 6 months. Therefore only hourly wages are available for these occupations.
4 Represents a wage above $70.00 per hour.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 305570 | From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder@wt.net]
Sent: Tuesday, July 29, 2003 1:03 PM
To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov
Cc: ggraber@cvm.fda.gov; Linda.Grassie@fda.gov; BSE-L
Subject: Docket No. 2003N-0312 Animal Feed Safety System [TSS SUBMISSION
TO DOCKET 2003N-0312]
Greetings FDA,
my name is Terry S. Singeltary Sr., i lost my mother to hvCJD
(Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease).
i would kindly like to comment on the proposed HACCP method of
detecting and or preventing TSEs in the human/animal feed supply.
it seems to me by implementing something that was designed for Astronauts
instead of cattle, something that the GAO has already stated is terribly
flawed (HACCP), i find it very disturbing to continue to insist on refusing
to use rapid TSE TESTING in sufficient numbers to find TSEs, as with
other Countries that they too once thought they were BSE free. for example,
it took Italy 1 MILLION rapid TSE tests since 2001 to find 102 cases of
BSE. THE USA has only tested 48,000 cattle in the 14 years of surveillance.
there is documented proof that indeed the USA cattle have been infected
with a TSE for decades, but the FDA/USDA and other USA Gov. agencies
continue to conveniently ignore these findings. YOU must not ignore
what Richard Marsh found. Plus, you must not ignore Asante/Collinge new
findings that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead
to an
alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the
commonest
_sporadic_ CJD. The USA has been feeding ruminant by-products back to
cattle, deer, elk and sheep for decades, and TSEs in these species have been
recycled for feed for decades in the USA. The rendering process here in the
USA will not kill this agent. to implement any HACCP over massive rapid
TSE testing is only prolonging the inevitable, and will only allow the
agent to
spread further. it is simply a band-aid approach to something that needs a
tourniquet...
3. Meat and Poultry: Better USDA Oversight and Enforcement of Safety
Rules Needed to Reduce Risk of Foodborne Illnesses. GAO-02-902, August
30.
FSIS Is Not Ensuring that Plants' HACCP Plans Meet Regulatory
Requirements
snip...
According to FSIS's food safety systems correlation reviews, inspectors
are not consistently identifying and documenting failures of plants'
HACCP plans to meet regulatory requirements. Furthermore, FSIS does
not expect its inspectors to determine whether HACCP plans are based on
sound science--the cornerstone of an effective plan. While in-depth
verification reviews examine the scientific aspects of HACCP plans, they
have been conducted in very few plants, and consumer safety officers
hired to review the scientific soundness of HACCP plans may take several
years to assess the plans at all plants. Moreover, inspectors in 55
percent of the 5,000 plants nationwide did not document any HACCP
violations during fiscal year 2001. When we brought this information to
the attention of FSIS officials, they were surprised that so many plants
had no HACCP violations for an entire year.
snip...
2. USDA believes that the title of the report is misleading. We
disagree. We believe the title accurately reflects the concerns detailed
throughout the body of the report.
snip...
http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-902
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/rc00255.pdf
FDA acknowledges that it has not yet identified and inspected
all firms subject to the ban pg. 3 ;
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02183.pdf
The report concludes that federal actions do not sufficiently ensure
that all
BSE-infected animals or products are kept out or that if BSE were found it
would be detected promptly and not spread to other cattle through animal
feed or enter the human food chain italics added pg. 3 ;
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02183.pdf
and why does everybody conveniently ignore these findings;
Asante/Collinge et al, that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype
can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2
PrPSc,
the commonest _sporadic_ CJD;
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm
To be published in the Proceedings of the
Fourth International Scientific Congress in
Fur Animal Production. Toronto, Canada,
August 21-28, 1988
Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
Results from Feeding Infected Cattle
R.F. Marsh* and G.R. Hartsough
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706; and ^Emba/Creat Lakes Ranch Service, Thiensville,
Wisconsin 53092
ABSTRACT
Epidemiologic investigation of a new incidence of
transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in Stetsonville, Wisconsin
suggests that the disease may have resulted from feeding infected
cattle to mink. This observation is supported by the transmission of
a TME-like disease to experimentally inoculated cattle, and by the
recent report of a new bovine spongiform encephalopathy in
England.
INTRODUCTION
Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) was first reported in 1965 by
Hartsough
and Burger who demonstrated that the disease was transmissible with a
long incubation
period, and that affected mink had a spongiform encephalopathy similar
to that found in
scrapie-affecied sheep (Hartsough and Burger, 1965; Burger and
Hartsough, 1965).
Because of the similarity between TME and scrapie, and the subsequent
finding that the
two transmissible agents were indistinguishable (Marsh and Hanson,
1969), it was
concluded that TME most likely resulted from feeding mink
scrapie-infecied sheep.
The experimental transmission of sheep scrapie to mink (Hanson et al., 1971)
confirmed the close association of TME and scrapie, but at the same time
provided
evidence that they may be different. Epidemiologic studies on previous
incidences of
TME indicated that the incubation periods in field cases were between
six months and
one year in length (Harxsough and Burger, 1965). Experimentally, scrapie
could not be
transmitted to mink in less than one year.
To investigate the possibility that TME may be caused by a (particular
strain of
scrapie which might be highly pathogenic for mink, 21 different strains
of the scrapie
agent, including their sheep or goat sources, were inoculated into a
total of 61 mink.
Only one mink developed a progressive neurologic disease after an
incubation period of
22 mon..s (Marsh and Hanson, 1979). These results indicated that TME was
either caused
by a strain of sheep scrapie not yet tested, or was due to exposure to a
scrapie-like agent
from an unidentified source.
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
A New Incidence of TME. In April of 1985, a mink rancher in
Stetsonville, Wisconsin
reported that many of his mink were "acting funny", and some had died.
At this time, we
visited the farm and found that approximately 10% of all adult mink were
showing
typical signs of TME: insidious onset characterized by subtle behavioral
changes, loss of
normal habits of cleanliness, deposition of droppings throughout the pen
rather than in a
single area, hyperexcitability, difficulty in chewing and swallowing,
and tails arched over
their _backs like squirrels. These signs were followed by progressive
deterioration of
neurologic function beginning with locomoior incoordination, long
periods of somnolence
in which the affected mink would stand motionless with its head in the
corner of the
cage, complete debilitation, and death. Over the next 8-10 weeks,
approximately 40% of
alt the adult mink on the farm died from TME.
Since previous incidences of TME were associated with common or shared
feeding
practices, we obtained a careful history of feed ingredients used over
the past 12-18
months. The rancher was a "dead stock" feeder using mostly (>95%) downer
or dead dairy
cattle and a few horses. Sheep had never been fed.
Experimental Transmission. The clinical diagnosis of TME was confirmed by
histopaihologic examination and by experimental transmission to mink
after incubation
periods of four months. To investigate the possible involvement of
cattle in this disease
cycle, two six-week old castrated Holstein bull calves were inoculated
intracerebrally
with a brain suspension from affected mink. Each developed a fatal
spongiform
encephalopathy after incubation periods of 18 and 19 months.
DISCUSSION
These findings suggest that TME may result from feeding mink infected
cattle and
we have alerted bovine practitioners that there may exist an as yet
unrecognized
scrapie-like disease of cattle in the United States (Marsh and
Hartsough, 1986). A new
bovine spongiform encephalopathy has recently been reported in England
(Wells et al.,
1987), and investigators are presently studying its transmissibility and
possible
relationship to scrapie. Because this new bovine disease in England is
characterized by
behavioral changes, hyperexcitability, and agressiveness, it is very
likely it would be
confused with rabies in the United Stales and not be diagnosed.
Presently, brains from
cattle in the United States which are suspected of rabies infection are
only tested with
anti-rabies virus antibody and are not examined histopathologically for
lesions of
spongiform encephalopathy.
We are presently pursuing additional studies to further examine the possible
involvement of cattle in the epidemiology of TME. One of these is the
backpassage of
our experimental bovine encephalopathy to mink. Because (here are as yet
no agent-
specific proteins or nucleic acids identified for these transmissible
neuropathogens, one
means of distinguishing them is by animal passage and selection of the
biotype which
grows best in a particular host. This procedure has been used to
separate hamster-
adapted and mink-udapted TME agents (Marsh and Hanson, 1979). The
intracerebral
backpassage of the experimental bovine agent resulted in incubations of
only four months
indicating no de-adaptation of the Stetsonville agent for mink after
bovine passage.
Mink fed infected bovine brain remain normal after six months. It wili
be essential to
demonstrate oral transmission fiom bovine to mink it this proposed
epidemiologic
association is to be confirmed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
These studies were supported by the College of Agricultural and Life
Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison and by a grant (85-CRCR-1-1812) from the
United
States Department of Agriculture. The authors also wish to acknowledge
the help and
encouragement of Robert Hanson who died during the course of these
investigations.
REFERENCES
Burger, D. and Hartsough, G.R. 1965. Encephalopathy of mink. II.
Experimental and
natural transmission. J. Infec. Dis. 115:393-399.
Hanson, R.P., Eckroade, R.3., Marsh, R.F., ZuRhein, C.M., Kanitz, C.L.
and Gustatson,
D.P. 1971. Susceptibility of mink to sheep scrapie. Science 172:859-861.
Hansough, G.R. and Burger, D. 1965. Encephalopathy of mink. I.
Epizoociologic and
clinical observations. 3. Infec. Dis. 115:387-392.
Marsh, R.F. and Hanson, R.P. 1969. Physical and chemical properties of the
transmissible mink encephalopathy agent. 3. ViroL 3:176-180.
Marsh, R.F. and Hanson, R.P. 1979. On the origin of transmissible mink
encephalopathy. In Hadlow, W.J. and Prusiner, S.P. (eds.) Slow transmissible
diseases of the nervous system. Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, pp
451-460.
Marsh, R.F. and Hartsough, G.R. 1986. Is there a scrapie-like disease in
cattle?
Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Western Conference for Food Animal
Veterinary
Medicine. University of Arizona, pp 20.
Wells, G.A.H., Scott, A.C., Johnson, C.T., Cunning, R.F., Hancock, R.D.,
Jeffrey, M.,
Dawson, M. and Bradley, R. 1987. A novel progressive spongiform
encephalopathy
in cattle. Vet. Rec. 121:419-420.
http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf
02N-0273 - Substances Prohibited From ... [PART 1 TSS SUBMISSION]
... compare search on 8/8/01...tss =====ANIMAL PROTEIN ... had
to request to the FOIA >>for the USA madcow feed ban warning letters. ...
www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/ 03/Jan03/012403/8004be07.html - 68k -
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012403/8004be07.html
Docket Management Docket: 02N-0273 - Substances Prohibited From ...
[PART 2 TSS SUBMISSION]
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012403/8004be09.html
SNIP...
The problem is diminishing in most of the 15 EU nations, but in Britain
there were
260 positive tests between January and May, compared with 156 for the same
period last year.
The higher number could be explained partly by the greater number of
tests carried
out this year in Britain: 198,143 compared with 122,801.
The European Commission carried out about 4.1 million tests across
member states -
about 10% of cattle in the bloc.
It found 591 positive cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the
first five months
of the year, down from 603 over the same period last year.
snip...
http://icberkshire.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/nationalnews/content_objectid=13206973_method=full_siteid=50102_headline=-Britain-has-highest-mad-cow-results-name_page.html
USA TEST ONLY 48,000 CATTLE IN 14 YEARS, from 100 MILLION
CATTLE IN ANY GIVEN YEAR, to 2003, TOTAL TSE TEST EVER IN
USA BOVINE;
As of April 30, 2003, over 48,000 brains have been examined for BSE or
another form of a TSE in cattle (figure 3
<http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/surveillance/figure3.html>).
No evidence of either condition has been detected by histopathology or
immunohistochemistry.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/surveillance/figure3.html
For the USA to continue to _flounder_ with these TSEs, as they have done
for the past
30 years or so, will only allow the agent to spread. to continue to
ignore what every other
Country around the globe has dealt with and is still dealing with, and
to think that the USA
is any different, should be taken with great suspicion $
PLUS, if the USA continues to flagrantly ignore the _documented_ science
to date about
the known TSEs in the USA (let alone the undocumented TSEs in cattle),
it is my opinion,
every other Country that is dealing with BSE/TSE should boycott the USA
and demand that
the SSC reclassify the USA BSE GBR II risk assessment to BSE/TSE GBR III
'IMMEDIATELY'.
for the SSC to _flounder_ any longer on this issue, should also be
regarded with great suspicion
as well. NOT to leave out the OIE and it's terribly flawed system of
disease surveillance.
the OIE should make a move on CWD in the USA, and make a risk assessment
on this as
a threat to human health. the OIE should also change the mathematical
formula for testing
of disease. this (in my opinion and others) is terribly flawed as well.
to think that a sample survey
of 400 or so cattle in a population of 100 million, to think this will
find anything, especially after
seeing how many TSE tests it took Italy and other Countries to find 1
case of BSE (1 million rapid
TSE test in less than 2 years, to find 102 BSE cases), should be proof
enough to make drastic
changes of this system. the OIE criteria for BSE Country classification
and it's
interpretation is very problematic. a text that is suppose to give
guidelines, but
is not understandable, cannot be considered satisfactory. the OIE told me 2
years ago that they were concerned with CWD, but said any changes might
take years. well, two years have come and gone, and no change in relations
with CWD as a human health risk. if we wait for politics and science to
finally make this connection, we very well may die before any decisions
or changes are made. this is not acceptable. we must take the politics and
the industry out of any final decisions of the Scientific community.
this has
been the problem from day one with this environmental man made death
sentence. some of you may think i am exaggerating, but you only have to see
it once, you only have to watch a loved one die from this one time, and you
will never forget, OR forgive...yes, i am still very angry...but the
transmission
studies DO NOT lie, only the politicians and the industry do...and they are
still lying to this day...
Terry S. Singeltary Neurology Online, 27 Jan 2003 [Full text]
Re: RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States
Email Terry S. Singeltary:
flounder@wt.net
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to
comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging
forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE
transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate
phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest
sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable
nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every
state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to
expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are
sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in
the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and
CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by
intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other
TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every
victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this
agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose
others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there
should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena
from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic
CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?
http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535
# Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States [FULL TEXT] - TSS 2/22/03 (0)
http://www.vegsource.com/talk/madcow/messages/9912538.html
PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -
Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary
Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf
PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -
Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary
Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf
BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
SOMETHING TO CHEW ON
BMJ
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7220/1312/b#EL2
BMJ
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/320/7226/8/b#EL1
Full Text
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/6/733?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=dignosing+and+reporting+creutzfeldt+jakob+disease&searchid=1048865596978_1528&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=jama
Docket Management Docket: 02D-0073 - Guidance: Validation of Procedures
for Processing of Human Tissues Intended for Transplantation
Comment Number: EC -4
Accepted - Volume 1
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012403/8004bdfc.html
Docket Management Docket: 02D-0371 - Class II Special Controls Guidance
Document: Human Dura Mater
Comment Number: EC -1
Accepted - Volume 1
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012403/8004bdfe.html
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012403/8004be11.html
PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -
Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary
Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf
Docket Management Docket: 96N-0417 - Current Good Manufacturing Practice
in Manufacturing, Packing, or Holding Dietary Ingredients a
Comment Number: EC -2
Accepted - Volume 7
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm
MAD COW NEWS...TSEs...TSS
http://www.vegsource.com/talk/madcow/index.html
CJD WATCH
http://www.fortunecity.com/healthclub/cpr/349/part1cjd.htm
CJD Watch message board
http://disc.server.com/Indices/167318.html
>>>6. What is the potential burden (increased cost and manpower) of a
comprehensive, risk-based Federal feed safety program, and what options
are available to minimize the burden?<<<
WHO CARES !!!
Moms death from hvCJD
http://www.vegsource.com/talk/lyman/messages/7252.html
MANY FACES
http://www.fortunecity.com/healthclub/cpr/798/cjd.htm
'A SON'S LOVE'
http://www.fortunecity.com/healthclub/cpr/798/terry.htm
'MOMS AUTOPSY REPORT'
http://www.vegsource.com/talk/lyman/messages/7548.html
anything less than 1 million rapid TSE test in USA cattle
annually for 5 years, anything less than that, simply put,
they don't want to find...
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
P.O. Box 42
Bacliff, TEXAS USA 77518
<flounder@wt.net>
| en |
all-txt-docs | 262253 | PETER LEFLING. 81
brofeffors were at the head, each of one fcience,
viz. i. a geographer; a. a natural philofopher :
3. a botanift ; and 4. one acquainted with
commercial affairs. Each profeffdr had four af-
fiftants, and befides them were four furgeons,
and many other people intended for this expe-
dition. Don Jun Igtiatio Madariaga and Don
Jofeph Solano both Capitans de F regatta, with
Don Jofeph Santos Cabrera were for the geogra-
phical department. Loefling was the head bo-
tanift, and had Dor Benito Paltor, from thc Py-
renees, and Don Antonio Condal, from Barcellona,
two young phyficians,. for his affiftants : and
two other youths, borri at Madrid, of wealthy
parents, called Don Bruno Salvador, and Don
San Juan de Dios Caftd, were intended for
draughtfmen and pupils in natural hiftory.
The other departments were filled up in propor-
tion, fo that this might have turned out one ofthe
grandeft and moft ufeful undertakings if pro-
perly conduded and executed. Loefling got
twenty thoufand reaies de Vellon towards his
equipment in linen, cloaths and other neceffa-
ries_ His falary was increafed to ten thoufand
reales per annum, and that of each of the phy-
ficians under him, was fixed at five thoufand
reales. The regulation of the limits between
the Spaniards and the Portuguez e in North A*
Vol. II. Q njerica*
| en |
all-txt-docs | 775723 | Neil Carman <neil_carman@greenbuilder.com>
04/03/2008 03:14 AM To
<rcra-docket@epa.gov>rcra-docket@epa.gov
cc
bcc
Subject
EPA's Program on Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemical Program
Sierra Club
April 3, 2008
Stephen Johnson
Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20460
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Docket Center
Via electronic submission at <rcra-docket@epa.gov>
Docket ID No.: EPA-HQ-RCRA-2008-0123
Re: EPA's Program on Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemical Program
Dear Administrator Johnson:
The Sierra Club is submitting additional public comments on the EPA's
Proposed TSCA Import Exemption rule for Veolia to import up to 40 million
pounds of PCBs for incineration include a copy of the EPA's website on its
Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Chemical Program. The PBT
information is being submitted to the Docket on Veolia's PCB import
request because incineration of PCBs runs completely counter to the EPA's
PBT Chemical Program to reduce PBTs including Polychlorinated Biphenyls in
the nation.
For example, the EPA's PBT Chemical Program emphasizes below:
EPA is committed to protecting children and women of child-bearing years
from exposure to PBTs, and reducing the concentration of PBTs in our
environment.
The Second Annual PBT Accomplishments Report
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/resources.htm#PBT%20Contacts
In a November 2001 EPA report, The Second Aunual PBT Accomplishments
Report, the agency emphasizes progress and accomplishments as being
organized around 4 primary goals:
* preventing the introduction of new PBTs into the marketplace
* reducing risk to human health and the environment from exposure to
priority PBTs already in the environment
* halting the transfer of PBTs among air, water and land
* assessing PBTs long-term effect on the environment
Primary goal #3 "halting the transfer of PBTs among air, water and land"
is inconsistent with large-scale incineration of PCBs that promotes stack
releases of unburned PCBs on a significant scale, incineration which
released 1,933 pounds of PCBs in 2006 from the Veolia hazardous waste/TSCA
incinerator at Port Arthur, Texas.
How much is 1933 pounds of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in micrograms?
Calculating PCBs as grams using 453.6 grams per pound, the 1,933 pounds in
2006 from Veolia's Port Arthur incinerator equals 876,808.8 grams.
Since PCBs are toxic on a lower concentration value well below the gram
concentration level, 876,808.8 grams in milligrams becomes 876,808,800
milligrams.
However, PCBs are toxic even below the milligram level and so 876,808,800
milligrams becomes 876,808,800,000 micrograms.
The PCB number in 2006 for Veolia's incinerator from 1933 pounds into
876.8 billion micrograms is about 2,922.696 micrograms of PCBs for every
single citizen in the US using 300 million as the population number.
Exposing millions of new infants and the unborn fetus to newly released
PCBs in 2006 of 876.8 billion micrograms is unconscionable and unethical.
It's totally against the EPA's PBT Chemical Program of the last decade
since EPA is allowing the releases of significant quantities of unburned
PCBs at Veolia's Port Arthur TSCA permited hazardous waste incinerator.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/pcbs.htm
What are Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?
There are no known natural sources of PCBs in our environment. PCBs are
either oily liquids or solids, are colorless to light yellow, and have no
smell or taste. Because they do not easily burn and are good insulators,
PCBs have been used widely as coolants and lubricants. PCBs are persisten,
bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) pollutants that have been targeted by EPA.
Why Are We Concerned About PCBs?
PCBs do not break down in our environment and can have severe health
effects on humans. PCBs in the air eventually return to our land and water
by settling or from runoff in snow and rain. In our water, PCBs build up
in fish and can reach levels hundreds of thousand of times higher than the
levels in water. Fish consumption advisories are in effect for PCBs in all
five of the Great Lakes. PCBs are the leading chemical risk from fish
consumption.
What harmful effects can PCBs have on us?
* Probable human carcinogen
* Damages the stomach
* Skin irritation
* Liver and Kidney damage
* Thyroid gland injuries
How are we exposed to PCBs?
* By eating contaminated fish and shellfish
* Infants may be exposed through breast milk
* Unborn children may exposed while in the womb
* May be in milk, meat, and their by-products
* Breathing indoor air in buildings where electrical equipment
contains PCBs
Where can PCBs be found?
Manufacturing of PCBs stopping in the Unites States in 1977 because they
were found to build up in our environment and cause harmful effects.
However, we can still find them in our environment, especially in our
lakes, rivers, and streams.
Current uses:
* Municipal and industrial incinerators from the burning of organic
wastes
Potential Sources to our Environment:
* Poorly maintained hazardous waste sites containing PCBs
* Illegal/improper dumping of PCB wastes such as transformer fluids
* Leaks or releases from electrical transformers containing PCBs
* Improper disposal of PCB-containing consumer products
* Old microscope oil and hydraulic fluids
* Old T.V.'s and refrigerators, lighting fixtures, electrical devices,
or appliances containing PCB capacitators made before 1977.
* Sediments in the bottom of lakes, river, or our ocean constantly
release small amounts of PCBs into the environment.
***
Home page:
Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Chemical Program
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/
The EPA is forging a new approach to reduce risks from and exposures to
priority PBT chemicals through increased coordination among EPA national
and regional programs. This PBT chemicals program has been established to
overcome the remaining challenges in addressing priority PBT pollutants.
EPA is committing, through this program, to create an enduring
cross-office system that will address the cross-media issues associated
with priority PBT pollutants.
Linking to the menu choices will show you the following information on
this site:
1) About PBTs: What is a PBT chemical and why do they attract special
attention? Look here for background information, a factsheet, and
frequently asked questions about PBTs. Also find the Annual PBT Chemicals
Program Accomplishments Report.
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/aboutpbt.htm
General Information
PBT pollutants are chemicals that are toxic, persist in the environment
and bioaccumulate in food chains and, thus, pose risks to human health and
ecosystems. The biggest concerns about PBTs are that they transfer rather
easily among air, water, and land, and span boundaries of programs,
geography, and generations.
Background Information
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/background.htm
On November 16, 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
released its Agency-wide Multimedia Strategy for Priority Persistent,
Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Pollutants (PBT Strategy).
The goal of the PBT Strategy is to identify and reduce risks to human
health and the environment from current and future exposure to priority
PBT pollutants. To attain this goal, EPA has identified several guiding
principles:
* Address problems on multimedia bases through integrated use of all
Agency tools
* Coordinate with and build on relevant international efforts
* Coordinate with relevant Federal programs and agencies
* Stress cost-effectiveness (e.g., amount of PBT removed for dollar
spent)
* Involve stakeholders
* Emphasize innovative technology and pollution prevention
* Protect vulnerable sub-populations
* Base decisions on sound science
* Use measurable objectives and assess performance
The PBT Strategy outlines an approach to achieving PBT risk reductions
which includes the development and implementation of national action plans
for priority PBT pollutants. These action plans will draw upon the full
array of EPA's statutory authorities and national programs, building on
work initiated under the Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy and using
regulatory action where voluntary efforts are insufficient. The action
plans will consider enforcement and compliance, international
coordination, place-based remediation of existing PBT contamination,
research, technology development and monitoring, community and
sector-based projects, the use of outreach and public advisories, and
opportunities to integrate efforts across chemicals.
The Persistent, Bioacculumative and Toxics (PBT) Program is a main focus
of the EPA's MultiMedia and Pollution Prevention (M2P2) Forum, composed of
senior EPA management officials.
The first 12 PBTs were identified from the 12 level 1 substances from the
U.S. Binational Toxics Strategy (BNS): aldrin/dieldrin, benzo(a)pyrene,
chlordane, DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene, alkyl-lead, mercury
and its compounds, mirex, octachlorostyrene, PCBs, dioxins and furans, and
toxaphene. Many of these were used as pesticides and have already been
banned. However some, such as mercury, are still in use today.
***
Fact Sheet
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/fact.htm
Multimedia Strategy For Priority Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic
(PBT) Chemicals
The Problem
Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic pollutants (PBTs) are highly
toxic, long-lasting substances that can build up in the food chain to
levels that are harmful to human and ecosystem health. They are associated
with a range of adverse human health effects, including effects on the
nervous system, reproductive and developmental problems, cancer, and
genetic impacts. EPA's challenge in reducing risks from PBTs stems from
the pollutant's ability to travel long distances, to transfer rather
easily among air, water, and land, and to linger for generations in people
and the environment.
EPA is committed to protecting children and women of child-bearing years
from exposure to PBTs, and reducing the concentration of PBTs in our
environment.
The populations at risk, especially to PBTs such as mercury, dioxins, and
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), are children and the developing fetus.
EPA's challenge in reducing risks from PBTs stems from the pollutants'
ability to travel long distances, to transfer rather easily among air,
water, and land and to linger for generations in people and the
environment.
The populations at risk, especially to PBTs such as mercury, dioxins and
PCBs are children and the developing fetus. Although, over the years much
work has been done to reduce the risk associated with these chemicals, the
nation still finds them in its fish supply. The total number of advisories
in the United States increased by 80% from 1993 to 1997 and the number of
waterbodies under advisory increased from 1,278 to 2,299. Only 17 States
and territories have stayed at the same level or have had a decrease in
the number of advisories since 1993. In the other 38 states, advice to
restrict or avoid eating the fish have increased. Six states have
increased advisories more than 30% and 13 states had added statewide
advisories applying to all fresh water, all coastal waters, or both. All
of the substances that are causing the advisories are PBTs. While some may
argue that a part of this increase may be due to the fact that the states
are doing a better job of monitoring and setting protective levels, the
facts are clear that we have much work ahead of us to reduce the risks of
these PBT chemicals.
1) About PBTs
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/aboutpbt.htm
PBT pollutants are chemicals that are toxic, persist in the environment
and bioaccumulate in food chains and, thus, pose risks to human health and
ecosystems. The biggest concerns about PBTs are that they transfer rather
easily among air, water, and land, and span boundaries of programs,
geography, and generations.
Annual Accomplishments Reports
2001-2002
The third in the annual series, "Breaking the Cycle - PBT Program
Accomplishments Report 2001-2002" outlines the successful actions and
ongoing investments by EPA's PBT Program. This report describes successes
of the PBT Program that cut across a broad spectrum of activities
including pollution reductions; filling PBT data gaps; collaborative
efforts with private, governmental and international partners; and
developing further strategic approaches for reducing releases and
exposures to priority PBTs.
2000
The Second Annual Edition of the EPA's Agency-wide Multimedia Persistent,
Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Pollutants effort, the 2000 PBT Program
Accomplishments Report [PBT] is available online. (1,700 KB)
The 2000 accomplishments report is organized around 4 primary goals:
* preventing the introduction of new PBTs into the marketplace
* reducing risk to human health and the environment from exposure to
priority PBTs already in the environment
* halting the transfer of PBTs among air, water and land
* assessing PBTs long-term effect on the environment.
1999
The First Annual 1999 Accomplishments Report of the EPA's Agency-wide
Multimedia Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Pollutants Initiative.
2) PBT Strategy: Review EPA's multimedia agency-wide strategy for
addressing PBT chemicals.
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/pbtstrat.htm
A Multimedia Strategy for Priority Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic
(PBT) Pollutants
Prepared by:
The USEPA Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Pollutants (PBT) Plenary
Group and The USEPA Office Directors Multimedia and Pollution Prevention
Forum
November 16, 1998
3) PBT Action Plans: Review EPA's national action plans for the priority
PBT chemicals.
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/epaaction.htm
4) Priority PBT Profiles: Find here the list of priority PBT chemicals for
which the Agency is developing national action plans. As chemicals are
added to this priority list, they can be found here. Each chemical also
has a short chemical profile.
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/cheminfo.htm
Priority PBT Profiles
This is a listing of the priority PBTs currently being addressed under the
PBT initiative. Under most chemicals there are chemical profile fact
sheets and action plans. Action plans for all the chemicals will be added
as they are developed. The initial page for each chemical has some basic
background information about the chemical. Aldrin/dieldrin, Chlordane,
DDT, Mirex, and Toxaphene's action plans all fall under the pesticide
action plan. For mercury, the link provides access to the chemical profile
found on the Agency's mercury website.
* aldrin/dieldrin
* mercury
* benzo(a)pyrene
* mirex
* chlordane
* octachlorostyrene
* DDT, DDD, DDE
* PCBs
* hexachlorobenzene
* dioxins and furans
* alkyl-lead
* toxaphene
5) PBTs and You: Here you will find information or links to resource
material that may contain information about PBTs in your state or
community.
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/pbtsandyou.htm
BTs may be affecting your health and the health of your community. If you
have specific questions or need information about PBTs in your state or
community, we can offer you several sources of information.
First, if you are seeking information on chemical releases to the
environment from industries in your area, please refer to EPA's Toxic
Release Inventory (TRI). The TRI is a valuable source of information about
toxic chemicals that are being used, manufactured, treated, transported,
or released into the environment.
Second, your state may maintain records of fish consumption advisories.
These are notices to you, the consumer, of fish contamination and a
warning to refrain from consumption of contaminated fish. These advisories
are captured in the Fish and Wildlife Consumption Advisories Database.
This database includes all available information describing state, tribal,
and federally issued fish and wildlife consumption advisories in the
United States for the 50 states, the District of Columbia and four US
territories and has been expanded to include the 12 Canadian provinces and
territories. The data base contains information provided to EPA by the
states, tribes and Canada as of December 1997.
Third, if you have products or think you have products that contain PBT
chemicals and require information on how to dispose of them properly,
please contact your local state health or environmental agency or your EPA
regional official.
Your state may operate "clean sweeps" programs which have been established
to help citizens and businesses dispose of chemicals safely. The following
states have "clean sweeps" programs:
* Kentucky Exit Disclaimer
* Maine Exit Disclaimer
* Maryland Exit Disclaimer
* Massachusetts Exit Disclaimer
* Michigan Exit Disclaimer
* Minnesota Exit Disclaimer
* Nevada Exit Disclaimer
* North Carolina Exit Disclaimer
* South Dakota Exit Disclaimer
* Tennessee Exit Disclaimer
* Texas Exit Disclaimer
* Vermont Exit Disclaimer
6) Resources: Here you will find links to other PBT-related activities
ongoing within EPA and in the states. Also find a list of PBT-related
technical meetings and symposia as well as a listing of state and federal
PBT Chemicals Program representatives.
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/resources.htm
This page is a clearinghouse of direct links to Web sites that contain
useful resources on a variety of PBT topics.
* Related EPA Programs
* Partnership with Healthcare
* Meetings/Technical Symposia
* State Programs
* Articles
* PBT Contacts
Related EPA Programs
EPA's Mercury Site
This mercury site provides a broad range of information: actions by EPA
and others, including international actions; effects on people and the
environment; and how to protect you and your family.
Great Lakes National Program Office
US EPA's Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) brings together
Federal, state, tribal, local, and industry partners in an integrated,
ecosystem approach to protect, maintain, and restore the chemical,
biological, and physical integrity of the Great Lakes.
The Virtual Elimination Strategy
One of US EPA's approaches for addressing PBTs in the environment refers
to programs designed to "virtually eliminate" selected pollutants; in
other words, to prevent any new releases into the environment from all
pathways (land, air, and water) and to eliminate the use of these target
compounds wherever possible to minimize future release.
Great Lakes Binational Strategy
In keeping with the obligations of the Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement, Canada and the United States on April 7, 1997, signed the
"Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy: Canada-United States Strategy for
the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great
Lakes". This Strategy seeks percentage reductions in targeted persistent
toxic substances so as to protect and ensure the health and integrity of
the Great Lakes ecosystem.
Binational Toxics Strategy Mercury Workgroup
The Binational Toxics Strategy Mercury Workgroup web site contains
information about the workgroup (reports, meetings, partners, funding
opportunities), about the impact of mercury on human health and the
environment, the behavior of mercury in the environment, and, about
reducing mercury, whether through regulation or through sector-specific
voluntary activites
Toxic Release Inventory
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), published by the US EPA, is a valuable
source of information about toxic chemicals that are being used,
manufactured, treated, transported, or released into the environment.
Using this information, citizens, businesses, and governments can work
together to protect the quality of their land, air, and water.
Waste Minimization National Plan
To encourage waste minimization nationwide, the US EPA developed a Waste
Minimization National Plan. This initiative promotes a long-term national
effort to minimize the generation of hazardous chemicals in waste
regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
National Listing of Fish Consumption Advisories
In order to make the public aware of fish consumption advisories, the US
EPA has set up this site to act as a data base for advisories as well as
other resources including manuals on fish surveys and whether to eat fish
or not.
____________________________________________________________________
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/resources.htm#PBT%20Contacts
Meetings/Technical Symposia
Conference explores opportunities for "Breaking The Mercury Cycle"
A conference was jointly sponsored by EPA's Office of Research and
Development and the Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association
(NEWMOA) on April 24-26, 2002 that explored the technical alternatives for
long-term mercury management and retirement. Papers and other documents
associated with that meeting may be accessed at
www.newmoa.org/Newmoa/htdocs/prevention/mercury/breakingcycle/toc.cfm Exit
Disclaimer
PBT Monitoring Strategy Workshop
The PBT Program's Monitoring Workgroup is developing of a comprehensive
Strategy for Routine Monitoring of PBTs. On April 22-24, 2002 EPA and
several other organizations sponsored a very successful public Workshop in
Raleigh North Carolina. The purpose of the Workshop was to explore with
various governmental organizations and stakeholders how to build upon
existing monitoring capacity and infrastructure in order to support mutual
interests and needs for environmental data on PBTs. Presentations in
PowerPoint made at the Workshop are available for downloading. You may
also download a PowerPoint Viewer if needed. Warning: Some of these are
extremely large files.
Day One Presentations (PowerPoint files)
1. Setting the Context (Murray) [5.9 MB]
2. PBT Strategy (Foley) [53 KB]
3. Individual Program Manager Perspective (Hulting) [144 KB]
4. CEC Perspective (McKay) [182 KB]
5. NOAA Presentation (Artz) [5.8 MB]
6. NOAA (Hameedi) [1.5 MB]
7. USGS Perspective (Gerould) [8.4 MB]
8. CDC Presentation (Needham) [4.8 MB]
9. Alaska Deposition (Chin) [510 KB]
Day Two Presentations (PowerPoint files)
1. PBT MS Process (Watkins) [52 KB]
2. Monitoring Program Inventory (Watkins) [198 KB]
3. Draft Questions and Objectives (Hopkins-Ackerman) [114 KB]
4. Hg Conceptual Model (Hulting) [443 KB]
5. Dioxin Conceptual Model (Winters) [5.1 MB]
6. PCB Conceptual Model (Hulting) [637 KB]
7. PBT Analyses (Watkins) [48 KB]
8. Monitoring and Modeling Analysis (Bortnick) [3.4 MB]
9. PBT Monitoring Strategy Outline (Hulting) [50 KB]
10. BFR Presentation (Devito) [608 KB]
11. Role of Modeling (Cohen) [16 MB]
12. GIS Mapping (Hearn) [27 MB]
***
Sincerely,
Neil J. Carman, Ph.D.
Clean air program director
Lone Star Chapter of Sierra Club
1202 San Antonio Street
Austin, Texas 78701
tel: 512-472-1767
fax: 512-477-8526
Neil_Carman@greenbuilder.com | en |
converted_docs | 134927 | Destination: **2200 Crystal Drive** (Crystal Plaza 4)
**Arlington, VA 22202**
Take the Yellow or Blue Line to the Crystal City Metro Stop
**Outdoor walking route:** From the metro, take the main escalators up
two levels until you are above ground. Turn left to walk down 18th
Street. 18th Street will end at Crystal Drive. Turn right on Crystal
Drive. You'll walk past McCormick & Schmick\'s Seafood Restaurant and
proceed under an overhead walkway until you eventually come to the 2200
Crystal Drive entrance on your right (the door is between Corner Bakery
and Ted's Montana Grill). Once inside, walk just past Cold Stone
Creamery to a recessed elevator lobby. Either of these two elevators
will take you to the main lobby of the building. Once you are at the
main lobby level you will need to follow FAS security procedures to your
final destination.
**Indoor walking route:** From the metro, take the main escalators up
one level and go through the glass doors on your left into the
concourse. Follow this concourse up a flight of stairs and you'll see
the Northern Virginia Doctors of Optometry, jog to the left and
immediately right. Proceed straight down the hall, passing the
beautician, barber shop and entrance to the Crystal City Marriott Hotel
until you arrive at the wall mural. At this point veer to the left and
proceed to the next intersection, then turn right at Au Bon Pain. At the
next intersection, go around the spiral stairs and proceed straight to
the next spiral stairs, by McDonald\'s. After passing the stairs, go
left towards the 2200 Crystal Drive exit. Walk towards the exit doors
and immediately on your right there will be a recessed elevator lobby.
Either of these two elevators will take you to the main lobby of the
building. Once you are at the main lobby level you will need to follow
FAS security procedures to your final destination.
Ask to be directed to room L1301. It is on the same floor; turn left as
you pass through security.
I will give the guard your names. At this time, they'll require that you
leave a picture ID with them (Your government ID will suffice; they will
give you a visitors pass as collateral).
Retail Parking is available for a minimum fee. For detailed driving
directions visit the www.thecrystalcityshops.com.
| en |
log-files | 748352 | SAGEN: Generating SWICS archive file(s) using default configuration ...
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 Initilizing pipe and starting data processing]
CDF OUTPUT INIT: Creating CDF file template from skeleton file '.\uy_glg.skt'
[PIPELINE SYSTEM: 0 ] [SYSTEM CONFIG]
[PIPELINE APP : 1 ] [APPLICATION CONFIG]
[PIPELINE FILTER: 2 ] [SYS INPUT]
[PIPELINE FILTER: 3 ] [EDR INPUT]
[PIPELINE FILTER: 4 ] [CDF OUTPUT]
[PIPELINE FILTER: 5 ] [SYS OUTPUT]
[PIPELINE FILTER: 3 ] [SEDR INPUT]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9901.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=251 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9901.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9901.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 Start processing file: .\data\1998\19981231.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=4 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 End processing file: .\data\1998\19981231.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990101.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=106 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990101.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:45 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990102.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990102.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990103.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990103.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990104.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990104.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990105.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #452: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #995, SCET=1546677705)
EDR INPUT DVC #507: DPU error - PHA error (EDR #1160, SCET=1546727637)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990105.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:46 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990106.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #602: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1377, SCET=1546808606)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=94 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:47 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990106.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:47 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990107.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=74 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:47 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990107.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:47 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990108.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #710: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1615, SCET=1546927991)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:47 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990108.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:47 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990109.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990109.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990110.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990110.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990111.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990111.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990112.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1170: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2706, SCET=1547316389)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990112.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:48 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990113.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1287: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2978, SCET=1547413890)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:49 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990113.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:49 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990114.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1383: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #3201, SCET=1547497919)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:49 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990114.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:49 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990115.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1457: DPU error - no bubble sync. word (EDR #3335, SCET=1547559744)
EDR INPUT DVC #1457: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3335, SCET=1547559744)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:49 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990115.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:49 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990116.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1588: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3655, SCET=1547676259)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990116.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990117.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990117.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990118.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990118.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990119.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1865: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #4245, SCET=1547914877)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=78 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990119.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990120.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=63 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990120.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990121.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=70 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990121.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990122.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990122.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990123.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990123.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:51 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990124.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:52 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990124.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:52 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990125.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2362: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5403, SCET=1548419195)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:52 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990125.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:52 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990126.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:52 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990126.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:52 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990127.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:53 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990127.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:53 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990128.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:53 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990128.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:53 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990129.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:53 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990129.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:53 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990130.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990130.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990131.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=95 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990131.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990201.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=250, EDRs=6952 (Skipped=0, Gaps=22104), DVCs=3014 (Non Nominal=5, Skipped=215)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9901.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9902.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=227 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9902.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9902.glg]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990201.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990202.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:54 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990202.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:55 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990203.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #290: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #690, SCET=1549225403)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:55 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990203.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:55 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990204.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:55 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990204.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:55 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990205.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:55 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990205.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:55 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990206.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=95 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:56 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990206.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:56 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990207.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=92 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:56 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990207.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:56 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990208.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #732: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #1728, SCET=1549613847)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:56 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990208.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:56 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990209.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=88 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990209.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990210.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=80 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990210.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990211.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990211.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990212.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1146: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2669, SCET=1549998755)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990212.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:57 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990213.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990213.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990214.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1313: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2980, SCET=1550139890)
EDR INPUT DVC #1324: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #3024, SCET=1550151002)
EDR INPUT DVC #1362: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3087, SCET=1550182713)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990214.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990215.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3312, SCET=1550274529)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3315, SCET=1550275322)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3318, SCET=1550276115)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3321, SCET=1550276906)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3324, SCET=1550277701)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3328, SCET=1550278493)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3331, SCET=1550279286)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3334, SCET=1550280079)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3337, SCET=1550280872)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3340, SCET=1550281664)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3343, SCET=1550282457)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3346, SCET=1550283250)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3349, SCET=1550284043)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3352, SCET=1550284835)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3355, SCET=1550285628)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3358, SCET=1550286421)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3362, SCET=1550287214)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3365, SCET=1550288007)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3368, SCET=1550288799)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3371, SCET=1550289592)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3374, SCET=1550290385)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3377, SCET=1550291178)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3379, SCET=1550293556)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3381, SCET=1550294350)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3382, SCET=1550295142)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3384, SCET=1550295936)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3385, SCET=1550296728)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3387, SCET=1550297520)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3388, SCET=1550298314)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3390, SCET=1550299106)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3391, SCET=1550299900)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3393, SCET=1550300692)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3395, SCET=1550301484)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3396, SCET=1550302278)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3398, SCET=1550303070)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3399, SCET=1550303862)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3401, SCET=1550304656)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3402, SCET=1550305448)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3404, SCET=1550306242)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3405, SCET=1550307034)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3407, SCET=1550307826)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3408, SCET=1550308620)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3410, SCET=1550309412)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3412, SCET=1550310204)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3415, SCET=1550310997)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3421, SCET=1550312583)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3424, SCET=1550313375)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3427, SCET=1550314168)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3430, SCET=1550314961)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3434, SCET=1550315754)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3437, SCET=1550316547)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3440, SCET=1550317339)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3443, SCET=1550318132)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3446, SCET=1550318925)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3449, SCET=1550319718)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3452, SCET=1550320510)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3455, SCET=1550321303)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3458, SCET=1550322096)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3461, SCET=1550322889)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3465, SCET=1550323681)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3468, SCET=1550324474)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3471, SCET=1550325267)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3474, SCET=1550326060)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3477, SCET=1550326853)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3480, SCET=1550327645)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3483, SCET=1550328438)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3486, SCET=1550329231)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3489, SCET=1550330024)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3492, SCET=1550330816)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3495, SCET=1550331609)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3499, SCET=1550332402)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3502, SCET=1550333195)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3505, SCET=1550333988)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3508, SCET=1550334780)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3511, SCET=1550335573)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3514, SCET=1550336366)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3517, SCET=1550337159)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3520, SCET=1550337951)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3523, SCET=1550338744)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3526, SCET=1550339537)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3530, SCET=1550340330)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3533, SCET=1550341122)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3536, SCET=1550341915)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3538, SCET=1550342708)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3540, SCET=1550343502)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3541, SCET=1550344294)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3543, SCET=1550345088)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3544, SCET=1550345880)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3546, SCET=1550346672)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3547, SCET=1550347466)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3549, SCET=1550348258)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3550, SCET=1550349052)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3552, SCET=1550349844)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3554, SCET=1550350636)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3555, SCET=1550351430)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3557, SCET=1550352222)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3558, SCET=1550353014)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3560, SCET=1550353808)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3561, SCET=1550354600)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3563, SCET=1550355394)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3564, SCET=1550356185)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3567, SCET=1550356978)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3570, SCET=1550357771)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: MCP bias power supply disabled - DVC skipped (EDR #3574, SCET=1550358563)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #3579, SCET=1550360149)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #3582, SCET=1550360942)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #3585, SCET=1550361735)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #3588, SCET=1550362527)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #3591, SCET=1550363320)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #3594, SCET=1550364113)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #3597, SCET=1550364906)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: SWICS status changed: MCP level = 1
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3603, SCET=1550365698)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3603, SCET=1550365698)
EDR INPUT DVC #1405: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #3603, SCET=1550365698)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=35 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990215.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990216.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: No records written to CDF, file contains no data (data gap > one day)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=0 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990216.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:58 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990217.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1406: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3606, SCET=1550366491)
EDR INPUT DVC #1406: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3606, SCET=1550366491)
EDR INPUT DVC #1406: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #3606, SCET=1550366491)
EDR INPUT DVC #1407: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3609, SCET=1550367284)
EDR INPUT DVC #1407: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3609, SCET=1550367284)
EDR INPUT DVC #1407: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #3609, SCET=1550367284)
EDR INPUT DVC #1408: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3612, SCET=1550368077)
EDR INPUT DVC #1408: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3612, SCET=1550368077)
EDR INPUT DVC #1408: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #3612, SCET=1550368077)
EDR INPUT DVC #1409: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3615, SCET=1550368871)
EDR INPUT DVC #1409: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3615, SCET=1550368871)
EDR INPUT DVC #1409: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #3615, SCET=1550368871)
EDR INPUT DVC #1410: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3618, SCET=1550369663)
EDR INPUT DVC #1410: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3618, SCET=1550369663)
EDR INPUT DVC #1410: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #3618, SCET=1550369663)
EDR INPUT DVC #1411: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3621, SCET=1550370456)
EDR INPUT DVC #1411: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3621, SCET=1550370456)
EDR INPUT DVC #1411: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #3621, SCET=1550370456)
EDR INPUT DVC #1412: SWICS status changed: MCP level = 2
EDR INPUT DVC #1412: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3624, SCET=1550371249)
EDR INPUT DVC #1412: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3624, SCET=1550371249)
EDR INPUT DVC #1413: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3627, SCET=1550372042)
EDR INPUT DVC #1413: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3627, SCET=1550372042)
EDR INPUT DVC #1414: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3631, SCET=1550372834)
EDR INPUT DVC #1414: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3631, SCET=1550372834)
EDR INPUT DVC #1415: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3634, SCET=1550373627)
EDR INPUT DVC #1415: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3634, SCET=1550373627)
EDR INPUT DVC #1416: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3637, SCET=1550374420)
EDR INPUT DVC #1416: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3637, SCET=1550374420)
EDR INPUT DVC #1417: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3640, SCET=1550375213)
EDR INPUT DVC #1417: Non nominal MCP bias power supply level (EDR #3640, SCET=1550375213)
EDR INPUT DVC #1418: SWICS status changed: MCP level = 3 (nominal level)
EDR INPUT DVC #1418: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3643, SCET=1550376005)
EDR INPUT DVC #1419: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3646, SCET=1550376798)
EDR INPUT DVC #1420: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3649, SCET=1550377591)
EDR INPUT DVC #1421: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3652, SCET=1550378384)
EDR INPUT DVC #1422: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3656, SCET=1550379971)
EDR INPUT DVC #1423: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3658, SCET=1550380763)
EDR INPUT DVC #1424: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3659, SCET=1550381555)
EDR INPUT DVC #1425: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3661, SCET=1550382349)
EDR INPUT DVC #1426: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3662, SCET=1550383141)
EDR INPUT DVC #1427: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3664, SCET=1550383935)
EDR INPUT DVC #1428: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3666, SCET=1550384727)
EDR INPUT DVC #1429: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3667, SCET=1550385519)
EDR INPUT DVC #1430: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3669, SCET=1550386313)
EDR INPUT DVC #1431: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3670, SCET=1550387105)
EDR INPUT DVC #1432: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3672, SCET=1550387897)
EDR INPUT DVC #1433: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3673, SCET=1550388691)
EDR INPUT DVC #1434: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3675, SCET=1550389483)
EDR INPUT DVC #1435: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3676, SCET=1550390277)
EDR INPUT DVC #1436: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3678, SCET=1550391069)
EDR INPUT DVC #1437: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3679, SCET=1550391861)
EDR INPUT DVC #1438: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3681, SCET=1550392655)
EDR INPUT DVC #1439: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3683, SCET=1550393447)
EDR INPUT DVC #1440: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3684, SCET=1550394241)
EDR INPUT DVC #1441: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3686, SCET=1550395033)
EDR INPUT DVC #1442: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3692, SCET=1550396618)
EDR INPUT DVC #1443: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3695, SCET=1550397410)
EDR INPUT DVC #1444: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3698, SCET=1550398203)
EDR INPUT DVC #1445: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3701, SCET=1550398996)
EDR INPUT DVC #1446: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3704, SCET=1550399789)
EDR INPUT DVC #1447: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3713, SCET=1550402167)
EDR INPUT DVC #1448: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3716, SCET=1550402960)
EDR INPUT DVC #1449: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3719, SCET=1550403753)
EDR INPUT DVC #1450: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3722, SCET=1550404546)
EDR INPUT DVC #1451: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3726, SCET=1550405338)
EDR INPUT DVC #1452: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3729, SCET=1550406131)
EDR INPUT DVC #1453: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3732, SCET=1550406924)
EDR INPUT DVC #1454: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3735, SCET=1550407717)
EDR INPUT DVC #1455: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3738, SCET=1550408510)
EDR INPUT DVC #1456: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3741, SCET=1550409302)
EDR INPUT DVC #1457: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3744, SCET=1550410095)
EDR INPUT DVC #1458: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3747, SCET=1550410888)
EDR INPUT DVC #1459: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3750, SCET=1550411681)
EDR INPUT DVC #1460: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3753, SCET=1550412473)
EDR INPUT DVC #1461: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3757, SCET=1550413266)
EDR INPUT DVC #1462: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3760, SCET=1550414059)
EDR INPUT DVC #1463: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3763, SCET=1550414852)
EDR INPUT DVC #1464: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3766, SCET=1550415645)
EDR INPUT DVC #1465: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3769, SCET=1550416437)
EDR INPUT DVC #1466: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3772, SCET=1550417230)
EDR INPUT DVC #1467: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3775, SCET=1550418023)
EDR INPUT DVC #1468: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3778, SCET=1550418816)
EDR INPUT DVC #1469: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3781, SCET=1550419609)
EDR INPUT DVC #1470: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3784, SCET=1550420401)
EDR INPUT DVC #1471: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3787, SCET=1550421194)
EDR INPUT DVC #1472: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3791, SCET=1550421987)
EDR INPUT DVC #1473: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3794, SCET=1550422780)
EDR INPUT DVC #1474: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3797, SCET=1550423572)
EDR INPUT DVC #1475: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3800, SCET=1550424365)
EDR INPUT DVC #1476: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3803, SCET=1550425158)
EDR INPUT DVC #1477: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3806, SCET=1550425951)
EDR INPUT DVC #1478: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3809, SCET=1550426744)
EDR INPUT DVC #1479: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3812, SCET=1550427536)
EDR INPUT DVC #1480: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #3816, SCET=1550429247)
EDR INPUT DVC #1480: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3819, SCET=1550430819)
EDR INPUT DVC #1481: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3820, SCET=1550432395)
EDR INPUT DVC #1482: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3822, SCET=1550433967)
EDR INPUT DVC #1483: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3823, SCET=1550435539)
EDR INPUT DVC #1484: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3825, SCET=1550437115)
EDR INPUT DVC #1485: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3826, SCET=1550438687)
EDR INPUT DVC #1486: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3828, SCET=1550440259)
EDR INPUT DVC #1487: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3830, SCET=1550441835)
EDR INPUT DVC #1488: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3831, SCET=1550443407)
EDR INPUT DVC #1489: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3833, SCET=1550444979)
EDR INPUT DVC #1490: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3834, SCET=1550446555)
EDR INPUT DVC #1491: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3836, SCET=1550448127)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=86 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990217.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990218.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1492: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3837, SCET=1550449699)
EDR INPUT DVC #1493: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3839, SCET=1550451275)
EDR INPUT DVC #1494: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3840, SCET=1550452847)
EDR INPUT DVC #1495: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3842, SCET=1550454419)
EDR INPUT DVC #1496: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3843, SCET=1550455995)
EDR INPUT DVC #1497: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3845, SCET=1550457567)
EDR INPUT DVC #1498: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3846, SCET=1550459139)
EDR INPUT DVC #1499: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3848, SCET=1550460715)
EDR INPUT DVC #1500: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3850, SCET=1550462287)
EDR INPUT DVC #1501: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3851, SCET=1550463859)
EDR INPUT DVC #1502: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3853, SCET=1550465435)
EDR INPUT DVC #1503: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3854, SCET=1550467008)
EDR INPUT DVC #1504: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3856, SCET=1550468580)
EDR INPUT DVC #1505: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3857, SCET=1550470156)
EDR INPUT DVC #1506: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3859, SCET=1550471728)
EDR INPUT DVC #1507: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3860, SCET=1550473304)
EDR INPUT DVC #1508: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3862, SCET=1550474876)
EDR INPUT DVC #1509: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3863, SCET=1550476448)
EDR INPUT DVC #1510: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3865, SCET=1550478024)
EDR INPUT DVC #1511: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3866, SCET=1550479596)
EDR INPUT DVC #1512: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3871, SCET=1550482386)
EDR INPUT DVC #1513: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3874, SCET=1550483179)
EDR INPUT DVC #1514: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3880, SCET=1550484764)
EDR INPUT DVC #1515: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3883, SCET=1550485557)
EDR INPUT DVC #1516: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3886, SCET=1550486350)
EDR INPUT DVC #1517: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3889, SCET=1550487143)
EDR INPUT DVC #1518: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3892, SCET=1550487935)
EDR INPUT DVC #1519: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3896, SCET=1550488728)
EDR INPUT DVC #1520: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3899, SCET=1550489521)
EDR INPUT DVC #1521: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3902, SCET=1550490314)
EDR INPUT DVC #1522: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3905, SCET=1550491107)
EDR INPUT DVC #1523: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3908, SCET=1550491899)
EDR INPUT DVC #1524: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3911, SCET=1550492692)
EDR INPUT DVC #1525: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3917, SCET=1550495070)
EDR INPUT DVC #1526: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3920, SCET=1550495863)
EDR INPUT DVC #1527: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3923, SCET=1550496656)
EDR INPUT DVC #1528: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3926, SCET=1550497449)
EDR INPUT DVC #1529: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3929, SCET=1550498242)
EDR INPUT DVC #1530: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3933, SCET=1550499034)
EDR INPUT DVC #1531: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3936, SCET=1550499827)
EDR INPUT DVC #1532: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3939, SCET=1550500620)
EDR INPUT DVC #1533: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3942, SCET=1550501413)
EDR INPUT DVC #1534: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3945, SCET=1550502206)
EDR INPUT DVC #1535: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3948, SCET=1550502998)
EDR INPUT DVC #1536: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3951, SCET=1550503791)
EDR INPUT DVC #1537: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3954, SCET=1550504584)
EDR INPUT DVC #1538: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3957, SCET=1550505377)
EDR INPUT DVC #1539: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3960, SCET=1550506169)
EDR INPUT DVC #1540: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3967, SCET=1550507755)
EDR INPUT DVC #1541: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3970, SCET=1550508548)
EDR INPUT DVC #1542: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3975, SCET=1550510133)
EDR INPUT DVC #1543: Non nominal PAPS value (EDR #3978, SCET=1550510926)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=77 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990218.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990219.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990219.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990220.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1767: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #4489, SCET=1550704370)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990220.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:27:59 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990221.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:00 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990221.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:00 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990222.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:00 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990222.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:00 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990223.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990223.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990224.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990224.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990225.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990225.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990226.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990226.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990227.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2448: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5940, SCET=1551289502)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990227.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990228.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990228.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990301.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=226, EDRs=6180 (Skipped=0, Gaps=20945), DVCs=2581 (Non Nominal=141, Skipped=309)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9902.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9903.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=251 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9903.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9903.glg]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990301.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:02 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990302.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=89 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990302.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990303.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990303.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990304.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=94 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990304.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990305.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990305.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:03 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990306.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=90 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:04 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990306.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:04 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990307.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=73 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:04 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990307.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:04 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990308.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=84 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:04 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990308.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:04 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990309.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:05 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990309.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:05 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990310.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=96 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:05 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990310.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:05 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990311.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:05 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990311.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:05 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990312.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990312.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990313.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1174: Non nominal matrix rate value (overflow) (EDR #2717, SCET=1552459886)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990313.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990314.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990314.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990315.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990315.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:06 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990316.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:07 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990316.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:07 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990317.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:07 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990317.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:07 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990318.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:07 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990318.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:07 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990319.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:08 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990319.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:08 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990320.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:08 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990320.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:08 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990321.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2025: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #4739, SCET=1553186235)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:08 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990321.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:08 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990322.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:09 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990322.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:09 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990323.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:09 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990323.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:09 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990324.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:09 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990324.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:09 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990325.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2436: DPU error - PHA error (EDR #5683, SCET=1553529593)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990325.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990326.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2540: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5919, SCET=1553616822)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990326.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990327.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990327.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990328.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990328.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:10 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990329.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990329.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990330.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990330.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990331.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #3042: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #7057, SCET=1554047434)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990331.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990401.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=250, EDRs=7122 (Skipped=0, Gaps=18605), DVCs=3082 (Non Nominal=2, Skipped=189)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9903.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9904.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=243 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9904.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:11 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9904.glg]
EDR INPUT DVC #68: DPU error - PHA error (EDR #179, SCET=1554131495)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:12 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990401.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:12 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990402.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:12 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990402.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:12 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990403.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:12 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990403.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:12 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990404.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:13 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990404.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:13 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990405.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:13 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990405.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:13 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990406.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:13 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990406.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:13 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990407.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #615: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1444, SCET=1554610500)
EDR INPUT DVC #615: Non nominal matrix rate value (overflow) (EDR #1448, SCET=1554612086)
EDR INPUT DVC #622: Non nominal matrix rate value (overflow) (EDR #1489, SCET=1554623188)
EDR INPUT DVC #674: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #1626, SCET=1554669978)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=92 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:14 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990407.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:14 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990408.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #765: Power on reset (instrument in initial state) - DVC skipped (EDR #1836, SCET=1554745319)
EDR INPUT DVC #765: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1838, SCET=1554746111)
EDR INPUT DVC #765: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1839, SCET=1554746905)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:14 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990408.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:14 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990409.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #849: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2037, SCET=1554818280)
EDR INPUT DVC #854: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2046, SCET=1554823038)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:14 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990409.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:14 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990410.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #914: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2141, SCET=1554871414)
EDR INPUT DVC #942: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2232, SCET=1554896792)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:15 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990410.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:15 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990411.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:15 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990411.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:15 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990412.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:15 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990412.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:15 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990413.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:15 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990413.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:16 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990414.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:16 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990414.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:16 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990415.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1478: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3465, SCET=1555352843)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:16 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990415.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:16 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990416.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:16 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990416.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:16 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990417.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1707: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3958, SCET=1555546369)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:17 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990417.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:17 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990418.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:17 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990418.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:17 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990419.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1866: DPU error - PHA error (EDR #4346, SCET=1555678814)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:17 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990419.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:17 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990420.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:18 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990420.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:18 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990421.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:18 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990421.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:18 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990422.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2180: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5083, SCET=1555942137)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:18 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990422.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:18 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990423.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2296: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5330, SCET=1556040484)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990423.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:19 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990424.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2348: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5417, SCET=1556082518)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990424.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:19 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990425.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2514: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5811, SCET=1556222900)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990425.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:19 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990426.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=94 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990426.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:20 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990427.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:20 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990427.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:20 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990428.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=94 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:20 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990428.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:20 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990429.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=76 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:20 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990429.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:20 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990430.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=95 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990430.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990501.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=242, EDRs=6947 (Skipped=0, Gaps=20374), DVCs=2997 (Non Nominal=9, Skipped=206)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9904.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9905.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=251 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9905.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9905.glg]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990501.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990502.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990502.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:21 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990503.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=95 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990503.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990504.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=93 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990504.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990505.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990505.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990506.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=106 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990506.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:22 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990507.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:23 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990507.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:23 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990508.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:23 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990508.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:23 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990509.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990509.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990510.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #971: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2278, SCET=1557492737)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990510.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990511.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1108: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2556, SCET=1557606160)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990511.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990512.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990512.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:24 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990513.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:25 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990513.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:25 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990514.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:25 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990514.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:25 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990515.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:25 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990515.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:25 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990516.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1570: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #3644, SCET=1557999590)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:26 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990516.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:26 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990517.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:26 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990517.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:26 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990518.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:26 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990518.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:26 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990519.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1903: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #4376, SCET=1558277217)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:27 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990519.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:27 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990520.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:27 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990520.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:27 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990521.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:27 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990521.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:27 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990522.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:27 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990522.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:28 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990523.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2257: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5155, SCET=1558572286)
EDR INPUT DVC #2302: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5300, SCET=1558612740)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:28 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990523.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:28 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990524.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:28 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990524.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:28 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990525.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990525.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990526.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990526.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990527.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2705: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #6248, SCET=1558960968)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990527.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990528.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990528.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:29 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990529.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990529.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990530.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990530.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990531.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990531.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990601.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=250, EDRs=7258 (Skipped=0, Gaps=21188), DVCs=3165 (Non Nominal=1, Skipped=183)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9905.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9906.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=243 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9906.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:30 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9906.glg]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:31 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990601.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:31 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990602.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:31 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990602.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:31 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990603.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:31 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990603.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:31 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990604.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:31 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990604.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:32 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990605.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:32 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990605.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:32 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990606.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:32 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990606.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:32 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990607.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #677: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1581, SCET=1559912865)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:32 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990607.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:32 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990608.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:33 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990608.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:33 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990609.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:33 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990609.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:33 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990610.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990610.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990611.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990611.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990612.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990612.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990613.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1283: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2995, SCET=1560422144)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990613.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:34 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990614.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=86 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:35 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990614.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:35 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990615.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=92 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:35 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990615.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:35 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990616.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1543: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3587, SCET=1560665678)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:35 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990616.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:35 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990617.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1676: Invalid DV step width - DVC skipped (EDR #3895, SCET=1560782290)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990617.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990618.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990618.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990619.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=74 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990619.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990620.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=68 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990620.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:36 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990621.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=90 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:37 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990621.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:37 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990622.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:37 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990622.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:37 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990623.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:37 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990623.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:37 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990624.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2301: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5319, SCET=1561370336)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:38 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990624.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:38 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990625.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:38 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990625.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:38 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990626.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:38 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990626.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:38 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990627.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2570: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5889, SCET=1561595634)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990627.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990628.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990628.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990629.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990629.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990630.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990630.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990701.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=242, EDRs=6771 (Skipped=0, Gaps=19711), DVCs=2980 (Non Nominal=1, Skipped=170)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9906.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9907.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=251 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9907.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:39 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9907.glg]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:40 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990701.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:40 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990702.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #146: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #337, SCET=1562059731)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:40 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990702.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:40 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990703.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:40 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990703.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:40 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990704.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=92 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:41 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990704.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:41 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990705.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:41 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990705.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:41 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990706.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:41 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990706.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:41 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990707.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #618: DPU error - no bubble sync. word (EDR #1455, SCET=1562465929)
EDR INPUT DVC #618: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #1455, SCET=1562465929)
EDR INPUT DVC #627: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #1482, SCET=1562473069)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:42 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990707.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:42 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990708.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:42 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990708.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:42 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990709.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:42 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990709.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:42 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990710.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:43 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990710.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:43 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990711.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1086: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #2471, SCET=1562859475)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:43 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990711.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:43 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990712.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990712.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990713.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990713.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990714.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990714.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990715.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990715.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:44 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990716.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990716.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990717.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990717.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990718.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1744: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #4030, SCET=1563414866)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=64 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990718.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990719.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990719.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:45 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990720.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:46 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990720.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:46 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990721.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:46 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990721.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:46 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990722.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:46 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990722.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:46 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990723.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:47 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990723.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:47 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990724.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2372: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5476, SCET=1563978106)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:47 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990724.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:47 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990725.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:47 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990725.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:47 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990726.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2518: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #5834, SCET=1564102674)
EDR INPUT DVC #2585: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5944, SCET=1564158214)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:48 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990726.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:48 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990727.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:48 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990727.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:48 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990728.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:48 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990728.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:48 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990729.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990729.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990730.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990730.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990731.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990731.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990801.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=250, EDRs=7208 (Skipped=0, Gaps=19909), DVCs=3137 (Non Nominal=6, Skipped=181)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9907.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9908.fix]
SEDR INPUT SEDR #0: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #1: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #2: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #3: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #4: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #5: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #6: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #7: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #8: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #9: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #10: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #11: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #12: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #13: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #14: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #15: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #16: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #17: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #18: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #19: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #20: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #21: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #22: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #23: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #24: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #25: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #26: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #27: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #28: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #29: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #30: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #31: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #32: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #33: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #34: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #35: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #36: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #37: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #38: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #39: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #40: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #41: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #42: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #43: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #44: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #45: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #46: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #47: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #48: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #49: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #50: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #51: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #52: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #53: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #54: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #55: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #56: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #57: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #58: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #59: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #60: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #61: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #62: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #63: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #64: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #65: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #66: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #67: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #68: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #69: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #70: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #71: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #72: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #73: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #74: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #75: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #76: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #77: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #78: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #79: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #80: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #81: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #82: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #83: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #84: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #85: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #86: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #87: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #88: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #89: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #90: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #91: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #92: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #93: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #94: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #95: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #96: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #97: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #98: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #99: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #100: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #101: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #102: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #103: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #104: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #105: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #106: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #107: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #108: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #109: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #110: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #111: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #112: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #113: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #114: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #115: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #116: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #117: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #118: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #119: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #120: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #121: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #122: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #123: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #124: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #125: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #126: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #127: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #128: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #129: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #130: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #131: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #132: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #133: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #134: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #135: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #136: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #137: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #138: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #139: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #140: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #141: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #142: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #143: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #144: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #145: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #146: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #147: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #148: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #149: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #150: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #151: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #152: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #153: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #154: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #155: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #156: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #157: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #158: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #159: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #160: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #161: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #162: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #163: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #164: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #165: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #166: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #167: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #168: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #169: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #170: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #171: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #172: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #173: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #174: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #175: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #176: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #177: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #178: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #179: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #180: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #181: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #182: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #183: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #184: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #185: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #186: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #187: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #188: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #189: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #190: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #191: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #192: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #193: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #194: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #195: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #196: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #197: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #198: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #199: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #200: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #201: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #202: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #203: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #204: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #205: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #206: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #207: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #208: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #209: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #210: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #211: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #212: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #213: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #214: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #215: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #216: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #217: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #218: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #219: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #220: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #221: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #222: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #223: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #224: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #225: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #226: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #227: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #228: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #229: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #230: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #231: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #232: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #233: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #234: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #235: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #236: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #237: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #238: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #239: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #240: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #241: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #242: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #243: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #244: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #245: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #246: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #247: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #248: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #249: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT SEDR #250: Invalid minor data record class - continuing
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=251 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9908.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:49 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9908.glg]
EDR INPUT DVC #35: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #122, SCET=1564645431)
EDR INPUT DVC #100: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #239, SCET=1564700180)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990801.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990802.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990802.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990803.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #222: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #549, SCET=1564804919)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990803.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990804.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #355: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #833, SCET=1564916798)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990804.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:50 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990805.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:51 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990805.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:51 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990806.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #578: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #1342, SCET=1565106442)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:51 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990806.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:51 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990807.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #656: Invalid DV step width - DVC skipped (EDR #1542, SCET=1565173889)
EDR INPUT DVC #657: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1548, SCET=1565177063)
EDR INPUT DVC #657: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1552, SCET=1565178649)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=90 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:51 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990807.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:51 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990808.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=96 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:52 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990808.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:52 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990809.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:52 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990809.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:52 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990810.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:52 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990810.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:52 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990811.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1022: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #2418, SCET=1565496049)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=107 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:53 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990811.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:53 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990812.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1116: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #2610, SCET=1565572239)
EDR INPUT DVC #1164: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2729, SCET=1565612721)
EDR INPUT DVC #1185: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #2764, SCET=1565630179)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:53 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990812.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:53 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990813.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:53 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990813.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:53 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990814.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:54 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990814.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:54 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990815.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:54 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990815.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:54 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990816.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1596: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3677, SCET=1565976977)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:54 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990816.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:54 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990817.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1654: DPU error - no bubble sync. word (EDR #3846, SCET=1566027775)
EDR INPUT DVC #1654: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3846, SCET=1566027775)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:55 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990817.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:55 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990818.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:55 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990818.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:55 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990819.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:55 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990819.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:55 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990820.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990820.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990821.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990821.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990822.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990822.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990823.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990823.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:56 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990824.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:57 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990824.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:57 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990825.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:57 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990825.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:57 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990826.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:57 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990826.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:57 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990827.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:58 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990827.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:58 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990828.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:58 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990828.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:58 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990829.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:58 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990829.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:58 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990830.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990830.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990831.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990831.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990901.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=250, EDRs=7308 (Skipped=0, Gaps=20243), DVCs=3163 (Non Nominal=8, Skipped=195)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9908.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9909.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=243 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9909.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9909.glg]
EDR INPUT DVC #32: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #103, SCET=1567318968)
EDR INPUT DVC #62: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #157, SCET=1567346745)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990901.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:28:59 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990902.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #127: DPU error - PHA error (EDR #340, SCET=1567404681)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:00 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990902.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:00 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990903.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:00 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990903.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:00 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990904.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:00 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990904.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:00 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990905.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #468: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #1104, SCET=1567688036)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990905.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990906.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #588: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #1368, SCET=1567788037)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990906.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990907.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #638: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1514, SCET=1567831701)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=74 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990907.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990908.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990908.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:01 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990909.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:02 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990909.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:02 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990910.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:02 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990910.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:02 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990911.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:02 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990911.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:02 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990912.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:03 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990912.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:03 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990913.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:03 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990913.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:03 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990914.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:03 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990914.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:03 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990915.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:04 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990915.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:04 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990916.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:04 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990916.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:04 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990917.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:04 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990917.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:04 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990918.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:05 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990918.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:05 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990919.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1843: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #4304, SCET=1568865912)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:05 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990919.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:05 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990920.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:05 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990920.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:05 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990921.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:06 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990921.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:06 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990922.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2161: DPU error - no bubble sync. word (EDR #5031, SCET=1569133403)
EDR INPUT DVC #2161: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5031, SCET=1569133403)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:06 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990922.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:06 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990923.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:06 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990923.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:06 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990924.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990924.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990925.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990925.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990926.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990926.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990927.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2664: Non nominal matrix rate value (overflow) (EDR #6229, SCET=1569563645)
EDR INPUT DVC #2721: DPU error - no bubble sync. word (EDR #6322, SCET=1569609683)
EDR INPUT DVC #2721: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #6322, SCET=1569609683)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990927.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:07 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990928.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990928.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990929.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990929.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19990930.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2955: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #6895, SCET=1569810523)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 End processing file: .\data\1999\19990930.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991001.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=242, EDRs=7101 (Skipped=0, Gaps=18002), DVCs=3051 (Non Nominal=6, Skipped=169)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9909.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:08 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9910.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=251 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9910.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9910.glg]
EDR INPUT DVC #18: DPU error - PHA error (EDR #62, SCET=1569900234)
EDR INPUT DVC #63: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #135, SCET=1569937543)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991001.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991002.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991002.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991003.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991003.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:09 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991004.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #316: DPU error - PHA error (EDR #761, SCET=1570159029)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:10 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991004.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:10 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991005.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:10 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991005.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:10 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991006.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #515: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1217, SCET=1570330495)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=94 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:10 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991006.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:10 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991007.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=93 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:11 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991007.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:11 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991008.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:11 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991008.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:11 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991009.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:11 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991009.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:11 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991010.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #906: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2122, SCET=1570675828)
EDR INPUT DVC #916: PAPS power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #2140, SCET=1570684560)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:12 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991010.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:12 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991011.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1006: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2354, SCET=1570761577)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:12 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991011.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:12 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991012.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:12 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991012.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:12 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991013.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:13 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991013.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:13 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991014.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:13 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991014.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:13 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991015.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:13 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991015.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:13 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991016.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991016.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991017.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991017.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991018.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991018.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991019.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991019.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:14 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991020.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:15 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991020.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:15 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991021.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:15 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991021.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:15 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991022.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2115: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #4994, SCET=1571712685)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:15 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991022.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:15 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991023.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:16 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991023.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:16 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991024.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2329: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5482, SCET=1571894507)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:16 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991024.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:16 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991025.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=105 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:16 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991025.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:16 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991026.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2547: DV power supply turned off - DVC skipped (EDR #5979, SCET=1572080290)
EDR INPUT DVC #2547: Invalid DV step width - DVC skipped (EDR #5979, SCET=1572081084)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:17 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991026.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:17 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991027.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:17 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991027.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:17 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991028.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:17 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991028.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:17 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991029.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2910: DPU in test mode - DVC skipped (EDR #6829, SCET=1572394723)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=96 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991029.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991030.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=99 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991030.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991031.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991031.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991101.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=250, EDRs=7323 (Skipped=0, Gaps=20739), DVCs=3111 (Non Nominal=3, Skipped=210)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9910.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9911.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=243 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9911.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:18 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9911.glg]
EDR INPUT DVC #57: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #97, SCET=1572611480)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991101.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991102.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #115: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #278, SCET=1572664678)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=94 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991102.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991103.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #212: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #529, SCET=1572751223)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=96 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991103.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991104.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=95 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991104.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:19 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991105.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:20 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991105.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:20 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991106.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:20 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991106.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:20 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991107.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #680: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #1724, SCET=1573167311)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:20 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991107.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:20 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991108.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:21 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991108.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:21 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991109.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #892: Missing or incomplete EDB - DVC skipped (EDR #2198, SCET=1573345177)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:21 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991109.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:21 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991110.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:21 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991110.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:21 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991111.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1089: Non nominal ADC trigger (EDR #2652, SCET=1573514308)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:22 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991111.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:22 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991112.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1117: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #2713, SCET=1573538925)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=97 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:22 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991112.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:22 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991113.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1253: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3105, SCET=1573667561)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=89 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:22 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991113.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:22 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991114.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:23 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991114.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:23 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991115.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #1473: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #3636, SCET=1573858139)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:23 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991115.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:23 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991116.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:23 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991116.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:23 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991117.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=101 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:24 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991117.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:24 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991118.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:24 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991118.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:24 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991119.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:24 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991119.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:24 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991120.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:25 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991120.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:25 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991121.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:25 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991121.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:25 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991122.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:25 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991122.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:25 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991123.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2267: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #5408, SCET=1574527594)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=98 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:26 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991123.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:26 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991124.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:26 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991124.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:26 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991125.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=94 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:26 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991125.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:26 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991126.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:27 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991126.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:27 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991127.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #2671: Non nominal matrix rate value (overflow) (EDR #6379, SCET=1574878604)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=100 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:27 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991127.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:27 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991128.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:27 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991128.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:27 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991129.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:28 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991129.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:28 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991130.cdf]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=104 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991130.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991201.cdf]
EDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=242, EDRs=7172 (Skipped=0, Gaps=20883), DVCs=3008 (Non Nominal=7, Skipped=211)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 End processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9911.glg]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9912.fix]
SEDR INPUT LOG: SEDRs=251 (Skipped=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 End processing file: \UlsRawData\SedrData\1999\sedr9912.fix]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 Start processing file: \UlsRawData\EdrData\1999\edr9912.glg]
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=102 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991201.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:29 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991202.cdf]
EDR INPUT DVC #199: DPU error - no bubble sync. word (EDR #460, SCET=1575321763)
EDR INPUT DVC #199: DPU error - no bubble HK identifier (EDR #460, SCET=1575321763)
CDF OUTPUT LOG: CDF Records written=103 (Range Errors=0)
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:30 End processing file: .\data\1999\19991202.cdf]
[01-Apr-2002-21:29:30 Start processing file: .\data\1999\19991203.cdf]
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| en |
converted_docs | 243815 | > Number range CHAPTER Census 2000 Evaluation M.1
September 25, 2003
Evaluation of the Census 2000 Quality Assurance Philosophy and Approach
Used in the Address List Development and Enumeration Operations
FINAL REPORT
Number range CHAPTERThis evaluation reports the results of research and
analysis undertaken by the U.S. Census Bureau. It is part of a broad
program, the Census 2000 Testing, Experimentation, and Evaluation (TXE)
Program, designed to assess Census 2000 and to inform 2010 Census
planning.
Authors:
David Morganstein
David Marker
Daniel Levine
Westat, Inc.
Broderick E. Oliver, Project Manager
Decennial Statistical Studies Division
U S C E N S U S B U R E A U
*Helping You Make Informed Decisions*
Number range CHAPTERContents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii
1 background 1
2 METHODOLOGY 3
3 limits 5
4 historical perspective 7
4.1 1960 Census 7
4.2 1970 and 1980 8
4.3 1990 9
4.4 Census 2000 10
5 ADDRESS LIST DEVELOPMENT AND ENUMERATION\
OPERATIONS 12
5.1 Background 12
5.2 Block Canvassing 12
5.3 LUCA 98 Field Verification (Local Update of Census\
Addresses 1998) 13
5.4 LUCA 99 Field Verification (Local Update of Census\
Addresses 1999) 14
5.5 Update/Leave (U/L) 15
5.6 List/Enumerate (L/E) 16
5.7 Update/Enumerate (U/E) 17
5.8 Nonresponse Followup (NRFU) 18
5.9 Coverage Improvement Followup (CIFU) 18
5.10 Summary 19
6 thE dEMING pHILOSOPHY 20
6.1 Unique Aspects of the Census 20
6.2 Summarizing Deming 21
7 a SUMMARY OF VIEWS ON QUALITY ASSURANCE 24
8 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CENSUS ACTIVITIES IN OTHER\
COUNTRIES 30
8.1 Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom 30
8.2 Statistics Canada 34
8.3 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 39
8.4 Summary 41
Contents (continued)
9 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CENSUS 2000: STRENGTHS AND\
WEAKNESSES 44
9.1 Strengths 45
9.2 Weaknesses 46
10 planning quality assurance for census 2010 50
10.1 Rectifying Major Shortcomings 50
10.2 Other Suggestions for Consideration 56
References 59
Response TO WESTAT FINDINGS BY DECENNIAL sTATISTICAL STUDIES
AND FIELD DIVISIONS 62
**APPENDICES**
A Contributing Participants 65
B Deming's 14 Management Points 67
Executive Summary
Census 2000 involved numerous field operations and, at its peak,
employed almost a half-million temporary workers spread throughout every
village, town, county, and state in the United States. Managing the
quality of the data produced by this large, decentralized, and transient
workforce was a major challenge, which the Census Bureau attempted to
meet by introducing an extensive quality assurance program into its
ongoing operations. This quality assurance mission had three objectives:
1. To minimize significant performance errors;
2. To prevent the clustering of significant performance errors; and
3. To promote continuous improvement.
This report, prepared by Westat, evaluates the effectiveness of the
quality assurance programs developed for and implemented in the major
field operations in Census 2000 and, specifically, those operations used
to update the Bureau's nationwide address list and directly enumerate
the population. Further, it identifies strengths and major deficiencies,
and provides a critique of the Bureau's quality assurance philosophy.
Finally, it offers recommendations for dealing with the identified
problem areas and strategies for improvement that are workable for a
large and diverse workforce, recognizing both existing technology and
possible future developments.
The Report was accomplished through a combination of approaches,
including a review of materials prepared for use in training and in
collecting data, examining reports prepared by staff who observed
different operations, interviewing a range of Census Bureau staff who
had been closely involved in the many phases of the quality assurance
program (and were still employed at the Bureau), and by examining such
materials as were available concerning the operations, as well as the
successes or failures, of the quality assurance programs. Unfortunately,
such data are seriously limited, since the Census Bureau is well behind
schedule in completing its series of evaluation profiles on its various
quality assurance programs. We also reviewed Deming's philosophy,
particularly as it might be applied to an effort as extensive and
short-lived as a decennial census. As a final step, Westat held
discussions with staff in the statistical offices of the United Kingdom,
Canada, and Australia, all of which had recently conducted a national
Census, in order to determine how these countries approached the
application of quality assurance in their Census programs, and the
possible relevance of their actions to future quality assurance planning
of the Census Bureau.
It should be noted that, although our focus was on a number of
designated field operations, it quickly became apparent that, whatever
their responsibilities in Census 2000, staff viewed our efforts as
providing a much broader forum for expressing their thoughts on the
overall quality assurance program, as carried out during the collection
period. We also would emphasize that, in addition to fact, this Report
reflects the opinions, attitudes, and perceptions of the staff who
provided their views. However, to the extent that these views are widely
shared or represent the view of a person in a position of significant
authority or responsibility, they provide important insights into staff
attitudes towards quality assurance and deserve attention.
The extensive range of reactions to the Bureau's quality assurance
programs and to the application of quality assurance in general is found
in the Report. At this point, we would emphasize the "strengths" and
"weaknesses" of the Bureau's quality assurance planning, organization,
implementation, and management.
On the positive side:
- Consistent with its mission statement, Census 2000 continued the
tradition, initiated in the 1960 Census, of incorporating into
Census 2000 Field operations numerous activities described as
quality assurance. This commitment to quality and quality assurance,
demonstrated in five censuses over a 40-year period, certainly is a
significant "strength". The Bureau also met its objective for
quality assurance that it be completely transparent in Census 2000.
To that end, materials used to train enumerators and first level
supervisors contained specific references as to why quality
assurance was important and as to how it would be implemented, and
all enumerators were exposed to the concept of and need for
"quality" performance and, generally, were measured against the
established standards. Finally most operations, unlike the situation
in the 1990 Census, had some form of quality assurance process in
place;
- Given these many developments, it is not surprising to find that the
overall perception throughout the Bureau, and at all levels, is that
the Census 2000 quality assurance Field program was an important
element in preventing significant errors, and in preventing the
clustering of significant errors. Although errors of both types did
occur, for the most part, they were caught expeditiously and
rectified. On this basis, the quality assurance Field programs can
be viewed, generally, as successfully meeting the first two elements
of the Bureau's quality assurance mission to prevent significant
errors and to prevent the clustering of significant errors; and
- As to the Bureau's goal of "making the best use of the available
technology and statistical process tools with respect to its desire
to promote timely and continuous improvement throughout the field
operations", we conclude that the answer is mixed. Based on the
Bureau's evaluations to date and comments from those involved, many
of the Bureau's early activities in preparing for Census 2000 are
seen as having utilized a full quality assurance approach that met
the Bureau's stated goal of promoting timely and continuous
improvement. Examples of activities considered as having
successfully utilized a quality assurance approach include preparing
the geographic framework, and printing questionnaires and related
forms. However, in the context of what actually transpired during
the data collection phase, the perception is less clear and
decidedly mixed, as noted in the Report.
It should not come as any surprise that an activity as vast and diverse
as the decennial census would exhibit some "weaknesses" or faults. And
it should be a source of satisfaction that the Bureau actively seeks to
locate, learn about, and understand such faults, in order to improve the
upcoming decennial census. To that end, the report provides a broad view
of weaknesses identified in the quality assurance program implemented
for the data collection phase, reflecting in some cases factual evidence
and, in others, the views and opinions provided us. At this point,
however, we highlight some of the major problems. Specifically:
- The lack of a senior management team throughout the decennial effort
with responsibility for coordinating and approving the overall
quality assurance plan and reviewing the implementation;
- The failure to ensure the independence and importance of quality
assurance throughout the organization. Briefly stated, quality
assurance was not perceived as an equal partner, nor was quality
assurance staff given either the necessary authority or the required
freedom to complete its task successfully and, finally, dedicated
quality assurance staff was not assigned to Regional Census Centers;
- A vital aspect of the quality assurance program---especially for
promoting continuous improvement---real-time capture and
dissemination of data during the data collection process, with which
to monitor, evaluate, and react, was not implemented; and
- The apparent low priority afforded the quality assurance effort
throughout the entire decade. As illustration, it appears that only
very limited quality assurance research was undertaken during the
intercensal period, that quality assurance staff from the 1990
decennial effort were not retained, that relatively limited
resources were made available to plan and develop the 2000 quality
assurance program until well into the decade, and that, currently,
some two years after completion of data collection, relatively
little factual information is available on the effectiveness of the
Census 2000 quality assurance programs.
Section 10 contains our recommendations towards planning quality
assurance for Census 2010. Some of the key suggestions are noted below:
- Ensure that the quality assurance effort is seen as an integral and
important element in the Census 2010 program. To that end, provide
adequate resources, both in funding and staff, and initiate early
planning, research, and testing for the quality assurance phase;
- Involve the executive staff in supporting and monitoring quality
assurance efforts, especially throughout the data collection phase;
- Establish a senior management team to coordinate and approve the
overall quality assurance plan and, throughout the decennial period,
to review progress and resolve issues;
- Establish the equality of quality assurance relative to production.
Simply put, quality assurance must be seen, understood, and accepted
as an essential element of the Census and as an equal partner at all
levels of planning, implementation, and review;
- Develop and implement a Management Information System component
which provides management, in real-time, with relevant information
on the quality of the data collection elements; and
- Expedite the documentation of Census 2000 and establish ready access
to the information. Some examples include the quality assurance
evaluation program and the documentation of the experiences,
problems, and solutions, suggestions and recommendations of staff,
and the accumulation of memoranda detailing problems, issues, and
solutions.
1\. background
Census 2000 involved numerous field operations and, at its peak,
employed almost a half-million temporary workers spread throughout every
county in the United States. Managing the quality of the data produced
by this large, decentralized, and transient workforce was a major
challenge, which the Census Bureau attempted to meet by introducing an
extensive Quality Assurance (QA) program into its ongoing operations.
This QA mission had three objectives:
1. To minimize significant performance errors;
2. To prevent the clustering of significant performance errors; and
3. To promote continuous improvement.
In addition to providing a myriad of important data, each decennial
census contains an important evaluation component through which the
Census Bureau attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of its programs,
both in order to provide users with some indication of the quality of
the census and the results, and to understand how well its programs
succeeded. This latter effort identifies deficiencies and problems, and
its findings are used to improve future decennial programs and
activities. In this connection, the Census Bureau asked Westat to assist
in studying the QA process utilized in a number of specific, key field
collection activities (described in Section 5), and to identify
strengths and major deficiencies. Westat also was charged with providing
a critique of the Bureau's QA philosophy and offering creative solutions
and recommending strategies for improvement that are workable for a
large and diverse workforce, recognizing both existing technology and
possible future developments.
The purpose of this report is to evaluate the effectiveness of the QA
programs developed for and implemented in the major field operation in
Census 2000 and, specifically, those operations used to update the
Bureau's nationwide address list and directly enumerate the population.
The Report begins with brief discussions of the Methodology (Section 2)
and the Limits of the Report (Section 3), which are followed, in Section
4, by a brief history of QA efforts in recent decennial censuses.
Section 5 describes both the eight field operations covered by this
study and the relevant QA activities implemented for each operation.
Section 6 summarizes Deming's philosophy concerning quality assurance
and compares the Census Bureau's approach with Deming's criteria. In
Section 7, we present a summary of views, reactions, and opinions
collected from selected staff that was involved with different aspects
of the QA program. Section 8 looks at how some selected foreign
countries evaluate the effectiveness of their QA activities in census
taking, and attempts to relate their approaches to the U.S. effort.
Section 9 summarizes the results of the previous chapters, addresses the
specific questions raised by the Census Bureau, and describes the
strengths and weaknesses of the Bureau's efforts. Finally, Section 10
looks ahead; to this end it suggests approaches and developments to be
considered in the planning of QA for Census 2010.
2\. METHODOLOGY
This Report was accomplished through a combination of approaches,
including a review of written materials prepared for use in training and
in collecting data, by examining reports prepared by staff who observed
the operations, by interviewing key Census Bureau personnel who had been
closely involved in the many phases of the QA program, and by examining
such materials as were available concerning the operations of the QA
programs. Although our initial focus was on the eight major field
operations described in Section 5, the review became more broadly
focused on the overall field QA program, especially as it was carried
out during the decennial collection period.
The report also reflects our review of the training and operational
materials prepared by the Bureau for each of the Field operations, a
range of Travel Reports prepared by staff who visited local census
offices (LCOs) and observed the operations during their implementation,
and such other materials made available to us that reflected on the
conduct of the QA effort. We would note, however, the scarcity of
information or reports, including from the Management Information System
(MIS) system, on the successes or failures of the QA programs, or their
effect on the operations.
As a first step, Westat reviewed Census Bureau documentation concerning
QA in Census 2000, starting with Census 2000 Operational Plans
describing the proposed QA program, followed by the large and diverse
body of materials used in the training of supervisory staff and
enumerators for each of the specified field activities, and concluding
with local office materials pertaining to QA, such as preparing for
field QA and editing and handling the resultant QA forms.[^1]
Subsequently, meetings were held with staff throughout the Census Bureau
that had been responsible for or actively involved in the different
aspects of the QA program, ranging from policy decision making through
the development of specific QA programs and the preparation of
materials, as well as staff who had served in field offices with
responsibility for carrying out the QA program and accomplishing the
collection of data. Westat next reviewed the substantial body of
material concerning QA in selected field operations which had been
obtained through a range of debriefing efforts, as well as field trip
reports prepared by Washington QA staff who had visited LCOs during the
conduct of the census and reported their observations of different
operations, including the implementation of the QA programs. The Census
Bureau is in process of preparing a series of evaluation profiles on the
various QA programs but, unfortunately, these were not yet available in
time for this review. As a final step, Westat undertook discussions with
staff in the statistical offices of the United Kingdom, Canada, and
Australia, all of which had recently conducted a national Census. The
purpose of these conversations was to determine how these countries
approached the application of QA in their Census programs, and the
possible relevance of their actions to the future QA planning of the
Census Bureau. The results of these activities are reflected in the
report.
Although our initial focus was on the eight field operations described
in Section 5, it quickly became apparent that, whatever their
responsibilities in Census 2000, staff with whom we came in contact
viewed our efforts as providing a much broader forum for expressing
their thoughts on the overall QA program as carried out during the
collection period. In addition, we found that relatively little or no
data concerning the usefulness and success of the individual QA programs
were currently available, although these data are in process of being
compiled. For these reasons, this report is directed more broadly
towards an assessment of QA in the overall data collection process for
Census 2000.
3\. LIMITS
As noted, this report reflects the opinions, attitudes, and perceptions
of the staff who shared their views with us. It should be emphasized
that some of these comments reflect "perception," whereas factual
reality, indeed, may be somewhat different. However, to the extent that
these views are widely shared or represent the view of a person in a
position of significant authority or responsibility, they provide
important insights into the attitudes towards quality assurance, and
should not be dismissed summarily. Our discussions evoked both positive
and negative comments, sometimes on the same issue or program, and even
from the same discussant. We also would note our surprise at the extent
and relative consistency of the negative reactions and comments, or the
dichotomy of view, concerning the QA effort, forthcoming from those with
whom we spoke. Although positive comments about the QA efforts were
expressed, and are reflected in this section, we believe that most
participants were identifying areas requiring improvement and that their
comments addressed that view.
Given the elapsed time since the completion of the data collection
effort, it was not possible to draw any sort of "representative" sample
of those who participated in the Field. For example, neither Regional
Office Directors nor Assistant Regional Census Managers (ARCMs), whose
knowledge on these issues would have been useful, were interviewed for
this study. Our investigation, of necessity, was limited to those who
had been closely involved in different aspects of the QA operation and
were still members of the Bureau's current staff. We did make every
effort, however, to locate persons at every level of the operation and
whose responsibilities varied widely. To that extent, we were
successful, talking with staff responsible for both the early phases of
the planning and for the later stages of preparing materials and
implementing the planning; we spoke with staff who were involved at the
LCO level and those who were involved at the Headquarters level. We also
were fortunate in that members of the Executive Staff who had the
decision making responsibility at different stages and phases of the
decennial effort shared their thoughts, views, and opinions as to the
successes and failures of the QA effort, as perceived by them.
Since our discussions were conducted many months, even years, after the
completion of the Census, certain issues may have been overlooked or
remembered differently than actually experienced, or even viewed in a
different light than if the discussions had occurred during or
immediately after the completion of the specific activity.
Finally, although an outline of the topics and issues was developed to
guide our discussions, of necessity our time with each participant was
limited. Nonetheless, we believe that sufficient information was
gathered to support both the objectives of the study and the conclusions
derived.
4\. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Before addressing the system implemented by the Bureau for Census 2000,
it may be helpful to provide some historical perspective, by reviewing
briefly the Bureau's approach to quality in several recent decennial
censuses.
# 4.1 1960 Census[^2]
The 1960 census was the first U.S. census to use "statistical quality
control" for field operations, that is, a statistical system which
required specific action for varying levels of error, and which applied
at all levels of the operation. Thus, information collected from
households by enumerators and entered into enumeration books was first
reviewed by crew leaders; second, quality control checks were carried
out in the local office, consisting of inspecting completed enumeration
books received from the field to determine whether or not the crew
leaders were doing an adequate job of inspection. Each of the temporary
field office District Supervisors was assisted by one or more Technical
Officers who, in addition to their major role in training crew leaders
on the technical content of the field enumeration, were responsible for
supervising the quality control program. Finally, Program Technicians
from the Regional Offices visited each local office periodically
throughout the census period to review evaluation forms prepared by
Technical Officers in the review of Crew Leaders, and to review the
various quality control reports received by the Technical Officers from
Crew Leaders and field reviewers. In turn, the Program Technicians made
formal reports of their observations to the Regional Field Directors,
using evaluation forms similar to those used by Technical Officers in
evaluating Crew Leader activities. They also provided assistance and
guidance to the Technical Officers. The existence of a formal quality
control system also was seen as having a significant intangible effect
of creating a climate that helped engender good quality. It was believed
that the enumerator, knowing that his work was to be checked, was likely
to use more care than might have been the case otherwise, to ensure that
work would pass inspection. Similar effects were expected throughout the
process.
The most direct evidence of the effectiveness of quality control in the
1960 census is that some 1,400 enumerators were eliminated early in the
process, as a result of quality control inspection of their work. Since
this group produced a disproportionate share of the total errors, its
release was seen as having had a great impact on the quality of the
census. Retraining of enumerators who were not released also affected
the quality. For example, the number of reported errors was cut in half
between first review and final review of the enumeration books. Another
indicator of the positive impact of the quality control system is that
about 800 assignments in each stage of the census were rejected by crew
leaders and reassigned to other enumerators for cleanup, as were
substantial numbers of enumeration books in each of the census stages. A
major finding was that a small proportion of the staff was responsible
for a large proportion of the errors.
The Bureau's evaluation of its Quality Control (QC) Program concluded
that "the quality controls, although reasonably effective, fell
considerably short of their potential." For example, estimates developed
prior to the initiation of the field work of the expected number of
enumerators who should have been released as a result of first review,
the expected number of assignments to be rejected on final review, and
the expected number of enumeration books to be rejected in office
review, were far in excess of what actually was recorded during the
Field operation. Studies carried out after the conclusion of the census
showed the original estimates to be virtually correct, reflecting
serious problems in the implementation and errors on the part of those
conducting the review. Further, QC staff spent an inordinate amount of
time on non-QC activities.
Nonetheless, the evaluation went on to note that, "nevertheless,
statistical quality control in 1960 was generally regarded as making
important contributions, both in terms of improvement over what took
place in earlier censuses and in its own right. It was a marked advance
over past efforts, primarily because formal specifications were provided
for the various crew leader and office activities."
# 4.2 1970[^3] and 1980[^4]
Both the 1970 and 1980 Censuses, for the most part, relied on the
"inspection and repair" method of QC and, in large measure, replicated
the program established in 1960, with some refinements. Assessment of
the 1980 program suggested that this approach had not been completely
successful and, in part, was ascribed to the fact that production and
quality responsibilities resided in different management areas.
Responsibility for production rested with Field, whereas responsibility
for quality resided elsewhere in the organization. When management
inquired about progress, the response was perceived in terms of
quantity, rather than quality, of work, which was translated into a
perceived priority on the production side within the organization's
structure. The result was a decided adversarial relationship between the
component entities.
# 4.3 1990[^5]
In planning the QA program for the 1990 Census, the Census Bureau
adopted the Deming philosophy, with its approach toward total quality
improvement, for the decennial census program. Deming argued that
quality results from the prevention of defectives through process
improvement, not solely inspection. Inspection judges the quality of
finished products; defective items are scrapped or reworked. The goal of
process improvement is to build products correctly the first time, and
to continuously reduce the variation of the results around the desired
outcome. Statistical process control plays a major role in achieving
this objective, as does management involvement and commitment to the
quality improvement process. Four major components were identified:
1. Build quality into the system;
2. Constantly improve the system;
3. Integrate responsibility for quality with production; and
4. Clearly differentiate between QA (the prevention of error through
process improvement) and QC (measuring error after the fact and
attempting to make corrections).
The 1990 census program dealt with the "responsibility" problem by
assigning the production side (the Field) responsibility for quality.
With this added responsibility, not only did the job have to get done,
the job, now, had to be done well. This change was one of the most
difficult to implement during the 1990 census. Traditionally, Field
staff, the "production side," devoted all their energies to ensuring
that the census was conducted in an efficient and timely manner. Many
found it difficult to take on the additional task of "quality." Although
substantial efforts were invested in attempting this change, it was not
successful. Discussion with senior staff at the time of the 1990 Census
indicated that the shift in responsibility to Field for the QA program
failed to resolve the problem for the same reasons as perceived earlier;
namely, that Field management did not provide sufficient support to
counter the emphasis on production.
To accomplish the stated goals, the Bureau also attempted to simplify
its manual records and summaries, and to develop software to support the
quick capture and transmittal of data quality. Efforts were made to
measure performance both during training and during production. Timely
feedback was deemed essential and built into all levels of the activity.
It was hoped that the increased use of automation would make it possible
to extend the use of QA to new areas and to make the results available
more quickly and efficiently. The Bureau also implemented a range of
actions designed to result in an effective quality assurance program.
Examples include establishing working groups and quality circles to
effect improved communication, reducing the ratio of enumerators to
supervisors to allow supervisors more time for reviewing enumerators'
work, feedback of information, and counseling and retraining, providing
more and better education and training of the staff, especially training
on the job and, finally, instituting a system to accurately measure
performance, document the characteristics of the errors, and provide
relevant and sufficient information to management so that feedback could
be given. To assist in the accomplishment of the QA effort, quality
assurance technicians were assigned to each of Regional Census Centers
(RCCs), to enhance local management's awareness of QA objectives and
importance, assist in monitoring adherence to the QA requirements, and
identify problems and refer them to RCCs and District Office management.
This program was seen to have accomplished all three of its objectives,
in general, although it was noted that the QA technicians might have
been considerably more effective had they not been assigned part-time,
for the most part, to this activity, as well as required to undertake
additional responsibilities beyond QA, such as recruiting, training,
observation, reinterview, and some office responsibilities.
The techniques employed to measure field performance included the use of
pre-operational sampling (for pre-listing operations), concurrent
monitoring (for Update/Leave), sample suppression (for Precanvass), and
Reinterview (for nonresponse). In general, the Bureau concluded that its
QA approach and programs was effective overall, although its evaluation
provided numerous suggestions for further examination and improvement.
# 4.4 Census 2000
Deming's quality assurance philosophy was reinforced in Census 2000. To
implement Deming's approach, an extensive QA program was proposed. For
example, during training, workers were tested on their knowledge and
given practice fieldwork. Once the census was underway, supervisors
measured performance and gave the staff precise and timely feedback.
Other QA activities during the data collection phases included initial
observations of the staff, informal reviews of performance, dependent
reviews of completed work, reinterviews of respondents, and office
reviews. Various statistical process tools were employed, including
check sheets to tally problem areas by frequency of type, and a modified
control chart to detect potential enumerator fabrication. Acceptance
sampling also was included, not as a direct form of quality control,
however, but rather as an audit tool to ensure, first, that the
completed product conformed to the Bureau's quality requirements and,
second, that significant performance errors did not impact communities
and small geographic entities disproportionately. For the most part,
however, the techniques that were actually employed in Census 2000
during the collection phase were largely the same as those utilized in
the immediately preceding censuses, with some modification to improve
effectiveness.
5\. ADDRESS LIST DEVELOPMENT AND ENUMERATION OPERATIONS
# 5.1 Background
The primary goal of Census 2000 was to determine how many people reside
in the United States, precisely where they live, and their demographic
characteristics. Census 2000, the Nation=s largest and most complex
peacetime mobilization, included numerous critical phases, such as
developing an up-to-date nationwide address list, printing
questionnaires, delivering questionnaires to households B via mail and
in-person, enumerating segments of the population directly, and
tabulating the results. To ensure accuracy and completeness of each of
these and all other phases, the Bureau instituted QA/QC measures
throughout Census 2000.
For this report, the focus is on the QA operations and activities
applied to eight major field operations: Block Canvassing, Local Update
of Census Addresses (LUCA) 98 Field Verification, LUCA 99 Field
Verification, Update/Leave (U/L), List/Enumerate (L/E), Update/Enumerate
(U/E), Nonresponse Followup (NRFU), and Coverage Improvement Followup
(CIFU). Broadly speaking, these operations served two purposes: Address
List Development and Enumeration.
The Address List Development operations (Block Canvassing, LUCA 98 Field
Verification, and LUCA 99 Field Verification) were designed to update
the Master Address File (MAF), a file that lists most residential
addresses in the United States. The Census Bureau linked each living
quarter to its unique geographic location through its Topologically
Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing database (TIGER). A
complete and accurate MAF and TIGER are essential elements of a mail
census.
The Enumeration operations (U/L, L/E, U/E, NRFU, and CIFU) were designed
to enumerate specific segments of the population directly. In the
following sections, we describe each of the eight operations mentioned
above in more detail, as well as its corresponding QA activities.
# 5.2 Block Canvassing
The MAF for city-style addresses was created by combining addresses from
the Census Bureau's 1990 Census Address Control File with addresses in
the United States Postal Service (USPS) Delivery Sequence File. The
Block Canvassing operation was one of two field operations implemented
in Census 2000 to update the MAF in areas containing city-style
addresses (LUCA 98 Field Verification was the other). For Block
Canvassing, enumerators canvassed each and every road and street in
areas of city-style addresses looking for every place where people live
or could live, and comparing the address of each living quarters with
the pre-listed addresses in their Address Binders. Enumerators either
verified the pre-listed addresses, or corrected or deleted them. Living
quarters that were not pre-listed were added to the Address Binders. The
Block Canvassing operation was carried out between January and May of
1999, and included the following quality assurance activities:
- Initial Observation: Soon after each enumerator was given an initial
assignment, the Crew Leader observed the enumerator updating the
Address Binder and corresponding census maps at approximately 10
addresses or for 2 hours, whichever was less. The Crew Leader
tallied any critical listing or mapping errors made by the
enumerator and provided the enumerator specific feedback. If the
enumerator made too many critical errors, the Crew Leader provided
the enumerator on-the-job training. Otherwise, the enumerator was
allowed to work independently;
- Weekly Observation: Once the enumerator passed the Initial
Observation, he/she was allowed to work independently; however,
his/her work was still subjected to the same type of review on a
weekly basis, beginning with the second week of work. Similarly, the
Crew Leader provided structured feedback and correction when
necessary to help the enumerator continually improve performance;
- Dependent QA: This was another weekly quality check; however it was
performed on a sample of twenty housing units (HUs) in each
Assignment Area (AA). Once again, the Crew Leader tallied the
critical listing and mapping errors observed. If the enumerator made
too many critical errors, the AA failed this quality check and was
recanvassed, that is, another enumerator canvassed the entire AA to
verify the Address Binder and map updates and make corrections where
necessary; and
- Office Review: This quality check was performed in the LCOs. When
the field staff submitted completed Address Binders and census maps
to the LCOs, office clerks performed a formal review of these items
for completeness and accuracy. If the clerks found mistakes that
were correctable in the office, they corrected them. The clerks
tallied the errors and determined if the AA passed or failed.
# 5.3 LUCA 98 Field Verification (Local Update of Census Addresses 1998)
The Census Bureau created partnerships with local and tribal governments
to improve the address lists for their jurisdictions. Beginning in July
1999 and continuing through December 1999, cooperating local governments
with predominately city-style addresses (house number and street name)
reviewed the MAF listings and corresponding census maps of their areas
for completeness and accuracy. About half of all eligible communities
took advantage of this program. The local officials updated/corrected
these items, supplying added housing units, deleting nonexistent housing
units, and/or correcting the address/geographic location of housing
units. Census enumerators subsequently visited these units to verify the
updates. The original plan called for including the LUCA Field
Verification addresses in the Block Canvassing operation, but due to
delay in implementing the LUCA Field Verification program, a separate
field operation was developed for those LUCA addresses which could not
be included in the Block Canvassing operation. The following is a list
of the QA activities that were implemented to ensure that the
enumerators produced work of an acceptable quality:
- Initial Observation: As soon as possible after the enumerators
completed training, the Crew Leaders observed them verify or correct
the listings and associated census map for a sample of 10 HUs. The
Crew Leader tallied and recorded any critical listing or mapping
errors that the enumerator made, for example, a failure to enter the
correct action code for the HU. The Crew Leader provided the
enumerator feedback and/or retraining, as necessary. As with all of
Initial Observations, if an enumerator still continued to have
difficulty after retraining, the Crew Leader discussed the problem
with his/her supervisor and, if necessary, the enumerator was let
go;
- Dependent Verification: Crew Leaders assessed the accuracy of the
deleted addresses in an entire AA by checking the accuracy of a
random sample of 10 of them (or less). If the Crew Leader found an
incorrect delete, the review continued until 10 consecutive correct
deletes were found. Mistakes were corrected. Based upon the number
of critical errors, the enumerator was allowed to continue to work,
received retraining in specific areas, or was released; and
- Office Review: As with the previous operation, LCO clerks performed
a formal review of the completed Address Binders and census maps.
The clerks checked the entries on these items for legibility,
completeness, and consistency between updates in the Address Binder
and the corresponding census map. Where possible, the clerks made
corrections. Otherwise these items were returned to the field for
repair.
# 5.4 LUCA 99 Field Verification (Local Update of Census Addresses 1999)
This operation was the complement to LUCA 98 Field Verification for
places in areas with predominately non city-style addresses. Between May
and October of 1999, cooperating local and tribal governments in areas
where most of the addresses had no street name and/or house number
reviewed the MAF listings and census maps for their respective areas and
identified blocks containing potential coverage problems. Census
enumerators in the field conducted a dependent canvassing of the
identified blocks, using the existing MAF based on the results of the
Address Canvassing, and resolved discrepancies found, through updating
and correcting the list and through deleting HUs listed in error. The
LUCA allowed local officials to improve the accuracy and completeness of
the Census address list. The LUCA Field Verification operation was
conducted to verify the HUs in areas that were questioned during the
LUCA program. Address list review listers canvassed the areas in
question to check addresses and determine the correct number of HUs in
the area. In order to accomplish this task, the lister:
1. Assigned action codes for every address on the address listing page;
2. Added HUs that were not already on the listing page to the "add"
page;
3. Updated the AA map whenever necessary; and
4. Deleted addresses not found in the block.
The following is a list of the QA activities that were implemented to
ensure that the enumerators produced work at an acceptable quality:
- Initial Observation: An initial observation on the lister's first
Field Assignment (FA) was performed by the field supervisor during
the lister=s first three days on the job, to ensure that the lister
could produce work according to the established procedures. The
observation covered ten HUs. During the observation, the field
supervisor identified and corrected critical errors and discussed
any other errors with the lister. Based on the review, the
supervisor determined whether to retain the lister and the need for
additional training;
- Daily Reviews: During the daily meeting with enumerators, Crew
Leaders informally checked the Address Binders and block maps for
legibility, completeness, and consistency. They also compared any
remaining addressed questionnaires with the listing pages to be sure
that questionnaire were delivered to all HUs, including vacants; and
- Office review of listings and maps.
# 5.5 Update/Leave (U/L)
This operation, which took place in March, 2000, and involved some 15
percent of all addresses, was conducted primarily in rural areas with
predominately noncity-style mailing addresses (i.e., mainly rural route
and P.O. Box addresses). Census enumerators delivered questionnaires to
the HUs in these areas and updated the corresponding Address Binder and
census maps. The QA program for U/L consisted of the following
activities:
- Initial Observation: Soon after the enumerators were given their
first assignment, the Crew Leaders observed each enumerator
interview residents at ten houses, in order to verify/update the
address list and block map and leave a questionnaire. The Crew
Leaders tallied critical errors and provided the enumerator feedback
and/or retraining as necessary;
- Daily Reviews: During the daily meeting with enumerators, Crew
Leaders informally checked the Address Binders and block maps for
legibility, completeness, and consistency. They also compared any
remaining addressed questionnaires with the listing pages to be sure
that questionnaire were delivered to all HUs, including vacants;
- Dependent Check: At the completion of each AA, the Crew Leader
verified a random sample of twelve HUs. The sample was split between
two randomly selected blocks. In each of these blocks, the Crew
Leader canvassed the first six consecutive houses on the ground to
verify that what was observed was reflected in the Address Binder
and on the block maps. The Crew Leader tallied the errors observed
and provided advice, criticism, and training as needed. If the
enumerator made too many critical errors, the AA failed this quality
check and was recanvassed by another enumerator; otherwise it was
accepted; and
- Office Review: If office staff identified incorrect, inconsistent,
or illegible entries or other unresolved problems during their
formal review of the Address Binders and census maps, they corrected
them where possible; otherwise, the Binder was returned to the field
for repair.
# 5.6 List/Enumerate (L/E)
In rural areas where residential mail delivery is uncommon (about 1
percent of all addresses), enumerators canvassed their assigned areas to
locate and register (list address and spot address on a map) every
living quarter and enumerate the household. This operation was conducted
between March and May 2000. To ensure the integrity of the data
produced, the following QA programs were implemented:
- Formal and Informal Reviews: To ensure that the enumerators were
making complete and accurate entries on the questionnaires, in the
Address Registers, and on the block maps, Crew Leaders reviewed the
enumerators= work and provided feedback;
- Dependent Check: At the completion of each AA, Crew Leaders (or
their assistant(s)) checked a random sample of six HUs (two random
starts---three consecutive housing units per start) to verify the
accuracy of the enumerators' listings and map spots with what was on
the ground. Crew Leaders made any necessary corrections and
documented their findings. If the enumerator made too many critical
errors, the AA failed this quality check and was recanvassed;
- Office Review: Clerks at the LCOs formally reviewed all completed
Address Registers and census block maps. If necessary, they were
returned to the Crew Leader for repair;
- Reinterview: Each week, a computer-generated report listed the names
of enumerators in a given Crew Leader District (CLD) whose
questionnaires completed in the previous week differed significantly
from the collective results of their co-workers on one or more of
the following housing unit characteristics: *number of vacants*,
*number of partial interviews*, *number of single-person
households*, and *average number of persons per household*. If the
Field Operations Supervisor (FOS) could not justify the reason for
any of the detected differences, a sample of 7 of the enumerator's
subsequent checked-in questionnaires was selected for Reinterview;
- Each designated household in the sample was reinterviewed to
determine if the enumerator in question visited the household and
enumerated it correctly. Depending upon the results obtained, the
questionnaire was accepted as correct or judged to be falsified. The
falsified questionnaire and all other questionnaires completed by
that enumerator were rejected. This portion of the Reinterview
operation was called an *Administrative Reinterview*;
- If the findings from this review were inconclusive, the Reinterview
supervisor had the option to place additional questionnaires for
that enumerator in Reinterview. This program was called a
*Supplemental Reinterview*; and
- Operation Control System (OCS) 2000 Data Entry: Completed
questionnaires were sent to the LCOs for data entry into a control
system. To ensure the accuracy of the entries for unit status,
population count, and vacancy status, an automated edit checked
these entries for completeness and consistency.
# 5.7 Update/Enumerate (U/E)
Conducted between March and May 2000, this rural/urban operation took
place in areas containing high numbers of seasonal vacants, American
Indian Reservations, and Colonias (about 5 percent of all addresses).
Census enumerators updated the addresses and census maps in their
assigned areas and enumerated the residents of each listed household. As
part of the address update, enumerators verified the address, or
corrected, deleted, or added a missing address. The following QA
programs were implemented to ensure that the end product met the Census
Bureau=s standard of quality:
- Formal and Informal Reviews: Crew Leaders performed a thorough check
of the questionnaires and a cursory check of the Address Binders,
and census maps for legibility, completeness, and consistency during
the daily meetings with enumerators. Crew Leaders asked enumerators
to fix mistakes in their presence, if possible. Otherwise
enumerators returned to the field to make the corrections;
- Dependent Check: When an enumerator finished updating an Address
Binder and the corresponding census maps, the Crew Leader performed
a formal review of a random sample of six consecutive HUs. The Crew
Leader canvassed these six units in a clockwise direction (always
making right turns) and compared the units found to the units listed
in the binder and spotted on the block map (if in a rural area). The
Crew Leader corrected any mistakes found and recorded the findings
on a QA form. If the enumerator made too many critical errors, for
example, forgot to add a missing unit, the entire AA failed the
quality check and was recanvassed;
- Office Review: Each Address Binder and corresponding census maps had
to pass this review before being sent to the National Processing
Center. Items that could not be corrected in the office were
returned to the field for repair;
- Reinterview: Similar to the Reinterview described in the L/E
operation. The only difference was that the Administrative
Reinterview incorporated the additional variable, Anumber of
deletes"; and
- The OCS 2000 Data Entry: See description in the L/E operation.
# 5.8 Nonresponse Followup (NRFU)
Beginning shortly after the mail-out phase (during the last week of
April), and continuing into early July, a nationwide force of almost
500,000 enumerators visited households that did not return a completed
questionnaire to verify/update their address and complete a
questionnaire. Enumerators also added any missed units. The QA program
for NRFU, the largest of all the field operations consisted of the
following programs:
- Formal and Informal Reviews: When enumerators turned in
questionnaires to the Crew Leaders, they were reviewed to make sure
that they were filled out completely and correctly. Crew Leaders
also informally reviewed the Address Binders and census maps (rural
areas only);
- Reinterview: The NRFU operation included the same Reinterview
program as the L/E and U/E operations, but with two differences: the
NRFU Administrative sample contained 10 questionnaires as opposed to
7 for L/E and U/E; and the NRFU Reinterview contained a *Random
Reinterview* component that targeted all enumerators during the
first three weeks of their assignment. The objective was to
identify, as soon as possible, enumerators who were fabricating data
or producing shoddy work; and
- The OCS 2000 Data Entry: See description in the List/Enumerate
operation.
# 5.9 Coverage Improvement Followup (CIFU)
This operation followed NRFU and lasted approximately three months. It
was conducted in 3 waves, with each wave lasting about a month. The CIFU
operation involved follow-up visits to housing units classified as
vacants or deletes in NRFU. Residual NRFU cases, such as mail return
forms that had been checked in but were lost or blank, also were
included, as were newly constructed additions and late additions from
U/L and the Delivery Sequence Files. The CIFU enumerator's task was to
complete a questionnaire where required for each of the units. For the
vacant and delete units from NRFU, CIFU served as an independent
verification of the housing unit status on Census Day, April 1, 2000.
Further, telephone followup was used to reinterview all households with
discrepancies between the reported count of persons in the household and
the number of pages completed. The following are the QA activities that
we implemented in CIFU:
- Formal Review: Crew Leaders (or their assistants) checked each
questionnaire submitted by enumerators to make sure that it was
filled out completely and correctly;
- Dependent Verification: When enumerators submitted questionnaires,
Crew Leaders visited a sample of the households classified as vacant
or delete to verify/correct their unit status and population count;
and
- The OCS 2000 Data Entry: See description in the L/E operation.
The QA activities described above did not comprise the totality of the
Bureau's quality assurance program; they comprised the major ones. Other
QA activities included assignment preparation (in the LCOs) to ensure
that the contents of each Address Binder and Map Pouch were complete and
correct and that the Address Binder and its corresponding Map Pouch
agreed. In addition, QA activities were included in the labeling and
distribution of the questionnaires. In line with the Deming philosophy,
the Census Bureau built quality into its operation, implementing
preventive measures throughout. For example, during training,
enumerators were tested and given practice fieldwork. Following practice
fieldwork, the trainees engaged in a discussion of their experience and
asked questions. These activities improved their understanding of the
operation and prevented future mistakes.
# 5.10 Summary
The range of QA programs reflects the combination of historical
precedence and innovation and improvement---that is, many of the
programs derive from similar efforts in previous censuses, with
modifications and additions reflecting the experience of the most recent
census, and with sufficient testing to confirm the value of the changes.
In addition, the programs were extended to cover a broader array of
activities, thus lessening the possibilities for error to be introduced
elsewhere in the process. As such, our review concludes that the
Bureau's program, as reflected in these efforts, was both comprehensive
and extensive, and, as designed, met the goals of protecting adequately
against failures in the conduct of the discrete operations. Similarly,
the written materials, both manuals and training guides, as reviewed,
seem fully adequate. However, we did note some comments that greater
emphasis on clarity in presentation might have prevented possible
misunderstandings and errors in applying the procedures. To that end, we
would suggest the need for more extensive testing of materials, as well
as of training approaches, to ensure that the materials are clear and
unambiguous, and that the range of possible situations to be encountered
is anticipated, and provided to the users.
6\. THE DEMING PHILOSOPHY
The Bureau first sought to adopt the Deming philosophy in its 1990
Census QA programs, and subsequently into Census 2000. As part of its
evaluation of the QA program, Westat was asked to examine the
appropriateness and applicability of Deming's management philosophy to
the conduct of a decennial census, a very large-scale single event
conducted in a very short time period. Any attempt to evaluate Deming's
management philosophy in relation to the conduct of a decennial census
must first note those aspects of a decennial Census that make it very
unique and which lead some to question the relevance of Deming's
approach, and, next, highlight the specific management points that are
directly germane to such a statistical undertaking.
# 6.1 Unique Aspects of the Census
There can be little argument that the Census is unquestionably a unique
"production" process, a massive challenge that occurs only once every
ten years. Over 650,000 field staff are hired, trained, and supervised
out of more than 500 local field offices while conducting their tasks.
Most of those hired complete their employment in less than six months.
Following an immense logistical undertaking of mailing (and, in some
cases, delivering) the appropriate census forms to more than 100 million
households, some 42 million households are contacted personally, in some
cases up to five times, in an effort to complete the data collection
process. The job, then, is huge, both in the number of workers involved
and in the geographic area over which they are spread. The entire
enumeration effort must be completed in approximately eight months, from
hiring to exiting. In addition, the process occurs so infrequently that
few of the staff involved in the previous Census participate a decade
later. Simply put, one finds very little, if any, of the usual "memory"
involved in repetitive operations conducted, over time, by essentially
the same people.
The Census also is unique in how it attempts to manage its human
resources, i.e., how it supervises this vast army and communicates its
needs and methods. A majority of the staff has never worked for the
organization before and never will again after this enormous, short, and
intense effort. Therefore, many of the opportunities for "on-the-job"
training are not present, and staff has little time to develop loyalties
to the organization, its managers, or to each other, or to learn how to
work with their co-workers.
Because of the "one of a kind" nature of the decennial Census, it is
reasonable to ask if management practices that have demonstrated
effectiveness in business, industry, and education, or in the private
sector and government would apply.
# 6.2 Summarizing Deming
Although Deming's management philosophy contains 14 points (see Appendix
B), we focus on those selected few that, in our judgment, are most
appropriate and relevant to a government statistical agency and,
especially, to Census 2000. We begin with the more general that apply,
namely to "break down barriers between groups," to "provide leadership,"
and, to "drive out fear."
"Barriers between groups", if not dealt with appropriately, directly
impacts quality. Although far from unique to the Bureau, as we note in
some detail later, such barriers appear to have been present and to have
played a large role in the difficulties encountered in carrying out
Census QA responsibilities, both in Census 2000 and in earlier censuses.
Dillman's paper (1996) noted that barriers existed between different
operating units at the Census Bureau, and described the typical
government agency as having a "stove pipe" organizational structure
designed to channel communications inefficiently up the line, across and
down a different pipe. Not only did Dillman find this inefficient, he
also observed that it could result in garbled messages caused by too
many interactions between the source and the needed destination. We
observed situations where this system actually prevented staff from
trying to communicate with staff in other departments. Dillman also
noted (as did we) a tension between the QA staff and Operations, a
tension that has been observed in other statistical organizations as
well. Reducing these barriers should contribute significantly to the
quality of the Census results, as well as to the smooth functioning of
the entire process.
"Leadership", another of Deming's points, is that intangible quality
which lifts people and staff above the ordinary. In his book, *The New
Economics* (1993), Deming devoted an entire chapter to the subject of
Leadership, noting that the job of a leader is to accomplish
transformation of the organization. Deming realized that only the most
senior staff are in a position to exercise the leadership needed to
constantly improve quality. Conversely, leaders who continuously ask
about production, schedule, and costs, and rarely ask about processes,
quality, or quality improvement, quickly demonstrate to staff which
priorities are truly important to them. Deming provided an example of a
manager who, in his view, demonstrated organizational leadership for
improved quality---Morris H. Hansen, who spent over 30 years at the
Census Bureau and served as Assistant Director for Statistical
Standards. Hansen played a major role in assuring the quality of several
Censuses (1940, 1950, and 1960), and left a strong legacy of competence
and quality. Deming's choice of Hansen, whether serendipitous or not,
demonstrates clearly that Leadership, if applied effectively, can ensure
that improved quality is seen and accepted as a worthy and attainable
goal of a statistical institution. The successful completion of Census
2000 is testimony to the importance of such leadership. At the same
time, some of the difficulties in implementing the QA program, which are
reflected in this Report, also illustrate a need for greater leadership.
"Fear" is all too often a forgotten element in the conduct of an
operation, but it also is highly relevant in any discussion of a
decennial census. It is only logical to acknowledge that fear or
uncertainty must be present among the many hundreds of thousands of new
employees, whatever their level or degree of responsibility, hired for a
relatively brief period, to take part in an unfamiliar host of
activities previously unknown to virtually all of them. The challenge
for the Bureau is to quickly build a working environment in which fear,
real or latent, is minimized, thus allowing the new staff to focus on
the task at hand and ahead, and to be open to the need for quality,
adherence to instruction, and amenable and responsive to supervision and
review. Fear can prevent communication, inhibit staff from questioning
dubious or unclear instructions, and dissuade staff from identifying
problems. Although we were unable to speak with temporary staff and
confirm this concern, we believe it is of sufficient importance to the
Bureau's goal of assuring quality to be noted and addressed.
One of Deming's most important recommendations, which is directly
relevant to a census operation, is "to build quality in", by which
Deming meant to use statistical methods to plan and monitor not just the
product but the process as well. This is the major distinction between
QA and QC. When applied to a decennial operation, the goal is to
distinguish the unique or special variation or cause from the repetitive
or common cause, and to change or modify the process to minimize or
remove the common cause. Thus, if large numbers of interviewers are
found to be filling out a listing form incorrectly, the problem
undoubtedly is not with the interviewers, but rather with the
instructions or the forms; the cause should be isolated and the process
corrected, rather than blaming the problem on poor performance by
interviewers. Given that some two years after the completion of data
collection, neither much of the QA data collected during Census 2000,
nor data on the effectiveness of the QA programs, were available to us,
highlights a significant, missed opportunity.
The timing situation in a decennial census certainly magnifies the need
to understand quickly what the cause of the problem is, and whether it
is common or special. In fact, there is a general misconception that is
there is little that can be done to change the basic procedures or
modify on-going operations once the process is underway. Morganstein and
Hansen (1990), however, suggested a different viewpoint, namely, that
the only hope a Census manager has of influencing quality during this
short period is to monitor processes and to use statistical thinking to
determine, in real-time, if a special cause has occurred that warrants a
prompt management reaction. Thus in the previous example, the listing
form should be corrected during data collection, not after errors have
been made on all the forms. We are fully aware that modifying an
operation in midstream is difficult, but the alternative, ignoring the
problem, is both self deluding and defeating. In the well known Hialeah
situation, not only were the offending staff not identified while they
were curbstoning data, they subsequently were assigned to other areas as
"problem solvers", because they were incorrectly thought to be accurate
and efficient!
Awareness and understanding of problems and their cause is possible only
if a system exists for acquiring accurate and timely information on the
potential sources of special cause variation. Designing, testing, and
implementing the required real-time reporting systems is an integral
component of "building in quality". We believe that this an area in
which the Bureau was seriously lacking in its ability to identify and
quantify specific types of problems in a timely manner.
Another of Deming's points, which apply to a decennial census, is "to
cease dependence on inspection." It is apparent that it is not possible
to inspect all of the massive elements of information collected
throughout the decennial process. Thus, the Bureau wisely utilized
statistical approaches to examine a sample of an interviewer's work to
gauge the quality of the work performed in the entire assignment area
and to set thresholds for accepting or rejecting the entire assignment.
These acceptance-sampling thresholds should be reviewed throughout the
data collection process and, based on the findings of the ongoing QC
activities, revised accordingly. The Bureau is required by law to
produce the population count and its associated characteristics, and it
must ensure the highest degree of completeness and accuracy possible.
Clearly the Bureau's legal mandate can not be accomplished by sorting,
identifying and eliminating errors after the fact. A major part of the
Bureau's strategy must be to insure quality results through adequate
planning, comprehensive training, and careful monitoring.
These, then, are the aspects of Deming's Management Philosophy, which,
in our judgement, are directly applicable to the conduct of a decennial
Census. In subsequent Sections, we will address how effectively these
precepts and points are perceived to have been employed by the Bureau,
and how the programs to accomplish the "Deming Philosophy" are perceived
to have been planned, developed, implemented, and reviewed. Finally, we
will attempt to assess the Bureau's strengths and weaknesses in the QA
area and to provide some recommendation for consideration in planning
the 2010 Census.
7\. A Summary of Views on Quality ASSurance
This section presents facts, views, reactions, and opinions about QA in
Census 2000, expressed by a range of staff involved with or
knowledgeable about aspects of the Census 2000 QA program.[^6] This
information was obtained in a series of interviews that were conducted
with census staff members, either alone or in groups, and through our
review of documents and other materials concerning Census 2000. Our
assessment of the QA process in Census 2000 appears in Section 9.
As we noted earlier, although our initial focus was on the eight major
field operations described in Section 5, the discussions became more
broadly focused on the overall field QA program, and especially as
carried out during the decennial collection period. In addition, we
found that relatively little data concerning the usefulness and success
of the individual QA programs were currently available, although such
information is in process of being compiled. Accordingly, for the most
part, the comments shown below are directed to recollections of the
effectiveness of the QA programs during data collection, as well as an
overall, broad overview of QA in the data collection phase of Census
2000. It should be emphasized that some of these comments reflect
"perception," whereas factual reality, indeed, may be somewhat
different. For these reasons, we want to emphasize that, for obvious
reasons, we were limited in the number of persons with whom we could
discuss these issues; nonetheless, we have been careful to ensure that
the views reflected below are generally shared (even though we did not
attempt to count responses or provide distributions) or are the
considered conclusions of a person in a position of significant
authority or responsibility and, thus, reflect direct, accumulated
knowledge and important opinion. As such, they provide important
insights into the attitudes towards, if not the reality of QA, and
should not be dismissed summarily. Our discussions evoked both positive
and negative comments, sometimes on the same issue or program, and even
from the same discussant. We also would note our surprise at the extent,
and relative consistency, of the negative reactions and comments, or the
dichotomy of view, concerning the QA effort, forthcoming from those with
whom we spoke. Although positive comments about the QA efforts were
expressed, and are reflected in this section, we believe that most
participants were identifying areas requiring improvement and that their
comments addressed that view.
- The Census 2000 QA program was perceived to have two objectives,
namely:
1. Content quality---Ensure the quality of the Census; and
2. Face validity---To allow the Bureau to demonstrate to Congress and
others that QA programs existed as part of the Census;
- There was general agreement among those interviewed that the Bureau
allowed much of its institutional memory of QA activities during the
1990 Census to disperse following the completion of the 1990 Census
and prior to the initiation of planning for Census 2000. Although
not unexpected and similar to actions taken at the conclusion of
previous censuses, this action is seen as a serious flaw in Census
2000, partially because Census 1990, correctly or otherwise, was
seriously criticized by the Congress, in the Press, and by selected
users. The resulting intensified efforts to start the Census 2000
planning at an early point in the decade found the Bureau short of
"institutional" knowledge in the QA area. Most of the staff who had
worked on the 1990 QA effort was dispersed prior to the initiation
of planning for Census 2000, and a centralized QA leadership was not
established at an early point to plan QA for Census 2000. In fact,
early planning for Census 2000 decentralized the QA function to
"task groups" chaired by the Field staff. All of these developments,
taken together, are perceived as resulting in a significant loss of
QA staff expertise, staff continuity, overall staff size and, most
important, leadership at an important point in the planning for
Census 2000;
Further, the decentralization itself is viewed as having contributed
to a perceived lack of an established, overall Bureau philosophy
regarding QA until late in the decade. In fact, to our knowledge,
the only QA Seminar to inform staff of the Bureau's QA philosophy
was not held until June 1999. For the most part, during the decade,
each working group developed the QA program for its assigned
function in a somewhat isolated situation, without any apparent
centralized coordination or review.
- Preparation for Census 2000 does not seem to have built on or
benefited to any great extent from the results of the evaluation of
Census 1990. To a great extent, this is ascribed to the fact that
most of the 1990 evaluation studies merely reported on the errors
found, with little attention to implementation problems;
- Limited developmental QA research took place during the intercensal
decade, with the emphasis on "cost savings," through improved
operations and changes in project management;
- The initial planning for Census 2000 did not include an overall QA
plan, nor were separate budgets provided for the activity; rather,
each program was assumed to include funding for such QA as might be
required. Thus, early funding was available only on an ad-hoc basis;
- A measure of the importance of QA, as perceived by virtually all of
those charged with its implementation, can be summarized as follows:
The QA initiatives were the first things cancelled or curtailed, and
the last things allowed in;
- Although a small, centralized QA group, consisting of only five
persons, was reestablished in 1998, key responsibility for approval
of the approach and subsequent implementation of QA remained with
the operational entities, which limited the role of the QA staff;
- The change in census operation ordered by the Supreme Court in
January 1999, which forced the Bureau to shift from the planned
"Integrated Census Method" approach to the standard Census approach,
was particularly difficult for the QA program. With the need to
revise so many aspects of the overall decennial operations in a
relatively short time period, few resources and little time were
available for changing the QA approach;
- Although some QA operations were included in the testing between the
1990 and 2000 censuses, the QA operations were not the focus of the
test evaluations; further documentation of the QA testing or QA
results from the tests is lacking. In addition, no analysis of the
Census 2000 NRFU Dress Rehearsal Reinterview program was undertaken.
Finally, due to time constraints, revisions or modifications to the
QA programs were implemented without any further testing;
- Responsibility for developing and designing QA programs and
measuring instruments, for the most part, was delegated to the QA
Branch in DSSD; implementation, of necessity, was the responsibility
of the Field. During the data collection effort, as a result,
problems were dealt with at the local office level and rarely
reached the QA staff or rose to a higher level. Involvement of the
Executive Staff appears to have been minimal;
- The QA staff was perceived by Field headquarters as impractical and
not aware of the realities of Field requirements; in the words of
one senior official, "with their heads in the clouds." More
generally, they were viewed as a team of scientific experts
demanding real time information for immediate reaction, not
recognizing the reality of a Census, and totally insensitive to the
programmatic needs and requirements of data collection. To
paraphrase, "the QA staff must realize that at the local office
level, staff is focused on production; in order for QA to be
perceived as important, it must be 'built into the process,' which
is very difficult and too easy to circumvent";
Field, in turn, was perceived by the QA staff as unwilling to
recognize any role for the QA staff, especially once data collection
was underway.
- The role of the QA staff in implementing QA programs in the Field
was quite limited. Implementation rested completely and solely with
Field. Field had "final" authority on all aspects of QA, including
program development, decisions on training materials, control of
travel to observe field activities or operations, development of
OCS2000, real-time access to the information from OCS2000,
involvement with RCC and/or LCO leadership, and to problems;
- The Field staff lacked independent QA management at all levels.
Specifically, neither the RCC nor the LCO had any dedicated QA
staff, with the result that QA, effectively, had no independent
voice and was subordinated to production;
- Although exposed to the need for QA and the QA programs during their
initial training, for the most part LCO managers, not surprisingly,
found their greatest challenges elsewhere, and paid little attention
to QA concerns. They understood, in theory, the need for "quality,"
but "in practice," "production" took precedence over quality;
- QA consists of "Prevention" (do it right the first time), and
"Rectification" (provide information quickly and efficiently to
catch mistakes and problems). There was general agreement that QA as
practiced in Census 2000 had mixed results---it was a definite
contributor in preventing errors on the part of interviewers, but it
was generally too late to affect the rectification goal. The time
allowed for a given Field operation, for the most part, was seen as
far too limited to allow for QA results to affect the operation, or
result in a change in procedure, and, in Hialeah, it failed on both
levels. For example, in Hialeah, an office which had significant
problems in undertaking NRFU, the NRFU Reinterview was virtually
complete by the time questions were raised, and such QA results were
far too late to have alerted either the Regional Office or
Washington.
It was pointed out, however, that the QA program could have
identified the problems in Hialeah if there had been adequate
management of the QA operations at the LCO. In addition, real-time
data available to Field management or other levels of review were
wholly inadequate. For example, MIS reports failed to provide any
information on cases passed or cases failed. Further, progress data
for a date some 2 weeks after Random Reinterview should have begun,
showed some 50 percent of the NRFU workload reported as completed,
as compared with only about 38 percent for the NRFU reinterview
workload. In so far as the goal of the Random Reinterview was to
identify falsification and other problems at a very early stage,
these rates should have shown a reverse relationship.[^7]
- However, notwithstanding Hialeah, which Field prefers to describe as
an "outlier," the prevailing Field view is that virtually all local
offices used the results of QA in "real time," and that the
collected data benefited from the QA effort. Put in context, QA
programs designed to identify interviewers who required additional
training or who failed to understand their tasks generally were
successful in meeting their objectives in most of the stages of the
Census prior to NRFU, but much less so in NRFU. Further, many of the
problems occurred in attempting to determine the extent of the
problems, such as through reinterview. NRFU QA resources were
inadequate, partially because the Bureau underestimated the extent
of followup. This is borne out by the million-case backlog in NRFU
reinterview by the third week of scheduled activity, as reported in
an OCS2000 Report. This large backlog also suggests the failure of
the random reinterview, which had the primary goal of providing
"early" protection against falsification and poor performance,
resulting from not having been implemented as designed. Essentially,
it appears that the QA program was just too ambitious, especially
given that management compressed the time schedule for NRFU in order
to meet the overall decennial time schedule. Thus, the QA/NRFU
Reinterview became a casualty of the time schedule;
- Because of the foregoing, the QA component of NRFU, the largest and
most complex of the Field QA efforts, is seen by many, as well as by
debriefing comments and the Bureau's own survey of selected field
staff, as generally having been done poorly by most local offices.
To repeat, some view this result as a failure to provide adequate
resources. Nonetheless, the result is the same. Field, however, does
not agree fully with that assessment, believing that, on the whole,
NRFU accomplished its objectives. Again, data are lacking at this
time, either to confirm or deny either assertion, although an effort
is underway currently to compile the relevant information. Whatever
the outcome of these reviews, however, the Bureau itself noted that
"reinterview program expectations were not clearly communicated to
all field staff and caused confusion."[^8]
However, one piece of information on the success of the NRFU QA
effort is available from a survey conducted by the Census Bureau
subsequent to the completion of NRFU, among NRFU Office Operation
Supervisors.[^9] The comments of these supervisors raise some
serious questions. As noted in the Report: "a majority of the Office
Operation Supervisors (OOSs) reported that they were not given
sufficient time to perform the functions. Their Assistant Manager
for Field Operations (AMFO) simply gave them self-study training
guides and a few days to set up the operation. To make matters
worse, many of the OOSs reported that the reinterview material
arrived late or had missing pieces. Some of the manuals and job aids
did not contain sufficient information so they had to fill in the
missing pieces through trial-and-error."
They also reported that by the time the program was set up, the NRFU
enumerators had completed a significant portion of their respective
NRFU workload, rendering the Random Reinterview much less useful
than planned. Confirming some of the comment noted earlier, they
also noted that by the time the FOSs had returned their reports
designating the enumerators whose work was to be reinterviewed, the
enumerators either had completed their entire workload or had quit.
Finally, they observed that when the reinterview workload conflicted
with the NRFU production deadline, reinterview often went by the
wayside. As an aside, it should be noted that the decision on
designating enumerators for reinteriview was not the responsibility
of the FOS, which illustrates how the independence of QA was
compromised due to a lack of QA management at the LCO level.
These reactions also apply equally to the U/E and L/E reinterview
operations.
According to the OOS survey, the Reinterview operations "did not
work smoothly as we would have liked. Many LCOs started this
operation late or did not execute it properly. Some LCOs did not
perform Reinterview;"
- We also would note that the Evaluation Requirements Section in the
Program Master Plan for NRFU is significantly lacking in questions
concerning the effectiveness of the QA program. For example, it
appears that no information was collected concerning the
effectiveness of the QA program in identifying "poor" or
"inadequate" interviewers or its effect on data quality, including
the extent of interviewer or clerk replacement resulting from QA
failure;
- Census 2000 was the first Census to "overemploy". The Bureau hired
at almost a 200 percent level for enumerators, thus placing
excessive pressure on the hiring and training capacity and ability
and, subsequently, on the capability to QA/reinterview the staff.
The overly large staff of enumerators overwhelmed the ability of the
supervisory staff to train, observe, and monitor performance;
- In the words of one senior Bureau manager, however, "QA was
successful, and worked better than in past Censuses", for the
following reasons:
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- It provided Crew Leaders with edit information;
- It gave Crew Leaders management information on such items as
incompletes, and inconsistencies between the population count and
questionnaire pages; and
- It was a visible program.
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- Stated in somewhat different terms, "QA was successful, not 100
percent, but at least 75 percent, and it was at least 10 times
better than in 1990." "Census 2000 provided a separate staff for
reinterviews, whereas Census 1990 required Crew Leaders to conduct
this program." "In the view of top management, the QA 2000 program
wasn't very bad; "on a ten point scale, we aimed mostly for eight
and probably got only to six";
- Nonetheless, a dichotomy of views exits. Simply put, QA staff view
the cup as half-empty, Field staff see it as half full, with the
Bureau getting better and better at looking at and finding out where
it fell short; this view seems to be shared by top management;
Management also believes that if technology and automation can
replace paper, the QA program for 2010 will be simplified, easier to
implement, can start earlier, and can get in on the ground floor;
and
- Despite the many QA problems encountered in Census 2000, many share
the view that the Bureau has gone a long way towards adopting the QA
philosophy of involving the entire organization. Its effect can be
seen---even if not fully recognized or acknowledged---in effective
QA programs for the printing of forms and the preparation of maps,
in higher supervisory/staff ratios, better testing, hiring and
evaluation, and more resources made available for the planning
effort. However, problems continue to exist at the implementation
level. Also noted is the fact that Census 2000 had some form of QA
process in place for most operations, unlike Census 1990, which had
a much more limited QA program.
These comments by staff who played diverse roles in Census 2000 should
provide valuable input to and guidelines for the planning for Census
2010.
8\. Quality Assurance in Census Activities in Other Countries
As part of our review of QA activities in Census 2000, we also were
asked to examine the approaches used by several other countries
collecting census data. After some investigation, we chose the United
Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, each of which had completed a population
census in recent years, and also had an approach to census taking
somewhat similar to that of the U.S. In addition to obtaining
information on the kinds of quality assurance programs established, we
attempted to develop some indication of how well they were carried out.
On a more basic level, we were curious about the philosophy behind the
approach used by each of these countries and how this philosophy led to
the selection of the specific programs. We also attempted to explore the
reasons for differences between the programs used in the other
countries, as compared to those used in the U.S. In effect, we
attempted, in summary fashion, to obtain some information about the
respective QA programs and efforts as we did for Census 2000. Finally,
the key objective of this effort was to evaluate these programs from the
point of view of their suitability for Census 2010. The information
which follows is based both on discussions with staff of the respective
organizations and on review of published materials concerning their
Census activities.
# 8.1 Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom
The most recent census of population in the United Kingdom took place in
April 2001. It was the twentieth census to be carried out in Great
Britain and the eighteenth to be carried out in Northern Ireland. Our
investigation was limited to the census of England and Wales, which was
carried out by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS). England and
Wales were divided into 103 Census Areas, each of which was managed by a
Census Area Manager (CAM). In turn, there were some 2,000 Census
District Managers (CDMs), some 6,000 Census Team Leaders (CTLs), and
about 62,500 enumerators to carry out the enumeration of the 22 million
households.
Prior to the Census, a list of all addresses was prepared, using Post
Office lists and other available sources. Maps noting the addresses
within Enumeration Districts and Enumeration Record Books listing the
addresses were prepared and provided Enumerators to assist them in
locating households. Each map was assumed to cover a single Enumerator's
assignment, approximately 400 addresses (200 in inner cities). In early
April, before Census Day (April 29, 2001), Enumerators, using the list
developed earlier, identified, verified, and visited every address to
deliver a Census form and mail-back envelope. As necessary, missed
addresses were added and those no longer in existence were deleted.
Residents at each address were asked to complete the Census form and,
for the first time, to return it by mail. Addresses for which forms were
not returned were revisited by Enumerators, who collected the form
directly, if available, or asked the householder to mail it back as
quickly as possible. Enumerators also visited addresses to obtain
missing information, as required.
The mail-back response rate far exceeded expectations; in all, some 88
percent of the households returned their forms by mail, well above the
expected 70 percent. This larger than expected mail return caused some
disruption to the enumeration, as the unexpected flow seriously
overwhelmed the postal service.
The goal of Census 2001 was to maintain the high level of coverage
achieved for the majority of the population in the previous census
(1991). To this end, resources were concentrated on improving the
coverage of the population in the groups that proved hard to enumerate;
QA efforts, not surprisingly, were focused to a large extent on this
objective. For example, an extensive community liaison program was
established to reach out to residents of difficult areas. In the data
collection phase, this objective was accomplished through a strategy of
instilling a concept of "Team Work," which attempted to motivate all
staff with an understanding of the need for and commitment to quality.
The following QA programs were included in the data collection phase:
- The CDMs conducted a "Census District check" of the addresses prior
to their use by Enumerators, both to familiarize themselves with the
area, and to catch any obvious problems of omissions, boundaries,
mapping, or resource allocation. This activity also served as a
means of alerting senior officials prior to the onset of data
collection of any problems with this phase of the process. All of
the local governments in England and Wales also were asked to
identify all major housing changes, whether demolition or
development;
- Significant QA efforts were devoted to ensuring that the recruitment
process successfully identified the best candidates. Extensive
training, consisting of self-study and testing, was used to provide
Enumerators with an understanding of the task and its elements.
Finally, CTLs observed the Enumerators early in their delivery of
the forms and provided such feedback and/or additional training as
seemed necessary. The Field checks were used to emphasize the
importance of finding all addresses and of staying within
Enumeration District boundaries, as well as setting the framework of
what was expected of the Enumerators on the ground. The CTLs also
reviewed the Enumerators Record Books to ensure the proper
completion of required entries, and prescribed action was taken, as
required, if the review showed unacceptable results;
- With the return of forms through the Post to the local Census
offices, CDMs and CTLs were responsible for dealing with the receipt
and checking of the forms; supervising the followup visits by
enumerators to addresses from which forms were not received; and
carrying out a 'mop-up' of nonresponse. The check-in consisted of a
"quick flip through," with failures returned for a field followup.
There was no systematic QA program or effort, such as a reinterview,
to ensure that followup was done properly. The emphasis at this
point was on ensuring that a form was obtained from every household,
and that every household was accounted for; and
- CDMs conducted a completion check on all forms. Incomplete forms
were identified based on a very limited set of key questions (e.g.,
sex, date of birth, and marital status).
Although QA was part of the regular training, the importance of the QA
checks and the reasons for them were emphasized to all Field staff.
Enumerators were told, with emphasis and up front, that their work would
be checked.
The Field Management Information System (FMIS), which was established to
monitor progress and provide close feedback between the Census Office
and the field staff, was not designed to provide any quality measures,
nor was it used to alert supervisory levels about QA problems. CTLs or
CDMs generally dealt with such issues. Further, the MIS system
occasionally was unable to provide information on a "real time" basis
because of system failures.
Given its emphasis on coverage, rather than content, the "final" quality
of Census 2001 will be evaluated by results yet to be obtained from a
post-enumeration study of some 300,000 households, conducted some 4
weeks after the completion of the Census. Results of the
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES) survey will be used to adjust numbers of
both people and households found in the Census.
Turning more directly to the QA process, the QA strategy was established
originally by the Census Program Board, chaired by the Director of the
Census. Subsequent decision making was decentralized to lower levels of
the organization, although significant issues did move up the chain of
command quite rapidly. The specific QA programs were developed by the
individual operating groups themselves, but a "data quality manager,"
reporting directly to the Deputy Director of the Census, had an
oversight role and advised on, if not approved, the specific programs.
This position was filled some five years in advance of the Census.
In the Census of 1991, some friction existed between the field
operations planning staff and those charged with carrying out the QA
effort; for that reason, a great deal of focused effort went into the
planning for Census 2001 to establish a common goal among the
participants and a commitment to cooperate. Information technology,
statistics, and field operations staff were placed in a single location.
The staff selected was a mixture of both experienced and new people with
open minds, with an emphasis on listening and the ability to compromise.
Although the QA effort did not have separate funding, it is estimated
that between 5 and 10 percent of the 207 million pound cost of Census
2001 was allocated to QA.
Reflecting on the QA effort in Census 2001:
- In hindsight, the QA effort is seen as a bit of both a QA program
and a QC program. The QA component is reflected in the coordinated
planning of the programs to achieve the desired level of quality;
however, the individual programs are best seen as a QC effort;
- QC training was incorporated into the regular training program. The
importance of quality checks was explained, and Enumerators were
advised that their work would be checked;
- There is no information currently available to determine whether the
program achieved the "desired" level of quality. The results of the
Post-Enumeration study will be used as the "yardstick" for such a
determination;
- Data were not collected on the number of Enumerators who were
terminated, retrained, or otherwise affected by the QA efforts, nor
is there a count of assignments that required additional work
because of QA concerns;
- The QA program, however, is viewed as having been successful
overall, especially given the expected accomplished household
coverage rate of 98 percent. Similarly, the program is given credit
for a perceived reduction in differential nonresponse;
- The mail-back of the forms and the Census Coverage Survey (CCS) were
improvements over procedures used in past censuses, and both
developments benefited from the Community Liaison Program. The CCS
also utilized a web-based information system that was successful in
tracking the progress of the field effort during the survey;
- The FMIS is seen as a failure, which is ascribed to its being
considered as a nuisance and, thus, just ignored. Attempting to
obtain real-time data for use in managing the Census was said to be
"extremely frustrating" and, in fact, was not accomplished;
- The time allowed to conduct the Census, eight weeks in all, may be
too short, using a mail back methodology;
- The advent of more sophisticated, yet flexible technology may permit
more to be done in a shorter time frame in future censuses. For
example, technology may allow for information to be stored in real
time and retrieved almost instantaneously for review and followup;
- A formal debriefing process was implemented, in order to retain the
experiences gained in Census 2001. All CAMs were directed to provide
views and opinion on and reactions to a wide variety of procedures
and programs, including QA. In turn, they had debriefed their own
teams, so the cumulated information is expected to be quite
comprehensive. The results are being placed in a data bank for
future reference. A wide variety of ad-hoc memoranda on census
issues and problems also are being incorporated into the database;
and
- The Census 2001 QA approach is seen as "Total Quality Assurance,"
and the programs were set up accordingly to accomplish this
objective. As noted earlier, however, the focus was on coverage and
differential undercoverage, with apparently little attention focused
on content or on within household counts.
# 8.2 Statistics Canada
The 2001 Census was the 19th in a series, dating to the first national
census of Canada in 1871. In 1956, Canada began conducting a census
twice during a decade---in the Years ending in "1" and "6." Census 2001
involved some 12.5 million households, containing about 30 million
persons. Some 80 percent of the households were asked to complete a
short questionnaire, containing seven questions; the remaining 20
percent received a long questionnaire, containing 59 questions, in all.
The forms were distributed to households in 45,000 Enumeration Areas
(EAs) between May 1 and May 12, by some 34,000 Census Representatives
(CRs), to be completed as of May 15, which was Census day, and returned
by mail. As part of the distribution process, CRs created a list of all
private dwellings, known as "the visitation record (VR)." A mail return
rate of 85 percent was achieved. In areas without good addresses, CRs
collected the information directly from the households.
The CRs were hired, trained, and supervised by approximately 2,800
Census Commissioners (CCs) who, in turn, were hired, trained, and
supervised by CDMs. The field structure also included regional Census
Managers (CMs), CAMs, and QC Technicians, who had responsibility for
ensuring that the QA activities were carried out correctly in local
offices.
In advance of the Census, an Address Register, containing a listing of
all households in municipalities of 50,000 or more persons, was
prepared. The listing covered only about 63 percent of the total
dwellings in Canada. The listing consisted of addresses recorded in the
Census of 1996, updated by adding potential new dwellings identified
through administrative sources. There was no local municipality review
of the final Address Register listings. The Address Register, however,
was not used for delivery of the Census questionnaires. Rather, as
noted, Census 2001 methodology called for the enumerators to list all
addresses at the time of questionnaire delivery. The Address Register,
in turn, was used as a coverage improvement tool through a
reconciliation process, first introduced in the Census of 1991. After
enumerators had completed the listings for the assigned enumeration
areas, they were provided with the Address Register Booklets, which
contained the list of addresses for the same areas. The enumerators then
compared the two listings and verified any addresses that had been
missed during the listing operation. Questionnaires were completed for
missed households.
Followup was of two kinds, the Failed Edit Followup and the NRFU. At the
time the form was returned by mail, the CR conducted an edit consisting
of adding up the number of nonresponse questions. If the number exceeded
a pre-established level, the questionnaire was considered to have failed
the edit and a telephone followup was required by the CR to complete the
form. Mail nonresponse followup, which began several days after Census
Day, also utilized telephone followup, if feasible. Four separate
attempts by phone were required, after which three visits to the
dwelling were required. Dwellings without phones were visited directly.
A factor which could have affected quality was staff turnover, which
resulted from the relatively low rate of pay, and which reached close to
45 percent for CRs. However, Statistics Canada, fortunately, had a
relatively large reserve pool of qualified applicants readily available,
and was able to replace CRs as needed. This development, however, did
require shifting rather significant resources to the training of
replacements.
The QA program for Census 2001 was based on the following decisions
established during early Census planning:
- Everyone would be responsible for quality. Each level of activity
would be expected to produce some sort of a Quality Report to
document all activities and all decisions;
- In order to optimize the effectiveness of the work force, a
centralized hiring system would be developed and utilized;
- The experience from past censuses would be used to develop better
training methods, including the use of more electronic media;
- Every document would be controlled, and "failure" thresholds would
be established for implementing followup;
- CRs would be given the responsibility for safeguarding against bad
quality data. They would serve as the "first line" of defense;
- The MIS would permit the pinpointing of areas where nonresponse was
high, allowing management to move quickly and assign resources to
alleviate the problem; and
- An audit of QC would be required for Census 2001, in order to
determine if the specified QA procedures were carried out correctly
and appropriately.
The activities designed to implement the foregoing decisions and to
accomplish QA in Census 2001 included:
- Following the drop-off operation, CCs conducted a one-day training,
during which the CC verified that all CRs both understood and
applied the procedures correctly. The CC also used the opportunity
to allow CRs to share their experiences with other members of the
group;
- Every listing in the VR was required to have an acceptable
disposition entry, including the presence of a completed census form
or proper documentation for a vacant dwelling, a temporary resident
dwelling, or one containing foreign residents;
- A nonresponse tolerance level was established. If the percentage of
households with no questionnaires exceeded 1.8 percent, the EA was
assigned to a "clean-up" operation, consisting of additional efforts
to contact the nonresponse households and complete the census forms;
- Checking followup attempts. When the percent of incomplete forms
exceeded five percent, a supervisory check was undertaken to ensure
that CRs tried to contact all of the households lacking resolution.
If at least one address with an incomplete census form was found to
have no indication of a field followup attempt, the entire EA was
failed and reassigned;
- A sample of documents was checked to determine that the controls
were completed properly. If too many mistakes were observed, the EA
was redone and every document recontrolled and followed up
appropriately;
- The CCs had a comprehensive list of items to verify at the time the
CR returned an assignment (EA) as completed. After approval by the
CC, the EA was then reviewed by a QA Technician. If approved, the EA
was then sent on for processing; if rejected, the EA was returned
for further followup. Although each Region had a degree of autonomy
in how to implement the different requirements, the QA standards
were centrally established and implemented accordingly. EA reject
rates varied considerably across Regions (from 6 to 25 percent), but
these rates did not reflect the final quality. Rather, some Regions
conducted their reviews and rejected the EAs as soon as they were
received, without any attempts to correct errors at that point;
other Regions attempted to correct EA problems before considering
them for rejection;
- An MIS system was established and utilized to identify problems in
the data collection process. Unfortunately, the MIS was unable to
meet the more important needs for item detail, such as the number of
errors by question; rather, the MIS was limited to gross process
flow results, such as the number of EAs ready to be shipped and the
number failed. Even cumulative data were not retained on the MIS.
The MIS problem is reflective of the tensions between different
groups within the organization; in this case, the production side,
as opposed to the QA group. The production group saw the MIS as a
"Field" tool, designed for and restricted to their unique needs and
requirements. Those responsible for QA, the Methodologists, looked
to the MIS as a vehicle to provide on-going, real-time information
at a specific detailed level.
- Procedures were established for each of the centralized Field
Collection Units (FCU), which ensured that VRs were complete, all
units were accounted for, and questionnaires were acceptable for
processing.
In order to ensure that the "lessons" of the current Census were
"learned" for future Censuses, each level of supervision was responsible
for preparing Quality Reports which documented their activities and
decisions. In addition, studies were implemented as part of the Census
to evaluate the impact of the control and followup operations on the
collection phase. Studies also were incorporated to evaluate the effects
of different collection methods on quality of the results. Subsequent to
the Census, debriefing sessions were held at each level, and
recommendations were compiled concerning all phases of the operation,
including QA. Responsibility for these efforts fell under the Collection
Methodology Task, established with a mandate of providing evaluations of
big changes in procedures, with a goal of looking ahead to future
collection methods.
As a final point, the ability to maintain "institutional memory" was
especially emphasized as a key factor in improving Census quality from
one Census to the next. Conducting a Census every 5 years has allowed
for substantial continuity at the managerial level in the Census
organization. Specifically, a vast "census culture" can be maintained,
although there is full awareness of the need to add staff selectively to
prevent "bad inertia."
A Reverse Record Check Study is used to evaluate the coverage of the
Census. Effectively, a sample of names is selected from the previous
Census and supplemented by births and immigrants arriving during the
intercensal period, and an effort is made to locate that sample of
individuals in the current Census.
In retrospect, the VR check is seen as one of the particular strengths
of the recent Census, in that it required the disposition of each listed
address. The one-day training session held immediately after the
distribution of forms also was seen as especially effective in dealing
with the misunderstandings or questions posed by CRs and, also, in
motivating them to accomplish their task. The key weakness was that EAs
were found to be too big, that is, to contain too many dwelling units
and, thus, the time required to complete the EA delayed and dragged out
subsequent operations. This problem also required the QA review to be
cut short in many cases, in order to meet the established time schedule;
instead the EAs were sent directly to "clean-up" for data repair, which
maintained quality, but at increased cost.
With Census 2001 results still to be released, it is far too early to
attempt to assess fully the effectiveness of the different QA program or
to suggest possible changes for future consideration. One plan already
underway, however, calls for developing a centralized system for
maintaining data for the Census of 2006. Such a system would contain the
entire database, as submitted on a flow basis. As such, all components
of the operation could access the common database, as needed, to obtain
the types of diverse information required to control and manage their
respective responsibilities.
It also is possible, at this relatively early stage in the processing of
the Canadian Census of 2001, to note that QA is an important and visible
component of the Census during planning, development, and
implementation, and consumes significant resources in money, time, and
staff. It also is clear that, for the most part, as in the U.S. the
early phases of the Census fall in the area of a QA approach, whereas
the collection phase is oriented towards QC methods, that is, sample,
test, and reject.
It is important to note that the overall QA proposal for Census 2001 was
developed within the various teams (collection, coverage, questionnaire
design, research and testing, etc.). The broad vision on the
coordination for the QA process, however, was driven by the Census
Steering Committee, composed of senior management and chaired by the
Assistant Chief Statistician. In short, senior management played a
significant role in the coordination and approval process of QA
planning, whereas execution of the various components was left to the
managers of the respective operating teams. However, although the Field
hired and supervised the staff which performed the actual QA/QC
operations, the direction and reporting on this phase was the
responsibility of the Methodology Group, which was independent of Field.
The close and continuing involvement of senior management is seen as a
major contributing factor in minimizing, if not eliminating, potential
conflicts between the various groups. To borrow the words of a senior
manager, "Some tension in a project driven environment can actually be a
healthy thing; there is always some push back when one feels there is
too much looking over the shoulder. (But) in my view, the consensus
buy-in of the senior management steering/oversight committee was a very
positive factor in the elimination of a lot of potential conflict in the
trenches with the troops. The discussion was very high caliber and
tension filled."
The Canadian QA program is viewed "very much as a combination package",
using both QA and QC, and Statistics Canada would find it difficult to
envision a process that was singularly one or the other. Finally, in
their judgement, given what they set out to accomplish, they conclude
that their QA/QC program was successful, that there could be significant
and substantive improvement but, given the budget and other factors, "it
would stand up to scrutiny".
# 8.3 Australian Bureau of Statistics
Since 1961, Australia has taken a Census every five years; the latest,
Australia's fourteenth national Census, was taken in 2001. Census Day
was August 7th.
A single, "long" form was used to collect the needed information through
self-enumeration. A hierarchical structure of temporary staff was used
to deliver and to collect census forms from the 9.8 million households
and 19.5 million residents. The majority of the workforce, just over
28,000 people, consisted of Census Collectors (about 23,000, in all),
who delivered the forms to every household in their collection district
prior to census night, and arranged to return and collect the forms or,
as required, to complete a form at that time.
The Collection District (CD) was the basic geographic unit of
collection, and consisted of a census workload area that could be
covered by a single Collector. Group Leaders, each of whom trained and
supervised the work of approximately 10 to 12 Census Collectors, were
responsible for ensuring accuracy and completeness of coverage within
their areas. Where needed (generally in the bigger geographic states),
Field Coordinators were used to provide supervisory assistance to the
Group Leaders; otherwise the Group Leaders reported directly to the Area
Supervisors. In total, more than 32,000 temporary field and collection
staff were recruited, trained, and supervised in the delivery and
collection of the forms.
The key element in the delivery of the forms to all households was the
map prepared for use by Census Collectors. The maps were derived, for
the most part, from databases maintained by each State or Territory.
There was no subsequent review and revision by local communities. A
separate map was prepared for each CD, showing the legal boundary lines
for each plot of land in the CD, and served as the collection control
mechanism. These maps were used by the Collectors to plan a delivery
route, which ensured that the full area was canvassed for dwellings, and
that all addresses and living quarters, none of which were noted on the
maps in advance, were located and entered into the Collector's Record
Book, which acted as a collection control register.
To ensure that high quality data were obtained from the Census,
extensive effort was put into the collection procedures. As a first
step, all but the essential administrative responsibilities were removed
from both the Census Collector and the Supervisor, leaving them focused
solely on the task of taking the Census. Census management believed
strongly that this action was critical to improving quality. All QA
efforts were designed around a "Philosophy of Quality Management." The
emphasis was placed on each person's "ownership" of the job, which was
reinforced through adequate pay and through training, both classroom and
home study, which emphasized strongly that each person was responsible
for the quality of his or her own work. The QA processes were put in
place to ensure that responsibility was being accepted, rather than as a
series of processes to check on quality. The following activities were
instituted as part of QA:
- The appropriate supervisor checked the delivery route proposed by
the Census Collector in advance of the delivery of forms;
- Collectors were required to scan each form to ensure it had been
completed;
- Group Leaders verified that a form existed for each address listed
in the Collector's Record Book. In addition, the number of
nonresponses, unoccupied dwellings, and requests for mail-back forms
was monitored on an ongoing basis through phone contact and personal
inspection of record books and forms. This information also was
compared with the supervisor's personal experience and data
collected by other collectors as to "what was possible or
reasonable" within the same area. In addition, counts of the
expected number of households were developed using the results from
the preceding census, along with information from building permit
files. If Collectors found a major difference from the expected
number, they were required to provide an explanation. Area
Supervisors checked totals at a later stage, followed by an
automated check at the data processing stage. Independent relisting
or recanvassing was not undertaken; and
- A measure of the extent of undercounting was obtained from a PES of
households, undertaken shortly after the census.
An evaluation of the data will be carried out to inform users of the
data about the quality and to help plan the next census. Another
activity aimed at the next census consists of obtaining detailed reports
from the different staff levels about their experiences and problems in
conducting the Census, undertaking sample surveys of staff, conducting
debriefing meetings, and sifting the materials to develop a set of
action items and recommendations for the next census. Such action items
and recommendations are entered into a database and are then accepted or
rejected by project managers for consideration for future action.
Accepted action items are automatically recorded on the Census Project
Management Framework database for the next Census.
Reflections on the QA effort in Census 2001 follow:
- Explicit efforts to ensure the continuity of staff over the
relatively short census cycle resulted in significant benefit to all
areas of the Census. For example, the turnover rate among Census
Collectors was held to 10 percent. Similarly, demanding, if not
insisting on, a collegial relationship between staff in different
areas of census responsibility, added significantly to the
effectiveness of the QA effort;
- Census top management refused to assume that Data Collectors would
fail; rather, they began with the assumption that the Collectors
would do a good job and, accordingly, used "trip wire" QA
procedures---limited procedures which alerted supervisors and
management to major problems in understanding procedures, etc.---
rather than imposing a detailed QC approach. They believe this
approach has been proven successful;
- In Australia, as in the United Kingdom (UK), coverage results from
the PES serve as the final measure of Quality. As regards content,
aggregate level data from the census are compared against other
sources of such information, such as survey data and administrative
record data;
- The Australian public gives a measure of "high acceptance" to the
Census, which is reflected in virtually complete cooperation and
wholehearted public participation. To illustrate, they note that
100,000 people called to say, "you missed me." The Census records
both very low item nonresponse rates (around 7 percent for income),
and misses very few persons, thus resulting in small estimates of
undercount;
- Nonetheless, as in other "developed" countries, some problems exist.
Specifically, it has become more difficult to contact the young and
to obtain entry into buildings that exercise high security. People
also are less likely to be home, in general; and
- It also appears that some buildings were missed in the Census.
Although some of the missed buildings were caught in the Area
Supervisory Review, it is likely that not all missing buildings were
identified.
For the Census of 2006, the Australian Bureau of Statistics is planning
to use "on-line" reporting systems, which should permit management to
access important information on a real-time basis. They also plan to
explore the use of the mail-back approach, as well as Internet data
collection.
# 8.4 Summary
Our inquiry into the census taking practices of the UK, Canada, and
Australia indicates a keen recognition of the need for and the
importance of ensuring "Quality" in the Census. Not surprisingly, it
also demonstrates that "Quality" is seen---and interpreted---somewhat
differently in different countries. In both the UK and Australia, for
example, "Quality," for the most part, is seen as synonymous with
"coverage"; subject matter content is accorded somewhat less importance.
Canada, on the other hand, gives somewhat more attention to content at
all levels of the collection effort.
Both the UK and Australia also emphasize "ownership of the job" which,
in effect, assumes that staff wants to and will do the right thing, and
assigns responsibility on that basis. QA is designed to support and
assist that approach. The Australian approach is minimal and hardly
intrusive. For example, in describing how it conducts its Census, the
Australian Bureau of Statistics devotes a Chapter to "Quality"; which
details the importance of form design, collection procedure,
field-testing and public awareness, but says nothing of the importance
of training the enumerators or of ensuring their adherence to procedure.
Similarly, a section on QA deals only with actions taken once the forms
are in the census data processing center, but totally ignores the
collection phase. The UK, on the other hand, although philosophically in
agreement with the Australian Bureau of Statistics, employed more of a
QC approach, requiring more interaction and review on the part of the
supervisory and review levels.
Neither of these countries, however, utilized any sort of a field
verification of the address listing component, nor conducted
reinterviews to check either coverage or content. And, in both
countries, the PES is seen as the "benchmark" for the Census. In
addition, review of content by Enumerators and Supervisors, for the most
part, was limited only to ensuring entries to very few of the basic
questions which appeared early in the form.
For its part, Canada is both more extensive and more specific in its QA
requirements. Although agreeing completely that responsibility for
quality is fully shared, Canada requires significant supervisory input
and review of the collection process, such as in its 100 percent control
of each entry in the VR, and in establishing nonresponse tolerances
which, when exceeded, trigger field followup activity. A major
distinction in the approach to QA is Canada's failed-edit review, which
examines the extent of nonresponse to the full questionnaire content.
Canada also imposes more extensive supervisory oversight of Enumerators
and other levels of responsibility, as well as more reporting
requirements. To that extent, the QA program in the Canadian Census is
similar to that of the U.S.
It is also fair to note that all three of these countries consider
themselves to be following the Deming approach. They are extremely
sensitive to issues of quality and to the need to institute checks that
will ensure their ability to identify aberrations quickly, efficiently,
and effectively, and to take those actions necessary actions to improve
the system. Yet, they also recognize the time constraints imposed by a
census and the limitations imposed on their freedom and ability to make
changes. A number of suggestions drawn from the experience of these
countries that might be applied to the U.S. process are found at the end
of Section 10. In general, however, we would propose that the Bureau
arrange with these, three countries, as well as with any others who
engage in somewhat similar decennial activities, to share experiences
and past results of QA efforts, and to exchange thoughts and suggestions
on future QA efforts in the conduct of censuses. We also would add, "the
sooner, the better!"
9\. Quality Assurance in Census 2000: Strengths and Weaknesses
The QA Mission Statement for Census 2000 is brief and to the point.
Specifically, its goals were:
- To prevent significant performance errors;
- To prevent the clustering of significant performance errors; and
- To promote continuous improvement.
This section summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the specified QA
Field programs as planned and implemented, from the point of view of the
QA Mission Statement and a more general view of quality assurance along
the lines of Deming's philosophy. However, the section goes somewhat
further, in that it also explores the strengths and weaknesses of the
organization, development, and oversight of the overall Census 2000 QA
program in the Census Bureau.
As mentioned earlier, we were to review these specific field activities:
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| > \- Block Canvassing | > \- Nonresponse Followup |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| > \- Update/Enumerate | > \- Coverage Improvement Followup |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| > \- Update/Leave | > \- LUCA 1998 Field Verification |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| > \- List/Enumerate | > \- LUCA 1999 Field Verification |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
The listed activities involve enumerators receiving training on
performing specific operations, collecting information, making entries
on maps, and maintaining control lists and related forms.
The Census Bureau has not yet completed its evaluations of the
effectiveness of its field QA approaches, which should provide
information on workers' performance during production, the type and
magnitude of production errors, and workers' perceptions of QA. Its
review also is expected to identify deficiencies in the QA process, such
as the lack of integration between production and QA activities and the
poor implementation of some of the QA programs. Lacking such
information, assessment of both the strengths and weaknesses is somewhat
incomplete. Nonetheless, our discussion will focus on the broader aspect
of the strengths and weaknesses of the QA program implemented for the
data collection phase, reflecting both the views and opinions provided
us and our review of assorted materials. We also note that a given
aspect might be seen by some as a "strength" and, by others, as a
"weakness." Our summary of the "strengths" and "weaknesses" of QA
planning, organization, and implementation follows.
# 9.1 Strengths
- Consistent with its mission statement, whether in List Development
or in Enumeration, Census 2000 continued the tradition, initiated in
the 1960 Census, of incorporating into Census 2000 Field operations
numerous activities described as QA. This commitment to quality and
QA, demonstrated in five censuses over a 40-year period, certainly
is a significant "Strength";
- The objective for QA was that it be completely transparent in Census
2000 and, for the most part, it was. To that end, materials used to
train enumerators and first level supervisors contained specific
references as to why QA was important and to how it would be
implemented, and all enumerators were exposed to the concept of and
need for "quality" performance and, accordingly, measured against
the established standards;
- Based on the perceptions of a diverse number of participants in
Census 2000 and the on-going evaluation of the Census results, the
QA activities are seen as "broadly" successful: they provided first
level supervisors with relatively "real time" information on the
quality of the enumerators, on their knowledge of how to carry out
the activity, on the quality of their work and, to a lesser extent,
on the quality of the information collected;
- The overall perception throughout the Bureau, and at all levels,
even given the extent of negative comments, is that the Census 2000
QA Field program was an important element in preventing significant
errors, and in preventing the clustering of significant errors.
Although errors of both types did occur in selected instances, for
the most part, they were caught expeditiously and rectified (the one
glaring exception being the NRFU program, particularly emphasized by
Hialeah). On this basis, the QA Field programs can be viewed,
generally, as successfully meeting the first two elements of the
Bureau's QA mission: to prevent significant errors and to prevent
the clustering of significant errors;
- Most operations, unlike the situation in the 1990 Census, had some
form of QA process in place;
- The Census Bureau has committed itself to an extensive and
comprehensive evaluation of all aspects of the Census 2000 program,
which is still underway. Since the 1960 Census, the Bureau has been
its own harshest and unstinting critic, conducting numerous
evaluations and publishing extensive information on the quality of
its programs and its results. These studies have been a valuable
source, both for users and for improving future census methodology;
- Unlike the 1990 Census, Census 2000 is perceived by the broader
public and the user community as "having been the most successful
Census in many decades." This sentiment is borne out by the fact
that, unlike the period following the release of 1990 Census
results, few if any local governments have contested the results of
Census 2000 through legal action, or requested significant recounts;
and
- Finally, Westat was asked to determine if the Bureau "made the best
use of the available technology and statistical process tools with
respect to our desire to promote timely and continuous improvement
throughout the field operations." In the context of the planning for
the QA program for Census 2000, the answer is a definitive "Yes." In
dealing with what actually transpired, the perception is less clear,
as discussed in previous sections and as detailed below.
# 9.2 Weaknesses
As a first point, we would note that a number of the so-called
"strengths" also mask some "weaknesses." Further, we have the benefit of
hindsight and the luxury of time, both of which provide a broad frame in
which to form any assessment:
- The fact that more than two years after the Census relatively
little, if any, factual information is available currently
concerning the effectiveness of the QA programs for the field
activities noted above must be considered a major weakness. One
would expect that the range of MIS reporting systems maintained to
monitor field progress would have required and provided both
on-going reporting of the efficacy of QA, and summary information on
such detail as the number of interviewers fired because of QA
failure, the number of assignments redone, summary information on
the use of control charts or check sheets and the items found to
have the most errors or, for that matter, on how widely and
regularly those procedures in fact were used. Unfortunately, over
two years after completion of the field effort, such is not the
case. Neither does there appear to be debriefing materials or
summaries, which could provide both insight and understanding of QA
implementation in LCOs or RCCs. A lack of funding for the timely
capture of the QA data undoubtedly was a major contributing factor,
as was the absence of prompt and strong managerial support. We would
strongly stress the importance of compiling, completing, and
evaluating these activities in a very timely manner;
- Establishing the Deming QA philosophy as a goal for Census 2000 must
be seen as a positive development. It remains unclear, however, as
to whether the implications of such a decision were explored and,
more importantly, fully documented, including an assessment of the
Bureau's ability to achieve it. Further, we were unable to locate
documentation showing that an overall QA "plan" for Census 2000 was
prepared or widely circulated, although the Bureau did hold a number
of "Decennial QA Seminars, beginning in mid-1999, in order to
acquaint staff with QA objectives, procedures, and responsibilities;
- Neither senior staff directly responsible for the QA effort nor the
Executive Staff appear to have been closely involved in QA issues,
including the scope, status or progress of the program. As best we
could discern, QA issues rarely came to the attention of the
Executive Staff. The relatively low priority afforded QA at senior
operating levels is reflected in the following: very limited QA
research was undertaken during the period between the 1990 Census
and Census 2000; evaluations of the 1990 Census programs (especially
as related to the use of Quality Technicians in Field offices) do
not appear to have been taken into account; a QA staff consisting of
only six persons, some with very limited expertise in QA, was
responsible for the QA planning for numerous major Field operations
for Census 2000; and a lack of concern or emphasis on QA by the
program Divisions resulted in QA activities being among the first
items cut when budget stringencies arose;
- Relationships between those in the Decennial Statistical Studies
Division (DSSD) nominally responsible for developing QA programs and
the operating Division, in this case, the Field Division, on the
whole, were best described as adversarial. Given its understandable
focus on "production" and the necessity of completing the data
collection task, the Field Division severely limited QA staff
participation in the implementation of field operations, including
observation, communication, information, or ability to modify.
Leadership of the QA staff must share some of the responsibility for
this state of affairs, since it failed to raise these issues to the
attention of higher level census staff;
The problems brought on by the fact that production and quality
responsibilities resided in different management areas were first
highlighted in the 1980 assessment. As noted earlier, this issue is
not unique to the U.S., having been mentioned and addressed by all
three of the Countries contacted. Given this knowledge and history,
getting top management in the respective areas to work together,
with an appreciation of the importance of the two goals, should be
an essential requirement of Census 2010.
- There is general agreement that funding for the planning and testing
of QA programs for Census 2000 was insufficient and that few
programs underwent adequate testing. More importantly, a vital
aspect of the QA program---real-time capture and dissemination of QA
data---was not implemented because of insufficient funding;
- Involvement in developing QA programs and materials is not seen as
"having any cachet" in the Census Bureau. Personal advancement for
those in the QA area is seen as seriously limited, and opportunities
elsewhere in the Bureau are considered circumscribed. The same
appears to be true of the QA programs themselves; which do not
appear to be viewed as important or priority aspects of the Bureau's
activities;
- As in past censuses, the Bureau appears again to have been hampered
by the lack of sufficient time to perform its many required
functions. QA, as one of the last activities, suffered particularly,
especially so in the conduct of the NRFU, the largest, and one of
the most important of the QA programs; and
- Outside of the initial inspection of a relatively small part of the
workload, either in the field or in the Office, few of the QA
programs gave, or could give, meaning at the time of data collection
as to whether the data being collected were of acceptable quality.
Similarly, the MIS systems, whether OCS2000 or Cost and Progress
(C&P), were inadequate in their coverage of QA elements that would
have permitted a "real-time" review of performance, or real-time
capture of QA results which would have provided an indication of
problems. In fact, a recent report on the OCS2000 quoted Bureau
staff as seeing the system as "designed to be a control system for
field operations and, therefore, not intended to be used either as a
status monitoring system or a management information system."[^10]
Further, QA staff was not permitted regular, necessary access to
these data, given a mindset that "the damage had been done by the
time the battle could have been fought over each problem." We also
would note that, to our understanding, QA data were not aggregated
to uncover common errors, either within a given AA, within a given
Office, or across LCOs.
The question remains as to whether the Census 2000 QA field program
should be seen as a series of unrelated, independent QC programs, rather
than as an integrated QA program, especially so in connection with the
collection phases of the census. To paraphrase Deming, "quality results
from the prevention of defectives through process improvement, not
inspection, which judges the quality of finished products and scraps or
reworks defective items." Review of the training and field operating
materials and discussions with diverse staff at many levels who had
widely varying responsibilities in Census 2000 clearly leads to the
conclusion that, in general, during the data collection stage of Census
2000, the Bureau did not succeed in implementing a QA program but,
rather, carried out effective and timely QC programs. There was little
to no process improvement and, to the contrary, significant inspection.
In this regard, the Bureau did not meet the last goal in its QA mission,
namely, "to promote continuous improvement."
At the beginning of the project, the Census Bureau posed four questions
that they hoped to have answered by this study. These questions are
answered in some detail throughout the Report. At this point, we present
the specific questions and provide a brief summarization of the replies:
1. \(Q\) The Bureau's QA philosophy emphasized prevention. We screened
applicants, tested trainees, gave practice fieldwork, and observed
and tested workers at the beginning of their field assignments. What
other preventive measures should we have considered before we
permitted workers to work alone?
\(A\) We believe the actions taken by the Bureau were essential to
and required for quality performance. However, a number of
additional actions directed to this goal are found throughout the
Report; among the more important, we note the suggestion, based on
the experience of Statistics Canada, to have a group day of review
and training, following immediately on the beginning of data
collection. The Bureau also should establish an effective MIS, to
provide staff very rapid feedback of any errors encountered in the
early completed materials.
2. \(Q\) Did the Bureau make the best use of the available technology
and statistical process tools with respect to its desire to promote
timely and continuous improvement throughout the operation?
\(A\) Since our evaluation suggests that the Bureau was not
successful in promoting "timely and continuous improvement
throughout the operation", the response is negative. Although the
Bureau's planning assumed a "best use" approach, it fell short in
implementing the QA programs at all levels of the effort, ranging
from, among others, failure to establish a high level QA
coordinating group, to the absence of real-time measures of quality,
to allowing internecine argument to prevent the timely review and
correction of QA problems.
3. \(Q\) What limitations should the Bureau have taken into account
when it adapted Deming's management philosophy for its field
operations?
\(A\) Most importantly, the complex nature of the undertaking, which
renders it different from any example given (or possibly
contemplated) by Deming. Specifically, many have commented on the
impossibly short time period in which a decennial census must be
completed, and how such an impossible time schedule works against
the Deming concept of "continuous improvement" during the Field
period. The vast scale of its operations is another factor
mitigating against successful adoption, much less implementation of
the Deming principles. Finally, the Bureau faced combining both of
the foregoing factors with a virtually new, impossibly large, and
wholly unskilled workforce. Given such obstacles, the Bureau is to
be congratulated on its QA accomplishments.
4. \(Q\) What important new developments in the field of quality should
the Bureau consider for its 2010 program?
\(A\) We have been unsuccessful in identifying any "important new
developments". We have mentioned throughout a number of actions
which we believe the Bureau, should take to improve its QA programs.
At this point, we would highlight the need for the Bureau to
establish close relationships with countries such as Canada,
Australia, and the UK to keep abreast of their developments in this
area, to host a conference early in the decade to determine what new
developments exist in the private sector and/or other government
sectors, and to foster in-house research as a means of finding new
approaches to QA. The final chapter of this report discusses
additional recommendations for Census 2010 QA.
10\. Planning Quality Assurance for Census 2010
The purpose of this section is: (1) to propose actions and approaches
which address major shortcomings identified in the QA process for Census
2000, and (2) to offer creative solutions that are workable for a large
and diverse workforce, taking into account both existing technology and
technology that may be available in the next decade.
# 10.1 Rectifying Major Shortcomings
The Census Bureau currently is in process of producing a number of QA
Profiles that will provide further insight into and knowledge about the
effectiveness of the QA programs in identifying problems and enhancing
quality. At the moment, virtually all these efforts are somewhat behind
schedule. We believe that the expeditious completion of these profiles
is an essential first step in the planning for Census 2010. Coupled with
the on-going evaluation program of the Bureau's operations during the
recent decennial census, these reports should identify the Field
programs or operations that had significant problems, as well as those
specific QA programs which were deemed to have failed or encountered
difficulties. Using this information as a guide, the Bureau should
develop alternative approaches that rectify the known deficiencies,
through suggestions for program modification or restructuring. Such an
exercise would provide a 'head start" in developing similar operations
for Census 2010 and in avoiding the identified pitfalls. In addition, it
would develop both an awareness of the types of problems that may be
encountered, and possible solutions. Building on the past may not always
be possible or even desirable; simply ignoring the past, however, is
always foolish.
Concurrently, and with a sense of some urgency and priority, the Bureau
also should address the issue of QA versus QC in a decennial activity.
For the most part, Bureau staff has indicated that, in the true sense,
QA did not exist in all phases of Census 2000; rather, that the QA
programs carried out in the Field were, in fact, QC programs, that is,
they called for significant inspection and, hopefully, repair, but
provided little continuous feedback during the process. Others have
maintained that QA was a reality during early planning and testing, but
that QC is all that one can expect during the data collection phase, for
all the reasons enumerated earlier in Section 7. We conclude that this
issue, in reality, is but a "straw man," in other words, irrelevant to
the Bureau's goal of ensuring the highest possible quality in decennial
results. Nonetheless, it seems both to occupy and concern. We see no
reason why one or the other, or both---QA and/or QC---cannot be used
where they are most efficient and serve the common goals of improving
quality and meeting the objectives of the QA program. It remains
incumbent upon the Bureau, however, to address the issue of attempting
to provide relevant information concerning the data collection process
on a timely schedule which allows the data to be useful in monitoring
and improving quality. Such a QA step is the only method for truly
improving quality during a census field period. A number of different
approaches should be developed and tested, including an effective MIS,
predesignated samples, flow processing, and greater emphasis on
integrating quality into the operation, as examples, thus permitting the
Bureau to meet the final goal of QA, namely, "to promote continuous
improvement."
An example of how QA might be used in "real-time" during the field
operation would require establishing acceptable thresholds for measured
variables. During the data collection stage, supervisory staff regularly
monitored a series of variables collected in each LCO, including vacancy
rates, the number of single person households or those containing large
numbers of residents, etc. The goal was to detect outliers or those LCOs
that seemed out of line with expectations. For the most part, the review
was subjective in nature, using the extensive personal knowledge of the
supervisory staff. Little or no evaluation was undertaken on a real-time
basis to determine if the process could be improved.
At a minimum, cut-off levels could have been established in advance,
utilizing the results of pretests or other types of available
information. The levels could be variable, depending on the
characteristics of the LCO, but consistent in establishing the point
beyond which the results required investigation. An LCO exceeding
established limits (since both minimum and maximum levels might be set)
would be expected to review and explain the discrepancy. An automated
procedure would identify the suspect LCOs, and the results of the
reviews would be reported in real-time. In such a scenario, cut-off
levels could be adjusted upwards rapidly if few errors were detected
(thus saving time, effort, and funds) or, conversely, interviewers and
other staff could be notified quickly to modify their behaviors if large
numbers of LCOs were observed to be failing the established standard.
Further, a sample of LCOs that fell just below the established threshold
also could be reviewed to determine if the cut-offs were too permissive
and allowing errors to slip through the system. Utilizing this type of
approach, staff would both learn from the on-going activities and be
able to adjust the level of review to ensure achieving the desired
quality standard.
Preferably, control charts could be used to monitor the variables.
Initial cut-off levels would be based, as above on earlier test results
or expert knowledge. Using the observed distributions reported from LCOs
and grouped on the basis of the designated variable, it would be
possible to modify the cut-off levels on an on-going basis. In addition
to identifying outliers, this approach also would allow for the
monitoring of "runs" and "trends". For example, if an LCO consistently
has above average rates but never exceeds the cut- off level, it could
still be identified for further review. Further, control charts would be
helpful in identifying any LCOs that might be "gaming" the data, that
is, falsifying data to avoid exceeding the threshold.
Undoubtedly, many other examples of supervisory staff regularly
reviewing data on the progress of the Census exist throughout the
decennial census effort. These include not only the field activity, but
also administrative data on employment, or computer systems, or costs.
It is likely that many of these examples would lend themselves to QA
approaches providing real-time results which would have the net effect
of reducing costs, reducing burden on staff, and providing higher
quality data more quickly.
Given the importance the Bureau has attached to this issue, we further
suggest that it would prove useful to the Bureau to convene a conference
of experts in QA, as early in the decade as feasible, in order to share
its thinking, discuss the issue, and become aware of any important new
developments in the field of quality that should be considered for the
2010 QA program.
The Bureau also must address and resolve the relationship problems
between the QA staff and the operating divisions. QA staff must be an
integral part of the process. They must be allowed the opportunity to
participate in tests, to observe programs in action, and to be provided
with information on a timely basis. They also must be included in the
decision-making councils. Conversely, the concerns of the operating
Divisions and the realities of the Census taking process must be
recognized and reflected in the demands of the QA programs. Simply put,
each of these groups must work as "partners" in the Census effort, not
as "outsiders" or "antagonists." An example of this dichotomy in Bureau
thinking with regard to QA versus data collection is found in the OCS
2000 Requirement Study, which states that "NRFU was completed ahead of
schedule" (see Background, page 1), although the NRFU Progress Reports
showed reinterview production lagging far behind schedule. When the
statement was questioned, we were informed that the QA reinterview phase
of NRFU was not viewed as an integral part of the NRFU effort and, thus,
was not taken into consideration in determining the completion date of
the program. In fact, the reinterview operation was designed as the key
QA element of the NRFU effort in order to provide a real-time measure of
the quality of the interviewers' work. For that reason, it was planned
for completion 1 to 2 weeks ahead of NRFU closeout; in reality, the
reinterview program continued well after NRFU production had reached the
100 percent mark and was reported as "finished."
To carry this point somewhat further and more pointedly, we believe that
this burden falls directly on the Executive Staff and the Field
operation. The Executive Staff must unambiguously mandate such
cooperation and must routinely verify it is occurring. It then becomes
incumbent on senior staff to see that this message is carried,
understood, and acted on throughout its entire organization; that is,
from the Associate Director for Field Operations, through the leadership
of the Field Division, through the Regional Offices, through the RCCs,
to the LCOs, and to every one of the staff at each of these levels. This
message must state clearly and emphatically that QA is an integral and
required responsibility of the entire Field organization, from
Headquarters to RCC to LCO. All staff are responsible for both the
production, and the quality, of their data. The QA staff who come to
observe or comment are to be seen as contributing to the work of the
Field, not hindering its effort. Finally, there must be full awareness
that failure to cooperate will not be acceptable and will be dealt with
swiftly. Failure to disseminate such a message early in the decennial
cycle and to ensure its implementation will surely prolong what has been
a continuing problem for all too long.
To address these and other concerns, we propose that, at a very early
point in the planning process for Census 2010, the Bureau:
- Establish, publish, and disseminate its QA goals and objectives.
Dissemination should be to every individual involved in the
decennial process, and prominently noted in training, observation,
and review;
- Assign, implement, and monitor responsibility for QA. How best to
accomplish such a recommendation is left to the Bureau, but we would
suggest, as an initial step, the active and continuous participation
of the Associate Director for Methodology and Standards, or someone
on the immediate staff of the Associate Director, followed by QA
representation in all participating operating entities, including
Field. In this context, the Bureau may wish to explore the
experience in the UK, which established a QA Czar, who had executive
authority in the QA area;
- Integrate QA into the planning and implementation process by
providing QA "a seat at the decision table";
- Establish an experienced QA staff and provide it with a clear
mandate as to its authority and responsibilities, especially in its
interaction with the operating divisions;
- Ensure that the QA program is adequately funded, commensurate with
its responsibilities and, further, is treated as an equal in budget
reviews, rather than as "last in, first out"; and
- Mandate QA as an integral component of every facet of planning for
Census 2010.
The Census Bureau also should implement a program to develop, test, and
evaluate suggested QA programs and, further, should require that testing
of proposed operational programs include the appropriate QA elements,
thus allowing both the proposed programs and the QA measures to be
evaluated and refined as a single whole, rather than as separate and
disparate pieces. Such an approach presupposes a Bureau commitment to a
sufficient cadre of experienced staff and funding adequate to the task.
At this point, we would note several suggestions incorporated in an
internal Bureau report, which summarize much of the foregoing.[^11]
Specifically:
- Implement QA programs across all divisions;
- Communicate the reinterview QA operations purpose and expectations
clearly to all field staff;
- The NRFU reinterview program should be tested during the decade;
- To be effective, the NRFU reinterview operation needs to be
conducted on schedule and as planned; and
- Develop a system for real-time, up-to-the-minute data entry.
In reviewing QA in earlier censuses, we noted the use of a QA Technician
Program, most recently as part of the 1990 Census, which included
placing a trained technician in each of the 13 Regional Census Centers.
The objectives of the RCCs QA Technician program were to promote
management awareness of the purpose and importance of the various
quality programs and to monitor adherence to the QA procedures. Although
the Bureau's evaluation of the Census 1990 program concluded that "the
QA Technician Program accomplished all of its objectives, in general,"
and recommended changes to make the program more effective in future
censuses, this program was not included in Census 2000; we were unable
to determine the reasons for this omission. Despite this decision,
however, and given what we infer to have been a lack of knowledge and
concern at the RCC level about QA programs and their importance (and,
perhaps, even at the LCO managerial levels), we would strongly recommend
reconsideration of this program for Census 2010. We also support the
suggestions in the Census 1990 evaluation to establish a full-time
position in each regional census center, that the persons selected to
fill the positions be identified early in the census cycle, and that the
extent of statistical training or expertise required for these positions
be explored and established.
A key element of any successful QA program is its ability to provide an
early warning of problems, so they can be identified, addressed, and
action taken before the bulk of the activity has been completed. In a
decennial census setting, this requirement has proven difficult to
accomplish for most activities, if not all. One approach to be
considered is the establishment of an early warning system, which would
provide an indication of widely shared problems. For example, trained
current survey interviewers could be used to prepare an advance listing
of addresses contained in a national sample of AAs. As prelist
operations are completed, this sample of AAs could be sent to a
processing office for quick comparison with the advance listings. Such a
sample check would provide a quick, efficient, and independent means of
measuring the quality of the prelist operation and act as an early
indicator of any problems in instructions, forms, or processes.
Similarly, specially selected samples could be used to provide quick and
inexpensive measures of mail response and vacancy rates, as well as of
problems with the mailing or the content. Although not applicable to all
field activities, it could be used where feasible and prove most helpful
in assessing quality quickly.
We also are aware that web-based data collection may prove more feasible
for the 2010 Census, than in Census 2000. Even though this development
is likely to account for a relatively small proportion of the total
workload (the Bureau currently assumes between 15 and 25 percent of all
households), the rapid accumulation of this kind of database may lend
itself for use as a "test bed" for a quick evaluation of item
nonresponse and selected measures of quality. We would stress the need
to explore the development of other types of early warning measures that
could be implemented at both the LCO and the RCC levels for the data
collection phases of the Census.
At this relatively early point in the decade, a first vision of Census
2010 contemplates a much simpler task than that in Census 2000.
Specifically, the Bureau assumes that only a short form will be required
of all households, with long form information collected independently
through the American Community Survey. Such an approach can be viewed as
requiring a much smaller field staff, less training but permitting more
emphasis on quality, less effort on the part of the field staff and the
supervisory staff, perhaps even far fewer LCOs, and a much simpler
processing environment.
In this same vein, the expected development of improved and faster
technology may permit the Bureau to have completed forms sent on-line by
Enumerators, as they are completed, to centralized sites for processing
in a continuous flow of "unrelated" forms, rather than in batches
corresponding to collection units (AAs), as at present. Such a
development would have significant implications for quality, in that
flow processing would be almost immediate and continuous, without the
need to wait for the full completion of an AA before transmittal to a
Processing Center. With flow processing, incoming forms could be sampled
and reviewed sequentially and problems resolved and appropriate
corrective instructions sent to Enumerators quickly and efficiently.
Assuming a technology that would allow data to be transmitted and
entered more quickly, it would seem feasible to institute a MIS that
collects and transmits more diversified detail, including information
relevant to QA assessment, such as item nonresponse and edit failure,
both more accurately and more quickly than in Census 2000. Data
currently collected as part of L/E, U/E, and NRFU such as number of
vacant units, partial interviews, and persons per household could be
included in a MIS that uses control charts to identify outliers and
revise limits.
In discussing the scope and content of a proposed MIS, it is appropriate
to reflect on and learn from the failure of the FMIS in the Canadian
Census of 2001, which was seen as a nuisance and just ignored. The
lesson, then, is to ensure that an MIS system meets the requirements of
both providers as well as users; that is, it requests information that
can be accessed easily, the system is easy to operate, it is flexible in
application, and it provides users with what they need when they need
it. In addition, both providers and users understand the need for and
importance of the system and have received adequate training in using
the system.
An optimal system should provide, in real-time and in simple detail,
information to those who should know and care that the QA/QC activities
are working and effective.
At a somewhat more detailed level, we would note that the Census Bureau
is a vast repository of decennial experience, resident in the many staff
members who participated in one way or another in Census 2000, and
covering all its many programs and at all levels of implementation. At
the time we began our investigation, we found that little of this
experience had been systematically recorded, summarized, synthesized, or
disseminated. We are most pleased to note that, at the current moment,
the Bureau has begun the process of issuing such information as, for
example, in Census 2000 Informational Memorandum #127, Assessment Report
for Nonresponse Followup: Final, which was issued in September 2002. We
would strongly urge the Census Bureau to continue to develop and produce
such reports, even at this late date. We would note that the type of
information that can be gleaned from such efforts could be both a
valuable and important input into the planning for Census 2010. The many
concerns voiced in the survey conducted among staff involved in the NRFU
operation, as well as the issues noted in the report cited above,
provide a valuable starting point.[^12]
# 10.2 Other Suggestions for Consideration
Our exploration of census activities in several other countries did not
reveal any particular approach or single program that could be said to
provide the "key" to improved QA. In fact, the three countries studied,
the UK, Canada, and Australia, are fully up-to-date on and knowledgeable
about the latest approaches to census taking, including those in the
U.S., and they adapted what others have done to fit their unique needs
and requirements. It is both useful and worthwhile to highlight some of
the facts, philosophies, and approaches, which merit consideration for
Census 2010. Some of these suggestions have been noted earlier, but bear
repeating because of the experiences encountered in other countries:
- The need for continuity of staff over time cannot be emphasized too
strongly. Although obviously somewhat easier to accomplish in
countries that use five-year cycles for their census programs,
continuity is nonetheless an important requirement for the U.S.
program, as well. Experience is an important element in
understanding the diversity and scope in taking a census. At the
same time, the selective addition of "new blood" can significantly
invigorate the strength of any program;
- Given the size, scope, complexity, and pressures of a census, it is
essential that staff work together collegially;
- Quality is likely improved by simplifying the Enumerators' task.
Removing, to the extent feasible, administrative responsibilities
from the Enumerator and Crew Leader would seem a major step in
accomplishing that objective;
- Statistics Canada believes that the one-day training session for
census enumerators held immediately following its questionnaire drop
off operation was an invaluable contributor to the quality of the
census operation. Specifically, the session allowed enumerators to
get immediate answers and feedback on problems encountered during
their initial forays into their EAs immediately preceding the
session, it provided supervisors with a single forum in which to
address problems and concerns of all Enumerators, it offered a
substantial boost to the morale of the Enumerators, and it provided
immediate feedback to Headquarters of the common and most frequent
problems and allowed them to provide immediate answers before the
operation had progressed very far;
Even accepting the many differences between the Canadian approach
and that of the U.S., we would suggest that this feature be explored
and examined as a possible addition to Census 2010. Currently,
Enumerators are visited by their CLs as soon as possible after the
initiation of followup. However, the reality is that some of the
enumerative staff is not visited until they are well into the
followup operation. If, indeed, the 2010 Census requires the
collection of only short form information, the significant decrease
in complexity and workload throughout the operation, coupled with
the need for a somewhat smaller field staff, may allow for a more
flexible time schedule, in which an additional day of training would
be both feasible and practical, as well as offering significant
benefits in consistency, timing, and quality;
- Given the current scarcity of information concerning the
effectiveness of the QA programs, we suggest that the Bureau examine
the feasibility and value of undertaking an evaluation study similar
to that carried out by Statistics Canada. The study utilizes an
appropriate, pre-designated sample, which could consist of EAs,
addresses, or both, depending on the design of the 2010 Census.
Documents from the selected addresses, as well as control forms, as
completed in the Field, are examined to determine whether the
instructions given for completion were appropriate and appropriately
carried out. In addition, these sample forms are used to prepare
selected rates and measures which serve to evaluate the census field
operations, such as coverage of households and persons, incoming
error rates for selected questions, and rejection rates for the
entire form. Such an approach should provide useful information in a
timely manner, both to assist in evaluation the 2010 Census program,
and in preparing for the next Census;
- Documentation---Experiences, problems, solutions, suggestions, and
recommendations which rise to the surface during or following the
hectic days of census taking are all too often forgotten or
overlooked. The obvious solution is documentation and ready access
to the information. Whether the approach followed in Canada, or
Australia, or the UK is applicable, or even optimal, is not the
issue. The fact remains that debriefing of staff at all levels,
construction of an easily accessible data base containing such
information, and supplemented with the results of memoranda
detailing problems and issues and some containing solutions
implemented at the moment, along with the suggestions of staff for
improvements or changes, can provide a most valuable resource to
those charged with responsibility for planning the next census.
Senior management should be required to address these
recommendations as part of planning the next Census. Finally,
"documentation" is at the heart of Deming's "continuous
improvement;" and
- Since a number of countries will be undertaking censuses during the
mid-decade period, the Bureau (including both Field and QA staff)
should monitor the QA/QC approaches developed by these countries and
determine if they might prove beneficial to Census 2010. In fact,
the Bureau should seriously consider establishing an on-going
relationship with the statistical agencies of the UK, Canada, and
Australia, in order to "share and compare" past QA experiences,
including quantitative results of their respective programs, and
planning and program for future census QA activities, if not for all
aspects of decennial planning.
More broadly, we strongly urge the Bureau to ensure that these
fundamental requirements of the Deming philosophy become an integral
part of the Bureau's philosophy:
- QA must be part of management; not a single nor a separate
operation; and
- QA must be part of the management responsibility at the operating
level, including not only support, but also both awareness and
monitoring.
Finally, perhaps the Deming application in a census setting must be
understood and seen as a "process improvement over time," one in which
the experience of one Census informs the next.
referenceS
#### Block Canvassing
Crew Leader's Manual Block Canvassing---August 1998
Crew Leader's Manual Supplement Block Canvassing---November 1998
Block Canvassing Lister's Instructions---January 1999
#### Coverage Improvement Followup
Coverage Improvement Followup Crew Leader Manual---March 2000
#### Daily Supervision
Performing Quality Assurance Dependent Check (continued)---October 1999
#### List/Enumerate
List/Enumerate Crew Leader Manual---October 1999
#### LUCA 1998
Luca 1998 Field Verification Supervisor's Manual---April 1999
Luca 1998 Field Verification Lister's Instructions---May 1999
#### LUCA 1999
Luca 1999 Field Verification Lister's Instructions---N/A
Luca 1999 Field Verification Supervisor's Manual---April 1999
#### Nonresponse Followup (NRFU)
Nonresponse Followup Enumerator Manual---July 1999
#### Update/Enumerate
Update/Enumerate Enumerator's Manual---September 1999
Update/Enumerate Crew Leader's Manual---October 1999
referenceS (Continued)
#### Update/Leave
Update/Leave Enumerator's Manual---July 1999
Update/Leave Crew Leaders Manual---August 1999
Update/Leave Office Review Exercise Answer Key---September 1999
#### Reinterview
Office Operations Supervisor (OOS) for Reinterview Training
Checklist---N/A
Field Operations Manual---September 1999
Reinterview Training Guide---October 1999
Field Operations Manual---January 2000
#### General
Census Bureau. (2002). *Assessment Report For Nonresponse Followup:
Final* Census 2000 Informational Memorandum #127, \[Unpublished\].
Census Bureau. (2000). *Nonresponse Followup, Program Master Plan:
Revision 1* Census 2000 Informational Memorandum #26, R-1,
\[Unpublished\].
Census Bureau. (1999). *Census 2000 Operational Plan* \[Unpublished\].
Report: Updated Summary Document.
Census Bureau. (1999). *Decennial QA Seminar* \[Unpublished\]. Document
Prepared for Internal Briefing.
Census Bureau. *Master Address File (MAF) Building Operations*
\[Unpublished\]. Document Prepared for Internal Briefing.
Census Bureau. *DSSD Census 2000 Procedures and Operations Memoranda*
\[Unpublished\]. Documents: Selected Series and Numbers.
Census Bureau. *Selected Trip Reports* \[Unpublished\].
References (Continued)
#### Publications
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). *How Australia Takes a Census*.
2001 Census of Population and Housing.
Census Bureau. (2002). *Management Information System 2000, System
Requirements Study*. Census 2000 Evaluation R.3.c.
Census Bureau. (2002). *Operations Control System 2000, System
Requirements Study*. Census 2000 Evaluation R.2.a.
Census Bureau. (1993). *Effectiveness of Quality Assurance: 1990*,
Series CPH-E2.
Census Bureau. (1976). *U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1970*,
Procedural History. PHC ®-1.
Census Bureau. (1973). *1970 Census of Population and Housing*,
Procedural History: Advance Issuance of Chapters 13 and 14. PHC(R)-1B.
Census Bureau. (1967). *United States Censuses of Population and Housing
1960*, Quality Control of the Field Enumeration.
Corey, Stephen R. (1990). *The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People*.
Fireside Book. Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Deming, W. Edwards. (1993). *The New Economics for Industry, Government,
Education*. MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Studies.
Deming, W. Edwards. (1982). *Quality, Productivity and Competitive
Positions*. MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Studies.
Deming, W. Edwards. (1982). *Out of the Crisis*. Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. Cambridge.
Dillman, Don A. (1996). Why Innovation is Difficult in Government
Surveys*. Journal of Official Statistics*, Vol. 12, pp. 191-197.
Morganstein, D.R., and Hansen, M.H. (1990). *Survey Operations
Processes: The Key to Quality Improvement*. In Data Quality Control,
Chapter 8. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.
Statistics Canada. (2000). 2001 Census, Collection.
Statistics Canada. (Undated). *2001 Census of Canada, Quality Control
Technician's Manual*, Form 70.
Statistics Canada. (2002). *1996 Census, Evaluation of the Field Quality
Control*.
Response TO WESTAT FINDINGS BY DECENNIAL sTATISTICAL STUDIES
AND FIELD DIVISIONS
The Census Bureau commissioned Westat Corporation to produce this
report, "Evaluation of the Census 2000 Quality Assurance Philosophy and
Approach used in the Address List Development and Enumeration
operations" to critique its decennial quality assurance (QA) program.
Due to time and budget constraints, the Census Bureau asked Westat to
focus on the QA program used in the field operations that updated the
Master Address File (MAF) and TIGER system, and the field operations in
which personal visit data collection was conducted. In their reviews of
this evaluation report, several Census Bureau divisions raised concerns
about the methodology that Westat had employed in compiling in this
report and its reliance upon interviews of a relatively small number of
Census Bureau Headquarters staff. In some cases, the summary of views
implies situations or policies that weren't necessarily true. In their
report, Westat makes a number of points that unless placed in the proper
context may mislead the reader. In this response, we address these
points in general and attempt to place them in the proper context and
setting in which they occurred during Census 2000.
This response is prepared in full recognition that while Census 2000 was
unquestionably the most successful Census taken, it was far from perfect
and there are a number of important lessons to be learned and areas in
which improvement can be made, including in the design and
implementation of essential QA programs and inter-divisional working
relationships.
As the Census Bureau conducts its early planning, research and
development for the 2010 Census, the Decennial Statistical Studies
Division and the Field Division, working with the Decennial Management
Division have prepared a Memorandum of Understanding which will set the
framework for more cooperative working relationships in the development
of quality assurance and quality control programs for the address list
enhancement and field data collection operations that will be included
in the 2010 Census. Based upon the Census 2000 lessons learned and
feedback from debriefings of Regional Census Center and Local Census
Office staff, the management structure of the 2010 Census of both the
Regional Census Center and the Local Census Office are being expanded to
include management positions and as needed support staff dedicated to
QA. This expanded management structure will be implemented, and refined
as necessary, in the 2004 Census Test, the 2006 Census Test, the Dress
Rehearsal, as well as, the 2010 Census.
This response addresses the following concerns about this Westat report:
(1) Westat's finding that the Census Bureau did not have a single,
comprehensive QA plan, but instead separate QA programs for each field
operation; (2) Westat's assertion that there was a lack of a senior
management team for coordinating and approving the overall QA plan and
reviewing the implementation; (3) The lack of current QA results data
and the implications on management of the program; and (4) The
perception of the QA program based on Westat interviews.
**Comprehensive QA Plan**
The Westat report does not fully reflect the complex and demanding
context in which Census 2000 was conducted. Managers of Census 2000
operations, both at Census Headquarters and working in the field offices
had to balance quality assurance with meeting tight deadlines, staffing
large-scale, people-intensive operations during a period of historically
low levels of unemployment, and close monitoring of costs and
expenditures. Due to factors not under the Census Bureau's control, such
as the January 1999 Supreme Court decision, the operational design of
Census 2000 placed unprecedented deadline pressure upon the completion
of all field operations on schedule. Completing the largest single
Census 2000 field operation, Nonresponse Followup, on schedule was
absolutely essential to deliver the apportionment counts to the
President by December 31, 2000, as mandated by public law. Census 2000
was also conducted and completed under intense internal and external
scrutiny. Virtually all details and activities of Census 2000 were
followed and assessed by the Department of Commerce Inspector General
Office, the General Accounting Office and the Census Bureau Monitoring
Board.
Before the QA staff developed the individual Census 2000 QA programs,
the QA manager briefed them on the history of QA in decennial
operations, provided them a booklet containing profiles of the QA
operations used in the 1990 census, and informed them of the 2000 QA
philosophy and approach. In fact, in June of 1999, the QA staff gave a
seminar to inform their colleagues in the Decennial Statistical Studies
Division about the decennial QA philosophy and approach. The seminar
provided an overview of the individual QA programs, but more importantly
showed how these programs, although seemingly different, all had the
same underlying philosophy and approach: prevention, improvement, and
protection. Essentially, a general plan and approach for QA in Census
2000 existed, but was not formally documented prior to development of
individual census operations.
**Senior Management Involvement**
Our Census 2000 QA philosophy and approach stemmed from research of the
literature and lessons learned in previous QA programs. Development of
the individual QA programs was a team effort. QA staff working with
members of an operation's planning team developed the QA program for the
operation. The QA plan for each operation was provided in the
operation's Program Master Plan (PMP) -a high level document (reviewed
and approved by senior management) that outlined the operation from
start to finish. Senior management established a QA staff in the
decennial area to manage and carry out the QA plan. The team approach
demanded different methods of managing the program. Supervisors of team
members advised their staff regarding the substance of the program
rather than actually managing the operational development of the
program. The teamwork approach involved in developing programs did not
lend itself towards giving (or having the appearance of giving) senior
management direct guidance of a consistent and comprehensive QA program
for Census 2000.
However, senior management and executive staff supported and monitored
progress of the QA program throughout the census. In addition, senior
management maintained an independent QA staff within the Decennial
Statistical Studies Division responsible for developing and overseeing
the QA program. During Census 2000, the senior management team
occasionally had to make difficult decisions to balance the needs of QA
and census operations. For successful completion of the census, the
management approach must include the flexibility to make such decisions.
Statements about the commitment to and conduct of QA by the Regional
Census Centers and the Local Census Offices are included in the Westat
report, but these statements do not represent the views of the regional
staff since Westat did not conduct interviews with Regional Directors or
Assistant Regional Census Managers.
**Current QA Results Data**
The results of the QA operations were not captured in real-time. The
Census 2000 Management Information Systems did provide timely data on
costs and progress (e.g., cases assigned, cases completed), but the
results data such as pass/fail rates were not available during the
census. A consequence of not having results data in real-time was that
senior management lacked the tools they needed to monitor and ensure
that the quality assurance operations were being completely carried out.
However, the QA manager brought QA issues to senior management's
attention for corrective action. In deciding upon appropriate corrective
actions, senior management was responsible for resolving quality issues
while at the same time maintaining critical progress towards completion.
Senior management did have cost and progress data at their disposal and
they did follow the progress of QA to see the degree to which the job
was completed. The local census offices had results information
available to them since the paper forms on which results were recorded
were submitted to the offices prior to being sent for processing. These
forms provided the local census offices with the ability to identify
areas which needed special attention to determine appropriate actions
(e.g., re-check an enumerator's work, retrain an enumerator, or release
an enumerator from the operation).
**Perceptions of the QA Program**
Westat was asked to proceed with this evaluation before the Census
Bureau's own evaluation of its QA program was complete. The individual
QA profiles that make up this self-evaluation would have provided Westat
objective information about our QA program. As a result, Westat had to
rely heavily on information gathered through interviews with a small
cross section of Census Bureau staff that were involved with Census
2000. Unfortunately, aside from one individual who worked at various
management levels in a local census office, Westat did not interview any
staff member who worked directly in the field operations or at the
regional level.
The Westat report states that the elapsed time between completion of the
Census and evaluation efforts made it impossible for them to conduct
interviews with "representative sample" of the field staff. This
statement suggests that knowledgeable field staff were no longer
available for interviews. However, the Regional Directors had
responsibility for conducting both the Census 2000 field operations and
the associated QA programs, and the majority of those Regional Directors
still occupy their permanent positions.
Because of these limitations, we must reiterate Westat's point that the
opinions expressed in this report represent only the perspective of the
individuals interviewed. These perspectives do not necessarily reflect
truth. For example, if some interviewees perceived limited involvement
by senior Census Bureau management, that perception could be flawed
because interviewees may not have first-hand knowledge of the true
involvement of senior management. Whereas the interviewee perspectives
provide insight into the feelings and impressions of various levels of
Census Bureau staff, they cannot be taken to necessarily reveal factual
information regarding how the census operations and associated QA were
conducted.
In closing, the objective of this response was to provide a background
for a number of points made in this report so that the reader could
place them in the proper context. We've reiterated the point that the
opinions expressed in this report are those of a relatively small number
of people and may not necessarily reflect truth, but merely perception.
Overall though, their recommendations are clearly aimed at providing the
Census Bureau with guidance for taking the weaknesses that existed in
2000 and using them to develop and implement improvements for future
censuses. We have already begun this process for our census testing
activities leading up to the 2010 Census.
#### APPENDIX A
###### Contributing Participants
#### U.S. Census Bureau
Martin Appel, Statistical Research Division
Cynthia Clark, Associate Director for Methodology and Standards
Howard Hogan, Chief, Decennial Statistical Studies Division
Carrie Johanson, Decennial Statistical Studies Division
Ruth Ann Killion, Chief, Planning, Research, and Evaluation Division
Gail Leithauser, Assistant Chief, Field Division
Broderick Oliver, Decennial Statistical Studies Division
Rebecca Piegari, Decennial Statistical Studies Division
Jennifer Reichert, Decennial Statistical Studies Division
Gabriel Sanchez, Field Division
Jimmie Scott, Demographic Statistical Methods Division
Peter Sefton, Field Division
Carol Van Horn, Assistant to the Associate Director for Field Programs
Preston J. Waite, Associate Director for Decennial Census
David Whitford, Decennial Statistical Studies Division
#### Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom
Rod Massingham, Head of Data Collection
Lesley Simmonds, Procedure & Instructions Manager
Andy Teague, Deputy Director of Census
#### Statistics Canada
Michael Bankier, Chief, Census Research and Development
Jean-Rene Boudreau, Senior Methodologist, Census Collection Methodology
Katherine McClean, Chief, Address Register & Geography Methods
Mike Sheridan, Assistant Chief Statistician, Social, Institutions and
Labour Statistics Field
#### Australian Bureau of Statistics
John Struik, Head, Census Programs
Paul Williams, Head, Development of Field Operations
**APPENDIX B**
**Deming's 14 Management Points**
1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and
service, with the aim to become competitive and to stay in business,
and to provide jobs;
2. Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic age. Western
management must awaken to the challenge, must learn their
responsibilities, and take on leadership for change;
3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the
need for inspection on a mass basis by building quality into the
product in the first place;
4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag.
Instead, minimize total cost. Move toward a single supplier for any
one item, on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust;
5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service,
to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease
costs;
6. Institute training on the job;
7. Institute leadership. The aim of supervision should to be to help
people and machines and gadgets to do a better job. Supervision of
management is in need of overhaul, as well a supervision of
production workers;
8. Drive out fear, so that everyone may work effectively for the
company;
9. Break down barriers between departments. People in research, design,
sales and production must work as a team, to foresee problems of
production and in use that may be encountered with the product or
service;
10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force
asking for zero defects and new levels of productivity. Such
exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk of
the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system
and thus lie beyond the power of the work force;
11a. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute
leadership;
11b. Eliminate management by objective. Eliminate management by numbers,
numerical goals. Substitute leadership;
12a. Remove barriers that rob the hourly worker of his right to pride of
workmanship. The responsibility of supervisors must be changed from
sheer numbers to quality;
12b. Remove barriers that rob people in management and in engineering of
their right to pride of workmanship. This means, inter alia, abolishment
of the annual or merit rating and of management by objective;
13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement; and
14. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the
transformation. The transformation is everybody\'s job.
[^1]: See references for a listing of the materials reviewed.
[^2]: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Quality Control of the Field
Enumeration, Census of Population and Housing: 1960. Washington,
D.C. 1967.
[^3]: U.S. Bureau of the Census. U.S. Census of Population and Housing:
1970. Procedural history PHC ®-1. 1976.
[^4]: Information on the experience in the 1980 Census is found in
Chapter 1, Introduction and Background, U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Effectiveness of Quality Assurance: 1990, Report Series CPH-E-2.
Washington, D.C. 1993.
[^5]: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Effectiveness of Quality Assurance,
1990 Census of Population and Housing, Evaluation and Research
Reports, Series CPH-E-2. Washington, D.C. 1993.
[^6]: See Appendix A for a listing of Census Bureau staff contributing
the information and comments for the section.
[^7]: Based on information developed by field from the OCS2000 system.
[^8]: Census Bureau. (2002). *Assessment Report for Nonresponse
Followup.* Final Report. Census 2000 Information Memorandum #127,
page 7.
[^9]: U.S. Census Bureau, Lessons Learned from the Census 2000
Nonresponse Followup Reinterview Operation, March 2001-May 2001.
Unpublished.
[^10]: Census Bureau. (2002). Operations Control System 2000, System
Requirements Study. Final Report. Prepared by Titan Systems
Corporation. Census 2000 Evaluation. R 2.a. February 2002.
[^11]: Census Bureau. (2002). *Assessment Report for Nonresponse
Followup.* Final Report. Census 2000 Information Memorandum #127.
[^12]: Census Bureau. (2201). *Lessons Learned from the Census 2000
Nonresponse Followup Reinterview Operation: An analysis of
questionnaires completed by a sample of the Reinterview Office
Operations Supervisors, Telephone Clerks, and Enumerators.*
Unpublished.
| en |
converted_docs | 407838 | **WHAT YOU OWE -- INTERSTATE TELECOMMUNICATIONS**
**SERVICE PROVIDERS (ITSPs) FOR FY 2004**
This *Fact Sheet* provides information for interstate telecommunications
service providers (ITSPs) to help them prepare and pay their ITSP
regulatory fees. Telecommunications providers typically identify
themselves on FCC Form 499-A filings using one or more of the following
categories:[^1]
**All Distance** \-- provides fixed local exchange services and
interstate long distance services to end users for a flat rate (may also
include intrastate toll).
**CAP/CLEC** (Competitive Access Provider/Competitive Local Exchange
Carrier) \-- competes with incumbent local exchange carriers (LECs) to
provide local exchange services, or telecommunications services that
link customers with interexchange facilities, local exchange networks,
or other customers, other than coaxial cable providers.
**Coaxial Cable** \-- uses coaxial cable (cable TV) facilities to
provide local exchange services or telecommunications services that link
customers with interexchange facilities, local exchange networks, or
other customers.
**Incumbent LEC** \-- provides local exchange services. An incumbent LEC
generally is a carrier that was at one time franchised as a monopoly
service provider. *See* 47 U.S.C. §251(h).
**Interexchange Carrier** (IXC) \-- provides long distance
telecommunications services substantially through switches or circuits
that it owns or leases.
**Local Reseller** \-- provides local exchange or fixed
telecommunications services by reselling services of other carriers.
**Operator Service Provider** (OSP) \-- serves customers needing the
assistance of an operator to complete calls, or needing alternate
billing arrangements such as collect calling.
**Payphone Service Provider** \-- provides customers access to telephone
networks through payphone equipment, special teleconference rooms, etc.
Payphone service providers also are referred to as payphone aggregators.
**Prepaid Card** \-- provides prepaid calling card services by selling
prepaid calling cards to the public or to retailers. Prepaid card
providers typically resell the toll service of other carriers and
determine the price of the service by setting the price of the card and
controlling the number of minutes that can be used by the card.
**Private Service Provider** \-- offers telecommunications to others for
a fee on a non-common carrier basis. This would include a company that
offers excess capacity on a private system that it uses primarily for
internal purposes. This category does not include Specialized Mobile
Radio operators.
**Shared-Tenant Service Provider /Building LEC** \-- manages or owns a
multi-tenant location that provides telecommunications services or
facilities to the tenants for a fee.
**Toll Reseller** \-- provides long distance telecommunications services
primarily by reselling the long distance telecommunications services of
other carriers.
**Other Local and Other Toll Service Providers** \-- other providers of
local exchange or toll services, including private service providers
(which offer telecommunications services to others and includes
companies that offer excess capacity on a private system that is used
primarily for internal purposes) and shared tenant service providers
(which manage or own multi-tenant locations that provide
telecommunications services or facilities to tenants for a fee.)
In its *FY 1996 Regulatory Fee Report and **Order***, the Commission
amended its rule regarding the Telecommunications Relay Service Fund
administrator to permit the National Exchange Carrier Association (NECA)
to process regulatory fees on behalf of its pooling exchange carriers
and to submit their consolidated fees to our lockbox bank in a single
payment instrument. However, we remind entities subject to regulatory
fee payment that the regulatee, not an agent such as NECA, is
responsible for ensuring that payment is made, and that there is a
penalty for not submitting the entire fee in a timely manner.
Fee Payment Amount and Payment Type Code for ITSPs
**Fee Payment Amount:** \$0.00218 per dollar of subject revenue
**Payment Type Code:** 0472
**Where to Send Payment**:
If you are sending in your payment along with your Form 159-W, and **[it
has a bill number]{.underline}** on it, please send the form and your
payment to:
Federal Communications Commission
Regulatory Fees
P.O. Box 358365
Pittsburgh, PA 15251-5365
If you are sending in your payment along with your Form 159-W, and there
is **[no bill number]{.underline}** on it, please send the form and your
payment to:
Federal Communications Commission
Regulatory Fees
P.O. Box 358835
Pittsburgh, PA 15251-5835
FCC Form 159-W and FCC Form 499-A
Most ITSP providers are receiving this Notice as part of a billing
package. The first page of the package consists of a bill that includes
a pre-filled FCC Form 159 Remittance Advice Form and a Regulatory Fee
Worksheet that shows how the bill was calculated. The bill is based on
information that you had previously provided on FCC Form 499-A. Your FCC
Form 499-A was due on April 1, 2004. The enclosed FCC prepared Form
159-W is based on the information in your FCC Form 499-A, including any
updates processed as of June 30, 2004.
**If you agree** with the dollar amounts on the enclosed pre-filled FCC
Form 159, please sign it and submit it with your payment. If the
Applicant's FRN-CORESID or the company's name/address information needs
to be filled in or corrected on your enclosed bill, please supply or
correct that information on the bill. You need not prepare a separate
FCC Form 159.
**If your total regulatory fee obligation**, including the ITSP fee and
other FCC regulatory fees, totals less than \$10, you need not pay or
make any filing.
**If you received an ITSP Fee Notification** rather than a bill, then
based on information in your FCC Form 499-A, you do not owe an ITSP fee.
Verify the information in the notification. If it is correct, then you
need not make a filing.
**If you disagree** with the dollar amounts on the enclosed bill or if
you owe an ITSP regulatory fee but did not receive a bill, you must: (1)
complete the enclosed blank FCC Form 159-W and the enclosed blank FCC
Form 159, (2) submit these forms to the FCC along with your most
recently filed FCC Form 499-A Telecommunications Reporting Worksheet,
and (3) pay the amount that you calculate. If you also need to correct
your FCC Form 499-A, you must file corrections using the procedures
specified in the form instructions. The copy that you enclose with your
regulatory fee payment will not be used to update the FCC Form 499-a
database.
**Question 1. What is the FCC Form 499-A Telecommunications Reporting
Worksheet?**
As required under the Communications Act of 1934, as amended,[^2] the
Commission has established, in a series of separate proceedings,
procedures to finance interstate telecommunications relay services
(TRS), universal service support mechanisms, administration of the North
American Numbering Plan (NANPA), and shared costs of local number
portability (LNPA). To accomplish these Congressional directed
objectives, contributions are collected from all telecommunications
carriers providing interstate telecommunications and certain other
providers of telecommunications. In 1999, the Commission amended its
rules so that for the purpose of determining their contribution(s),
contributors to these mechanisms need only file the FCC Form 499-A
Telecommunications Reporting Worksheet[^3][^4] The FCC Form 499-A is
filed by interstate service providers each year on April 1. A copy of
the form and instructions can be downloaded at
HREF=\"http://www.fcc.gov/formpage.html\".
**Question 2. Which companies must file an FCC Form 499-A?**
All providers of telecommunications services within the United States,
with very limited exceptions, must file an FCC Form 499-A.[^5] For this
purpose, the United States is defined as the contiguous United States,
Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Island, Navassa
Island, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra, Puerto Rico, the U.S.
Virgin Islands, and Wake Island. As a general matter, each legal entity
that provides interstate telecommunications services for a fee,
including each affiliate or subsidiary of an entity, must complete
separately and file a copy of the FCC Form 499-A. The Commission,
however, has adopted an exception to the separate legal-entity
requirement, which enables contributors meeting certain criteria to file
the FCC Form 499-A on a consolidated basis.
For purposes of determining whether an entity provides
telecommunications, please note that the term \"telecommunications\"
means the transmission, between or among points specified by the user,
of information of the user\'s choosing, without change in the form or
content of the information as sent and received. For the purpose of
filing, the term \"interstate telecommunications\" includes, but is not
limited to, the following types of services: wireless telephony
including cellular and personal communications services (PCS); paging
and messaging services; dispatch services; mobile radio services;
operator services; access to interexchange service; special access; wide
area telecommunications services (WATS); subscriber toll-free services;
900 services; message telephone services (MTS); private line; telex;
telegraph; video services; satellite services; and resale services.
Note, for example, that all local exchange carriers provide access
services and, therefore, provide interstate telecommunications.
[Note]{.underline}: entities that offer interstate telecommunications
for a fee to the public, even if only to a narrow or limited class of
users that utilize their services, must file the FCC Form 499-A and are
subject to the universal service contribution requirement. This includes
entities that provide interstate telecommunications to entities other
than themselves for a fee on a private, contractual basis. In addition,
owners of pay telephones, sometimes referred to as \"pay telephone
aggregators,\" must file this worksheet. Most telecommunications
carriers must file this worksheet even if they qualify for the *de
minimis exemption* under the Commission\'s rules for universal
service[^6][^7]
**Question 3. Should all FCC Form 499-A filers also pay ITSP regulatory
fees?**
No. Interstate service providers that have mobile service or satellite
service revenues but that do not have interstate local revenues or
interstate toll revenues are exempt. Interstate service providers that
provide service to only other carriers are exempt. Governmental entities
are also exempt. Entities that are tax exempt under §501 of the Internal
Revenue Code are exempt. Carriers whose [total]{.underline} regulatory
fee payment obligation would be less than \$10 are also exempt. However,
the vast majority of FCC Form 499-A filers are required to pay ITSP
regulatory fees.
**Question 4. Should a carrier make a regulatory fee payment if it has
not filed an FCC Form 499-A?**
Yes. If a telecommunications carrier provided interstate
telecommunications services in 2003, then it should have filed an FCC
Form 499-A, and it must also pay the appropriate regulatory fee
payments. The FCC Form 499-A was due on April 1, 2004 and should have
contained revenue information for calendar year 2003. Carriers who have
not yet filed the FCC Form 499-A should contact NECA at (973) 560-4400
in order to obtain a filing package and to be assigned a 6-digit Filer
499 ID number. If a carrier has forgotten its Filer 499 ID, it may
contact the Universal Service administrator at (973) 560-4400, or it may
access the Commission's online carrier *Locator*:
<http://gullfoss2.fcc.gov/cib/form499/499a.cfm> .
**Question 5. What types of revenues are reported on the FCC Form
499-A?**
The FCC Form 499-A requires filers to disclose all revenues from all
goods and services, including revenues from non-regulated and
non-telecommunications services. Detailed information is submitted for
telecommunications services provided to other carriers, for
telecommunications provided to end users, and for other goods and
services. The detailed information is used to classify revenues. Only
certain revenues are subject to the ITSP regulatory fee.
**Question 6. When calculating the ITSP regulatory fee, what kind of
costs can be deducted from revenues that appear on FCC Form 499-A?**
None. The ITSP regulatory fee is based on interstate and international
end-user revenues for local and most toll services. Other types of
revenues provided on FCC Form 499-A are excluded. Filers are not allowed
to deduct any expenses from subject end-user revenues.
**Question 7. Where can I call to get help calculating my ITSP
regulatory fee?**
Call the FCC CORES Help Desk at (877) 480-3201, and select Option 4.
[Do not complete this form if you have received an ITSP bill and the
amounts are correct. File that form, instead.]{.underline}
**Approved by OMB**
**3060-0949**
**FCC FORM 159-W**
**INTERSTATE TELEPHONE SERVICE PROVIDER WORKSHEET**
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| e | | | |
| v | | | |
| e | | | |
| n | | | |
| u | | | |
| e | | | |
| I | | | |
| n | | | |
| f | | | |
| o | | | |
| r | | | |
| m | | | |
| a | | | |
| t | | | |
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| o | | | |
| n | | | |
| ( | | | |
| s | | | |
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| a | | | |
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| n | | | |
| t | | | |
| s | | | |
| i | | | |
| n | | | |
| w | | | |
| h | | | |
| o | | | |
| l | | | |
| e | | | |
| d | | | |
| o | | | |
| l | | | |
| l | | | |
| a | | | |
| r | | | |
| s | | | |
| ) | | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | Service provided by U.S. | | |
| | carriers that both | | |
| | originates and | | |
| | terminates in foreign | | |
| | points. FCC Form 499-A, | | |
| | Line 412 (e) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 2 | Interstate end-user | | |
| | revenues from all | | |
| | telecommunications | | |
| | services. FCC Form | | |
| | 499-A, Line 420 (d) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 3 | International end-user | | |
| | revenues from all | | |
| | telecommunications | | |
| | services except | | |
| | interna | | |
| | tional-to-international. | | |
| | FCC Form 499-A, Line 420 | | |
| | (e) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 4 | Total end-user revenues | | |
| | (Sum of lines 1, 2 and | | |
| | 3) | | |
| | | | |
| | Also enter this number | | |
| | on Block (28A) - FCC | | |
| | Code 1. | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 5 | End-user interstate | | |
| | mobile service monthly | | |
| | and activation charges. | | |
| | FCC Form 499-A, Line 409 | | |
| | (d) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 6 | End-user international | | |
| | mobile service monthly | | |
| | and activation charges. | | |
| | FCC Form 499-A, Line 409 | | |
| | (e) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 7 | End-user interstate | | |
| | mobile service message | | |
| | charges including | | |
| | roaming charges but | | |
| | excluding toll charges. | | |
| | FCC Form 499-A, Line 410 | | |
| | (d) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 8 | End-user international | | |
| | mobile service message | | |
| | charges including | | |
| | roaming charges but | | |
| | excluding toll charges. | | |
| | FCC Form 499-A, Line 410 | | |
| | (e) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 9 | End-user interstate | | |
| | satellite services. FCC | | |
| | Form 499-A, Line 416 (d) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | End-user international | | |
| 0 | satellite services. FCC | | |
| | Form 499-A, Line 416 (e) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | Surcharges on mobile and | | |
| 1 | satellite services | | |
| | identified as recovering | | |
| | universal service | | |
| | contributions and | | |
| | included in Line 403 (d) | | |
| | or 403 (e) on your FCC | | |
| | Form 499-A. **Note**: | | |
| | **You may not include in | | |
| | Block (11) universal | | |
| | service pass-through | | |
| | surcharges applied to | | |
| | local or toll services, | | |
| | nor any surcharges | | |
| | identified as intrastate | | |
| | surcharges.** | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | Interstate and | | |
| 2 | international revenues | | |
| | from resellers that do | | |
| | not contribute to USF. | | |
| | FCC Form 499-A, Line 511 | | |
| | (b) | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | Total excluded end-user | | |
| 3 | revenues. (Sum lines 5 | | |
| | through 12.) | | |
| | | | |
| | Also enter this number | | |
| | on Block (29A) -- FCC | | |
| | Code 2. | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | Total subject revenues. | | |
| 4 | (Line 4 minus Line 13) | | |
| | | | |
| | Also enter this number | | |
| | on Block (25A) -- | | |
| | Quantity. | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | Interstate | | .00218 |
| 5 | telecommunications | | |
| | service provider fee | | |
| | factor | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
| 1 | 2003 Regulatory Fee | | |
| 6 | (Line 14 times Line 15). | | |
| | Also enter this number | | |
| | on Block (27A) -- Total | | |
| | Fee. You are exempt from | | |
| | filing if the sum of all | | |
| | regulatory fees due on | | |
| | Line 16 is less than | | |
| | \$10. If you file, using | | |
| | this form, you must also | | |
| | complete an FCC Form | | |
| | 159, and **include a | | |
| | copy of this FCC Form | | |
| | 159-W with your | | |
| | filing.** | | |
+---+--------------------------+-------------------+------------------+
**FCC FORM 159-W**
**July 2004**
#
# Approved by OMB
**3060-0949**
FCC NOTICE TO INDIVIDUALS REQUIRED BY THE PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT
The public reporting for this collection of information is estimated to
average 15 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing
instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining
the required data, and completing and reviewing the collection of
information. If you have any comments on this burden estimate, or how we
can improve the collection, please write to the Federal Communications
Commission, AMD-PERM, Paperwork Reduction Project (3060-0949),
Washington, DC 20554. We will also accept your comments via the Internet
if you send them to jboley@fcc.gov. PLEASE DO NOT SEND COMPLETED FORMS
TO THIS ADDRESS.
You are not required to respond to a collection of information sponsored
by the federal government, and the government may not conduct or sponsor
a collection, unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
This collection has been assigned an OMB control number of 3060-0949.
**THE FOREGOING NOTICE IS REQUIRED BY THE PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT OF
1995, P.L. 104-13, OCTOBER 1, 1995, 44 U.S.C. SECTION 3507.**
**FCC FORM 159-W**
**July 2004**
**Special Instructions for Completing FCC Forms 159 and 159-C**
In addition to the general FCC Form 159 filing instructions in the *FY
2004 Regulatory Fees Public Notice*, the following information applies
specifically to ITSP regulatees:
[Block (2) - Payer Name]{.underline}:
- Enter the legal name of the entity that is actually submitting the
payment. This may be the name of the interstate telecommunications
service provider (applicant) that owes the regulatory fee or the
name of an entity that is making payment on behalf of the applicant.
[Block (9) - Telephone Number]{.underline}:
- Enter the contact name and telephone number of the specific
individual responsible for submitting the payment and supporting FCC
Form 159 and FCC Form 159-C.
[Block (11) - Payer FRN]{.underline}:
- Enter the FRN of the entity identified in Block (2).
[Block (21) - Applicant FRN]{.underline}:
If different from payer, enter the applicant\'s FRN number.
[Block (23A) - FCC Call Sign/Other ID]{.underline}:
ITSPs should enter their Filer 499 ID number (FCC Form 499-A, Line
101.)
[Block (24A) - Payment Type Code]{.underline}:
- Enter 0472 when paying for an ITSP regulatory fee (\$0.00218 per
revenue dollar.)
[Block (25A) - Quantity]{.underline}:
First complete Blocks (28A) (FCC Code 1) and (29A) (FCC Code 2) on FCC
Form 159. (See instructions below.)
ITSPs should subtract the amount in Block (29A) (FCC Code 2) from the
amount in Block (28A) (FCC Code 1) and enter the Telecommunications
Reporting Worksheet end-user revenues. This should equal the amount
reported on Line 14 of the FCC Form 159-W.
[Block (27A) - Total Fee]{.underline}:
For ITSP regulatory fees (payment type code 0472), multiply the amount
in Block 25A (Quantity) by \$0.00218. This amount should equal the
amount reported on Line 16 of the FCC Form 159-W. **Enter exact dollars
and cents; do not round.**
[Block (28A) - FCC Code 1]{.underline}:
For ITSP regulatory fees (payment type code 0472), enter the total
end-user revenues. This amount should be the same as Line 4 of the FCC
Form 159-W. **Enter exact dollars and cents; do not round.**
[Block (29A) - FCC Code 2]{.underline}:
- For ITSP regulatory fees (payment type code 0472), the amount
entered in Block (29-A) should equal the amount reported on Line 13
of the FCC Form 159-W. This amount is excluded from the interstate
and international end-user revenues that are used to calculate the
telephone service provider fee. Exclusions are limited to:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Interstate and international end-user revenues from mobile services;
- Interstate and international end-user revenues from satellite
services;
- Interstate and international end-user revenues from services
provided to resellers that do not contribute to USF; and
- The interstate and international portion of any universal service
pass-through surcharges levied on the interstate and international
end-user revenues from the above revenues (i.e. mobile services,
satellite services, and services provided to resellers that do not
contribute to USF).
- The interstate and international end-user revenues reported on Line
511 of the FCC Form 499-A.
[Certification:]{.underline}
Provide the printed name and signature of an individual owner/licensee
or officer attesting to the accuracy and completeness of the information
supplied.
**Please include a daytime telephone number so that we can contact you
if questions arise regarding your payment.**
\- FCC -
[^1]: If you timely filed an FCC 499-A, in 2004, you will receive this
Factsheet as part of a package that includes a pre-completed FCC
Form 159-W that also includes Form 159 information. If the
pre-completed information is correct, complete the form and use it
to pay your ITSP regulatory fee. If the information is incorrect,
you may enter corrections on the pre-completed form rather than
completing one of the enclosed blank forms.
[^2]: 47 U.S.C. §§151, 225, 251, 254.
[^3]: ^.^
[^4]: *1998 Biennial Regulatory Review \-- Streamlined Contributor
Reporting Requirements Associated with Administration of
Telecommunications Relay Services, North American Numbering Plan,
Local Number Portability, and Universal Service Support Mechanisms*,
CC Docket No. 98-171, Report and Order, 14 FCC Rcd 16602 (1999)
(*Contributor Reporting Requirements Order*).
[^5]: Section 254(d) applies not only to "every telecommunications
carrier that provides interstate telecommunications *services"* but
also to certain "other providers of interstate telecommunications."
47 U.S.C. §254(d) (emphasis added).
[^6]: ^.^
[^7]: See *Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service*, *1998
Biennial Regulatory Review -- Streamlined Contributor Reporting
Requirements Associated with Administration of Telecommunications
Relay Service, North American Numbering Plan, Local Number
Portability, and Universal Service Support Mechanisms,
Telecommunications Services for Individuals with Hearing and Speech
Disabilities, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,
Administration of the North American Numbering Plan Cost Recovery
Contribution Factor and Fund Size, Number Resource Optimization,
Telephone Number Portability, Truth-in-Billing and Billing Format*,
CC Docket Nos. 96-45, 98-171, 90-571, 92-237, 99-200, 95-116,
98-170, Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Report and Order,
17 FCC Rcd 3752 (2002).
| en |
all-txt-docs | 255321 | REMARKS
BY
CHAIRMAN ARTHUR LEVITT Jr.
U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
"INCLUSION AND DIVERSITY ON WALL STREET"
JANUARY 16, 1998
WALL STREET PROJECT//RAINBOW-PUSH COALITION
Reverend Jackson; Chairman Greenspan; Dick Grasso; ladies
and gentlemen:
Today, as we recall the achievements of Rev. Martin Luther
King Jr., we recommit ourselves to the ideals that he fought
for: closer understanding among all people, and a greater
sense of justice throughout our society.
Dr. King recognized that national greatness requires moral
goodness.
He never lost his faith that those who had long been
excluded would find their way into America's mainstream.
But he knew that progress is neither easy nor automatic.
"Human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability,"
he wrote. "It comes through the tireless efforts of men
willing to be co-workers with God. And without this hard
work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social
stagnation. We must use time creatively, in the knowledge
that the time is always ripe to do right."
I've spent my professional life involved with Wall Street.
My heart is here. . . . My friends are here.
I respect the power of our markets, and I appreciate the
enormous opportunities that those markets create every day.
But the doors to those opportunities were once closed, to
all but a very few. This was the case not only on Wall
Street, but throughout America.
In the course of our history, our society has been infected
by many forms of social prejudice: racism, sexism,
nativism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Semitism.
In fact, until relatively recently in our nation's history,
many of those who are attending this conference -- not just
in the audience, but also at the podium -- would not have
been welcome in some of our society's key institutions.
It's amazing to imagine, looking back scarcely 50 years,
that prejudice once prevented one of the nation's most
gifted legal minds -- Louis Loss -- from getting a job as a
Wall Street lawyer. As his obituary in the New York Times
recalled, just last month, he chose a life in government and
scholarship because he felt unwelcome on Wall Street.
Yet as a professor at Harvard Law School, he went on to win
renown as "the intellectual father of American securities
law."
I'm proud that Louis Loss found fulfillment as Associate
General Counsel of the SEC -- and I'm deeply moved by his
commitment to scholarship: He preferred to remain at
Harvard rather than accept the SEC Chairmanship, when
President Kennedy offered it to him. Yet it's astonishing
to think that the social prejudice against his religious
faith was so strong -- not so many years ago -- that it
denied a man as brilliant as Louis Loss a chance to use his
legal skills as he had originally hoped.
Thankfully, over the years, voices of humanity have been
raised, and have touched America's conscience. Voices that
encouraged the nation to recognize -- and then to uproot --
the most public forms of prejudice.
Among those humane voices, the voice of Dr. King stands out.
He reminded us that moral right must accompany economic
might.
Dr. King's message still echoes across our country, and
Americans still learn from his teachings. The New York
Stock Exchange deserves great credit for focusing the
attention of markets throughout the world on the Martin
Luther King national holiday.
The decision to close many of our nation's exchanges gives
us all a chance to weigh our conduct, in the context of a
population that grows increasingly diverse.
We gather here to celebrate how far America has come along
the road to equal opportunity, and to take stock of how far
we still have to go -- particularly in the financial
community.
The truth, as we all know it, is that Wall Street serves
America -- but it does not yet look like America. That's a
reflection of a continuing social flaw that goes far beyond
Wall Street.
We have created the most virtuous, the most energetic, and
the most prosperous nation in human history.
In theory, we have created a color-blind, gender-blind,
market-based democracy. In reality, we have not always
included every color and both genders.
In theory, the marketplace welcomes everyone who is driven
by the spirit of enterprise -- and welcomes them on equal
terms. In reality, however, we know that we haven't yet
achieved the ideal of equal access:
I clearly remember the first time that seats on the New York
Stock Exchange went to an African-American man and to a
woman. It wasn't until the 1960s and 1970s.
That minimal action surely gives us no reason for
complacency or self-congratulation.
A commitment to policies of inclusion becomes ever more
important as our population grows ever more diverse.
We are all enriched by America's diversity -- a diversity of
races, religions, languages, and ethnic backgrounds. We
gain insight into the many threads of humanity that, woven
together, create the fabric of a pluralistic society.
Our society is not monochrome but multi-colored. And the
leadership institutions of our society -- all of them --
should reflect that reality.
Honoring America's diversity has rightly become a national
priority. President Clinton and Vice President Gore have
set an example for all of us by leading a government that
"looks like America."
In that spirit, the SEC is launching a new, nationwide
initiative: In conjunction with our "town meetings" around
the country, as we help educate investors about the
markets, we will often convene "diversity roundtables."
In many of the regions that we visit -- starting in Los
Angeles, three weeks from now -- I'll chair a discussion
among CEOs and senior executives of securities firms and
local corporations, to discuss ways to promote diversity.
Fostering diversity is, and will remain, a priority for the
SEC -- both in corporate America and within our own agency.
For our part, we realize, very pointedly, that we need to do
better in diversifying our own staff. Among our other
efforts, as we recruit legal talent for the SEC, we have
recently intensified our diversity outreach to federal
judicial clerks -- one of our country's best talent pools,
and a group that already has a very strong diversity record.
We are reinforcing our efforts in this area -- for we
realize that every organization must seek broader
constituencies, in order to seek greater diversity.
As America re-invigorates its economy to meet the challenge
of a global marketplace -- as we invest in raising the skill
level of every individual -- we are investing in our
nation's future productive capacity.
Yet we don't have to look very far to see evidence that
economic opportunity remains a distant dream for many
Americans.
We can do better. We can do a lot better -- including
those of us in the financial community. We are the heirs of
a great tradition, in which financial success has called
forth social commitment.
We need to open the door of opportunity more widely to
members of minority groups. We need to invite a broader
spectrum of Americans to participate in the markets. And we
need to reach out to young people who might not otherwise
consider careers in finance, to help broaden their
professional options.
I don't mean to overlook the industry's progress in
encouraging diversity. But I'd be kidding you if I said
we've done nearly enough.
None of us should feel as if we can rest until there are
more people who come from groups that have been excluded for
too long -- African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, women --
serving as branch managers, as heads of syndicate
departments, as members of boards of directors.
Here today, I'm proposing a stronger partnership between the
securities industry -- the exchanges, the securities bar,
the academic community -- and its regulators.
I want all of us to aim higher -- to set an even better
leadership example for the nation. Working together as
never before, the financial community should push itself to
"look more like America."
I ask that all of us join together to encourage, teach,
recruit, hire, mentor, retain, and promote members of
minority communities.
Of all the things we can do, nothing compares to education -
- starting as early as possible. Reaching young minds, and
starting them thinking about the nature of the marketplace,
can help inspire a personal spirit of enterprise. That
spirit will serve them well throughout their lives.
As Wall Street knows better than almost any other industry,
there are at least two types of "capital" in our modern
economy: the financial capital of the marketplace, and the
human capital of our people.
By helping younger people develop a stronger base of
learning and broader pathways for personal contacts, we can
help them accumulate a storehouse of social knowledge,
social networks and social mobility.
As they draw on their expanded resources of "social
capital," young people will be able to envision careers in
the leadership echelons of our society -- perhaps in finance
-- when they are ready to take their place as professionals
and community leaders.
We all must pledge to intensify our efforts. At the
Commission, we intend to dedicate ourselves to progress
across a wide range of diversity issues -- starting with the
following specific concerns, and broadening our efforts as
we move forward.
In the following six areas, I'll cite some current "best
practices" and suggest some new initiatives. I hope this
framework will elicit even more ideas and offer direction
for future action.
* First: We should intensify economic education on the
secondary-school level, especially in economically hard-
pressed areas. Efforts like Merrill Lynch's "Scholarship
Builder" program -- adopting hundreds of first-graders, and
offering to pay their college expenses if they finish high
school -- can help establish a lasting rapport with students
in minority communities. Sandy Weill's "Academy of Finance"
has helped strengthen curriculum development: Over the last
15 years, more than 10,000 students in 70 cities have
graduated from, or are participating in, this program. An
expanded effort might also include the broader distribution
of the successful "Stock Market Game." Developed by the
Securities Industry Association, that learning tool has
already reached about 700,000 high-school and junior-high
students.
One community that has taken the lead in this program is
Chicago, where every school now has access to the game.
And financial firms can get directly involved by taking
part in "career days" in the schools, telling students
what finance is all about -- and telling students how
they, too, can build successful careers.
* Second: We need to broaden outreach to students on the
undergraduate level -- seeking partnerships with such groups
as the NAACP, the Urban League, and the American Association
of University Women. Last spring, Commissioner Isaac Hunt
and I were heartened to see a strong turnout at Catholic
University in Washington, at a symposium sponsored by the
D.C. Bar Association and the SEC. At that series of
seminars, hundreds of students heard presentations about
financial careers. Securities firms should also consider an
expansion of internship programs like the industry-wide
"Sponsors for Educational Opportunity." That effort links
promising minority undergraduates, during the summer college
vacation, with role models in the profession.
* Third: We should create an industry-university
partnership at the graduate-school level. This outreach and
information effort should not stop with students at business
schools, who are already on a track toward financial
careers. Regulators and the industry alike might also step
up recruiting among students in law schools, and those who
are in advanced-degree programs in public service. We
should include arts-and-sciences graduate programs, as well
-- in Economics, History, engineering, and foreign
languages -- whose students have academic skills that fit
the changing needs of a global industry. For example, as we
discuss the "Year 2000" computer problem, Wall Street is
certainly seeing the importance of engineering skills in our
information-driven age -- and computer specialists need to
know of the career opportunities for them in finance.
* Fourth: Beyond the campuses, we must strengthen the
focus on minorities in the programs for mid-career hiring
and recruitment. Many mid-career professionals are seeking
ways to refine their already seasoned skills, and they need
to know that their choices include finance. There's an
added bonus, too: A minority-group member in mid-career is
likely to have a network of professional friends and
colleagues who may also be interested in developing a career
in finance.
* Fifth: Within the financial community, we must
strengthen mentoring programs, to encourage recently hired
professionals to stay and build a "critical mass" of
minority participation. It's not good enough merely to
recruit talented people, only to have them leave because
they feel they receive little support. The "sink or swim"
practice that often transitions brokers from salaried
trainees to commissioned professionals must be modified to
ensure a greater retention rate among members of minority
groups.
In addition to improving mentoring, firms need to create
an incentive structure for executives that makes improved
diversity a top priority. One promising experiment is
under way at some of Wall Street's leading firms: Merrill
Lynch links some top managers' annual bonuses to their
results in promoting diversity, and every manager at
Salomon Smith Barney has a specific portion of his-or-her
annual bonus linked directly to diversity.
* Sixth: The exchanges can play a more vigilant watchdog
role in monitoring "best practices." The exchanges, working
with securities firms, should consider setting up high-level
panels to monitor the career development of minorities and
women. A good model is the program administered by the
Association of the Bar of the City of New York, which has
enlisted many of New York's most influential law firms to
help track the hiring and advancement of minority lawyers.
Again, these are ideas for where we might begin. But
wherever the practical effort begins, the moral
responsibility resides with us.
There's a compelling philosophical case for greater
diversity. But let's also remember that there are strong
business-minded reasons for diversity, too. In this case, as
in so many others, good corporate citizenship is also
sensible business practice.
Reaching out to new communities is an opportunity to create
new customers -- even as it means empowerment for millions
of Americans whose needs have been neglected.
Energizing the untapped financial power of those under-
served Americans -- with assets estimated at more than $400
billion in the African-American community alone -- will help
stimulate new sectors of our economy. The Securities
Industry Association has put together impressive data about
the economic potential in under-invested communities.
So "diversity" isn't just a soft-hearted buzz-word. It's a
hard-headed business word.
Energetic corporate leadership will help expand the circle
of opportunity to include even more Americans. Good
corporate citizenship can give business a chance to market
their products in new communities, to new customers, through
an increasingly diversified work force.
Wall Street can continue to prosper, even as it helps break
down the barriers of social exclusion. That's what I call a
"win-win" approach.
Diversity is a form of civic enrichment. Prejudice, by
contrast, impoverishes us as a society, and deters our
nation from fulfilling its potential.
The financial markets wield not just economic power, which
they deploy on behalf of America's investors. The markets
also wield moral power, which they deploy on behalf of
America's interests. And surely there are few greater
national interests than racial harmony, social stability,
and economic opportunity.
Diversity is all about offering people opportunity. It is
not about fixed numerical quotas; it is not about
preferential treatment for anyone. It means giving everyone
a fair chance to use his-or-her talents to their fullest. It
means giving every individual a reasonable shot at realizing
the American dream. That's the promise of our market
system.
Thanks to the creativity of our marketplace, millions of
Americans -- across the spectrum of our society -- are now
enjoying a standard of living that they scarcely could have
dreamed of, just a few years ago.
But a thriving marketplace is not an end in itself. It is a
means to an end: It is the way to create a more just, more
harmonious society -- to liberate the human spirit and to
lift our national vision.
Dr. King encouraged us to recognize that ideal of greater
justice.
Dr. King devoted his life to building such a harmonious
society.
Dr. King knew that progress is possible -- and he knew that
inertia is inexcusable.
Dr. King knew that America must lift its vision. And he
knew that America has the heart and the will to meet
this moral imperative.
Let us honor Dr. King's legacy -- not just with our words,
but with our work.
Let us be pro-active rather than reactive, as we move toward
a color-blind, gender-blind, market-based democracy.
Let us work to build an industry where diversity
characterizes every area -- the syndicate and operations
departments, as well as the municipal underwriting
department.
Let us use mentoring as a standard, rather than as a
novelty.
Let us never take the path of least resistance by accepting
the status quo. Let us never fall back on old excuses about
"not being able to find qualified people." Let us never
tire in our search for human talent.
Let us make it happen.
Let us be able to look back, five years from now, and be
able to say -- in truth -- that we have provided not just
the capital to enrich our nation's wealth, but the energy to
enrich our society's spirit.
By working together to broaden opportunity for all our
people, we can live up to the high moral standard that Dr.
King taught us.
And, in that way, we can truly honor Dr. King's memory --
not just on the holiday that's celebrated in his honor, but
every day.
Thank you very much.
| en |
markdown | 246669 | # Presentation: 246669
## Coronal Magnetism, Plasma and Activity Studies from Space
**Coronal Magnetism, Plasma and Activity Studies from Space**
_**Science Objectives:**_
*** Determine magnetic structure of corona and the connection to magnetic fields in the photosphere via direct measurement **
*** Understand the nature of changes in the global coronal magnetic field over the solar cycle**
*** Understand the role of magnetic reconnection in CME formation**
*** Identify CME shocks in the corona**
_**Associated RFAs:**_
**F1. Understand magnetic reconnection as revealed in solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and geospace storms.**
**F2. Understand processes accelerating and transporting particles.**
**H1. Understand the causes and subsequent evolution of solar activity that affects Earth’s space climate and environment**
**J2. Develop the capability to predict the origin and onset of solar disturbances associated with space weather events.**
_**Measurement Strategy:**_
- * **Provide measurements in the FUV/EUV of the magnetic field in the outer layers of the solar atmosphere (chromosphere, transition region and corona) by recording the Hanle effect, caused by quantum mechanical interference that influences the polarization of spectral lines, as well as the Zeeman effect in different wavelength bands.**
*** A visible-light magnetograph will provide the magnetic field at the lower boundary of the atmosphere.**
**Observe highly ionized spectral lines in the infrared (IR) solar spectrum and White light images in order to get a complementary picture of the field.**
*** Sample plasma and the embedded magnetic field at a range of heights and temperatures by measurements in multiple spectral lines on and off the solar disk by combining EUV imaging of coronal plasma with FUV spectro-polarimetry,**
_**Mission Implementation Description:**_
*** Atlas launch vehicle. Two formation flying spacecraft in a halo orbit around Earth-Sun L1. 3-axis stabilized sun-pointing, Solar array powered. **
***On-Disk FOV: Scanning UV Spectro-Polarimeter, EUV Imaging-Polarimeter, Doppler Stokes Imager**
*** Off-Disk FOV: Coronal UV Spectro-polarimeter, Visible & IR Coronagraphic Spectro-polarimater**
***Payload mass: 260 Kg, Power: 1 KW, Telemetry: 900 Kbps/ 78 Gbit/day**
_**Technology Development:**_
***Formation flying S/C require development of active formation control, relative navigation, and orbit control optimization**
*** Payload can be accomplished with minimal new technology**
- COMPASS | en |
converted_docs | 112463 | # Installing Advanced Meters with ESPC: Ft.
#
# Bragg NC as a Case Study
*An ESPC contract with Honeywell -- utilizing the Army Corps of
Engineers* *Huntsville contract vehicle \--* *is now* *saving Fort Bragg
\$8.5 million a year.* *Essential* *to* *achieving these savings has
been the installation of advanced metering* *of exactly the type
mandated* *by the provisions* *in* *pending federal* *energy*
*legislation* *-- that feeds interval level data into an energy
information system (EIS)* *which is used to optimize the savings* *from
several other* *improvements* *in* *capital* *equipment and operating
procedures.* *The Fort* *Bragg* *ESPC* *is one of the best possible
illustrations of the basic truth about metering \-- the meters
themselves don\'t matter, it\'s what* *is* *done* *with the information
that matters.* *This case study has been adapted from a Honeywell
publication, with very slight editing to emphasize the advanced metering
application.*
Fort Bragg, an 84-year-old U.S. Army post in Fayetteville, N.C., has
plenty to brag about. It's one of the largest Army installations in the
world and has been designated as an Army Community of Excellence. It's
also home to the 18^th^ Airborne Corps, the 82^nd^ Airborne Division,
Special Forces Command, and numerous other commands, as well as 44,000
soldiers and their families.
Now, Fort Bragg can also take pride in its energy savings. The post is
committed to the U.S. Army's mandate of reducing energy use 30 percent
by 2005, and 35% by 2010. To accomplish this, Fort Bragg and the Army
Corps of Engineers have authorized Honeywell to invest \$62 million
worth of capital improvements to facilities and infrastructure through
an Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC). Under this contract, the
cost of these improvements will be paid for with the energy savings that
result.
Fort Bragg and Honeywell have developed a key partnership over the last
four years that has resulted in energy savings and quality of life
improvements to the installation. As a result of this partnership, Fort
Bragg saves more than \$8.5 million a year on energy and has cut total
energy costs by more than 25 percent. To date, the ESPC program has
netted more than \$20 million in energy costs savings for Fort Bragg. No
small feat for an Army post with almost 30 million square feet of
facilities.
A Partnership That Pays
Honeywell's relationship with Fort Bragg began in 1997 through an Energy
Savings Performance Contract (ESPC) program with the U.S. Army
Engineering and Support Center in Huntsville, Ala. This contracting
vehicle allows federal facilities, such as Fort Bragg, to use money
saved on energy and operating costs to pay for capital improvements.
Since the partnership began, Honeywell has undertaken more than 25
projects to reduce energy consumption and costs at Fort Bragg. These
include:
- Expanding the post's limited underground natural gas distribution
system with a new system that provides extended natural gas use at
the post.
- Installing new, high-efficiency, natural gas-fired steam and
hot-water boilers to replace one of the post's outdated central
steam plants.
- Converting warehouses, vehicle maintenance facilities and hangers
from forced induction heating to radiant heating, which has improved
working conditions.
- Upgrading the central plants with new chillers, cooling towers,
variable frequency drive motors and new controls, and providing
full-service maintenance.
- Extending existing post-wide HVAC automation to DDC controls to
provide 24-hour control and monitoring of mechanical systems.
- Replacing aging and oversized centrifugal chillers with ones that
use a third of the energy.
- Installing high-efficiency lighting, including lamps and ballasts,
throughout the post.
The ESPC team also tackled costs on the energy supply side. Honeywell
assisted Fort Bragg in obtaining new rate structures with local gas and
electric utilities, earning substantial savings for the post. In 2002,
for example, Fort Bragg was able to claim more than \$5.4 million in
savings through supply-side management.
Capturing Supply-Side Savings
Capturing supply-side savings is a crucial part of the ESPC equation.
Without doing so, Fort Bragg wouldn't be able to fund other necessary
capital improvements. That's where T.E.A.M.^^ (*T*otal *E*nergy
*A*ccount *M*anagement) Services, a concept Honeywell developed in
partnership with Fort Bragg and the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, comes
in.
How has the post used the savings captured through T.E.A.M to produce
still more savings? The most unique project to date is the installation
of an Energy Information System (EIS). EIS is Fort Bragg's energy
control "cockpit," which in turn supports the T.E.A.M.^^ concept. The
EIS is a centralized computer terminal center that monitors utility
consumption at Fort Bragg from more than 256 meters, remotely controls
central plant and facilities equipment, automatically operates peak
shaving generators, and provides reporting and data collection for
billing of Fort Bragg's reimbursable customers.
In addition to capturing supply- and demand-side savings, T.E.A.M.^^
reduces costs and helps manage risk in purchasing energy. It also
maximizes delivery efficiency, selects energy sources and switches fuels
in real time to reduce costs and minimize emissions. Simply put,
T.E.A.M.^^ Services is an integrated, centrally controlled approach to
energy management.
An integral and essential element for implementing T.E.A.M. **^^**
Services and achieving the tens of millions of dollars in savings that
the Army has obtained at Ft Bragg has been the installation of meters
that feed interval level data into the EIS \-- just the type of advanced
metering that is called for in pending federal energy legislation. Like
all meters, they do not achieve savings by themselves, and therefore are
not separated out as an ECM, nor is there a savings guarantee associated
with the meters per se. They do, however, provide the essential
information for (1) identifying facilities with high conservation
potential, (2) analyzing the load profiles so that purchases of power
can be optimized, (3) identifying locations and opportunities for
cogeneration applications, (4) together with real-time pricing data from
suppliers, optimizing the balance between purchasing power and using the
on-base generation and (5) generating positive cash flow through
accurate billing for reimbursements from tenants on the base. They are
critical, therefore, for achieving the savings that many of the capital
investments and operating procedure improvements in the ECM package are
designed to yield.
Making a Team Effort
Integrated teams have been an important factor in the successes at Fort
Bragg. A leadership team -- known as the Integrated Strategic Team (IST)
-- manages and directs the ESPC Program. The team, which is led by the
Fort Bragg PWBC directorate, includes key personnel from Fort Bragg,
Honeywell, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The IST sets up tactical teams for each task order and includes
representatives from the post areas included in the upgrade. As Fort
Bragg's energy advocate and partner, Honeywell also reviews new
construction projects to ensure the equipment used will be energy
efficient and can be integrated into the EIS.
Honeywell posts personnel onsite to manage the day-to-day pieces of the
projects. Currently the on-site staff comprises 30 service personnel,
including a full-time technical resource manager and a measurement and
verification specialist, who is responsible for T.E.A.M.^^ Services.
Working Together Through 2022
Fort Bragg has contracted Honeywell to provide service support to the
post through 2022. The most recent contract calls for Honeywell to
install more than \$11.2 million in energy efficient equipment and
operational improvements at the central plants. Fort Bragg anticipates
these improvements will save the post an extra \$1.8 million per year.
As part of this new contract, Honeywell service staff will run and
maintain the central plants, which provide Fort Bragg with heating, air
conditioning and hot water.
In addition to earning bragging rights as a leader in the Army's fight
to cut energy use, Fort Bragg also has earned more formal recognition
for its energy efficiency. The Federal Energy Management Program
recently designated Fort Bragg's key recreational facility -- the
Cleland Multipurpose Sports Complex -- as a Federal Energy Saver
Showcase project.
| en |
markdown | 274544 | # Presentation: 274544
## Steady State
**Photocapacitance (PHCAP) **
**Study of **
**CdS/CdTe PV Devices**
- R. A. Enzenroth, T. Takamiya, K.L. Barth,
- and W.S. Sampath
- National CdTe R&D Team Meeting
- May 5-6/05 NREL
## Presentation Outline
**Introduction to steady state photocapacitance** (**PHCAP) **
** ****and experimental details**
**PHCAP** **results for 5 cells: **
** **** ****With varied CdCl****2**** treatment both with and without a **
** **** ****Cu back contact [1]**
**PHCAP result on one cell with different initial occupancy**
**Refined estimates of optical activation energies taking**
** ****account of the general form of optical cross sections**
**Preliminary results for DLTS on two no Cu cells**
**Discussion of comparison of PHCAP and DLTS **
**Conclusions**
## Introduction
**Steady State Photocapacitance (PHCAP) ****[2]**
- ** ****From clear ****Δ****C can obtain estimate of**
** ****ionization threshold energies**
- **Levels above midgap exchange**
** ****carriers with both bands **
**In general :**
** ****Can obtain a lower bound estimate of N****t **
** ****One possible model of the optical cross **
** ****section for holes and electrons **
**[3,4,5,6]**
## Experimental
** **_**Cool cell to 77 K**_** so that: thermal emission << optical emission**
** **_**Apply sub band gap monochromatic light**_** on cell to stimulate**
** ****optical emission **
** ****Vary incident light energy in **_**0.05 eV increments**_** from 0.62 eV to **
** ****1.46 eV; **_**allow 1 minute to come to steady state**_
** ****Measure capacitance changes (10 kHz, 0.020 V OSC)**
** ****Sign of capacitance change depends on initial trap occupancy**
** ****and trap type (minority, majority) **
** ****Initial 5 cells with +1V forward bias during cool down: assume**
** ****n(0) and p(0) = Nt. However, initial occupancy is indeterminate**
** ****due to uncertainty in carrier capture and thermal emission**
** ****One cell with -0.5 V during cool down => n(0) and p(0) = 0**
** ****Variation in incident flux characterized with InGaAs photodiode**
** ****Normalized PHCAP = (light cap – dark cap) / (dark cap ***
** ****photodiode current detected ) {energy range from 0.73 eV to 1.38 eV **}
## Steady State Photocapacitance Spectrums
** ****poor treatment increases trap density over non treated sample**
** ****optimum treatment decreases trap density over non treated sample**
**[1]**
- *+0.4 V during PHCAP [7] ; +1 V bias at room temp and during cool down *
**Variation in CdCl****2**** treatment**
## Cu contact application decreases defect density over non Cu sample
** ****Cu contact application decreases defect density over non Cu sample**
** ****Unable to quantify Na change in bulk due to Cu by CV measurement **
** ****Clear change in initial dark capacitance** (**depletion width) with Cu **
** ****application, but magnitude does not match decrease in signal peaks**** **
**Variation in Cu back contact process**
**[1]**
- *+0.4 V during PHCAP [7] ; +1 V bias at room temp and during cool down *
## New Initial Trap Occupancy
**Condition**
- By cooling sample to 77K
- thermal emission << optical emission
_**Capacitance change with optical emission**_
_**Initial trap occupancy **_** ****[5]**
- Example of singly ionized minority level in p-type
- Majority trap would have opposite delta C
## Identification of trap type
**Identification of trap type**
** ****Cell held at - 0.5 V reverse bias for 1 hr at room temp**
** ****Cooled to 77 K at - 0.5 V bias => n(0) = 0 p(0) =0**
** ****PHCAP measurement at - 0.5 V reverse bias**
** ****Sign of delta C for reverse bias condition indicates electron traps**
- 12745
- cells
- poor
- CdCl2
- treatment
## PHCAP Results
**Due to the general form of optical cross sections steady state PHCAP gives clear **
**ionization thresholds for one type of carrier only (holes in this case), ionization **
**threshold of opposite carrier (electrons) can be masked by maxima in cross section of **
**first type of carrier (hole) [4].**
- * Using Eg = 1.6 eV at 77 K
**Table1: PHCAP preliminary energy level **
**estimates**
- * Model used as example of optical
- cross section, levels in study may
- not fit this model
| Level | Epo(hv)
[eV] | Ec – Et
[eV] |
| --- | --- | --- |
| E1 | 0.69 | 0.91 |
| E2 | 0.91 | 0.69 |
| E3 | 1.05 | 0.55 |
| E4 | 1.22 | 0.38 |
| E5 | 1.35 | 0.25 |
## DLTS Spectrums
- **Steve Johnston**
** ****NREL DLTS**
** ****Optical excitation hv > Eg**
** ****(quantification has uncertainties,**
** ****peaks not resolved)**
**Poor Cd chloride treatment**
**Optimum Cd chloride treatment**
- **No minority peaks in 12745 sample**
- DLTS: +ΔC is minority peak; -ΔC is majority peak
## Discussion
## Conclusions
** ****Steady state PHCAP has demonstrated good potential as a** **defect **
** ****characterization method in thin depleted CdTe devices, however**
** ****more work is needed. **
** ****The CdCl****2**** treatment has an effect on the densities of trap levels **
** ****in the upper half of the band gap [1]**
** ****Poor CdCl****2**** treatment increases all observed trap densities **
** ****over untreated samples [1]**
** ****Optimum CdCl****2**** treatment decreases all observed trap densities **
** ****over untreated samples [1, also shown by Duke et al. 8]**
** ****The Cu back contact** **application decreases all trap densities [1]**
** ****Based on initial trap occupancy traps in study identified as **
** ****minority type **
** ****Energy estimates for optical ionization thresholds refined => **** **
** ****5 ionization thresholds for hole emission and trap activation **
** ****energies quantified**
## References
- 1.“Characterization of deep level states in CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells
- by Steady State Photocapacitance method”, Toru Takamiya., masters thesis,
- Colorado State University, 2005.
- 2.”Direct observation of the multiplicity for impurity charge states in semiconductors from
- low temperature high-frequency photocapacitance”, C.T. Sah, et al. App. Phys. Lett.,
- (15) 10, 1969, 316 - 318
- 3. “The electrical characterization of semiconductors: majority carriers and electron states”,
- P. Blood and J. W. Orton, Academic Press, 1992, ISBN 0-12-528627-9, Chapt. 13
- 4.”Photocapacitance and defect levels in gallium-doped zinc selenide”, A.A. Qidwai and
- J. Woods, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., 16 (1983) 6789-6797
- 5.“Capacitance Transient Spectroscopy”, G. L. Miller, D.V. Lang, and L. C. Kimerling,
- Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1977, 377-448
- 6.“Deep Level Impurities in Semiconductors”,H. G. Grimmeiss, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci.
- 1977, 341-376
- 7. “Defect levels in electrodeposited n-type CdTe thin films”, S. M. So et al., J. Appl. Phys,
- 61 (6), 1987, 2234-2243
- 8.”Characterization of in-situ thermally evaporated Cds/CdTe thin film solar cells with
- Ni-P back contacts”, S. Duke, et al., J. Cry. Gr., 159, (1996) pp 916-919
- Acknowledgments
- Toru Takamiya for PHCAP for much of the work in this presentation
- Steve Johnson of NREL for DLTS results
- The NREL thin-film partnership program for support | en |
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Before the
Federal Communications Commission
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of
Amendment of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules
Regarding Spread Spectrum Devices
Wi-LAN, Inc
Application for Certification of an Intentional
Radiator Under Part 15 of The Commission's
Rules
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
ET Docket No. 99-231
DA 00-2317
FURTHER NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING AND
ORDER
Adopted: May 10, 2001 Released: May 11, 2001
Comment Date: [75 days after publication in the Federal Register]
Reply Comment Date: [105 days after publication in the Federal Register]
By the Commission:
INTRODUCTION
1.By this action, we propose to amend Part 15 of the Commission's rules to improve spectrum
sharing by unlicensed devices operating in the 2.4 GHz band (2400 - 2483.5 MHz), provide for
introduction of new digital transmission technologies, and eliminate unnecessary regulations for spread
spectrum systems. Specifically, this Further Notice proposes to revise the rules for frequency hopping
spread spectrum systems operating in the 2.4 GHz band to reduce the amount of spectrum that must be
used with certain types of operation, and to allow new digital transmission technologies to operate
pursuant to the same rules as spread spectrum systems. It also proposes to eliminate the processing gain
requirement for direct sequence spread spectrum systems, which will provide manufacturers with
increased flexibility and regulatory certainty in the design of their products. We take these actions to
facilitate the continued development and deployment of new wireless devices for businesses and
consumers.
2.We also find that our Office of Engineering and Technology (OET) acted properly in denying
an application for equipment certification filed by Wi-LAN, Inc. ("Wi-LAN") under the current spread
spectrum rules for a system using wideband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation (W-
OFDM). We agree with the staff's finding that this technology does not qualify for operation under the
current spread spectrum rules. We will, however, grant an interim waiver to allow Wi-LAN's equipment
and similar devices from other manufacturers to be certificated at reduced power levels during the
pendency of this rule making. We note that the proposals we are making in this Further Notice, if
adopted, would accommodate devices such as Wi-LAN's.
BACKGROUND
3.Part 15 of the FCC's rules provides for the operation of unlicensed devices. As a general
condition of operation, Part 15 devices may not cause any harmful interference to authorized services and
must accept any interference that may be received. In addition, all services and devices operating in the
915 MHz (902 - 928 MHz), 2.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz (5725 - 5850 MHz) bands must accept any
interference received from industrial, scientific and medical equipment. Section 15.247 contains rules
governing the operation of spread spectrum devices in the 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz bands.
Operation under these rules is limited to frequency hopping and direct sequence spread spectrum
systems. In frequency hopping systems, an information signal, usually a data stream, modulates a radio
frequency carrier that is hopped among a number of frequencies in concert with a receiver. In direct
sequence systems, the information data stream is combined with a high speed digital spreading code that
is used to modulate a radio carrier, producing a radio signal that has a bandwidth covering anywhere
from 1 to 100 megahertz. Both frequency hopping and direct sequence systems are permitted to use
output powers of up to 1 watt in the above bands, however, most devices use lower power for various
design reasons, such as conserving battery life. Spread spectrum modulation reduces the power density of
the transmitted signal at any frequency, thereby reducing the possibility of causing interference to other
signals occupying the same spectrum. Similarly, at the receiver end, the power density of interfering
signals is minimized, making spread spectrum systems relatively immune to interference from outside
sources.
4.The original Notice of Proposed Rule Making ("Notice") in this proceeding, which was
initiated in response to a request from the Home RF working group, proposed to amend the rules to allow
frequency hopping spread spectrum systems operating in the 2.4 GHz band to use hopping channel
bandwidths wider than 1 MHz. The Notice also proposed to adopt a new method for determining
compliance with the requirement that direct sequence systems exhibit a minimum of 10 dB processing
gain. The First Report and Order ("First R&O") in this proceeding amended the spread spectrum rules
to allow frequency hopping spread spectrum transmitters in the 2.4 GHz band to use bandwidths between
1 MHz and 5 MHz at a reduced power output of up to 125 mW. Frequency hopping systems with a
bandwidth of up to 1 MHz are required to use at least 75 non-overlapping hopping frequencies. Use of
75 hopping frequencies is generally not feasible for systems having a bandwidth in excess of 1 MHz
because the 2.4 GHz band, which covers 2400-2483.5 MHz, provides only 83.5 megahertz of spectrum.
Accordingly, the rules were amended to permit systems using a bandwidth greater than 1 MHz but less
than or equal to 5 MHz to use as few as 15 non-overlapping channels provided that the total span of
hopping channels be at least 75 MHz. Therefore, while a system using 5 MHz hopping channel
bandwidths is permitted to use as few as 15 hopping frequencies, one using 3 MHz hopping channel
bandwidths must use at least 25 hopping frequencies to comply with the rules. In the First R&O, the
Commission stated that it would address the processing gain issue in a future Report and Order.
5.Thirteen parties ("Petitioners") filed a Joint Petition for Clarification or, in the Alternative,
Partial Reconsideration ("Joint Petition") of the First R&O. The Petitioners request that the rules be
clarified to allow frequency hopping systems in the 2.4 GHz band with bandwidths of 1 MHz or less to
use as few as 15 hopping channels. The petitioners state that such operations should be subject to an
output power limit of 125 mW and should be required to use adaptive hopping techniques to avoid
operating on occupied frequencies.
6.We observe that there have been several other recent developments relevant to the spread
spectrum rules. One such development is the Wi-LAN application for certification of a W-OFDM
system under the spread spectrum rules as discussed further below. Another is a recent announcement by
Texas Instruments that it plans to introduce a new high data rate, digital transmission system called
packet binary convolutional coding ("PBCC") for operation in the 2.4 GHz band under the spread
spectrum rules. While Texas Instruments claims that this technology will meet the current rules, at this
juncture compliance has not been demonstrated. We are also aware that the IEEE Working Group
802.11 is in the process of developing standards for a new generation of wireless networks capable of
operating at data speeds of at least 20 MB/s. There has been much debate within this standards group
centered on whether certain technologies meet the FCC's spread spectrum rules.
DISCUSSION
7.The Commission's spread spectrum rules have been a tremendous success. A wide variety of
devices have been introduced under these rules for business and consumer use including cordless
telephones and computer local area networks. Moreover, the past few years have witnessed the
development of industry standards, such as IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth, and Home RF, that promise to
greatly expand the number and variety of devices that will operate in the 2.4GHz band. We anticipate the
introduction of wireless headsets and computer connections for cellular and PCS phones, wireless
computer peripherals such as printers and keyboards, and a host of new wireless Internet appliances that
will use this band as well as the other bands that provide for unlicensed operation.
8.Since the time the spread spectrum rules were first introduced some 15 years ago, the
Commission has amended the rules several times to accommodate technology developments and promote
new and innovative use of the 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz bands. Over the years, the data rates
achievable by spread spectrum devices have increased from a few kilobits per second to 20 megabits per
second, and more. These high data rates were not envisioned when the rules were first drafted. In fact,
the original rules were crafted in a manner to highlight the interference immunity characteristics of
spread spectrum devices, even at the expense of higher speeds. It appears that our current rules may
unnecessarily restrict system designs that could otherwise achieve data rates of more than 20 megabits
per second.
9.The Commission initiated this proceeding to provide for the continued development of spread
spectrum technology. In light of the Joint Petition and other recent technology developments, we are
initiating this Further Notice to relax or eliminate rules that impede efficient use of the spectrum and
introduction of new technologies. Specifically, we propose to further relax the frequency hopping spread
spectrum rules as requested in the Joint Petition. We also propose to amend the rules to accommodate
new digital transmission systems that have spectrum characteristics similar to spread spectrum systems.
In addition, we propose to eliminate the processing gain requirement for direct sequence spread spectrum
systems. Finally, in conjunction with our analysis of these proposals, we address Wi-LAN's Application
for Review of OET's denial of its application for equipment certification.
10.Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Systems. Petitioners argue that frequency hopping
spread spectrum systems in the 2.4 GHz band that have a bandwidth of 1 MHz or less should be
permitted to use as few as 15 hops as was permitted for systems having a bandwidth greater than 1 MHz.
They also argue that the requirement that the total span of hopping channels shall be 75 MHz should not
be applied to systems using bandwidths of 1 MHz or less. They state that the current requirements
exacerbate interference because they effectively compel multiple systems to operate to a large extent in
the same spectrum. Further, they submit that the requirements effectively negate the opportunity for
frequency hopping systems to use adaptive hopping techniques as allowed in Section 15.247(h) because
there is only 83.5 MHz of spectrum available in the 2.4 GHz band. Accordingly, petitioners request that
the Commission clarify the rules adopted in the First R&O to specify a minimum of 15 hopping channels
for any system that uses adaptive hopping techniques as allowed under Section 15.247(h) and limits its
output power to 125 mW, regardless of hopping channel bandwidth. Similar to the rules adopted in the
First R&O, the request would require systems with 5 MHz hopping channel bandwidths to use at least 75
MHz of spectrum. However, systems with smaller bandwidths will be able to use less spectrum.
11.Petitioners refer to the results of studies which they assert show that facilitating use of
adaptive hopping techniques in the 2.4 GHz band would help to ameliorate interference by allowing
frequency hopping systems to avoid transmitting on frequencies used by direct sequence systems that
may be operating at the same location or nearby. Petitioners state that interference avoidance is
beneficial to both frequency hopping and direct sequence systems. They note that the Commission has
previously determined that adaptive hopping techniques can be used to mitigate interference. For
example, in the 915 MHz band (902 - 928 MHz), the rules permit frequency hopping spread spectrum
systems to employ a minimum number of hopping channels with bandwidths narrow enough, in
comparison to the available bandwidth, to allow the systems to adapt their hopsets to avoid other users.
12.We agree with comments filed by Proxim Inc. ("Proxim) and Mobilian Corporation that the
relief requested by the Petitioners cannot be afforded on the basis of a clarification or reconsideration.
Although the request was proposed in an ex parte filing shortly before the First R&O was adopted, we do
not believe there has been an adequate notice and comment on this proposal. We note that there are a
very large number of users of the 2.4 GHz spectrum, including Amateur radio operators and fixed and
mobile operations, that could be effected by this rule change and may not be aware it is being considered
because it was not proposed in the Notice. We do, however, believe that the petitioners' request has
merit and therefore will consider it pursuant to this Further Notice.
13.Accordingly, we propose to amend Section 15.247 by incorporating the changes proposed in
the Joint Petition. The proposed rule modification is shown in Appendix B, Section 15.247(a)(1)(iii).
Specifically, we propose to allow use of as few as 15 hops, as provided by our current rules, irrespective
of the bandwidth utilized, provided that the output power does not exceed 125 mW and the device uses
adaptive hopping techniques, as proposed in the Joint Petition. Interested parties are invited to comment
on the acceptability of this proposal. Commenters are encouraged to include technical analyses that
support claims that this change will either improve or degrade sharing of this spectrum. We particularly
invite comment as to whether use of adaptive hopping techniques should be mandatory and how we
should determine compliance with this requirement when evaluating specific devices for purposes of
equipment certification. Commenters are also encouraged to examine alternative operating parameters or
conditions that may achieve the same goals. For example, the operating conditions in the Joint Petition
would allow a system using 1 MHz bandwidth hopping channels to use as little as 18% of the available
spectrum at 2.4 GHz to implement adaptive hopping techniques. Could the Commission realize the goals
of the petitioners by requiring that adaptive hopping systems use a minimum of 25% or 50% of the band
with a power reduction in relationship to amount of spectrum used? Could even fewer hops be used
efficiently and effectively with a corresponding reduction in power? Those commenters who do not
agree that the rule changes would be beneficial to operation in the 2.4 GHz band should provide an
explanation.
14.We are not proposing to reduce the minimum number of hopping channels required for
frequency hopping spread spectrum systems in the 915 MHz or 5.7 GHz bands. We note that the
Commission has previously reduced the required minimum number of hopping channels in the 915 MHz
band from 50 to 25. The Commission indicated that the modified rules would facilitate improved
sharing of the band. With regard to the 5.7 GHz band, 125 MHz of spectrum is available to
accommodate the required 75 hopping channels. Therefore, there are generally a sufficient number of
frequencies available to avoid interfering with other users. We invite comment on the on whether it is
appropriate to consider modifications to the minimum number of hopping channels for these bands.
15.Digital Transmission Systems. We observe that new digital transmission technologies have
been developed that have spectrum characteristics similar to spread spectrum systems. Indeed,
proponents of some of these technologies allege that their systems meet the processing gain requirement
of Section 15.247(e) for direct sequence spread spectrum systems. The Wi-LAN device is one
example. Other examples include the technology advanced by Texas Instruments and technologies
considered by standards organizations such as IEEE 802.11. However, the current rules only provide for
specific types of spread spectrum technology and do not provide latitude to permit other types of
technologies that have similar spectrum characteristics. This situation not only has the potential to
block the introduction of new and perhaps beneficial technologies, but also can create confusion as to
whether a particular device may meet the rules and thereby can discourage investment and potentially
lead to inequities in competition among equipment manufacturers. In comments responding to Wi-LAN's
Application for Review, Intersil Corporation ("Intersil") contends that the Commission should draft an
alternate set of rules to authorize digitally modulated equipment operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Intersil
states that the rules could specify a suitable power level and power spectral density that would ensure
that the devices not cause harmful interference to other users in the band.
16.We agree that the rules should be modified to permit the operation of alternative digital
technologies that have spectrum characteristics similar to spread spectrum systems. We do not believe
that it is necessary to adopt a separate rule section for digitally modulated radios as Intersil suggests.
Instead, it appears that alternative digital technologies can be accommodated with appropriate
modifications to the existing spread spectrum rules in Section 15.247. Specifically, we propose to amend
Section 15.247 to provide for use of spread spectrum or digital technologies. This proposed change
would apply for operations in the current spread spectrum bands at 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.7 GHz.
Digital technologies would be required to meet the same technical requirements as spread spectrum
systems, as modified in this proceeding. We believe that this proposal will allow more and more diverse
products to utilize those bands and thereby increase consumer choice. It would provide the flexibility
and certainty needed to promote the introduction of new, non-interfering products into the band, without
the need for frequent rule changes to address each specific new technology that may be developed.
17.The rules for Part 15 spread spectrum systems limit maximum peak output power to 1 watt.
In addition, the rules for direct sequence systems limit peak power spectral density conducted to the
antenna to 8 dBm in any 3 kHz band during any time interval of continuous operation. This peak power
density limit is intended to control interference by ensuring that the transmitted energy in a direct
sequence system is not concentrated in any one portion of the emission bandwidth. In considering the
appropriate power limits for digital modulation systems, it appears that the spectrum characteristics of
these systems are very similar to the characteristics of direct sequence spread spectrum systems.
Accordingly, it appears that digital systems may exhibit no more potential to cause interference to other
devices than direct sequence systems. With this in mind, we invite comment on whether digitally
modulated systems should be allowed to operate at the same power levels as direct sequence spread
spectrum systems, namely 1 watt maximum output power with power spectral density not exceeding 8
dBm in any 3 kHz band. However, we also invite comment as to whether the flexibility we are allowing
for digitally modulated systems warrants a reduction in permitted power levels to reduce the likelihood of
any adverse impact on other systems operating in this spectrum, similar to the reduced power levels
adopted for wide-band frequency hopping systems. If we find it necessary to reduce the allowed power
for digitally modulated systems, should we make any changes in the power level adjustments for point-
to-point operation in Section 15.247(b)(3)?
18.The proposals made herein would more closely align the Section 15.247 rules with the U-NII
rules. We seek comment on whether the same result would be achieved by amending the U-NII rules to
include the 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands. The upper limit of the 5.725 - 5.825 GHz U-NII band would
also need to be expanded to 5.850 GHz in order to realign the standards with those presently permitted
under Section 15.247. We specifically invite comment on any detrimental impact this could have on
manufacturers.
19.Direct Sequence Processing Gain. The rules currently require direct sequence systems to
have a processing gain of at least 10 dB. Processing gain may be determined using the "CW
(continuous wave) jamming margin test" by stepping a signal generator in 50 kHz increments across the
system passband. The jamming level required to produce the recommended Bit Error Rate (BER) and
the system output power are recorded at each point. The "jammer to signal" ratio is then calculated from
these measurements. Processing gain is calculated as: Gp = (S/N)o + Mj + Lsys, where Gp=processing gain
of the system, (S/N)o = signal to noise ratio required for the chosen BER, Mj = jammer to signal ratio,
and Lsys = system losses (not more than 2 dB.)
20.In the Notice, the Commission observed that the CW jamming margin test may not measure
the true processing gain for certain types of direct sequence spread spectrum systems where a portion of
the information signal is embedded in the spreading code. The Commission proposed to instead require
use of a Gaussian noise signal in the jamming margin test. It stated that a Gaussian interferer is likely to
give a more accurate measure of processing gain because it is more closely related to the noise a system
would encounter in a real-world environment.
21.In response to the Notice, commenters identified a number of questions that would need to be
answered before the Commission could allow the use of a Gaussian interferer in the jamming margin test
set-up. Particularly, commenters questioned how the Gaussian noise interferer should be generated, what
bandwidth should be used, and how will the test be performed. Similarly, in its comments in the matter
of Wi-LAN's Application for Review, Intersil contends that the diversity of opinion within the industry as
to the definition of processing gain makes it difficult to develop a test to measure the parameter. Intersil
also states that, while the Gaussian noise test may be easier to implement, it may not give a true
indication of whether the system actually has 10 dB of processing gain. Home Wireless Networks
suggests that the processing gain requirement is no longer necessary and that the Commission should
only address the emissions characteristics of such devices.
22.The processing gain requirement was adopted more than ten years ago as a means to ensure
that manufacturers would not take advantage of the higher power levels afforded spread spectrum devices
by designing systems with wide bandwidths where much of the energy transmitted is not needed for
communication. As the spread spectrum industry has matured it is not clear that this requirement
continues to be necessary. Manufacturers have an incentive to design their systems to include processing
gain in order for their devices to operate properly when located near other radio frequency devices. In
addition, it has become increasingly difficult to determine the true processing gain of certain direct
sequence spread spectrum systems. The comments filed in response to the Notice suggest there is no
agreement on a reliable method of measuring processing gain. We observe that uncertainties about the
processing gain requirement can be a significant impediment to the introduction of new technologies. In
light of these factors, we are now proposing to eliminate the processing gain requirement for direct
sequence spread spectrum systems. We invite comment on this proposal.
23.Wi-LAN Application for Review. On February 17, 2000, Wi-LAN filed an application for
equipment certification for its Wideband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (W-OFDM)
transmitter under the rules for direct sequence spread spectrum systems. The Commission's Office of
Engineering and Technology ("OET") denied that application on the basis that Wi-LAN's W-OFDM
device did not meet the definition of a direct sequence spread spectrum system as set forth in Section 2.1
of the rules. Section 2.1 of our rules defines a spread spectrum system as, "[A]n information bearing
communications system in which . . . the bandwidth is deliberately widened by means of a spreading
function over that which would be needed to transmit the information alone." As stated above, Section
2.1 provides for only two specific types of spread spectrum systems: direct sequence and frequency
hopping. Section 2.1 defines a direct sequence systems as, "[A] spread spectrum system in which the
carrier has been modulated by a high speed spreading code and an information data stream. The high
speed code sequence dominates the "modulating function" and is the direct cause of the wide spreading
of the transmitted signal." OET found that the Wi-LAN device does not meet this definition because it,
among other things, does not use a high speed spreading code to modulate a single radiofrequency (RF)
carrier and, further, the spreading function that is used does not dominate the modulation function. It
therefore denied Wi-LAN's application for certification on the basis that the W-OFDM device could not
be authorized as a direct sequence spread spectrum system. Subsequently, OET denied Wi-LAN's
Petition for Reconsideration of that decision for the same reasons.
24.Wi-LAN has filed an Application for Review of the staff action. In this filing, Wi-LAN
argues that its device meets all the technical requirements explicitly stated in the rules for direct sequence
spread spectrum systems and should be granted certification. Wi-LAN states that its W-OFDM system
accomplishes the spreading function required by the spread spectrum definition through the addition of
forward error correction codes and the use of an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) sequence. It
contends that this transform function is closely analogous to the high speed spreading code used in other
direct sequence systems. Wi-LAN argues that this transform function widens the occupied bandwidth
from 6.875 MHz to 25 MHz, or a factor of 3.6, over that needed for the digital information alone, and
that this meets the spreading requirement in the rules. It does not provide data on the processing gain of
its system. Wi-LAN further contends that OET's assertion that it has turned down similar requests from
others is not supported by any specific references, and in any event may not be used for denial of
certification for a device that meets the letter and intent of the rules. In an Opposition to the Application
for Review, Proxim does not raise substantive objections to the propriety of the technology proposed, but
argues that Wi-LAN's technology is not permitted under the current rules and must be addressed through
rule making. In comments and replies, Cisco Systems, Inc., Metricom, Inc., and Intersil support Wi-
LAN's application.
25.Initially, we find that OET acted properly in denying Wi-LAN's application for certification.
In this regard, we agree with OET that Wi-LAN's W-OFDM device does not meet the definition of a
direct sequence spread spectrum system as set forth in Section 2.1 of the rules. As OET observes, this
device does not use a high speed data code to accomplish wide spreading of the transmitted signal.
Rather, it adds forward error correction data to widen the bandwidth, and it does so by only a relatively
modest amount, i.e., 12.5 MHz or a factor of 1.8, over that necessary to transmit the information alone.
The additional spreading to 25 MHz is a product of the modulation process that does not add to the
system's processing gain. This does not comport with the requirements that the high speed code
sequence dominate the modulating function or that it is the direct cause of the wide spreading of the
transmitted signal. Wi-LAN's argument that the Commission has previously accepted transforms as
spreading functions when it certified the Fast Walsh transform used in 11 Mbps Complementary Code
Keying (CCK) systems is incorrect. The approval of that system was based on the fact that, while it did
incorporate a transform, it also used a high speed spreading code and therefore could be characterized as
a direct sequence spread spectrum systems. We reiterate that, as indicated above, operation under the Part
15 spectrum rules is limited to frequency hopping and direct sequence systems. The Wi-LAN system is
neither of these types but rather is a digital modulation system, as discussed above, that resembles a
spread spectrum system only in its spectrum characteristics.
26.Notwithstanding our finding that Wi-LAN's W-OFDM system is not a spread spectrum
system as defined in our rules, we find that it will serve the public interest to allow grant of equipment
certification now for this system and similar systems that operate in the 2.4-2.483 GHz band if they meet
the existing rules for direct sequence spread spectrum systems in Sections 15.247(a), (b), (c), and (d),
conditioned on their compliance with any final rules that may be adopted in this proceeding.
Accordingly, the Commission will waive, on an interim basis, the restriction of Section 15.247(a) that
limits operation pursuant to the remaining portions of Section 15.247 to frequency hopping and direct
sequence spread spectrum systems. We find that there is good cause to waive the cited rule during the
pendency of this proceeding because such devices have generally the same emission mask as currently
authorized devices and thus will not undermine the existing rules. Digital modulation systems closely
resemble spread spectrum systems in terms of their spectrum occupancy characteristics, and therefore are
not likely to pose any increased risk of interference over that posed by spread spectrum systems. We
believe that compliance with the rules listed above, which address spectrum occupancy, power, out-of-
band emissions, and antennas, will ensure that digital modulation systems operating in the 2.4 GHz band
will operate with the same spectrum occupancy characteristics as spread spectrum systems. We also
observe that such systems appear to offer capabilities in terms of broadband data transmission capacity
that are likely to make them more desirable than traditional spread spectrum systems for many users.
Allowing authorization of digital modulation systems now will avoid the delays otherwise imposed by
our rulemaking process and thereby substantially speed the process for implementation of these new
system designs. In this regard, our decision to waive the restrictions which prevent authorization of such
systems reflects our view that it is appropriate and desirable to take steps wherever possible to facilitate
the timely and efficient introduction of new technologies and equipment, and particularly those that will
support the development and deployment of broadband infrastructure without threat to incumbent
operations and devices. For the reasons indicated above, we believe that authorization of Wi-LAN's
device and other digital modulation systems prior to our adoption of final rules will not result harm to
other radio operations. Consistent with Wi-LAN's application for equipment certification, we will
require that any devices granted prior to the adoption of new rules pursuant to the provisions of this
paragraph comply with a maximum peak output power limit of 100 mW. In addition, any devices so
conditionally authorized will have to comply with whatever rules we ultimately adopt for digital
modulation systems in the 2.4 MHz band. Accordingly, we are instructing OET to re-examine the Wi-
LAN application for certification of its W-OFDM system for its compliance with the above listed
portions of Section 15.247 of the rules and the power limits indicated above. OET shall also accept
applications for equipment certification under Section 15.247 for other devices using digital modulation
techniques if the equipment complies with the provisions stated above. Such applications submitted
pursuant to the above provisions need not be accompanied by a formal waiver request, but should state
that they fall within the terms of this Order as to the waiver. Any such applications will be subjected to
the conditions set forth herein, including that operation is conditioned on compliance with any final rules
that may be adopted in this proceeding.
PROCEDURAL MATTERS
A. Regulatory Flexibility Act
27.As required by Section 603 of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 603, the Commission
has prepared an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) of the expected impact on small entities of
the proposals suggested in this document. The IRFA is set forth in Appendix A. Written public
comments are requested on the IRFA. These comments must be filed in accordance with the same filing
deadlines as comments on the rest of the Further Notice, but they must have a separate and distinct
heading designating them as responses to the IRFA. The Secretary shall send a copy of this Further
Notice, including the IRFA, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in
accordance with Section 603(a) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 603(a).
B. Ex Parte Rules -- Permit-But-Disclose Proceedings
28.This is a permit-but-disclose notice and comment rule making proceeding. Ex parte
presentations are permitted, except during any Sunshine Agenda period, provided they are disclosed as
provided in the Commission's rules. See generally 47 C.F.R. 1.1200(a), 1.1203, and 1.1206.
C. Authority
29.This action is taken pursuant to Sections 4(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and 303(r) of the
Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. Sections 154(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and
303(r).
D. Comment Dates
30.Pursuant to Sections 1.415 and 1.419 of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. 1.415, 1.419,
interested parties may file comments on or before [75 days after publication in the Federal Register], and
reply comments on or before [105 days after publication in the Federal Register]. Comments may be
filed using the Commission's Electronic Comment Filing System (ECFS) or by filing paper copies. See
Electronic Filing of Documents in Rulemaking Proceedings, 63 Fed. Reg. 24,121 (1998).
31.Comments filed through the ECFS can be sent as an electronic file via the Internet to
<http://www.fcc.gov/e-file/ecfs.html>. Generally, only one copy of an electronic submission must be
filed. If multiple docket or rulemaking numbers appear in the caption of this proceeding, however,
commenters must transmit one electronic copy of the comments to each docket or rulemaking number
referenced in the caption. In completing the transmittal screen, commenters should include their full
name, Postal Service mailing address, and the applicable docket or rulemaking number. Parties may also
submit an electronic comment by Internet e-mail. To get filing instructions for e-mail comments,
commenters should send an e-mail to ecfs@fcc.gov, and should include the following words in the body
of the message, "get form <your e-mail address>." A sample form and directions will be sent in reply.
32.Parties who choose to file by paper must file an original and four copies of all comments,
reply comments and supporting comments. If participants want each Commissioner to receive a personal
copy of their comments, an original plus nine copies must be filed. If more than one docket or
rulemaking number appear in the caption of this proceeding, commenters must submit two additional
copies for each additional docket or rulemaking number. All filings must be sent to the Commission's
Secretary, Magalie Roman Salas, Office of Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, 445 12th
Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554. Comments and reply comments will be available for public
inspection during regular business in the FCC Reference Center (Room CY-A257), 445 12th Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20554.
ORDERING CLAUSES
33.IT IS ORDERED that, pursuant to Sections 4(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and 303(r) of the
Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. Sections 154(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and
303(r), this Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making is hereby ADOPTED.
34.IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, pursuant to Sections 4(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and
303(r) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. Sections 154(i), 301, 302, 303(e),
303(f), and 303(r), the Application for Review filed by Wi-LAN, Inc. on September 20, 2000 is hereby
DENIED.
35.IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, pursuant to Sections 4(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and
303(r) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. Sections 154(i), 301, 302, 303(e),
303(f), and 303(r), OET shall process applications for certification of digital modulation systems that
operate in the 2400 - 2483.5 MHz band for compliance with the proposals in this Further Notice of
Proposed Rule Making.
36.IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Commission's Consumer Information Bureau,
Reference Information Center, SHALL SEND a copy of this Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making,
including the Initial Regulatory Flexibility Act, to the Chief, Counsel for Advocacy of the Small
Business Administration.
37.For further information concerning this Further Notice, contact Neal L. McNeil, Office of
Engineering & Technology, (202) 418-2408, TTY (202) 418-2989, email nmcneil@fcc.gov.
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Magalie Roman Salas
Secretary
APPENDIX A
Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
As required by Section 603 of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, the Commission has prepared an
Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) of the expected significant economic impact on small
entities by the policies and rules proposed in this Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making and Order
(Further Notice). Written public comments are requested on the IRFA. Comments must be identified as
responses to the IRFA and must be filed by the deadlines for comments on the Further Notice of
Proposed Rule Making provided above in paragraph 27.
A. Need for and Objectives of the Proposed Rules
This Further Notice proposes changes that remove unnecessary regulatory barriers to the
introduction of new wireless devices using spread spectrum and other digital technologies. The proposals
will also improve sharing of the spectrum by wireless devices operating in the 2.4 GHz band (2400 -
2483.5 MHz). Specifically, the Further Notice proposes to relax the frequency hopping spread spectrum
rules in Section 15.247 in accordance with a Joint Petition for Clarification, or in the Alternative, Partial
Reconsideration filed by thirteen parties. The proposed changes would permit all frequency hopping
systems in the 2.4 GHz band to use as few as fifteen hopping channels instead of the seventy-five hopping
channels some systems are now required to use. Systems using the minimum number of channels will be
required to employ adaptive hopping techniques in order to avoid transmitting on occupied frequencies.
The Further Notice seeks comments regarding alternative operating parameters or conditions for
frequency hopping systems that may achieve the same goals. For example, the operating conditions in the
Joint Petition would allow a system using 1 MHz bandwidth hopping channels to use as little as 18% of
the available spectrum at 2.4 GHz to implement adaptive hopping techniques. The Further Notices asks
whether the Commission could realize the goals of the petitioners by requiring that adaptive hopping
systems use a minimum of 25% or 50% of the band with a power reduction in relationship to amount of
spectrum used.
The Further Notice also proposes to modify the rules for non-frequency hopping spread spectrum
systems in the 915 MHz (902 - 928 MHz), 2.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz (5725 - 5850 MHz) bands to
accommodate developing systems that use digital modulation techniques. Systems using digital
modulation techniques would be required to meet the same technical requirements as spread spectrum
systems, as modified in this proceeding. The Commission believes that this proposal will allow more and
more diverse products to utilize those bands and thereby increase consumer choice. It would also provide
the flexibility and certainty needed to promote the introduction of new, non-interfering products into the
band, without the need for frequent rule changes to address each specific new technology that may be
developed. This proposal would more closely align the Section 15.247 spread spectrum rules with the
Section 15.407 U-NII rules. Therefore, we seek comment on whether the same result would be achieved
by amending the U-NII rules to include the 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands.
Finally, the Further Notice proposes to eliminate the processing gain requirement for direct
sequence spread spectrum systems. The processing gain requirement was adopted more than ten years
ago as a means to ensure that manufacturers would not take advantage of the higher power levels afforded
spread spectrum devices by designing systems with wide bandwidths where much of the energy
transmitted is not needed for communication. As the spread spectrum industry has matured it is not clear
that this requirement continues to be necessary. Manufacturers have an incentive to design their systems
to include processing gain in order for their devices to operate properly when located near other radio
frequency devices.
B. Legal Basis
The proposed action is taken pursuant to Sections 4(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and 303(r) of the
Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. Sections 154(i), 301, 302, 303(e), 303(f), and 303(r).
C. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which the Proposed Rules Will
Apply
The RFA directs agencies to provide a description of, and, where feasible, an estimate of the
number of small entities that may be affected by the proposed rules, if adopted. The Regulatory Flexibility
Act defines the term "small entity" as having the same meaning as the terms "small business," "small
organization," and "small business concern" under section 3 of the Small Business Act. A small business
concern in its field of operation; and (3) satisfies any additional criteria established by the SBA.
The Commission has not developed a definition of small entities applicable to unlicensed
communications devices manufacturers. Therefore, we will utilize the SBA definition applicable to
manufacturers of Radio and Television Broadcasting and Communications Equipment. According to the
SBA regulations, unlicensed transmitter manufacturers must have 750 or fewer employees on order to
qualify as a small business concern. Census Bureau data indicates that there are 858 U.S. companies that
manufacture radio and television broadcasting and communications equipment, and that 778 of these firms
have fewer than 750 employees and would be classified as small entities. We do not believe this action
would have a negative impact on small entities that manufacture unlicensed spread spectrum devices.
Indeed, we believe the actions should benefit small entities because it should make available increased
business opportunities to small entities. We request comment on these assessments.
D. Description of Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping and Other Compliance Requirements
Part 15 transmitters are already required to be authorized under the Commission's certification
procedure as a prerequisite to marketing and importation. See 47 C.F.R. 15.101, 15.201, 15.305, and
15.405. Additionally, manufacturers of direct sequence spread spectrum systems must submit a
determination of system processing gain to the Commission in order to obtain product certification.
The proposed regulations will add permissible methods of operation for frequency hopping spread
spectrum systems. No new reporting or recordkeeping requirements are proposed for the manufacturers of
frequency hopping spread spectrum devices. However, the rules proposed in the Further Notice would
eliminate the requirement that manufacturers of direct sequence systems submit evidence of compliance
with a minimum processing gain. Therefore, the proposed rules reduce the reporting and recordkeeping
burdens placed on all manufacturers, including small entities. None of the proposals would require
alteration of any existing products.
E. Steps Taken to Minimize Significant Economic Impact on Small Entities, and Significant
Alternatives Considered
The RFA requires an agency to describe any significant alternatives that it has considered in
reaching its proposed approach, which may include the following four alternatives: (1) the establishment of
differing compliance or reporting requirements or timetables that take into account the resources available
to small entities; (2) the clarification, consolidation, or simplification of compliance or reporting
requirements under the rule for small entities; (3) the use of performance, rather than design standards; and
(4) an exemption from coverage of the rule, or any part thereof, for small entities.
At this time, the Commission does not believe the proposals contained in this Further Notice will
have a significant economic impact on small entities. The Further Notice does not propose new device
design standards. Instead, it relaxes the rules with respect to the types of devices which are allowed to
operate pursuant to the spread spectrum regulations. There is no burden of compliance with the proposed
changes. Manufacturers may continue to produce devices which comply with the former rules and, if
desired, design devices to comply with the new regulations. The proposed rules will apply equally to large
and small entities. Therefore, there is no inequitable impact on small entities. Finally, this Further Notice
does not recommend a deadline for implementation. We believe that the proposals are relatively simple and
do not require a transition period to implement. An entity desiring to take advantage of the relaxed
regulations may do so at any time.
For the reasons stated above, unless our views are altered by comments, we find that the proposed
rule changes contained in this Further Notice will not present a significant economic burden to small
entities. Therefore it is not necessary at this time to propose alternative rules. Notwithstanding our finding,
we request comment on alternatives that might minimize the amount of adverse economic impact, if any, on
small entities.
F. Federal Rules that May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict With the Proposed Rule
None.
APPENDIX B
Proposed Rule Changes
Authority: 47 U.S.C. 154, 302, 303, 304, 307, and 544A.
We propose to amend Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 15, as follows:
Section 15.247 is proposed to be amended by revising paragraphs (a), (a)(1)(ii), (a)(1)(iii), (c),
and (d); re-designating paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) as (b)(4) and (b)(5), respectively; adding a new
paragraph (b)(3); deleting paragraph (e); revising paragraph (f); and re-designating paragraphs (f), (g),
and (h) as paragraphs (e), (f), and (g), respectively.
Section 15.247 Operation within the bands 902-928 MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz, and 5725-5850 MHz.
(a) Operation under the provisions of this section is limited to frequency hopping and direct
sequence spread spectrum systems and digitally modulated intentional radiators that comply with the
following provisions:
(1) * * *
(i) * * *
(ii) Frequency hopping systems operating in the 5725-5850 MHz band shall use at least 75
hopping frequencies. The maximum 20 dB bandwidth of the hopping channel is 1 MHz. The average
time of occupancy on any frequency shall not be greater than 0.4 seconds within a 30 second period.
(iii) Frequency hopping systems in the 2400 - 2483.5 MHz band shall use at least 75 non-
overlapping channels, except that as few as 15 non-overlapping channels may be used for systems that
intelligently modify their hopsets in accordance with Section 15.247(g). Hopsets modified in this manner
must be re-determined at least once every 30 seconds. The average time of occupancy on any channel
shall not be greater than 0.4 seconds within a period of 0.4 seconds multiplied by the number of hopping
channels employed.
(2) Systems using direct sequence spread spectrum and digital modulation techniques may
operate in the 902 - 928 MHz, 2400 - 2483.5 MHz, and 5725 - 5850 MHz bands.
(b) * * *
(1) for frequency hopping systems in the 2400 -2483.5 MHz band employing at least 75 hopping
channels, and all frequency hopping systems in the 5725-5850 MHz band: 1 Watt. For all other
frequency hopping systems in the 2400 - 2483.5 band: 0.125 Watt
(2) * * *
(3) For systems using digital modulation in the 902 - 928 MHz, 2400 - 2483.5 MHz, and 5725 -
5780 MHz bands: 1 Watt.
(4) Except as shown below, if transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used,
the peak output power from the intentional radiator shall be reduced below the above stated values by the
amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi.
(i) Systems operating in the 2400-2483.5 MHz band that are used exclusively for fixed, point-to-
point operations may employ transmitting antennas with directional gain greater than 6 dBi provided the
maximum peak output power of the intentional radiator is reduced by 1 dB for every 3 dB that the
directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi.
(ii) Systems operating in the 5725-5850 MHz band that are used exclusively for fixed, point-to-
point operations may employ transmitting antennas with directional gain greater than 6 dBi without any
corresponding reduction in transmitter peak output power.
(iii) Fixed, point-to-point operation, as used in paragraphs (b)(4)(i) and (b)(4)(ii) of this section,
excludes the use of point-to-multipoint systems, omnidirectional applications, and multiple co-located
intentional radiators transmitting the same information. The operator of the spread spectrum intentional
radiator or, if the equipment is professionally installed, the installer is responsible for ensuring that the
system is used exclusively for fixed, point-to-point operations. The instruction manual furnished with the
intentional radiator shall contain language in the installation instructions informing the operator and the
installer of this responsibility.
(5) Systems operating under the provisions of this section shall be operated in a manner that
ensures that the public is not exposed to radio frequency energy levels in excess of the Commission's
guidelines. See 1.1307(b)(1) of this Chapter.
(c) In any 100 kHz bandwidth outside the frequency band in which the spread spectrum or
digitally modulated intentional radiator is operating, the radio frequency power than is produced by the
intentional radiator shall be at least 20 dB below that in the 100 kHz bandwidth within the band that
contains the highest level of the desired power, based on either an RF conducted or a radiated
measurement. Attenuation below the general limits specified in 15.209(a) is not required. In addition,
radiated emissions which fall in the restricted bands, as defined in 15.205(a), must also comply with the
radiated emission limits specified in 15.209(a) (see 15.205(c)).
(d) For direct sequence spread spectrum and digitally modulated systems, the peak power
spectral density conducted from the intentional radiator to the antenna shall not be greater than 8 dBm in
any 3 kHz band during any time interval of continuous transmission.
(e) For the purposes of this section, hybrid systems are those that employ a combination of both
frequency hopping and direct sequence or digital modulation techniques. The frequency hopping
operation of the hybrid system, with the direct sequence or digital modulation operation turned off, shall
have an average time of occupancy on any frequency not to exceed 0.4 seconds within a time period in
seconds equal to the number of hopping frequencies employed multiplied by 0.4. The direct sequence or
the digital modulation operation of the hybrid system, with the frequency hopping operation turned off,
shall comply with the power density requirements of paragraph (d) of this section.
(f) Frequency hopping systems are not required to employ all available hopping channels during
each transmission. However, the system, consisting of both the transmitter and the receiver, must be
designed to comply with all of the regulations in this section should the transmitter be presented with a
continuous data (or information) stream. In addition, a system employing short transmission bursts must
comply with the definition of a frequency hopping system and must distribute its transmissions over the
minimum number of hopping channels specified in this section.
(g) The incorporation of intelligence within a frequency hopping system that permits the system
to recognize other users within the spectrum band so that it individually and independently chooses and
adapts its hopsets to avoid hopping on occupied channels is permitted. The coordination of frequency
hopping systems in any other manner for the express purpose of avoiding the simultaneous occupancy of
individual hopping frequencies by multiple transmitters is not permitted.
| en |
converted_docs | 733621 | Veterans Benefits Administration M21-1, Part 1
Department of Veterans Affairs Change 46
Washington, DC 20420 September 25, 2003
Veterans Benefits Administration Manual M21-1, part I, Appendix B, is
changed as follows:
Page A(2002)-1: Insert this page preceding page A(2001)-1.
Page B(2002)-1: Insert this page preceding page B(2001)-1.
Page I(2002)-1: Insert this page preceding page I(2001)-1.
Page II(2002)-1: Insert this page preceding page II(2001)-1.
Pages IV(2002)-1, IV(2002)-2, and IV(2002)-3: Insert these pages
preceding page IV(2001)-1.
Page VI(2002)-1: Insert this page preceding page VI(2001)-1.
Page VII-1: Remove this page and substitute page VII-1 attached.
Page XV-1: Remove this page and substitute page XV-1 attached.
Page XVI-1: Remove this page and substitute page XVI-1 attached.
Page XVII-1: Remove this page and substitute page XVII-1 attached.
By Direction of the Under Secretary for Benefits
Ronald J. Henke, Director
Compensation and Pension Service
Distribution: RPC: 2068
FD: EX: ASO and AR (included in RPC 2068)
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
Change 46
**IMPROVED DEATH PENSION**
**Entitlement Codes 1.4** % **Cost-of-Living Increase**
**1D, 2D, 3D, 5D, 6D, 7D, and 0D Effective 12/1/02**
**MAXIMUM ANNUAL RATES**
<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Dep</td>
<td>Codes</td>
<td><p>Surviving</p>
<p>Spouse</p></td>
<td><p>Surviving</p>
<p>Spouse + HB</p></td>
<td>Surviving Spouse + A/A</td>
<td>Dep</td>
<td>Codes</td>
<td></td>
<td>Dep</td>
<td>Codes</td>
<td><p>Child</p>
<p>Only</p></td>
<td>Dep</td>
<td>Codes</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>10</td>
<td>SS</td>
<td>$6,497</td>
<td>$7,942</td>
<td>$10,387</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>SS</td>
<td></td>
<td>81</td>
<td>1C</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>81</td>
<td>1C</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>SS-1C</td>
<td>$8,507</td>
<td>$9,948</td>
<td>$12,393</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>SS-1C</td>
<td></td>
<td>82</td>
<td>2C</td>
<td>$3,306</td>
<td>82</td>
<td>2C</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>12</td>
<td>SS-2C</td>
<td>$10,160</td>
<td>$11,601</td>
<td>$14,046</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>SS-2C</td>
<td></td>
<td>83</td>
<td>3C</td>
<td>$4,959</td>
<td>83</td>
<td>3C</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>13</td>
<td>SS-3C</td>
<td>$11,813</td>
<td>$13,254</td>
<td>$15,699</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>SS-3C</td>
<td></td>
<td>84</td>
<td>4C</td>
<td>$6,612</td>
<td>84</td>
<td>4C</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><p>For each additional</p>
<p>child - Add</p></td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td colspan="2"><p>For each additional</p>
<p>child - Add</p></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>For each additional</p>
<p>child - Add</p></td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
--------------- ------------- -- --------------- -- ------ -- ------------- --------------- --------- ------------- -------- ------------- --------- -------- -- --
**SBP/MIW **38 CFR
ANNUITY 3.272(j)(1)
LIMITATION** DEDUCTION
FROM CHILD\'S
EARNED
INCOME**
**Amount** **Effective **Exclusion** **Effective **Exclusion
Date** Date** Effective
Date**
\$6,497 12/1/02 \$5,900 1/1/92 \$6,950 1/1/98
\$6,050 1/1/93 \$7,050 1/1/99
\$6,250 1/1/94 \$7,200 1/1/00
**SURVIVING** **SPOUSE OF **VETERAN\*** \$6,400 1/1/95 \$7,450 1/1/01
SAW**
Dependency Codes A/A Rate \$6,550 1/1/96 \$7,700 1/1/02
10 SS \$11,058 \$6,800 1/1/97 \$7,800 1/1/03
11 SS-1C \$13,063
12 SS-2C \$14,716
For each child add \$1,653
additional
--------------- ------------- -- --------------- -- ------ -- ------------- --------------- --------- ------------- -------- ------------- --------- -------- -- --
\* PL 105-178 increased A/A rates for surviving spouses of SAW veterans
effective 10/1/98.
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
Change 46
**IMPROVED DISABILITY PENSION**
**Entitlement Codes 1.4% Cost-of-Living Increase**
**1L, 2L, 3L, 5L, 6L, 7L, and 0L Effective 12/1/02**
**MAXIMUM ANNUAL RATES**
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 18%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="7">TWO VETERANS MARRIED TO ONE ANOTHER</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Dependency Codes</td>
<td>Veteran PT</td>
<td>Veteran HB</td>
<td><p>Veteran</p>
<p>A&A</p></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><p>Both</p>
<p>PT</p></td>
<td><p>One</p>
<p>HB</p></td>
<td><p>Both</p>
<p>HB</p></td>
<td><p>One</p>
<p>A&A</p></td>
<td><p>One A&A</p>
<p>One HB</p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>Both</p>
<p>A&A</p></td>
<td><p>Dep</p>
<p>Codes</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>00 Veteran</td>
<td>$9,690</td>
<td>$11,843</td>
<td>$16,169</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>10/81 V-S or V-1C</td>
<td>$12,692</td>
<td>$14,844</td>
<td>$19,167</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>$12,692</td>
<td>$14,844</td>
<td>$16,998</td>
<td>$19,167</td>
<td>$21,317</td>
<td colspan="2">$24,973</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11/82 V-S-1C or V-2C</td>
<td>$14,345</td>
<td>$16,497</td>
<td>$20,820</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>$14,345</td>
<td>$16,497</td>
<td>$18,651</td>
<td>$20,820</td>
<td>$22,970</td>
<td colspan="2">$26,626</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>12/83 V-S-2C or V-3C</td>
<td>$15,998</td>
<td>$18,150</td>
<td>$22,473</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>$15,998</td>
<td>$18,150</td>
<td>$20,304</td>
<td>$22,473</td>
<td>$24,623</td>
<td colspan="2">$28,279</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>For each additional</p>
<p>child - Add</p></td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td>$1,653</td>
<td colspan="2">$1,653</td>
<td><p>Additional</p>
<p>Child</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Veterans of Mexican Border Period or WWI</td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td>(1)</td>
<td colspan="2">(1)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
\(1\) Add \$2,197 to applicable rate
**38 CFR 3.272(j)(1) Exclusion from Child\'s Earnings**
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Exclusion Effective Exclusion Effective
Date Date
\$6,400 1/1/95 \$7,200 1/1/00
\$6,550 1/1/96 \$7,450 1/1/01
\$6,800 1/1/97 \$7,700 1/1/02
\$6,950 1/1/98 \$7,800 1/1/03
\$7,050 1/1/99
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
Change 46
**SECTION 306 DEATH PENSION**
**Entitlement Codes 1.4 % Cost-of-Living Increase**
**18,28,38,58,68, and 78 Effective 12/1/02**
SURVIVING SPOUSE ONLY
The rate entitled to on December 31, 1978, may be continued if the
surviving spouse\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$11,024 or less.
CHILDREN ONLY
The rate entitled to on December 31, 1978, may be continued if the
child\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$9,011 or less.
SURVIVING SPOUSE AND CHILDREN
The rate entitled to on December 31, 1978, may be continued if the
surviving spouse\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$14,817 or less.
SBP/MIW ANNUITY LIMITATION
------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------- ------------ ---
Amount Effective Date
\$6,497 12/1/02
------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------- ------------ ---
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
Change 46
## OLD LAW DEATH PENSION
**(Entitlement Established Prior to 7/1/60)**
Entitlement Codes
16, 26, and 36
**INCOME LIMITATIONS**
<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3"><strong>Income Limits</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Income Limits</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Income Limits</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Effective Date</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Surviving Spouse</strong></p>
<p><strong>Only or Each Child</strong></p>
<p><strong>(No Surviving Spouse)</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Surviving Spouse</strong></p>
<p><strong>(With Child or Children)</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Effective Date</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Surviving Spouse</strong></p>
<p><strong>Only or Each Child</strong></p>
<p><strong>(No Surviving Spouse)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Surviving Spouse</strong></p>
<p><strong>(With Child or Children)</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Effective Date</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Surviving Spouse</strong></p>
<p><strong>Only or Each Child</strong></p>
<p><strong>(No Surviving Spouse)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Surviving Spouse</strong></p>
<p><strong>(With Child or Children)</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>PL 93-527</strong></p>
<p><strong>1/1/75</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$2,600</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$3,900</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>3.5% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/84</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$5,683</strong></td>
<td><strong>$8,197</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>2.8% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/94</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$8,002</strong></td>
<td><strong>$11,539</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>PL 94-169</strong></p>
<p><strong>1/1/76</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$2,900</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$4,200</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>3.1% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/85</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$5,860</strong></td>
<td><strong>$8,452</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>2.6% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/95</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$8,211</strong></td>
<td><strong>$11,840</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>PL 94-432</strong></p>
<p><strong>1/1/77</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$3,100</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$4,460</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>1.3% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/86</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$5,937</strong></td>
<td><strong>$8,562</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>2.9. % COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/96</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$8,450</strong></td>
<td><strong>$12,184</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>PL 95-204</strong></p>
<p><strong>1/1/78</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$3,300</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$4,760</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>4.2% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/87</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$6,187</strong></td>
<td><strong>$8,922</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>2.1 % COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/97</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$8,628</strong></td>
<td><strong>$12,440</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>PL 95-588</strong></p>
<p><strong>1/1/79</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$3,534</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$5,098</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>4.0% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/88</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$6,435</strong></td>
<td><strong>$9,279</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>1.3% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/98</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$8,741</strong></td>
<td><strong>$12,602</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>9.9% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>6/1/79</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$3,884</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$5,603</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>4.7% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/89</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$6,738</strong></td>
<td><strong>$9,716</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>2.4% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/99</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$8,951</strong></td>
<td><strong>$12,905</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>14.3% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>6/1/80</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$4,440</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$6,405</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>5.4% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/90</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$7,102</strong></td>
<td><strong>$10,241</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>3.5% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/00</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$9,265</strong></td>
<td><strong>$13,357</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>11.2% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>6/1/81</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$4,938</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$7,123</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>3.7% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/91</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$7,365</strong></td>
<td><strong>$10,620</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>2.6% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/01</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$9,516</strong></td>
<td><strong>$13,719</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>7.4% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>6/1/82</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$5,304</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$7,651</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>3.0% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/92</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$7,586</strong></td>
<td><strong>$10,939</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>1.4% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/02</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$9,650</strong></td>
<td><strong>$13,912</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>3.5% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/83</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$5,490</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>$7,919</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>2.6% COL</strong></p>
<p><strong>12/1/93</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>$7,784</strong></td>
<td><strong>$11,224</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### SBP/MIW ANNUITY LIMITATION
------------- -------------- -------- ------------- -------------- -------- ------------- --------------
**Amount** **Effective **Amount** **Effective **Amount** **Effective
Date** Date** Date**
**\$3,786** **12/01/84** **\$4,918** **12/01/91** **\$5,808** **12/01/97**
**\$3,905** **12/01/85** **\$5,067** **12/01/92** **\$5,884** **12/01/98**
**\$3,957** **12/01/86** **\$5,200** **12/01/93** **\$6,026** **12/01/99**
**\$4,125** **12/01/87** **\$5,347** **12/01/94** **\$6,237** **12/01/00**
**\$4,292** **12/01/88** **\$5,488** **12/01/95** **\$6,407** **12/01/01**
**\$4,496** **12/01/89** **\$5,649** **12/01/96** **\$6,497** **12/01/02**
**\$4,741** **12/01/90** **\$5,688** **07/01/97**
------------- -------------- -------- ------------- -------------- -------- ------------- --------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
**See M21-1, Part I, Appendix B, pages II-2 and II-3 for Old Law Death
Pension rates.**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part I
Change 46
**DEPENDENCY AND INDEMNITY COMPENSATION**
**(38 U.S.C. 1315)**
**PARENT** RATES
**Entitlement Codes 1.4% Cost-of-Living Increase**
**17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, Effective 12/1/02**
**77, 87, 97, 07, and 99**
**Sole Surviving Parent**
**Unremarried or Remarried Living with Spouse**
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| Total | | | | Total | | |
| Dep. | | | | Dep. | | |
| Code | | | | Code | | |
| 50/60 | | | | 50/60 | | |
| | | | | | | |
| This | | | | This | | |
| Dep. | | | | Dep. | | |
| Code | | | | Code | | |
| 50/60 | | | | 50/60 | | |
| or | | | | or | | |
| 52/62 | | | | 52/62 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| Income | Monthly | Each | | Income | Monthly | Each |
| | | \$1 | | | | \$1 |
| Not | Rate | | | Not | Rate | |
| Over | | De | | Over | | Dec |
| | | crement | | | | rement |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| \$800 | \$464 | None | | 4200 | 192 | .08 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 900 | 456 | .08 | | 4300 | 184 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1000 | 448 | | | 4400 | 176 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1100 | 440 | | | 4500 | 168 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1200 | 432 | | | 4600 | 160 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1300 | 424 | | | 4700 | 152 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1400 | 416 | | | 4800 | 144 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1500 | 408 | | | 4900 | 136 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1600 | 400 | | | 5000 | 128 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1700 | 392 | | | 5100 | 120 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1800 | 384 | | | 5200 | 112 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 1900 | 376 | | | 5300 | 104 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2000 | 368 | | | 5400 | 96 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2100 | 360 | | | 5500 | 88 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2200 | 352 | | | 5600 | 80 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2300 | 344 | | | 5700 | 72 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2400 | 336 | | | 5800 | 64 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2500 | 328 | | | 5900 | 56 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2600 | 320 | | | 6000 | 48 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2700 | 312 | | | 6100 | 40 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2800 | 304 | | | 6200 | 32 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 2900 | 296 | | | 6300 | 24 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3000 | 288 | | | 6400 | 16 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3100 | 280 | | | 6500 | 8 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3200 | 272 | | | 6537 | 5.04 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3300 | 264 | | | 6538 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3400 | 256 | | | to | 5 | None |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3500 | 248 | | | \*\* | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3600 | 240 | | | If A&A | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3700 | 232 | | | Add | 250 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3800 | 224 | | | \*\* | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 3900 | 216 | | | If | | \$ |
| | | | | living | | 14817 |
| | | | | with | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 4000 | 208 | | | with | spouse | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| 4100 | 200 | | | If not | living | \$ |
| | | | | living | | 11024 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
| | | | | with | spouse | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+
M21-1, Part 1 September 25, 2003
Change 46
**DEPENDENCY AND INDEMNITY COMPENSATION**
**(38 U.S.C. 1315)**
**PARENT RATES**
**Entitlement Codes 1.4% Cost-of-Living Increase**
**17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, Effective 12/1/02**
**77, 87, 97, 07, and 99**
**One of Two Parents**
**Not Living with Spouse**
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total | | | | Total | | |
| Dep. | | | | Dep. | | |
| Code 70 | | | | Code 70 | | |
| | | | | | | |
| This | | | | This | | |
| Dep. | | | | Dep. | | |
| Code | | | | Code | | |
| 50/60 | | | | 50/60 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Income | Monthly | Each | | Income | Monthly | Each |
| | | \$1 | | | | \$1 |
| Not | Rate | | | Not | Rate | |
| Over | | De | | Over | | De |
| | | crement | | | | crement |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| \$800 | \$334 | None | | \$3800 | \$ 98 | .08 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 900 | 328 | .06 | | 3900 | 90 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1000 | 321 | .07 | | 4000 | 82 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1100 | 314 | | | 4100 | 74 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1200 | 306 | .08 | | 4200 | 66 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1300 | 298 | | | 4300 | 58 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1400 | 290 | | | 4400 | 50 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1500 | 282 | | | 4500 | 42 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1600 | 274 | | | 4600 | 34 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1700 | 266 | | | 4700 | 26 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1800 | 258 | | | 4800 | 18 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1900 | 250 | | | 4900 | 10 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2000 | 242 | | | 4962 | 5.04 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2100 | 234 | | | 4963 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2200 | 226 | | | to | 5 | None |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2300 | 218 | | | 11024 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2400 | 210 | | | If A&A | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2500 | 202 | | | Add | \$250 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2600 | 194 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2700 | 186 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2800 | 178 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2900 | 170 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3000 | 162 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3100 | 154 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3200 | 146 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3300 | 138 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3400 | 130 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3500 | 122 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3600 | 114 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3700 | 106 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
M21-1, Part 1 September 25, 2003
Change 46
**DEPENDENCY AND INDEMNITY COMPENSATION**
**(38 U.S.C. 1315)**
**PARENT RATES**
**Entitlement Codes 1.4% Cost-of-Living Increase**
**17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67 Effective 12/1/02**
**77, 87, 97, 07, and 99**
**One of Two Parents**
**Living with Spouse or Other Parent**
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total | | | | Total | | |
| Dep. | | | | Dep. | | |
| Code 70 | | | | Code 70 | | |
| | | | | | | |
| This | | | | This | | |
| Dep. | | | | Dep. | | |
| Code | | | | Code | | |
| | | | | | | |
| With | | | | With | | |
| Other | | | | Other | | |
| Parent: | | | | Parent: | | |
| 51/61 | | | | 51/61 | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Re | | | | Re | | |
| married | | | | married | | |
| With | | | | With | | |
| Spouse: | | | | Spouse: | | |
| 52/62 | | | | 52/62 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Income | Monthly | Each | | Income | Monthly | Each |
| | | \$1 | | | | \$1 |
| Not | Rate | | | Not | Rate | |
| Over | | De | | Over | | De |
| | | crement | | | | crement |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| \$1000 | \$314 | None | | \$3800 | \$159 | .08 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1100 | 311 | .03 | | 3900 | 151 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1200 | 308 | | | 4000 | 143 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1300 | 305 | | | 4100 | 135 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1400 | 302 | | | 4200 | 127 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1500 | 299 | | | 4300 | 119 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1600 | 295 | .04 | | 4400 | 111 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1700 | 291 | | | 4500 | 103 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1800 | 287 | | | 4600 | 95 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1900 | 283 | | | 4700 | 87 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2000 | 278 | .05 | | 4800 | 79 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2100 | 273 | | | 4900 | 71 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2200 | 268 | | | 5000 | 63 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2300 | 263 | | | 5100 | 55 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2400 | 258 | | | 5200 | 47 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2500 | 252 | .06 | | 5300 | 39 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2600 | 246 | | | 5400 | 31 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2700 | 240 | | | 5500 | 23 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2800 | 234 | | | 5600 | 15 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2900 | 228 | | | 5700 | 7 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3000 | 221 | .07 | | 5724 | 5.08 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3100 | 214 | | | 5725 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3200 | 207 | | | to | 5 | None |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3300 | 199 | .08 | | \ | | |
| | | | | $14,817 | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3400 | 191 | | | If A&A | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3500 | 183 | | | Add | 250 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3600 | 175 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3700 | 167 | | | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
M21-1, Part 1 September 25, 2003
Change 46
#### SECTION 306 DISABILITY PENSION
**Entitlement Codes 1.4 % Cost-of-Living Increase**
**14, 24, 34, 64, and 74 Effective 12/1/02**
VETERAN ONLY
The rate entitled to on December 31, 1978, may be continued if the
veteran\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$11,024 or less.
[Special A/A Allowance When Income Exceeds \$11,024]{.underline} . The
rate entitled to on December 31, 1978, may be continued if the
veteran\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$11,524 or less.
[38 CFR 3.552 Rates (Hospital Reduction) for Special A/A Allowance]{.underline}.
The rate entitled to (see 38 CFR 3.552 Rate Chart on page VI (1978) -1)
on December 31, 1978, will be paid if the veteran is hospitalized on
January 1, 2002, or later and the veteran\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$11,524
or less.
VETERAN WITH DEPENDENTS
The rate entitled to on December 31, 1978, may be continued if the IVAP
for 2002 is \$14,817 or less.
[Special A/A Allowance When Income Exceeds \$14,817]{.underline} . The
rate entitled to on December 31, 1978, may be continued if the
veteran\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$15,317 or less.
[38 CFR 3.552 Rates (Hospital Reduction) for Special A/A Allowance]{.underline}.
The rate entitled to (see 38 CFR 3.552 Rate Chart on page VI (1978) -2)
on December 31, 1978, will be paid if the veteran is hospitalized on
January 1, 2002, or later and the veteran\'s IVAP for 2002 is \$15,317
or less.
--------------- -------------- ------- ------- -------------- -------------
**SPOUSE INCOME
EXCLUSION UNDER
38 CFR
3.262(b)(2)**
Effective Date Exclusion Effective Date Exclusion
12/1/92 \$2,764 12/1/98 \$3,185
12/1/93 \$2,836 12/1/99 \$3,262
12/1/94 \$2,916 12/1/00 \$3,377
12/1/95 \$2,992 12/1/01 \$3,468
12/1/96 \$3,079 12/1/02 \$3,517
12/1/97 \$3,144
--------------- -------------- ------- ------- -------------- -------------
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
> Change 46
**OLD LAW DISABILITY PENSION**
**WWI, WWII, KOREAN CONFLICT (38 U.S.C. 1521 - Prior to 7/1/60)**
Entitlement Codes
12, 22, and 32
------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Total 9.9% 14.3% 11.2%
Dep. 90-77 90-275 91-588 92-198 93-527 94-169 94-432 95-204 95-588 COL COL COL
Code 10/1/67 1/1/69 1/1/71 1/1/72 1/1/75 1/1/76 1/1/77 1/1/78 1/1/79 6/1/79 6/1/80 6/1/81
Income Limits
00 Unmarried \$1,400 \$1,600 \$1,900 \$2,200 \$2,600 \$2,900 \$3,100 \$3,300 \$3,534 \$3,884 \$4,440 \$4,938
Veterans
10 Veteran and
Spouse or
81 Minor Child \$2,700 \$2,900 \$3,200 \$3,500 \$3,900 \$4,200 \$4,460 \$4,760 \$5,098 \$5,603 \$6,405 \$7,123
(no spouse)
Rates Payable
Basic Rates \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15
10 Years or \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75
Age 65
If Entitled \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45
to A/A
If Entitled \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00
to HB
------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Total 7.4% 3.5% 3.5% 3.1% 1.3% 4.2% 4.0% 4.7% 5.4% 3.7% 3.0% 2.6%
Dep. COL COL COL COL COL COL COL COL COL COL COL COL
Code 6/1/82 12/1/83 12/1/84 12/1/85 12/1/86 12/1/87 12/1/88 12/1/89 12/1/90 12/1/91 12/1/92 12/1/93
Income Limits
00 Unmarried \$5,304 \$5,490 \$5,683 \$5,860 \$5,937 \$6,187 \$6,435 \$6,738 \$7,102 \$7,365 \$7,586 \$7,784
Veterans
10 Veteran and
Spouse or
81 Minor Child \$7,651 \$7,919 \$8,197 \$8,452 \$8,562 \$8,922 \$9,279 \$9,716 \$10,241 \$10,620 \$10,939 \$11,224
(no spouse)
Rates Payable
Basic Rates \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15
10 Years or \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75
Age 65
If Entitled \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45
to A/A
If Entitled \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00
to HB
------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------ ---------- -- ---- -- -----------
Total 2.8% 2.6% 2.9% 2.1% 1.3% 2.4% 3.5% 2.6% 1.4%
Dep. COL COL COL COL COL COL COL COL COL
12/1/94 12/1/95 12/1/96 12/1/97 12/1/98 12/1/99 12/1/00 12/1/01 12/1/02 Note: See
M21-1,
Income Limits App. B,
page VII-2
00 Unmarried \$8,002 \$8,211 \$8,450 \$8,628 \$8,741 \$8,951 \$9,265 \$9,516 \$9,650 for Service
Veterans Pension
10 Veteran and rates.
Spouse or
81 Minor Child \$11,539 \$11,840 \$12,184 \$12,440 \$12,602 \$12,905 \$13,357 \$13,719 \$13,912
(no spouse)
Rates Payable \* Initial
A&A grant
Basic Rates \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 \$66.15 by P.L.
149-82
10 Years or \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 \$78.75 effective
Age 65 11/1/51
If Entitled \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45 \$135.45
to A/A
If Entitled \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00 \$100.00
to HB
------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------ ---------- -- ---- -- -----------
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
Change 46
**BURIAL, PLOT AND HEADSTONE/MARKER BENEFITS**
Historical and Current
------------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
10/1/80 10/1/81 10/1/82 10/1/83 10/1/84 10/1/85 10/1/86 10/1/87 10/1/88 10/1/89 10/1/90 10/1/91
Headstone/Marker
PL 95-476 \$59 \$63 \$67 \$68 \$70 \$71 \$71 \$76 \$80 \$85 \$85 \$97
10/1/92 10/1/93 10/1/94 10/1/95 10/1/96 10/1/97 10/1/98 10/1/99 10/1/00 10/1/01 10/1/02
Headstone/Marker
PL 95-476 \$96 \$98 \$100 \$101 \$96 \$109 \$96 \$90 \$94 \$109 \$101
------------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
----------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
PL PL 73-2 PL 79-796 PL 79-529 PL 85-674 PL 93-43 PL 95-479 PL PL
68-242 100-322 107-103
6/7/24 3/31/33 10/5/40 7/24/46 8/18/58 6/18/73 10/1/78 4/1/88 12/1/01
SC BURIAL \$100 \$75 \$100 \$150 \$250 \$800 \$1,100 \$1,500 \$2,000
NSC BURIAL \$100 \$75 \$100 \$150 \$250 \$250 \$300 \$300 \$300
PLOT \$150 \$150 \$150 \$300
ALLOWANCE
STATE
CEMETERY
PLOT \$150 \$150 \$300
ALLOWANCE
----------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
Note 1: The P.L. 107-103 service-connected burial rate applies in cases
where death occurred on or after 9/11/01.
Note 2: The headstone/marker allowance is payable only if the veteran
died between 10/18/78 and 11/1/90. The rate payable is determined by
when the headstone/marker was purchased For example, the rate payable
would be \$98 if the veteran died on 7/1/85 and the headstone/marker was
purchased on 9/29/94.
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
Change 46
**SPINA BIFIDA BENEFITS**
**(38 U.S.C. Chapter 18)**
-------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
**Effective **Level I Monthly **Level II Monthly **Level III
Date** Rate** Rate** Monthly Rate**
10/01/97 \$200 \$700 \$1,200
12/01/97 \$205 \$715 \$1,226
12/01/98 \$208 \$725 \$1,242
12/01/99 \$213 \$743 \$1,272
12/01/00 \$221 \$770 \$1,317
12/01/01 \$228 \$792 \$1,354
12/01/02 \$232 \$804 \$1,373
-------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
September 25, 2003 M21-1, Part 1
Change 46
**Children of Women Vietnam Veterans Born with Certain Birth Defects**
**(Sec. 401 of Public Law 106-419)**
-------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- --------------
**Effective **Level I **Level II **Level III **Level IV
Date** Monthly Rate** Monthly Monthly Rate** Monthly Rate**
Rate**
12/1/01 \$100 \$228 \$792 \$1,354
12/1/02 \$105 \$232 \$804 \$1,373
-------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- --------------
| en |
converted_docs | 246626 | 1\. Tech Center participates in 2006 Atlantic City Air Show
By Mike Greco and Janet Kinsell
On August 23, the Technical Center participated in the 2006 Atlantic
City Air Show.
With an estimated attendance of more than 600,000 fans, the show opened
with a rendition of the Star Spangled Banner sung by 13 year-old
Galloway resident, **Morgan Kirner**. The beach crowd rose to their feet
and boardwalk strollers stopped on a dime as Morgan's impressive voice
serenaded U.S. Army **Corporal Josh Coleman**, who parachuted in with
the American Flag flowing from his back. "How could anyone NOT be proud
to be an American," exclaimed **Marcus Forner** from Philadelphia. After
a thunderous applause, radio personality **Pinky Kravitz** announced
additional U.S. Army sky jumpers and the first of several flyby
aircraft, a USAF KC-135 and F-16 provided by our own Air National Guard
177th Fighter Wing.
The Tech Center's Flight Program operated two aircraft at the airshow -
the Boeing 727 and Bombardier Global 5000 large business jet**. John
Wiley**, Managing Director of the Integrated Engineering Services Group,
proudly took the microphone stating, "The Technical Center features a
fleet of 7 test aircraft. These "flying laboratories" support the FAA's
research and development flight program. Today you are viewing the
Boeing 727, which will soon be retired after over 35 years of service
AND its replacement, the advanced Global 5000 large business jet, the
"star" of the Center's fleet. The pilots flying the Boeing 727 are
**John Geyser, Dan Dellmyer**, and flight engineer **John Tatham**.
**Lorry Faber** and **Mark Ehrhart** are flying the Global 5000."
The Tech Center also had an information booth at the air show.
Volunteers distributed extensive material about the Tech Center to
viewers, who showed a lot of interest in the work of the FAA.
Blue Angels visit the Tech Center
Prior to the event, the Tech Center provided critical support to the
world famous U.S. Navy Blue Angels precision flying team in the FAA
aircraft hangar and in the ramp area. Center personnel from operations
and the flight program provided ramp parking, ground control traffic, a
pilot briefing room, communications and operational support for the Blue
Angel team, as well as several other aircraft participating in the show.
The Blue Angels team involved consisted of 65 airmen, seven F-18 Hornet
fighters and "Fat Albert," a C-130 support and demonstration airplane.
Center employees found the Blue Angels to be professional, courteous,
and genuinely appreciative of the support provided. This effort remains
a great example of cooperation and professionalism amongst government
agencies while supporting an aviation promotional event for the public.
The Blue Angels showed appreciation to Center employees and contractors
by handing out numerous posters, stickers and brochures to the many
people who made their way over to wave to the team as they departed the
FAA ramp. Several media flights also launched from our ramp, including
TV's **Anne Marie Green** (Channel 3) and **Matt O\'Donnell** (Channel
6), plus actor **James Franco,** who stars in the upcoming aviation
movie \"Flyboy's." Each took flights in the Blue Angels #7 aircraft; a
2-person plane with built in audio and video equipment that provides 3
different views and an instant DVD of the flight to each passenger upon
completion of their flight.
Congratulations to all who were involved in producing and supporting
this wonderful event.
\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
2\. Fire Safety Aboard Aircraft
By Barbara Harris-Para
Editor's Note: A little background on the Tech Center's fire safety
group: There are 24 people that do extensive testing, research and
development in six devoted facilities and three fully operational
aircraft (Boeing 747, 737 and 727). The group is the premier laboratory
in the world for aircraft fire safety issues. They can respond quickly
to practically any aircraft fire safety concern because of their
expertise and in-house testing capabilities. As a unique example, Gus
Sarkos spoke of a past situation that required immediate attention
during the buildup of armaments and supplies during Desert Shield.
Stripped of their seats, civilian airliners were being loaded with
weapons and supplies atop plywood sheathing and flown to the Middle
East. The Associate Administrator for Regulation and Certification
contacted Gus for help after concerns were raised regarding the
flammability of the plywood. On the same day as the request, when the
staff went out for lunch they purchased treated and non-treated plywood
sheets. A series of tests were conducted in the afternoon that
demonstrated clearly that the use of treated plywood would provide the
necessary safety protection. The results were communicated to AVR-1 who
passed on the information to the appropriate authorities, allowing the
buildup to continue unimpeded with the knowledge that the fire safety
risks were minimal. In addition to a quick note to the Administrator
complementing the responsiveness of the fire safety crew, those involved
were given a special award for their "outstanding contribution to the
FAA mission in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm".
Have you ever taken notice of how many rows there are between you and
the emergency exits on an aircraft, or listened carefully to the flight
attendants' safety briefing? After speaking with Gus Sarkos, Manager of
the William J. Hughes Technical Center's Fire Safety Branch, and
Engineer Steve Summer, I will be listening to them, as well as spreading
the word about onboard aircraft fire safety.
Steve Summer has recently completed research here at the Center on the
fire safety implications of pre-packaged self--heating meals (MREs)
designed for military use. They have been marketed right here in NJ,
saying they are safe for use in camping, homes, on the road and possibly
in aircraft, but Steve sees a different scenario through tests performed
in his laboratory.
Steve's research began with the basic contents of the packaged meal. The
food was fine, but what was the means to accelerate the heating process?
Well, it was a combination of saltwater and a magnesium-iron mixture.
The chemical reaction between the two generated heat that reached
temperatures of up to 215 degrees Fahrenheit, as well as hydrogen gas as
an unwelcome by-product. We all remember the Hindenburg, the
hydrogen-filled German lighter-than-air ship that came to its demise in
Lakehurst, NJ during a very charged atmosphere of thunderstorms with
lightning. The known flammability hazards of hydrogen, punctuated by the
Hindenburg tragedy, made Steve take notice.
First, he began with one meal and a continuous ignition source. Then he
added a few more meals in their test tank. When they ignited there was
at least 8 times the amount of hydrogen at that point then when he
began.
Steve said that one of the factors he considered is that water
accelerates the process. That rules out water for fighting a fire that
involves these meals, and if the magnesium starts burning there may be
very little that can be done to douse the flames. He pointed out that a
major fire occurred on a pallet loaded with MREs, fortunately, before
being loaded aboard a navy ship. It is suspected that the elevated
hydrogen levels within the packages contributed to the fire intensity.
I asked both Steve and Gus how they determine what they are going to
test. Their work is entirely driven by their customer, the Associate
Administrator for Aviation Safety, whose organization is basically
responsible for aircraft certification and operational safety. An
involved prioritization process identifies those customer requirements
that will be addressed within the available budget constraints, not just
for fire safety, but also for the entire Aircraft Safety R&D program.
Some of the R&D activities are cooperative ventures with aircraft
manufacturers such as Boeing or Airbus, foreign airworthiness
authorities, NASA, other government agencies, etc. Over the past 28
years, the Fire Safety Branch has also supported the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation of large transport
aircraft fires, which is coordinated by the FAA's Office of Accident
Investigation.
Gus mentioned that much of the premier testing information they produce
can be found on their website, at
[www.fire.tc.faa.gov](http://www.fire.tc.faa.gov/). The website contains
the proceedings of two international working groups, chaired and
administered by the Fire Safety Branch, each of which meet three times a
year, to provide a forum for cooperation and coordination on fire safety
R&D. Planning is also underway on a major triennial international
conference on cabin safety, which usually draws 400-500 attendees, which
will be held in Atlantic City in the fall of 2007.
Gus feels that the Tech Center has the world's leading experts on
aircraft fire safety. In addition, a well-known professor from the
University of Maryland will be doing his sabbatical leave here early
next year. He will collaborate with the fire safety folks to study the
flammability of epoxy/graphite composites, of the type that will be used
for the fuselage and wing structure in the new Boeing 787 aircraft. He
will be working side-by-side with folks like Steve, Dick Hill, and Dr.
Rich Lyon, just to name a few.
Another important study that was recently completed here at the Tech
Center was examining methodologies to protect aircraft from accidental
fuel tank explosions using inert gases. Steve was responsible for
studying the flammability of fuel tanks and, in particular, determining
the concentration of oxygen that would prevent an explosion. Gus
mentioned that because Steve's work had such a critical effect on the
design of the inerting system developed here, a well-known professor
from Cal Tech was tasked by Boeing with validating his findings. In the
end, his work withstood the scrutiny of the professor. Boeing built
their own inerting system essentially using the FAA design, and the
first system was installed in a Boeing airplane last year.
Gus elaborated on future activities to improve aircraft fire safety. The
Fire Safety Branch will continue to work on hidden in-flight fires by
developing tougher flammability standards for all materials in hidden
areas and by improving firefighting tactics. Work will also continue on
structural composite flammability issues. Fire protection against
shipment of hazardous materials is a growing concern. They have done
work on lithium batteries, which were in the news recently with a
nation-wide recall of lap tap batteries. The UPS fire in Philadelphia a
few months ago had implications as to the severity of that problem.
Next-generation batteries may be fuel cells posing another series of
problems in air travel. Halon is the agent used today for fire
suppression. It is not being manufactured any longer due to
environmental issues, so they are testing replacement agents to make
sure they are effective. Work will also continue on long range research
on ultra-fire resistant materials. So, the folks who work in the Fire
Safety Branch have their hands full with new and better approaches to
both old and new problems facing aviation.
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3\. ATCA/FAA/NASA Technical Symposium Held in Atlantic City
# By Barbara Harris-Para
The recent annual Air Traffic Control Association (ATCA) meeting in
Atlantic City began with a golf outing at the Marriott Seaview Hotel and
Resort. The golf enthusiasts managed to stay relatively dry despite the
inclement weather. Registration ran smoothly due to the excellent work
of the volunteers from both ATCA and the William J. Hughes Technical
Center. **U.S. Rep. Frank LoBiondo** was present for the welcoming
reception held on Monday evening. The following morning**, Wilson
Felder**, Director of the Technical Center, gave the keynote remarks
during the first of seven sessions discussing the Next Generation Air
Traffic System (NGATS). Some of the panelists that participated in this
discussion were **Bob Pearce**, Acting Director, Joint Planning and
Development Office (JPDO), FAA Air Traffic Organization (ATO); **Neil
Planzer**, Vice President for Strategy, Advanced Air Traffic Management
(ATM); Boeing Company; and **Jaiwon Shin**, Deputy Associate
Administrator, Office of Aeronautics, NASA.
Many Tech Center employees were able to participate in the exhibits free
of charge on Tuesday and Wednesday. Among the exhibitors were the FAA
Tech Center's Technology Transfer program, the FAA Academy, the FAA
Logistics Center, APPTIS, BARCO, Boeing, Hi-Tec Systems, L-3
Communications, NASA Airspace Systems, NICE Systems Inc., Panacea
Consulting, Inc., Sun Microsystems, Inc., Verizon Federal and others.
Session two dealt with "Defining NGATS" with **Jim Williams**, Director
of Systems Engineering, FAA Air Traffic Organization, as the moderator.
**Ed Waggoner**, Director, Enterprise Architecture, JPDO was the framer.
**Ken Arkind**, Engineering Fellow and NGATS Architect, Raytheon,
**Frank Frisbie**, APPTIS, and **Robert Jacobsen**, Director, Airspace
Systems, Crown Consulting, Inc. were the panelists for this discussion.
Expanding on the NGATS topic was session three on "NGATS Operational
Improvements Roadmap." It featured **Michael Harrison**, Aviation
Management Association and the editor of *The Journal of Air Traffic
Control*, Air Traffic Control Association. The framer for this session
was **John Scardina**, Director of Portfolio Management, FAA JPDO.
Panelists were: **Harry Swenson**, Principal Investigator for NASA's
Next Generation Air Transportation System ATM Airspace Project,
**Michael Wambsganss**, Chief Executive Officer, Metron Aviation, and
**Jim Williams**.
On Tuesday, two buses brought the ATCA participants to the Tech Center
for seven tracks of technical breakout sessions where technical papers
were presented. Participants noted that different technologies that are
being developed through partnerships between Government, industry and
academia were well received.
Session four dealt with "Network-Enabled Operations" with Gene Hayman,
Manager for Advanced Systems, Advanced Air Traffic Management, Boeing as
moderator. The panelists were Fred Gill, Vice President for
Transportations Solutions, Computer Science Corporation; John
Kefaliotis, Director, Business Development, FAA and Air Traffic Control
Programs, International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) Defense, and; Sid
Rudolph, Director, Aviation Solutions Architecture Lockheed Martin. The
framers were Mark Andrews, Weather Integrated Product Team (IPT) Lead,
JPDO and Col. David Rhodes, Shared Situational Awareness IPT Lead, JPDO.
Session five dealt with "Required Total System Performance and the
Safety Management System." **John Cavolowsky**, Deputy Program Manager
for Technical Integrations, Airspace Systems Program, NASA Ames Research
Center, was the moderator. Framers were **Kathy Abbott**, Agile
Integrated Product Team, JPDO and **Jay Pardee**, Safety IPT Lead, JPDO.
**Dr. Lisa Porter**, Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA was
the featured speaker at the luncheon held on Wednesday.
"Cooperative Surveillance and Dynamic Airspace" was the first session
after lunch, and featured **Gary Church**, President, Aviation
Management Associates as moderator. Framers for this session six were
**Doug Arbuckle**, Agile Air Traffic Management IPT, Lead JPDO, and
**Col. Allen "Al" Wickman**, Deputy Director for Airspace, Ranges and
Airfield Operations, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force. Panelists were
**Michael Ball**, Senior Customer Account Representative, Northrop
Grumman; **Nancy Kalinowski**, Director Systems Operations Airspace, FAA
ATO; **Randy Kenagy** Director of Advanced Technology, AOPA; and **Alex
Smith**, Chief Executive Officer, Rannoch Corporation.
The last session was a wrap-up discussing "Transformation -- Let's Go"
with **Neil Planzer**, Vice President Strategy, Advanced Air Traffic
Management, Boeing Company. Panelists were **Peter Challan**, Vice
President Civil Programs, Harris Corporation; **Gerald Thompson**,
Chairman, Jerry Thompson and Associates; **Marc Viggiano**, President
Air Traffic Systems, Sensis Corporation; and **Don Zarefoss**, Director
Of Aviation Strategy, Lockheed Martin.
The three-day symposium was very informative and provocative. It opened
one's mind to the need to think about being more aggressive in the
future design of our airspace, and to think about what the needs of
aviation will be and how we will cope with all the necessary changes. It
was clear that it takes more than one organization to get the entire job
completed; this must be a collaborative effort. As we found out during
the attacks on September 11, 2001, we were not prepared to share
information with all the components that use our airspace over the
United States, i.e. Military, Homeland Security, commercial and general
aviation, FAA, JPDO and Air Traffic Controllers.
The members of the Core Planning Team were **Rick Page, Carleen Genna,
Nelson Miller, Richard Coughlin, Bernice Benitez, Patty Naegele, Lana
Haug,** and **Barbara Harris-Para**. Along with the Core Team, the hosts
were very important to the overall success of the Technical Center
tours. The hosts were **Stephanie Bell, Jose Benitez, Amanda Petitt, Jan
Edwards, Melissa White, Jose Perez, Bessie Johnson, Pat McKernan,
Patrick Eigbe, Russ Smith, Bernice Merly, Linda Olivo, Dana Picorale,
Geraldine Desseaux, and Barbara Harris-Para**. Subject matter experts
also were employed during the conference, and they were **Don Marple,
Andy Colon, Nelson Miller** and **Rodney Guishard.** ATCA on-site
supporters were **Chinita Roundtree-Coleman** and **Jan Edwards** at the
Atlantic City Sheraton Hotel and Conference Center.
A multitude of presenters from the FAA, Tech Center, JPDO / Mitre, and
NASA made the conference successful, including **Robert Fietkiewicz,
Mike Petri, Anthony Stevens, Clifton Baldwin, Dr. Robert Esposito,
Jennifer Morris, Victor Wullschleger, Bill Wanner, William Benner, John
Frederick, Mike Paglione, Paul Jones, Michelle Hovan, Ed Johnson, Mark
Ballin, Dr. Bryan Barmore, Dr. Heinz Erzberger and Dr. Banavan Scidhar,
Richard Coppenberger, Thomas Graff** and **Joe Sherry.**
**Carleen Genna**, Lead, ATCA Technical Symposium, and **Rick Page**,
Technical Team Lead for Technical Discussions, ATCA Technical Symposium,
expressed appreciation for all the team members who were able to pull
together and enhance the image of the Technical Center in the eyes of
the aviation community. A special "thanks" also goes to **ART-Z
Graphics, Ginger Cairnes, Carol Hewitt, Annette Harrell, Carl Genna,
Teresa Lucchesi, Christine Brenner** and **Robert Williams** for being a
terrific support team!
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4\. Available Technologies: Inventions Made by Contractors and Grantees
By Deborah Germak
Government agencies have long been encouraged to promote the
commercialization of patentable results of federally funded research.
Inventions that are conceived or first actually reduced to practice in
the performance of the work under a Government agreement (contract,
grant, or cooperative agreement) are known as "subject inventions".
Under the patent provisions of Government funding agreements, recipients
must disclose each subject invention that they make to the Federal
agency and may elect to retain title to any patentable subject matter.
If the recipient retains title, the Government is granted a broad
license to use the invention for Government purposes throughout the
world. The recipient who retains title to the invention may exploit that
invention in the commercial market in any number of ways.
The FAA has identified approximately 60 active patents resulting from
FAA funded agreements. These patented technologies are available for use
by the Government, and its contractors, on a cost-free basis when used
for Government purposes. To peruse these technologies, please see the
following website:
<http://www.tc.faa.gov/technologytransfer/ttpatentsthru_grant.html>
FAA researchers are invited and encouraged to view these available
technologies when contemplating new research prospects to determine if a
technology is already available. The patent titles are hyperlinked to
the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office where you will be able to see the
complete patent abstract.
([Note]{.underline}: The contract and grant numbers are provided when
available. Some of these technologies were developed through funding by
the FAA's Aviation Security Research and Development Division when it
was part of this agency.)
This website will be modified with any new updates. If you have any
questions or comments about this issue, please contact **Deborah
Germak**, the agency's Technology Transfer Program Manager, at (609)
485-9862 or <deborah.germak@faa.gov>.
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5\. Aviation Enrichment Mini-Symposium 2006
By Ginger Cairnes
In the early morning hours of August 10, a sudden change of alerts from
"code yellow" to "code orange" caused security to tighten and created a
back up at the Tech Center's main gate. Children accompanying parents to
this long-awaited day grew anxious as to whether or not the annual
Aviation Enrichment Mini-Symposium (AEMS) would take place. Thanks to an
extremely efficient guard staff, the day's activities were delayed for
only about half an hour.
Mother Nature came through with "flying colors" in the weather
department, enabling attendees at the AEMS not only to enjoy events in
the atrium and various facilities, but also to enjoy the activities that
were held outside. Months of preparation were invested in order to
provide Center employees and their families an educational day about our
many projects, facilities, programs and research and development. Center
Director, **Dr. Wilson Felder**, welcomed the crowd in the atrium and
explained the events for the day.
The number of technical tables increased from previous years. Hands-on
activities enhanced that which was being demonstrated. Displays
included: Biometrics, Alternative Fuels Vehicles (transportation and
equipment used to cut costs and protect the environment), Airport and
Aircraft Safety research, Security, Fingerprinting, the Wright Brothers
and Air Traffic Control simulators, Weather, a Hot Air Balloon Basket,
static radio-controlled aircraft and simulator programs, an
electric-controlled aerobatic display (during lunch) and the FAA's High
Performance Research Vehicle with its 55-½ foot penetrating boom.
Tours included: the Target Generator Facility (TGF); an Air Traffic
Control Labs package (ETMS and STARS); research and development (FASTER
and the Wind Tunnel); a visit to the Air National Guard's 177^th^
Fighter Wing F-16s; the Tower/TRACON modeling & simulation building; the
ADS-B lab; the Federal Air Marshal shooting ranges; the Fire House; the
Ground Test Vehicle; the National Airport Pavement Test Machine; the
Free Flight Technology Lab; the U.S. Coast Guard Air-Ground Unit; and
the Egg Harbor Township K-9 unit.
Intensity was evidenced on the faces of the children who participated in
workshops where they created: 3-D Hot Air Balloon posters, Fuji Rockets,
wind socks, Planet Saturn Mobiles, posters of the planets that were
displayed according to their distance from the sun; and paper aircraft
that they were able to fly in competition.
Older children created flight plans and learned aviation and aerospace
trivia. They also learned weather concepts used in aviation and built
mini-wind socs. A computer graphics workshop helped teens learn how to
create websites using graphics and also included a discussion on
computer security "dos and don'ts".
During lunch, homemade ice cream that was served from a special
"chemical wagon" with a steaming, frosty silver bowl proved to be a big
attraction. Children also learned about aerodynamics while playing
parachute games and creating giant bubbles outdoors.
The outstanding success of this event can be credited to all who
assisted with the tours, workshops and displays as well as to the Tech
Center's Management Team, the 2006 AEMS Planning Committee, the NAFEC
Association, people who work on the Tech Center's security, maintenance,
bus driver and technical staffs, and anyone else who provided support
for this event. **Ginger Cairnes**, Aviation Enrichment Mini-Symposium
Chairperson, would like to thank all who contributed in any way to this
daylong event.
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6\. Helping Ensure Safe, Reliable Fuel for the General Aviation Fleet
By Stan Ciurczak
Editor's Note: William C. (Bill) Cavage was interviewed for this story,
and Dave Atwood was kind enough to review the first draft and make
comments. This writer wishes to thank Bill and Dave for all their time
and effort. I also would like to acknowledge some of the employees who
were responsible for the design of the "R&D" facilities at NAFEC: James
DeMaree, Wayne Howell, Eugene Klueg, Charles Middlesworth, William
Neese, Eldon Nicholas and John Sommers.
Located in a separate section of the Technical Center are ten buildings
that commonly are referred to as the "R&D" or research and development
area. Built in the early 1960s, these buildings were needed to continue
the aircraft safety work that was being done at the Civil Aeronautics
Administration's Technical Development Center (TDC) in Indianapolis when
that work was transferred to the FAA National Aviation Facilities
Experimental Center (NAFEC) in 1958. NAFEC was renamed the FAA Technical
Center in 1980. This article is about some interesting work that is
underway today in the FAA's unleaded fuels program in the R&D area.
Let me begin by quickly reviewing a little history. The 1990 Clean Air
Act Amendments banned the sale of leaded fuels, but provided an
exemption for aviation, marine, racing, and farm use. Low-lead aircraft
fuels are not banned. Unleaded Fuels Research program activities are
conducted in direct support of the FAA's intent to comply with the 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments. The Tech Center's Fuels Research Laboratory
was constructed and its Small Engine Test Facility was expanded in the
late 1990s in response to changes mandated by Congress and the
Environmental Protection Agency.
The work done at the Tech Center has been conducted for more than 15
years in cooperation with a group called the Coordinating Research
Council (CRC) Committee. The CRC addresses issues such as engine
detonation, engine performance, durability (engine and component life),
material compatibility volatility (vapor lock), storage stability, water
reaction, emissions and changes in fuel consumption.
The CRC established an Aviation Gasoline Committee, and two
subcommittees, to share research on replacing the current low-lead fuel
with an unleaded alternative. The subcommittees are the High Octane
Rating Aviation Gas (AvGas) and the Unleaded Avgas Development
Subcommittees. The thrust of these groups is to provide and share
research on unleaded fuels toward the replacement of the current leaded
aviation gasoline (100 LL). The Tech Center's **Dave Atwood** is vice
chairman of the Aviation Gasoline Committee.
As part of the high octane rating group, many years ago the Airport and
Aircraft Safety Research and Development Division at the Tech Center
octane rated four \"Worst Case\" piston spark-ignition aircraft engines
to determine what unleaded motor octane these engines actually required.
This data provided a starting point for petroleum and other companies to
determine what motor octane any new unleaded fuel would need in order to
satisfy the majority of the fleet. The Tech Center also tested low, mid
and high octane unleaded and leaded fuels of equivalent octane to
determine if the lead component has an effect beyond what the single
cylinder engine motor octane test can determine. It turned out that it
does.
These results were used to develop a matrix of unleaded fuel components
and a MON statistical model. Thirty unleaded blends were formulated and
then detonation tested in one of the worst-case engines and a report was
published. The results were used to develop a model to predict actual
engine knock performance based on fuel composition.
A new series of fuels is currently being formulated and 45 new unleaded
blends will be tested at the Tech Center.
The Tech Center has tested several proprietary unleaded fuel blends in
both engine knock and engine endurance tests. The tests were conducted
to study areas such as detonation, performance, vapor lock, wear, oil
dilution, deposit formation, startability, hot fuel, materials
compatibility and enrichment.
FAA researchers in the Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Program have actively
participated in an industry wide effort to develop an unleaded aviation
gasoline for spark ignition piston aircraft engines for more than a
decade. This effort is facilitated by the CRC High Octane Aviation Gas
Subcommittee, which identified the motor octane requirements of the then
current engine fleet as the initial fuel development target. The
subcommittee is comprised of aircraft user groups, engine manufacturers,
petroleum producers, specialty chemical companies, and a number of
laboratories, universities and regulatory agencies.
Tech Center testing has had several key benefits. For example, we
provided feedback to the engine and propeller directorate concerning the
development of an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
International specification protocol. The feedback guides applicants in
understanding what they would have to do to obtain or develop a fuel
specification in either ASTM or another specification body. While the
FAA neither regulates nor develops specifications for fuels, it would be
very difficult to certify an engine for operation on a fuel that does
not have an existing specification.
The Small Engine Test Facility does not develop fuels; it provides
independent research that is essential in the safe development of an
unleaded, high-octane fuel. Basically, there are three separate areas of
investigation in the FAA's unleaded fuels program. They all revolve
around facilitating the transparent and safe replacement of the current
leaded fuel being used by piston, spark ignition aviation gasoline
engines. The difficulty arises in that the cost of any new unleaded
replacement is expected to be pretty high relative to the motor octane
required.
Octane is the single most important characteristic of any new fuel
formulation. Engine and fuel tests have been conducted to validate the
octane requirement that is acceptable within the GA fleet. The Tech
Center's labs developed test procedures and performed tests on several
representative GA aircraft engines. This includes in-flight performance
verification tests using a modified FAA Aero Commander 680E airplane.
Using an experimental unleaded fuel and standard reference fuels,
initial octane rating fuel tests were conducted on four engines and
derivative models of the same engines. The tests were conducted to
determine minimum octane requirements for candidate unleaded fuel
formulations for oil companies participating in the CRC committee. The
Tech Center then evaluated these fuels through a series of performance
and safety-related engine piston tests.
In the late 1990s, the Tech Center continued working on development of
an unleaded aviation gasoline for use in the existing fleet of GA
aircraft with piston engines. Center employees validated ground-based
procedures for determining octane requirements for unleaded aviation
fuel, and initiated in-flight and ground evaluations of high-octane,
unleaded aviation gasoline formulas provided by industry.
Replacing the current leaded fuel requires testing in many different
areas, including performance issues, fuel specifications and material
compatibility. The Tech Center, an independent engine test facility with
extensive experience in testing piston aircraft engines, was tasked to
determine the octane ratings of four engines known to be the most
sensitive to octane ratings, because a fuel that met the octane
requirement of these engines would satisfy the octane requirement of the
overwhelming majority of the piston engine fleet.
With the support of the CRC aviation gasoline subcommittees, the Tech
Center's small engine test facility has had several important
accomplishments. Dave Atwood wrote and published two ASTM standard
practices:
1) ASTM D 6424, Standard Practice for Octane Rating Naturally Aspirated
Spark Ignition Aircraft Engines, and
2) ASTM D 6812 Standard Practice for Ground-Based Octane Rating
Procedures for Turbocharged / Supercharged Spark Ignition Aircraft
Engines. Included in these standard practices is the referee
numerical and sensing method that Atwood developed for the
quantification of engine cycle detonation intensity levels.
The CRC decided that a universal engine octane rating should be
developed, including knock detection and analyses methods. The Tech
Center was asked to develop a test procedure for the octane rating of
naturally aspirated aircraft engines in order to determine the minimum
motor octane so that knocking does not occur. FAA employees at the Tech
Center developed test parameters designed to simulate the most severe
engine conditions that would be experienced in flight. They then
developed a numerical analysis technique to quantify the combustion
instability of an individual cylinder pressure cycle, after reviewing
tens of thousands of cylinder pressure waveforms that were generated at
the Tech Center.
Future testing at the Tech Center's small-engine test facilities help
define the safety and performance of other critical in-service aircraft
engines that have not been tested with newer unleaded fuels, and to
develop other new or alternate fuels.
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7\. Update: Aviation Research and Technology Park
By Jay M. Fox
Plans continue for an Aviation Research and Technology Park (ARTP) to be
run by a private sector non-profit entity, but located on FAA Technical
Center Property. The goal is to create a premier state-of-the-art
facility that will provide national and international leadership for the
future of aviation, while delivering aviation technologies necessary to
the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NGATS), a major
intergovernmental and private sector initiative aimed at updating our
national air transportation system.
The proposed ARTP is currently the subject of a feasibility study funded
by Atlantic County, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority
(NJEDA), the Atlantic County Improvement Authority (ACIA), the Richard
E. Stockton College of New Jersey, and the South Jersey Economic
Development District (SJEDD). These partners, along with many others
including the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority (CRDA), Rutgers
University, and a consortium of Technical Center contractors, are
seeking to establish a world-class campus offering a national aviation
technology resource through a dynamic and innovative partnership between
government, industry, academia, and the southern New Jersey community.
The contract for the feasibility study was let by the ACIA to the
Philadelphia office of Wallace, Roberts & Todd (WRT), a national
regional planning and architectural firm. The completed study will
include a market assessment and analysis for the research park
(including an implementation plan), an environment assessment of the
proposed site, and a master plan and conceptual design for the project.
Apart from the global significance of an ARTP dedicated to NGATS
research is the need for another regional anchor for high technology
jobs. Recently, the Rutgers University's Bloustein School of Planning
and Public Policy released a report entitled *An Economy at Risk: The
Imperatives for a Science and Technology Policy for New Jersey*. That
paper sets forth the following:
- Globalization places knowledge-based industries under severe cost
imperatives, because
- Worldwide cost structures are significantly below U.S., and
- Knowledge-based services are mobile
- Knowledge-based economy is shifting from high-cost locations
(northeast) to lower-cost locations (sunbelt)
- Three of the highest paying sectors in New Jersey, information
services, financial activities, and professional and business
services, lost over 34,000 jobs between 2000 to 2005
- Generally, New Jersey is losing high-paying jobs and replacing them
with lower-paying jobs
The report concluded that New Jersey now faces its most uncertain
economic future since the Great Depression. That finding is a reason why
Governor Corzine's staff has taken a strong interest in the park.
Advocates for the ARTP have recently met with **Gary D. Rose**
, Chief, Governor's Office of Economic Growth, along with **Dr. Carl Van
Horn**, Chair of the New Jersey Economic Development Authority and a
professor at the Bloustein School.
On June 21, 2006, **U.S. Rep. LoBiondo** announced approval of \$250,000
in federal funding for the proposed Aviation Research and Technology
Park. The funding is to be used by Atlantic County for design and site
development.
"Plans for the park at the FAA Tech Center are clearly progressing,
which is great news for both Atlantic County and the aviation industry
at large," said LoBiondo. "I am pleased to secure this funding for the
proposed aviation park that will bring additional high-skilled jobs into
South Jersey and fuel innovation in the aviation technology sector. I
will continue to work with the FAA Tech Center, Stockton College, and
all vested parties to make this proposal a reality."
**Dr. Herman J. Saatkamp, Jr.**, President of Stockton College responded
by stating that the college was "appreciative of Congressman LoBiondo's
successful efforts to secure federal funding for the Aviation Research
and Technology Park. Congressman LoBiondo's commitment to the Park, in
which the college is a partner, will provide us with opportunities for
education, internships, and research far beyond that which is available
to other liberal arts colleges."
**Atlantic County Executive Dennis Levinson** also expressed his
gratitude for Congressman LoBiondo\'s support. "As a result of his
commitment, we are now closer to our goal of securing a state-of-the-art
aviation research and technology park that will serve to strengthen our
nation\'s evolving air transportation system."
On September 15, Stockton College will host an academic summit of
numerous universities and colleges in support of the ARTP. And with the
feasibility study to be completed this fall, even more activity is
anticipated as the ARTP takes flight from concept to creation.
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8\. Eastern Region Gives Out Safety Awards
By Barbara Harris-Para
Each year Eastern Region recognizes individuals who are contributing to
safe operations in general aviation. Two Tech Center employees received
awards at this year's ceremony: **Christopher Dumont** and **Barbara
Harris-Para**. Both have been Safety Counselors for the Philadelphia
Flight Standards Office for a number of years.
Chris, a flight instructor with the FAA Flying Club, also has done a
number of presentations on aircraft icing. Barbara instructs at
Hammonton Municipal Airport and has been a presenter at safety seminars
as well. Both Chris and Barbara helped create the Crew Resource
Management (CRM) video that was produced in conjunction with the Flight
Services District Office and Art-Z Graphics about a year ago.
Barbara and Chris have made a commitment to insure safety in general
aviation. They spend at least one evening each year renewing their
counselor status, along with numerous programs throughout the year at
several airports including the Tech Center.
A wonderful breakfast was provided before the ceremony and beautiful,
inscribed pen and pencil sets were presented to the award recipients.
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9\. Gus Sarkos Receives Rutgers Alumni Engineering Award
By Pete Castellano
**Constantine "Gus" Sarkos**, manager of the FAA's Fire Safety Sub-team
at the Technical Center, has won the 2006 Distinguished Engineer Award
from the Engineering Society of the Rutgers University Alumni. Sarkos
received this prestigious honor for his outstanding, long-time
contributions to improving fire safety in commercial and military
transport airplanes.
Sarkos leads the group that conducts the FAA's aircraft fire safety
research and development (R&D) program. They have been instrumental in
developing fire safety products and new test standards that have made
flying safer for the American public, and worldwide. These products have
saved many lives by providing additional time for passengers to exit a
plane safely, by slowing the fire and smoke that may follow a crash, and
by preventing accidents caused by in-flight fire.
Practically every fire safety improvement mandated by FAA over the past
20 years is a product of the fire safety R&D program. The most recent
examples of the group's innovative work have resulted in new, more
stringent fire test standards for thermal acoustic insulation; the
development of a simple, cost effective fuel tank inerting system, which
enabled the FAA to issue a notice of proposed rulemaking to prevent fuel
tank explosions; and the retrofit of the U.S. airline fleet with cargo
compartment fire detection/suppression systems -- a total of 3,400
aircraft were retrofitted.
Sarkos has authored more than 60 reports and papers related to aircraft
fire safety, and he has lectured on the subject at 75 technical
meetings. His outstanding work has earned him 31 awards, during his
36-year FAA career. These include the Distinguished Technical Center
Employee of the Year, the Department of Transportation Secretary's Award
for Meritorious Achievement, and induction into the U.S. Space
Foundation / NASA Hall of Fame.
Sarkos earned bachelors and masters degrees in mechanical engineering
from Rutgers University.
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10\. The 2006 "Ride Your Bike to Work Day" event was held on May 31,
2006. Participants met in the parking lot at the Wawa on Airport Circle
before proceeding down Amelia Earhart Boulevard and through the Main
Gate into the Technical Center.
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11\. Technical Center Hosts Top Chinese Aviation Officials
By Ginger Cairnes
*Editor's Note: The FAA's administrator, Marion C. Blakey, and the FAA
Air Traffic Organization's chief executive officer, Dr. Russ Chew, gave
speeches on September 18, 2006 at the U.S.-China Aviation Summit. The
speeches were titled "Xieshou Binjiin -- Walk Together Hand in Hand" and
"Meeting the Challenge of Growth." They cover a number of important
topics, including the creation (April 2006) of a Joint Next Generation
Air Transportation System Steering Group by the U.S. and China. You can
access the Administrator's speech at:
<http://www.faa.gov/news/speeches/news_story.cfm?newsId=7393> and Dr.
Chew's speech at:
<http://www.faa.gov/news/speeches/news_story.cfm?newsId=7390>*
A delegation of officials from the Civil Aviation Authority of China's
(CAAC) Center of Aviation Safety Technology recently kicked off a trip
to the U.S. with a visit to the Technical Center. The eight key aviation
executives spent three days at the Technical Center, from August 21-23,
gaining knowledge for a feasibility study to learn about: the business
operation of the Technical Center and how it establishes and implements
its research and development programs; the Tech Center's experiences in
laboratory construction; how the Tech Center has upgraded safety,
research and testing abilities in several existing areas, as well as in
new arenas.
The Chinese aviation officials delved into issues, such as: how new
laboratories can help solve safety problems facing the Chinese CAAC; how
the FAA analyzes and determines the need for creating and maintaining
its testing labs; and who would be best able to share information on
funding and building space requirements with the authority, from our
past program experience.
The first day at the Tech Center included: operations and maintenance
discussions; budget issues; air traffic programs; laboratory visits;
future communications; and ongoing work in minimum separation standards.
Day two focused on airport and aircraft safety research and development
and transportation security briefings. Day three covered: Tower/TRACON
modeling and simulation; human factors staffing, future workstations and
virtual reality; navigation (WAAS/LAAS); and the Tech Center's "flying
fleet" of test aircraft.
The CAAC Center of Aviation Safety Technology attendees included: **Xie
Zinan**, deputy chief engineer; **Dinghao Shi**, director general;
**Hongyu Yao**, senior engineer; **Liping Chen**, captain; **Baoshu
Liu**, official, general administration; **Yanfeng Mao**, official,
general administration; **Jun Zeng,** official, general administration;
and **Ying Liu**, interpreter.
After its three-day Technical Center visit, the group also planned to
spend time in Washington, DC, with the National Transportation Safety
Board. Then, it was off to Oklahoma City's Mike Monroney Aeronautical
Center and Civil Aerospace Medical Institute to learn about their work
in: human factors, aircraft and airmen information, standards
development for pilot and aircraft performance, flight procedures, and
automated systems development and support.
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12\. Capacity Modeling and Analysis Group Hosts Capacity Seminar and
Workshop
By Helen Monk
Over the past 30 years, the Capacity Modeling and Analysis Group at the
Technical Center has developed, tested and applied fast-time simulation
models to evaluate potential airport capacity improvements in response
to the FAA System Capacity, Planning and Improvement Program. The
results of these evaluations provide the technically sound quantitative
data that is essential to informed decision making at all levels of the
FAA and its Air Traffic Organization. The group has more than 150 years
of collective experience investigating various capacity improvement
options at almost every major and medium airport in the U.S., and a
number of foreign airports.
Since May 1999, the Capacity Modeling and Analysis Group has conducted
three capacity seminars and workshops. They are intended to help airport
planners in the regions operate more effectively as informed
participants and chairpersons of joint government/industry Airport
Capacity Enhancement Design Teams. An early participant is now a program
manager in the Office of Airport Planning and Programming and works very
closely with the Center's Capacity Group.
The latest seminar, conducted in May 2006 at the Tech Center, was
initiated by a request from **Steve Urlass** and **Sharon Glasgow**,
Office of Airport Planning and Programming, National Planning Division.
Eleven airport planners from six regions and headquarters attended the
3-day session. The topics included capacity analysis, \"rule of thumb"
techniques, analytical tools and models, fast-time simulation models,
and approaches used for a quick airport analysis.
**Helen Monk** led the Center's team in the conduct of this most recent
seminar. Other presenters included **Jennifer Morris** and **Joe
Richie**, with assistance from **Gary Renauro** and **Dan Penrith**.
**Emily Guerrios, Ji'on Brown, John Zinna, Doug Frye, Cassandra Miller,
Andy Lamb** and **Jan Cobb** provided assistance in preparing for the
seminar.
The participants agreed the seminar was successful in accomplishing its
objectives. Their feedback indicated the discussions were informative,
useful, and practical. They believed the seminar would help them be
proactive and allow them to make better planning and financial
decisions.
To underscore the success of the seminars, the Capacity Modeling and
Analysis Group has received requests from FAA regional planners for
another seminar later this year, as well as one-day seminars in the
regional offices. The need for increased airport capacity, a frequent
topic in the news and an important issue in the aviation community, has
contributed to the requests for additional capacity seminars.
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13\. Employee Profile: Lourdes Sanabria -- An Inspiration To Us All
By Suzanne Mejia and Carmen DiGiacomo Jr.
Earlier this year, **Lourdes Sanabria** stepped out of an elevator and
walked to her desk at the South Florida Flight Standards District
Office. Now, you may be saying, \"So, what is the big deal?\" Well, for
those that know Lourdes and her history, this event brought tears to
their eyes.
The FAA hired Lourdes Sanabria in November 1998 as an Aviation Clerk in
the Miami Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). The 23-year old was
attending college and supporting her widowed mother. She was the proud
holder of a private pilot certificate with an instrument rating and was
about to take a check ride for her commercial pilot rating. She dreamed
of someday being an airline pilot.
Then, just six months later, on April 8, 1999, while Lourdes was stopped
at a red light in her car, a drag-racing drunk driver slammed into the
driver side of Lourdes' car. He fled the scene, but later was
apprehended by police.
Lourdes was taken by helicopter to the Ryder trauma unit. She was in a
coma and had severe injuries with multiple fractures on the left side of
her head.
Her road to recovery has been a tough one. The coma lasted for three
months. When Lourdes came out of the coma she could not breathe on her
own. She could not eat or talk, and she barely could move. She had to
learn to do these things all over again.
Almost two years later, on March 21, 2001, Lourdes returned to work in a
wheelchair. Although she only worked four hours a day, three days a
week, Lourdes was able to receive a full paycheck, thanks to the
hundreds of hours donated to her through the Voluntary Leave Transfer
Program.
Last year Lourdes began working full-time. She has full use of her left
arm and some use of her right. Her legs are strong, but her equilibrium
is off, so she will fall backwards when she stands if she does not have
support. Her speech is improving and the doctors are still working with
her on new techniques to make it even better.
Although her dream to be a commercial pilot was wiped out by her head
injury, her spirits are still high. She comes into work each day ready
for a new challenge. On this special day the challenge was walking to
her cubicle. The father of another young lady who also was injured in a
car accident created a special walker that allows Lourdes to stand and
walk without falling over. She still needs help getting to a standing or
sitting position, but this device gives her much more mobility and
allows her to exercise her legs.
Lourdes continues to inspire us on a daily basis. She always has a smile
on her face and is ready to tackle any task she is given. She stands as
an example of determination to overcome adversity and a willingness to
enjoy the life she has been given.
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14\. Tech Center Welcomes Federal Security Officers
By Ginger Cairnes
What started out as a recent welcome and familiarization tour at the
Tech Center for **Ron Faccipont**, the newly named Federal Security
Director at Atlantic City International Airport (ACY), and **John
Anderson**, ACY Regulatory Inspector, grew by leaps and bounds to
include other Federal Security Directors, Screening Managers, Regulatory
Inspectors, Law Enforcement personnel and inspectors from Harrisburg
International, LaGuardia, JFK and Newark Liberty Airports.
Other attendees included **Michael Elliott, Steve Brock, Douglas
Hofsass, John Marigliano, Frank Fiumano, Paul Bostic, Donald Basso, Mike
Torres, Pat Boyle, John Pellegritti, Maria Volpe, Michael Aberijon** and
**Dale Mason**.
They toured a number of areas including the Federal Air Marshals,
Information Security, the Transportation Security Laboratories, Standard
Terminal Arrival Replacement System (STARS), Weather and Radar Processor
System (WARP), Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS), and
Tower/TRACON Modeling and Simulation.
Many members of the group said they plan to return to the Tech Center to
explore more airport security and screening issues and to visit the
Full-Scale Fire Test Facility.
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15\. Holly Cyrus Receives an MBA from Capella University
By Terry Kraus
**Holly Cyrus** of the Technical Center's Airport Technology Research
and Development Branch recently graduated with a Master of Business
Administration (MBA) degree from Capella University. She had a 4.0 grade
point average and serves as an ambassador for Capella University.
The graduation event was held in the Heritage Forum (Anaheim, CA) and
featured **Wally Amos**, the founder of Famous Amos Cookies, as the
keynote speaker. For those who could not attend in person, Capella
broadcast the event live via a web cast. More than 230 Bachelor\'s,
Master\'s, and Ph.D. degrees were presented during the ceremony.
Founded in 1993, Capella University is an accredited online university
that currently serves more than 14,500 enrolled learners from all 50
states and 63 countries.
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16\. IRAC Retreat Held at the Technical Center
By Paul Dever
The FAA's Spectrum Testing and Engineering Analysis Office at the
Technical Center recently hosted an Interdepartmental Radio Advisory
Committee (IRAC) Retreat. The retreat was held in the Tech Center's
Central Viewing Area (CVA) in the Red Brick Building.
Participants included representatives from DOT, NASA, the National
Science Foundation, the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA). and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
There also were representatives from the U.S. Departments of Commerce,
Homeland Security, Interior, Justice, Agriculture, Energy, State and
Veterans Affairs; plus the U.S. Air Force, Coast Guard and Navy.
The purpose of IRAC is to advise NTIA in matters of developing and
executing policies, programs, procedures and technical criteria
pertaining to the use of government spectrum. NTIA is a government
organization that was charted by the Communications Act of 1934.
In addition to the private IRAC meetings, FAA personnel contributed:
1. Introductions **(Wilson Felder, John Wiley and Paul Dever)**
2. WJHTC Spectrum Engineering Presentation (Paul Dever)
3. VHF/UHF Radio Testing and Mobile RFI Detection Presentation **(Ed
Coleman)**
4. WJHTC Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CD)
5. Interference Monitoring Detection System (IMDS) and National
Operations Control Center (NOCC) Presentations (**James Aviles**)
6. Demonstrations at Building #176 (RCAG)
- Radio Parameters (Ed Coleman)
- RFI Tahoe 4WD **(Rich Dunklee)**
- Ultra Wide Band and RFI Resolution **(Marty Badinelli and Kiem
Hoang)**
7. WJHTC Facilities Tour **(Ginger Cairnes** and **Barbara Harris
Para)**
A special thanks goes to **Richard Morton** for coordinating security
and obtaining badges, directions and transportation for the various IRAC
government visitors.
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17\. Pride in What We Do: Tech Center Achievements in the News
By Stan Ciurczak
Ongoing project work at the Technical Center has been widely reported in
the media and in professional journals of late. Naturally any one of us
would feel a sense of personal pride if our work were published. Stories
about the Tech Center help inform taxpayers and the aviation industry
about the ongoing work of the FAA. But I'd like to think they also serve
another purpose, which is to make each of us proud to work here.
I believe that pride in what we do is an important element that should
define each and every person who works here. I hope that seeing stories
in print, or on TV, about the work that is being done at the Tech Center
will inspire pride in each of us (current and former Tech Center
employees alike) in the work that has gone on here for almost 50 years
in the service of the FAA and the flying public.
Here are a few examples of stories I became aware of, through various
FAA reports, in the past few months. I'm sure there are others that I
missed, but I hope that these examples will make you proud to be here
like I am.
**Dave Atwood**, an aerospace engineer in the FAA\'s unleaded fuel
program, based at the Technical Center, wrote an article that was
published in a special \"Global Aviation Fuel\" supplement to the June
issue of *International Airport Review*. Atwood\'s article gave an
update of the FAA\'s research into alternate general aviation fuels, and
the agency\'s initiative to bring industry, academia, and the aviation
community together in this effort.
The *Philadelphia Inquirer* recently ran a front-page story about a
joint FAA / Drexel University fellowship program in aging aircraft
research. The writer recently visited the Tech Center's panel test
facility (the full-scale aircraft structural test, evaluation and
research facility known as FASTER) and was given an overview by **Dr.
John Bakuckas**, the FASTER test lead. The writer, who had previously
visited Drexel University and spoken with university faculty who are
involved in the fellowship program, met with **Rob Pappas**, the FAA's
aging aircraft research program manager here at the Tech Center, about
the overall aging aircraft research program.
**Bob Grupe** of *Air Safety Week* interviewed **Dr.** **William Gale**,
Auburn University professor and executive director of the FAA's Center
of Excellence for Airliner Cabin Environment Research (ACER), about the
overall research being conducted by the center. Some key projects funded
by the FAA include ozone in passenger cabins, exposure and risks of
pesticides on-board aircraft, new cabin pressure effects, incidents,
contaminant transport, sensors and decontamination. A front-page story
ran on June 26.
The Technical Center received coverage from NJ Network (NJN) News and
the Atlantic City NBC affiliate on a technology symposium that was
hosted by the Tech Center. The Mid-Atlantic and Aviation Technologies
Expo, sponsored by the NJ Technology Council, featured exhibits,
technical paper presentations, tours and a debate on the top 10
technology trends for the future. NJN's science and technology reporter
interviewed **Deborah Germak**, FAA Technology Transfer Program Manager,
and **Dr. Richard Lyon**, Operations Planning Research and Development
Fire Research Program Manager. Both discussed the importance of tech
transfer in advancing new technologies and patenting new products.
Lyon's patented microscale combustion calorimeter is now being produced
commercially.
Wayne Rash, of *E-Week* magazine, recently interviewed FAA fire safety
expert, **Richard (Dick) Hill,** about battery testing that has been
conducted in the Tech Center's fire safety laboratories. The FAA has
been testing the flammability of bulk-stored batteries in the cargo hold
at the Tech Center. **Dick Hill** also did an on-camera interview with a
crew from Cineflix Productions, Inc., a Montreal-based company that is
producing a documentary about the 1983 Air Canada 797 accident. Dick,
who worked as an investigator for the National Transportation Safety
Board in that accident investigation, discussed the many fire safety
improvements that have been developed and mandated since that accident,
and how that investigation broadened the FAA's fire safety emphasis to
embrace in-flight as well as post-crash fires.
**David Carlisle** of *Aviation Week & Space Technology* recently
interviewed FAA icing expert, **Jim Riley,** about tail plane icing
research conducted at the Tech Center. In addition, *Aerospace America*
magazine published an article by Operations Planning Research and
Development (R&D) safety researchers **Jim Riley** and **Warren
Underwood** titled, "Icing Research Heats Up" (May 2006). This article
details icing research being done by the FAA and other federal agencies
and laboratories.
Th*e Journal of Air Traffic Control* ran an article by Operations
Planning R&D experts **William Krebs, Glen Hewitt** and **Terry Kraus**
titled, "Building Towers that Meet Human Performance Needs" (April-May
2006.)
There was extensive coverage in the Atlantic City and Philadelphia
media, in August, of this year's Atlantic City Airshow, including the
fact that the Tech Center played host to the Blue Angels and other
specialty aircraft, on the FAA ramp, prior to the show. The media came
to the Tech Center press flights and to interview specialty pilots.
The Tech Center's advanced imaging group produced video footage of the
prototype fuel tank inerting system installed on the Center's B-747 SP
test aircraft. The footage was provided to many television stations,
serving as background material to augment their TWA 800 10-year
anniversary stories. The stations included CNN and several NY
metropolitan network affiliates and independent television stations. The
footage also was posted on the FAA's web site. Our imaging group also is
working with Story House Productions, a German-American production
company that produces the show "Wonderworld of Sciences," a science and
technology magazine show that airs on a major German television network
in Austria and Switzerland. The company wants to produce a segment on
research and testing that is conducted at the Tech Center.
By the way, you might want to let your colleagues know if you saw their
name in print. I bet that will make them smile -- and feel proud.
Questions or comments (humorous or otherwise) can be directed to:
<Stan.Ciurczak@faa.gov>
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18\. N40 Has Served Us Well
Dr. Wilson N. Felder
A bit of history was made recently when we had the last scheduled test
flight (at least for now) of the FAA's N40 aircraft. I was on that
flight along with the flight crew (**Keith Biehl, Mark Ehrhart** and
**John Tatham**), the flight briefer (**Armando Gaetano**), the flight
observers (**Mike Greco, Stan Pszczolkowski**) and the project engineers
(**MaryAnn Smith** and **Manuel Gonzalez**). The project objective was
to validate the Aircraft Geometric Height Monitoring Element (AGHME)
upgrades, for the Separations Standards Sub-team, by following a
specific route along certain points including Atlantic City, Barnegat,
Gibbsboro and Millville. AGHME is used to verify aircraft height for
Domestic Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (DRVSM).
N40 is a Boeing 727 that arrived at the National Aviation Facilities
Experimental Center (NAFEC) in 1978 from Eastern Airlines. A "used"
aircraft when we acquired it 38 years ago, this aircraft has been used
for project work on the Microwave Landing System (MLS), the Traffic
Alert Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), NTSB Wake Turbulence Studies
(WAKE), the Global Positioning System (GPS), Automatic Dependent
Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) and Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
(RVSM). Our capable pilots have flown it to Germany, Great Britain,
Korea, France, Brazil, Peru, Iceland, Italy and Thailand, among other
places, over the years. The N40 would have to be re-certified if it were
going to be used again for project work.
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19\. Tech Center's National Transportation Week Essay Contest
By Adam Greco
For the past decade, the Technical Center has been sponsoring an annual
essay contest in recognition of National Transportation Week, which is
celebrated each May. All middle schools in the five counties throughout
South Jersey were provided a transportation theme and students from
6^th^ through 8^th^ grades were invited to participate. The contest is
open to students who attend public schools, parochial schools and
charter schools, as well as home-schooled students.
Although the essay topics in the past several years have involved
aviation, this year's maritime theme addressed port security. The
contest winners are as follows:
8^th^ Grade **Morgan Cullers** Mullica Township **Mrs. Ottinger's
Class**
**Carly Chamberlain** Mullica Township Mrs. Ottinger's Class
7^th^ Grade **Matthew Houser** St. James/Ventnor **Mrs. Bruesehoff's
Class**
**Mary Given** St. James/Ventnor Mrs. Bruesehoff's Class
6^th^ Grade **Jessica Hannon** Lumberton Middle **Mrs. Carver's Class**
**Adam Greco** and **Barbara Harris-Para** are the program coordinators
for this activity. The program coordinators visit the winners at each
school and present a handsome, official plaque to the contest winners.
Many other Tech Center employees also participated in the program by
reading the students' essays, scoring them and determining the final
winners.
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20\. Tour of the Philadelphia Tower
By Adam Greco
A group of Technical Center employees consisting of summer interns,
Minority Serving Institution interns, Transportation Security
Administration fellows and Federal employees toured the Philadelphia Air
Traffic Control Tower in order to familiarize themselves with air
traffic procedures.
Philadelphia Tower is the second busiest tower on the east coast after
Atlanta Tower. It is bounded by several approach control facilities and
is astride two Air Route Traffic Control Centers. The visitors are first
introduced to the TRACON room where the radar controllers are directing
departing and arriving air traffic.
Their tour guide, **Carroll Jones**, Project Manager, explains the
procedures, methods and details of the radar room and the STARS
equipment to the visitors. Next, the visitors are brought up to the
Tower Cab where they enjoy a 360-degree, panoramic view of the airport
and surrounding area. At this vantage, the visitor can see the aircraft
departing, arriving and the ground movement of the various vehicles.
The tour, which is organized by **Adam Greco** on a periodic basis,
usually takes about 3 hours. The tour provides the employees with a
greater understanding of the mission of the agency and gives the visitor
a first hand perspective of a field operation.
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21\. Public Service Recognition Week
By Janet Kinsell
All employees of the FAA and other government agencies that are located
at the Tech Center were invited to participate in a celebration held in
the atrium. The Center Director, **Dr. Wilson Felder,** took to the
podium to honor public servants, both civilian and military, as part of
the national celebration of Public Service Recognition Week.
"This time is set aside to pay tribute to all of you who serve the
public. Public service requires a certain intensity of dedication and
commitment," Dr. Felder stated before the hundreds of employees who
gathered for the event. Leading those assembled through a recitation of
the pledge of allegiance, the new Center Director explained that the
pledge is evidence of dedication to duty. He then introduced **Zack
Williams**, who sang a moving rendition of the national anthem.
The director went on to say, "For the past 20 years, since 1985, the
first Monday through Sunday in May has been set aside to honor the men
and women who serve our nation as federal, state and local government
employees. Throughout the nation and around the world, this is a time to
educate people by highlighting the many ways our government serves the
people and makes our lives better. It is a time to thank all of you for
the wonderful work that you do."
He then stated that this is a difficult time for our country, the future
of aviation and the future of our nation overall. He shared with us that
he lives with this thought daily as his son is serving our country in
Afghanistan.
"To quote an excerpt from a letter written by **President George W.
Bush**," he said, "Public service is a high calling and an expression of
responsible citizenship. Our nation is deeply indebted to the men and
women who devote their lives to careers that serve the public good.
Throughout our country, public servants at all levels of government work
to improve our lives, advance prosperity and protect our homeland. Your
efforts reflect the best of the American Spirit." His appreciation
continued as he introduced the members of the Tech Center's Senior
Leadership Team, the Human Resources Management Division, Civil Aviation
Security, the 177^th^ Fighter Wing and the U.S. Coast Guard.
Loud applause erupted when the director recognized each Center employee
for his or her years of service, from "the just beginning employee" to
"the 15-plus year veteran." He commented, "the Technical Center must be
a really, really great place to work because the last recognized group
was the largest!"
Dr. Felder continued by saying that each employee contributes to the
accomplishment of the Center, citing the Advanced Technologies and
Oceanic Procedures (ATOP) program, those that configure the laboratories
for testing, the folks who work in procurement, to those that require
travel and other administrative support. "What you see now is the ATOP
team in a much broader view. It illustrates that we all make a
contribution to each program."
In closing, Dr. Felder invited everyone to give him suggestions for
improving the Center via a suggestion box that he had placed in the
atrium or by e-mail. He thanked those who put the ceremony together,
especially the NAFEC Association for funding the cake and punch, and the
Advanced Imaging Group for the video that we enjoyed. His concluding
comments were, "It is a great privilege to be here. You are special
people and this is a special place."
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22\. Acting Center Director Ron Esposito Retires
By Pete Castellano
On April 3, Acting Center Director **Ronald J. Esposito** retired from
the FAA, ending a long and distinguished Federal career. A retirement
dinner was held at Greate Bay Country Club on May 24, attended by more
than 150 of his family, friends and colleagues.
Ron completed his career as a civil servant with more than 34 years of
Federal service. Over 31 years were spent at the Technical Center, where
he held several senior management positions. He retired as the Acting
Director, FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center.
Before becoming Acting Director, Ron held the position of Senior
Corporate Officer at the Technical Center for two years. In this
position he served as the senior advisor to the Center Director, and was
responsible for oversight and integration of technical and
administrative functions. He represented the Center in matters with
officials of local, state and Federal agencies and provided leadership
for special projects. He recently served as the FAA lead on the
committee to advance the creation of an Aviation Research and Technology
Park at the Center.
Ron previously held the position of Managing Director of the Office of
Operations, Technology and Acquisitions (OTA) for three years. The OTA
organization combined all of the Center support services into one
organization for the purpose of providing seamless service to its
customers by utilizing the concept of one-stop-shopping. He was
responsible for managing the following organizations among others:
Information Technology, Finance, Facilities Services & Engineering,
Acquisition/Materiel & Grants, Advanced Imaging, Enterprise Security,
Travel & Meeting Management and the Service Liaison Office. He also
introduced the use of Service Level Agreements where common
expectations, improved communications and the use of metrics became
commonplace.
Prior to that, Ron was the Chief of Staff of the Technical Center and he
also served as the Service Director for Facilities Management where he
was responsible for buildings and grounds covering over 5,000 acres and
fully integrated state-of-the-art simulation and test labs that
accurately mirror the systems found in the National Airspace System. He
also served as Deputy Service Director for Resource Management, which
included all administrative services.
While he was the manager of the Financial Management Division his
organization was named both the FAA accounting office and budget office
of the year. He served as a Strategic Planning Officer and the Manager
of the Contracts Branch. As the Manager of the Information Resource
Branch, he led the effort to plan and implement the first large-scale
purchase of personal computers at the Technical Center. As a Budget
Analyst, he had the opportunity over time to work with every
appropriation and fiscal program at the Technical Center.
Ron also served as the lead for many special projects. He led the team
that designed the FAA's current performance-based core compensation
system and was the co-leader of the team that initiated door-to-door FAA
air shuttle operation from the Tech Center to FAA Headquarters,
resulting in annual savings of \$1 million to \$1.5 million. He also led
the teams that relocated activities of the Federal Air Marshals and the
U.S. Coast Guard to the Tech Center, where they both enjoy an
environment that is well suited for their respective missions. In 1999,
the FAA Administrator recognized him for his support of U.S. Vice
President Al Gore's "Reinventing Government" initiative.
During his career at the Center, Ron received numerous awards for his
management and leadership skills, including the Technical Center
Director's Award in 1997, the FAA's Ken Byram Memorial Award in 1999,
and, most recently, the FAA Distinguished Career Service Award upon his
retirement in 2006.
Prior to working for the FAA, Ron served as a Procurement Analyst for
the U.S. Navy from 1972 through 1975. He also is a veteran of the N.J.
Army National Guard.
Ron earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration and
Labor Relations from Rider University, and a Master of Business
Administration (MBA) degree from Monmouth College. He also is a graduate
of the Federal Executive Institute.
Ron was a Combined Federal Campaign team leader, at the Center, and has
been active in his community as an officer with the YMCA Indian Princess
/ Guides Organization, as an officer and a coach with the Folsom
Athletic Association, as a Commissioner of Parks for the Borough of
Folsom and as a member of the Saint Martin de Porres Charity
Organization. He also is a member of the Air Traffic Control Association
(ATCA)
Ron has been married for 31 years to **Roseann Esposito**, and has two
adult children, **Tracy** and **Tara**.
Ron is an extremely kind and personable guy, and will be missed by all
who had the pleasure of working with him. Always quick with a smile, I
will personally miss hearing his unmistakable laugh ringing out on the
fourth floor. If Ron was laughing, all was right with the world.
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23\. Atlantic County Institute of Technology's "Shadowing Day"
# By Barbara Harris-Para
**Adam Greco**, **Dana Whicker** (Titan) and I recently attended a
2-hour session at the Atlantic County Institute of Technology to
introduce the students in the freshman class to different occupations at
the Technical Center, and aviation in general.
Dana handed out a brochure titled "Why Become an Engineer," and talked
about her experiences throughout high school, college and the workplace.
In the brochure there were many website addresses for follow up by the
students.
Adam talked about his experiences as an air traffic controller" in the
New York area, and then his transition to South Jersey. He explained, to
the students, how they too could get a jump on their future careers by
starting now to explore the necessary items needed to become an air
traffic controller. He mentioned some of the leading colleges and
universities that offer courses to achieve this career.
I presented a PowerPoint presentation that I developed on "Aviation
Careers." I covered a variety of areas from pumping fuel, which requires
very little education, all the way through the training for airline
pilots. I explained there are many more occupations in aviation
including pilot, flight attendant and security management. The entire
experience was very worthwhile, because the students took away a better
understanding of aviation careers.
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# 24. Tech Center Supports Boston Runway Modernization Project
# Simulations save time, improve efficiency for new Boston runway
By Holly Baker
The Technical Center conducted innovative, invaluable simulations for
Boston air traffic personnel recently. The tests will result in immense
time savings and greatly enhanced efficiency in the use of Runway 32, a
new runway that is set to open on Thanksgiving Day at Boston Logan
International Airport.
Construction of Runway 32 on the southwest side of the airport began in
2003 and has been completed.
New operational procedures must be developed to ensure safe, orderly and
effective use of the new runway. These procedures include the
modification of traffic flows from the Boston TRACON that feed into the
airport.
The Center's Airway Facilities Tower Integration Laboratory (AFTIL)
served as the test bed for Boston air traffic controllers and managers
to conduct the required operational analysis and to test, verify and
validate the suitability of various proposed traffic spacing and
sequencing concepts.
The challenge was to try out different methods under assorted conditions
to see what worked and what did not, taking into special account the
interaction between the tower and the TRACON.
The AFTIL provides a 360-degree view from the tower and simulated
aircraft that enable a realistic, total immersion environment. Here, the
Boston controllers quickly "controlled" traffic and interacted with each
other and with the simulator pilots as though they were actually
controlling traffic in Boston. Varied weather, visibility and emergency
conditions were replicated, too.
Twelve different operational scenarios were run over three days to
determine the most efficient and safe operational configuration. The
tests were conducted in a short period of time and at a very low cost.
The simulations conducted at the AFTIL were so realistic and effective
that the controllers from Boston revised their planned spacing
configurations for Runway 32 operations. The configurations they
initially had thought would be best dropped to second choice after they
completed the tests. The controllers were delighted with the simplicity
of the new traffic flow, which they would not have believed possible
prior to the simulations. The simulations showed that this new, simple
flow would be safe and would maintain proper separation standards.
Boston tower management raved about the simulations, the capabilities of
the AFTIL and the importance of this effort to the safe, efficient use
of Runway 32.
"The use of the (AFTIL) simulator was invaluable to us," said **Bettina
Peronti**, Boston Logan air traffic control tower manager. "The
simulator was a tremendous help to us in conducting our safety risk
assessment and for developing procedures for the runway."
"We went in with a strong idea of what procedures would work for the
most efficient use of the runway, and that was based on many years of
air traffic control knowledge and experience. The end result was 180
degrees from what we initially had thought would work best. The
simulator enabled us to try different options to reach the optimum use
of the runway."
"Mr. Vaughan, Mr. Pallante and the rest of the AFTIL gang were nothing
short of ingenious when it came to the orchestration and execution of
envisioned goals for this facility," said **Gary Hufnagle**, facility
support manager. "The lab has shown us 'proof of concept' through
simulation, and is an invaluable tool for future requirements in data
gathering, procedural development, safety risk assessment and efficiency
of conceptual flow. The potential is endless; the price was right, too."
"Our time at the lab was one of the most rewarding experiences I've had
in my 26 years with the FAA," said Patricia Pilanen, support specialist
for training. "This lab can and should be used for safety risk
management, procedural development and training. It's capabilities and
full potential are yet to be realized. It was as if we were standing in
our own tower cab and working real traffic."
All three noted that they would not have come to the correct conclusion
as quickly as they did, if at all, without the use of the (AFTIL)
simulator. One cannot estimate how long it would have taken to recognize
the potential of operating the new runway to its peak potential -- it
could have taken years.
Kudos to the Technical Center tower/TRACON modeling simulation group
that completed this effort. They are: **Bill Vaughan**, AFTIL group
lead; **John Aschenbach**, FAA AFTIL program; **John Wilks**, FAA AFTIL
program; **Danielle Stephens** and **Lauren DiGiovonni**, L3
Communications summer intern students; **Roger Bawgus, Rodman Bourne**
and **John Pallante**, of L3 Communications.
The AFTIL is best known for its innovative tower siting. projects. In
the past five years, the program specialists have conducted elaborate
tower siting studies for more than 50 U.S. airports, in the unique tower
integration laboratory.
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25\. Tech Center Represented at AIAA GNC Conference
# By Rick Ozmore
**Mike Paglione** of the Simulation and Analysis Group recently
participated in the 2006 American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics (AIAA) Guidance Navigation and Control (GNC) Conference
held in Keystone, CO.
A member of the GNC Technical Committee for the second year in a row,
Paglione was Area Chair of the Air Traffic Control (ATC) Concepts Track
for this year\'s conference. This required organizing four full sessions
of papers, appointing session chairs and co-chairs, and performing and
assigning two reviews for the 30 papers in the ATC Track.
Paglione also presented his own paper at the conference, which is titled
\"Determination of Horizontal and Vertical Phase of Flight in Recorded
Air Traffic Data.\" The paper can be accessed at:
<http://acy.tc.faa.gov/cpat/docs/AIAA-2006-6772-953t.pdf>.
The conference was a resounding success for AIAA with very good
attendance and nearly 1,000 papers being presented.
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26\. Air Bear Goes to Pennsauken
By Barbara Harris-Para
The FAA Air Bear**, Rosanne Weiss,** and **Barbara Harris-Para**
participated in the yearly "Space Day" at Carson Elementary School. "Air
Bear" welcomed more than 200 students in kindergarten through second
grade to a session on aviation.
The video, "Air Bear Goes on a Trip," was shown to the students. Barbara
Harris-Para offered explanations about airplanes, airports and pilots.
She asked the students if they had ever flown on a plane before, where
they had gone if they had flown before, and if they remembered meeting
the airport people they saw in the video.
The entire day was very productive with lots of hugs and smiles from the
students for Air Bear**.** The children were provided coloring books and
other materials they could use when they got back to their classrooms.
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27\.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Congress Commends the ATO |
| |
| During a hearing on June 21, the House of Representatives provided a |
| strong endorsement of the FAA\'s Air Traffic Organization. The |
| Subcommittee on Aviation heard from the FAA Air Traffic |
| Organization\'s Chief Operating Officer (COO), **Dr.** **Russell G. |
| Chew,** and the Joint Planning and Development Office\'s acting |
| director, **Robert Pearce**. The two men spoke about the progress the |
| ATO is making and discussed the future of the air traffic system. \ |
| \ |
| \"Today we can report real results,\" testified Dr. Chew. \"We are |
| focusing on operations, costs, productivity and sound fiscal |
| management. By operating more like a well-run business, we are able |
| to field new technologies on time and on budget. In fact, last year, |
| 92 percent of scheduled goals were met for 31 major programs, and 97 |
| percent of major acquisition programs met budget goals.\"\ |
| \ |
| **Gerald Dillingham** of the U.S. Government Accountability Office |
| also testified that, \"ATO has met its acquisition performance goal |
| for the second consecutive year.\"\ |
| \ |
| Meeting the acquisition program management goal for two years in a |
| row made a big difference with members of Congress, who have been |
| critical in the past of the FAA\'s ability to field new systems on |
| time and on budget. However, at this hearing, member after member |
| testified on the progress the FAA has made since the creation of the |
| ATO.\ |
| \ |
| **Subcommittee Chairman John Mica** (R-FL) said, in his opening |
| statement, \"I would like to commend **FAA Administrator Marion |
| Blakey** and Air Traffic Organization Chief Operating Officer Russ |
| Chew for their leadership and efforts to get the vast majority of our |
| Air Traffic Control (ATC) modernization programs on time and within |
| budget.\" \ |
| \ |
| While echoing this positive view, other members of the committee also |
| brought forward some concerns, including the progress of the FAA |
| Telecommunications Infrastructure program and the amount of money |
| going into the JPDO.\ |
| \ |
| \"There is a serious disconnect between rhetoric and resources,\" |
| said **Ranking Member Jerry Costello (D-Ill.),** referring to the |
| funding for the transformation of the ATC system. **U.S. Rep. Frank |
| LoBiondo (R-N.J.)**, whose district includes the FAA\'s Tech Center, |
| was also concerned about the levels of funding and recommended the |
| FAA \"step up our investment in the Next Generation Air |
| Transportation System (NGATS).\"\ |
| \ |
| Dr. Chew responded that the future investments in the NGATS must be |
| made carefully so that money will not be wasted on programs that |
| won't provide real results. The Department of Transportation's |
| **Inspector General Todd Zinser** agreed, \"ATO does deserve all |
| kinds of credit for not going out and spending money on projects we |
| don\'t need.\" |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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28\. Tech Transfer Efforts Highlighted
**Deborah Germak**, the FAA's Technology Transfer Program Manager at the
Technical Center, was recently featured in Russ Chew's FAA NEWS "phone
message." Deborah was singled out for promoting FAA inventors.
You can read the message at:
<http://www.ato.faa.gov/800_news/042806_news.pdf>
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29\. FAA, Rowan University to Collaborate on Surveillance Research
### Cooperative Research And Development Agreement Signed
By Deborah Germak
The FAA recently entered into a Cooperative Research and Development
Agreement (CRDA) with Rowan University. The collaborative research is in
surveillance.
The objective of this collaborative partnership is the development and
improvement of a graphical user interface for the display of recorded
air traffic data, the display of the predictions of this air traffic
data from National Airspace System decision support tools, and a
Visualization Framework for radar data integrity. The expected outputs
are software and documentation.
This is an excellent example of a partnership with an educational
institution by assembling and using students under the direction of a
professor to develop and test the project outputs while working with a
Government engineer and allowing the collaborative party to have access
to a federal laboratory and leverage resources.
The Government's principal investigator is **Mike Paglione** at the Tech
Center. The principal investigator for Rowan University, the
collaborating research organization, is **Adrian Rusu**. This CRDA was
awarded on July 25 and is effective for one year.
If you have any questions regarding this CRDA, please contact **Deborah
Germak** at (609) 485-9862.
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30\. FAA, Propeller Companies to Collaborate on Aircraft Safety Research
### Cooperative Research and Development Agreement Signed
By Deborah Germak
The FAA recently entered into Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements (CRDA) with Hartzell Propeller Inc. and MT-Propeller USA,
Inc. The collaborative research is in Aircraft Safety.
A recent event in a flight test showed unexpected propeller ice
accretion in suspected supercooled large drop (SLD) conditions. The
objectives of this research are for the FAA to conduct an experimental
study, which will document propeller leading edge and runback ice
accretion characteristics, and to determine propeller efficiency losses.
Understanding propeller ice accretion and resulting efficiency loss are
required by manufacturers to properly size the engine power for icing
conditions and certification of the propeller ice protection system.
The Government's principal investigator is **Christopher Dumont** at the
Tech Center. The point of contact (POC) for Hartzell is **Bruce Hanke**
and the POC for MT-Propeller is **Juergen Zahner**.
The CRDAs both were awarded in May and each has a duration of 6 months.
If you have any questions regarding this CRDA, please contact **Deborah
Germak** at (609) 485-9862.
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31\. Three FAA Executive Personnel Actions Announced
By Stan Ciurczak
**FAA Administrator Marion C. Blakey** recently announced the selection
of **Charles Leader** to be the new Director of the Joint Planning and
Development Office. Mr. Leader is a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Marine
Corps. He is a graduate of Notre Dame University and holds an MBA from
Harvard University.
During the past 15 years, Mr. Leader has held CEO and general management
positions in several corporations, including Hughes Aircraft. He was
also a partner at McKinsey & Co. and co-leader of their Aerospace /
Defense practice. His experience includes working in research
management, technology development, and systems integration, with a
focus on aviation and aerospace.
Mr. Leader began work at the JPDO on August 7. **Robert Pearce**, who
served as acting JPDO Director since last fall, will be the JPDO Deputy
Director.
In addition, the Administrator recently announced that **Daniel
Elwell**, managing director of International and Government Affairs for
American Airlines, has been named FAA Assistant Administrator for
Policy, Planning, and Environment. She also announced that **Bill
Davis**, Vice President of Safety for the Air Traffic Organization, is
taking a one-year detail at the White House Office of Science and
Technology Policy, starting in September.
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32\. Oakcrest High School Students Hear Motivational Speakers
By Barbara Harris-Para
I was recently asked to be one of a number of motivational speakers at
an Oakcrest High School breakfast. Each speaker presented a different
perspective on women and careers. Oakcrest teacher **Susan Kane** is the
advisor who arranged the program.
Approximately 35 female and male students listened to discussions on
topics such as a women becoming police officers and how to overcome
stereotypes. A trial attorney explained that she had come up against
some very strong male adversaries during trials. Other speakers included
a teacher who decided to change her occupation during her years of child
rearing; another teacher who volunteered during the World Trade Center
disaster; a hairdresser who became successful, lost it all to drugs and
alcohol abuse only to turn her life around, have two children and yet
another successful business; and myself, an ex-industrial technology
teacher who became a pilot and a Federal employee.
In my presentation, I spoke about the peer pressure I experienced to not
to go to college, and I explained how I had entered (and since retired
from) a male-dominated field of industrial arts (that today we call
technology). I told them I had attended Trenton State College (now the
College of NJ) in a curriculum with 140 men. Later, during my master's
degree training, I was the first female to graduate from Glassboro (now
Rowan University) in my field.
In all my teaching positions, I was the only female instructor at many
meetings. More recently I decided that I wanted to learn to fly, another
field dominated by men, especially in the flight-training field.
Crossing the gender barrier in both of my chosen occupations did have
its moments throughout the years, but it also made my life interesting.
I tried to convey to the students at Oakcrest that, in today's world,
the sky is the limit. But I also reminded them that there is no "free
lunch" for anyone. If you do your best, then the rewards will be
bountiful. I told them to listen to their inter strength for guidance
and go for the gusto, always looking ahead and never behind. Yesterday
is history and tomorrow is a mystery, so make the best out of every
moment. The other women who spoke gave similar presentations that
hopefully will help motivate the attendees to new heights.
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33\. Operations Planning R&D Technical Notes
By Pete Castellano
Operations Planning Research and Development (R&D) hosted the FAA
Conference on Risk Analysis and Performance Measurement (Atlantic City,
NJ) on September 19-20. Rosanne Weiss is the conference chair, and
executives from FAA, NASA, and industry are expected to attend.
Center engineers recently conducted the formal Shadow Operations Test of
the Runway Status Light System (RWSL) at San Diego (SAN). RWSL is an
all-weather automatic system providing safety backup to controllers,
pilots and vehicle operators. It offers a means of reducing runway
incursions and preventing certain classes of runway accidents by
indicating that a runway is unsafe for entry, crossing or departure,
thereby increasing situational awareness. The test, conducted with the
participation of air traffic controllers from SAN, presented a display
of RWSL runway entrance light operation to test participants, and was
designed to ensure that light performance would not interfere with
normal airport operations prior to the Operational Evaluation, which is
planned for later this year.
Operations Planning R&D's Human Factors specialists recently hosted a
technical interchange meeting at the Tech Center's Research,
Development, and Human Factors Lab to discuss evolving concepts of en
route air traffic control and the validation of productivity
improvements that can be achieved. Attendees included representatives
from the Human Factors Research and Engineering Division, their Human
Factors Group/Team at the Tech Center, the Simulation and Analysis
Group, ATO En Route and Oceanic Services and Mitre\'s Center for
Advanced Aviation System Development. The meeting focused on project and
capability presentations, human-in-the-loop simulation demonstrations
and discussions.
Dr. John Bakuckas from Operations Planning R&D recently presented the
opening plenary lecture at the 9th International Fatigue Congress
(Atlanta, GA). His presentation, "Fatigue Studies of a Retired B727
Commercial Airliner," summarized the major results from a joint FAA -
Delta Air Lines research effort. The research focused on developing
procedures and data for detailed inspections, destructive teardown
evaluation, and extended fatigue testing of high time, high-usage
aircraft for guidelines to develop, assess, and approve programs for
continued airworthiness.
In addition, R&D researchers, led by Dr. Bakuckas, recently completed
extended fatigue testing on a fuselage panel removed from a retired
passenger commercial airliner using the FAA's Full-Scale Aircraft
Structural Test Evaluation and Research facility. Researchers removed
the fuselage structure, which was susceptible to widespread fatigue
damage (WFD), from a Boeing 727 airplane near its design service goal of
60,000 flight cycles. Results from this test will provide key data to
enable calibration and validation of predictive methodologies for
structural fatigue including widespread fatigue damage assessments. In
addition, the results will serve as a test bed to evaluate the
sensitivity and effectiveness of standard and emerging nondestructive
inspection to detect small cracks hidden in built-up structural joints.
Dr. Terry Allard took over the duties of program manager for Operations
Planning R&D's Human Factors Research and Engineering on June 11. He
previously served as NASA\'s Associate Director of Human System Research
and Technology in the Space Exploration Systems Directorate, and as
Chief of the Human Factors Research and Technology Division at NASA
Ames. Allard holds a Ph.D. in Psychology and Brain Science from MIT.
Glen Gallaway, Operations Planning Human Factors and Research and
Engineering Group, attended the International Ergonomics Association\'s
2006 World Congress (Maastricht, Netherlands). He presented a paper,
\"Linking Organizational, Managerial, Administrative, and Financial
Business Issues to Human Factors Science.\" He also organized and
chaired a panel session, \"WE Have What THEY Need, Macroergonomics! How
To Market IT To Them\" with a number of Sociotechnical world experts
discussing how human factors can better support large scale system
development. He also served as a closing plenary session presenter in
the areas of organizational, managerial, and system integration topics.
Jim Patterson, Operations Planning's Airport Safety Technology R&D
program, conducted a nighttime evaluation of a prototype airport beacon
constructed of light emitting diodes (LEDs) versus a traditional
incandescent light bulb at the Hammonton Municipal Airport (Hammonton,
NJ). Patterson and his team have been actively researching LEDs for
possible replacements to existing airport visual aids, as they offer
significant savings in power consumption, and a longer life expectancy.
In a recent report, Operations Planning R&D addressed concerns about the
fire safety implications of shipping packaged meals with self-heating
capability, originally developed for the military. Fire safety
researcher Steve Summer documented this research in technical note
DOT/FAA/AR-TN06/18, "The Fire Safety Hazard of the Use of Flameless
Ration Heaters Onboard Commercial Aircraft." This research examined the
potential hazard associated with the use of flameless ration heaters in
an aircraft cabin and with the accidental activation of them in a
confined area aboard an aircraft, such as in overhead storage bins or a
cargo compartment. Researchers performed tests with individual Meals
Ready-to-Eat containing flameless heaters, in an open environment; and
multiple Meals Ready-to-Eat, in a confined space, to examine their
potential hazard. Temperatures in excess of 215°F and violent ignition
events were observed. It is evident from the tests performed that the
release of hydrogen gas from these flameless ration heaters is of a
sufficient quantity to pose a potential hazard onboard a passenger
aircraft.
The International Aircraft Materials Fire Test Working Group, chaired
and administered by Operations Planning's R&D's Fire Safety R&D program,
recently met (Costa Mesa, CA). FAA fire research manager, Richard Hill,
hosted the meeting, which was attended by more than 150 people and
generated considerable interest because of FAA work to improve the
reproducibility of the fire test burner that is specified for the
relatively new regulation on thermal acoustic insulation burnthrough
resistance. In addition, the FAA is developing a replacement burner with
improved control of fuel and airflow that was designed to eliminate any
components from a specific supplier. Other topics presented and
discussed included insulation radiant panel test, seat cushion test
round robin, new electrical wiring and ducting tests, contamination and
planned Ohio State University heat release round robin tests.
Operations Planning R&D Human Factors researchers, lead by Dr. Earl
Stein, recently evaluated the initial test bed of the Display System
Replacement (DSR), En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM), and Future
En Route Workstation (FEWS) environments in preparation for a simulation
planned for September-December 2006. The FEWS concepts provide
controllers with an environment that integrates automation functions and
attempts to extend controllers\' ability to manage traffic levels
projected for the 2015 timeframe and beyond.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) held a meeting of
the Meteorological Data Link Study Group (METLINKSG) (Montreal, Canada).
These annual meetings present the FAA with an opportunity to demonstrate
leadership in the provision of global meteorological services through
the development of international standards and recommended practices.
These standards and practices are documented in ICAO Annex 3 on
Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation. Richard
Heuwinkel, Manager, Operations Planning, NAS Weather Planning and
Requirements Group, is the U.S. Representative for the METLINKSG. Mr.
Heuwinkel and several subject matter experts will present over 15 U.S.
position papers. The papers have been coordinated with several
government agencies and external aviation user groups.
The Technical Center recently awarded a Research Grant to South Dakota
State University to study the impact of long term operational use of
Aviation Grade Ethanol on aircraft maintenance and engine service
intervals.
The Technical Center has entered into a Cooperative Agreement with
George Washington University for the study of non-linear finite element
analysis, and methods development, for containment of aircraft engine
failure.
Operations Planning R&D's Airport and Aircraft Safety R&D Division has
signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the U.S. Air Force Research
Laboratory (AFRL) Control Science Division to conduct flight tests of
sense and avoid technologies developed by the AFRL for unmanned aircraft
systems (UAS). The joint flight tests are scheduled to begin in late
October, and the objective of this program is to demonstrate the
feasibility of technologies that will provide UAS with the ability to
sense conflicting aircraft, determine if there is a collision hazard,
and autonomously maneuver to avoid mid-air and near mid-air collisions.
The AFRL will provide a surrogate aircraft to simulate UAS flights and
the FAA will provide airplanes to fly as cooperative and non-cooperative
intruding aircraft. The Flight Test Group and the Engineering
Development Services Division at the Tech Center also will support
research initiatives under this MOA.
Operations Planning R&D's Dr. Kelli Willshire (NASA Langley R&D Field
Office) will chair a session at the 25th Congress of the International
Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (Hamburg, Germany).
Operations Planning R&D Director Joan Bauerlein was an invited speaker
at the Airports Conference of the Americas on September 12 (Willemstad,
Curacao), where she discussed innovative R&D airport technology
solutions to improve airport safety.
Joan Bauerleinalso will host the fall meeting of the FAA Research,
Engineering and Development Advisory Committee (REDAC). Established in
1989, the REDAC advises the Administrator on research and development
issues and coordinates the FAA\'s research, engineering and development
activities with industry and other government agencies. The committee
considers aviation research needs in air traffic services, airport
technology, aircraft safety, aviation security, human factors, and
environment and energy. Administrator Marion Blakey and key FAA
executives, such as Peggy Gilligan, Deputy Associate Administrator for
Aviation Safety, are expected to attend the meeting
In addition, Joan Bauerlein, along with human factors specialist, Dr.
Tom McCloy, will participate on panels at the AIAA Aviation Technology,
Integration and Operations Conference (Wichita, KS).
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34\. Airbus 380
By Holly Baker
**John Croft**, a free-lance writer, was given a demonstration of the
computer simulations conducted at the Technical Center for San
Francisco, JFK and Memphis International Airports to help them address
issues associated with the introduction of the Airbus A380 into
commercial service. Arrivals and departures to and from runways,
taxiways and gates were simulated to address the potential impact of the
size, wingspan and other aspects of the new large aircraft at each
airport. The presenters were **Jennifer Morris** and **Joe Richie** of
the Tech Center's Modeling & Analysis Sub-team.
In addition, Croft met with **Gordon Hayhoe** at the Tech Center's
National Airport Pavement Test Facility, where six-wheel landing gear
configuration testing is now underway and work was conducted that is
associated with design standards for the A380. Look for a story on this
visit in the October issue of *Airport* magazine, which is published by
the American Association of Airport Executives.
Click on the following link to read their online article titled Runway
Safety in the October issue of Airport magazine, which is published by
the American Association of Airport Executives:
http://www.aaae.org/news/100_Airport_Magazine/100_Current_Issue/
\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
35\. Tech Center Helps Save Aircraft
An innovative runway arrestor designed in part by the FAA Technical
Center in Atlantic City, N.J., has again prevented an overrun incident
from becoming a serious accident.\
\
When a landing aircraft overruns the end of a runway there can be
disastrous results; the aircraft may run into a body of water, busy
highway or nearby residential area.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
{width="3.125in" height="2.1875in"}\
**A Gemini Cargo McDonald Douglas 11 stopped by EMAS at JFK
International Airport in New York. Photo: FAA**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Although the FAA now requires a safety area of 1000 extra feet beyond
the end of the runway, many older airports do not have the physical real
estate needed to build additional length at the end of a runway.
One solution is called a "Soft Ground" arrestor, a bed of
jet-blast-resistant cellular cement blocks placed at the end of a runway
to decelerate an overrunning aircraft in an emergency.
Such an emergency occurred July 17 when a Dassault Falcon 900 business
jet was landing on Runway 01 at Greenville, S.C. Downtown Airport. The
aircraft experienced a brake system malfunction and overran the runway,
but it was safely brought to a controlled stop within 100 feet of the
threshold. There were no injuries among the two-man crew and three
passengers, and no significant damage to the aircraft was reported
thanks to the engineered material arresting system.
Over the past decade the Technical Center, in cooperation with
Engineered Systems, Co. of Aston, Pa., has conducted research into the
design and effectiveness of EMAS. Research began with the development of
a mathematical model to predict the factors associated with an
overrunning aircraft. In 1996, full scale testing was used to
successfully validate the model.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
{width="3.125in" height="1.5625in"}\
**A Polar Cargo Boeing 747 stopped by EMAS at JFK International Airport
in New York. Photo: FAA**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
EMAS is now considered a proven technology and has been installed at
more than 15 locations throughout the United States, with several more
in the planning and design phase. Even before last month's save at
Greenville, EMAS has demonstrated its capabilities with four previous
safe decelerations of overrunning aircraft.\
\
In May 1999, a Saab 340 commuter aircraft overran the runway into the
EMAS at JFK International Airport. In December 2002, EMAS safely
arrested an overrunning Pacific Jet Gulfstream II at Burbank Airport in
California. In May of 2003, an overrunning Gemini Cargo MD-11 was safely
decelerated at JFK International Airport. And in January 2005, a Boeing
747 cargo plane overran runway 04R at JFK International Airport and was
safely decelerated about 300 ft into the EMAS. In all cases, serious
damage to the aircraft was averted and there were no injuries to
passengers on board.\
\
Above all, these accidents highlight the importance of the work done by
the FAA Air Traffic Organization in aircraft and airport safety research
and development.
\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
36\. FAA-Flying Physicians Seminar
By Barbara Harris-Para
Recently, the Technical Center conducted an all-day seminar in the
auditorium for the Flying Physicians organization, thanks to **Eileen
Iandola**, Aviation Safety Program Manager, Philadelphia Flight
Standards Office.
Approximately 50 individuals from a three-state area attended the
seminar, which covered various topics from aircraft icing to medical
conditions that would affect a pilot's medical standings. **Dr. Dara
Parvez**, an Ocean County oncologist, covered several topics dealing
with aviation physiology and survival.
**Chris Dumont** of the Tech Center presented his research findings on
icing during flight on general aviation aircraft. A Crew Resource
Management DVD titled "An Approach to System Safety" was one of the
topics covered during the daylong event.
Thanks to the Tech Center's Advanced Imaging Division, room scheduling
group, the Tech Center's Security Operations Center, the security guards
who screened the attendees, the folks who prepared the delicious meals
and the volunteer safety counselors. In addition, Eileen Iandola
deserves a lot of credit for all her efforts to keep programs like this
one interesting and informative for the general flying public.
\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
37\. Credits:
William J. Hughes Technical Center
"Inside the Fence"
Technical Center Director
Dr. Wilson N. Felder
# Acting Program Director,
**Office of Organizational Excellence**
Maudie M. Powell
##
## Editor
Stan Ciurczak
## Assistant Editor
Pete Castellano
# Writers
Holly Baker
Pete Castellano
Stan Ciurczak
Ginger Cairnes
Mary Lou Dordan
Jay Fox
Deborah Germak
Barbara Harris-Para
Rick Ozmore
# Photographers
Stan Ciurczak
Ginger Cairnes
Ernie Pappas
Laurie Zaleski, Art-Z Graphics
David Hess, Art-Z Graphics
# Design & Layout
Dave Hess, Art-Z Graphics
# Contributors
Dr. Terry Kraus
Ray Stover
Ken Stroud
Please contact the editor with your comments, questions or stories at:
<stan.Ciurczak@faa.gov>
| en |
markdown | 918489 | # Presentation: 918489
## Don Brodnick, Principle Engineer
GE Medical Systems - IT
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
don.brodnick@med.ge.com
**GE Medical Systems - IT**
**Milwaukee, Wisconsin**
**don.brodnick@med.ge.com**
- Standards for diagnostic electrocardiographs
**Notes:**
Welcome to GE, to learn about our $1B start-up – GE Medical Systems Information Technologies. Thank you for giving us the opportunity to share our vision, strategy and thoughts with you here today.
We title our story in recognition of the fact that today patients moves faster through a healthcare episode than does their medical information... doctors and nurses continuously scrambling to assemble the medical record... it is therefore all about “information at the speed of life.”
## Some history of ECG standards
- track medicine and technology
**1967 - American Heart Association, Kossman**
**1975 - American Heart Association, Pipberger **
**1983 - AAMI / EC11 first edition**
**1990 - American Heart Association, Bailey**
**1991 - AAMI / EC11 second edition**
**1999 - IEC 62D-60601-3-2 draft**
**2001 - AAMI / EC11 second edition, reaffirmed**
- AAMI = Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
- IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission
## About AAMI standards
**AAMI standards are voluntary**
**Referee tests**
**consensus (industry, users, academic/government)**
**requirement vs. disclosure**
## AAMI EC11 diagnostic electrocardiographs
- less standardization for measurement
**labeling requirements**
**operator’s manual, service manual**
**performance requirements**
**operating conditions**
**signal accuracy**
**safety**
**measurement accuracy**
***EC11 does not cover any analysis***
***EC57-1998 cardiac rhythms, ST measurement algorithms***
***IEC 60601-2-51 (draft) does regard QT measurement accuracy***
- ±12 msec mean, 10 msec sd, 19 calibration ECGs
- ±25 msec mean, 30 msec sd, 100 real test ECGs | en |
all-txt-docs | 219881 |
________________________________________
GRANTED IN PART: March 29, 1996
________________________________________
GSBCA 11029
STROH CORPORATION,
Appellant,
v.
GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION,
Respondent.
Ronald M. Kaplan, Jeffrey D. Stone, and Jeffrey L. Goodman
of
Shearer, Templer & Pingel, West Des Moines, IA, counsel for
Appellant.
Robert W. Schlattman, Office of General Counsel, General
Services Administration, Washington, DC, counsel for Respondent.
Before Board Judges BORWICK, NEILL, and HYATT.
HYATT, Board Judge.
Stroh Corporation claims entitlement to an equitable
adjustment under a contract for the replacement of the cooling
tower, chillers, and portions of the roof at the Federal Building
in Des Moines, Iowa. The dispute arose when the Government
ordered Stroh to wait until mid-October to remove existing
chilling equipment in preparation for the installation of new
equipment. Although the contract did not expressly prohibit
removal of the existing cooling system during the summer months,
the Government considered that Stroh's plan to remove chilling
equipment in the summer patently conflicted with a contract
clause that proscribed interference with the Government's
continued conduct of business in the building.
In an earlier decision in this appeal, the Board ruled that
the terms of the contract itself did not bar Stroh's recovery if
it could show that it incurred compensable delay as a consequence
of the Government's order to wait until mid-October to remove the
chiller units. Stroh Corp. v. General Services Administration,
GSBCA 11029, 93-2 BCA 25,841, clarified on reconsideration, 94-
2 BCA 26,784. In this decision, the Board held that the
absence of a provision in the contract stating that the
contractor could not remove the chiller units from the roof until
the end of the cooling season was not an obvious error or
omission that imposed on Stroh a duty to inquire as to the
Government's intent. The Board concluded that the "Government's
order requiring Stroh to wait until the end of the cooling season
to remove the chillers in effect changed the order of work under
the contract, entitling Stroh to reasonable compensation and
additional time for the delay." 93-2 BCA at 128,597. The Board
subsequently clarified that its decision did not actually hold
that there was in fact a compensable delay, but rather that
appellant was entitled "to pursue its claim further and recover
damages for any demonstrable delay." 94-2 BCA at 133,206. No
contractual bar would impede recovery of damages if Stroh could
prove that the delay increased its cost of performance. Id.
This matter is now before us for a decision with respect to
the amount of any equitable adjustment to which Stroh may be
entitled. Stroh seeks an award in the amount of $214,505. For
the reasons stated below, we find that Stroh is entitled to
recover the amount of $31,569.
Findings of Fact
Background
1. On May 16, 1990, Stroh was awarded contract number
GS06P90GYC0060 for the replacement of the cooling tower, two
chillers, and sections of the roof around the cooling tower at
the Federal Building in Des Moines, Iowa, for the fixed price of
$676,000. Appeal File, Exhibit 4. The contract required the
contractor to commence work immediately upon receipt of a notice
to proceed, to prosecute the work diligently, and to complete the
work within 240 days of receipt of the notice to proceed. Appeal
File, Exhibit 1, Supplementary Conditions 4.01. The notice to
proceed was issued on June 5, 1990, and received by Stroh on June
7, 1990. Id., Exhibit 5; Transcript at 109. In response to the
notice to proceed, Stroh proposed June 11, 1990 as the date for
starting work. Transcript at 48, 109; Appeal File, Exhibit 5.
2. The contract contained the Changes Clause located at FAR
52.243-4 (AUG 1987). The clause provides in relevant part:
The Contracting Officer may, at any time,
without notice to the sureties, if any, by written
order designated or indicated to be a change
order, make changes in the work within the general
scope of the contract, including changes-
(1) In the specifications . . .
(2) In the method or manner of performance of
the work;
(3) In the Government-furnished facilities,
equipment, materials, services, or site; or
(4) Directing acceleration in the performance
of the work.
(b) Any other written or oral order (which,
as used in this paragraph (b) includes direction,
instruction, interpretation or determination) from
the Contracting Officer that causes a change shall
be treated as a change order under this clause;
provided, that the Contractor gives the
Contracting Officer written notice stating (1) the
date, circumstances, and source of the order and
(2) that the Contractor regards the order as a
change order.
(c) Except as provided in this clause, no
order, statement, or conduct of the Contracting
Officer shall be treated as a change under this
clause or entitle the Contractor to an equitable
adjustment.
(d) If any change under this clause causes
an increase or decrease in the Contractor's cost
of, or the time required for, the performance of
any part of the work under this contract, whether
or not changed by any such order, the Contracting
Officer shall make an equitable adjustment and
modify the contract in writing. . . .
(e) The Contractor must assert its
right to an adjustment under this clause
within 30 days after (1) receipt of a written
change order under paragraph (a) of this
clause or (2) the furnishing of a written
notice under paragraph (b) of this clause, by
submitting to the Contracting Officer a
written statement describing the general
nature and amount of proposal, unless this
period is extended by the Government.
Appeal File, Exhibit 1.
3. The contract also contained the Suspension of Work
Clause
set forth in FAR 52.212-12 (APR 1984), which provides in
pertinent part:
(a) The Contracting Officer may order the
Contractor, in writing, to suspend, delay, or
interrupt all or any part of the work of this
contract for the period of time that the
Contracting Officer determines appropriate
for the convenience of the Government.
(b) If the performance of all or any part of
the work is, for an unreasonable period of
time, suspended, delayed, or interrupted (1)
by an act of the contracting officer in the
administration of this contract, . . . an
adjustment shall be made for any increase in
the cost of performance of this contract
(excluding profit) necessarily caused by the
unreasonable suspension, delay, or
interruption, . . . .
Appeal File, Exhibit 1.
3. On June 7, 1990, Stroh attended a pre-construction
conference with the contracting officer's representative (COR),
at which Stroh announced its intention to begin work at the site
within two weeks. At that time, the COR instructed that the
building's existing cooling system could not be taken out of
service until the estimated end of the cooling season in mid-
October. Appeal File, Exhibits 6, 7; Transcript at 48. This
effectively precluded the commencement of on-site work until
October 15, 1990. Transcript at 48.
4. In a letter to the contracting officer, dated June 29,
1990, Stroh stated its position that the COR's order prohibiting
the commencement of demolition of the chiller units prior to
October 15 constituted a change to the contract terms that would
entitle it to an equitable adjustment for additional costs of
performance and a day-for-day (130 days) extension to the time
for completion. Stroh estimated that its additional performance
costs would be in the neighborhood of $110,000. Stroh also
enumerated the following specific types of costs that it expected
to incur as a result of shifting the time frame for performance
of the work: wage escalation, escalation in the cost of material
and equipment, escalation of subcontractors' costs, loss of labor
efficiency due to performing the majority of the work under
adverse winter weather conditions, extended equipment rental and
standby costs, escalation on warranty costs and underabsorbed
home office overhead. Appeal File, Exhibit 7.
5. By letter dated July 5, 1990, the contracting officer
responded to Stroh's initial letter, taking the preliminary view
that the claim was not supportable because it would not be
reasonable to expect to shut off the cooling system during the
summer months. The letter further stated that if Stroh
nonetheless wished to pursue the matter, a detailed claim for the
additional costs should be provided. Appeal File, Exhibit 8.
6. Subsequently, by letter dated July 25, 1990, Stroh
submitted a more specific request, asking for payment of the
amount of $129,876 and a time extension of 130 days. This letter
offered a brief explanation of the types of costs claimed, which
included, among other items, 1) wage escalation due to shifting
the bulk of the labor hours to be expended to the period after
December 31, 1990; 2) loss of labor efficiency attributable to
shifting work to the winter construction season; 3) escalation in
cost of material and equipment because of delayed purchase of
items; 4) additional costs charged by
subcontractors[foot #] 1; 5) underabsorbed home office
overhead; 6) overhead, profit and commission; and 7) bond
premium. Stroh added that an extension of contract time by 130
days would be necessary because a review of Stroh's "planned
sequence of construction indicates that, on this project, the
time extension required will in fact be one day for each day that
access to the project is effectively denied." Appeal File,
Exhibit 9.
7. Stroh's letter of July 25 was referred by the
contracting officer to the Chief, Project Operations Branch, for
response. In a letter dated August 17, 1990, this individual
informed Stroh of his opinion that no legal basis existed for
Stroh to recover these costs. He further suggested that if Stroh
continued to disagree, it should formally request a decision from
the contracting officer pursuant to the Disputes Clause of its
contract. Appeal File, Exhibit 10.
8. On August 22, 1990, Stroh submitted a formal certified
claim, referencing its two previous letters and requesting a
written decision from the contracting officer. Appeal File,
Exhibit 11. By letter dated November 6, 1990, the contracting
officer denied Stroh's claim for monetary compensation and a time
extension. Appeal File, Exhibit 13.
9. After receiving this decision, Stroh considered that it
had no choice but to complete the work by the originally
scheduled contract completion date of February 4,
1991.[foot #] 2 It took the steps necessary to
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 1 At the time it submitted its original request,
Stroh anticipated that several subcontracts would escalate.
Appellant's Exhibit 1; Transcript at 118-19. Instead, Stroh was
able to renegotiate some subcontracts and other subcontractors
did not assert claims despite the modification of the schedule.
Transcript at 118-19, 193. As a result, Stroh did not incur any
additional subcontract expenses and has not pursued this category
of additional costs.
[foot #] 2 A bilateral contract amendment, number PC03,
issued on December 4, 1990, added a small amount of work to the
contract and extended the completion date until February 13,
1991. Appellant's Exhibit 11. Another amendment, PC04, further
extended the completion date through February 27. Appellant's
Exhibit 13.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
rearrange its sequencing and scheduling of work to ensure that
the work was completed by that date. Transcript at 114.
Stroh's Quantum Claim
10. Because the existing equipment could not be dismantled,
there was little work that could be accomplished at the site
prior to the conclusion of the 1990 cooling season. At most,
Stroh could have delivered some drawings and brought some
materials to the site. Transcript at 111. Demolition commenced
after October 15, 1990. The new chillers were delivered to
Stroh's subcontractor in Des Moines in late November 1990, but
because demolition was still in progress it was not feasible to
deliver this equipment to the site until late December 1990. The
old equipment had to be cut out and removed before the new
equipment could be installed. Transcript at 34-35, 103-04. The
new chiller equipment was set in place on December 20 and 21,
1990. Transcript at 103; Appellant's Exhibit 5.
11. In its appeal, Stroh alleges that the Government's
refusal to allow demolition of the cooling system delayed
virtually all field work[foot #] 3 from the middle of
June to October 15, constituting a 130-day delay. Stroh alleges
that all of its damages stem from this initial delay to the
project and the Government's subsequent refusal to extend the
period for contract completion. Transcript at 170. Stroh seeks
these delay damages even though it completed the contract on
time.
12. The dollar amount of Stroh's dollar claim was later
adjusted to reflect actual costs incurred by reason of the delay
in commencing on-site work. Stroh's initial request for an
equitable adjustment on July 25, 1990 sought $129,876, based on
estimated additional costs stemming from the change. Appellant's
Exhibit 1. In a February 6, 1992 response to interrogatories,
Stroh amended its claim amount to $151,734 to reflect an increase
in underabsorbed home office overhead from $66,690 to $89,700.
Appeal File, Exhibit 147 (Appellant's Response to Respondent's
Second Set of Interrogatories).
13. On February 1, 1994, Stroh revised its claim to
$245,014, changing its theory of recovery for underabsorbed home
office overhead[foot #] 4 and seeking "compressed time
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 3 The only field work that could have done
without shutting down the building's cooling system was to
establish a field office. Transcript at 111.
[foot #] 4 Stroh originally applied the Eichleay formula
________
and used a 130-day alleged delay in its calculation. Appeal
File, Exhibit 1. Beginning with its February 1, 1994 revision,
Stroh changed its formula from one based on additional days of
(continued...)
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
frame" damages. Appellant's Exhibit 2. On February 11, 1994,
Stroh deleted from its calculation overhead on underabsorbed home
office overhead and reduced its total claim to $217,882.
Transcript at 166, 184; Appellant's Exhibit 3. On February 25,
1994, Stroh submitted another revision to its claim, reducing it
by $14,674 to exclude certain amounts based on increased costs of
performance incurred as a result of the compressed time frame for
completion. At that point, the claim totalled $207,969.
Transcript at 172; Appellant's Exhibit 4. Stroh also revised its
bond premium from .75 % to .63 %. Appellant's Exhibit 4.
Stroh's final claim, including compression damages, was for
$214,505. Appellant's Post Hearing Brief, Exhibit A.
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 4 (...continued)
overhead to one based on the inability of its project manager to
perform his normal bidding duties and Stroh's subsequent loss of
revenues from which to absorb home office overhead.
Specifically, Stroh explained:
[Dick Cook] was not able to perform his
normal estimating duties and therefore he was
not able to help Stroh secure projects in
early to mid 1991. For that reason the
revenues for the mechanical contracts dropped
during that period of time until he could get
this project completed, get back to
estimating new projects, get them on line and
get revenues coming in to cover the overhead.
Appellant's Exhibit 2.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
14. Stroh's claim as presented at the hearing is as
follows:[foot #] 5
I. WAGE ESCALATION $ 182
727 labor hours shifted to later period at
$.25/hour higher rate
II. LOSS OF LABOR EFFICIENCY $ 17,313
Mobilization $ 461
Demolition $ 6,610
Insulating blankets $ 653
Domestic and chilled water piping $ 568
Condenser piping $ 1,847
Chiller equipment $ 552
Cooling towers $ 972
Punch list $ 2,425
Vern Peterson $
1,190[foot #] 6
Electrical $ 2,035
Total $ 17,313
III. MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT ESCALATION $ 11,212
Material $ 224
Equipment $ 5,991
Subtotal $ 6,215
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 5 This calculation includes costs incurred as a
consequence of performing in a compressed time frame. Stroh has
separated out these claimed increased costs of performance in the
event that the Board determines that respondent's jurisdictional
challenge to these amounts is valid. Most of the costs
associated with the compression of the time for performance occur
in the loss of labor efficiency category. Under Stroh's
alternative calculation, certain of these labor cost
subcategories -- mobilization, domestic and chilled water piping,
chiller equipment, and electrical -- are attributable solely to
the effect of compression of the time frame. With the exception
of the insulating blankets category, which arises solely because
of the adverse effect of winter weather, the amounts claimed
under the remaining loss of labor efficiency categories are
reduced. In addition, the amounts claimed for underabsorbed
overhead and for the direct overhead categories would be reduced
if the time compression claim were to be rejected.
[foot #] 6 Vern Peterson was the foreman assigned to this
project. Transcript at 80.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
Victualic Fittings $
4,997[foot #] 7
Total $ 11,212
IV. SUBCONTRACTOR ESCALATION $ - 0 -
V. UNDERABSORBED HOME OFFICE OVERHEAD $ 152,375
Dick Cook $
12,834[foot #] 8
Punch List - Dick Cook $ 2,060
Underabsorbed Home Office Overhead $137,481
Total $152,375
VI. OVERHEAD, PROFIT AND MISC. $ 25,427
a. Overhead (18.2% of Items I,
II, and III) $ 5,225
b. Small Tool Expense (8.16% of
Items I and II Labor) $ 1,428
c. Profit (10% of Items I - V,
VIa. and VIb.) $ 18,774
Total $ 25,427
VII. BOND PREMIUM $ 1,343
Subtotal Items I - VI $213,162
Bond Premium (0.63%) $ 1,343
TOTAL REQUESTED $ 214,505
____________
Quantum Proof
Wage Escalation
15. Stroh's chief mechanical estimator initially projected
that completion of the contract would require 2,675 labor hours.
Transcript at 28. These estimates are set forth in a mechanical
job estimate summary dated April 10, 1990. Appellant's Exhibit
21; Transcript at 247-48.
16. Stroh's labor agreement provided for a wage increase of
$.25 per hour beginning on January 1, 1991. Transcript at 37,
167, 169-70. In bidding on the contract, Stroh had planned that
the majority of the required labor for the project would be
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 7 The term "victaulic fittings" is explained in
Finding 47.
[foot #] 8 Mr. Cook was the estimator and project manager
for this contract. Transcript at 27, 60.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
completed before December 31, 1990. Transcript at 38;
Appellant's Exhibit 6. As a result of the Government-mandated
delay in the commencement of field work, a significant number of
labor hours were shifted from calendar year 1990 to 1991, costing
Stroh an additional $.25 per hour for that labor. Transcript at
167.
17. In bidding, Stroh estimated that its labor hours would
be divided as follows: 2,408 man hours would be incurred on or
before December 31, 1990 and 267 man hours would be incurred
after December 31, 1990. Appellant's Exhibit 3; Transcript at
167-69.
18. Stroh calculated its claim by comparing the
distribution of its labor hours as bid to the distribution as it
actually occurred. Transcript at 167-70. Because Stroh's
accounting system did not track man hours, Stroh derived actual
labor hours by dividing labor expenditures by an hourly wage
rate. From its Committed Cost Report dated February 15, 1990,
Stroh determined that it expended $32,624.35 on labor through the
end of December 1990. Appellant's Exhibit 6; Transcript at 167-
68. Stroh divided this figure by its average wage rate of $23.03
per hour for the four men (two apprentices, one journeyman, one
foreman) on the job to determine that approximately 1,417 man
hours were expended through December 1990. Transcript at 169.
19. Stroh then divided its total labor costs for the
project ($55,513.43) by the average hourly rate of $23.03 to
arrive at 2,410 total labor hours. Appellant's Exhibit 9;
Transcript at 169. Stroh subtracted the 1,417 pre-1991 labor
hours from the 2,410 total labor hours to arrive at a total of
994 post-wage increase hours. Stroh then compared the actual
total of 994 hours to the bid estimate of 267 hours and
determined that it had shifted 727 hours from 1990 to 1991.
Transcript at 169-70. Multiplying this number by the additional
labor rate of $.25 per hour, Stroh calculated the dollar amount
of $182 for wage escalation. Transcript at
170.[foot #] 9
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 9
Stroh's Wage Escalation Calculation
___________________________________
Labor dollars expended through 1990 $ 32,624.35
_________
Divided by Average Hourly Labor Rate 23.03
Equals Number of Labor Hours through 1990 = 1,417
Total labor dollars expended $ 55,513.43
_________
Divided by Average Hourly Labor Rate 23.03
Equals Number of Total Labor Hours = 2,410
Minus Number of Labor Hours through 1990 - 1470
_____
Equals Number of Labor Hours after 1990 994
Minus Estimated Labor Hours after 1990 - 267
Equals Additional Labor Hours after 1990 = 727
(continued...)
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
Loss of Labor Efficiency
Generally
20. Stroh performed much of the labor required under the
contract during winter weather conditions as a result of the
delay in commencing on-site work. Transcript at 114, 172.
Although the chillers were originally scheduled to be delivered
in October, Stroh could have, if it had been permitted to proceed
with field work in mid-June as it had planned, performed
significant preparatory work at the site prior to the arrival of
the new equipment. Transcript at 109-10. The delay of all on-
site performance from mid-June until October 15 shifted a
considerable portion of the performance period from summer and
early autumn months into colder winter months. Transcript at 85,
100-01.
21. Stroh presented expert testimony concerning the impact
of winter weather conditions on labor efficiency. Transcript at
172-74. It is a well-recognized concept in the construction
industry that working in winter weather conditions will reduce
the efficiency of labor. The Mechanical Contractors' Association
of America (MCAA) manual offers efficiency reduction percentages
to estimate the probable cost effect of seasonal weather
conditions on labor productivity.[foot #] 10 With
respect to weather, for a minor condition, the manual proposes a
ten percent adjustment; for an average condition, a twenty
percent adjustment; and for a severe condition, thirty percent.
Appellant's Exhibit 36. In calculating its quantum claim, Stroh
has used the thirty percent factor for severe conditions.
22. The mechanical job estimate summary did not explicitly
state the crew size Stroh planned to use to accomplish various
tasks, such as demolition of old equipment and installation of
new equipment, at the time it prepared its bid. Transcript at
247-48. Stroh's estimator and executive vice president both
testified, however, that Stroh had determined that overall the
optimum crew size would be two men. Working 80 hours a week the
job would take 34 weeks or 238 calendar days. Transcript at 29-
30; 114. This would have just allowed Stroh to complete the job
within the required 240 calendar days. Transcript at 30.
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 9 (...continued)
Wage Escalation 727 x $.25 per hour =
$182
[foot #] 10 The percentages in the MCAA manual are
accompanied by the caveat that modifications may be appropriate
depending on the individual circumstances which vary from
contractor to contractor, crew to crew and job to job.
Appellant's Exhibit 36.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
23. Stroh was not permitted to commence meaningful field
work until October 15, 1990. As a result of the late start date
for demolition, Stroh assigned a larger overall crew to perform
the job than would otherwise have been needed in order to finish
by the deadline specified under the contract. Transcript at 37,
114.
24. The superintendent slated to oversee this job had
substantial experience in successfully completing this type of
project. The need to increase crew size to complete the work in
less time detracted from the efficiency of the two-man crew and
created additional coordinating processes that would not
otherwise have been necessary. Transcript at 114-16. Stroh's
expert confirmed that expansion of the crew size may impact
unfavorably on labor productivity. This concept is well
recognized in the industry. The MCAA manual contains a range of
efficiency reduction percentages to estimate the probable cost
effect of crew size inefficiency. The impact percentages range
from ten percent for minor conditions to thirty percent for
severe conditions. Appellant's Exhibit 36. Stroh has used a ten
percent factor for this impact. Stroh took its actual costs from
cost reports and multiplied them by the ten percent factor to
derive its claimed costs for this item. Transcript at 174.
Mobilization
25. As a result of the delayed start and compressed
schedule, Stroh added more men to the job and spent more time
organizing tools and man-power than it would have otherwise.
Transcript at 40-41. In particular, the project superintendent,
Vern Peterson, spent an additional sixteen man hours over and
above what he normally would have spent getting the right
equipment to the job and coordinating the delivery of materials
because the shortened job time required tighter scheduling.
Transcript at 83-84, 171. Stroh thus claims $461 for sixteen
hours of additional labor provided by Mr. Peterson. This amount
was calculated by multiplying Mr. Peterson's hourly wage rate
including markups by sixteen hours. Appellant's Exhibit 3;
Transcript at 171.
Demolition
26. Demolition work included removal of the chillers, a
portion of the piping, and the cooling tower. Transcript at 41,
85. The cooling tower had to be torn down and packed for removal
by crane. Transcript at 85. Stroh claims $6,610 for additional
demolition costs occasioned by the delayed start of field work.
Appellant's Exhibits 2-3.
a. Compression
27. Stroh calculates a ten percent impact of $1,642 from
compression of the schedule. Stroh had determined that the
optimum crew for the project was two. Transcript at 42, 86. The
project superintendent testified that if Stroh had been able to
start the on-site work in June, it would have immediately
proceeded with the demolition work. Transcript at 86. The
compression of the schedule into a shorter period of time forced
Stroh to use a "larger than optimum" crew size of four men,
leading to a loss of efficiency. Transcript at 41-42, 87-88,
173. The superintendent's work was slowed because his
supervisory duties increased with a larger work crew. Transcript
at 87. Mr. Peterson spent about thirty to thirty-five percent of
his time supervising the four-man crew. Based on his experience,
he would have spent about ten percent of his time supervising a
two-man crew. Transcript at 87.
28. Stroh's estimator pointed to the labor units column
which stated 176 hours and total labor hours of 352 as evidence
of an intent to use two men. Transcript at 224.
29. At the same time, certain handwritten notes on Stroh's
pricing sheets suggest that Stroh intended to use four men crews
on at least portions of the demolition
work.[foot #] 11 Item 21, above the entry "cooling
towers," contains the notations "4 men 1 wk 4 men 2 days S & S."
Appellant's Exhibit 21. When asked if that was his estimate
(that Stroh would assign four men to work on demolition of the
cooling tower), Mr. Cook responded, "That is what I would have
been figuring, that to do it in this time that is what it would
take. Yes." Transcript at 225. When asked if his estimate for
chiller labor was based on four men working four days, Mr. Cook
conceded that it could be. Transcript at 224-25.
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 11 Pricing Sheet 1-SE reads "4 men, 2 days" and
"3 men - 10 days" under the material column. Appellant's Exhibit
21. Mr. Cook explained that "4 men, 2 days" refers to hoisting
work involving use of a crane to remove the old equipment out of
the basement to be loaded onto a truck. Transcript at 222-23.
The notation above "3 men - 10 days" is difficult to discern but
significant in that it refers to a greater than two man crew.
Appellant's Exhibit 21. Pricing sheet 1 - SM, above the entry
"chillers," has handwritten "4 men, 4 day 4 men 8 OT." Mr. Cook
could not recall why those notations were there. Transcript at
224.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
b. Weather
30. The demolition work, in particular removal of the
existing cooling tower, had to be performed outdoors, principally
on the roof of the building. Transcript at 83-84, 172. It is
significantly colder on top of a ten story building than on the
ground. Transcript at 114. The wind and other weather elements
necessitated the wearing of heavy clothing and gloves, which had
a significant slowing effect on the amount of work that could be
accomplished. Transcript at 41.
31. Stroh seeks $4,958 for the impact of adverse weather on
labor efficiency. This represents a factor of thirty percent.
Transcript at 41, 86, 88-89.
Insulating Blankets
32. On December 17, a hole was cut in the exterior
foundation wall of the building to enable Stroh to remove the
existing equipment and install the new equipment. Transcript at
42, 91, 175; Appellant's Exhibit 5. Because the hole was cut
during the winter, the opening had to be covered daily with
insulating blankets to protect the existing piping from cold.
Accordingly, two apprentices spent thirty to forty-five minutes
each morning and night tearing down and putting back up the heavy
blankets. Transcript at 42-43, 89, 91, 175. Had Stroh been able
to proceed with field work in June, as it had planned, the hole
in the building would have been cut in October, prior to the
onset of freezing temperatures requiring the use of insulating
blankets to protect piping. Transcript at 43, 89-90.
33. Stroh seeks $653 for the labor costs incurred as a
result of the need to protect existing piping with insulated
blankets. Transcript at 176; Appellant's Exhibit 3. This was
considered to be the least expensive method of proceeding because
it would have taken many more labor hours to transport the
equipment up and down the staircases to avoid using the hole. In
any event a hole would still have been needed to bring switch
gear into the building. Transcript at 43.
Domestic and Chilled Water Piping
34. Stroh seeks a ten percent compression impact of $568
for interior work on domestic and chilled water piping.
Appellant's Exhibit 3; Transcript at 177. Labor inefficiency
resulted from the use of a four man crew instead of a two man
crew. Transcript at 44. Mr. Peterson testified that his ability
to supervise was affected "a little bit," but he managed his time
to minimize the impact. Transcript at 93-94.
Condenser Piping
35. Stroh seeks an additional $1,847 for installation of
condenser piping. The piping work was affected by both
compression and adverse weather. Transcript at 95. Of the
claimed amount, Stroh attributes $739 to a ten percent
compression impact because the pipe work had to be completed in
half of the time that would have been available had Stroh been
allowed to proceed in mid-June. Transcript at 178.
36. Because approximately half of the piping was on the
roof of the building, about half of the work was impacted by
winter weather. Transcript at 44-45. The condenser piping was
located outside on the top of the tower and, at the time it was
installed, working conditions were impeded by ice and snow.
Transcript at 95. Stroh thus claims a thirty percent impact for
the fifty percent of condenser piping labor performed outdoors.
Transcript at 178. The amount claimed is $1,108.
Chiller Equipment
37. Stroh claims a ten percent impact of $552 in increased
labor costs due to the need to use a larger crew in order to
complete the work of installing the replacement chillers in less
time. Transcript at 45, 96-97, 179. Stroh does not allege any
extra costs by reason of weather because the chiller equipment
was all located indoors. Transcript at 45.
Cooling Tower
38. Stroh seeks $972 for additional labor costs for work
associated with installing the new cooling tower. Transcript at
181-82. Although a subcontractor actually installed and erected
the cooling towers, Stroh had to hoist the equipment up to the
roof and hook up the cooling towers after they were erected.
These costs were increased both by the shortened time frame for
performance and by weather conditions. Transcript at 46, 97.
39. Stroh claims a ten percent impact for work on the
cooling tower as a result of compression of the time for
performance and the need to use a larger crew. This amounts to
$143 of the total requested sum of $972. Transcript at 50, 97,
181-82.
40. The new cooling tower was installed and hooked up on
the top of the roof. The cold and severe weather impacted this
work. Transcript at 47. Stroh's foreman testified that "there
were days we had to step in an out of wind to warm up when your
hands get so cold you can't hang onto tools and stuff."
Transcript at 97. Stroh claims $829 for a thirty percent weather
impact on the cooling tower work. Transcript at 182.
Punch List
41. The winter weather and compressed schedule also led to
additional errors in construction, contributing to an increase in
the punch list items that had to be completed at the end of the
project. Transcript at 98-99. Stroh's expert explained that
this type of impact is typical in the circumstances presented
here, where the schedule is compressed and outdoor work is
shifted into winter months. Transcript at 183-84. Stroh
estimates the cost of completing the additional punch list items
over and above what would normally be expected to be $2,425.
Transcript at 183. This amount was arrived at by applying the 30
percent weather and the 10 percent compressed schedule factors as
follows: $1,819 for severe weather and $606 for schedule impact.
Transcript at 183-84.
Vern Peterson
42. Vern Peterson was the foreman assigned to start this
project during the second week of June. Transcript at 48, 80,
115-16. Because Mr. Peterson could not start field work at that
time, he was sent to another project.[foot #] 12
Transcript at 48, 185. The other job, an "average, small
project," could have been done by a first-year journeyman at a
lower wage rate. Transcript at 80-81, 116. As a foreman, Mr.
Peterson was paid $1.30 per hour more than a journeyman would
have earned plus 28.24 % in markups. Transcript at 186. Mr.
Peterson remained on the job until October 14 and began work on
the Federal Building on October 15, 1990. Transcript at 82, 117.
Stroh thus claims the amount of $1,190 for wages paid to Vern
Peterson that were higher than the rate that Stroh would have
paid for a journeyman during the time Peterson was expected to be
working on the job but could not because of the
delay.[foot #] 13
Electrical
43. The electrical work was performed by a separate crew,
whose work was affected by the compressed period for performance
because it had to track with the mechanical work. Transcript at
51, 117-18. This resulted in a ten percent inefficiency of
$2,035. Transcript at 118, 187-88; Appellant's Exhibit 3.
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 12 Stroh was not willing to lay Mr. Peterson off
on a temporary basis because of the high probability that he
would not be available to work for Stroh when the project could
be started. Transcript at 185.
[foot #] 13 Stroh's calculation is as follows:
89 working days (from June 11 - October 14, 1990) x 8
hours per day x $1.67 (wage and benefit differential) =
$1,190.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
Material and Equipment Escalation
Material
44. Stroh seeks an adjustment of $224 for higher material
costs caused by the shifting of the work to the later period at
the Government's direction. Transcript at 51; Appellant's
Exhibit 3. Stroh calculated its material escalation claim by
multiplying its material cost ($35,588) by the 1990 government
escalation rate for materials (1.8%) by the 130-day alleged delay
(.35 years). Stroh's expert explained that the calculation was
made this way because Stroh did not purchase all of its materials
in one lump sum. Transcript at 189. Stroh originally planned to
purchase materials for the project right after receiving the
notice to proceed during the first week of June 1990. Transcript
at 51. After the Government postponement of the demolition work
prior to mid-October, Stroh decided not to purchase materials in
June in order to avoid storage costs. Transcript at 188.
Equipment
45. Stroh claims $2,035 for equipment escalation. Stroh
multiplied its total equipment costs ($32,000) by the 1990
Government escalation rate for equipment (5.3%) by the delay
period (.35 years). Mr. Cook stated that if Stroh had been able
to negotiate with its suppliers earlier, it could have received
better prices on the equipment. Transcript at 52. The chillers
constituted the majority of the dollar value of the equipment.
Transcript at 53. Although Stroh paid less for the chillers than
it anticipated, if Stroh had been able to order the chillers
shortly after it received the notice to proceed (which it would
have if it could have begun field work immediately), Stroh would
have paid even less. Transcript at 53, 191.
46. In addition to the chillers, Stroh purchased cooling
towers, pumps, and chemical treatment equipment. Transcript at
53. With the exception of some of the smaller items, the
suppliers of this other equipment agreed to hold to their prices.
Transcript at 53-54.
Victualic Fittings
47. Initially, Stroh planned to use welded fittings in
installing the replacement equipment. If there had been no
delay, Stroh would in all likelihood have had most, if not all,
of the welding completed by the end of October. Transcript at
100. Welding is not easy to perform in cold weather. Transcript
at 191-92. After the Government ordered the postponement of
outdoor work until after October 15, 1990, Stroh made a business
decision to use victualic, rather than welded, fittings.
Transcript at 246. In a victualic system, the same pipe is used
as with welding, but the fittings are grooved and held together
by gaskets. Transcript at 54-55. Stroh chose to use victualic
fittings to avoid the need for welding outdoors during the winter
weather. Transcript at 55, 192. Because of the wind and cold,
it would have been necessary to build screens and barriers around
the welds, which would have been very inefficient. Transcript at
55, 101.
48. Victualic fittings are more expensive than welded
fittings, but this difference is offset to some extent by lower
labor expenses required. Transcript at 55. For example,
victualic work did not require screens. Transcript at 101. Even
so, victualic work was impacted to a degree by the weather.
Transcript at 55-56, 102. In cold weather, the gaskets necessary
for victualic sealing get very cold. Transcript at 102. Stroh's
expert testified that although there was a winter weather impact
on the victualic fittings work, it was much less significant than
the impact the weather would have had on welded pipe. Transcript
at 192-93.
49. The expected reduction in man-hour requirements from
use of victualic fittings was not realized on this project
because Stroh could not groove the fittings and put them together
at the job site, which did not have adequate storage space for
full lengths of pipe. Transcript at 236-37. Instead, Stroh had
to groove the fittings off-site, bring them to the job site, and
hoist them up to the roof. Transcript at 236.
50. Stroh has calculated that $4,997 is the net additional
cost of using victualic fittings in lieu of welded fittings.
Transcript at 56; Appellant's Exhibit 3. This amount is the cost
overrun for steel pipe and fittings as reflected in the committed
cost report. The job estimate was $17,296 for steel pipe and
fittings, revised to $21,080 and the actual cost of victualic
fittings was $26,076.74, an additional $4,996.74. Transcript at
56-57; Appellant's Exhibit 3.
Underabsorbed Home Office Overhead
Dick Cook
51. Stroh claims $12,834 for the additional time that one
of its vice presidents, Mr. Cook, spent on the job as a result of
the delay. Transcript at 197; Appellant's Exhibit 3. Mr. Cook
served as the project manager under this contract. As a result
of the delay, he spent more time "coordinating with suppliers and
subcontractors to get [the work] done in a quicker time and the
materials there quicker and make sure that they were there in a
timely manner when we needed them, and getting the contractors to
work -- do their work according to the weather conditions."
Transcript at 56-57. Mr. Cook testified that from June 8 until
the end of June, he spent thirty-two hours a week restructuring
the job, and that he would normally spend four to six hours
working on a similar project. Transcript at 58, 122, 145, 195;
Appellant's Exhibit 3. From July until October 15, Mr. Cook's
activities on the project consisted of normal project management
and required only the time that would usually be expected. Thus,
there was no additional cost for this period. Transcript at 58-
60, 195-96; Appellant's Exhibit 3.
52. Once the field work began on October 15, through
substantial completion on February 7, Mr. Cook spent
approximately eighty percent of his time (thirty-two hours per
week) on the project. Transcript at 59-60. During this time Mr.
Cook was coordinating work with Mr. Peterson and subcontractors,
and rescheduling work because of weather problems. Ordinarily,
Mr. Cook would have spent approximately four hours per week on a
project of this nature. Transcript at 60; Appellant's Exhibit
3.[foot #] 14
53. For the first period, Stroh calculated twenty-eight
additional hours per week were spent, resulting in sixteen extra
working days. Transcript at 195. For the second impact period
Stroh calculated twenty-eight extra hours per week for a total of
seventy-eight additional working days by Mr. Cook. Transcript at
196. Adding the sixteen extra days to the twenty-eight extra
days yields a total impact of ninety-four working days. This,
divided by five working days per week, equals 18.8 weeks minus
one week of planned time, which equals 17.8 weeks. Multiplying
17.8 weeks by twenty-eight hours yields 498.4 man hours, which
divided by forty man hours per week comes to 12.46 billable
weeks. Multiplying this by $1,030 per week equals $12,834, the
additional overhead costs sought for Mr. Cook's time over and
above what would have been required had the project proceeded as
planned. Transcript at 196-97.
Punch List - Dick Cook
54. Stroh claims $2,060 for additional cost of the project
manager's time after February 9, 1991. Transcript at 197. The
project manager was responsible for managing the punch list.
Transcript at 197. Due to the longer punch list, Mr. Cook spent
more of his time overseeing its completion than he would have
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 14 Stroh provided the following chart depicting
the added time for Mr. Cook:
Dates Estimated Normal Time Actual Time
_____ _____________________ ___________
June 8 - end of June 4 to 6 hours per week 32 hours per
week
July - October 15 no impact
October 15 - February 7 4 to 6 hours per week 32 hours per
week
78 + 16 = 94 additional work days
94/5 = 18.8 weeks - 1 week planned = 17.8 weeks
17.8 x 28 hours/week = 498.4 man hours
498.4/40 = 12.46 billable weeks
12.46 weeks x $1030/week (Cook's salary) = $12,834.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
otherwise. Transcript at 61, 197. Based on his experience, he
was required to spend approximately two additional weeks
overseeing punch list items caused by the impact of the delayed
start. Transcript at 61. Applying the thirty percent weather
factor and the ten percent compression factor, this is allocated
as $1,545 for weather impact and $515 for the compressed schedule
impact. Transcript at 198.
Underabsorbed Home Office Overhead
55. Stroh claims the amount of $137,481 for underabsorbed
home office overhead. Although Stroh originally used the
Eichleay formula, applied to the alleged 130 day delay,
Appellant's Exhibit 1, Stroh subsequently modified its theory of
recovery. Stroh now seeks money for overhead it was unable to
absorb because it lost revenue after it could not bid for other
projects. Stroh's claim for this item is thus based on its
reduced ability to bid for mechanical work because the delay
required its mechanical estimator to spend extra time managing
this job. Transcript at 62.
56. At the time the contract was awarded, Stroh's
mechanical estimator, Mr. Cook, was responsible for between
eighty to ninety percent of Stroh's mechanical estimating. This
consisted of about four to eight projects per month, ranging in
value from $60,000 to $4 million. Transcript at 62-63, 121.
Stroh successfully bid for about twenty to twenty-five percent of
the projects that Mr. Cook estimated. Transcript at 63, 121.
Because of the delay to this project, however, Mr. Cook was
unable to estimate other projects during the period from October
15 to February 7, 1991. Transcript at 62, 64, 200.
57. Stroh's general manager and executive vice president,
John Stenberg[foot #] 15, testified that no one at
Stroh could replace Mr. Cook as the project manager so that he
could continue estimating during the period from October 15 to
early February when he was required to spend extra time
overseeing this project. It is Stroh's customary policy for the
person who estimated a job to manage it because "the same person
has the feeling for the job. He has taken it off. He know[s],
he has some feeling what the labor is, how to put the jigsaw
puzzle together." Transcript at 140. Mr. Stenberg also
testified that time did not permit him to take over as project
manager. Transcript at 140-41. In addition, Mr. Cook had
started management of the job and dealt with all the problems.
Transcript at 204.
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 15 Mr. Stenberg was general manager and
executive vice president for Stroh, reporting to the company
president. As general manager, Mr. Stenberg oversaw all work for
Stroh, with primary responsibility for the service division.
Transcript at 108-09.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
58. At the same time, Stroh was not able to make
arrangements for a substitute mechanical estimator. Transcript
at 126-28. Other Stroh employees were not trained to perform the
mechanical estimating previously done by Mr. Cook. Mr. Stenberg
could not undertake additional estimating responsibilities
because he was already working long hours and had not estimated
large projects of this nature in years. Transcript at 126-27.
Stroh's other estimator was fully occupied with project
management and the performance of electrical estimates.
Transcript at 127. Stroh's president did not have the expertise
to complete the estimates. Transcript at 128. According to
Stroh's expert, it was not feasible to hire an outside estimator
to perform this function temporarily because a new estimator
would not be familiar with the inner workings of Stroh and its
historical values, and the estimator would not have Mr. Cook's
management experience. Transcript at 203. Even if Stroh had
been able to find another estimator right away, Mr. Stenberg
testified that it would be six months before the estimator was
sufficiently familiar with Stroh's estimating system and had
gained the confidence of the firm to replace Mr. Cook in this
capacity. Transcript at 128-29. Furthermore, Mr. Cook was only
occupied on this project for four months and an additional
estimator would not be needed after that. Transcript at 129.
59. The inability of Mr. Cook to estimate new mechanical
projects from October 1990 until February 1991 caused a loss of
income to Stroh on projects it would otherwise have successfully
bid for. There were plenty of projects to bid during this
period. Transcript at 64, 130. As a result of Stroh's inability
to estimate and resultant inability to bid new projects from
October 15, 1990 through February 1991, Stroh's revenues fell
from February of 1991 though July of 1991. Transcript at 124.
In March, Mr. Cook was able to begin estimating again and Stroh
returned to its "normal" sales pattern in September and October
1991. Transcript at 125.
60. Stroh's expert testified that the revenue stream from
the project was originally scheduled to begin in June 1990.
Transcript at 199. Instead, Stroh's revenues dipped in June,
July, and August. Transcript at 199. Accordingly, the project
was not absorbing Stroh's overhead during those months as
planned. Transcript at 200. The billings were made up later in
the November and December time periods when most of the work was
accomplished. Transcript at 200.
61. Stroh has provided the following calculations to arrive
at its claimed amount for underabsorbed overhead:
1. Calculation of Amount of Lost Revenue During Impact Period
as Percentage of Expected Revenue
1990 Monthly Revenue
$2,898,700 (1990 Revenue)/12 (months) = $241,558
Anticipated Revenue During Feb. - July 1991
$241,558 (monthly 1990 revenue) x 6 (impact months) = $1,449,348
Actual Revenue During Feb. - July 1991
$595,794
Lost Revenue (Anticipated Feb. to July - Actual Feb. to July)
$1,449,348 - $595,794 = $853,554
$853,554 (lost revenue)
$1,149,348 (anticipated revenue) = 58.89% shortfall
2. Calculation of Mechanical Overhead and Apply Shortfall
Percentage
$1,839,457 (mechanical sales 1991) = 39.59%
$4,645,856 (total contract sales 1991)
$1,179,252 (total company overhead 1991) x 39.59% (mechanical
share of sales) = $466,907 attributable to mechanical work
$466,907/2 = $233,454 = mechanical overhead from Feb. - July 1991
3. Application of Shortfall Percentage to Overhead During
Affected Period
$233,454 x 58.89% = $137,481
Overhead, Profit, and Small Tool Expenses
62. Stroh claims $5,225 for additional direct overhead
expenses. Transcript at 135, 210. Stroh applied an 18.2% rate
to additional costs from wage escalation, labor inefficiency, and
material and equipment escalation, totalling $17,495. Transcript
at 210. The 18.2% rate was based on historical data and Stroh's
bid. Transcript at 135-36, 209.
63. Stroh claims $18,774 for a ten percent profit.
Transcript at 211. Stroh's expert testified that a ten percent
profit is standard for change orders and was similar to what
Stroh originally anticipated. Transcript at 211. This profit
figure was applied to all additional expenses claimed.
Transcript at 211; Appellant's Exhibit 3.
64. Stroh claims $1,428 for additional small tool expenses.
As Stroh buys small tools, it charges them to its small tool
account. Transcript at 210. At the end of the project, the
account equalled 8.16% of labor cost. Transcript at 146, 210.
Stroh applied this 8.16% to its additional labor costs because
small tool expenses increase with increased labor costs.
Transcript at 136-37, 210. Small tool expenses compensate for
wear and loss of tools. Transcript at 136. Mr. Stenberg
testified that Stroh's figure was within the industry range.
Transcript at 137. Stroh customarily bids its small tools as a
percentage of labor. Transcript at 209.
Bond Premium
65. Stroh seeks an additional bond premium of .63% on the
additional contract monies awarded to compensate it for the costs
incurred as a result of the Government's order postponing
commencement of demolition prior to October 15. Appellant's
Exhibit 3; Transcript at 137-39, 212. Stroh pays its bond
premium based upon the final contract amount, including pricing
adjustments. Transcript at 212.
Discussion
In addition to challenging the adequacy of Stroh's proof of
its increased costs, at the outset, the Government disputes
Stroh's entitlement to recover portions of the costs claimed.
These costs are the "compression damages" and the "underabsorbed
overhead" sought by Stroh. With respect to "compression" costs,
respondent maintains that the Board lacks jurisdiction to
entertain this aspect of appellant's claim; as to the
underabsorbed overhead, it is respondent's position that the
Board similarly lacks jurisdiction over appellant's revision of
this claim from an Eichleay-based formula to a claim for
underabsorbed overhead incurred as a result of a diminished
revenue stream. Respondent also maintains that even if the Board
has jurisdiction to decide this element of Stroh's claim, there
is no legal entitlement to recover such costs.
Jurisdictional Issues
Compressed Schedule Costs
Stroh characterizes its claim for additional costs incurred
by reason of loss of labor efficiency as a result of the
reduction in the contract performance period as "compression
damages." According to respondent, Stroh first identified this
element of additional cost in proceedings at the Board; the claim
before the contracting officer only explicitly identified loss of
labor efficiency due to severe winter weather. Appellant's
Exhibits 1-4. Respondent contends that the elements of Stroh's
damage claim described as "compression" costs actually comprise a
claim for the effect of acceleration of the work, and as such was
a new claim that was required to be presented to the contracting
officer before it could properly be considered by the
Board.[foot #] 16 See Placeway Construction Corp. v.
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 16 In addition to its objection that the
"compression" elements of Stroh's quantum claim were never
properly presented to the contracting officer, respondent asserts
a second basis for questioning the Board's jurisdiction. In
(continued...)
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
United States, 920 F.2d 903 (Fed. Cir. 1990); Santa Fe Engineers,
Inc. v. United States, 881 F.2d 856 (Fed. Cir. 1987). In its
February 25, 1994 opinion the Board did not rule on this issue
with respect to appellant's "compressed schedule" costs, but
recognized that a claim for acceleration damages may, under some
circumstances, require different elements of factual proof than a
delay claim and thus could be a different claim requiring a
separate decision by the contracting officer. Stroh Corp., 94-2
BCA at 133,206 (citing Trepte Construction Co., ASBCA 38555, 90-1
BCA 22,595).
Respondent now argues that the compressed schedule costs,
which primarily encompass reduced productivity of labor and a
portion of the underabsorbed overhead claimed by Stroh, can not
be deemed part of the initial claim which was certified in August
of 1990. In respondent's view, the "compressed timeframe"
damages are necessarily based on a legal theory that acceleration
of contract performance was constructively ordered by the
Government. More specifically, respondent contends that because
Stroh completed contract performance on time, the only
permissible legal theory for recovery of the "time compression"
damages is constructive acceleration. Relying on Utley-James,
Inc., GSBCA 5370, 85-1 BCA 17,816, respondent asserts that
Stroh must, with respect to these costs, prove the elements of
acceleration, i.e. facts which demonstrate that there was a need
for acceleration, a Government direction to accelerate, and that
Stroh accelerated its work. The elements of acceleration were
not, according to respondent, part of the nucleus of operative
facts in Stroh's certified claim.
Stroh, in response, defines its claim in terms of the broad
remedial purpose of an equitable adjustment defined as "the
difference between the reasonable cost of the work required by
the contract and the actual reasonable cost to (the contractor)
of performing the changed work, plus a reasonable amount of
overhead and profit." Greenwood Construction Co., AGBCA 75-127,
78-1 BCA 12,893, at 62,831. Thus, any costs that are
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 16 (...continued)
particular, respondent cites SAE/Americon - Mid-Atlantic, Inc. v.
____________________________________
General Services Administration, GSBCA 12294, 94-2 BCA 26,890,
_______________________________
to support the argument that because Stroh's entire claims dated
February 1, 11, and 25, 1994 were never certified, the Board does
not have jurisdiction over them. Because we conclude that these
claims essentially clarify and augment the certified claim
submitted to the contracting officer in 1990, however,
recertification was not required. See, e.g., J.F. Shea Co. v.
___ ____ _________________
United States, 4 Cl. Ct. 46, 54 (1983); Lorentz Bruun Co., GSBCA
_____________ __________________
8504, et al., 88-2 BCA 20,719, at 104,699; cf. Tecom, Inc. v.
__ ______________
United States, 732 F.2d 935 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (if the initial
______________
claim was under $50,000, a revision based on new information
which causes the claim to exceed $50,000 will not require
certification).
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
reasonable and can be connected to the Government delay are
recoverable. The added costs of proceeding under the shortened
time frame required by the Government-imposed delay are a direct
result of the suspension of the work. The Board is not, Stroh
maintains, required to find a constructive acceleration by the
Government to award these costs.
In light of the facts in the fully-developed record in this
case, a reexamination of the holding of Trepte Construction Co.,
ASBCA 38555, 90-1 BCA 22,595, persuades us that there is no
jurisdictional bar to Stroh's claim of compressed schedule
damages. In Trepte, after initially claiming relief based upon
impact damages arising out of a stop-work order, the contractor
filed an amended complaint alleging that certain Government
actions constituted a "constructive acceleration for which
[appellant] is entitled to an equitable adjustment under the
changes clause in the contract." The amended complaint sought
recovery of $476,800, the same amount as claimed in the request
for the contracting officer's decision and in the original
complaint. Id.
The Government moved to strike the paragraph alleging
constructive acceleration on the basis that the requirements to
prove constructive acceleration differ from those required to
prove entitlement to delay damages, and therefore the claim
should have first been presented to the contracting officer. Id.
The Board stated that the determination of whether allegations
constitute a new claim "turns on whether the matter raised before
the Board differs from the essential nature or the basic
operative facts of the original claim." Id. The Board further
explained:
The introduction of additional facts which do not
alter the nature of the original claim, a dollar
increase in the amount claimed before the Board, or the
assertion of a new legal theory of recovery, when based
upon the same operative facts as included in the
original claim, do not constitute new claims.
Id. at 113,386-87.
The Board then compared the elements required for proof of
delay damages with those required for acceleration damages and
found that the elements were different. The Board observed that
compensation for delay damages required proof that the delay was
Government caused and establishment of its effect upon
performance. Id. at 113,386. In contrast, constructive
acceleration had three distinct elements, including (1) the
existence of excusable delay, (2) notice to the Government of the
delay and a request for an extension of time, and (3) an express
or implied Government order. Id.
Because the elements of proof of the two theories were
substantially different in Trepte, and the constructive
acceleration basis for recovery was never presented to the
contracting officer, the Government's motion to strike was
granted. Id. The Board observed that the return of appellant's
acceleration claim to the contracting officer would not
necessarily waste resources because the contracting officer
"could very well have increased that compensation had
constructive acceleration been claimed. . . ." Id.
In contrast to the circumstances of Trepte, we find here
that the compressed schedule costs do not constitute a new claim
but rather an extension of claims which the contracting officer
had the opportunity to consider. With the benefit of a fully-
developed record, it is clear that the claim for compression
damages is indeed based on the same operative facts as the other
claims: the Government's insistence that the cooling system not
be disrupted until October 15 and subsequent delay of on-site
work, resulting in a shortened performance period. Stroh
explicitly notified the Government that it objected to the delay
in commencing performance and required an extension of time. The
Government effectively ordered Stroh to proceed as directed and
complete the work within the original performance period. Thus,
even if constructive acceleration were the only permissible legal
theory to support recovery of compressed time frame costs, the
facts underlying such a recovery were effectively presented to
the contracting officer in Stroh's original claim and are not
substantively different from those litigated before the Board.
As such, there is no jurisdictional bar to recovery. See, e.g.,
Diversified Marine Tech, Inc., DOTBCA 2455, et al., 93-2 BCA
25,719.
Underabsorbed Home Office Overhead
In the claim initially submitted to the contracting officer,
Stroh sought underabsorbed home office overhead for the alleged
130 calendar days of delay from the date of notice to proceed to
the date that the cooling system could be shut down. Stroh
calculated its damages under the Eichleay formula and reasoned
that "[b]ecause of the unanticipated nature of this change order,
Stroh is unable to replace the 'lost' work (due to lead times,
restraints on bonding capacity and lines of credit) in order to
'absorb' the overhead expense during the originally planned
construction period." Appeal File, Exhibits 9, 11. Stroh
subsequently changed its theory of recovery for unabsorbed
overhead. Beginning with its February 1, 1994 amended complaint,
Stroh maintained that
[Dick Cook] was not able to perform his normal
estimating duties and therefore he was not able to help
Stroh secure projects in early to mid 1991. For that
reason the revenues for the mechanical contracts
dropped during the period of time until he could get
this project completed, get back to estimating new
projects, get them on line, and get revenues coming to
cover the overhead.
Appellant's Exhibits 2-4; Findings 51-52.
The Government argues that Stroh's claim for underabsorbed
home office overhead based on lost revenues is a new claim which
that Board is without jurisdiction to consider because it was
never presented to the contracting officer. In support of its
argument, the Government observes that Stroh's new legal theory
has resulted in a different period of damages from the claim
submitted to the contracting officer. Stroh's initial
calculation, based on the Eichleay formula, resulted in alleged
damages occurring from the middle of June to October 15, 1991
(the delay of on-site work), while the new theory alleges that
the damages occurred during February through July 1991 (period of
lost revenues from inability to bid on contracts). Thus,
according to the Government, Stroh has "changed its tune."
Once again, the "same operative facts" test is applicable.
Stroh's original computation of underabsorbed home office
overhead was based on a straight application of the Eichleay
formula using a figure of 130 days of
delay.[foot #] 17 Stroh's new theory is based on the
delay's alleged effect on the work of the project manager and his
resultant inability to bid on other mechanical work. Although
the new theory (1) requires additional facts regarding the work
of the project manager and Stroh's mechanical estimating ability,
(2) increases the dollar amount of the claim and (3) asserts a
new legal theory of recovery, each of these is permissible so
long as the significant operative and related facts remain the
same.[foot #] 18
Quantum
Appellant seeks an adjustment to the contract price in the
amount of $214,505, representing the increased costs it claims
were incurred to perform the subject contract as a result of the
Government's direction to postpone the removal of chiller
equipment until after October 15. To obtain an equitable
adjustment, a contractor must show three necessary elements:
liability, causation, and resultant injury. Servidone
Construction Corp. v. United States, 931 F.2d 860, 861 (Fed. Cir.
1991) (citing Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States, 351
F.2d 956, 968 (Ct. Cl. 1965)); Electronic and Missile Facilities,
Inc. v. United States, 416 F.2d 1345, 1355 (Ct. Cl. 1969);
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 17 Stroh subsequently determined that application
of the Eichleay formula was inappropriate because there was no
________
"uncertain length of the [delay in the] performance period under
the contract." Appellant's Post Hearing Reply Brief at 3.
[foot #] 18 Respondent's challenge to Stroh's legal
entitlement to recover underabsorbed overhead under its non-
Eichleay formula is addressed below in the discussion of
individual items of cost.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
Warwick Construction, Inc., GSBCA 5070, et al., 82-2 BCA
16,091, at 79,854. It is appellant's burden to demonstrate and
prove the fact and amount of loss with sufficient certainty that
the determination of the amount of an adjustment due the
contractor is more than mere speculation. Lisbon Contractors,
Inc. v. United States, 828 F.2d 759, 767 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
To the extent that the Government has changed the work under
a contract, the changes clause entitles a contractor to the
increased costs of performance resulting from the change.
Freeman Darling, Inc., GSBCA 7112, 89-2 BCA 21,882, at 110,102.
The appellant must establish both (1) reasonableness of costs and
(2) causal connection to delays caused by change orders. An
equitable adjustment is a corrective measure which is simply
intended to keep a contractor whole when the contract has been
changed by the Government. E.g., Greenwood Construction Co., 78-
1 BCA at 62,831. The key is to put the contractor in as good a
position as he would have been but for defendant's actions.
George Bennett v. United States, 371 F.2d 859 (Ct. Cl. 1967). To
the extent the Government's actions are more properly regarded as
a suspension of the work, the contractor is similarly entitled to
recover increased costs of performance, but may not recover
profit associated with such costs. Warwick Construction Co., 82-
2 BCA at 102,960; Dravo Corp., ENGBCA 3915, 79-1 BCA 13,603;
Finding 3. In this case, the Government's actions are most
properly characterized as a suspension of the work, for which
recovery is provided under the Suspension of Work Clause of the
contract.
Recoverable increased costs of performing delayed work
include escalation in wages and the price of materials and
equipment. See Berkeley Construction Co., VABCA 1962, 88-1 BCA
20,259; Garcia Concrete, Inc., AGBCA 78-105-4, 82-2 BCA
16,046; Excavation-Construction, Inc., ENGBCA 3858, 82-2 BCA
15,770, reconsideration denied, 83-1 BCA 16,388. Another
allowable cost is the cost of labor and equipment that has
remained idle or is underutilized, subject to reasonable efforts
to mitigate the expense. Laburnum Construction Co., 325 F.2d 451
(Ct. Cl. 1963); Hardeman-Monier-Hutcherson (JV), ASBCA 11785, 67-
1 BCA 6210, at 28,748-49. Loss of efficiency is also a proper
element of recovery. Luria Brothers & Co. v. United States, 369
F.2d 701 (Ct. Cl. 1966); Youngdale & Sons Construction Co. v.
United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 516 (1993); Warwick Construction,
Inc., 82-2 BCA 16,091; Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., ASBCA
11300, 68-1 BCA 7054.
Individual Elements of Increased Cost
Wage Escalation
Increased labor costs occasioned by increases in wage scales
that become applicable as a result of Government-ordered delay
are properly compensable. See J.D. Hedin Construction Co. v.
United States, 347 F.2d 235, 257 (Ct. Cl. 1965), overruled in
part on other grounds sub nom. Wilner v. United States, 24 F.3d
1397, 1402-03 (Fed. Cir. 1994); Garcia Concrete, Inc., 82-2 BCA
16,046. Stroh seeks $182, the amount it calculates was incurred
by reason of the shifting of labor hours that would have been
incurred in 1990 into 1991. Since the Government is responsible
for these increased costs, we find that Stroh is entitled to
recover this amount.
Loss of Labor Efficiency - Generally
The loss of labor productivity resulting from improper delay
is also a proper element of damages. Luria Brothers, 369 F.2d at
712. To recover for loss of labor efficiency the contractor must
demonstrate that a particular work activity was impaired by an
action taken by the Government. To prove this, the contractor
must show the normal or expected level of performance and must
also show the extent to which the Government's action impacted
that performance, reducing labor efficiency. Southwest Marine,
Inc., ASBCA 39472, 93-2 BCA 25,682 (1992).
It has also been recognized that loss of labor productivity
is difficult to prove with exactitude and that the need to resort
to estimates does not necessarily preclude recovery. Luria
Brothers, 369 F.2d at 713; Southwest Marine, 93-2 BCA at 127,764.
In fact, it is rare when the loss of productivity can be proven
by books and records; the contractor must frequently resort to
proof by expert witness. Even so, mere estimations are not
sufficient. Id. In this case, Stroh has met its burden to show
that the Government's actions reduced the efficiency of its labor
force in two ways: 1) the work was shifted into adverse winter
weather conditions, and 2) the reduced amount of time left for
accomplishing demolition of the existing chillers and
installation of the new equipment forced Stroh, at least for some
of the work, to use a less than optimum crew size to perform the
work.
Labor Efficiency - Compression of the Schedule
Stroh had less than half of the original time to complete
the work because the start of on site work was pushed back from
Stroh's planned start on June 11 until October 15, 1990, when
Stroh was allowed to shut down the cooling system. Stroh claims
that the reduction of the on-site performance period from 240
days to 110 days caused Stroh to abandon its original plans to
use a two-man crew for much of the work and forced Stroh to use a
less efficient four-man crew.[foot #] 19 Findings 22-
23. Stroh's expert witness testified that loss of labor
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 19 As discussed below, there is evidence that
Stroh would have used a four-man crew for certain efforts,
particularly demolition of the existing equipment, even had it
not been forced to postpone commencement of the on-site work.
Finding 29.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
efficiency due to working under a compressed schedule is well-
recognized in the construction industry. Finding 27. The expert
relied on the Mechanical Contractor's Association of America
(MCAA) manual to obtain the efficiency reduction percentages he
used to calculate Stroh's additional costs. The ten percent
factor used was for a minor impact. Finding 27. Stroh took its
actual costs from cost reports and multiplied them by a ten
percent factor from the MCAA manual. Given the testimony of
Stroh's employees and its expert witness, this was a reasonable
and supportable percentage to use for this purpose.
Labor Efficiency - Severe Winter Weather
That winter weather and adverse weather conditions reduce
the efficiency of the labor force "only stands to reason." Luria
Brothers, 369 F.2d at 712. Stroh persuasively maintains that it
was forced to perform considerably more of the contract work
during winter weather conditions as a result of the delay of on-
site work. Findings 11-12. Although the chillers were
originally scheduled to be delivered in October, Stroh has
demonstrated that it would have begun on-site work in mid-June
because there was work that needed to be done prior to the
arrival of the new equipment. Finding 20. The delay of
demolition activities at the site from mid-June until mid-October
shifted the performance period into colder months. Finding 26.
Stroh's expert credibly testified as to the acceptance of
the concept of loss of labor efficiency from work done in severe
winter weather. Finding 30. He relied on the MCAA manual for
the percentages he used to calculate the effect of the winter
weather on Stroh's costs. Similar to its compression
calculation, Stroh took its actual costs from cost reports and
multiplied them by percentage impacts from the MCAA manual.
Finding 61.
Although we agree that Stroh was forced to perform much of
the outdoor work in colder weather and that this reduced its
efficiency, we are not persuaded that the severity of the weather
has been shown to justify application of the thirty percent
factor across the board. There is substantial testimony that for
a substantial portion of the performance period, severe winter
weather, particularly cold temperatures and wind chill, impeded
labor productivity. To compensate for the fact that at least
some of the outdoor work would have been performed in October and
early November, in relatively moderate conditions, and for the
lack of evidence as to daily temperatures and conditions, we
conclude that a factor of approximately twenty-five percent,
representing a compromise between average and severe seasonal
conditions, should be applied. The claimed costs are adjusted
accordingly.
Labor Efficiency - Quantum
Mobilization Costs
Stroh does not specify the wage rate of Mr. Peterson, and we
have not located it in the record. Based on the number of hours
and dollar amount claimed for this item, however, it appears that
Stroh is claiming $28.81 per hour for Mr.
Peterson.[foot #] 20 We allow the total amount of
$461 as demonstrated and reasonable.
Demolition
The added demolition costs are based on both time
compression and weather factors. With respect to the compression
costs requested, the evidence is inconclusive as to the size crew
that Stroh would have used. Although witnesses testified that a
two man crew could have performed the job had the Government not
delayed commencement until after October 15, the written
notations on the estimating sheets, and testimony of one of the
witnesses, suggests that Stroh may well have intended to use a
four man crew for demolition. Thus, we do not allow the $1,162
claimed for compression costs for this item.
We are persuaded that Stroh has produced credible evidence
that its demolition efforts were adversely impacted by
unfavorable winter weather conditions. The amount claimed by
Stroh for this impact is $4,958. As discussed above, this amount
is adjusted to reflect an approximate twenty-five percent factor;
the amount awarded is $4,130.
Insulating Blankets
Stroh has shown that the requirement to put up and remove
the insulating blankets was a result of the Government-ordered
delay. Findings 32-33. The contractor is entitled to recover
for the cost of extra protective measures required to protect the
work against winter weather where those measures are required as
a direct result of the Government's actions delaying performance.
J.D. Hedin Construction Co., 347 F.2d at 256. We award $653, the
amount of the labor costs Stroh has demonstrated were incurred in
the performance of this task.
Chilled Water Piping/Condenser Piping/Chiller
Equipment/ Cooling Towers
The added costs claimed by Stroh in connection with
performance of the installation of these replacement items under
the contract are discussed in Findings 34-40. Based on the
evidence of record, the costs associated with the compressed
schedule have been sufficiently demonstrated and are allowed.
These costs come to $568 for installation of domestic and chilled
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 20 This figure matches the entry next to Mr.
Peterson's name in the expert's notes regarding appellant's claim
and interviews with appellant's employees. Appeal File, Exhibit
151.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
water piping; $739 for installation of condenser piping; $552 for
installation of the chiller equipment; and $143 for costs
associated with hooking up the cooling towers. Adverse weather
had an impact on the work with respect to condenser piping
installed on the roof and the hook up of the cooling towers on
the roof. Stroh claims weather impacts on labor efficiency of
$1,108 (condenser piping) and $829 (cooling towers). After
adjusting these amounts by a reduced weather factor, the amounts
allowable for reduced labor efficiency are, respectively, $915
and $650.
Punch List
The evidence of record supports the conclusion that
increased costs were in fact incurred in connection with the
performance of added punch list items as a result of compression
of the performance time and winter weather conditions. Finding
41. Thus, we allow the claimed amount of $606 for schedule
impact and adjust the weather factor claimed to award the amount
of $1,515 for winter conditions.
Vern Peterson
Stroh's decision to retain its experienced foreman, Mr.
Peterson, to ensure it would be in a position to perform the
contract properly after October 15 was reasonable. Stroh
mitigated the added costs as best it could by assigning Mr.
Peterson to other work. Finding 42. The claimed amount of
$1,190 is allowed.
Electrical
Stroh has demonstrated entitlement to the extra costs of
performance of the electrical work incurred as a consequence of
the compressed schedule. We award the full amount of $2,035.
Material and Equipment Escalation
Materials and Equipment
Stroh's witnesses credibly attested that had they been able
to purchase materials and equipment when planned, in early summer
1990, the costs would have been lower than those incurred when
they were finally able to order the equipment later in the year.
Stroh was not in a position to order the equipment earlier than
it did and store it until it was ready to be used. Stroh is
entitled to recover the increased costs claimed of $6,215.
Victualic Fittings
We grant Stroh the full amount requested, $4,997, for the
increased cost of using victualic fittings. Stroh presented
credible testimony that choosing victualic fittings mitigated its
weather impact because welding would have been severely affected
by the weather conditions. Findings 47-50. This amount is
reasonable and represents an appropriate effort to mitigate the
effect of the suspension of work.
Underabsorbed Home Office Overhead
Stroh's claim for "underabsorbed" overhead is divided into
three components -- the cost of additional time devoted by its
project manager, a home office employee, to overseeing the
project[foot #] 21; the cost of additional time of its
project manager in overseeing the correction of punch list items;
and the loss of revenues occasioned by the fact that its project
manager was also the principal estimator for mechanical projects
and was unable to perform his estimating duties during the
compressed time frame for performance of the contract work.
Respondent offers three principal arguments to support its
position that Stroh is not entitled to recover underabsorbed home
office overhead. First, respondent contends that (1) the period
for contract performance was not delayed. Second, respondent
points out that Stroh failed to use the required Eichleay
formula. Third, respondent urges that such damages are
unrecoverable because they are unforeseeable and speculative.
With respect to the argument that the overall period of
contract performance was not delayed, we note that Stroh fully
intended to begin contract work before October 15 and that there
was sufficient work to be done before arrival of the chillers
such that Stroh was effectively delayed in its commencement of
the work for 130 days after receipt of the notice to proceed.
The manner of performance is largely within the discretion of the
contractor. It would be good business sense for Stroh to plan on
performing as much of the contract as possible before the onset
of winter weather.
The Government and appellant disagree on whether Stroh is
required to use the Eichleay formula for its calculation of
underabsorbed home office overhead. The Government maintains
that under Wickham Contracting v. Fischer, 12 F.3d 1574 (Fed.
Cir. 1994), Eichleay is the exclusive method to recover
underabsorbed home office overhead. Appellant responds that
Wickham applies only to unabsorbed overhead, not underabsorbed
overhead, and that the Eichleay formula is only used when
Government delays cause the work period to exceed the contract
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 21 Had Stroh reflected the time spent by its
project manager as a direct cost chargeable to the contract
rather than including his entire salary in overhead, this amount,
and time devoted to overseeing correction of punch list items,
might well have been recoverable. On the record before us,
however, we are unable to adjust Stroh's overhead claim so as to
allow recovery of these amounts as a direct added cost of
performing the contract.
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
completion date or intended early completion date. Because
Stroh's calculation of damages is not based on a completion date,
Stroh argues that Eichleay is not applicable. In its place,
appellant has utilized the "Stroh formula," which it claims is
based on the same principles and data as Eichleay.
To use the formula for home office overhead recovery
provided in Eichleay, a court or board must find compensable
delay and that the contractor could not have taken on other jobs.
Wickham Contracting, 12 F.3d at 1577. Where the Eichleay
prerequisites are met, Eichleay is the exclusive method for
allocating overhead to delay of government contracts to
compensate the contractor for unabsorbed home office overhead.
Id. Here, the Eichleay prerequisites are not met. The Eichleay
formula requires some degree of uncertainty as to the duration of
the delay which makes it impracticable for the contractor to take
on work. C.B.C. Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, 978 F.2d 669
(Fed. Cir. 1992). In this case there was no such uncertainty as
Stroh knew from the time it was informed that on-site work could
not commence in the summer months that the delay would be until
October 15.
Furthermore, Stroh is not entitled to an award of
underabsorbed home office overhead under its modified Eichleay
formula because, in reality, this claim seeks recovery of
consequential damages. See Prudential Insurance Co. of America
v. United States, 801 F.2d 1295 (Fed. Cir. 1986), cert. denied,
479 U.S. 1086 (1987).[foot #] 22 To be recoverable,
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 22 In Prudential, a contractor terminated the
__________
Government's lease, but the Government did not vacate the
premises for ten months. During this period, the contractor
informed the Government that it was negotiating a new lease which
included the Government-occupied space and that it would suffer
substantial damages if the Government did not vacate. The
contractor was able to negotiate a new lease that included the
Government-occupied space with a tenant already in the building.
Subsequently, the tenant terminated the lease because the space
occupied by the Government was not available by the required
date. As a result of the Government's actions, the contractor
was damaged not only by loss of a tenant for the property leased
to the Government, but also loss of revenues from property in
addition to that occupied by the Government.
The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit followed
Supreme Court precedent as to contracts between private parties,
holding that "the party who breaches a contract can only be held
responsible for such consequences as may be reasonably supposed
to be within the contemplation of the parties at the time the
contract was made." 801 F.2d at 1300 (citing Globes Refining Co.
___________________
v. Landa Cotton Oil Co, 190 U.S. 540, 544 (1902)). The Court of
______________________
Appeals upheld the Claims Court's determination that at the time
(continued...)
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
consequential damages must be foreseeable at the time of contract
award. Land Movers, Inc., ENGBCA 5656, 92-1 BCA 24,473.
Foreseeable means within the contemplation of the parties at the
time of award. For damages to be recoverable, there must be no
intervening incident; the Government's actions "must produce the
effect inevitably and naturally." Ramsey v. United States, 121
Ct. Cl. 426, 433 (1951); accord Clark & Hirt, IBCA 1508-8-81, 84-
1 BCA 17,134, at 85,352-53.
In this case, it would not be realistic to expect the
Government to have foreseen that Stroh would be unable to bid for
other contracts if the work was delayed because Stroh had only
one mechanical estimator who would be forced to devote all of his
time from October 1990 until February 1991 to the contract.
Stroh's inability to bid on other mechanical contracts during the
period from mid-October through early February was not a natural
and probable consequence flowing from the Government-imposed
delay. Stroh's reliance on a single person for its mechanical
estimating and its decision to make him project manager were
intervening causes of Stroh's damages.
Overhead, Profit, and Small Tool Expense
The award to Stroh under categories I (wage escalation), II
(loss of labor efficiency), and III (material and equipment
escalation) totals $24,999. Applying Stroh's 18.2% overhead rate
to this amount, we find that Stroh is entitled to recover the
amount of $4,550 in increased overhead. Small tool expenses are
computed as a percentage of categories I and II. Applying the
8.16% factor to the increased costs awarded of $ 12,938 yields an
adjusted amount of $1,125. Under the Suspension of Work Clause,
profit is not allowable. The amount claimed for profit is thus
disallowed.
Bond Premium
A contractor is entitled to recover the additional bond
premium it is required to pay on pricing adjustments recovered
under the contract. See, e.g., Proserv, Inc., 78-1 BCA 13,066,
at 63,811 n.1. Stroh will incur a bond premium in the amount of
.63% of the pricing adjustment of $29,600 awarded under this
decision. See Findings 13-14. This amounts to $193.
The total amount awarded is as follows:
I. WAGE ESCALATION $ 182
----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS ---------
[foot #] 22 (...continued)
the lease was entered it was not foreseeable by the Government
that if it held over the landlord would incur losses beyond the
loss of a tenant for the property that the Government actually
leased. Id. at 1301.
___
----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS -----------
II. LOSS OF LABOR EFFICIENCY $ 14,157
Mobilization $ 461
Demolition $ 4,130
Insulating blankets $ 653
Domestic and chilled water piping $ 568
Condenser piping $ 1,654
Chiller equipment $ 552
Cooling towers $ 793
Punch list $ 2,121
Vern Peterson $ 1,190
Electrical $ 2,035
Total $ 14,157
III. MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT ESCALATION $ 11,212
Material $ 224
Equipment $ 5,991
Subtotal $ 6,215
Victualic Fittings $ 4,997
Total $ 11,212
IV. SUBCONTRACTOR ESCALATION $ - 0 -
V. UNDERABSORBED HOME OFFICE OVERHEAD $ - 0 -
VI. OVERHEAD, PROFIT AND MISC. $ 5,820
a. Overhead (18.2% of Items I,
II, and III) $ 4,650
b. Small Tool Expense (8.16% of
Items I and II Labor) $ 1,170
c. Profit (10% of Items I - V,
VIa. and VIb.) $ - 0 -
Total $ 5,820
VII. BOND PREMIUM $ 198
Subtotal Items I - VI $31,371
Bond Premium (0.63%) $ 198
TOTAL AWARDED $ 31,569
____________
Decision
The appeal is GRANTED IN PART as to quantum. Specifically,
Stroh is entitled to recover $31,569 plus interest as provided
under the Contract Disputes Act of 1978. 41 U.S.C. 611 (1994).
_______________________
CATHERINE B. HYATT
Board Judge
We concur:
______________________ _______________________
ANTHONY S. BORWICK EDWIN B. NEILL
Board Judge Board Judge
| en |
all-txt-docs | 366399 | ! Started logfile: J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_uvs.log on Wed Jul 5 11:15:03 2006
obs J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_uva.fits
! Reading UV FITS file: J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_uva.fits
! AN table 1: 231 integrations on 45 of 45 possible baselines.
! Apparent sampling: 0.805195 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin.
! Found source: J0336+3218
!
! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels:
!
! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF
! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth
! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz)
! 01 1 8.40997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 02 2 8.47997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 03 3 8.79497e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 04 4 8.89997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
!
! Polarization(s): RR
!
! Read 2424 lines of history.
!
! Reading 33480 visibilities.
select I
! Polarization I is unavailable.
! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4
! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1
! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2
! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3
! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4
![@muppet J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk]
integer clean_niter
clean_niter = 100
float clean_gain
clean_gain = 0.04
float dynam
dynam = 6.0
float amp_soltime1
amp_soltime1 = 10
float amp_soltime2
amp_soltime2 = 1
float phase_soltime1
phase_soltime1=10
float phase_soltime2
phase_soltime2=0.5
float phase_soltime
phase_soltime=phase_soltime1
float ampcor_selflim
ampcor_selflim=1.20
float thresh
thresh = 0.10
float win_mult
win_mult = 1.8
float time_av
time_av = 30
float old_peak
float new_peak
float flux_cutoff
mapsize field_size, field_cell
! Map grid = 512x512 pixels with 0.200x0.200 milli-arcsec cellsize.
uvav time_av, true
! Averaging into 30 second bins.
! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4
! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1
! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2
! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3
! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4
phase_soltime=phase_soltime1
print "uvstat(rms)=",uvstat(rms),"Jy"
! uvstat(rms)= 1.28575 Jy
uvw 2,-1
! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels).
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7327 mas, bmaj=2.193 mas, bpa=-25.82 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.98567 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! Added new window around map position (0, 0).
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 1.04397 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 1.2596 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 1.2596 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.073760 max=0.123977 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.001601 rms=0.023707 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.2596 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
! Adding 8 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 8 components and 1.2596 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
! A total of 2 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
! A total of 2 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
! A total of 2 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
! A total of 2 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.332801Jy sigma=5.545552
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.332622Jy sigma=5.505766
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7327 mas, bmaj=2.193 mas, bpa=-25.82 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.98567 mJy/beam.
print "************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **************"
! ************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **************
!
uvw 0,-2
! Uniform weighting is not currently selected.
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -2.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
win_mult = win_mult * 1.6
clean_niter = clean_niter * 2
dynam = dynam - 0.5
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9042 mas, bmaj=2.287 mas, bpa=-25.03 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.41964 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.124882 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.19329 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.215254 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.222797 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.222797 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.073636 max=0.120695 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.001733 rms=0.023078 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.4824 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
! Adding 19 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 23 components and 1.4824 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.296330Jy sigma=4.815082
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.296471Jy sigma=4.811413
! Inverting map
print "************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **************"
! ************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **************
!
restore
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.9042 x 2.287 at -25.03 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.069032 max=1.2194 Jy/beam
if(peak(flux) < thresh*2)
selflims ampcor_selflim
end if
gscale
! Performing overall amplitude self-cal
!
! Correcting IF 1.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 0.992719
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 0.98 FD 1.04 HN 0.90 KP 0.94
! LA 0.91 MK 1.04 NL 1.35 OV 1.00
! PT 0.95 SC 0.96
!
!
! Correcting IF 2.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 1.01092
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 0.97 FD 1.05 HN 0.90 KP 0.87
! LA 0.88 MK 1.01 NL 1.33 OV 1.00
! PT 0.96 SC 0.93
!
!
! Correcting IF 3.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 0.99944
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.10 FD 1.09 HN 0.84 KP 0.81
! LA 0.90 MK 1.04 NL 1.31 OV 1.03
! PT 0.97 SC 0.93
!
!
! Correcting IF 4.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 0.986299
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.04 FD 1.13 HN 0.87 KP 0.84
! LA 0.89 MK 1.06 NL 1.26 OV 1.06
! PT 1.04 SC 0.96
!
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.296471Jy sigma=4.811413
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.211821Jy sigma=3.466866
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.211821Jy sigma=3.466866
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.211785Jy sigma=3.465377
dynam = dynam - 0.5
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9155 mas, bmaj=2.268 mas, bpa=-24.7 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.38512 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! Added new window around map position (4.6, -4).
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.111588 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.135427 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.145272 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.153654 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.153654 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.020258 max=0.020506 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000076 rms=0.005293 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.63605 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
! Adding 35 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 56 components and 1.63605 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.170575Jy sigma=2.525702
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.170094Jy sigma=2.515514
! Inverting map
print "************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE GSCALE SELF-CAL **************"
! ************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE GSCALE SELF-CAL **************
!
phase_soltime=phase_soltime2
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.170094Jy sigma=2.515514
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.114213Jy sigma=1.625286
dynam = dynam - 0.5
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00955913 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0126668 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0159356 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0187658 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0187658 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.018074 max=0.017288 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000010 rms=0.004610 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.65482 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 26 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 71 components and 1.65482 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.109455Jy sigma=1.532463
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.104251Jy sigma=1.453751
! Inverting map
print "*** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN with shorter phase_soltime ***"
! *** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN with shorter phase_soltime ***
!
dynam = dynam - 0.25
restore
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.9155 x 2.268 at -24.7 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.024582 max=1.2157 Jy/beam
if(peak(flux) > thresh)
selfcal true, true, amp_soltime1
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
selfcal true, true, amp_soltime2
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
print "************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **************"
end if
! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.104251Jy sigma=1.453751
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.097422Jy sigma=1.319224
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.097422Jy sigma=1.319224
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.097084Jy sigma=1.312929
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9217 mas, bmaj=2.276 mas, bpa=-24.55 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.37961 mJy/beam.
! Added new window around map position (-5.8, 3.8).
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00679822 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0103312 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0108004 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0111618 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0111618 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.014133 max=0.012892 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000067 rms=0.003167 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.66598 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 24 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 88 components and 1.66598 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.090545Jy sigma=1.181574
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.090455Jy sigma=1.176682
! Inverting map
! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 1 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.090455Jy sigma=1.176682
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.088178Jy sigma=1.140250
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.088178Jy sigma=1.140250
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.088184Jy sigma=1.140189
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9214 mas, bmaj=2.282 mas, bpa=-24.57 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.37845 mJy/beam.
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.00143493 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.001382 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.00224463 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00302646 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -0.00302646 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.011567 max=0.010566 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000052 rms=0.002559 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.66296 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 35 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 110 components and 1.66296 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.085713Jy sigma=1.090318
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.085721Jy sigma=1.089446
! Inverting map
! ************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **************
uvtaper 0.3,taper_size
! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths.
win_mult = win_mult * 1.4
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=2.229 mas, bmaj=2.748 mas, bpa=-16.86 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.74188 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 5.84699e-05 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.00190253 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.0035635 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00503403 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -0.00503403 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.009812 max=0.009118 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000093 rms=0.002447 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.65792 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 23 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 130 components and 1.65792 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.085441Jy sigma=1.081697
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.085433Jy sigma=1.081398
! Inverting map
uvtaper 0
! No UV-taper is currently set.
win_mult = win_mult / 1.4
print "************** FINISHED TAPERING SELF-CAL CLEAN **************"
! ************** FINISHED TAPERING SELF-CAL CLEAN **************
!
print "************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER **********"
! ************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER **********
clrmod true,true,true
! clrmod: Cleared the established, tentative and continuum models.
uvw 2,-1
! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels).
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
clean clean_niter, clean_gain
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7368 mas, bmaj=2.179 mas, bpa=-25.76 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.95299 mJy/beam.
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 1.03203 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 1.24892 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 1.36443 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 1.43182 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 1.43182 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.024032 max=0.033926 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000578 rms=0.007817 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.43182 Jy
uvw 0,-2
! Uniform weighting is not currently selected.
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -2.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Adding 21 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 21 components and 1.43182 Jy
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9214 mas, bmaj=2.282 mas, bpa=-24.57 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.37845 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
keep
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0600502 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.101635 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.133068 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.157249 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.157249 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.016847 max=0.018246 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000246 rms=0.004626 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.58907 Jy
! Adding 39 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 49 components and 1.58907 Jy
! Inverting map
uvtaper 0.3,taper_size
! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths.
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=2.229 mas, bmaj=2.748 mas, bpa=-16.86 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.74188 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
keep
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0313353 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0459763 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0515013 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0550522 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0550522 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.010833 max=0.012626 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000037 rms=0.003411 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.64413 Jy
! Adding 36 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 77 components and 1.64413 Jy
! Inverting map
uvtaper 0
! No UV-taper is currently set.
clean
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9214 mas, bmaj=2.282 mas, bpa=-24.57 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.37845 mJy/beam.
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00626952 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00585469 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00512119 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00543254 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00543254 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.012410 max=0.011154 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000018 rms=0.002871 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.64956 Jy
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 30 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 101 components and 1.64956 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.089108Jy sigma=1.138624
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.088966Jy sigma=1.135065
wmodel J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk\_map.mod
! Writing 101 model components to file: J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_map.mod
wobs J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk\_uvs.fits
! Writing UV FITS file: J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_uvs.fits
wwins J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk\_map.win
! wwins: Wrote 3 windows to J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_map.win
x = (field_size-8) * field_cell / 4
addwin -x,x,-x,x
clean (field_size*4),0.01
! Inverting map
! clean: niter=2048 gain=0.01 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000902032 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000347885 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.000172928 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000940812 Jy
! Component: 250 - total flux cleaned = 0.00230121 Jy
! Component: 300 - total flux cleaned = 0.00360128 Jy
! Component: 350 - total flux cleaned = 0.00484685 Jy
! Component: 400 - total flux cleaned = 0.00577639 Jy
! Component: 450 - total flux cleaned = 0.00590299 Jy
! Component: 500 - total flux cleaned = 0.00590522 Jy
! Component: 550 - total flux cleaned = 0.00590726 Jy
! Component: 600 - total flux cleaned = 0.00579244 Jy
! Component: 650 - total flux cleaned = 0.00579538 Jy
! Component: 700 - total flux cleaned = 0.00590687 Jy
! Component: 750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0060133 Jy
! Component: 800 - total flux cleaned = 0.00611322 Jy
! Component: 850 - total flux cleaned = 0.00611007 Jy
! Component: 900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0060143 Jy
! Component: 950 - total flux cleaned = 0.00592156 Jy
! Component: 1000 - total flux cleaned = 0.00646946 Jy
! Component: 1050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00655835 Jy
! Component: 1100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00673345 Jy
! Component: 1150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00698707 Jy
! Component: 1200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00690387 Jy
! Component: 1250 - total flux cleaned = 0.00682453 Jy
! Component: 1300 - total flux cleaned = 0.00690521 Jy
! Component: 1350 - total flux cleaned = 0.00713819 Jy
! Component: 1400 - total flux cleaned = 0.00706269 Jy
! Component: 1450 - total flux cleaned = 0.00735787 Jy
! Component: 1500 - total flux cleaned = 0.00742941 Jy
! Component: 1550 - total flux cleaned = 0.00756905 Jy
! Component: 1600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0079784 Jy
! Component: 1650 - total flux cleaned = 0.00804436 Jy
! Component: 1700 - total flux cleaned = 0.00824192 Jy
! Component: 1750 - total flux cleaned = 0.00862804 Jy
! Component: 1800 - total flux cleaned = 0.00869125 Jy
! Component: 1850 - total flux cleaned = 0.00912537 Jy
! Component: 1900 - total flux cleaned = 0.00942852 Jy
! Component: 1950 - total flux cleaned = 0.00960636 Jy
! Component: 2000 - total flux cleaned = 0.00972302 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 2048 components = 0.00995224 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.002932 max=0.003226 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000014 rms=0.001084 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.65951 Jy
keep
! Adding 124 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 225 components and 1.65951 Jy
![Exited script file: muppet]
wmap "J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk\_map.fits"
! Inverting map
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.9214 x 2.282 at -24.57 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.0080546 max=1.2153 Jy/beam
! Writing clean map to FITS file: J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_map.fits
float peak_flux
peak_flux = peak(flux,max)
print "The peak flux is",peak_flux
! The peak flux is 1.21533
invert
! Inverting map
float image_rms
image_rms = imstat(rms)
print "The final image rms is",image_rms
! The final image rms is 0.00108243
device "J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk\_map.eps/VPS"
! Attempting to open device: 'J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_map.eps/VPS'
loglevs 100*3*image_rms/peak_flux
! The new contour levels are:
! -0.267193 0.267193 0.534386 1.06877 2.13754 4.27508 8.55017 17.1003 34.2007 68.4013
print "clev=",int(3*image_rms*10000)/10000
! clev= 0.0032
print "peak=",int(peak_flux*1000)/1000
! peak= 1.215
mapcolor none
! Mapplot colormap: none, contrast: 1 brightness: 0.5.
mapplot cln
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.9214 x 2.282 at -24.57 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.0080546 max=1.2153 Jy/beam
mapcolor color, 0.9
! Mapplot colormap: rainbow, contrast: 0.9 brightness: 0.5.
device "J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk\_map.gif/gif"
! Attempting to open device: 'J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_map.gif/gif'
mapplot cln
quit
! Quitting program
! Log file J0336+3218_X_2006_02_16_yyk_uvs.log closed on Wed Jul 5 11:15:34 2006
| en |
all-txt-docs | 128217 | <META Name="photo_id" Content="S70-29505">
<META Name="filename" Content="10075577.jpg">
<META Name="caption" Content="Prototype of the Modular Equipment Transporter (MET)">
<META Name="description" Content="A prototype of the Modular Equipment Transporter (MET), nicknamed the "Rickshaw" after its shape and method of propulsion. This equipment was used by the Apollo 14 astronauts during their geological and lunar surface simulation training in the Pinacate volcanic area of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. The Apollo 14 crew will be the first one to use the MET. It will be a portable workbench with a place for the lunar handtools and their carrier, three cameras, two sample container bags, a Special Environmental Sample Container, spare film magazines, and a Lunar Surface Penetrometer.">
<META Name="keywords" Content="images, USA, apollo_14, text, apollo 14, apollo project, configurations, equipment, prototypes, testing, tools">
<META Name="credit" Content="Image and text courtesy of Johnson Space Center">
<META Name="order_info" Content="JSC Office of Public Affairs<br>External Affairs Branch<br>Mail Code AP4<br>2101 NASA Road 1<br>Houston, TX 77058<br>Fax: (713) 483-2000<br>"> | en |
converted_docs | 486735 | **[Pre-Work]{.underline}**
**Instructor:**
**Objectives:** 1. Describe at least three sources of GPS signal error,
and ways to reduce those errors.
2\. Identify the three segments of the Global Positioning System and
describe the purpose of each.
3\. Describe two technologies that enhance the accuracy of GPS
positioning and collected position data.
4\. Describe the process a GPS receiver uses to triangulate its position
5\. Successfully complete the Pre-Work Test
6\. Bring Pre-Work Test to class
**Timeframe:** Approximately five hours to complete Pre-Work and test
**Materials Needed:** Course Pre-Work Compact Disk
Powerpoint or Powerpoint Viewer
MS Word word processing program
Printer (optional)
PC computer
**References:** Glossary of GPS Terminology and GPS web site list
(optional)
**Preparation:** Place course CD in a computer and navigate to the
folder labeled "Pre-Work." It's recommended that the files be downloaded
from the course CD to your hard drive. Files needed to complete the
Pre-Work are:
> GPS_for_ICS_Pre-Work.ppt
>
> GPS_for_ICS_Pre-Work_Reading.doc
>
> GPS_for_ICS_Pre-Work_Test.doc
Optional files shown in References above may be found in the Reference
folder on the CD
Note: the Powerpoint presentation contains slide animations not found in
the Word document. To view the animated presentation, run the
presentation in [slide show mode]{.underline}. Both the Word document
and the Powerpoint presentation are identical. You may complete the
Pre-Work using one or the other. But the Powerpoint contains several
animated slides that are not found in the Word document.
| en |
converted_docs | 116359 | {width="6.489583333333333in"
height="1.0520833333333333in"}
#
# Legislative Bulletin....................................................February 16, 2006
**Contents:**
> **H.Con.Res. 341 ---** Condemning the Government of Iran for violating
> its international nuclear
>
> nonproliferation obligations and expressing support for efforts to
> report Iran to the United Nations Security Council
**H.Con.Res. 341 --- Condemning the Government of Iran for violating its
international nuclear nonproliferation obligations and expressing
support for efforts to report Iran to the United Nations Security
Council. ---**
***as introduced* (Ros-Lehtinen, R-FL)**
**[Order of Business]{.underline}**: The resolution is scheduled to be
considered on Thursday, February 16, 2006, under a unanimous consent
agreement.
**[Summary]{.underline}**: H.Con.Res. 341 resolves that Congress:
- "condemns in the strongest possible terms the many breaches and
failures of the Government of Iran to comply faithfully with its
nuclear non-proliferation obligations, including its obligations
under the Agreement Between Iran and the International Atomic Energy
Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done at Vienna
June 19, 1973 (commonly referred to as the "Safeguards Agreement"),
as reported by the Director General of the IAEA to the IAEA Board of
Governors since 2003;
- "commends the efforts of the Governments of France, Germany, and the
United Kingdom to seek a meaningful and credible suspension of
Iran's enrichment- and reprocessing-related activities and to find a
diplomatic means to address the non-compliance of the Government of
Iran with its obligations, requirements, and commitments related to
nuclear nonproliferation;
- "calls on all members of the United Nations Security Council, in
particular the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of
China, to expeditiously consider and take action in response to any
report of Iran's noncompliance in fulfillment of the mandate of the
Security Council to respond to and deal with situations bearing on
the maintenance of international peace and security;
- "declares that Iran, through its many breaches for almost 20 years
of its obligations under the Safeguards Agreement, has forfeited the
right to be trusted with any aspect of a nuclear fuel cycle,
especially with uranium conversion and enrichment and plutonium
reprocessing technology, equipment, and facilities;
- "calls on all responsible members of the international community to
impose economic sanctions designed to deny Iran the ability to
develop nuclear weapons; and
- "urges the President to keep Congress fully and currently informed
concerning Iran's violation of its international nuclear
nonproliferation obligations."
**[Additional Information]{.underline}:** The resolution lists a number
of findings, including the following:
- "Iran is a non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done at Washington, London,
and Moscow July 1, 1968 (commonly referred to as the "Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty"), under which Iran is obligated, pursuant
to Article II of the Treaty, ''not to receive the transfer from any
transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices
directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire
nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek
or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or
other nuclear explosive devices;
- "the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reported in November
2003 that Iran had been developing an undeclared nuclear enrichment
program for 18 years and had covertly imported nuclear material and
equipment, carried out over 110 unreported experiments to produce
uranium metal, separated plutonium, and concealed many other aspects
of its nuclear facilities and activities;
- "in November 2004, the Governments of the United Kingdom, France,
and Germany entered into an agreement with Iran on Iran's nuclear
program (commonly referred to as the "Paris Agreement)", securing a
formal commitment from the Government of Iran to voluntarily suspend
uranium enrichment operations in exchange for discussions on
economic, technological, political, and security issues;
- "on August 29, 2005, Iran's Atomic Energy Organization announced it
has mastered the technique of using biotechnology to extract purer
uranium, adding that this method "substantially decreases the cost .
. . in the process that leads to the production of yellowcake,"
which is a part of the early stages of the nuclear fuel cycle;
- "on September 24, 2005, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a
resolution finding that Iran's many failures and breaches of its
obligations to comply with the Safeguards Agreement constitute
noncompliance in the context of Article XII.C of the Statute of the
IAEA and that matters concerning Iran's nuclear program have given
rise to questions that are within the competence of the Security
Council as the organ bearing the primary responsibility for the
maintenance of international peace and security;
- "President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad expressed, in an October 26,
2005, speech, his hope for 'a world without America' and his desire
'to wipe Israel off the map' and has subsequently denied the
existence of the Holocaust;
- "on January 3, 2006, the Government of Iran announced that it
planned to restart its nuclear research efforts;
- "in January 2006, Iranian officials, in the presence of IAEA
inspectors, began to remove IAEA seals from the enrichment facility
in Natanz, Iran;
- "President Ahmadinejad stated, ''The Iranian government and nation
has no fear of the Western ballyhoo and will continue its nuclear
programs with decisiveness and wisdom;
- "on February 4, 2006, Resolution GOV/2006/14 of the IAEA Board of
Governors relayed an ''absence of confidence that Iran's nuclear
programme is exclusively for peaceful purposes resulting from the
history of concealment of Iran's nuclear activities, the nature of
those activities and other issues arising from the Agency's
verification of declarations made by Iran since September 2002;
- "on February 4, 2006, the IAEA Board of Governors reported Iran's
noncompliance with its IAEA safeguards obligations to the Security
Council;
- "Iran has, since February 4, 2006, taken additional steps confirming
its unwillingness to comply with its nuclear nonproliferation
obligations; and
- "Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for over two
decades and the Department of State has declared in its most recent
Country Reports on Terrorism that Iran ''remained the most active
state sponsor of terrorism in 2004."
**[Committee Action]{.underline}**: On February 15^th^, the resolution
was introduced and referred to the House Committee on International
Relations, which took no official action.
**[Cost to Taxpayers]{.underline}**: The resolution authorizes no
expenditure.
**[Does the Bill Expand the Size and Scope of the Federal
Government?]{.underline}**: No.
**[Does the Bill Contain Any New State-Government, Local-Government, or
Private-Sector Mandates?]{.underline}**: No.
**[RSC Staff Contact]{.underline}**: Joelle Cannon;
<joelle.cannon@mail.house.gov>, (202) 226-9717
**\###**
| en |
converted_docs | 029883 | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| # Job Access and Reverse Com | [ |
| mute Program - Fiscal Year 2001 Congressionally Directed Projects | ! |
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | **State** | **Project and Description** | **FTA | |
| | | | Funds | |
| | | | [\*](http://w | |
| | | | ww.fta.dot.go | |
| | | | v/funding/gra | |
| | | | nts/grants_fi | |
| | | | nancing_3641. | |
| | | | html#*%23*)** | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Alaska | Central Kenai Peninsula public | \$498,900 | |
| | | transportation | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Alaska | Mantanuska-Susitna borough, | 59,868 | |
| | | M.A.S.C.O.T, Alaska | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Alaska | Sitka, Alaska transit | 399,120 | |
| | | expansion program | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Alabama | Easter Seals West Alabama work | 848,130 | |
| | | transition programs | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Alabama | Mobile, Alabama | 249,450 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Alabama | State of Alabama | 1,496,700 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Alabama | Troy State University, Alabama | 1,995,600 | |
| | | \-- Rosa Parks Center | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Arkansas | State of Arkansas | 3,991,200 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Arizona | Tucson, Arizona | 997,800 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | California | Alameda and Contra-Costa | \$498,900 | |
| | | counties, California | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | California | Fresno, Tulare, Kings and Kern | 2,993,400 | |
| | | Counties, California | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | California | Los Angeles, California | 3,492,300 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | California | Monterey, California | 149,670 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | California | Sacramento, California | 997,800 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | California | San Francisco, California | 274,395 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | California | Santa Clara County, California | 498,900 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Colorado | Archuleta County, Colorado | 74,835 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | District of | District of Columbia | 997,800 | |
| | Columbia | | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Florida | Broward County, Florida | 1,995,600 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Florida | Hillsborough County, Florida | 598,680 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Georgia | Chatham, Georgia | 498,900 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Iowa | Des Moines, Dubuque, Sioux | 1,596,480 | |
| | | City, Delaware and Jackson | | |
| | | Counties, Iowa | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Illinois | Chicago, Illinois | 997,800 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Illinois | DuPage County, Illinois | 498,900 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Illinois | Southern Illinois RIDES | 149,670 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Illinois | State of Illinois | 997,800 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Indiana | Indianapolis, Indiana | 997,800 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Kansas | Kansas City, Kansas | 997,800 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Massachusetts | Athol / Orange community | 399,120 | |
| | | transportation, Massachusetts | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Massachusetts | Western Massachusetts | 349,230 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Maryland | State of Maryland | 2,394,720 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Maine | State of Maine | 498,900 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Maine | York County, Maine | 898,020 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Michigan | North Oakland County, Michigan | 249,450 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Missouri | Meramec Community Transit | 149,670 | |
| | | programs, Missouri | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Missouri | OATS job access programs, | 748,350 | |
| | | Missouri | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New Hampshire | State of New Hampshire | 339,252 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New Mexico | Dona Ana County, New Mexico | 249,450 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New Mexico | Las Cruces, New Mexico | 259,428 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New Mexico | State of New Mexico | 1,995,600 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Nevada | Washoe County, Nevada | 997,800 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Broome County Transit, New | 249,450 | |
| | | York | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Buffalo, New York | 498,900 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Capital District Authority, | 249,450 | |
| | | New York | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Nassau County, New York | 498,900 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Rochester, New York | 299,340 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Suffolk County, New York | 444,021 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Sullivan County, New York | 199,560 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Tompkins County, New York | 299,340 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | New York | Ulster County, New York | 199,560 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Ohio | Central Ohio | 748,350 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Oklahoma | State of Oklahoma | 4,490,100 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Oregon | Portland, Oregon | 1,835,952 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Pennsylvania | Greater Erie Community Action | 399,120 | |
| | | Committee, Pennsylvania | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Pennsylvania | Pittsburgh Port Authority of | 1,995,600 | |
| | | Allegheny County, Pennsylvania | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Pennsylvania | SEPTA, Philadelphia, | 2,993,400 | |
| | | Pennsylvania | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Rhode Island | Rhode Island community food | 99,780 | |
| | | bank transportation | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Rhode Island | Rhode Island Public Transit | 997,800 | |
| | | Authority | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Tennessee | State of Tennessee | 1,995,600 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Texas | Corpus Christi RTA, Texas | 548,790 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Virginia | Commonwealth of Virginia | 4,490,100 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Virginia | Tysons Corner/Dulles Corridor, | 498,900 | |
| | | Virginia | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Vermont | State of Vermont | 1,496,700 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Washington | State of Washington | 1,995,600 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | Wisconsin | State of Wisconsin | 4,689,660 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | West Virginia | State of West Virginia | 1,496,700 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | To be | Ways to Work family loan | 1,995,600 | |
| | determined | program, Southeastern U.S. | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | | **Total Allocation** | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | \$75,079,461 | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
| | **\*Note:** | | | |
| | Amounts | | | |
| | reflect | | | |
| | rescission of | | | |
| | 0.22 % per | | | |
| | P.L. 106-554, | | | |
| | Section | | | |
| | 1403(a). For | | | |
| | details see | | | |
| | Federal | | | |
| | Register | | | |
| | Notice dated | | | |
| | January 18, | | | |
| | 2001. | | | |
| +----------------+--------------------------------+---------------+ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| en |
converted_docs | 519217 | CHARTER
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
EQUAL ACCESSIBILITY ADVISORY COMMITTEE
July 16, 2008
I. AUTHORITY
> The Goddard Space Flight Center's Equal Accessibility Advisory
> Committee (EAAC) is established by authority of the Center Director.
> It operates under this Charter and is consistent with the efforts
> promoted through Executive Order 11478, U.S. Equal Employment
> Opportunity Commission Equal Opportunity Management Directive 715; NPD
> 3713.2G, Federal Equal Opportunity Programs of NASA; GPD 3713.1A
> Goddard Space Flight Center Equal Opportunity Advisory Committees; and
> other statutes and regulations that govern Goddard\'s equal
> opportunity program. Its establishment is recognized officially as
> appropriate for this Center.
II. PURPOSE
> The EAAC's purpose is to assist all levels of management in creating
> an environment that is conducive to the recognition, development,
> understanding, and utilization of the abilities, skills, and knowledge
> of employees with accessibility needs, including disabled veterans, in
> order to achieve maximum productivity. The sponsoring organization is
> the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs (EOPO), Code 120.
>
> For the purpose of this charter, the term "accessibility needs"
> relates to permanent or temporary disabilities and medical conditions
> that would benefit from a reasonable accommodation for equal access
> and full inclusion within NASA.
III\. OBJECTIVES
> The committee is chartered to:
>
> A. Provide advice, guidance, and recommendations, to the Director, in
> planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating the Center\'s
> affirmative action program on the employment and advancement of people
> with accessibility needs, including disabled veterans;
B. Serve as a focal point for the concerns of employees on matters
affecting their employment at Goddard Space Flight Center through
personal contact with the Director, senior staff, and other
officials of the Center;
C. Provide educational forums for employees and managers on issues
concerning individuals with accessibility needs, including disabled
veterans, and,
D. Help resolve Center wide problems affecting employees with
accessibility needs, including disabled veterans.
IV\. MEMBERSHIP
> The membership of the committee will primarily consist of employees
> with accessibility needs and medical conditions. Individuals, without
> accessibility needs, who have a strong interest in, or personal
> experience with, issues of concern to people with accessibility needs,
> are also eligible for membership. However, a majority of the
> membership will consist of people with accessibility needs. In an
> effort to better address the concerns of veterans with disabilities or
> accessibility needs, it is the goal of the committee that there will
> be at least one member of the committee who is also a disabled
> veteran.
>
> The committee will consist of between 9 and 15 civil servant
> representatives and up to 2 contractor members. Each Directorate will
> have at least one civil servant representative, if possible.
> Additional numbers of representatives for each Directorate will be
> determined by the Chief, EOPO and will be roughly based on the number
> of individuals with accessibility needs, in each of the Directorates.
> The representative distribution will be re-evaluated at the end of
> each calendar year.
>
> In constituting the EAAC, consideration will be given to
> representation of a broad range of challenges and medical (temporary
> and permanent) conditions. As with other advisory committees,
> membership shall also include representation from each directorate,
> skill group, supervisory & non-management levels, while ensuring
> demographic diversity among its membership. The committee will make
> further recommendations to ensure inclusiveness.
>
> Each member will serve for a term of 3 years. Terms will be staggered
> so that only 1/3 turns over in a given year. Normally, members will
> serve no more than two consecutive terms. If the initial appointment
> was for a period of 18 months or less (see IX), a member can then be
> appointed for up to two full terms. The Equal Opportunity Programs
> Office Chief will approve any exceptions. The committee structure and
> selection process will be reviewed in the fall of each year. The EAAC
> year is from January through December, which allows for a smooth
> transition during the fall quarter.
>
> In addition to the voting members described above*,* the Office of
> Human Capital Management (OHCM), and the EOPO, as well as the
> following organizations in the Management Operations Directorate (MOD)
> \-- Planning Office and Engineering Branch within the Facilities
> Management Division, and the Chief Information Office (CIO), will each
> have an ex-officio member on the committee. Union officials and/or
> representatives are invited to participate in meetings. However, union
> representatives will have privileges extending to participation in
> discussions and serving on sub-committees, will not be extended voting
> privileges on issues brought before the subcommittees or full
> committee.
>
> The Disability Program Manager (DPM) has the responsibility for
> convening an ad hoc panel for the purpose of reviewing/interviewing
> applicants for the EAAC and nominating new members. The ad hoc panel
> shall consist of the EAAC Chair, the DPM, the Senior Level Champion,
> and possibly 1-2 members of the constituent group. The DPM shall
> ensure that the makeup of the panel reflects the diversity within the
> constituent group.
V. COMMITTEE FUNCTIONS
> The committee has a wide range of functions that include:
>
> A. Contributing to the Center\'s annual updates of the affirmative
> action plan for the hiring, placement, and advancement of women,
> minorities, and individuals with accessibility needs (U.S. Equal
> Employment Opportunity Commission Management Directive 715), as well
> as the Disabled Veterans Affirmative Action Plan;
>
> B. Monitoring and evaluating implementation of the plans, recommending
> actions to improve performance in implementing the plan to the Center
> Director, Deputy Director, and other officials of the Center;
>
> C. Assessing Center barriers to the employment and advancement of
> people with accessibility needs, and developing recommendations for
> their elimination. These barriers include, but are not limited to,
> architectural, attitudinal, electronic and information technology,
> environmental, communication, and transportation, that prevent access
> to programs and activities;
>
> D. Monitoring, assessing, and evaluating other Center policies,
> practices, procedures, and issuances, as well as the work of other
> committees, boards, and other special function entities whose work
> products and endeavors affect people with accessibility needs and
> disabled veterans;
>
> E Receiving, considering, and transmitting, as appropriate, proposals,
> statements of problems in directorates, and other recommendations of
> persons on matters relating to issues faced by individuals with
> accessibility needs and disabled veterans. These problems will
> normally be Center wide in scope or encompass more than one
> organization or more than one person;
>
> F. Maintaining liaison with similar committees in other NASA
> installations, NASA Headquarters, and other Governmental agencies;
>
> G. Meeting at least once annually with the Center Director and Deputy
> Director and formally meeting, as needed, with the Chief of EOPO and
> the Directors of the Office of Human Capital Management, and
> Management Operations Directorate. When the need arise, the committee
> may request meetings with relevant program managers to discuss
> problems and assess progress toward their solutions that fall within
> the scope of the committee's purview.
>
> H. Evaluating the effectiveness of the committee\'s structure and
> activities annually and reporting to the Director, recommending
> continuation or termination, and any changes considered desirable in
> the role and structure of the committee; and,
I. Taking the leading role in planning and implementing of, as well as
participation and attendance at activities surrounding Center
commemorative events for people with accessibility needs and disabled
veterans such as Disability in Employment Awareness Month.
J. Serving, at the request of the Chair, on various Center wide or
Directorate standing and ad hoc committees, Work Groups, panels, and
other small group projects or activities that request the representation
of the Committee.
#
VI\. SUB-COMMITTEES
> The committee will form such sub-committees as it considers necessary,
> on a continuing or [ad hoc]{.underline} basis, to address specific
> issues as employment, training, architectural, attitudinal, electronic
> and information technology, environmental, communication,
> transportation barriers, career development, recruitment; merit
> promotion; special events, committee membership; etc.
#
# VII. DECISION-MAKING
Whenever possible, decision-making will be by consensus of all EAAC
members. When voting is required by the Charter, the committee will
assure that, prior to any vote, the views of every person are
communicated, that information is shared, and that committee actions are
taken with full understanding and consent.
Once projects are delegated, the subcommittees will have the authority
to make project decisions. However, the subcommittee chair is expected
to keep the committee informed of their progress and to address any
issues raised.
## VIII. COMMITTEE OFFICERS
> The committee will elect a Chair, Vice Chair, and Secretary from among
> its members. The Chair and Vice Chair will serve for a period of 1
> year and the Secretary will serve for a period of 1 year. The same
> individual will typically not serve as chair for more than 2
> consecutive years. Subcommittee chairs will be selected as needed.
IX\. DUTIES
> The Chair, or in his/her absence, the Vice Chair, will develop an
> agenda, based on member suggestions, and facilitate each meeting. The
> Secretary will prepare minutes of the Committee meeting, including
> Committee decisions, attaching any documents/work products drafted or
> submitted by appointed committees for consideration of the total
> membership. This information will be E-mailed to all Committee members
> within one week after the meeting.
>
> The Vice-Chair will serve in the absence of the Chair. The Vice-Chair
> will also coordinate the activities of the sub-committees and provide
> necessary monitoring and guidance in all the work of the
> sub-committees.
>
> Under most circumstances, members have a responsibility to educate
> themselves on the issues and participate in the Committee process and
> efforts. Members will have two weeks to respond, request
> clarifications, and suggest edits, etc., before any decisional
> material is presented to the full Committee for a vote. Reports and
> recommendations that are officially approved by the Committee will be
> forwarded to the Director.
X. COMMITTEE MEETINGS (FREQUENCY AND ABSENCES)
> Meetings will be held once a month. Its members will determine the
> need for additional meetings. Meetings of sub-committees will be on an
> as-needed basis.
>
> Members can be excused from meetings due to illness, conflicting work
> assignments or scheduled leave. If a member knows in advance that she
> or he will be absent for more than two consecutive meetings, he or she
> may request that an alternate be appointed. The DPM will forward the
> request to the appropriate Director of. If a member who has not made
> provision for an alternate misses three consecutive meetings, or four
> meetings over the course of 12 months, the committee may dismiss the
> individual by a vote of the majority of the committee. In the case
> where an accessibility need hindered a member's ability to attend
> meetings, consideration will be given regarding their individual
> circumstance and future ability to participate in committee meetings
> and activities. The DPM will notify the member that a vote is pending
> 10 days prior to the Committee vote. The member will have an
> opportunity to request renewal of her or his participation.
XI\. FILLING VACANCIES
> Vacancies occurring on the committee for any reason will be filled in
> the same manner as the position was filled originally. The vacancy
> will be filled until the expiration of the appointment of the vacating
> member, at which time the new member may be reappointed to serve a
> full term.
XII\. COMMITTEE DURATION
> The committee will be a standing committee of indefinite duration with
> continuance dependent on the annual evaluation and Director\'s
> approval.
XIII\. COMMITTEE SUPPORT
> The Chief, EOPO will be responsible for management control and
> logistic support functions for the committee. On a day-to-day basis,
> the Chief, EOPO will exercise this responsibility through an
> appropriate person on EOPO staff.
XIV\. COMMITTEE CHARTER AMENDMENTS
> This charter stands until revised by the committee with a two-thirds
> vote of the membership and final approval by the Center Director.
Approved:
Robert D. Strain
Director, Goddard Space Flight Center
| en |
converted_docs | 708063 | **Pacific Northwest Council**
The Pacific Northwest Council (PNC) was established in 1974 and
currently consists of twelve chapters in five northwestern states
(Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana). The primary objective
of the council is to provide a venue for these chapters to exchange
ideas and pool resources for the betterment of each member chapter. Each
chapter is entitled to be represented by three voting delegates at each
of the three, or more, council meetings each year.
Each year the PNC Vice President's Award is presented to the chapter
within the council that scores the highest total points in the National
Interchapter Competition.
The council is responsible for the Chapter Leadership Training Sessions
(LTS) and / or Chapter Management Seminars (CMS) held each spring for
the incoming Chapter Officers and Directors of the member chapters.
**Pacific Northwest Council Directory**
**Officers and Directors 2003 - 2004**
**President**
Doug T. Speer
W 425-337-6679
Bellevue-Eastside Chapter
Dspeer@gte.net
**President-Elect**
Peter T. Smith
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs
W 509-376- 4673
Washington Tri-Cities Chapter
peter.smith@pnl.gov
**Secretary**
Robin G. Ballard
253-847-5406
Cell 253-318-7446
Mt. Rainier Chapter
Rballard4@earthlink.net
**Treasurer**
Greg L. Selby
Fluor Federal Services
509-735-2810
selbyl@gte.net
**Vice President Administration**
Geoffrey M. Boice
TriQuint
\(503\) 579-4507
Portland Chapter
gmboice@worldnet.att.net
**Vice President Education**
Robert J. Allen
W 253-471-0170
Mt. Rainier Chapter
allenrobertj@qwest.net
**Vice President Communication**
Tom M. Lundstrom
1222 S Garry Rd\
Liberty Lake WA 99019-9702\
509-255-9317 Fax 509-255-9320\
Spokane Area Chapter
tjlundstrom@email.msn.com
**Vice President Membership**
Barry J. Nathan
ODOT
503\--371-3119
Salem Area Chapter
barryn@prodigy.net
**SCMS Liaison**
Gaylord 'Mac' McCabe
W 509-325-1994 Fax 509-325-4826
Spokane Area Chapter
Maccpa1@earthlink.net
**Student Representative**
None Listed
# Regional Directors
Barry J. Nathan
ODOT
503\--371-3119
Salem Area Chapter
barryn@prodigy.net
(for Eugene-Springfield and Salem Area)
Peter T. Smith
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs
W 509-376- 4673
Washington Tri-Cities Chapter
peter.smith@pnl.gov
(for Spokane and Seattle)
Wayne E. Hays
206-783-1802
Seattle Chapter
w.e.hays@worldnet.att.net
(for Alaska, Mt. Rainier and
Washington Tri-Cities)
Gaylord 'Mac' McCabe
W 509-325-1994 Fax 509-325-4826
Spokane Area Chapter
Maccpa1@earthlink.net
(for Boise, Southeast Idaho and Western Montana)
Ruth A. Morgan-Brown
Browns Accounting & Tax Service
W 253-446-0440
Mt. Rainier Chapter
ruth@brownsaccounting.com
(for Bellevue-Eastside and Portland)
# National Vice President
Gaylord 'Mac' McCabe (Alternate)
N. 12020 Fairwood Dr.
Spokane, WA 98218-2933
W 509-325-1994 F 509-325-4826
Spokane Area Chapter
Maccpa1@earthlink.net
#
# National Committee Members
#####
##### Member Services
Paula Thomas
206-363-8738
Seattle Chapter
ptandz@comcast.net
##### FAR
Jeffery K. Hergert
425-342-8164
Mt. Rainier Chapter
jeffery.k.hergert@boeing.com
##### Financial Reporting
Robert J. Laux
W 425-703-6094
boblaux@microsoft.com
*Board of Regents*
Bradley S. Kaplan
W 503-605-6050
Brad_Kaplan@cable.comcast.com
######### Manger Chapter and Council Services -- IMA
Kinsey Jenkins, Jr.
IMA Regional Executive
1-800-638-4427 x 1580
<kjenkins@imanet.org>
{width="1.5347222222222223in"
height="0.5423611111111111in"}
**Chapter Websites**
# Alaskan Chapter
[www.alaskaima.org](http://www.alaskaima.org/)
**Bellevue-Eastside Chapter**
[ima-bellevue.org](http://ima-bellevue.org/)
#
# Boise Chapter
[boise.imanet.org](http://boise.imanet.org/)
#
# Eugene Springfield Chapter
[www.uoregon.edu/\~ima/](http://www.uoregon.edu/~ima/)
**Mt. Rainier Chapter**
[www.ima-mtrainier.org](http://www.ima-mtrainier.org/)
**Portland Chapter**
[www.imapdx.org](http://www.imapdx.org/)
**Salem Area Chapter**
[www.open.org/ima](http://www.open.org/ima)
**Seattle Chapter**
[www.seattleima.org](http://www.seattleima.org/)
#
# Southeast Idaho Chapter
None Listed
#
# Spokane Area Chapter
[www.ima-spokane.org/](http://www.ima-spokane.org/)
**Washington Tri-Cities Chapter**
[www.pnl.gov/ima](http://www.pnl.gov/ima)
#
# Western Montana Chapter
None listed
# Chapter Presidents
# Alaskan Chapter
# Jason R. Pierce
W 907-272-1196
Jpierce@ak.net
**Bellevue-Eastside Chapter**
R. David Clayton
425-974-1942
president@ima-bellevue.org
# Boise Chapter
Cindy M. Sapp
208-376-5076
cindy_sapp@msn.com
# Eugene Springfield Chapter
James Workman
541-686-1040
jamesw@mossadams.com
**Mt. Rainier Chapter**
Jeffery K. Hergert
206-662-7466
jeffery.k.hergert@boeing.com
**Portland Chapter**
R. Michael Williams
503-590-5776
mandnwilliams@yahoo.com
**Salem Area Chapter**
None Listed
**Seattle Chapter**
Oscar S. Lewis
206-784-8400
<oscarl@hamiltonjet.com>
# Southeast Idaho Chapter
None Listed
# Spokane Area Chapter
# Tom M. Lundstrom
509-255-9317
tjlundstrom@email.msn.com
**Washington Tri-Cities Chapter**
Daryl D. Francis
W 509-376-7483
daryl_d_francis@rl.gov
# Western Montana Chapter
Tami L. Mitchell
406-329-3817
tami_59803@yahoomail.com
### Pacific Northwest Council
**2003 - 2004 Schedule**
**Saturday -- October 4, 2003**
8:30 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., Seminar --
"Authentic Leadership"
1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
General Council Meeting
Courtyard by Marriott -- SeaTac Area
16038 W. Valley Highway, Tukwila, WA
425-255-0300
**October 16 - 19, 2003**
**(Thursday thru Sunday)**
SCMS Mid-Year Meeting
Hyatt Regency Pier 66\
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316
954-525-6666
**Saturday -- October 18, 2003**
National Board Meeting
Hyatt Regency Pier 66\
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316\
954-525-6666
**November 7-8, 2003 (Friday - Saturday)**
Fourth Annual National Student Conf.
Crown Plaza Hotel at Union Station
Indianapolis, IN
317-631-2221
####### February 19 - 21, 2004 (Thursday through Saturday)
REST in Reno - 20 hours of CPE
Peppermill Casino Resort Hotel
2707 S. Virginia St.
Reno, NV 89502
800-648-6992
# Saturday - February 21, 2004
General Council Meeting
Peppermill Casino Resort Hotel
2707 S. Virginia St.
Reno, NV 89502
800-648-6992
{width="1.6444444444444444in" height="0.58125in"}
# Saturday - February 21, 2004
National Board of Directors
Marriott Marina del Rey Hotel\
Marina del Rey, CA
310-337-8070
**March 19 thru 21, 2004**
**(Friday thru Sunday)**
IMA National Committee Meetings
Peabody Hotel
Memphis, TN
901-529-4000
**Saturday -- May 15, 2004**
8:30 a.m. to 12:15 noon, Seminar -
"Sarbanes-Oxley Act "
1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
General Council Meeting
Courtyard by Marriott -- SeaTac Area
16038 W. Valley Highway, Tukwila, WA
425-255-0300
####### Saturday - June 26, 2004
National Board of Directors
Annual Board Meeting
**June 27-30, 2003**
**(Sunday thru Wednesday)**
IMA 85th Annual Conference
Hyatt Regency Chicago
Chicago, IL
######
###### Continuing Professional Education
#### Saturday -- October 4, 2003
**8:30 a.m. to 12:15 p.m.**
**"Authentic Leadership"**
**By Danna Beal**
Courtyard by Marriott -- SeaTac Area
16038 W. Valley Highway, Tukwila, WA
425-255-0300
####### February 19 - 21, 2004
####### (Thursday through Saturday)
#### REST in Reno
#### 20 hours of CPE
Peppermill Casino Resort Hotel
2707 S. Virginia St, Reno, NV 89502
800-648-6992
#
#
# Saturday - May 15, 2004
**8:30 a.m. to 12:15 p.m.**
#### Seminar
######## "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"
Courtyard by Marriott -- SeaTac Area
16038 W. Valley Highway, Tukwila, WA
425-255-0300
| en |
converted_docs | 900438 | **Selected entries from the Journals of Lewis and Clark Concerning Canoe
Camp**
The original spelling in the journals has been preserved. The text comes
from The Gary E. Moulton's [The Journals of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition, July 28 to November 1, 1805]{.underline}. Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1988. Pages 234-249.
26th Septr. 1805
Set out early and proceeded on down the river to a bottom oppsit the
forks of the river on the South Side and formed a Camp. Soon after our
arrival a raft Came down the N. fork on which was two men, they came
too, I had the axes distributed and handled and men apotned.
\[apportioned\] ready to commence building of canoes tomorrow, our axes
our Small & badly Calculated to build Canoes of the large Pine, Capt
Lewis Still very unwell, Several men taken Sick on the way down, I
administered Salts Pils Galip, Tartar emetic &c. I feel unwell this
evening, two Chiefs and their families follow us and encamp near us,
they have great numbers of horses. This day proved verry hot, we
purchase fresh salmon from the Indians
27th Septr. 1805
all the men able to work comened building 5 Canoes, Several taken sick
at work, our hunters returned Sick without meet. J. Colter returned he
found only one of the lost horses, on his way killed a deer, half of
which he gave to the Indians the other proved nourishing to the Sick.
The day verry hot, we purchase fresh Salmon of them. Several Indians
Come up the river from a Camp Some distance below Capt. Lewis very Sick
nearly all the men Sick. our Shoshone Indian Guide employed himself
makeing flint points for his arrows
28th Septr. 1805
Our men nearly all Complaining of ther bowels, a heaviness at the
Stomach & Lax, Some of those taken first getting better, a number of
Indians about us gazeing &c. &c. This day proved verry worm and Sultery,
nothing killed men complaining of their diat of fish & roots. all that
is able working at the Canoes, Several Indians leave us to day, the raft
continue on down the river, one old man informed us that he had been to
the White peoples fort at the falls & got white beeds &c his Story was
not beleved as he Could explain nothing.
Oct. 2nd 1805
dispatch 2 men & an Indian up to the village we first Came too to
purchase roots fist &c. nothing to eate but roots. gave a small pice of
Tobacco to the Indians, 3 broachs & 2 rings with my Handkerchif divided
between 5 of them. I walked on the hills to hunt to day, Saw only one
deer, Could kill nothing day excesively hot in the river bottom wind
North, Burning out the hotter \[hollow?\] of our canoes, men Something
better nothing except a Small Prairie wolf Killed to day, our Provisions
all out except what fiew fish we purchase of the Indians with us; we
kill a horse for the men at work to eate &c. &c.
October 5th
a Cool morning wind from the East, Collected all our horses, & Branded
them 38 in No. and delivered them to the men who were to take Charge of
them, each of which I gave a Knife & one a wampom Shell gorget . . . .
Lanced 2 Canoes to day one proved a little leakey the other a verry good
one
October 6th 1805
A cool morning wind East for a Short time, which is always a Cool Wind,
had a cash made four our Saddles and buried them on the Side of a Pond .
. . . finish all of the Canoes late. I am verry Sick all night, Pane in
the Stomach & the bowels owing to my diet.
| en |
markdown | 460721 | # Presentation: 460721
## Reducing Prenatal Alcohol Use: Effective Identification
- Grace Chang, MD, MPH
- BFSS, San Francisco, CA
- 10 May 2006
## Title Slide: Option 1A (with Harvard logo)
- Title Slide: Option 1A (with Harvard logo)
**Notes:**
Cover: Option 1
## Acknowledgements
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and Office of Research on Women’s Health*
- R01 AA 9670
- R01 AA 12548
- R01 AA 14678*
- K24 AA 00289
## Co-Investigators
- E. John Orav, PhD
- Susan Berman, MD
- Louise Wilkins-Haug, MD, PhD
- Research Team
## Slide 5
## Slide 6
## 2005 Advisory on Alcohol Use in Pregnancy
- No amount of prenatal alcohol is safe
- Alcohol can damage a fetus at any stage of pregnancy
- Cognitive deficits and behavioral problems resulting from prenatal alcohol are lifelong
- Alcohol related birth defects are entirely preventable
## Prevalence of Prenatal Drinking
- 13% of pregnant women drink
- 40,000 babies with FASD annually
- Lifetime cost per child is $860,000
- 6% with frequent (> 7 drinks/week) or binge (> 5drinks/episode) drinking
- 21% prevalence in 1988
- Healthy People Goal
- Achieving 6% prenatal drinking was the goal for 2000
- 6% is the goal for 2010
## PRAMS Data, 2000-2001
- Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System identified women with the highest prevalence of alcohol use
- Women > 35 years
- Non-Hispanic Women
- Women with > high school education
- Women with higher incomes
## Pregnant Binge Drinkers
- Younger < 30 years
- Single
- White
- Cigarette smoker
- Uses illicit drugs
- Marijuana (~20%), Cocaine (~11%), Other (~9%)
## Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- With/without confirmed maternal alcohol exposure
- Characteristic pattern of facial anomalies
- Short palpebral fissures
- Abnormalities of the premaxillary zone
## Slide 12
## Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Growth retardation
- Low birth weight, lack of weight gain over time, disproportional low weight to height
- Neurodevelopmental CNS abnormalities
- Small head size at birth
- Structural brain abnormalities with age-appropriate neurological hard or soft signs (e.g., impaired fine motor skills)
## Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
- One or more neurodevelopmental effects associated with fetal alcohol exposure
- Alcohol-related problems
- Behavior -Memory
- Cognitive Function -Attachment
- Fine motor skills -Language
- Attention
## Alcohol-Related Birth Defects
- One or more birth defects associated with alcohol exposure
- Cardiac (atrial septal defect, VSD)
- Ocular (ptosis, corneal abnormalities)
- Auditory (low-set posterior rotation of the auricle)
- Renal (aplastic, hypoplastic, dysplastic)
- Skeletal (fusion of radius and ulna)
## Effects of One Drink
- Growing evidence that prenatal alcohol consumption at levels < 1 drink/day can adversely affect fetal growth and development even in late pregnancy
- “Ethanol inhibits neural cell adhesion”
- “Mutations in cell adhesion molecule L1 cause mental retardation”
- “Widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration” (deletion of millions of neurons, reduced brain mass)
## One Drink per Week
- Adverse effects evident in children at age 6 and 7
- Increased Aggressive and Externalizing Behavior
- Dose response relationship
- Increased Delinquent and Total Problem Behavior
*Any *prenatal alcohol exposure increased the risk of children (3.2 times) having Delinquent Behavior scores in the clinically significant range
## Abstinence
- Recommendation to preconceptional and pregnant women
- American Academy of Pediatrics
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
- US Surgeon General
- Secretary of Health and Human Services
## Identification of Prenatal Alcohol Use
- Increased ascertainment of alcohol use among periconceptional and pregnant women is urgently needed
- Screening by obstetricians was 34% in 1987 and goal was 75% by 2000
- Special screening considerations
## Identification Options
- Standard Quantity and Frequency Questions
- Many will alter drinking once pregnancy is confirmed
- Denial and under-reporting for a multitude of reasons
- Concurrent versus retrospective report of antenatal consumption
## Current versus Retrospective Reports of Prenatal Alcohol Use
- Jacobson et al. (‘91) found that 53% of the women who reported drinking more than 1.3 drinks/week while pregnant, recalled drinking more when interviewed after delivery
- 42.1% drank more than 1.0 ounce of alcohol per day while pregnant
## Breathalyzer or Urinalysis
- Limited usefulness in the prenatal setting
- Rapid metabolism of alcohol
- Pattern of drinking by most pregnant women
- Legal versus clinical procedure
## Methods of Identification
- Maternal Blood Markers
- Combinations of MCV, GGT, CDT, WBAA (Whole Blood Acetaldehyde) for physically affected infants (Stoler et al., ‘98)
- Neurobehavioral dysfunction (most frequent outcome) not recognized in the newborn period
- Unlikely to be applicable to a substantial proportion of pregnant women
- Harmful, but lesser amounts of consumption
## Traditional Screening Instruments
- Frequently developed among male drinkers
- Limited utility in the prenatal setting
- Brief questionnaires are most effective
- Avoid triggering denial
- Alcohol intake before pregnancy *most important* clinical predictor of subsequent use
## Screening Instruments
- Traditional screening instruments normed on male alcoholics (CAGE, SMAST)
- Do not detect low but risky levels of drinking
- Limitations among women and minorities
- AUDIT
- 10 items
- Infrequently used
- No established cut points for pregnant women
## Other Options
- AUDIT-C
- Not well studied in prenatal populations
- T-WEAK
- Level of at-risk drinking detected is double the currently accepted level of a drink per day, (Sokol et al., 2003)
- Low sensitivity as an alcohol screener among female veterans (Bust et al., 2003)
## Sensitivity and Specificity: A Balance
- Sensitivity
- The probability that a person who should test positive, does so
- Specificity
- The probability that a person who should test negative, does so
- More false positives versus more false negatives?
## A Positive Screen
- Not synonymous with an alcoholism diagnosis
- Not an indictment
- A signal for discussion
- Appropriate balance between sensitivity and specificity
## The T-ACE
- Developed by Dr. R. J. Sokol
- 4-item questionnaire based on the CAGE
- Reflects a pattern of use
- Validated in diverse patient samples
- Detroit, MI and Boston, MA
- Self-administered format in Boston
## T-ACE Questions
**T** How many drinks does it take to make
- you feel high (effects)?
**A** Have people ever annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
**C** Have you ever felt you ought to cut down on your drinking?
**E** Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hang-over?
## Scoring the T-ACE
- T is given two points if the woman reports more than 2 drinks
- A, C, E get one point each for each “yes” reply
- T-ACE is positive with a score of 2 or more
## Measures of Merit for the T-ACE
- Superior to the AUDIT, MAST, Medical Record
- Current Drinking
- Risk Drinking
- DSM-III-R Lifetime Alcohol Diagnoses
- PAST drinking is most predictive of pregnancy drinking
## T-ACE Positive Women
- DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime alcohol dx
- 40% + versus 14%T-ACE negative (p<.001)
- Risk drinking pre-pregnancy (>2 drinks/ day)
- 39% + versus 8% T-ACE negative (p<.001)
- Drinking while pregnant
- 43% + versus 13% T-ACE negative (p<.001)
## T-ACE versus Medical Record
- 278 pregnant women, all T-ACE positive
- Electronic and paper obstetric records reviewed
- 10.8% identified as potential drinkers
- 82.2% of those who physicians did not consider to be at risk for alcohol use, drank
- White women less likely to be identified by their doctors, even controlling for income, education, pre-pregnancy consumption (p=.026)
## What to Do with a Positive T-ACE?
- Discussion
- Assessment
- Brief Intervention
## Recommendations
- All pregnant women should be screened
- Risk of prenatal alcohol use is not limited to the uneducated or impoverished
- Use of a screening instrument will increase efficiency
- Discussion, Assessment, or Brief Intervention
- Highly therapeutic and effective in reducing drinking
## Slide 37
## References
- Chang G, Wilkins-Haug L, Berman S, et al. Alcohol use and pregnancy: improving identification. _Obstet Gynecol._ 1998; 91: 892-8.
- Chang G. Screening and brief intervention in prenatal care settings. _Alcohol Research and Health_. 2004/2005; 28: 80-84. | en |
converted_docs | 171114 | ------------ ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------ -----------
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**A-2** **6510** **Applicators/Swabs/Wipes/Pads**
**(a) Plain** **\$ 992,774.00**
**(b) Treated** **\$
2,927,571.00**
**A-3** **6510** **Bandages/Gauzes**
**(a) Plain** **\$
9,289,863.00**
**(b) Treated** **\$ 293,428.00**
**(c) Casting** **\$ 864,468.00**
**(d) Elastic** **\$
1,705,212.00**
**A-4** **6510** **Dressings**
**(a) Adherent** (impregnated or **\$
non impregnated) 5,891,289.00**
**(b) Non adherent** (impregnated **\$
or non impregnated) 6,790,386.00**
**A-5** **6510** **Binders/Suspensories** **\$ 111,657.00**
**A-6** **6510** **Sponges, Surgical** **\$ 696,842.00**
**A-7** **6515** **Surgical Handles/Blades**
**(a) Blades** **\$
4,060,317.00**
**(b) Handles** **\$ 203,584.00**
**(c) Blade/Handle Combinations** **\$ 265,313.00**
**A-8** **6515** **Surgical Hand Instruments**
(Includes instrument accessories)
**(a) Disposable** **\$
9,060,939.00**
**(b) Reusable** **\$
22,010,437.00**
**A-9** **6530** **Scopes, Medical** **\$
110,945,716.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes but is not limited
to duodenoscopes, endoscopes and
surgical microscopes. Excludes
laboratory microscopes.
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
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**A-10** **6515** **Cannulas, Airways, Tubes and **\$
Accessories** 12,413,186.00**
(All Styles, types and sizes,
except those relating to blood
transfusion and IV apparatus)
**A-11** **6515** **Catheters (excluding urinary
catheters)**
(All Styles, types and sizes,
except those relating to blood
transfusion)
**(a) Cardiac/Thoracic** **\$ 415,858.00**
**(b) Suction Catheters** **\$ 977,982.00**
**(c) Other** **\$
9,834,706.00**
**A-12** **6515** **Colostomy / Ostomy Products** **\$
10,276,853.00**
**A-13** **6515** **Gloves, Medical Surgeon\'s and
Examinary** (Latex and vinyl and
other, all sizes)
**(a) Sterile Latex (SET-ASIDE **\$
SIN)** 1,217,635.00**
**(b) Sterile Vinyl** **\$ 46.00**
**(c) Non-Sterile Latex (SET-ASIDE **\$ 892,108.00**
SIN)**
**(d) Non-Sterile Vinyl** **\$ 2,384.00**
**(e) Other** **\$ 187,161.00**
**A-14** **6515** **Medical Diagnostic Instruments**
(excluding equipment)
**(a) Sphygmomanometers** **\$
1,644,295.00**
**(b) Otoscopes** **\$ 620,373.00**
**(c) Stethoscopes** **\$ 156,830.00**
**(d) Thermometers** **\$
2,985,875.00**
**(e) Hand-Held Dopplers and **\$
Pulse-Oximeters** 13,164,622.00**
**(f) Laryngoscopes** **\$
3,021,911.00**
**(g) Other** **\$
4,101,949.00**
**A-15** **6515** **Needles, Syringes, and Jet
Injectors**
**(a) Needles, Hypodermic** **\$
17,087,356.00**
**(b) Syringes** **\$
9,352,549.00**
**(c) Syringe and Needle **\$
Combination** 2,427,055.00**
**(d) Syringe and Needle **\$
Combination** (antistick) 3,944,550.00**
**(e) Protective Sheaths** (for **\$
needles, hypodermic and IV 1,780,846.00**
(antistick))
**(f) Needles, Biopsy** **\$ 456,560.00**
**(g) Jet Injectors, Needle-free** **\$ 7,913.00**
**A-16** **6515** **Stockings** **\$
(Anti-embolism/Compression only) 2,374,574.00**
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-17** **6515** **Sutures, Suture Needles, Staples **\$
and Extractors** (All type and 49,235,009.00**
sizes)
**A-18** **6515** **Sets, Kits and Trays,
Disposable** (Such as irrigation
kits and blood gas kits (excluding
first aid kits and urinary
products))
**(a) Procedural / Instrument** **\$
7,107,013.00**
**(b) Treatment** **\$ 732,477.00**
**(c) Other** **\$
1,909,099.00**
**A-19** **6515** **Wound Drainage Systems and **\$
Kits/Evacuators** (excluding 17,768,393.00**
equipment and equipment
accessories)
**A-20** **6515** **Implants, Surgical** (Excluding
pacemakers and related supplies)
**(a) Joints, Hip, Knee and **\$
Accessories** 1,005,906.00**
**(b) Intraocular Lenses** **\$ 16,885.00**
**(c) Other** **\$
16,082,078.00**
**A-21** **6530** **Disposable Contamination
Containers**
**(a) Sharps** **\$
4,810,849.00**
**(b) Biohazard Bags** **\$ 575,787.00**
**(c) Chemotherapy Containers** **\$ 23,071.00**
**(d) Other** **\$ 154,742.00**
**A-22** **6530** **Urine and Specimen Collection
Products** (Excluding laboratory
items)
**6515**
**(a) Specimen Cups and **\$
Containers** 1,706,624.00**
**(b) Urinary Drainage Bags, Kits **\$
and Sets** 4,481,938.00**
**(c) Urinary Catheters** **\$
7,931,990.00**
**(d) Other Urinary Supplies** **\$
(including 1,489,680.00**
urometers, flowmeters, etc.)
(excluding urine test strips)
**A-23** **6530** **Bags, Heat/Cold**
**(a) Hot Water** **\$ 89,494.00**
**(b) Ice** **\$ 125,801.00**
**(c) Chemical** **\$ 396,014.00**
**A-24** **6530** **Bands, Patient Identification** **\$ 52,242.00**
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-25** **6530** **Orthopedic / Surgical Supports**
**(a) Splints** **\$
1,331,480.00**
**(b) Braces** **\$
6,921,412.00**
**(c) Immobilizers/Soft Goods** **\$ 994,397.00**
(including Stockinettes)
**(d) Positioners** (excluding **\$
Wheelchair 1,245,864.00**
Positioners)
**(e) Supports** **\$
4,589,265.00**
**(f) Cervical Collars** **\$ 321,883.00**
**(g) Other** **\$
3,919,656.00**
**A-26** **6530** **Incontinent Products**
**(a) Pads, Bed Linen, **\$
Protective** 6,781,746.00**
**(b) Diapers** **\$
8,462,259.00**
**(c) Other** **\$
1,353,831.00**
**A-27** **6530** **Brush-Sponge Surgical Scrubs** **\$
3,156,720.00**
**A-28** **6530** **Charts and Chart Racks** **\$ 894,215.00**
(Medical only)
**A-29** **Intentionally Left Blank**
**A-30** **6530** **Restraints and Patient **\$ 578,756.00**
Enclosures, Adult and Pediatric**
(Medical application)
**A-31** **6530** **Drapes, Surgical** (Aseptic, **\$
surgery application only) 4,521,305.00**
**A-32** **6530** **Hospitalware, **\$
Plastic/Stainless** (Medical use 3,297,627.00**
only, such as bedpans, urinals,
sponge bowls and watersets)
**A-33** **6532** **Hospital Clothing**
(Patient/nurse/doctor)
**(a) Disposable** **\$
15,383,741.00**
**(b) Reusable** **\$
8,490,941.00**
**(c) Impervious Disposables** **\$
(Includes masks/shields, goggles, 3,539,174.00**
gowns, jumpsuits, personal
protection kits (excluding first
aid kits), and mortuary
packs/shroud kits)
**A-34** **6530** **Audiometer Equipment/Audiometric **\$
Booths** (off-the-shelf, standard 2,509,034.00**
configuration)
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-35** **6530** **Vision Screening and Test **\$
Equipment**. With accessories and 11,318,776.00**
replacement parts.
**A-36** **6530** **Ophthalmic Units** **\$
6,462,174.00**
Includes floor, wall and
stand--alone devices with
accessories and replacement parts.
Also includes slit lamps.
**A-37** **6530** **ENG Apparatus** **\$
1,429,546.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-38** **6530** **Ophthalmic Surgical Equipment** **\$ 860,810.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts
**A-39** **6530** **Lasers, Surgical** **\$
3,542,005.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes but is not limited
to Argon, CO~2~ and Yag. Excludes
investigational devices.
**A-40** **6530** **Cryosurgical Apparatus** **\$ 10,699.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-41** **6530** **Electrosurgical Apparatus** **\$
5,514,968.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-42** **6530** **Cardiopulmonary Apparatus** **\$
5,017,876.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes but is not limited
to heart--lung machines, blood
oxygenators, cardioplegia solution
delivery sets and arterial
filters.
**A-43** **6530** **Blood Warmers** **\$ 863,380.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-44** **6530** **Anesthesia Equipment** **\$
14,948,234.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-45** **6530** **Suction/Aspiration Equipment** **\$
6,110,309.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes suction canisters.
Excludes suction catheters
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-46** **6530** **Secondary Oxygen Equipment** **\$
54,930,067.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes but is not limited
to flowmeters, regulators,
immersion heaters, and hose
assemblies.
**A-47** **6530** **Oxygen Concentrators** With **\$ 241,893.00**
accessories and replacement
parts**.**
**A-48** **6530** **Carts, Emergency, **\$ 840,038.00**
Cardiopulmonary**
**Resuscitation (Crash)**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-49** **6530** **Oxygen **\$
Respirators/Resuscitators** 14,674,741.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-50** **6530** **Physiological Monitors**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**(a) Vital Signs** **\$
70,721,765.00**
**(b) Blood Pressure** **\$
1,855,833.00**
**(c) Blood Flow** **\$ 332,364.00**
**(d) Blood Gas** **\$
1,332,516.00**
**(e) Fetal/Neonatal** **\$
1,436,475.00**
**(f) Oximeter** **\$
10,991,912.00**
**(g) Esophageal **\$ 596,486.00**
Motility/Esophageal Pressure**
**(h) Other** **\$
7,251,951.00**
**A-51** **6530** **Tele-Home Care** **\$
7,243,193.00**
Including accessories and
replacement parts
**A-52** **6530** **Respiratory Monitors** **\$ 89,394.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-53** **6530** **ECG/EKG Apparatus** **\$
8,783,912.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-54** **6530** **Holter Cardiograph Apparatus** **\$
1,986,822.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-55** **6530** **Electrodes, Universal, Leadwires **\$
and Cables** 2,883,506.00**
Includes but is not limited to
monitoring and diagnostic type.
Excludes pacemaker,
electrosurgical and stimulator
electrode.
**A-56** **6530** **Stress Test Monitors** **\$
2,426,475.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts, including treadmills and
ergometers
**A-57** **6530** **Pulmonary Function Testing **\$
Equipment** 4,088,298.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-58** **6530** **Erection Aid Devices** **\$
1,515,257.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-59** **6530** **Defibrillators** **\$
19,327,271.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-60** **6515** **Pacemakers and Ancillary Items**
With accessories and replacement
parts
**(a) Pacemaker, DDDR, dual **\$ 534,363.00**
chamber, rate responsive pacing**
**(b) Pacemaker, DDD, dual **\$ 2,500.00**
chamber, pacing**
**(c) Pacemaker, VVIR/SSIR, single **\$ 92,239.00**
chamber pacing**
**(d) Pacemaker, VVI/SSI, single **\$ 2,500.00**
chamber, ventricular pacing**
**(e) Pacemaker, VDD, atrial **\$ 2,500.00**
sensing, ventricular pacing**
**(f) External Pacemaker, DDD, **\$ 2,500.00**
dual chamber pacing**
**(g) External Pacemaker, SSI, **\$ 2,500.00**
single chamber pacing**
**(h) Ancillary products-pacing **\$ 460,302.00**
and defibrillator leads and
accessories**
**(i) Implantable Cardioverter **\$ 562,153.00**
Defibrillators, with Bradycardia
pacing**
**A-61** **6530** **EEG Apparatus** **\$
4,055,004.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-62** **6530** **EMG Apparatus** **\$
1,589,319.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-63** **6530** **Urodynamic Measurement **\$
Apparatus** 3,116,553.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-64** **6530** **IV Pumps** **\$
58,527,889.00**
With administration sets,
accessories and replacement parts.
Excludes chemicals and needles.
**A-65** **6530** **Pumps, Patient Feeding, **\$
Enteral** 2,319,384.00**
With administration sets,
accessories and replacement parts.
Excludes drugs, chemicals and
needles.
**A-66** **6530** **Hemodialysis Equipment** **\$
1,070,170.00**
Accessories, replacement parts,
and consumable items.
**A-67** **6530** **Autotransfusion Units (Blood)** **\$ 102,331.00**
Postoperative
**A-68** **6530** **Non-Invasive Bone Growth **\$
Stimulators** 1,960,225.00**
Excludes investigational devices.
**A-69** **6530** **Acute Care Beds** **\$
21,084,442.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Beds designed for intensive
care.
**A-70** **6530** **Physiological Therapy **\$
Apparatus** 6,638,202.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes traction
equipment, muscle rehabilitation
units, temperature therapy systems
and exercise cycles.
**A-71** **6530** **Whirlpool/Hydrobaths and Bath **\$ 695,872.00**
Units, Medical**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-72** **6530** **Stimulators, Muscle, Nerve and **\$
Pain Control** 2,569,719.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-73** **6530** **Phototherapy Cabinets **\$ 103,010.00**
(Ultraviolet)**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-74** **6530** **Flotation Pads/Mattresses for **\$
Therapy** 24,753,673.00**
Includes Intermittent Pressure
Pumps and Pads.
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-75** **6530** **Hyperthermia / Hypothermia **\$
Systems** 3,103,099.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-76** **6530** **Lifts, Patient Equipment for **\$
Hospital and Home Use** 12,670,826.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts
**A-77** **6530** **Transfer Apparatus, Patient** **\$
12,196,793.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-78** **6530** **Scales, Electronic and **\$
Mechanical, Patient, Medical 2,217,916.00**
Only**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-79** **6530** **Tables, Patient Examination, **\$
Treatment and Operating** 16,738,466.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-80** **6530** **Lights, Surgical, Ceiling and **\$
Surgical Stand** 7,841,370.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-81** **6530** **Chairs and Stools, Patient **\$
Examining** With accessories and 6,165,017.00**
replacement parts. Excludes
dental.
**A-82** **6530** **Carts, Medication, Patient **\$
Application** 2,340,669.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts**.**
**A-83** **6530** **Carts, Medical Supplies, Patient **\$
Application** 3,206,656.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-84** **6530** **Cabinets, Medical and Surgical** **\$
3,724,553.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes surgical scrub
stations.
**A-85** **6530** **Cabinets, Warming** **\$ 831,121.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-86** **6530** **Nourishment Workstations** **\$ 188,335.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**SPECIAL **FSC **DESCRIPTION** **ESTIMATED ANNUAL **CHECK
ITEM NUMBER CLASS** REQUIREMENTS** ITEM
(SIN)** OFFERED**
**A-87** **6530** **Instrument Stands/Tables **\$ 219,718.00**
(Surgical)**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-88** **6530** **Ultrasonic Cleaning Systems** **\$
1,088,372.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-89** **6530** **Sterilizer and Sanitizer **\$
Equipment** 35,560,014.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts. Includes laboratory units
and transportation units. Excludes
control indicator/aids, tapes and
wrappers.
**A-90** **6530** **Sterilization Products**
(Excluding equipment accessories,
such as trays, baskets and other
various hardware items)
**(a) Sterilization Control **\$
Indicators/Aids** 2,478,824.00**
**(b) Tapes** **\$ 128,928.00**
**(c) Wrappers and Bags** **\$
2,261,386.00**
**A-91** **6530** **Medical Waste Treatment **\$ 145,170.00**
Systems**
**A-92** **6530** **Medication and Supply Packaging **\$
and Dispensing Equipment** 74,098,412.00**
With accessories and replacement
parts.
**A-93** **6530** **Pharmacy Furniture** **\$
1,487,215.00**
With accessories and fixtures.
Excludes piping.
**A-94** **6530** **Introduction of New **\$
Services/Products (INSP)\*\*** 11,476,005.00**
**A-95** **6530** **Tablet Splitters** **\$ 333,551.00**
**A-96** **6530** **Prescription Information Aids, **\$
Equipment and Supplies for Patient 1,357,279.00**
Use**
**Product
Support
Options:**
**A-200** **6530** **Equipment **\$
Maintenance 12,748,044.00**
and Repair**
------------ ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------ -----------
| en |
log-files | 734306 | # Date 2008-01-16 Time 01:38:55 PST -0800 (1200476335.17 s)
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Command line arguments: "../501.param" "adp.set_b_iso=10" "sites.shake=0.5" "main.number_of_macro_cycles=5" "--overwrite"
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PHENIX: Python-based Hierarchical ENvironment for Integrated Xtallography
User: phzwart
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phenix.refine: Macromolecular Structure Refinement
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phenix developers include:
Paul Adams, Pavel Afonine, Vicent Chen, Ian Davis, Kreshna Gopal,
Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve, Li-Wei Hung, Robert Immormino, Tom Ioerger,
Airlie McCoy, Erik McKee, Nigel Moriarty, Reetal Pai, Randy Read,
Jane Richardson, David Richardson, Tod Romo, Jim Sacchettini,
Nicholas Sauter, Jacob Smith, Laurent Storoni, Tom Terwilliger,
Peter Zwart
Phenix home page:
http://www.phenix-online.org/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phenix components are copyrighted by:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Duke University
- Texas Agricultural Experiment Station &
Texas Engineering Experiment Station
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Major third-party components of Phenix include:
Python, wxwidgets, wxPython, Boost, SCons, Clipper,
CCP4 Monomer Library, CCP4 I/O libraries, PyCifRW, FFTPACK, L-BFGS
Enter phenix.acknowledgments for details.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Processing inputs. This may take a minute or two.
Command line parameter definitions:
refinement.modify_start_model.adp.set_b_iso = 10
refinement.modify_start_model.sites.shake = 0.5
refinement.main.number_of_macro_cycles = 5
Working crystal symmetry after inspecting all inputs:
Unit cell: (69.8988, 45.9914, 86.822, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/model.pdb
Monomer Library directory:
"/net/rosie/scratch3/phzwart/CCTBX/Sources/mon_lib"
Total number of atoms: 2823
Number of models: 1
Model: 0
Number of conformers: 2
Conformer: "A"
Number of atoms: 2769
Number of chains: 2
Number of residues, atoms: 302, 2333
Classifications: {'peptide': 302}
Modifications used: {'COO': 1}
Link IDs: {'PTRANS': 7, 'CIS': 1, 'TRANS': 293}
Number of residues, atoms: 436, 436
Classifications: {'water': 436}
Link IDs: {None: 435}
Conformer: "B"
Number of atoms: 2771
Common with "A": 2717
Number of chains: 2
Number of residues, atoms: 302, 2333
Classifications: {'peptide': 302}
Modifications used: {'COO': 1}
Link IDs: {'PTRANS': 7, 'CIS': 1, 'TRANS': 293}
bond proxies already assigned to first conformer: 2332
Number of residues, atoms: 438, 438
Classifications: {'water': 438}
Link IDs: {None: 437}
Time building chain proxies: 3.34, per 1000 atoms: 1.18
================================== X-ray data =================================
F-obs:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:FOBS,SIGMA
R-free flags:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:TEST
Miller array info: /net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:FOBS,SIGMA
Observation type: xray.amplitude
Type of data: double, size=19589
Type of sigmas: double, size=19589
Number of Miller indices: 19589
Anomalous flag: False
Unit cell: (69.8988, 45.9914, 86.822, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
Systematic absences: 0
Centric reflections: 2427
Resolution range: 14.9592 1.96273
Completeness in resolution range: 0.950692
Completeness with d_max=infinity: 0.947794
Number of F-obs in resolution range: 19589
Number of F-obs <= 0: 0
Refinement resolution range: d_max = 14.9592
d_min = 1.9627
Miller array info: /net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:TEST
Observation type: None
Type of data: int, size=19589
Type of sigmas: None
Number of Miller indices: 19589
Anomalous flag: False
Unit cell: (69.8988, 45.9914, 86.822, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
Systematic absences: 0
Centric reflections: 2427
Resolution range: 14.9592 1.96273
Completeness in resolution range: 0.950692
Completeness with d_max=infinity: 0.947794
Test (R-free flags) flag value: 1
Number of work/free reflections by resolution:
work free %free
bin 1: 14.9596 - 4.2003 [2166/2190] 1946 220 10.2%
bin 2: 4.2003 - 3.3462 [2070/2090] 1865 205 9.9%
bin 3: 3.3462 - 2.9268 [2071/2090] 1866 205 9.9%
bin 4: 2.9268 - 2.6608 [2023/2053] 1820 203 10.0%
bin 5: 2.6608 - 2.4710 [2017/2036] 1818 199 9.9%
bin 6: 2.4710 - 2.3259 [2011/2036] 1806 205 10.2%
bin 7: 2.3259 - 2.2098 [2003/2031] 1799 204 10.2%
bin 8: 2.2098 - 2.1139 [1982/2018] 1785 197 9.9%
bin 9: 2.1139 - 2.0327 [1987/2029] 1793 194 9.8%
bin 10: 2.0327 - 1.9627 [1259/2032] 1132 127 10.1%
overall 17630 1959 10.0%
Writing MTZ file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_data.mtz
========================== Anomalous scatterer groups =========================
All atoms refined with f_prime=0 and f_double_prime=0.
========================== Set up restraints manager ==========================
Number of disulfides: simple=3, symmetry=0
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 168 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " distance=2.08
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 168 " - " SG BCYS A 201 " distance=1.98
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 254 " - " SG CYS A 260 " distance=2.05
Time building geometry restraints manager: 0.14 seconds
Histogram of bond lengths:
1.21 - 1.38: 943
1.38 - 1.56: 1465
1.56 - 1.73: 7
1.73 - 1.90: 21
1.90 - 2.08: 3
Bond restraints sorted by residual:
atom i - atom j ideal model delta weight residual
" SG CYS A 168 " - " SG BCYS A 201 " 2.031 1.983 0.048 2.50e+03 5.87e+00
" C GLN A 88 " - " N GLN A 89 " 1.329 1.360 -0.031 5.10e+03 4.97e+00
" SG CYS A 168 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " 2.031 2.075 -0.044 2.50e+03 4.89e+00
" CB CYS A 201 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " 1.808 1.738 0.070 9.18e+02 4.46e+00
" C PRO A 198 " - " N ILE A 199 " 1.329 1.301 0.028 5.10e+03 4.10e+00
... (remaining 2434 not shown)
Histogram of nonbonded interaction distances:
1.74 - 2.37: 33
2.37 - 3.00: 1976
3.00 - 3.64: 4689
3.64 - 4.27: 9219
4.27 - 4.90: 12644
Nonbonded interactions sorted by model distance:
atom i - atom j model vdw sym.op. j
" O HOH Z 70 " - " O HOH Z 302 " 1.741 3.040 -x+1/2,-y+1,z+1/2
" CE BMET A 47 " - " O BHOH Z 74 " 1.806 3.460
" OG1 THR A 29 " - " O HOH Z 245 " 1.883 3.040 x,y+1,z
" OE1 GLN A 55 " - " O HOH Z 403 " 1.937 3.040 -x+1,y-1/2,-z+1/2
" O HOH Z 61 " - " O HOH Z 246 " 1.941 3.040 x,y+1,z
... (remaining 28556 not shown)
Histogram of dihedral angle deviations from ideal:
0.01 - 17.19: 754
17.19 - 34.36: 62
34.36 - 51.54: 27
51.54 - 68.71: 23
68.71 - 85.89: 4
Dihedral angle restraints sorted by residual:
" CA PHE A 192 "
" CB PHE A 192 "
" CG PHE A 192 "
" CD1 PHE A 192 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
90.00 7.91 82.09 2 2.50e-03 1.68e+01
" N PRO A 54 "
" CG PRO A 54 "
" CD PRO A 54 "
" CB PRO A 54 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
30.00 -27.17 57.17 3 4.44e-03 1.45e+01
" N PRO A 280 "
" CA PRO A 280 "
" CB PRO A 280 "
" CG PRO A 280 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
-25.00 38.44 56.56 3 4.44e-03 1.42e+01
... (remaining 867 not shown)
==================== Fixing bad ADP in input model (if any) ===================
============================== Scattering factors =============================
----------X-ray scattering dictionary----------
Number of scattering types: 4
Type Number sf(0) Gaussians
S 13 15.96 2
O 902 7.97 2
N 437 6.97 2
C 1471 5.97 2
sf(0) = scattering factor at diffraction angle 0.
====================== Modifying start model if requested =====================
Setting all isotropic ADP = 10.000: selected atoms: all (2823)
Shaking sites (RMS = 0.500): selected atoms: all (2823)
==================== Fixing bad ADP in input model (if any) ===================
================== Extract refinement strategy and selections =================
individual_sites = True
rigid_body = False
individual_adp = True
group_adp = False
tls = False
individual_occupancies = True
group_occupancies = False
group_anomalous = False
size = 2823
n_use = 2823
n_use_u_iso = 2823
n_use_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_site = 0
n_grad_u_iso = 0
n_grad_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_occupancy = 0
n_grad_fp = 0
n_grad_fdp = 0
n_anisotropic_flag = 0
total number of scatterers = 2823
==================== Process input NCS or/and find new NCS ====================
Using existing and finding new NCS is disabled.
Use refinement.main.ncs=true to activate it.
Look at refinement.ncs for more NCS related parameters.
=================== Write initial parameters into .eff file ===================
Writing effective parameters to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_001.eff
Writing geometry restraints to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_001.geo
CPU time processing inputs: 9.25
============================ Non-default parameters ===========================
A complete record of all parameters was written to the .eff file above.
Below are only the non-defaults.
#phil __ON__
refinement {
crystal_symmetry {
unit_cell = 69.89875 45.9914 86.82195 90 90 90
space_group = "P 21 21 21"
}
input {
pdb {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/model.pdb"
}
xray_data {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns"
labels = "FOBS,SIGMA"
r_free_flags {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns"
label = "TEST"
test_flag_value = 1
}
}
}
output {
prefix = "model_refine"
serial = 1
}
main {
number_of_macro_cycles = 5
}
modify_start_model {
adp {
set_b_iso = 10
}
sites {
shake = 0.5
}
}
}
#phil __OFF__
============================= ml refinement start =============================
----------structure factors based statistics (before refinement)----------
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.4751 r_free= 0.4695 ksol= 0.00 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 0.800 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.74 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.281576 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 14.9596 - 4.6850 0.99 1406 155 0.4039 0.3881 6.6031 6.6124|
| 2: 4.6850 - 3.7378 0.99 1355 154 0.3948 0.3676 6.7894 6.733|
| 3: 3.7378 - 3.2709 0.99 1325 140 0.4250 0.3773 6.668 6.6378|
| 4: 3.2709 - 2.9744 0.99 1316 151 0.4602 0.4500 6.5309 6.4991|
| 5: 2.9744 - 2.7627 0.99 1308 149 0.5085 0.4955 6.364 6.3794|
| 6: 2.7627 - 2.6007 0.99 1312 141 0.5073 0.5513 6.2855 6.2134|
| 7: 2.6007 - 2.4710 0.99 1293 142 0.5053 0.5046 6.237 6.2074|
| 8: 2.4710 - 2.3639 0.98 1278 144 0.5254 0.4988 6.1864 6.1868|
| 9: 2.3639 - 2.2732 0.98 1288 145 0.5171 0.5419 6.1149 6.1713|
| 10: 2.2732 - 2.1950 1.00 1286 142 0.5300 0.5306 6.1077 6.0725|
| 11: 2.1950 - 2.1266 0.98 1295 142 0.5100 0.4961 6.034 6.0482|
| 12: 2.1266 - 2.0660 0.98 1260 143 0.5109 0.5529 5.9663 6.0266|
| 13: 2.0660 - 2.0117 0.99 1283 142 0.5229 0.5138 5.8754 5.7964|
| 14: 2.0117 - 1.9627 0.47 625 69 0.5663 0.5529 5.9031 5.8149|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 14.9596 - 4.6850 1406 155 0.67 36.46 0.79 0.73 79811.44|
| 2: 4.6850 - 3.7378 1355 154 0.72 33.70 0.87 0.80 99767.21|
| 3: 3.7378 - 3.2709 1325 140 0.63 41.47 0.87 0.75 105292.70|
| 4: 3.2709 - 2.9744 1316 151 0.53 49.47 0.80 0.62 96377.27|
| 5: 2.9744 - 2.7627 1308 149 0.40 59.59 0.74 0.49 83510.46|
| 6: 2.7627 - 2.6007 1312 141 0.36 62.62 0.72 0.42 74333.35|
| 7: 2.6007 - 2.4710 1293 142 0.31 66.77 0.75 0.36 70661.30|
| 8: 2.4710 - 2.3639 1278 144 0.29 67.97 0.73 0.35 64441.76|
| 9: 2.3639 - 2.2732 1288 145 0.32 65.93 0.73 0.38 57068.41|
| 10: 2.2732 - 2.1950 1286 142 0.35 63.54 0.76 0.42 48260.48|
| 11: 2.1950 - 2.1266 1295 142 0.35 63.44 0.78 0.44 46423.51|
| 12: 2.1266 - 2.0660 1260 143 0.31 66.79 0.79 0.40 44111.27|
| 13: 2.0660 - 2.0117 1283 142 0.28 69.22 0.72 0.36 39374.16|
| 14: 2.0117 - 1.9627 625 69 0.31 66.91 0.72 0.35 31364.40|
|alpha: min = 0.35 max = 0.80 mean = 0.50|
|beta: min = 31364.40 max = 105292.70 mean = 68951.16|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.43|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 90.00 mean = 57.51|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.98 mean = 57.64|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
============================== Outliers rejection =============================
basic_wilson_outliers = 0
extreme_wilson_outliers = 0
beamstop_shadow_outliers = 0
total = 0
====================== Target weights (before refinement) =====================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 15.165487 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 80.741 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 1.364668 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 78.719 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------Initial model statistics (before refinement)----------
|-Geometry statistics: start--------------------------------------------------|
| Histogram of deviations from ideal values for |
| Bonds | Angles | Nonbonded contacts |
| 0.000 - 0.140: 597 | 0.009 - 7.457: 713 | 1.196 - 1.566: 5 |
| 0.140 - 0.280: 585 | 7.457 - 14.906: 711 | 1.566 - 1.937: 33 |
| 0.280 - 0.420: 441 | 14.906 - 22.354: 630 | 1.937 - 2.307: 170 |
| 0.420 - 0.560: 366 | 22.354 - 29.802: 474 | 2.307 - 2.677: 708 |
| 0.560 - 0.700: 237 | 29.802 - 37.251: 338 | 2.677 - 3.048: 1520 |
| 0.700 - 0.840: 127 | 37.251 - 44.699: 241 | 3.048 - 3.418: 2677 |
| 0.840 - 0.980: 59 | 44.699 - 52.147: 125 | 3.418 - 3.789: 3973 |
| 0.980 - 1.120: 17 | 52.147 - 59.595: 51 | 3.789 - 4.159: 5122 |
| 1.120 - 1.260: 9 | 59.595 - 67.044: 13 | 4.159 - 4.530: 6602 |
| 1.260 - 1.400: 1 | 67.044 - 74.492: 3 | 4.530 - 4.900: 7809 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-Geometry statistics: start--------------------------------------------------|
| Type | Count | Deviation from ideal | Targets | Target (sum) |
| | | rmsd max min | | |
| bond | 2439 | 0.414 1.400 0.000 | 454.651 | |
| angle | 3299 | 24.226 74.492 0.009 | 193.752 | |
| chirality | 348 | 2.119 6.404 0.009 | 112.240 | 53.303 |
| planarity | 436 | 0.145 0.405 0.000 | 250.485 | |
| dihedral | 870 | 33.790 144.062 0.019 | 20.704 | |
| nonbonded | 2439 | 4.089 4.900 1.196 | 2.096 | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 10.000 - 10.000: 2823 | 5: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 1: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 6: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 2: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 7: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 3: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 8: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 4: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 9: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-Occupancies statistics------------------------------------------------------|
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.30 number of occupancies < 0.1 = 0 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------Modify initial isotropic ADP----------
Randomizing
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.01 19.99 9.86 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.01 19.99 9.86 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.06 19.99 10.10 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.01 19.98 9.82 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.008 - 2.007: 301 | 5: 10.002 - 12.000: 285 |
| 1: 2.007 - 4.006: 276 | 6: 12.000 - 13.999: 292 |
| 2: 4.006 - 6.004: 309 | 7: 13.999 - 15.998: 289 |
| 3: 6.004 - 8.003: 285 | 8: 15.998 - 17.996: 266 |
| 4: 8.003 - 10.002: 251 | 9: 17.996 - 19.995: 269 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 1 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.4822 r_free= 0.4723 ksol= 0.00 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 0.769 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.73 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.283706 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.4673 r_free= 0.4552 ksol= 0.36 Bsol= 4.50 scale= 1.001 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (6.83,10.32,8.30,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 8.48 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.73 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.275572 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 11.944422 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 82.185 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 1.206439 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 77.765 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.4673 final r-factor (work) = 0.3889 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4552 final r-factor (free) = 0.4109 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 90.7981 = 11.94 * 0.50 * 6.2783 + 1.00 * 53.3025 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 37.1414 = 11.94 * 0.50 * 6.1961 + 1.00 * 0.1368 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 26 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.3889 final r-factor (work) = 0.3421 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4109 final r-factor (free) = 0.4002 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 7.4897 = 1.21 * 1.00 * 6.1961 + 1.00 * 0.0144 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 7.3952 = 1.21 * 1.00 * 6.1157 + 1.00 * 0.0169 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 31 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 77.38 13.65 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 77.38 13.65 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 77.38 24.40 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 72.84 11.67 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 7.738: 1050 | 5: 38.690 - 46.427: 65 |
| 1: 7.738 - 15.476: 810 | 6: 46.427 - 54.165: 37 |
| 2: 15.476 - 23.214: 455 | 7: 54.165 - 61.903: 12 |
| 3: 23.214 - 30.952: 257 | 8: 61.903 - 69.641: 3 |
| 4: 30.952 - 38.690: 131 | 9: 69.641 - 77.379: 3 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.3421 r_free = 0.4002 target_work(ml) = 6.102 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.30 number of occupancies < 0.1: 0 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.3416 r_free = 0.4003 target_work(ml) = 6.101 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 2 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.3416 r_free= 0.4003 ksol= 0.36 Bsol= 4.50 scale= 1.116 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (6.83,10.32,8.30,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 8.48 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.55 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.101341 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.3384 r_free= 0.3946 ksol= 0.37 Bsol= 50.00 scale= 1.022 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (3.56,6.05,4.91,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 4.84 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.55 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.102339 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 10.187677 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 100.346 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.620298 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 143.631 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.3384 final r-factor (work) = 0.2613 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.3946 final r-factor (free) = 0.3226 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 31.2748 = 10.19 * 0.50 * 6.1129 + 1.00 * 0.1368 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 30.6411 = 10.19 * 0.50 * 5.9934 + 1.00 * 0.1115 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.2613 final r-factor (work) = 0.2358 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.3226 final r-factor (free) = 0.3015 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 3.7348 = 0.62 * 1.00 * 5.9934 + 1.00 * 0.0170 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 3.6324 = 0.62 * 1.00 * 5.8330 + 1.00 * 0.0143 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 13 | number of function evaluations = 19 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 82.36 13.35 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 82.36 13.35 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 82.36 30.90 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 71.72 10.12 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 8.236: 1285 | 5: 41.181 - 49.417: 66 |
| 1: 8.236 - 16.472: 733 | 6: 49.417 - 57.653: 30 |
| 2: 16.472 - 24.709: 342 | 7: 57.653 - 65.889: 9 |
| 3: 24.709 - 32.945: 199 | 8: 65.889 - 74.125: 1 |
| 4: 32.945 - 41.181: 157 | 9: 74.125 - 82.362: 1 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2358 r_free = 0.3015 target_work(ml) = 5.799 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2355 r_free = 0.3020 target_work(ml) = 5.799 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 5 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 3 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2355 r_free= 0.3020 ksol= 0.37 Bsol= 50.00 scale= 1.064 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (3.56,6.05,4.91,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 4.84 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.33 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.799374 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2335 r_free= 0.2990 ksol= 0.34 Bsol= 45.95 scale= 1.015 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (2.21,3.06,3.60,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.96 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.34 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.795988 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 6.277765 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 94.858 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.400231 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 107.951 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.2335 final r-factor (work) = 0.1712 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.2990 final r-factor (free) = 0.2259 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 18.4295 = 6.28 * 0.50 * 5.8358 + 1.00 * 0.1115 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 17.8911 = 6.28 * 0.50 * 5.6738 + 1.00 * 0.0818 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1712 final r-factor (work) = 0.1515 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.2259 final r-factor (free) = 0.2043 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 2.2847 = 0.40 * 1.00 * 5.6738 + 1.00 * 0.0138 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 2.1941 = 0.40 * 1.00 * 5.4558 + 1.00 * 0.0106 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 80.91 13.22 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 80.91 13.22 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 1.83 80.91 35.47 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 77.61 9.14 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 8.091: 1422 | 5: 40.457 - 48.548: 94 |
| 1: 8.091 - 16.183: 729 | 6: 48.548 - 56.640: 74 |
| 2: 16.183 - 24.274: 212 | 7: 56.640 - 64.731: 25 |
| 3: 24.274 - 32.366: 137 | 8: 64.731 - 72.823: 5 |
| 4: 32.366 - 40.457: 122 | 9: 72.823 - 80.914: 3 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1515 r_free = 0.2043 target_work(ml) = 5.402 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 5 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1513 r_free = 0.2039 target_work(ml) = 5.401 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 4 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1513 r_free= 0.2039 ksol= 0.34 Bsol= 45.95 scale= 1.031 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (2.21,3.06,3.60,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.96 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.19 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.400722 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1506 r_free= 0.2031 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 44.17 scale= 1.007 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (1.49,1.71,3.07,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.09 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.19 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.397154 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 1.730093 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 97.918 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.491287 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 144.153 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1506 final r-factor (work) = 0.1347 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.2031 final r-factor (free) = 0.1830 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 4.8034 = 1.73 * 0.50 * 5.4588 + 1.00 * 0.0814 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 4.6830 = 1.73 * 0.50 * 5.3537 + 1.00 * 0.0518 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1347 final r-factor (work) = 0.1305 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.1830 final r-factor (free) = 0.1791 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 2.6406 = 0.49 * 1.00 * 5.3537 + 1.00 * 0.0104 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 2.6080 = 0.49 * 1.00 * 5.2861 + 1.00 * 0.0111 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 81.48 13.10 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 81.48 13.10 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 2.46 81.48 36.27 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 80.01 8.85 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 8.148: 1503 | 5: 40.742 - 48.890: 92 |
| 1: 8.148 - 16.297: 683 | 6: 48.890 - 57.038: 77 |
| 2: 16.297 - 24.445: 187 | 7: 57.038 - 65.187: 33 |
| 3: 24.445 - 32.593: 120 | 8: 65.187 - 73.335: 4 |
| 4: 32.593 - 40.742: 119 | 9: 73.335 - 81.483: 5 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1305 r_free = 0.1791 target_work(ml) = 5.275 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1304 r_free = 0.1788 target_work(ml) = 5.275 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 5 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1304 r_free= 0.1788 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 44.17 scale= 1.007 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (1.49,1.71,3.07,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.09 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.17 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.274549 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1304 r_free= 0.1787 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 44.17 scale= 1.008 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (1.55,1.63,3.20,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.13 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.17 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.274378 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 3.832167 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 119.320 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 1.210972 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 142.253 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1304 final r-factor (work) = 0.1164 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.1787 final r-factor (free) = 0.1656 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 10.1797 = 3.83 * 0.50 * 5.2857 + 1.00 * 0.0518 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 10.0858 = 3.83 * 0.50 * 5.2268 + 1.00 * 0.0707 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1164 final r-factor (work) = 0.1136 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.1656 final r-factor (free) = 0.1639 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 6.3405 = 1.21 * 1.00 * 5.2268 + 1.00 * 0.0110 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 6.2810 = 1.21 * 1.00 * 5.1766 + 1.00 * 0.0123 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 87.59 13.19 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 87.59 13.19 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 1.97 83.86 37.51 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 87.59 8.73 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 8.759: 1614 | 5: 43.795 - 52.554: 91 |
| 1: 8.759 - 17.518: 629 | 6: 52.554 - 61.313: 68 |
| 2: 17.518 - 26.277: 159 | 7: 61.313 - 70.072: 28 |
| 3: 26.277 - 35.036: 125 | 8: 70.072 - 78.831: 9 |
| 4: 35.036 - 43.795: 96 | 9: 78.831 - 87.590: 4 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1136 r_free = 0.1639 target_work(ml) = 5.172 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1135 r_free = 0.1638 target_work(ml) = 5.171 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1135 r_free= 0.1638 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 44.17 scale= 1.008 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (1.55,1.63,3.20,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.13 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.15 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.171430 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 14.9596 - 4.6850 0.99 1406 155 0.0975 0.1268 5.3809 5.5599|
| 2: 4.6850 - 3.7378 0.99 1355 154 0.0856 0.1194 5.4469 5.6665|
| 3: 3.7378 - 3.2709 0.99 1325 140 0.1101 0.1473 5.5112 5.8506|
| 4: 3.2709 - 2.9744 0.99 1316 151 0.1257 0.1797 5.4734 5.6427|
| 5: 2.9744 - 2.7627 0.99 1308 149 0.1345 0.1762 5.349 5.5936|
| 6: 2.7627 - 2.6007 0.99 1312 141 0.1224 0.2004 5.2188 5.5083|
| 7: 2.6007 - 2.4710 0.99 1293 142 0.1302 0.1694 5.1991 5.3692|
| 8: 2.4710 - 2.3639 0.98 1278 144 0.1208 0.1677 5.0968 5.3453|
| 9: 2.3639 - 2.2732 0.98 1288 145 0.1220 0.1804 5.0695 5.3353|
| 10: 2.2732 - 2.1950 1.00 1286 142 0.1108 0.1779 4.9718 5.2363|
| 11: 2.1950 - 2.1266 0.98 1295 142 0.1132 0.1979 4.9756 5.3628|
| 12: 2.1266 - 2.0660 0.98 1260 143 0.1160 0.1766 4.9137 5.2066|
| 13: 2.0660 - 2.0117 0.99 1283 142 0.1107 0.1757 4.8037 5.0543|
| 14: 2.0117 - 1.9627 0.47 625 69 0.0977 0.1602 4.6719 4.8836|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 14.9596 - 4.6850 1406 155 0.94 9.51 0.98 0.96 7502.29|
| 2: 4.6850 - 3.7378 1355 154 0.95 8.38 1.02 1.01 9618.72|
| 3: 3.7378 - 3.2709 1325 140 0.93 12.05 1.04 1.03 11206.00|
| 4: 3.2709 - 2.9744 1316 151 0.91 14.43 1.02 1.00 10915.01|
| 5: 2.9744 - 2.7627 1308 149 0.90 16.48 1.00 0.98 8887.92|
| 6: 2.7627 - 2.6007 1312 141 0.89 16.69 0.98 0.95 7345.42|
| 7: 2.6007 - 2.4710 1293 142 0.90 16.28 1.00 0.96 6684.74|
| 8: 2.4710 - 2.3639 1278 144 0.90 16.15 1.00 0.98 5734.98|
| 9: 2.3639 - 2.2732 1288 145 0.90 16.08 1.00 0.97 5463.14|
| 10: 2.2732 - 2.1950 1286 142 0.89 16.76 1.00 0.96 4804.50|
| 11: 2.1950 - 2.1266 1295 142 0.89 17.52 1.00 0.95 4885.62|
| 12: 2.1266 - 2.0660 1260 143 0.90 16.90 1.02 1.01 4413.79|
| 13: 2.0660 - 2.0117 1283 142 0.89 17.07 1.01 0.99 3625.12|
| 14: 2.0117 - 1.9627 625 69 0.92 14.53 0.99 0.97 2731.18|
|alpha: min = 0.95 max = 1.03 mean = 0.98|
|beta: min = 2731.18 max = 11206.00 mean = 6891.11|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.91|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.93 mean = 14.86|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.52 mean = 14.23|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1138 r_free= 0.1636 ksol= 0.32 Bsol= 46.35 scale= 1.008 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-0.55,-0.56,1.11,-0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.15 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.170533 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 14.96 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1138 r_free= 0.1636 ksol= 0.32 Bsol= 46.35 scale= 1.008 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-0.55,-0.56,1.11,-0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.15 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.170533 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 14.9596 - 4.6850 0.99 1406 155 0.0974 0.1240 5.3721 5.531|
| 2: 4.6850 - 3.7378 0.99 1355 154 0.0864 0.1205 5.4456 5.6688|
| 3: 3.7378 - 3.2709 0.99 1325 140 0.1106 0.1473 5.5132 5.8505|
| 4: 3.2709 - 2.9744 0.99 1316 151 0.1261 0.1801 5.4739 5.6437|
| 5: 2.9744 - 2.7627 0.99 1308 149 0.1346 0.1761 5.3502 5.5921|
| 6: 2.7627 - 2.6007 0.99 1312 141 0.1225 0.1988 5.2179 5.5047|
| 7: 2.6007 - 2.4710 0.99 1293 142 0.1304 0.1699 5.1981 5.3692|
| 8: 2.4710 - 2.3639 0.98 1278 144 0.1205 0.1669 5.0946 5.3418|
| 9: 2.3639 - 2.2732 0.98 1288 145 0.1220 0.1802 5.069 5.3351|
| 10: 2.2732 - 2.1950 1.00 1286 142 0.1108 0.1778 4.9722 5.2374|
| 11: 2.1950 - 2.1266 0.98 1295 142 0.1132 0.1980 4.9767 5.3643|
| 12: 2.1266 - 2.0660 0.98 1260 143 0.1157 0.1768 4.9132 5.2065|
| 13: 2.0660 - 2.0117 0.99 1283 142 0.1107 0.1756 4.8032 5.0538|
| 14: 2.0117 - 1.9627 0.47 625 69 0.0975 0.1591 4.6702 4.8801|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 14.9596 - 4.6850 1406 155 0.94 9.10 0.98 0.95 7152.05|
| 2: 4.6850 - 3.7378 1355 154 0.95 8.25 1.02 1.01 9422.87|
| 3: 3.7378 - 3.2709 1325 140 0.93 12.00 1.04 1.03 11159.28|
| 4: 3.2709 - 2.9744 1316 151 0.91 14.50 1.02 1.00 10921.76|
| 5: 2.9744 - 2.7627 1308 149 0.90 16.49 1.01 0.98 8887.73|
| 6: 2.7627 - 2.6007 1312 141 0.89 16.65 0.98 0.95 7319.70|
| 7: 2.6007 - 2.4710 1293 142 0.90 16.24 1.00 0.96 6652.27|
| 8: 2.4710 - 2.3639 1278 144 0.90 16.12 1.00 0.98 5706.26|
| 9: 2.3639 - 2.2732 1288 145 0.90 16.06 1.00 0.97 5451.80|
| 10: 2.2732 - 2.1950 1286 142 0.89 16.77 1.01 0.96 4806.46|
| 11: 2.1950 - 2.1266 1295 142 0.89 17.54 1.00 0.95 4899.33|
| 12: 2.1266 - 2.0660 1260 143 0.90 16.92 1.02 1.01 4419.81|
| 13: 2.0660 - 2.0117 1283 142 0.89 17.07 1.01 0.99 3622.15|
| 14: 2.0117 - 1.9627 625 69 0.92 14.47 0.99 0.97 2719.63|
|alpha: min = 0.95 max = 1.03 mean = 0.98|
|beta: min = 2719.63 max = 11159.28 mean = 6838.86|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.91|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.91 mean = 14.81|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.84 mean = 14.22|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.632)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 2.18 89.77 15.37 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 2.18 89.77 15.37 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 4.15 86.04 39.69 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 2.18 89.77 10.91 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 2.182 - 10.941: 1614 | 5: 45.977 - 54.736: 91 |
| 1: 10.941 - 19.700: 629 | 6: 54.736 - 63.495: 68 |
| 2: 19.700 - 28.459: 159 | 7: 63.495 - 72.254: 28 |
| 3: 28.459 - 37.218: 125 | 8: 72.254 - 81.013: 9 |
| 4: 37.218 - 45.977: 96 | 9: 81.013 - 89.772: 4 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========== residual map mFobs-DFmodel: highest peaks and deepst holes =========
----------peaks----------
Number of peaks found at mFobs-DFmodel map (map cutoff=3.00 sigma)= 327
Filter by distance & map next to the model:
mapped sites are within: 0.347 - 5.993
number of sites selected in [dist_min= 0.70, dist_max= 6.00]: 324 from: 327
mapped sites are within: 0.737 - 5.993
peak= 10.202 closest distance to " CB VAL A 230 " = 1.443
peak= 8.911 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 296 " = 1.428
peak= 8.097 closest distance to " O HOH Z 130 " = 1.822
peak= 6.366 closest distance to " O HOH Z 65 " = 1.631
peak= 6.343 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 11 " = 1.177
peak= 6.232 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 5 " = 1.274
peak= 5.799 closest distance to " O HOH Z 142 " = 1.919
peak= 5.587 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 56 " = 2.054
peak= 5.532 closest distance to " O HOH Z 7 " = 1.583
peak= 5.497 closest distance to " CG PRO A 54 " = 1.313
peak= 5.452 closest distance to " CG LEU A 5 " = 1.143
peak= 5.426 closest distance to " O HOH Z 9 " = 1.835
peak= 5.418 closest distance to " O HOH Z 112 " = 1.273
peak= 5.134 closest distance to " CG LEU A 228 " = 1.156
peak= 5.001 closest distance to " O HOH Z 427 " = 2.417
peak= 4.981 closest distance to " O HOH Z 124 " = 1.450
peak= 4.980 closest distance to " O HOH Z 232 " = 2.291
peak= 4.932 closest distance to " CB PRO A 54 " = 1.013
peak= 4.865 closest distance to " O HOH Z 30 " = 1.949
peak= 4.865 closest distance to " O HOH Z 417 " = 1.603
peak= 4.864 closest distance to " O HOH Z 424 " = 1.163
peak= 4.793 closest distance to " O HOH Z 369 " = 2.234
peak= 4.750 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 1.684
peak= 4.722 closest distance to " CB SER A 3 " = 1.393
peak= 4.679 closest distance to " O HOH Z 425 " = 1.535
peak= 4.634 closest distance to " O HOH Z 222 " = 1.263
peak= 4.542 closest distance to " CB GLN A 183 " = 1.261
peak= 4.472 closest distance to " O SER A 87 " = 2.411
peak= 4.462 closest distance to " O HOH Z 380 " = 1.953
peak= 4.444 closest distance to " O HOH Z 78 " = 1.600
peak= 4.417 closest distance to " CB GLN A 223 " = 1.562
peak= 4.401 closest distance to " CB VAL A 230 " = 1.168
peak= 4.371 closest distance to " CB ARG A 275 " = 0.946
peak= 4.335 closest distance to " O HOH Z 405 " = 1.511
peak= 4.320 closest distance to " O HOH Z 63 " = 1.518
peak= 4.314 closest distance to " CB ASN A 148 " = 1.430
peak= 4.279 closest distance to " O HOH Z 2 " = 1.762
peak= 4.271 closest distance to " O HOH Z 130 " = 2.443
peak= 4.242 closest distance to " O HOH Z 209 " = 2.304
peak= 4.218 closest distance to " O HOH Z 126 " = 2.026
peak= 4.213 closest distance to " O HOH Z 389 " = 1.351
peak= 4.201 closest distance to " O HOH Z 298 " = 1.712
peak= 4.185 closest distance to " CB SER A 63 " = 1.274
peak= 4.144 closest distance to " O HOH Z 193 " = 1.739
peak= 4.101 closest distance to " O HOH Z 352 " = 1.792
peak= 4.090 closest distance to " OG ASER A 258 " = 2.998
peak= 4.078 closest distance to " CB BVAL A 41 " = 1.216
peak= 4.070 closest distance to " O HOH Z 371 " = 2.774
peak= 4.056 closest distance to " O HOH Z 68 " = 2.213
peak= 4.056 closest distance to " O HOH Z 359 " = 1.294
peak= 4.051 closest distance to " O HOH Z 346 " = 1.648
peak= 4.042 closest distance to " O HOH Z 272 " = 1.784
peak= 3.998 closest distance to " O HOH Z 410 " = 1.386
peak= 3.986 closest distance to " O HOH Z 1 " = 1.709
peak= 3.975 closest distance to " O HOH Z 392 " = 1.237
peak= 3.953 closest distance to " O HOH Z 287 " = 1.867
peak= 3.944 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 228 " = 1.210
peak= 3.937 closest distance to " O HOH Z 214 " = 2.209
peak= 3.923 closest distance to " CB VAL A 202 " = 1.672
peak= 3.912 closest distance to " O HOH Z 362 " = 1.942
peak= 3.897 closest distance to " O HOH Z 422 " = 2.583
peak= 3.893 closest distance to " O HOH Z 366 " = 2.966
peak= 3.891 closest distance to " CB TRP A 266 " = 1.071
peak= 3.885 closest distance to " CG LEU A 167 " = 1.280
peak= 3.884 closest distance to " O HOH Z 261 " = 2.517
peak= 3.880 closest distance to " CG TRP A 179 " = 2.209
peak= 3.879 closest distance to " O HOH Z 39 " = 1.357
peak= 3.875 closest distance to " O HOH Z 419 " = 2.104
peak= 3.858 closest distance to " OG SER A 62 " = 2.771
peak= 3.855 closest distance to " CB GLU A 277 " = 3.473
peak= 3.854 closest distance to " O PRO A 198 " = 1.233
peak= 3.830 closest distance to " O HOH Z 97 " = 2.043
peak= 3.829 closest distance to " CG LYS A 76 " = 1.638
peak= 3.824 closest distance to " O HOH Z 193 " = 1.985
peak= 3.823 closest distance to " O HOH Z 425 " = 1.998
peak= 3.822 closest distance to " O HOH Z 234 " = 3.705
peak= 3.819 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 1.977
peak= 3.817 closest distance to " CB ASN A 142 " = 0.936
peak= 3.813 closest distance to " O HOH Z 61 " = 1.551
peak= 3.807 closest distance to " O HOH Z 59 " = 1.590
peak= 3.802 closest distance to " O HOH Z 195 " = 1.510
peak= 3.798 closest distance to " CA PHE A 283 " = 1.385
peak= 3.786 closest distance to " CB GLU A 128 " = 1.097
peak= 3.783 closest distance to " O HOH Z 10 " = 1.703
peak= 3.780 closest distance to " CB TRP A 179 " = 1.418
peak= 3.776 closest distance to " N PHE A 130 " = 1.264
peak= 3.770 closest distance to " O HOH Z 435 " = 2.061
peak= 3.768 closest distance to " O HOH Z 361 " = 1.295
peak= 3.763 closest distance to " O HOH Z 78 " = 2.116
peak= 3.748 closest distance to " O HOH Z 305 " = 3.437
peak= 3.745 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 187 " = 1.643
peak= 3.740 closest distance to " CE3 TRP A 150 " = 1.022
peak= 3.724 closest distance to " O HOH Z 258 " = 2.178
peak= 3.721 closest distance to " NH2BARG A 145 " = 2.044
peak= 3.718 closest distance to " CA ASN A 215 " = 1.099
peak= 3.714 closest distance to " O HOH Z 158 " = 3.023
peak= 3.714 closest distance to " NH2AARG A 190 " = 1.639
peak= 3.714 closest distance to " CB ARG A 79 " = 1.365
peak= 3.713 closest distance to " O HOH Z 263 " = 1.688
peak= 3.712 closest distance to " CB SER A 216 " = 0.818
peak= 3.710 closest distance to " O HOH Z 51 " = 1.375
peak= 3.709 closest distance to " O HOH Z 236 " = 1.580
peak= 3.708 closest distance to " O HOH Z 189 " = 2.809
peak= 3.708 closest distance to " CB SER A 276 " = 1.171
peak= 3.704 closest distance to " O HOH Z 327 " = 1.617
peak= 3.692 closest distance to " O HOH Z 193 " = 1.606
peak= 3.687 closest distance to " O HOH Z 222 " = 2.079
peak= 3.683 closest distance to " CG PRO A 213 " = 1.165
peak= 3.681 closest distance to " CD1AILE A 234 " = 0.976
peak= 3.679 closest distance to " CB ARG A 139 " = 1.021
peak= 3.679 closest distance to " OG BSER A 212 " = 2.790
peak= 3.675 closest distance to " CH2 TRP A 266 " = 1.022
peak= 3.674 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 138 " = 1.099
peak= 3.666 closest distance to " CB VAL A 265 " = 1.350
peak= 3.665 closest distance to " CB VAL A 296 " = 1.089
peak= 3.663 closest distance to " CG PRO A 198 " = 1.205
peak= 3.657 closest distance to " O HOH Z 133 " = 2.578
peak= 3.655 closest distance to " CB ASN A 39 " = 0.958
peak= 3.653 closest distance to " O HOH Z 59 " = 2.092
peak= 3.647 closest distance to " CB ASN A 215 " = 1.147
peak= 3.645 closest distance to " CB GLU A 152 " = 1.285
peak= 3.628 closest distance to " CB THR A 157 " = 1.158
peak= 3.625 closest distance to " O HOH Z 222 " = 2.214
peak= 3.623 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 3.617
peak= 3.622 closest distance to " N ASN A 127 " = 1.341
peak= 3.620 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 117 " = 2.688
peak= 3.616 closest distance to " O HOH Z 133 " = 1.435
peak= 3.598 closest distance to " O HOH Z 225 " = 1.540
peak= 3.594 closest distance to " OG BSER A 99 " = 2.156
peak= 3.592 closest distance to " O HOH Z 371 " = 1.832
peak= 3.588 closest distance to " O HOH Z 128 " = 1.899
peak= 3.583 closest distance to " O HOH Z 329 " = 3.938
peak= 3.579 closest distance to " O HOH Z 1 " = 1.740
peak= 3.573 closest distance to " O PRO A 198 " = 1.515
peak= 3.570 closest distance to " CA TYR A 30 " = 0.960
peak= 3.568 closest distance to " O HOH Z 145 " = 1.877
peak= 3.558 closest distance to " O HOH Z 122 " = 2.061
peak= 3.558 closest distance to " CG BARG A 102 " = 1.941
peak= 3.554 closest distance to " NH1AARG A 145 " = 1.142
peak= 3.542 closest distance to " CD ARG A 159 " = 0.737
peak= 3.537 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 257 " = 0.807
peak= 3.536 closest distance to " O HOH Z 272 " = 2.175
peak= 3.536 closest distance to " O HOH Z 411 " = 3.669
peak= 3.536 closest distance to " CB ARG A 190 " = 1.734
peak= 3.535 closest distance to " O HOH Z 384 " = 1.244
peak= 3.535 closest distance to " O HOH Z 3 " = 2.175
peak= 3.533 closest distance to " CA LYS A 117 " = 1.151
peak= 3.529 closest distance to " OG BSER A 164 " = 2.031
peak= 3.522 closest distance to " O HOH Z 145 " = 3.717
peak= 3.517 closest distance to " OG SER A 62 " = 2.988
peak= 3.517 closest distance to " OD1 ASN A 69 " = 2.578
peak= 3.513 closest distance to " O HOH Z 418 " = 0.886
peak= 3.503 closest distance to " O HOH Z 118 " = 1.560
peak= 3.502 closest distance to " O HOH Z 119 " = 1.631
peak= 3.496 closest distance to " O HOH Z 424 " = 2.170
peak= 3.495 closest distance to " CD1 ILE A 33 " = 1.747
peak= 3.491 closest distance to " CA ARG A 195 " = 1.226
peak= 3.487 closest distance to " O HOH Z 209 " = 2.458
peak= 3.487 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 1.741
peak= 3.482 closest distance to " CG1BVAL A 72 " = 1.168
peak= 3.481 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 221 " = 1.336
peak= 3.477 closest distance to " O HOH Z 44 " = 1.735
peak= 3.477 closest distance to " O HOH Z 145 " = 1.940
peak= 3.475 closest distance to " O HOH Z 167 " = 1.906
peak= 3.470 closest distance to " CG GLN A 88 " = 1.166
peak= 3.469 closest distance to " O HOH Z 139 " = 1.103
peak= 3.466 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 278 " = 3.641
peak= 3.465 closest distance to " O HOH Z 61 " = 1.595
peak= 3.463 closest distance to " O HOH Z 427 " = 1.301
peak= 3.460 closest distance to " O HOH Z 93 " = 2.373
peak= 3.456 closest distance to " O HOH Z 323 " = 1.579
peak= 3.455 closest distance to " O HOH Z 58 " = 1.799
peak= 3.454 closest distance to " O HOH Z 173 " = 2.115
peak= 3.454 closest distance to " CB ASN A 187 " = 1.123
peak= 3.447 closest distance to " CA ASN A 127 " = 1.066
peak= 3.443 closest distance to " O HOH Z 175 " = 2.151
peak= 3.442 closest distance to " O HOH Z 435 " = 1.717
peak= 3.440 closest distance to " O HOH Z 143 " = 1.424
peak= 3.431 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 58 " = 3.991
peak= 3.431 closest distance to " O HOH Z 128 " = 2.164
peak= 3.428 closest distance to " CB LYS A 117 " = 1.221
peak= 3.425 closest distance to " CB GLN A 88 " = 1.312
peak= 3.416 closest distance to " O HOH Z 180 " = 2.058
peak= 3.415 closest distance to " O HOH Z 403 " = 1.309
peak= 3.414 closest distance to " O HOH Z 207 " = 2.238
peak= 3.414 closest distance to " O HOH Z 250 " = 1.360
peak= 3.410 closest distance to " CB TRP A 150 " = 1.259
peak= 3.408 closest distance to " O HOH Z 113 " = 2.057
peak= 3.408 closest distance to " O HOH Z 123 " = 0.994
peak= 3.405 closest distance to " O HOH Z 146 " = 1.664
peak= 3.405 closest distance to " O HOH Z 88 " = 2.954
peak= 3.403 closest distance to " O HOH Z 357 " = 1.974
peak= 3.401 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 2.826
peak= 3.398 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 151 " = 1.114
peak= 3.389 closest distance to " O HOH Z 116 " = 2.851
peak= 3.382 closest distance to " CE1 TYR A 186 " = 1.268
peak= 3.379 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 49 " = 1.404
peak= 3.378 closest distance to " O HOH Z 403 " = 1.271
peak= 3.378 closest distance to " O HOH Z 438 " = 2.163
peak= 3.376 closest distance to " O HOH Z 403 " = 1.549
peak= 3.373 closest distance to " CG2 ILE A 234 " = 0.976
peak= 3.372 closest distance to " CA ALA A 51 " = 1.022
peak= 3.366 closest distance to " CG2 ILE A 20 " = 1.698
peak= 3.363 closest distance to " O HOH Z 213 " = 2.123
peak= 3.361 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 263 " = 1.201
peak= 3.361 closest distance to " O HOH Z 55 " = 1.892
peak= 3.358 closest distance to " O HOH Z 125 " = 1.486
peak= 3.356 closest distance to " O HOH Z 358 " = 1.274
peak= 3.350 closest distance to " OE2 GLU A 53 " = 1.862
peak= 3.348 closest distance to " CA MET A 105 " = 0.888
peak= 3.344 closest distance to " CA ALA A 158 " = 1.239
peak= 3.343 closest distance to " CA ALA A 291 " = 0.895
peak= 3.341 closest distance to " O HOH Z 44 " = 2.609
peak= 3.335 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 228 " = 1.979
peak= 3.335 closest distance to " CD PRO A 243 " = 1.599
peak= 3.331 closest distance to " CG GLN A 89 " = 1.404
peak= 3.324 closest distance to " O HOH Z 310 " = 2.224
peak= 3.323 closest distance to " CB ASN A 148 " = 1.931
peak= 3.321 closest distance to " OE2 GLU A 2 " = 1.903
peak= 3.316 closest distance to " CE AMET A 47 " = 1.401
peak= 3.312 closest distance to " O HOH Z 389 " = 2.900
peak= 3.311 closest distance to " N SER A 135 " = 1.236
peak= 3.310 closest distance to " CB ASP A 124 " = 0.786
peak= 3.308 closest distance to " N ALA A 1 " = 1.309
peak= 3.307 closest distance to " CB ASN A 110 " = 1.035
peak= 3.306 closest distance to " N GLN A 278 " = 1.286
peak= 3.301 closest distance to " O HOH Z 9 " = 1.656
peak= 3.299 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 110 " = 1.772
peak= 3.292 closest distance to " CB ALA A 114 " = 1.521
peak= 3.292 closest distance to " CG PRO A 243 " = 1.123
peak= 3.292 closest distance to " CE LYS A 76 " = 0.912
peak= 3.291 closest distance to " O HOH Z 383 " = 2.307
peak= 3.289 closest distance to " N ASP A 162 " = 1.147
peak= 3.287 closest distance to " CB ASP A 140 " = 0.970
peak= 3.285 closest distance to " CG LYS A 119 " = 1.143
peak= 3.284 closest distance to " O HOH Z 55 " = 1.566
peak= 3.283 closest distance to " CA ILE A 234 " = 1.071
peak= 3.283 closest distance to " CD LYS A 166 " = 1.407
peak= 3.279 closest distance to " CB ARG A 79 " = 0.864
peak= 3.274 closest distance to " CA LEU A 101 " = 1.588
peak= 3.274 closest distance to " CA VAL A 125 " = 1.048
peak= 3.273 closest distance to " O HOH Z 184 " = 1.338
peak= 3.271 closest distance to " N ARG A 156 " = 1.282
peak= 3.270 closest distance to " CB SER A 212 " = 1.270
peak= 3.266 closest distance to " CB LEU A 237 " = 0.824
peak= 3.262 closest distance to " O HOH Z 6 " = 2.017
peak= 3.262 closest distance to " CE MET A 93 " = 1.573
peak= 3.257 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 48 " = 1.221
peak= 3.257 closest distance to " O HOH Z 214 " = 3.645
peak= 3.255 closest distance to " O HOH Z 319 " = 2.350
peak= 3.254 closest distance to " OE1 GLN A 240 " = 1.465
peak= 3.253 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 286 " = 2.661
peak= 3.250 closest distance to " O HOH Z 50 " = 1.491
peak= 3.245 closest distance to " O HOH Z 438 " = 1.996
peak= 3.240 closest distance to " O HOH Z 148 " = 3.473
peak= 3.239 closest distance to " CB SER A 26 " = 1.647
peak= 3.238 closest distance to " O ASN A 209 " = 1.527
peak= 3.234 closest distance to " O HOH Z 40 " = 2.062
peak= 3.233 closest distance to " O HOH Z 47 " = 1.479
peak= 3.225 closest distance to " CA GLY A 267 " = 1.079
peak= 3.222 closest distance to " O HOH Z 109 " = 2.340
peak= 3.220 closest distance to " O HOH Z 234 " = 1.996
peak= 3.219 closest distance to " NH2BARG A 190 " = 1.461
peak= 3.218 closest distance to " CG GLN A 278 " = 1.222
peak= 3.218 closest distance to " O HOH Z 392 " = 1.939
peak= 3.217 closest distance to " CB PHE A 204 " = 1.023
peak= 3.216 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 249 " = 0.801
peak= 3.215 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 33 " = 1.299
peak= 3.215 closest distance to " O ALA A 165 " = 1.384
peak= 3.212 closest distance to " O HOH Z 128 " = 2.063
peak= 3.212 closest distance to " O HOH Z 343 " = 3.249
peak= 3.209 closest distance to " OG SER A 22 " = 2.735
peak= 3.208 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 281 " = 1.026
peak= 3.206 closest distance to " O HOH Z 85 " = 2.082
peak= 3.198 closest distance to " OG1 THR A 221 " = 1.324
peak= 3.197 closest distance to " CA ALA A 84 " = 1.487
peak= 3.197 closest distance to " CB ALA A 291 " = 1.418
peak= 3.194 closest distance to " O HOH Z 110 " = 1.606
peak= 3.193 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 120 " = 1.354
peak= 3.193 closest distance to " CD ARG A 195 " = 3.477
peak= 3.190 closest distance to " O HOH Z 255 " = 1.754
peak= 3.188 closest distance to " O HOH Z 303 " = 2.866
peak= 3.185 closest distance to " O HOH Z 424 " = 2.122
peak= 3.182 closest distance to " N SER A 271 " = 0.960
peak= 3.176 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 156 " = 1.091
peak= 3.175 closest distance to " CB HIS A 108 " = 0.874
peak= 3.169 closest distance to " O HOH Z 410 " = 2.156
peak= 3.169 closest distance to " O HOH Z 394 " = 3.669
peak= 3.168 closest distance to " CA ALA A 21 " = 1.191
peak= 3.164 closest distance to " O HOH Z 20 " = 1.483
peak= 3.158 closest distance to " CB ARG A 138 " = 0.910
peak= 3.157 closest distance to " CB MET A 40 " = 0.849
peak= 3.156 closest distance to " CD1 ILE A 106 " = 0.952
peak= 3.153 closest distance to " CB LEU A 228 " = 1.250
peak= 3.150 closest distance to " CB ASP A 171 " = 1.144
peak= 3.147 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 1.357
peak= 3.139 closest distance to " O HOH Z 248 " = 1.651
peak= 3.134 closest distance to " O HOH Z 356 " = 1.236
peak= 3.133 closest distance to " CB LEU A 300 " = 0.856
peak= 3.120 closest distance to " CG BARG A 190 " = 1.090
peak= 3.119 closest distance to " CZ3 TRP A 92 " = 1.229
peak= 3.118 closest distance to " O HOH Z 291 " = 1.573
peak= 3.116 closest distance to " CB SER A 99 " = 0.908
peak= 3.115 closest distance to " NH1BARG A 145 " = 1.287
peak= 3.112 closest distance to " O HOH Z 21 " = 1.670
peak= 3.107 closest distance to " N SER A 97 " = 0.798
peak= 3.106 closest distance to " O HOH Z 375 " = 0.988
peak= 3.101 closest distance to " O HOH Z 302 " = 1.566
peak= 3.093 closest distance to " O HOH Z 216 " = 2.038
peak= 3.088 closest distance to " O HOH Z 406 " = 1.500
peak= 3.087 closest distance to " O HOH Z 350 " = 1.562
peak= 3.087 closest distance to " O HOH Z 153 " = 3.666
peak= 3.084 closest distance to " CB ALA A 1 " = 4.767
peak= 3.077 closest distance to " CD GLN A 194 " = 1.369
peak= 3.077 closest distance to " O HOH Z 217 " = 1.554
peak= 3.077 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 1.465
peak= 3.069 closest distance to " O MET A 105 " = 1.785
peak= 3.066 closest distance to " O HOH Z 344 " = 2.908
peak= 3.063 closest distance to " N ASP A 162 " = 1.347
peak= 3.054 closest distance to " O HOH Z 374 " = 2.425
peak= 3.054 closest distance to " CA SER A 87 " = 0.966
peak= 3.049 closest distance to " O HOH Z 164 " = 5.993
peak= 3.045 closest distance to " O HOH Z 59 " = 2.021
peak= 3.034 closest distance to " O HOH Z 172 " = 2.555
----------holes----------
Number of peaks found at mFobs-DFmodel map (map cutoff=3.00 sigma)= 210
Filter by distance & map next to the model:
mapped sites are within: 0.762 - 5.871
number of sites selected in [dist_min= 0.70, dist_max= 6.00]: 210 from: 210
mapped sites are within: 0.762 - 5.871
peak= -4.605 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 230 " = 0.793
peak= -4.405 closest distance to " OG BSER A 134 " = 1.339
peak= -4.253 closest distance to " CD ARG A 156 " = 1.970
peak= -4.252 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 255 " = 2.842
peak= -4.209 closest distance to " O HOH Z 131 " = 4.037
peak= -4.186 closest distance to " CD ARG A 14 " = 3.112
peak= -4.186 closest distance to " O HOH Z 266 " = 4.856
peak= -4.140 closest distance to " CB PRO A 243 " = 2.627
peak= -4.130 closest distance to " O VAL A 67 " = 2.492
peak= -4.060 closest distance to " O SER A 135 " = 1.481
peak= -4.056 closest distance to " O HOH Z 185 " = 2.081
peak= -3.989 closest distance to " C HIS A 108 " = 1.220
peak= -3.950 closest distance to " O SER A 22 " = 2.411
peak= -3.946 closest distance to " CZ2 TRP A 274 " = 0.883
peak= -3.944 closest distance to " O HOH Z 43 " = 1.864
peak= -3.937 closest distance to " O HOH Z 231 " = 1.028
peak= -3.937 closest distance to " O PRO A 198 " = 1.207
peak= -3.926 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 79 " = 2.014
peak= -3.920 closest distance to " CG GLN A 58 " = 1.015
peak= -3.907 closest distance to " OG SER A 87 " = 1.307
peak= -3.894 closest distance to " CB ALA A 248 " = 2.034
peak= -3.864 closest distance to " CB ASP A 132 " = 2.367
peak= -3.831 closest distance to " CB ALA A 43 " = 2.364
peak= -3.822 closest distance to " O HOH Z 191 " = 5.461
peak= -3.806 closest distance to " O HOH Z 231 " = 1.817
peak= -3.806 closest distance to " O HOH Z 412 " = 5.871
peak= -3.794 closest distance to " CE2 PHE A 218 " = 2.488
peak= -3.785 closest distance to " O HOH Z 359 " = 1.704
peak= -3.766 closest distance to " O PRO A 243 " = 2.406
peak= -3.762 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 296 " = 1.822
peak= -3.757 closest distance to " O HOH Z 385 " = 1.828
peak= -3.737 closest distance to " O HOH Z 389 " = 1.448
peak= -3.734 closest distance to " CB ASN A 39 " = 2.285
peak= -3.729 closest distance to " O HOH Z 407 " = 3.070
peak= -3.728 closest distance to " O PRO A 163 " = 1.987
peak= -3.726 closest distance to " O HOH Z 11 " = 1.819
peak= -3.716 closest distance to " CB ALA A 7 " = 2.038
peak= -3.713 closest distance to " N VAL A 72 " = 1.593
peak= -3.705 closest distance to " CA GLY A 203 " = 2.373
peak= -3.705 closest distance to " CA GLY A 98 " = 1.767
peak= -3.702 closest distance to " N THR A 157 " = 1.407
peak= -3.697 closest distance to " O VAL A 67 " = 2.982
peak= -3.693 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 187 " = 1.539
peak= -3.684 closest distance to " CA ASP A 27 " = 2.412
peak= -3.681 closest distance to " CB VAL A 230 " = 1.060
peak= -3.676 closest distance to " O HOH Z 359 " = 3.385
peak= -3.650 closest distance to " O HOH Z 350 " = 1.908
peak= -3.646 closest distance to " CB TYR A 15 " = 2.129
peak= -3.624 closest distance to " O HOH Z 377 " = 2.166
peak= -3.621 closest distance to " O HOH Z 351 " = 1.629
peak= -3.616 closest distance to " CG GLN A 223 " = 2.104
peak= -3.610 closest distance to " O HOH Z 51 " = 0.849
peak= -3.609 closest distance to " O HOH Z 60 " = 2.305
peak= -3.591 closest distance to " O HOH Z 211 " = 1.456
peak= -3.590 closest distance to " O HOH Z 134 " = 3.733
peak= -3.582 closest distance to " O HOH Z 389 " = 2.163
peak= -3.580 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 5 " = 1.061
peak= -3.560 closest distance to " CD LYS A 289 " = 2.394
peak= -3.558 closest distance to " CB CYS A 201 " = 2.241
peak= -3.556 closest distance to " O HOH Z 339 " = 1.764
peak= -3.552 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 237 " = 2.661
peak= -3.550 closest distance to " CD2 TYR A 293 " = 1.826
peak= -3.528 closest distance to " OG SER A 62 " = 4.411
peak= -3.527 closest distance to " CA GLY A 241 " = 2.248
peak= -3.526 closest distance to " O HOH Z 140 " = 1.286
peak= -3.518 closest distance to " CE BMET A 47 " = 0.991
peak= -3.514 closest distance to " CA GLY A 133 " = 2.019
peak= -3.514 closest distance to " O GLN A 11 " = 1.533
peak= -3.512 closest distance to " CE1 PHE A 59 " = 1.981
peak= -3.511 closest distance to " N PRO A 163 " = 1.569
peak= -3.494 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 101 " = 2.235
peak= -3.493 closest distance to " CG ASN A 301 " = 2.035
peak= -3.491 closest distance to " CZ TYR A 169 " = 1.757
peak= -3.475 closest distance to " CE MET A 105 " = 2.403
peak= -3.474 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 1.831
peak= -3.472 closest distance to " O HOH Z 290 " = 1.223
peak= -3.472 closest distance to " O HOH Z 208 " = 2.075
peak= -3.469 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 191 " = 1.327
peak= -3.445 closest distance to " CG1 VAL A 112 " = 3.067
peak= -3.436 closest distance to " N GLN A 58 " = 1.709
peak= -3.421 closest distance to " CA ASP A 298 " = 1.019
peak= -3.420 closest distance to " CB PHE A 192 " = 1.746
peak= -3.417 closest distance to " CE LYS A 76 " = 2.823
peak= -3.416 closest distance to " O MET A 40 " = 2.789
peak= -3.414 closest distance to " CZ3 TRP A 179 " = 1.278
peak= -3.411 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 249 " = 2.193
peak= -3.407 closest distance to " OE1 GLU A 277 " = 2.254
peak= -3.405 closest distance to " O HOH Z 316 " = 1.967
peak= -3.402 closest distance to " CE2 TYR A 30 " = 2.694
peak= -3.389 closest distance to " OG SER A 97 " = 2.175
peak= -3.385 closest distance to " OG1 THR A 178 " = 1.151
peak= -3.379 closest distance to " N ALA A 43 " = 2.627
peak= -3.376 closest distance to " N ALA A 1 " = 1.333
peak= -3.376 closest distance to " N ALA A 248 " = 1.547
peak= -3.368 closest distance to " O ARG A 145 " = 1.442
peak= -3.368 closest distance to " O HOH Z 317 " = 1.280
peak= -3.367 closest distance to " C MET A 188 " = 1.493
peak= -3.362 closest distance to " OE2 GLU A 152 " = 1.118
peak= -3.358 closest distance to " O GLY A 80 " = 2.520
peak= -3.344 closest distance to " O VAL A 189 " = 2.450
peak= -3.344 closest distance to " O HOH Z 292 " = 1.470
peak= -3.341 closest distance to " O ALA A 161 " = 1.778
peak= -3.332 closest distance to " O HOH Z 377 " = 1.203
peak= -3.327 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 296 " = 1.116
peak= -3.325 closest distance to " CB ALA A 114 " = 2.290
peak= -3.323 closest distance to " O HOH Z 114 " = 3.002
peak= -3.323 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 45 " = 2.213
peak= -3.323 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 228 " = 2.211
peak= -3.320 closest distance to " OG SER A 26 " = 1.072
peak= -3.315 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 219 " = 1.730
peak= -3.314 closest distance to " O HOH Z 426 " = 2.242
peak= -3.311 closest distance to " O HOH Z 198 " = 1.596
peak= -3.310 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 2.464
peak= -3.308 closest distance to " O SER A 271 " = 2.140
peak= -3.306 closest distance to " CE1 PHE A 59 " = 2.111
peak= -3.304 closest distance to " O ALA A 84 " = 1.611
peak= -3.298 closest distance to " N ALA A 226 " = 2.022
peak= -3.298 closest distance to " O TYR A 30 " = 2.796
peak= -3.296 closest distance to " CG MET A 105 " = 0.909
peak= -3.296 closest distance to " O HOH Z 111 " = 2.098
peak= -3.293 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 101 " = 2.695
peak= -3.292 closest distance to " OG SER A 3 " = 1.687
peak= -3.291 closest distance to " CG1 VAL A 197 " = 2.294
peak= -3.290 closest distance to " O HOH Z 313 " = 1.590
peak= -3.289 closest distance to " O ASN A 301 " = 1.536
peak= -3.279 closest distance to " O HOH Z 427 " = 1.611
peak= -3.263 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 252 " = 1.903
peak= -3.263 closest distance to " CG TRP A 266 " = 1.961
peak= -3.256 closest distance to " CD1 ILE A 239 " = 2.284
peak= -3.254 closest distance to " O HOH Z 103 " = 1.646
peak= -3.254 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 209 " = 2.033
peak= -3.247 closest distance to " O HOH Z 73 " = 2.326
peak= -3.246 closest distance to " CG1 VAL A 250 " = 2.676
peak= -3.245 closest distance to " CB ALA A 131 " = 1.892
peak= -3.241 closest distance to " CB GLN A 55 " = 1.241
peak= -3.239 closest distance to " CE2 TRP A 70 " = 2.269
peak= -3.236 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 178 " = 2.125
peak= -3.224 closest distance to " CA ASN A 127 " = 1.165
peak= -3.221 closest distance to " O HOH Z 132 " = 1.332
peak= -3.221 closest distance to " O LYS A 289 " = 3.009
peak= -3.220 closest distance to " N ASP A 171 " = 2.545
peak= -3.214 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 285 " = 1.993
peak= -3.212 closest distance to " CB PRO A 163 " = 2.305
peak= -3.212 closest distance to " O HOH Z 336 " = 5.865
peak= -3.210 closest distance to " O HOH Z 364 " = 1.560
peak= -3.210 closest distance to " O HOH Z 207 " = 1.998
peak= -3.207 closest distance to " N HIS A 115 " = 2.164
peak= -3.204 closest distance to " O HOH Z 90 " = 2.762
peak= -3.200 closest distance to " O HOH Z 63 " = 2.292
peak= -3.198 closest distance to " O PHE A 218 " = 1.453
peak= -3.196 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 202 " = 2.632
peak= -3.196 closest distance to " O ILE A 49 " = 1.729
peak= -3.194 closest distance to " O HOH Z 298 " = 1.169
peak= -3.194 closest distance to " CB SER A 210 " = 1.169
peak= -3.191 closest distance to " CD2 PHE A 61 " = 2.038
peak= -3.190 closest distance to " O LEU A 261 " = 1.370
peak= -3.187 closest distance to " O HOH Z 122 " = 2.078
peak= -3.186 closest distance to " O HOH Z 189 " = 1.502
peak= -3.185 closest distance to " CD2 HIS A 207 " = 2.428
peak= -3.182 closest distance to " O ARG A 24 " = 1.950
peak= -3.174 closest distance to " CG PHE A 283 " = 2.496
peak= -3.174 closest distance to " C ALA A 158 " = 1.394
peak= -3.173 closest distance to " O HOH Z 189 " = 2.306
peak= -3.171 closest distance to " O HOH Z 134 " = 3.085
peak= -3.159 closest distance to " CZ TYR A 186 " = 2.331
peak= -3.158 closest distance to " OG SER A 245 " = 1.310
peak= -3.152 closest distance to " O HOH Z 234 " = 3.774
peak= -3.146 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 1.722
peak= -3.146 closest distance to " CB PRO A 90 " = 1.660
peak= -3.145 closest distance to " CG ASP A 231 " = 0.762
peak= -3.145 closest distance to " O HOH Z 65 " = 1.191
peak= -3.145 closest distance to " CG GLN A 278 " = 2.125
peak= -3.141 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 66 " = 3.705
peak= -3.141 closest distance to " CB ALA A 291 " = 2.100
peak= -3.140 closest distance to " O HOH Z 39 " = 1.266
peak= -3.140 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 297 " = 2.135
peak= -3.138 closest distance to " OD1 ASN A 148 " = 1.467
peak= -3.138 closest distance to " O HOH Z 151 " = 1.696
peak= -3.137 closest distance to " OE1 GLN A 88 " = 1.217
peak= -3.135 closest distance to " O HOH Z 1 " = 1.420
peak= -3.134 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 27 " = 1.725
peak= -3.132 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 69 " = 1.761
peak= -3.130 closest distance to " C ARG A 269 " = 1.389
peak= -3.129 closest distance to " O HOH Z 256 " = 1.538
peak= -3.124 closest distance to " O HOH Z 415 " = 1.217
peak= -3.122 closest distance to " N ARG A 138 " = 1.530
peak= -3.118 closest distance to " OG SER A 63 " = 1.283
peak= -3.118 closest distance to " O ALA A 8 " = 1.857
peak= -3.117 closest distance to " CD1 PHE A 61 " = 2.922
peak= -3.113 closest distance to " OG SER A 63 " = 1.237
peak= -3.106 closest distance to " CG LEU A 228 " = 1.000
peak= -3.102 closest distance to " C ARG A 190 " = 0.972
peak= -3.101 closest distance to " OXT GLY A 302 " = 3.149
peak= -3.101 closest distance to " O HOH Z 9 " = 2.987
peak= -3.101 closest distance to " O HOH Z 216 " = 1.578
peak= -3.100 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 296 " = 1.998
peak= -3.099 closest distance to " OG SER A 206 " = 1.731
peak= -3.097 closest distance to " O HOH Z 158 " = 1.918
peak= -3.096 closest distance to " O HOH Z 256 " = 1.322
peak= -3.089 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 297 " = 1.950
peak= -3.079 closest distance to " C ASN A 285 " = 2.033
peak= -3.076 closest distance to " CG2AVAL A 41 " = 2.877
peak= -3.074 closest distance to " CB ALA A 64 " = 2.699
peak= -3.063 closest distance to " O HOH Z 68 " = 1.159
peak= -3.061 closest distance to " CB ALA A 244 " = 2.139
peak= -3.047 closest distance to " CG PRO A 163 " = 2.589
peak= -3.040 closest distance to " O GLN A 240 " = 1.912
peak= -3.039 closest distance to " O HOH Z 250 " = 1.304
peak= -3.034 closest distance to " CD1 TYR A 247 " = 2.620
peak= -3.034 closest distance to " O HOH Z 318 " = 1.954
================= overall refinement statistics: step by step =================
****************** REFINEMENT STATISTICS STEP BY STEP ******************
leading digit, like 1_, means number of macro-cycle
0 : statistics at the very beginning when nothing is done yet
1_bss: bulk solvent correction and/or (anisotropic) scaling
1_xyz: refinement of coordinates
1_adp: refinement of ADPs (Atomic Displacement Parameters)
1_occ: refinement of individual occupancies
------------------------------------------------------------------------
R-factors, x-ray target values and norm of gradient of x-ray target
stage r-work r-free xray_target_w xray_target_t
0 : 0.4751 0.4695 6.281576e+00 6.265216e+00
1_bss: 0.4673 0.4552 6.275572e+00 6.253135e+00
1_xyz: 0.3889 0.4109 6.171383e+00 6.199239e+00
1_adp: 0.3421 0.4002 6.101687e+00 6.188183e+00
1_occ: 0.3416 0.4003 6.101341e+00 6.188800e+00
2_bss: 0.3384 0.3946 6.102339e+00 6.187478e+00
2_xyz: 0.2613 0.3226 5.879923e+00 6.024318e+00
2_adp: 0.2358 0.3015 5.799021e+00 5.966735e+00
2_occ: 0.2355 0.3020 5.799374e+00 5.967776e+00
3_bss: 0.2335 0.2990 5.795988e+00 5.963360e+00
3_xyz: 0.1712 0.2259 5.512410e+00 5.721903e+00
3_adp: 0.1515 0.2043 5.401768e+00 5.628800e+00
3_occ: 0.1513 0.2039 5.400722e+00 5.627371e+00
4_bss: 0.1506 0.2031 5.397154e+00 5.623010e+00
4_xyz: 0.1347 0.1830 5.299722e+00 5.524164e+00
4_adp: 0.1305 0.1791 5.275262e+00 5.502393e+00
4_occ: 0.1304 0.1788 5.274549e+00 5.501193e+00
5_bss: 0.1304 0.1787 5.274378e+00 5.501014e+00
5_xyz: 0.1164 0.1656 5.186304e+00 5.434513e+00
5_adp: 0.1136 0.1639 5.171701e+00 5.424455e+00
5_occ: 0.1135 0.1638 5.171430e+00 5.424060e+00
5_bss: 0.1138 0.1636 5.170533e+00 5.421413e+00
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage k_sol b_sol b11 b22 b33 b12 b13 b23
0 : 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_bss: 0.357 4.499 6.829 10.321 8.304 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_xyz: 0.357 4.499 6.829 10.321 8.304 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_adp: 0.357 4.499 6.829 10.321 8.304 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_occ: 0.357 4.499 6.829 10.321 8.304 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_bss: 0.372 50.000 3.559 6.053 4.910 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_xyz: 0.372 50.000 3.559 6.053 4.910 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_adp: 0.372 50.000 3.559 6.053 4.910 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_occ: 0.372 50.000 3.559 6.053 4.910 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_bss: 0.340 45.949 2.214 3.063 3.600 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_xyz: 0.340 45.949 2.214 3.063 3.600 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_adp: 0.340 45.949 2.214 3.063 3.600 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_occ: 0.340 45.949 2.214 3.063 3.600 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_bss: 0.327 44.170 1.494 1.712 3.068 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_xyz: 0.327 44.170 1.494 1.712 3.068 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_adp: 0.327 44.170 1.494 1.712 3.068 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_occ: 0.327 44.170 1.494 1.712 3.068 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_bss: 0.327 44.170 1.552 1.627 3.201 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_xyz: 0.327 44.170 1.552 1.627 3.201 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_adp: 0.327 44.170 1.552 1.627 3.201 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_occ: 0.327 44.170 1.552 1.627 3.201 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_bss: 0.321 46.352 -0.547 -0.560 1.107 -0.000 0.000 0.000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage <pher> fom alpha beta
0 : 57.519 0.4255 0.5004 68949.850
1_bss: 56.986 0.4308 0.6446 65877.602
1_xyz: 48.536 0.5370 0.7890 51183.233
1_adp: 46.235 0.5659 0.8807 48380.743
1_occ: 46.378 0.5641 0.8769 48531.917
2_bss: 45.831 0.5708 0.7858 47872.235
2_xyz: 34.165 0.7107 0.9574 28788.692
2_adp: 30.781 0.7496 0.9910 24522.682
2_occ: 30.826 0.7491 0.9904 24619.651
3_bss: 30.575 0.7517 0.9274 24228.052
3_xyz: 22.174 0.8399 0.9940 13244.531
3_adp: 19.502 0.8663 1.0016 10720.055
3_occ: 19.472 0.8666 1.0017 10681.442
4_bss: 19.378 0.8673 0.9708 10555.258
4_xyz: 17.014 0.8893 0.9796 8505.539
4_adp: 16.455 0.8946 0.9757 8197.519
4_occ: 16.437 0.8947 0.9756 8168.530
5_bss: 16.435 0.8947 0.9769 8165.706
5_xyz: 15.067 0.9061 0.9838 7071.902
5_adp: 14.803 0.9085 0.9797 6899.722
5_occ: 14.799 0.9085 0.9796 6891.066
5_bss: 14.755 0.9088 0.9813 6838.821
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage angl bond chir dihe plan repu geom_target
0 : 24.226 0.414 2.119 33.790 0.145 4.089 5.3303e+01
1_bss: 24.226 0.414 2.119 33.790 0.145 4.089 5.3303e+01
1_xyz: 1.657 0.013 0.104 18.223 0.006 4.107 1.3684e-01
1_adp: 1.657 0.013 0.104 18.223 0.006 4.107 1.3684e-01
1_occ: 1.657 0.013 0.104 18.223 0.006 4.107 1.3684e-01
2_bss: 1.657 0.013 0.104 18.223 0.006 4.107 1.3684e-01
2_xyz: 1.314 0.011 0.090 16.313 0.006 4.104 1.1154e-01
2_adp: 1.314 0.011 0.090 16.313 0.006 4.104 1.1154e-01
2_occ: 1.314 0.011 0.090 16.313 0.006 4.104 1.1154e-01
3_bss: 1.314 0.011 0.090 16.313 0.006 4.104 1.1154e-01
3_xyz: 1.155 0.008 0.085 16.204 0.004 4.119 8.1814e-02
3_adp: 1.155 0.008 0.085 16.204 0.004 4.119 8.1814e-02
3_occ: 1.155 0.008 0.085 16.204 0.004 4.119 8.1814e-02
4_bss: 1.155 0.008 0.085 16.204 0.004 4.119 8.1814e-02
4_xyz: 0.873 0.005 0.065 15.626 0.003 4.113 5.1781e-02
4_adp: 0.873 0.005 0.065 15.626 0.003 4.113 5.1781e-02
4_occ: 0.873 0.005 0.065 15.626 0.003 4.113 5.1781e-02
5_bss: 0.873 0.005 0.065 15.626 0.003 4.113 5.1781e-02
5_xyz: 1.076 0.008 0.084 15.716 0.004 4.108 7.0726e-02
5_adp: 1.076 0.008 0.084 15.716 0.004 4.108 7.0726e-02
5_occ: 1.076 0.008 0.084 15.716 0.004 4.108 7.0726e-02
5_bss: 1.076 0.008 0.084 15.716 0.004 4.108 7.0726e-02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximal deviations:
stage angl bond chir dihe plan repu |grad|
0 : 74.492 1.400 6.404144.062 0.405 1.196 6.9081e+00
1_bss: 74.492 1.400 6.404144.062 0.405 1.196 6.9081e+00
1_xyz: 12.980 0.181 0.398 87.267 0.034 2.116 9.5012e-02
1_adp: 12.980 0.181 0.398 87.267 0.034 2.116 9.5012e-02
1_occ: 12.980 0.181 0.398 87.267 0.034 2.116 9.5012e-02
2_bss: 12.980 0.181 0.398 87.267 0.034 2.116 9.5012e-02
2_xyz: 8.971 0.122 0.329 84.288 0.040 2.084 1.9883e-01
2_adp: 8.971 0.122 0.329 84.288 0.040 2.084 1.9883e-01
2_occ: 8.971 0.122 0.329 84.288 0.040 2.084 1.9883e-01
3_bss: 8.971 0.122 0.329 84.288 0.040 2.084 1.9883e-01
3_xyz: 8.380 0.053 0.418 84.963 0.035 2.255 1.4166e-01
3_adp: 8.380 0.053 0.418 84.963 0.035 2.255 1.4166e-01
3_occ: 8.380 0.053 0.418 84.963 0.035 2.255 1.4166e-01
4_bss: 8.380 0.053 0.418 84.963 0.035 2.255 1.4166e-01
4_xyz: 6.724 0.040 0.231 81.755 0.029 2.332 3.9736e-02
4_adp: 6.724 0.040 0.231 81.755 0.029 2.332 3.9736e-02
4_occ: 6.724 0.040 0.231 81.755 0.029 2.332 3.9736e-02
5_bss: 6.724 0.040 0.231 81.755 0.029 2.332 3.9736e-02
5_xyz: 7.016 0.050 0.412 84.034 0.041 2.254 5.7575e-02
5_adp: 7.016 0.050 0.412 84.034 0.041 2.254 5.7575e-02
5_occ: 7.016 0.050 0.412 84.034 0.041 2.254 5.7575e-02
5_bss: 7.016 0.050 0.412 84.034 0.041 2.254 5.7575e-02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
|-----overall-----|---macromolecule----|------solvent-------|
stage b_max b_min b_ave b_max b_min b_ave b_max b_min b_ave
0 : 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
1_bss: 19.99 0.01 9.86 19.98 0.01 9.82 19.99 0.06 10.10
1_xyz: 19.99 0.01 9.86 19.98 0.01 9.82 19.99 0.06 10.10
1_adp: 77.38 0.00 13.65 72.84 0.00 11.67 77.38 0.00 24.40
1_occ: 77.38 0.00 13.65 72.84 0.00 11.67 77.38 0.00 24.40
2_bss: 77.38 0.00 13.65 72.84 0.00 11.67 77.38 0.00 24.40
2_xyz: 77.38 0.00 13.65 72.84 0.00 11.67 77.38 0.00 24.40
2_adp: 82.36 0.00 13.35 71.72 0.00 10.12 82.36 0.00 30.90
2_occ: 82.36 0.00 13.35 71.72 0.00 10.12 82.36 0.00 30.90
3_bss: 82.36 0.00 13.35 71.72 0.00 10.12 82.36 0.00 30.90
3_xyz: 82.36 0.00 13.35 71.72 0.00 10.12 82.36 0.00 30.90
3_adp: 80.91 0.00 13.22 77.61 0.00 9.14 80.91 1.83 35.47
3_occ: 80.91 0.00 13.22 77.61 0.00 9.14 80.91 1.83 35.47
4_bss: 80.91 0.00 13.22 77.61 0.00 9.14 80.91 1.83 35.47
4_xyz: 80.91 0.00 13.22 77.61 0.00 9.14 80.91 1.83 35.47
4_adp: 81.48 0.00 13.10 80.01 0.00 8.85 81.48 2.46 36.27
4_occ: 81.48 0.00 13.10 80.01 0.00 8.85 81.48 2.46 36.27
5_bss: 81.48 0.00 13.10 80.01 0.00 8.85 81.48 2.46 36.27
5_xyz: 81.48 0.00 13.10 80.01 0.00 8.85 81.48 2.46 36.27
5_adp: 87.59 0.00 13.19 87.59 0.00 8.73 83.86 1.97 37.51
5_occ: 87.59 0.00 13.19 87.59 0.00 8.73 83.86 1.97 37.51
5_bss: 89.77 2.18 15.37 89.77 2.18 10.91 86.04 4.15 39.69
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage Deviation of refined
model from start model
max min mean
0 : 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_bss: 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_xyz: 1.257 0.027 0.408
1_adp: 1.257 0.027 0.408
1_occ: 1.257 0.027 0.408
2_bss: 1.257 0.027 0.408
2_xyz: 1.499 0.017 0.607
2_adp: 1.499 0.017 0.607
2_occ: 1.499 0.017 0.607
3_bss: 1.499 0.017 0.607
3_xyz: 1.672 0.028 0.703
3_adp: 1.672 0.028 0.703
3_occ: 1.672 0.028 0.703
4_bss: 1.672 0.028 0.703
4_xyz: 1.822 0.017 0.732
4_adp: 1.822 0.017 0.732
4_occ: 1.822 0.017 0.732
5_bss: 1.822 0.017 0.732
5_xyz: 1.813 0.013 0.757
5_adp: 1.813 0.013 0.757
5_occ: 1.813 0.013 0.757
5_bss: 1.813 0.013 0.757
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CPU time actual refinement: 333.77
============================== Exporting results ==============================
Writing refined structure to PDB file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_001.pdb
n_use = 2823
n_use_u_iso = 2823
n_use_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_site = 0
n_grad_u_iso = 0
n_grad_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_occupancy = 106
n_grad_fp = 0
n_grad_fdp = 0
n_anisotropic_flag = 0
total number of scatterers = 2823
Writing 2mFobs-DFmodel XPLOR map to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_001_2mFobs-DFmodel.map
Writing mFobs-DFmodel XPLOR map to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_001_mFobs-DFmodel.map
Writing map coefficients to MTZ file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_001_map_coeffs.mtz
Writing default parameters for subsequent refinement:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_501/model_refine_002.def
=============================== Detailed timings ==============================
Pure refinement (no I/O, processing, etc)= 333.62
Macro-tasks:
bulk solvent and scale = 42.30
individual site refinement = 135.57
weights calculation = 32.70
collect and process = 6.77
model show statistics = 0.14
TOTAL for macro-tasks = 217.48
Micro-tasks:
mask = 2.41
f_calc = 101.59
alpha_beta = 8.07
target = 1.13
gradients_wrt_atomic_parameters = 111.43
fmodel = 7.33
r_factors = 0.16
phase_errors = 10.48
foms = 0.24
TOTAL for micro-tasks = 242.84
NUMBER OF MASK CALCS= 5
Time per interpreted Python bytecode instruction: 4.709 micro seconds
Total CPU time: 5.79 minutes
from_scatterers_fft: 644 calls, 101.20 s
gradients_fft: 589 calls, 98.43 s
=========================== phenix.refine: finished ===========================
# Date 2008-01-16 Time 01:44:43 PST -0800 (1200476683.07 s)
Start R-work = 0.4751, R-free = 0.4695 (no bulk solvent and anisotropic scale)
Final R-work = 0.1310, R-free = 0.1790 (no bulk solvent and anisotropic scale)
Start R-work = 0.4673, R-free = 0.4552
Final R-work = 0.1138, R-free = 0.1636
| en |
all-txt-docs | 407814 | Before the
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of )
)
Implementation of Section 309(j) )
of the Communications Act ) PP Docket No. 93-253
Competitive Bidding )
COMMENTS OF THE
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
Larry Irving Alden F. Abbott
Assistant Secretary for Chief Counsel
Communications and Information
Thomas J. Sugrue Phyllis Hartsock
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Deputy Chief Counsel
Communications and Information
Michele C. Farquhar
Chief of Staff
William F. Maher
Associate Administrator
Mark M. Bykowsky
Robert Cull
Joseph L. Gattuso
Carol E. Mattey
Office of Policy Analysis
and Development
National Telecommunications
and Information Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
Room 4713
14th and Constitution Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20230
(202) 482-1816
November 10, 1993
SUMMARY
In its Notice, the Commission stresses the importance of
adopting a competitive bidding system that is easy to administer
and that minimizes costs to applicants and the Commission. NTIA
agrees that these are important considerations. It is equally
important, as the Commission recognizes, however, to choose a
system that best serves the statutory objectives of ensuring an
efficient allocation of licenses, recovery for taxpayers of the
economic value of the spectrum resource, and economic opportunity
for a broad range of applicants. Only then will the public
realize the full benefits of this new and innovative regulatory
approach.
Because of the need to develop workable procedures for the
award of licenses for broadband personal communications services
(PCS) in the next six months, NTIA focuses its analysis on issues
relating to the use of competitive bidding for broadband PCS.
The Commission has tried to grapple with the complexities of the
PCS licensing scheme by proposing to allow bidding on both
individual PCS licenses as well as specified groups of PCS
licenses. However, the Commission's proposal does not adequately
capture the "value interdependencies" that exist among licenses
in adjacent geographic areas and among spectrum blocks in
specific locations.
NTIA therefore proposes that the Commission adopt an
iterative combinatorial auction mechanism for PCS licenses that
would be conducted electronically, using a computer and terminals
for the bidding process. This "electronic iterative
combinatorial auction" (EICA), which is comparable to an English
auction for various combinations of licenses, is a simpler and
faster way to meet the statutory goals of competitive bidding.
While NTIA recognizes that it will take some effort to implement
the specific procedures necessary to conduct an EICA, we believe
that this proposal could be implemented within the mandatory
deadlines and would best ensure the rapid deployment of PCS
technology for the benefit of the public.
NTIA also discusses the use of reserve prices and royalty
payments to prevent the award of licenses for trivial amounts.
NTIA prefers the use of royalties for such purposes.
We also consider the special treatment to be afforded to
small businesses, rural telephone companies, and businesses owned
by minorities and women, which the Commission calls "designated
entities." We agree that access to capital is one of the most
important determinants of full participation in the
communications field, and that measures, such as reserving
spectrum blocks for bidding by designated entities, should be
adopted to promote greater economic opportunity for these
statutorily designated groups.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. AUCTION DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A. Key Characteristics of PCS Licenses. . . . . . . . . 5
B. The Commission's Proposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
C. NTIA's Proposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
D. Bidding Competition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
III. TREATMENT OF DESIGNATED ENTITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
IV. CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Before the
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of )
)
Implementation of Section 309(j) )
of the Communications Act ) PP Docket No. 93-253
Competitive Bidding )
COMMENTS OF THE
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
The National Telecommunications and Information Admin-
istration (NTIA), as the executive branch agency principally
responsible for the development and presentation of domestic and
international telecommunications and information policy, and for
management of federal use of the radio frequency spectrum,
respectfully submits the following comments in response to the
Commission's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the above-captioned
proceeding.[1]
I. INTRODUCTION
The Notice presents a historic opportunity for the Federal
Communications Commission (Commission) -- the chance to design a
competitive bidding mechanism for the assignment of spectrum
licenses in the United States that will represent a significant
improvement over the way licenses have been awarded up until now.
We commend the Commission on its framing of the issues in this
complex and difficult proceeding, and recognize that it faces a
monumental task in adopting competitive bidding procedures within
the deadline mandated under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
of 1993 (Budget Act).[2]
The Commission seeks comment on the appropriateness of
various specific auction procedures under the Budget Act. It
also considers in some depth such matters as application
processing requirements, up-front payments, deposits, procedures
to be followed to resolve qualification issues, and many others.
The Commission then discusses how its proposed procedures could
be applied to three specific services -- personal communications
services (PCS), private radio services, and common carrier radio
services.
The Commission's careful and thorough consideration of the
numerous issues relating to application, bidding, and licensing
requirements resolves many questions that must be addressed
before competitive bidding can become a reality. While
recognizing the importance of properly designing auction rules
for private radio and common carrier services generally, and of
specific application requirements for all the services, NTIA
focuses its discussion in this pleading on issues relating to the
design of auctions for broadband PCS licenses in the 2 GHz region
of spectrum.[3] The characteristics of the particular type of
license being awarded by competitive bidding will have a
significant impact on the performance of various alternative
auction methods. Because the Commission is statutorily required
to begin assigning PCS licenses by May 7, 1994,[4] it is
essential that it focus first on selecting the appropriate
auction form for that process.[5]
The Budget Act mandates that the Commission adopt a system
of competitive bidding that serves a number of distinct
objectives: to facilitate the rapid deployment of new
technologies; to ensure that licenses are awarded to a wide
variety of applicants, including small businesses, rural
telephone companies, and businesses owned by minorities and
women; to recover for the public a portion of the value of
spectrum and avoid unjust enrichment through the methods employed
to award licenses; and to ensure efficient use of spectrum.[6]
In the discussion below, and as considered in the accompanying
staff paper,[7] we first discuss those characteristics of PCS
licenses that we believe will have a critical impact on the
performance of various auction alternatives, followed by a
description of the Commission's auction proposal. We then set
forth NTIA's proposal, an electronic auction form, that we
believe will better serve the statutorily mandated objectives.[8]
The use of an electronic auction mechanism is both practical (as
discussed below) and consistent with the Administration's recent
initiatives to reinvent government[9] and to promote development
of a National Information Infrastructure.[10] We follow with our
views on the ramifications of limited competition in the bidding
for PCS licenses. Finally, we discuss how the Commission's
proposals will provide economic opportunity for a wide variety of
applicants.
II. AUCTION DESIGN
A. Key Characteristics of PCS Licenses
There are two characteristics of PCS licenses that will have
a significant impact on whether the Commission's proposed auction
form will meet the Budget Act's objectives: the licenses will
have different market values, reflecting varying economic and
technical characteristics among the bands and geographic areas
covered by the licenses; and the licenses will be "value
interdependent."
First, PCS licenses will be heterogeneous commodities. The
value of each license will depend on its unique attributes. In
particular, the value of PCS licenses will vary significantly
across different geographic areas, as the potential demand for
this service will depend upon population density, transportation
and employment patterns, and other socio-demographic factors.
Thus, for instance, the value of a PCS license in a major city
will almost certainly be higher than a license covering a rural
area. Moreover, licenses in channel blocks A and B presumably
will also be more valuable because they will cover a larger
geographic area, based on Major Trading Areas (MTAs), instead of
Basic Trading Areas (BTAs).[11]
The value of PCS licenses also will vary within each
geographic area because of the differing amount of spectrum
associated with each channel block. The value of each of the 30
MHz licenses for channel blocks A and B presumably will be
greater than the 20 MHz license in channel block C or the 10 MHz
licenses in channel blocks D, E, F, or G, even after accounting
for differences in the sizes of the geographic areas covered.
For instance, it is likely that licensees in the larger channel
blocks will be able to offer a more comprehensive form of PCS
service because of the larger spectrum allocation, or will be
able to serve a greater number of customers.
Another factor that will cause the value of PCS licenses to
differ is the presence of varying numbers of incumbent fixed
microwave users in the PCS spectrum blocks to be assigned. These
incumbent users, which potentially could interfere with PCS
operations, are distributed unevenly throughout the United States
and within PCS license areas. As a consequence, the value of
licenses with equivalent amounts of bandwidth will vary both
within and across geographic areas.
Second, PCS licenses will exhibit "value interdependencies"
-- that is, the value a party places on a particular license will
depend in part on what other licenses it acquires. For many
foreseeable forms of PCS, users will likely want to maintain
service while traveling from one license area to another. A
prospective bidder will likely value geographically adjacent PCS
licenses more highly than it would value the same number of
licenses scattered widely across the country, because with
adjacent licenses it can offer a more comprehensive service that
matches more closely the frequent travel patterns of many of its
customers.[12] Similarly, interdependencies may exist among the
spectrum blocks being licensed in any geographic area. Such
interdependencies may arise, for example, if PCS providers find
that they need more than a single spectrum license to offer
service in a given area.[13]
These two characteristics of PCS licenses, taken together,
present the Commission with a major challenge. PCS licenses will
not be homogeneous commodities of uniform value, so there must be
a mechanism that allows bidders to express their preferences for
specific licenses. At the same time, bidders should have the
ability to obtain groups of licenses through a combinatorial
process so as to realize their interdependent value. A critical
objective, therefore, is to craft an auction scheme that allows
parties to obtain groups of heterogeneous licenses in an
administratively practical manner, which will speed the
deployment of PCS.
B. The Commission's Proposal
The Commission expresses a preference for ascending oral
(English) bidding over sealed bidding as its "basic" auction
mechanism, at least in part because an English auction
efficiently provides bidders with information about each other's
valuations.[14] It seeks comment on these bid forms as well as a
variant of the ascending oral auction -- electronic bidding.[15]
For broadband PCS licenses in particular, the Commission
proposes a hybrid "sealed-oral" combinatorial auction as a way to
determine whether parties value licenses more individually or in
groups. Under this proposal, the Commission would accept sealed
bids for a predetermined group of licenses (all MTAs in the
country[16] and, potentially, all BTAs within an MTA[17]), and
then would conduct oral auctions sequentially for the individual
licenses within that group in descending order of population.[18]
The sealed bids would not be opened until after the completion of
oral bidding. The licenses would be awarded as a group if the
sealed bid for the group exceeded the sum of the oral bids for
the individual licenses, and otherwise would be awarded
individually.[19] The Commission thus seeks to facilitate the
efficient aggregation of licenses across geographic regions. The
Commission also requests comment on whether to allow such
combinatorial bidding to aggregate 10 MHz PCS licenses into 20
MHz or 30 MHz blocks,[20] and the sequence in which it should
auction PCS licenses across spectrum blocks.[21]
NTIA agrees with the Commission that a form of combinatorial
auction should be used to facilitate the aggregation of licenses,
both across geographic regions and among different spectrum
blocks in the same region. As set forth in the attached staff
paper, however, we believe that the Commission should employ a
variant of this approach to overcome the problems with certain
aspects of its proposed combinatorial auction.[22]
First, the Commission should give bidders greater
flexibility to combine licenses during the auction. The
Commission's proposal artificially limits the permissible
combinations on which a party can bid. In particular, the only
group of licenses that a bidder could acquire in the proposed
auction process would be all the MTAs within the United States
(the equivalent of a nationwide license), or potentially, the
entire set of BTAs within a given MTA. The proposal does not go
far enough in allowing bidders to satisfy their demand for
particular groups of PCS licenses. Because of the limited
grouping contemplated in the Notice, licenses are likely to be
awarded to parties that do not value them the highest, which is
inefficient.[23] As a consequence, there will likely be
extensive transactions in licenses after the auction.[24]
Second, the bidding on various licenses should be conducted
simultaneously, not sequentially, to the degree possible. Under
the Commission's proposed hybrid sealed-oral combinatorial
auction, there would be oral auctions conducted sequentially for
every PCS license in the United States. Such sequential auctions
will not adequately capture the interdependencies in the value
that bidders place on PCS licenses.[25] As noted above,[26] PCS
providers will have incentives to cluster geographically
contiguous licenses in order, for example, to offer customers the
ability to travel easily from one license area to another.
Similar incentives can be expected for parties seeking to acquire
more than one channel block in a given market.
In a sequential auction, the bidders for a license would not
know whether they subsequently will win additional licenses that
they desire. Moreover, the losing bidders for the first license
may not bid as aggressively in a subsequent auction for an
adjacent license, so the winner of the first license will not
need to bid as high in order to win the second. As a
consequence, in a sequential auction, PCS licenses will not
necessarily go to the bidders that value them most highly, and,
as a result, economic efficiency will suffer. Furthermore, the
government will not recover as much of the value of the spectrum
as it would if it were to auction those licenses
simultaneously.[27]
For a sequential auction, the Commission also faces
difficult decisions in ordering the sequence in which licenses
will be offered. As discussed in the staff paper,[28] the order
in which licenses are auctioned has a significant effect both on
economic efficiency and expected revenue. If, for example, the
Commission first auctions all channel blocks in a given market,
it would be more time consuming and could be less efficient for
parties to aggregate licenses across broader geographic
areas.[29] Moreover, should the Commission choose to complete
licensing for all licenses in the country in a given channel
block before proceeding to the next channel block, it would be
more difficult for parties to aggregate spectrum blocks in a
given market.
Third, the Commission should allow for iterative bidding.
Under the Commission's proposed two-step hybrid "sealed-oral"
auction mechanism, bidders in the oral portion of the auction
potentially could not respond to a higher bid submitted in the
sealed portion of the auction, either by raising their bids
individually, or by coordinating with bidders for other licenses
in order to raise the sum of their combined bids. Because the
Commission's proposed process is not sufficiently iterative, a
license may not be awarded to the party that values it most
highly.[30]
Fourth, the Commission should not complicate the already
complex task each bidder faces in developing its bids. A major
potential source of such complexity is the uncertainty each
bidder faces regarding the value that other bidders place on PCS
licenses. One way to reduce such bidding complexity is to
encourage bidders to reveal to others, through their bids, their
valuations for individual and groups of PCS licenses. Such
information is revealed in an oral auction (or its electronic
equivalent).[31] In such an auction, each bidder has the
incentive to stop bidding when the auctioned item's price exceeds
the bidder's willingness-to-pay. This is a simple strategy for
each bidder.[32]
The Notice's auction proposal is a good faith effort to
grapple with the complexities (and realize the potential
benefits) presented by the PCS licensing scheme adopted by the
Commission. The Commission recognizes the information-sharing
benefits of English auctions and the need to allow parties to
acquire groups of licenses. However, we believe that the
Commission should use a more powerful and conceptually simpler
tool to assign individual PCS licenses and groups of licenses
through competitive bidding.
C. NTIA's Proposal
NTIA believes that an "electronic iterative combinatorial
auction" (EICA) is a more effective way to address the complex
PCS licensing arrangements and accomplish the goals of the
auction process contemplated in the Budget Act.[33] Under such
an auction mechanism, bidders would be allowed to submit
simultaneous electronic bids on any combination of broadband PCS
licenses and would have opportunities to revise their bids (or
submit an initial bid) in response to the actions of the other
bidders. Applicants would enter their bids on computer
terminals. The Commission would use computer software to record
and compare the various bids and declare winners of various
licenses or groups of licenses. As would be the case in an
English auction with a human auctioneer, the winning bidder would
be the party that offered the highest bid for a given license, or
group of licenses.
Like the Commission's proposal, an EICA would seek to
facilitate the aggregation of licenses. However, an EICA would
give bidders greater freedom to choose the geographic
combinations of PCS licenses that best meet their needs. For
example, parties could bid for groups of MTA licenses smaller
than nationwide, groups of BTA licenses smaller than an MTA, or
groups of BTA licenses that cross MTA boundaries. It also could
facilitate the aggregation of licenses across spectrum blocks.
This would better promote economic efficiency by enabling the
party that most values a PCS license or group of licenses to
obtain it.[34] As a consequence, the number of post-auction
exchanges would be minimized. The EICA would also tend to
increase governmental revenues by enabling bidders to express
their preferences for groups of licenses of their own choosing in
the auction process, rather than in secondary transactions.
Like the Commission's proposed oral auction for individual
PCS licenses, an EICA would be an iterative process in which
bidders would continuously receive information about the
preferences of other bidders and would be able to respond in
their own bidding. Conducting such an auction electronically --
that is, using a computer and terminals -- would merely
facilitate the provision of information about current bids to all
participants. Moreover, the electronic feature of this proposal
would simplify the process of determining bidders' desired groups
of licenses.
A critical difference between NTIA's proposal and the
Commission's proposal is that bidding for licenses would take
place simultaneously in an EICA, which would avoid the problems
associated with the Commission having to determine an
economically efficient sequence for bidding. Computer assistance
makes such "simultaneity" possible by its ability to process bids
quickly and display them so that all bidders have information on
how the bidding is proceeding. This would better enable bidders
to place bids reflecting the interdependencies in value that
exist among some PCS licenses.
Computer software that can be modified to implement an EICA
for PCS is available in the public domain and has been used
successfully to allocate resources in a number of
applications.[35] Our understanding from computer programming
experts is that such software can be customized to incorporate
the specific parameters of the Commission's proposed PCS auction
with relatively little programming effort. As described in
Attachment 2, the Commission could conduct the EICA using
standard computer terminals[36] and work stations,[37] or hire an
independent contractor to do so.
The application and the Notice of Intention to Bid
procedures under an EICA would generally be similar to those
proposed by the Commission in its Notice.[38] After determining
which short-form applications were acceptable for filing, the
Commission would issue a public notice announcing the date and
time at which bidding would begin, the entities that would be
permitted to bid, the security procedures to be followed to
verify bidder identity, and instructions for logging onto the
Commission's computer system and entering bids.[39]
At the time designated for commencement of bidding, bidders
would enter their bids through their individual computer
terminals, bidding either on a single license or any group of
licenses they desired. At designated intervals, the Commission's
computer would identify the current winning bids and notify each
bidder of the discrepancy between its bid and the current winning
bid. Bidders would then have the opportunity to submit new bids.
The auction would continue for some period of time, either
several days or weeks, to allow parties time to consider fully
the bidding possibilities.[40] The Commission would terminate
the auction at some time, not known in advance, when bidding
activity had died down. The computer would generate a list of
winning bidders for licenses for which bids have been submitted,
and the Commission could then certify the winners as proposed in
the Notice.[41]
NTIA believes that a workable EICA for auctioning all 2,562
broadband PCS licenses in the United States can be developed
within the statutorily mandated time frame. The Commission
should test the EICA before bidding commences, and also, as
explained in Attachment 2, conduct practice bidding rounds, open
to the public, to familiarize bidders with the electronic bidding
process.[42]
The Commission may, however, hesitate to adopt a nationwide
EICA without some initial, actual experience with this method.
If that is the case, NTIA suggests that the Commission conduct a
limited EICA by May 7, 1994. This would give the Commission an
opportunity to acquaint the public with this approach, to
identify any practical implementation problems, and to receive
further comment on it. Once that limited auction is conducted,
the Commission could adopt whatever procedural refinements it
deems necessary and conduct an EICA for the remaining broadband
PCS licenses in the country.
Ideally, the licenses to be auctioned in such a limited
application should not exhibit strong value interdependencies
with the remaining licenses that would be auctioned in the
subsequent comprehensive EICA. In addition, the licenses should
be likely to exhibit active bidding to examine how the AUSM
software performs under those circumstances. Moreover, enough
licenses should be auctioned to determine how bidders are able to
evaluate and respond to bidding on multiple combinations. There
are several possible candidates.
One possibility would be to conduct an EICA for all the
licenses across all channel blocks in an area with limited
geographic connections with the rest of the country. For
instance, the Commission could auction all the MTA- and BTA-
based licenses in the two southernmost MTAs in the state of
Florida (Tampa and Miami). While some bidders may prefer to
combine these MTAs and BTAs with licenses in adjacent regions,
this area essentially is surrounded by water on three sides, so
the number of adjacent markets is limited.[43] In addition,
there is likely to be strong bidding activity for PCS licenses
yin this portion of Florida, given the growth in industry and
population in the state.
Another possibility would be to use an EICA to auction all
the licenses in a given channel block, such as the 51 MTA
licenses in channel block A. This would confirm the EICA
software's ability to process a larger number of combinations,
and provide bidders experience in developing bids for numerous
combinations. However, bidders would be precluded from
aggregating licenses across spectrum blocks as well as geographic
markets, which may have a significant impact on both efficiency
and revenue.
A final possibility would be to conduct an EICA for a number
of narrowband PCS licenses by the statutorily mandated time.[44]
Although those narrowband licenses have different economic and
technical characteristics than broadband PCS licenses, such an
EICA would provide valuable experience for later application to
broadband PCS.
D. Bidding Competition
Because of the multiplicity of PCS licenses being auctioned,
bidding competition (the number of bidders) for some licenses is
likely to be weak. This could be the case, for example, for
licenses in rural areas. In such a situation, a party might
obtain a license for far less than the price at which that party
actually values it, thus reducing the revenue to the government
from that license, and conceivably the economic efficiency of the
auction process.
The Commission discusses a reserve price as a means of
protecting the expected return to the government, and royalty
payments by winning bidders as one of several alternative payment
methods, especially for use by designated entities. Because both
a reserve price and a royalty payment can affect expected
revenues, NTIA believes that these mechanisms could be viable
alternative safeguards against awarding licenses for trivial
sums.[45] Although both alternatives pose implementation and
efficiency issues, the Commission should consider their use.
Doing so would be consistent with the provisions of the Budget
Act designed to guard against "unjust enrichment" as a result of
the methods employed to distribute spectrum.[46]
A reserve price is a price below which a "seller" (in this
case the Commission) will not agree to the "sale" of the asset
being auctioned.[47] A properly set reserve price can increase
revenue. It also creates the possibility that the Commission
will not assign a license at all if no bids meet the reserve
price.[48] Such a "loss" potentially could distort an efficient
assignment of PCS licenses. Moreover, as the Commission notes,
estimating the appropriate reserve price could be difficult.[49]
Alternatively, the Commission could set a royalty rate and
solicit bids on an up-front, initial payment.[50] A royalty rate
can increase both efficiency and the number of bidders for a
license, because it would shift to the federal government a
portion of the risk that the PCS enterprise will be successful.
Because a bidder will bear less risk with a royalty rate payment,
and will require less up-front capital to participate in bidding,
the result could be more bidders, more aggressive bidding and,
therefore, a higher expected revenue.
Compared to a reserve price, NTIA prefers a royalty as a
method to ensure revenue to the government because it does not
raise the possibility that the PCS license will go unassigned.
Thus, the public interest benefits of the rapid provision of PCS
would be preserved. However, as the Commission notes,[51]
setting an appropriate royalty rate may be difficult, and could
require the Commission to establish accounting rules or revenue
reporting requirements for entities that use PCS licenses as part
of an integrated communications service. Moreover, a royalty
would result in a lower initial payment to the federal government
for PCS licenses than a lump-sum payment. Nevertheless, despite
these difficulties, NTIA believes that the Commission may be
justified in employing either a reserve price or a royalty rate
in order to avoid assigning PCS licenses for trivial sums.
III. TREATMENT OF DESIGNATED ENTITIES
The Budget Act directs the Commission to consider the needs
of small businesses, rural telephone companies, and businesses
owned by members of minority groups and women in the competitive
bidding process.[52] NTIA believes that this is an important
objective for the federal government, and encourages the
Commission to develop rules to implement competitive bidding for
PCS that will provide greater opportunities for participation by
these groups, particularly those that are constrained from full
participation in bidding because of a lack of available capital.
Among other things, the Commission seeks comment on the
extent to which it should, and has the authority to, extend
preferences to minorities and women.[53] Under the governing
legal standard, the Commission must demonstrate that preferences
for minorities and women are substantially related to the
objectives of the Budget Act.[54] As the Commission notes,
extending preferences to small businesses and other small
entities could indirectly promote opportunities for women and
minorities. However, preferences tied to status regardless of
economic circumstances could pose legal problems, depending on
the applicable legal standard of judicial review.[55] In the
discussion that follows, we do not address the constitutional
issues raised by the Commission, but focus on policy issues.
The Commission requests comment on measures proposed by the
Small Business Advisory Committee in its report on PCS
licenses.[56] NTIA agrees generally with the intent and
direction of the findings and conclusions of that report.
Capital formation is one of the major barriers to full
participation by small and minority businesses in the
communications field, and the Commission should undertake
measures to promote licensing opportunities for such capital-
constrained groups. As a matter of economic theory, capital-
constrained firms, such as some small businesses and many of
those owned by minorities and women, are likely to assign lower
values to PCS licenses than other bidders due to the effects of
bidder asymmetry.[57] Hence, capital-constrained firms are
unlikely to win licenses in an open bidding market. The
Commission's tentative decision to set aside two PCS licenses in
every market for bidding by designated entities will ensure
greater economic opportunity for such groups.[58]
NTIA supports the Commission's proposal, consistent with the
Small Business Advisory Committee's report, to allow designated
entities to pay for their PCS licenses in installments.[59] We
believe that installment payments should be available for
designated entities that win non-set-aside licenses as well as
set-aside licenses.
NTIA also agrees with the Small Business Advisory
Committee's recommendation to expand the Commission's tax
certificate program to include PCS licenses.[60] Tax
certificates should be available to investors in those Small
Business Investment Companies (SBICs) and Specialized Small
Business Investment Companies (SSBICs) that specialize in
telecommunications and agree to commit funds to PCS firms and
related enterprises.[61] The SBICs and SSBICs, which are
chartered by the Small Business Administration, would have
greater access to capital, which could be used to provide start-
up financing to small businesses and businesses owned by minority
groups and women that win PCS licenses through competitive
bidding. The investors in such SBICs and SSBICs would be
entitled to defer capital gains upon selling their interests.
IV. CONCLUSION
NTIA supports the Commission's efforts to establish an
appropriate auction mechanism for PCS licenses. Accordingly,
NTIA respectfully requests that the Commission adopt the
recommendations contained in these comments.
Respectfully submitted,
Larry Irving
Assistant Secretary for Alden F. Abbott
Communications and Information Chief Counsel
Thomas J. Sugrue
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Phyllis Hartsock
Communications and Information Deputy Chief Counsel
Michele C. Farquhar
Chief of Staff
William F. Maher
Associate Administrator
Mark M. Bykowsky
Robert Cull
Joseph L. Gattuso
Carol E. Mattey
Office of Policy Analysis
and Development
National Telecommunications
and Information Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
Room 4713
14th and Constitution Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20230
(202) 482-1816
November 10, 1993
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENDNOTES
[1] Implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications
Act Competitive Bidding, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, PP
Docket No. 93-253, FCC 93-455 (released Oct. 12, 1993)
(Notice).
[2] Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. No.
103-66, Title VI -- Communications Licensing and Spectrum
Allocation Improvement, 6002(d)(1), 107 Stat. 312 (1993)
(Budget Act).
[3] See Amendment of the Commission's Rules to Establish
New Personal Communications Services, Second Report and
Order, Gen. Docket No. 90-314, FCC 93-451 (released Oct. 22,
1993) (PCS Second Report and Order ). For simplicity, the
use of the term PCS in this pleading generally refers to
broadband PCS as defined by the Commission in the PCS Second
Report and Order, para. 24.
[4] See Budget Act, 6002(d)(2)(B). The statute does not,
however, distinguish between broadband and narrowband PCS.
[5] We agree with the Commission's conclusion in para. 116
of the Notice that PCS is a type of use to which competitive
bidding should be applied. See Budget Act, 6002(a), to be
codified at 47 U.S.C. 309(j)(2).
[6] See Budget Act, 6002(a), to be codified at 47 U.S.C.
309(j)(3).
[7] Mark Bykowsky & Robert Cull, Issues in Implementing a
PCS Auction (Nov. 10, 1993) (NTIA Staff Paper), attached
hereto as Attachment 1.
[8] Recognizing that NTIA's proposal differs from the
Commission's, it may be reasonable for the Commission to
issue a public notice regarding NTIA's proposal and extend
the deadline for reply comments, now due November 24, 1993,
to permit additional comment on it.
[9] See Albert Gore, From Red Tape to Results: Creating a
Government that Works Better and Costs Less, Report of the
National Performance Review 112-15 (1993).
[10] See Albert Gore & Ronald Brown, The National
Information Infrastructure: Agenda For Action, 58 Fed. Reg.
49,025, 49,026-27 (Sep. 21, 1993).
[11] See PCS Second Report and Order, paras. 64, 73, 76-77.
[12] While most major cellular companies have established
"roaming" arrangements among themselves so that customers
can continue to use their cellular phones when traveling
outside the license areas of their cellular providers, such
arrangements tend to be offered only as a premium service.
The trend toward geographic clustering of cellular service
areas through mergers, acquisitions, and "swaps" observed in
the marketplace tends to confirm that there is some value
interdependence among adjacent service areas.
[13] The Commission recognizes this possibility by
permitting bidders (other than some incumbent cellular
providers) to aggregate up to 40 MHz of spectrum in any
area.
[14] Notice, para. 46.
[15] Notice, para. 39.
[16] Notice, para. 120.
[17] The Commission seeks comment on whether to use
combinatorial bidding to facilitate the grouping of BTA
licenses. Notice, para. 123.
[18] Notice, paras. 120, 123, 125.
[19] The Commission also seeks comment on whether to use a
second round of sealed bidding for winners of the first
round. Notice, paras. 60, 120.
[20] Notice, para. 124.
[21] Notice, para. 125.
[22] We agree with the Commission that it has the authority
under the Budget Act to design and conduct a combinatorial
bidding system, and that its proposal is not inconsistent
with the provisions of that Act. See Budget Act, 6002(a),
to be codified at 47 U.S.C. 309(j)(7)(A). We believe that
NTIA's proposal is similarly consistent with the Budget Act.
[23] NTIA Staff Paper at 48, 64-65.
[24] The Commission assumes that, as a general matter, the
resale of a license acquired by competitive bidding will not
involve any unjust enrichment warranting restrictions on
subsequent transfer because the auction winner has paid a
"market price" for the license. It notes, however, that
there may be a need to prevent unjust enrichment arising
from the transfer of some licenses obtained by "designated
entities," as defined by the Commission, pursuant to
specific provisions designed to ensure their participation.
See Notice, paras. 83-84.
[25] In addition, it would take a relatively long time to
complete sequential auctions for 2,562 separate PCS
licenses, particularly if conducted by a human auctioneer.
Such an approach could delay licensing unnecessarily for
many areas of the country.
[26] See discussion supra at p. 6.
[27] NTIA Staff Paper at 48-49, 58-65.
[28] NTIA Staff Paper at 60-63.
[29] The Commission has requested comment on licensing
spectrum blocks in descending size according to population,
which is generally the process it used in the cellular radio
service. If, for instance, the Commission offers the
largest market first, a bidder may have an incentive to bid
aggressively for that license because of its synergy
valuation for the group of licenses it desires. As a
consequence, however, the bidder may exhaust its financial
resources, making the bidder less able to acquire licenses
for the smaller, adjacent markets. On the other hand, if
the Commission auctions the smallest market first, a bidder
may have an incentive to underbid so as not to convey
information to other bidders about its valuation of the
license for the market hub to be auctioned later.
[30] See NTIA Staff Paper at 67. This problem would not
exist to the same degree, however, if the Commission were to
allow winners of the sealed round and winners of the oral
round to submit new sealed bids. See discussion supra note
19. This would permit bidders in the oral round to respond
to the first round sealed bids. However, it still would not
allow for iterative responses by all bidders.
[31] See NTIA Staff Paper 45-46.
[32] In contrast, in a first-price sealed-bid auction, each
bidder must anticipate how others will bid when choosing its
sealed bid. In such an environment, each bidder must
consider the trade-off between bidding too little (and
losing the auction) against bidding too much (and reducing
the surplus it earns from the auctioned item). As a result,
a first-price sealed-bid auction creates a more complex
bidding environment for bidders than an oral auction.
Moreover, because the bidder that places the highest value
on the auctioned item may not win in a first-price sealed-
bid auction, such an auction could generate less revenue
than an oral auction.
[33] NTIA recognizes that the Budget Act mandates that the
Commission test multiple alternative methodologies for
competitive bidding. Budget Act, 6002(a), to be codified
at 47 U.S.C. 309(j)(3). We believe that NTIA's proposed
EICA is an innovative methodology well suited to the
complexities of the PCS licensing scheme. Other
methodologies may be more appropriate for other classes of
licenses.
[34] Like the Commission's proposal, the sums of bids for
individual licenses would be compared with the highest bids
for groups containing those licenses. Using an EICA,
however, many more combinations could be compared.
[35] The software, entitled "Adaptive User Selection
Mechanism" (AUSM), has been used by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory to assign scientific resources on the space
station planned by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
[36] NTIA understands that the California Institute of
Technology has used an IBM RS 6000 to run AUSM software in
competitive bidding experiments.
[37] If the Commission chooses, it could authorize bidders
to participate in the auction from across the United States,
either through terminals at the Commission's field offices
or by using ordinary personal computers connected to the
Commission's system.
[38] Notice, paras. 167-68, 170-71. As a matter of economic
theory, it would be best if potential bidders are not
required to specify the licenses on which they are planning
to bid prior to commencement of the EICA. As discussed in
Attachment 2 at 1 n.2, forcing bidders to pre-commit to
participating in the bidding for specific licenses inhibits
their ability to respond to market forces. However, as a
legal matter, it may be necessary for the Commission to
require prospective bidders to file short-form applications
for specific licenses in order to determine whether there
are mutually exclusive applications for each license that is
to be auctioned.
If the Commission does require parties to file a short form
application for every license on which they may possibly
bid, bidders wishing to preserve their ability to
participate flexibly in the auction would file numerous
applications, perhaps for more licenses than they ultimately
acquire. In this situation, it could be difficult for the
applicant to tender the requisite up-front payment,
especially using the Commission's proposed formula of 2
cents per MHz per pop. See Notice, para. 126. An
alternative would be for the Commission to require the
applicant to specify a cap on total bidding expenditures,
based on its available credit, and require a percentage of
that cap to be tendered as the up-front payment.
[39] In addition to the application requirements discussed
in the Notice, paras. 95-101, 128-29, the Commission would
need to establish guidelines for potential bidders on how to
log onto the system from remote terminals or personal
computers, and adopt some form of password system to ensure
that only authorized bidders participate in the auction.
[40] Attachment 2 at 5-6. The computer program also could
provide a mechanism for cooperative bidding strategies, by
notifying winning bidders for individual licenses how they
could outbid a party bidding on a group of licenses by
collectively increasing their bids. See NTIA Staff Paper at
68.
[41] Notice, para. 172.
[42] See Attachment 2 at 2.
[43] Two states with comparable geographic characteristics
are Hawaii, which has four BTAs, and Alaska, which has three
BTAs. Due to the rural and unpopulated nature of much of
Alaska, the level of bidding activity in that state may be
relatively low, so that this would not be as indicative of
the EICA's ability to respond to multiple bidders. On the
other hand, there may not be much "combinatorial" bidding
activity in the state of Hawaii, as each BTA is separated
from the others by the Pacific Ocean, which may limit to
some extent the value of owning a combination of licenses.
[44] See PCS Second Report and Order, Appendix A, Subpart D
(proposed narrowband PCS rules); Narrowband Personal
Communications Services, 58 Fed. Reg. 42,682 (Aug. 11, 1993)
(summary of First Report and Order).
[45] See NTIA Staff Paper at 38-40.
[46] See Budget Act, 6002(a), to be codified at
309(j)(3)(C), (j)(4)(E).
[47] A reserve price differs from a "minimum bid" in that
the former is customarily not disclosed to bidders prior to
completion of the auction. We interpret the Commission's
discussion in the Notice as applicable to a "reserve price."
See Notice, paras. 66-67.
[48] If the Commission used a reserve price, it would not
permanently decline to assign the license. It could
evaluate the results of successful bidding for similar
licenses, adjust the reserve price, and hold a new auction
when it chose to award the license.
[49] Notice, para. 67.
[50] For many federal government oil and gas leases, for
example, a royalty is set in advance, and the bid is only
for the bonus, or up-front payment. The royalty is based on
gross revenues, and based at least in part on an estimate of
what the royalty would have been in a private negotiation.
For example, 43 U.S.C. 1337 grants the Secretary of the
Interior authorization to promulgate regulations for the
awarding of certain types of Outer Continental Shelf and gas
leases through competitive bidding. Section 1337(a)(1)(A)
allows a "cash bonus bid with a royalty at not less than 12
per centum fixed by the Secretary . . . ." Other
subsections permit additional formulations of bids.
[51] Notice, para. 70.
[52] Budget Act, 6002(a), to be codified at 47 U.S.C.
309(j)(3)(B), (j)(4)(D).
[53] Notice, para. 74.
[54] Notice, para. 73 (citing Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v.
FCC, 497 U.S. 547 (1990); Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488
U.S. 469 (1989); Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448
(1980); Lamprecht v. FCC, 958 F.2d 382 (D.C. Cir. 1992)).
[55] Notice, para. 75.
[56] Notice, para. 80 (citing Report of the FCC Small
Business Advisory Committee to the Federal Communications
Commission Regarding Gen Docket 90-314 (Sep. 15, 1993) (SBAC
Report)).
[57] See NTIA Staff Paper at 32.
[58] See PCS Second Report and Order, para. 60 n.61; Notice,
para. 125. NTIA urges the Commission to structure its
preferences for minorities and women in a fashion that
minimizes abuse. We agree with the Small Business Advisory
Committee that minority- and female-backed applicants should
be 51% controlled by minorities or women, SBAC Report at 22,
and that licenses awarded to designated entities should be
subject to an anti-trafficking provision.
[59] Notice, para. 68. There are also bidding competition
issues for the set-aside blocks analogous to those discussed
supra at p. 22. NTIA therefore supports the use of royalty
payments, if the Commission believes them appropriate, for
designated entities as a way of encouraging greater
participation for the bidding on such licenses, while also
preventing them from being assigned for trivial sums.
[60] We agree with the Commission, however, that it should
implement specific procedures to prevent unjust enrichment
to parties that obtain licenses pursuant to some specific
provision designed to ensure their participation in the
provision of spectrum-based services. See Notice, paras.
83-84.
[61] We believe the Commission has the legal authority to
extend its tax certificate policy in this fashion. See
Budget Act, 6002(a), to be codified at 47 U.S.C.
309(j)(D)(4); Telocator Network of America, 58 Rad. Reg. 2d
(P&F) 1443, 1447-50 (1985), recon. dismissed, 1 FCC Rcd 509
(1986) (tax certificates may be issued with respect to
transfers of non-wireline cellular interests). See also
SBAC Report at 19-20.
| en |
converted_docs | 683165 | +--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| **P | **Standard/Subsection Summary** | ** | ** |
| rivacy | | Co | No |
| Rule | | nt | n- |
| Sec | | in | Co |
| tion** | | ge | nt |
| | | nt | in |
| | | ** | ge |
| | | | nt |
| | | | ** |
+========+=================================================+====+====+
| § | \(a\) Standard. A CE may not use or disclose | | |
| 1 | PHI, except as permitted or required. | | |
| 64.502 | | | |
| Uses | A CE is permitted to use or disclose PHI: | | |
| and | | | |
| discl | - To the individual; | | |
| osures | | | |
| of | - For treatment, payment, or health care | | |
| PHI: | operations | | |
| g | | | |
| eneral | - For other reasons pursuant to or as | | |
| rules. | permitted by other sections of the Privacy | | |
| | Rule. | | |
| | | | |
| | \* To reduce duplication §164.506 should be | | |
| | included in this discussion. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(b\) Standard: Minimum necessary | | |
| | | | |
| | Minimum necessary applies when using or | | |
| | disclosing PHI or when requesting PHI from | | |
| | another CE | | |
| | | | |
| | Minimum necessary does not apply to: | | |
| | | | |
| | - Disclosures to or requests by a health care | | |
| | provider for treatment; | | |
| | | | |
| | - Uses or disclosures made to the individual; | | |
| | | | |
| | - Other uses or disclosures required under | | |
| | another section of the Privacy Rule | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(c\) Standard: Uses and disclosures of PHI | | |
| | subject to an agreed upon restriction. | | |
| | | | |
| | A CE that has agreed to a restriction pursuant | | |
| | to §164.522(a)(1) may not use or disclose the | | |
| | PHI covered by the restriction in violation of | | |
| | such restriction, with certain exceptions | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(d\) Standard: Uses and disclosures of | | |
| | de-identified PHI. | | |
| | | | |
| | A CE may use PHI to create information that is | | |
| | not individually identifiable health | | |
| | information or disclose PHI only to a BA for | | |
| | such purpose, whether or not the de-identified | | |
| | information is to be used by the CE. The | | |
| | requirements of this subpart do not apply to | | |
| | information that has been de-identified in | | |
| | accordance with the applicable requirements, | | |
| | provided that there is not a code or other | | |
| | means that would allow the information to be | | |
| | re-identified and de-identified information is | | |
| | re-identified, a CE may use or disclose such | | |
| | re-identified information only as permitted or | | |
| | required by this subpart. | | |
| | | | |
| | \* To reduce duplication §164.514(a) should be | | |
| | included in this discussion. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(e\) Standard: Disclosures to BAs. | | |
| | | | |
| | A CE may disclose PHI to a BA and may allow a | | |
| | BA to create or receive PHI on its behalf, if | | |
| | the covered entity obtains satisfactory | | |
| | assurance that the business associate will | | |
| | appropriately safeguard the information. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(f\) Standard: Deceased individuals. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | (g)(1) Standard: Personal representatives. As | | |
| | specified in this paragraph, a CE must, with | | |
| | certain exceptions treat a personal | | |
| | representative as the individual for purposes | | |
| | of this subchapter. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(h\) Standard: Confidential communications. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(i\) Standard: Uses and disclosures consistent | | |
| | with notice. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(j\) Standard: Disclosures by whistleblowers | | |
| | and workforce member crime victims | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | (a)(3) A CE must obtain an authorization for | | |
| 1 | any use or disclosure of PHI for marketing, | | |
| 64.508 | except if the communication is in the form of: | | |
| Uses | | | |
| and | - A face-to-face communication made by a CE | | |
| discl | to an individual; | | |
| osures | | | |
| for | - A promotional gift of nominal value | | |
| which | provided by the CE. | | |
| an | | | |
| a | - If the marketing involves direct or | | |
| uthori | indirect remuneration to the CE from a | | |
| zation | third party, the authorization must state | | |
| is | that such remuneration is involved. | | |
| req | | | |
| uired. | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | Definition of Marketing: | | |
| | | | |
| | - To make a communication about a product or | | |
| | service that encourages recipients of the | | |
| | communication to purchase or use the | | |
| | product or service, unless the | | |
| | communication is made: | | |
| | | | |
| | - To describe a health-related product or | | |
| | service (or payment for such product or | | |
| | service) that is provided by, or | | |
| | included in a plan of benefits of, the | | |
| | covered entity making the | | |
| | communication, including communications | | |
| | about: the entities participating in a | | |
| | health care provider network or health | | |
| | plan network; replacement of, or | | |
| | enhancements to, a health plan; and | | |
| | health-related products or services | | |
| | available only to a health plan | | |
| | enrollee that add value to, but are not | | |
| | part of, a plan of benefits. | | |
| | | | |
| | - For treatment of the individual; or | | |
| | | | |
| | - For case management or care | | |
| | coordination for the individual, or to | | |
| | direct or recommend alternative | | |
| | treatments, therapies, health care | | |
| | providers, or settings of care to the | | |
| | individual. | | |
| | | | |
| | - An arrangement between a covered entity and | | |
| | any other entity whereby the covered entity | | |
| | discloses protected health information to | | |
| | the other entity, in exchange for direct or | | |
| | indirect remuneration, for the other entity | | |
| | or its affiliate to make a communication | | |
| | about its own product or service that | | |
| | encourages recipients of the communication | | |
| | to purchase or use that product or service. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | A CE may use or disclose PHI, provided that the | | |
| 1 | individual is informed in advance of the use or | | |
| 64.510 | disclosure and has the opportunity to agree to | | |
| Uses | or prohibit or restrict the use or disclosure, | | |
| and | in accordance with the applicable requirements | | |
| discl | of this section. | | |
| osures | | | |
| req | \(b\) Standard: Uses and disclosures for | | |
| uiring | involvement in the individual\'s care and | | |
| an | notification purposes. | | |
| oppor | | | |
| tunity | | | |
| for | | | |
| the | | | |
| indi | | | |
| vidual | | | |
| to | | | |
| agree | | | |
| or to | | | |
| o | | | |
| bject. | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | \(a\) Standard: Uses and disclosures required | | |
| 1 | by law. A CE may use or disclose PHI to the | | |
| 64.512 | extent that such use or disclosure is required | | |
| Uses | by law and the use or disclosure complies with | | |
| and | and is limited to the relevant requirements of | | |
| discl | such law. | | |
| osures | | | |
| for | | | |
| which | | | |
| an | | | |
| a | | | |
| uthori | | | |
| zation | | | |
| or | | | |
| oppor | | | |
| tunity | | | |
| to | | | |
| agree | | | |
| or | | | |
| object | | | |
| is not | | | |
| req | | | |
| uired. | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(b\) Standard: uses and disclosures for public | | |
| | health activities | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(c\) Standard: Disclosures about victims of | | |
| | abuse, neglect or domestic violence | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(d\) Standard: Uses and disclosures for health | | |
| | oversight activities | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(e\) Standard: Disclosures for judicial and | | |
| | administrative proceedings. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(f\) Standard: Disclosures for law enforcement | | |
| | purposes. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(g\) Standard: Uses and disclosures about | | |
| | decedents. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(h\) Standard: Uses and disclosures for | | |
| | cadaveric organ, eye or tissue donation | | |
| | purposes. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(i\) Standard: Uses and disclosures for | | |
| | research purposes. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(j\) Standard: Uses and disclosures to avert a | | |
| | serious threat to health or safety. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(k\) Standard: Uses and disclosures for | | |
| | specialized government functions | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(l\) Standard: Disclosures for workers\' | | |
| | compensation. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | (d)(1) Standard: Minimum necessary | | |
| 1 | requirements. | | |
| 64.514 | | | |
| Other | In order to comply with §164.502(b) and this | | |
| requir | section, a CE must meet the following | | |
| ements | requirements with respect to a request for, or | | |
| re | the use and disclosure of, PHI. | | |
| lating | | | |
| to | Minimum necessary *uses* of PHI. | | |
| uses | | | |
| and | - A CE must make reasonable efforts to limit | | |
| discl | the access of such persons or classes of | | |
| osures | persons in its workforce who need access to | | |
| of | PHI and the category or categories of PHI | | |
| PHI. | to which access is needed and any | | |
| | conditions appropriate to such access. | | |
| | | | |
| | Minimum necessary *disclosures* of PHI. | | |
| | | | |
| | - A CE must implement policies and procedures | | |
| | for any routine and recurring disclosures. | | |
| | | | |
| | - For all other disclosures, a CE must | | |
| | develop limiting criteria and review | | |
| | requests for disclosure on an individual | | |
| | basis in accordance with such criteria. | | |
| | | | |
| | - A CE may rely, if such reliance is | | |
| | reasonable under the circumstances, on a | | |
| | requested disclosure as the minimum | | |
| | necessary for the stated purpose when: | | |
| | | | |
| | - Making disclosures to public officials, | | |
| | if it is represented as the minimum | | |
| | necessary; | | |
| | | | |
| | - The information is requested by another | | |
| | CE; | | |
| | | | |
| | - The information is requested by a | | |
| | professional who is a member of its | | |
| | workforce or is a BA of the CE for the | | |
| | purpose of providing professional | | |
| | services to the CE, if the professional | | |
| | represents that the information | | |
| | requested is the minimum necessary for | | |
| | the stated purpose(s); or | | |
| | | | |
| | - For research purposes in accordance | | |
| | with §164.512(i) | | |
| | | | |
| | For all uses, disclosures, or requests to which | | |
| | the requirements above apply, a CE may not use, | | |
| | disclose or request an entire medical record, | | |
| | except when it is specifically justified as the | | |
| | amount that is reasonably necessary to | | |
| | accomplish the purpose of the use, disclosure, | | |
| | or request. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | (e)(1) Standard: Limited data set. A covered | | |
| | entity may use or disclose a limited data set | | |
| | that meets the following requirements | | |
| | | | |
| | - A limited data set is protected health | | |
| | information that excludes a set of direct | | |
| | identifiers | | |
| | | | |
| | - Permitted purposes for uses and | | |
| | disclosures. | | |
| | | | |
| | - A covered entity may use or disclose a | | |
| | limited data set only for the purposes | | |
| | of research, public health, or health | | |
| | care operations. | | |
| | | | |
| | - A covered entity may use protected | | |
| | health information to create a limited | | |
| | data set, or disclose protected health | | |
| | information only to a business | | |
| | associate for such purpose, whether or | | |
| | not the limited data set is to be used | | |
| | by the covered entity. | | |
| | | | |
| | - A covered entity may use or disclose a | | |
| | limited data set only if the covered entity | | |
| | obtains satisfactory assurance, in the form | | |
| | of a data use agreement that the limited | | |
| | data set recipient will only use or | | |
| | disclose the protected health information | | |
| | for limited purposes. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | (f)(1) Standard: Uses and disclosures for | | |
| | fundraising. | | |
| | | | |
| | A covered entity may use, or disclose to a | | |
| | business associate or to an institutionally | | |
| | related foundation, the following protected | | |
| | health information for the purpose of raising | | |
| | funds for its own benefit, without an | | |
| | authorization. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(g\) Standard: Uses and disclosures for | | |
| | underwriting and related purposes. | | |
| | | | |
| | If a health plan receives protected heath | | |
| | information for the purpose of underwriting, | | |
| | premium rating, or other activities relating to | | |
| | the creation, renewal, or replacement of a | | |
| | contract of health insurance or health | | |
| | benefits, and if such health insurance or | | |
| | health benefits are not placed with the health | | |
| | plan, such health plan may not use or disclose | | |
| | such protected health information for any other | | |
| | purpose, except as may be required by law. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | (h)(1) Standard: Verification requirements. | | |
| | | | |
| | Prior to any disclosure permitted by this | | |
| | subpart, a covered entity must: | | |
| | | | |
| | - Except with respect to disclosures under | | |
| | §164.510, verify the identity of a person | | |
| | requesting protected health information and | | |
| | the authority of any such person to have | | |
| | access to protected health information | | |
| | under this subpart, if the identity or any | | |
| | such authority of such person is not known | | |
| | to the covered entity; and | | |
| | | | |
| | - Obtain any documentation, statements, or | | |
| | representations, whether oral or written, | | |
| | from the person requesting the protected | | |
| | health information when such documentation, | | |
| | statement, or representation is a condition | | |
| | of the disclosure under this subpart. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | \(a\) Standard: notice of privacy practices. | | |
| 1 | Right to notice. Except as provided, an | | |
| 64.520 | individual has a right to adequate notice of | | |
| Notice | the uses and disclosures of PHI that may be | | |
| of | made by the CE and of the individual\'s rights | | |
| p | and the CE\'s legal duties with respect to PHI. | | |
| rivacy | | | |
| pra | | | |
| ctices | | | |
| for | | | |
| PHI. | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | (a)(1) Standard: Right of an individual to | | |
| 1 | request restriction of uses and disclosures. | | |
| 64.522 | | | |
| Rights | - A CE must permit an individual to request | | |
| to | that the CE restrict: (A) Uses or | | |
| r | disclosures of PHI about the individual to | | |
| equest | carry out treatment, payment, or health | | |
| p | care operations; and (B) Disclosures | | |
| rivacy | permitted under §164.510(b). | | |
| prot | | | |
| ection | - A CE is not required to agree to a | | |
| for | restriction. | | |
| PHI. | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | (b)(1) Standard: Confidential communications | | |
| | requirements. | | |
| | | | |
| | - A covered health care provider must permit | | |
| | individuals to request and must accommodate | | |
| | reasonable requests by individuals to | | |
| | receive communications of PHI from the | | |
| | covered health care provider by alternative | | |
| | means or at alternative locations. | | |
| | | | |
| | - A health plan must permit individuals to | | |
| | request and must accommodate reasonable | | |
| | requests by individuals to receive | | |
| | communications of PHI from the health plan | | |
| | by alternative means or at alternative | | |
| | locations, if the individual clearly states | | |
| | that the disclosure of all or part of that | | |
| | information could endanger the individual. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | \(a\) Standard: Access to PHI. | | |
| 1 | | | |
| 64.524 | - Except as otherwise provided, an individual | | |
| Access | has a right of access to inspect and obtain | | |
| of | a copy of PHI about the individual in a | | |
| indiv | designated record set, for as long as the | | |
| iduals | PHI is maintained in the designated record | | |
| to | set, except for psychotherapy notes; | | |
| PHI. | information compiled in reasonable | | |
| | anticipation of, or for use in, a civil, | | |
| | criminal, or administrative action or | | |
| | proceeding; and PHI maintained by a CE that | | |
| | is subject to CLIA to the extent the | | |
| | provision of access to the individual would | | |
| | be prohibited by law or exempt from CLIA | | |
| | pursuant to CFR 493.3(a)(2) | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(b\) Implementation specifications: Requests | | |
| | for access and timely action. | | |
| | | | |
| | - the CE must act on a request for access no | | |
| | later than 30 days after receipt of the | | |
| | request as follows. | | |
| | | | |
| | - If the request for access is for PHI that | | |
| | is not maintained or accessible to the CE | | |
| | on-site, the CE must take an action no | | |
| | later than 60 days from the receipt of such | | |
| | a request. | | |
| | | | |
| | - If the CE is unable to take an action | | |
| | required within the time required by | | |
| | paragraph the CE may extend the time for | | |
| | such actions by no more than 30 days if it | | |
| | meets certain requirements | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | \(c\) Implementation specifications: Provision | | |
| | of access. If the CE provides an individual | | |
| | with access, in whole or in part, to PHI, the | | |
| | CE must comply with the following requirements. | | |
| | | | |
| | - The CE must provide the access requested by | | |
| | individuals. | | |
| | | | |
| | - The CE must provide the individual with | | |
| | access to the PHI in the form or format | | |
| | requested by the individual, if it is | | |
| | readily producible in such form or format; | | |
| | or, if not, in a readable hard copy form or | | |
| | such other form or format as agreed to by | | |
| | the CE and the individual. | | |
| | | | |
| | - The CE may provide the individual with a | | |
| | summary of the PHI requested, in lieu of | | |
| | providing access to the PHI or may provide | | |
| | an explanation of the PHI to which access | | |
| | has been provided under certain conditions. | | |
| | | | |
| | - The CE may impose a reasonable, cost-based | | |
| | fee, provided that the fee includes only | | |
| | the cost of: Copying, Postage, and | | |
| | Preparing an explanation or summary | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | \(a\) Standard: Right to amend. An individual | | |
| 1 | has the right to have a CE amend PHI or a | | |
| 64.526 | record about the individual in a designated | | |
| Ame | record set for as long as the PHI is maintained | | |
| ndment | in the designated record set. | | |
| of PHI | | | |
| | - The CE must act on the individual\'s | | |
| | request for an amendment no later than 60 | | |
| | days after receipt of such a request | | |
| | (accepting or denying) | | |
| | | | |
| | - Informing the individual. The CE must | | |
| | timely inform the individual that the | | |
| | amendment is accepted and obtain the | | |
| | individual\'s identification of and | | |
| | agreement to have the CE notify the | | |
| | relevant persons with which the amendment | | |
| | needs to be shared in accordance with the | | |
| | informing other requirement. | | |
| | | | |
| | - Informing others. The CE must make | | |
| | reasonable efforts to inform and provide | | |
| | the amendment within a reasonable time | | |
| | to: (i) Persons identified by the | | |
| | individual as having received PHI about the | | |
| | individual and needing the amendment; | | |
| | and (ii) Persons, including BAs, that the | | |
| | CE knows have the PHI that is the subject | | |
| | of the amendment and that may have relied, | | |
| | or could foreseeably rely, on such | | |
| | information to the detriment of the | | |
| | individual. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| § | \(a\) Standard: Right to an accounting of | | |
| 1 | disclosures of PHI. | | |
| 64.528 | | | |
| Acco | An individual has a right to receive an | | |
| unting | accounting of disclosures of PHI made by a CE | | |
| of | in the six years prior to the date on which the | | |
| discl | accounting is requested, except for | | |
| osures | disclosures: | | |
| of | | | |
| PHI. | - To carry out treatment, payment and health | | |
| | care operations as provided in §164.506; | | |
| | | | |
| | - To individuals of PHI about them as | | |
| | provided in §164.502; | | |
| | | | |
| | - Incident to a use or disclosure otherwise | | |
| | permitted or required by this subpart, as | | |
| | provided in §164.502; | | |
| | | | |
| | - Pursuant to an authorization as provided in | | |
| | §164.508; | | |
| | | | |
| | - For the facility\'s directory or to persons | | |
| | involved in the individual\'s care or other | | |
| | notification purposes as provided in | | |
| | §164.510; | | |
| | | | |
| | - For national security or intelligence | | |
| | purposes as provided in §164.512(k)(2); | | |
| | | | |
| | - To correctional institutions or law | | |
| | enforcement officials as provided in | | |
| | §164.512(k)(5); | | |
| | | | |
| | - As part of a limited data set in accordance | | |
| | with §164.514(e); or | | |
| | | | |
| | - That occurred prior to the compliance date | | |
| | for the CE. | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
| | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----+----+
**Definition:** Health care operations means any of the following
activities of the covered entity to the extent that the activities are
related to covered functions:
> **(1)** Conducting quality assessment and improvement activities,
> including outcomes evaluation and development of clinical guidelines,
> provided that the obtaining of generalizable knowledge is not the
> primary purpose of any studies resulting from such activities;
> population-based activities relating to improving health or reducing
> health care costs, protocol development, case management and care
> coordination, contacting of health care providers and patients with
> information about treatment alternatives; and related functions that
> do not include treatment;
>
> **(2)** Reviewing the competence or qualifications of health care
> professionals, evaluating practitioner and provider performance,
> health plan performance, conducting training programs in which
> students, trainees, or practitioners in areas of health care learn
> under supervision to practice or improve their skills as health care
> providers, training of non-health care professionals, accreditation,
> certification, licensing, or credentialing activities;
>
> **(3)** Underwriting, premium rating, and other activities relating to
> the creation, renewal or replacement of a contract of health insurance
> or health benefits, and ceding, securing, or placing a contract for
> reinsurance of risk relating to claims for health care (including
> stop-loss insurance and excess of loss insurance), provided that the
> requirements of §164.514(g) are met, if applicable;
>
> **(4)** Conducting or arranging for medical review, legal services,
> and auditing functions, including fraud and abuse detection and
> compliance programs;
>
> **(5)** Business planning and development, such as conducting
> cost-management and planning-related analyses related to managing and
> operating the entity, including formulary development and
> administration, development or improvement of methods of payment or
> coverage policies; and
>
> **(6)** Business management and general administrative activities of
> the entity, including, but not limited to:
>
> \(i\) Management activities relating to implementation of and
> compliance with the requirements of this subchapter;
>
> \(ii\) Customer service, including the provision of data analyses for
> policy holders, plan sponsors, or other customers, provided that
> protected health information is not disclosed to such policy holder,
> plan sponsor, or customer.
>
> \(iii\) Resolution of internal grievances;
>
> \(iv\) The sale, transfer, merger, or consolidation of all or part of
> the covered entity with another covered entity, or an entity that
> following such activity will become a covered entity and due diligence
> related to such activity; and
>
> \(v\) Consistent with the applicable requirements of §164.514,
> creating de-identified health information or a limited data set, and
> fundraising for the benefit of the covered entity.
| en |
markdown | 145840 | # Presentation: 145840
## FUPWG – Brooklyn NY
April 22-23, 2004
**April 22-23, 2004**
**Presented by:****John H. Nelson Chief, Installation Installation Support Contracting Division Defense Energy Support Center**
**Phone: (703) 767-8523 E-mail: John.Nelson@dla.mil**
## Department of Defense
Defense Logistics Agency
Defense Energy Support Center
Bulk Petroleum
Into Plane
Coal
Natural Gas
Electricity
Utilities Privatization
Energy Savings Performance Contracts
Missile Fuels
**Defense Logistics Agency**
**Defense Energy Support Center**
**Bulk Petroleum**
**Into Plane**
**Coal**
**Natural Gas **
**Electricity**
**Utilities Privatization**
**Energy Savings Performance Contracts**
**Missile Fuels**
- Who is DESC?
## Program established in 1996
Not mandatory
We “own” no loads
We have solicited on behalf of those that do:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines
Coast Guard
NASA
Department of Energy
National Institutes of Health
Environmental Protection Agency
Veterans Affairs Medical Centers
Treasury Department
**Not mandatory**
**We “own” no loads**
**We have solicited on behalf of those that do:**
**Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines**
**Coast Guard**
**NASA**
**Department of Energy**
**National Institutes of Health**
**Environmental Protection Agency**
**Veterans Affairs Medical Centers**
**Treasury Department**
- Electricity
## Recent Efforts
- 2002 –
- NASA 10% renewable
- 2003 –
- Army 19M kWh wind and landfill (cont mod)
- Dyess AFB100% wind (contract modification)
- All Navy & Air Force in TX 5-10% renewable
- DOE West Valley 5-10% wind and landfill
- EPA Research Triangle wind and landfill
- 2004
- EPA Athens & EPA Atlanta Georgia, landfill
## DESC supported EPA Green Tag/REC buy
Solicitation
Stated $$$ to spend
Described mix (50% wind & 50% landfill gas)
Each type to be evaluated separately
Preference for “local” region
Awards
Awardee: 3 Phases Energy Services
Type of Renewable: Wind Energy
Total kWh of RECs: 10,000,000 kWh
Awardee: Sterling Planet
Type of Renewable: Landfill gas
Total kWh of RECs: 19,829,787
Process was quick & efficient w/ low transaction cost
- DESC supported EPA Green Tag/REC buy
- Solicitation
- Stated $$$ to spend
- Described mix (50% wind & 50% landfill gas)
- Each type to be evaluated separately
- Preference for “local” region
- Awards
- Awardee: 3 Phases Energy Services
- Type of Renewable: Wind Energy
- Total kWh of RECs: 10,000,000 kWh
- Awardee: Sterling Planet
- Type of Renewable: Landfill gas
- Total kWh of RECs: 19,829,787
- Process was quick & efficient w/ low transaction cost
## EPA Georgia and Beyond
- Green Tag/REC Procurement
- Solicitation Stated $$$ to spend
- Requirement for local region
- Awarded landfill
- While $$$ stated we could instead go with kWh if requested.
- Currently soliciting multi-region REC procurement on behalf of EPA
## Why RECs
**Fundamentally the same as a “bundled” product from an energy supplier**
**EO 13123 **
**Part 1, Section 204 – Purchase renewable Energy**
**Section 404 – Take advantage of competitive opportunities, aggregate across agencies, include provisions for the purchase of electricity from renewable energy sources as a component of requests for bids whenever procuring electricity**
## What Can I Get?
- RECs – DESC usually solicits after non-renewable is awarded
- Competitive supply including a renewable component
- Utility Renewable Programs
## Details
**Source Selection **
**Low price not always determining factor**
**Source location is often key**
**Supply should be from “new” resources**
**New or re-powered after 01/01/99**
**Hydro is not an option**
**Unless changed by legislation**
**Must have certification (Green-e like)**
## How Can I Participate
**Become familiar with the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR)**
- _[www.arnet.](http://www.arnet.gov/)__[gov](http://www.arnet.gov/)_
**Feel free to go to **_[www.desc.dla.mil](http://www.desc.dla.mil/)_** and take a look**
**Send DESC an e-mail**
**Name, company, POC Phone #, Mailing address**
**Ask to be placed on notification list**
**Try to be as commercial as possible**
**Open to suggestions** | en |
converted_docs | 488759 | ##### U.S. Department of Education September 2003
**2003-2004 *No Child Left Behind---Blue Ribbon Schools Program***
**Cover Sheet**
Name of Principal [Dr. Mirian Acosta-Sing]{.underline}
(Specify: Ms., Miss, Mrs., Dr., Mr., Other) (As it should appear in the
official records)
Official School Name [The Mott Hall School MS 223]{.underline}
(As it should appear in the official records)
School Mailing Address [71 Convent Avenue]{.underline}
(If address is P.O. Box, also include street address)
[New York NY 10027-7556]{.underline}
City State Zip Code+4 (9 digits total)
Tel. [(212 )927-9466]{.underline} Fax [( 212 ) 491-3451]{.underline}
Website/URL [http://www.motthall.org]{.underline} E-mail
[masing85@aol.com]{.underline}
I have reviewed the information in this application, including the
eligibility requirements on page 2, and certify that to the best of my
knowledge all information is accurate.
Date\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(Principal's Signature)
Name of Superintendent\* [Ms. Lucille Swarms]{.underline}
(Specify: Ms., Miss, Mrs., Dr., Mr., Other)
District Name [Region 10/District Six]{.underline} Tel. [(212)
917-521-3700]{.underline}
I have reviewed the information in this application, including the
eligibility requirements on page 2, and certify that to the best of my
knowledge it is accurate.
Date\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(Superintendent's Signature)
Name of School Board
President/Chairperson
(Specify: Ms., Miss, Mrs., Dr., Mr., Other)
I have reviewed the information in this package, including the
eligibility requirements on page 2, and certify that to the best of my
knowledge it is accurate.
Date\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(School Board President's/Chairperson's Signature)
*\*Private Schools: If the information requested is not applicable,
write N/A in the space.*
**PART I ‑ ELIGIBILITY CERTIFICATION**
**\[Include this page in the school's application as page 2.\]**
The signatures on the first page of this application certify that each
of the statements below concerning the school\'s eligibility and
compliance with U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights
(OCR) requirements is true and correct.
1. The school has some configuration that includes grades K-12.
(Schools with one principal, even K-12 schools, must apply as an
entire school.)
2. The school has not been in school improvement status or been
identified by the state as \"persistently dangerous\" within the
last two years. To meet final eligibility, the school must meet the
state's adequate yearly progress requirement in the 2003-2004 school
year.
3. If the school includes grades 7 or higher, it has foreign language
as a part of its core curriculum.
4. The school has been in existence for five full years, that is, from
at least September 1998.
5. The nominated school or district is not refusing the OCR access to
information necessary to investigate a civil rights complaint or to
conduct a district‑wide compliance review.
6. The OCR has not issued a violation letter of findings to the school
district concluding that the nominated school or the district as a
whole has violated one or more of the civil rights statutes. A
violation letter of findings will not be considered outstanding if
the OCR has accepted a corrective action plan from the district to
remedy the violation.
7. The U.S. Department of Justice does not have a pending suit alleging
that the nominated school, or the school district as a whole, has
violated one or more of the civil rights statutes or the
Constitution\'s equal protection clause.
8. There are no findings of violations of the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act in a U.S. Department of Education
monitoring report that apply to the school or school district in
question; or if there are such findings, the state or district has
corrected, or agreed to correct, the findings.
**PART II ‑ DEMOGRAPHIC DATA**
**All data are the most recent year available.**
**DISTRICT** (Questions 1‑2 not applicable to private schools)
1\. Number of schools in the district: [14]{.underline} Elementary
schools
[9]{.underline} Middle schools
[0]{.underline} Junior high schools
[1]{.underline} High schools
\_\_\_\_\_ Other (Briefly explain)
[24]{.underline} TOTAL
2\. District Per Pupil Expenditure: [\$9,673]{.underline}
Average State Per Pupil Expenditure: [\$10,469]{.underline}
**SCHOOL** (To be completed by all schools)
3\. Category that best describes the area where the school is located:
> \[ X \] Urban or large central city
>
> \[ \] Suburban school with characteristics typical of an urban area
>
> \[ \] Suburban
>
> \[ \] Small city or town in a rural area
>
> \[ \] Rural
4\. [18]{.underline} Number of years the principal has been in her/his
position at this school.
If fewer than three years, how long was the previous principal at this
school?
5\. Number of students enrolled at each grade level or its equivalent in
applying school:
----------- --------- ----------- ---------- --------- -- ----------- --------- ----------- ---------
**Grade** **\# of **\# of **Grade **Grade** **\# of **\# of **Grade
Males** Females** Total** Males** Females** Total**
**K** **7** 30 66 **96**
**1** **8** 35 55 **90**
**2** **9**
**3** **10**
**4** 15 30 **45** **11**
**5** 33 47 **80** **12**
**6** 37 64 **101** Other
**TOTAL **412**
STUDENTS
IN THE
APPLYING
SCHOOL →**
----------- --------- ----------- ---------- --------- -- ----------- --------- ----------- ---------
6\. Racial/ethnic composition of [3.7]{.underline}% White
the students in the school: [10]{.underline} % Black or African American
[79]{.underline} % Hispanic or Latino
[7.1]{.underline} % Asian/Pacific Islander
[0]{.underline} % American Indian/Alaskan Native
**100% Total**
7\. Student turnover, or mobility rate, during the past year:
[.4]{.underline}%
> (This rate includes the total number of students who transferred to or
> from different schools between October 1 and the end of the school
> year, divided by the total number of students in the school as of
> October 1, multiplied by 100.)
----------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------
**(1)** Number of students who transferred 0
***to*** the school after October
1 until the end of the year.
**(2)** Number of students who transferred 2
***from*** the school after
October 1 until the end of the
year.
**(3)** Subtotal of all transferred 2
students \[sum of rows (1) and
(2)\]
**(4)** Total number of students in the 410
school as of October 1
**(5)** Subtotal in row (3) divided by .004
total in row (4)
**(6)** Amount in row (5) multiplied by .4
100
----------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------
8\. Limited English Proficient students in the school: [1]{.underline}%
[3]{.underline} Total Number Limited English Proficient
Number of languages represented: [2]{.underline}
Specify languages: Spanish and Chinese
9\. Students eligible for free/reduced-priced meals: [69]{.underline} %
[Approx. 283]{.underline} Total Number Students Who Qualify
> If this method does not produce a reasonably accurate estimate of the
> percentage of students from low‑income families or the school does not
> participate in the federally‑supported lunch program, specify a more
> accurate estimate, tell why the school chose it, and explain how it
> arrived at this estimate.
10\. Students receiving special education services: [10]{.underline}%
[7]{.underline} Total Number of Students Served
> Indicate below the number of students with disabilities according to
> conditions designated in the Individuals with Disabilities Education
> Act.
\_\_\_\_Autism \_\_\_\_Orthopedic Impairment
\_\_\_\_Deafness \_\_\_\_Other Health Impaired
\_\_\_\_Deaf-Blindness \_\_[7\_]{.underline}Specific Learning Disability
\_\_\_\_Hearing Impairment \_\_\_\_Speech or Language Impairment
\_\_\_\_Mental Retardation \_\_\_\_Traumatic Brain Injury
\_\_\_\_Multiple Disabilities \_\_\_\_Visual Impairment Including
Blindness
11. Indicate number of full‑time and part‑time staff members in each of
the categories below:
**Number of Staff**
**[Full-time]{.underline}** **[Part-Time]{.underline}**
Administrator(s) [2]{.underline} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Classroom teachers [28]{.underline} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Special resource teachers/specialists [3]{.underline} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Paraprofessionals [0]{.underline} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> Support staff [8]{.underline} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> Total number [41]{.underline} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
12\. Average school student-"classroom teacher" ratio:
[25:1]{.underline}
13\. Show the attendance patterns of teachers and students as a
percentage. The student dropout rate is defined by the state. The
student drop-off rate is the difference between the number of entering
students and the number of exiting students from the same cohort. (From
the same cohort, subtract the number of exiting students from the number
of entering students; divide that number by the number of entering
students; multiply by 100 to get the percentage drop-off rate.) Briefly
explain in 100 words or fewer any major discrepancy between the dropout
rate and the drop-off rate. (Only middle and high schools need to supply
dropout rates and only high schools need to supply drop-off rates.)
------------------------ ------------------- --------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Daily student attendance [97%]{.underline} [96.4%]{.underline} 96.0% 95.5%
Daily teacher attendance 90% 90% 90% 90%
Teacher turnover rate 10% 10% 5% 5%
Student dropout rate 0 0 0 0
Student drop-off rate .5% 2% 2% 2%
------------------------ ------------------- --------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
**PART III ‑ SUMMARY**
Provide a brief, coherent narrative snapshot of the school in one page
(approximately 475 words). Include at least a summary of the school's
mission or vision in the statement.
The Mott Hall School (MHS) is located in Harlem, New York City. The
school is dedicated to developing future leaders in Mathematics, Science
and Technology by providing a world-class education that prepares
students for college and higher learning. Our academically rigorous
curricula consists of in-depth real world investigations, elective
course studies, seminars and special enrichment electives that are
offered in a personalized, caring and child-centered environment.
The Mott Hall curricula offers students *Off-Campus Learning
Experiences* that allow them to engage in specialized, out-of-school
apprenticeships, internships, and other real world experiences in
collaboration with community based organizations and nearby
universities. For example, students participate in Mott Hall's Community
Service Learning Program and the Science Apprenticeship in Research
Program, where students work alongside professional practitioners. The
U.S. Department of Education's School-to Work Program has recognized
these two programs as models of exemplary national programs.
Mott Hall has a technology rich environment where technology integration
is a very important element to the overall instructional program. In an
effort to confront the digital divide, Mott Hall has implemented a
school wide laptop program that has placed a laptop directly into the
hands of every student and staff member. In recognition for Mott Hall's
exemplary work in technology integration, the George Lucas Education
Foundation, featured our project-based laptop learning design in their
book, Eductopia (2001) and on their web site.
MHS has ranked in the top ten percent of New York City Middle Schools in
reading and mathematics since 1987. The Mott Hall School model, which
has been replicated in other districts, has received numerous awards and
recognition for its project-based technology laptop program, chess
program, specialized science program (STARS), community service learning
program, and for its overall academic school excellence. The school's
chess team has won several national first place competitions.
Congressman Charles Rangel recognized the achievements of Mott Hall by
placing the school into the Congressional Record in 1991. In October
2002, The White House selected Mott Hall (one of only three schools in
the nation) to be part of a special international technology project
through the organization known as *Friendship through Education* which
promotes good will with Islamic countries in the aftermath of September
11^th^.
Mott Hall has hosted many open houses to educators from around the world
and across the nation to observe the school's model and specialized
programs. In particular, two world chess players, Karpov and Kasparov
actually played chess with our students. Bill Gates and his wife Melinda
Gates visited Mott Hall in 1996 to observe first hand our technology
laptop school model.
In addition, our student's acceptance rate into the specialized schools
such as Bronx Science High School and Stuyvesant High School has been as
high as 70 percent of our graduating class. A great majority of our
minority students have been awarded scholarships for full tuition at
private schools such as Dalton, Exeter and Choate Academies and have
gone on to universities such as Yale, Harvard, Columbia, and MIT.
**PART IV -- INDICATORS OF ACADEMIC SUCCESS**
1. Describe in one page the meaning of the school's assessment results
in reading (language arts or English) and mathematics in such a way
that someone not intimately familiar with the tests can easily
understand them.
The Mott Hall School culture is one of high expectations for all
students regardless of race, gender, or economic status. The Mott Hall
School achievement data was disaggregated using available student
achievement data to demonstrate the performance level of students
relevant to ethnic/racial group (Hispanic), socioeconomic group
(eligibility for free lunch), and according to gender (female). The MHS
student population is reflective of the Washington Heights community it
serves. Our student population is predominately Hispanic. Approximately
79% of our student body is of Hispanic heritage representing many
countries. As demonstrated by NYS State (see Tables) over 90% of our
Hispanic students met the performance standards in 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002, and 2003. Students eligible for Title 1 status represent about 69%
of the student body.
4^th^ grade [Hispanic]{.underline} students jumped from 95% to 100%
proficiency on the Grade 4 ELA in 2002. In 2003, 4^th^ grade Hispanic
students remained at 100% proficiency. Students demonstrating advanced
levels of achievement also rose from 54% to 73%. Seventy-three percent
of Hispanic 4^th^ graders exceeded the NYS Mathematics Performance
Standards increasing 19% from the previous year. In 2001-2002, 94% of
6^th^ grade Hispanic students achieved proficiency on the NYC CTB. In
mathematics, 96.1% meet the standards and 48% achieved advanced levels.
Likewise, 7^th^ grade Hispanic students out performed the school as a
whole in terms of acquiring proficiency levels. 92.1% met NYC
performance standards in language arts in 2001-2002. Furthermore, 68.6%
demonstrated advanced proficiency on the CTB-Mathematics Test.
[Female]{.underline} students at the MHS have established a tradition of
excellent academic performance, as well. Beginning in 4^th^ grade, 100%
of female students achieved proficiency on the NYS ELA in 2001-2002 and
2002-2003. Average of 90 % of female students in all grades achieved
proficiency in both mathematics and English language arts for all
grades. 79% of 4^th^ graders, 55% of 5^th^ graders, 48% of 6^th^
graders, 66% of 7^th^ graders, and 51% of 8^th^ graders achieved
advanced levels in mathematics.
An average of approximately 93% of [low-income]{.underline} students in
all grades at Mott Hall achieved proficiency on both the NYS and NYC ELA
and Mathematics Tests. Student performance in mathematics is 79% of
4^th^ grades, 48% of 5^th^ graders, 42% sixth graders, 61% seventh
graders, and 55% of eighth graders achieved advanced performance levels
demonstrating the effectiveness of the accelerated mathematics
instruction at Mott Hall.
2. Show in one-half page (approximately 200 words) how the school uses
assessment data to understand and improve student and school
performance.
The MHS believes that it is essential to connect teaching and learning
through authentic and ongoing assessment. Teachers are expected to use
informal, as well as, formal assessments to inform their instructional
practice and target the specific needs of individual students. Informal
assessments such as teacher developed tests, student self-assessments,
and performance tests are used to give students detailed feedback
related to academic strengths and weaknesses and individual performance
level achieved based on mastery objectives. Teachers use formal student
assessment data gathered through the Grow Report (standardized test
results) are used in three major ways:
1\) To identify what students have already mastered for effective and
efficient curriculum planning
> 2\) To target specific student needs
>
> 3\) As feedback regarding the effectiveness of their instruction and
> curriculum
Informal student data generated on the school level is used to
differentiate student instruction on an on-going basis, monitor student
progress, and select the right and appropriate strategies for student
needs. The essential framework implemented by the Mott Hall School is
one of collecting student achievement data, interpreting the data, and
using the data assessment results to select appropriate strategies to
target student needs. The cycle continues on a regular basis throughout
the school year. The MHS professional development team and
administration meets on a regular basis to strategically align teacher
professional development needs with the academic needs of students.
3. Describe in one-half page how the school communicates student
performance, including assessment data, to parents, students, and
the community.
The Mott Hall School strives to extend the traditional means of
communicating student performance beyond the summative, district
mandated reports cards. In keeping with the school mission to prepare
students to be tomorrow's leaders in the field of technology, there is a
special emphasis on the use of available technology to facilitate
communication between school community members. Traditional means of
reporting students' assessment data are used (including the use of
student report cards and informal and formal parent/teacher
conferences); however, more emphasis is placed on web based
communication. The MHS Web site has been recognized by the International
Association of Web Designers through the 2002-2003 Golden Web Award in
the category of Education. It offers a wealth of resources and support
to parents, students, and teachers alike.
**Mott Hall School eChalk:** The Mott Hall School has implemented an
intranet web-based communication system to facilitate
parent/teacher/student contact and communication beyond the regular
school hours. Through this database, the school community is able to
post school events, policies, achievements, and curriculum resources.
Access is granted to all members of the MHS community. Parents,
students, and teachers are each assigned their own account. The site
administrator has created specific curriculum related links giving
parents access to specific information related to their own child.
Teachers post homework assignments, upcoming events, exam dates, and
related support resources parents can use. Everyone including
administrators and staff have personal eChalk accounts allowing
communication to take place beyond the traditional school day.
4. Describe in one-half page how the school will share its successes
with other schools.
The Mott Hall School is a learning community in spirit and action. All
members of the Mott Hall School are committed to sharing best practices
in an effort to improve and refine their own practice while supporting
others in their work to educate children. Teachers drawn to Mott Hall
have a commitment to professional growth and believe that professional
collaboration is an essential element of sustaining a learning
community. The MHS hosts local, national, and international visitors
interested in learning from the successes of the Mott Hall School. The
school is also involved in joint educational ventures in coordination
with Teachers' College and Barnard College at Columbia University, as
well as, the City College of New York City, CUNY.
Dr. Mirian Acosta-Sing and members of the MHS teaching staff are
dedicated to furthering the education of children through excellent
practice by willingly participating in educational conferences at local
and national levels. In keeping with the spirit of collaboration and
learning, the school welcomes inter-visitation, in-depth studies of
school programs, student teachers placements, and supports a year long
internship program focused on identifying the essential features
critical to the Mott Hall success.
**PART V -- CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION**
1. Describe in one page the school's curriculum. Outline in several
sentences the core of each curriculum area and show how all students
are engaged with significant content based on high standards.
Include art and foreign languages in the descriptions (foreign
language instruction as a part of the regular curriculum is an
eligibility requirement for middle, junior high, high schools, and
elementary schools in grades seven and higher).
The overall goal of the Mott Hall School's curriculum is to develop
independent, skilled students who become self-directed and reflective
thinkers. New York State's Learning Standards serve as the overall
framework for the school's core curriculum. The core curriculum, which
follows the Principles of Learning and National Standards, is modified
and enriched to offer students more opportunities to engage in in-depth
real world investigations tied directly to student needs and interests.
In addition, students are provided with a progressive and accelerated
curriculum consisting of special editions of courses, seminars, and
special enrichment electives.
An essential component of the curriculum is the integration of *critical
thinking and technology* in all subject areas including foreign language
teaching. Students are considered young scholars and learn subject
matter through project based, constructivist learning approaches. MHS
uses curriculum mapping to identify multidisciplinary themes across all
disciplines. Teachers collaboratively develop quality-integrated units
of study that connect important concepts across disciplines. Given the
school's focus on mathematics, science, and technology, the curriculum
has evolved to include off-campus apprenticeships, in-depth scientific
investigations with mathematicians and scientists in authentic settings.
All students are engaged with significant content in all subject areas,
including foreign language by working on intellectually powerful
learning experiences such as Socratic dialogues, literature circles,
writing for student publications, creating web sites, competing in
on-line national science competitions, debating in interscholastic
tournaments, designing software programs for Lego Robotics competitions,
digital filmmaking, and playing chess in local and national
competitions.
Teachers collaboratively design interdisciplinary curricular units
utilizing the *Understanding by Design* process developed by Grant
Wiggins (2000). The units place great emphasis on students'
understanding the major concepts and principles of a subject in order to
promote deep, conceptual learning. For example, the Mathematics teachers
use a cross-disciplinary approach in teaching math by having students
study Islamic art and the art of Max Escher in pursuit of understanding
geometry. In addition, 7^th^ grade math students participate in weekly
seminars given by volunteer professional investment bankers from Morgan
Stanley and Dean Witter to study the relationships between business
concepts and mathematical operations.
English speaking students at Mott Hall receive instruction in Spanish as
a foreign language. Hispanic students learn advanced Spanish and work
closely with their peers in support groups, study circles, and
conversing through web-based activities. The foreign language curriculum
addresses the importance of cultural diversity and global studies. In
summary, MHS is committed to providing an academically rigorous
curriculum that has many enriched and extended intellectual learning
experiences inside and outside the school building.
2. **(Secondary Schools)** Describe in one-half page the school's
English language curriculum, including efforts the school makes to
improve the reading skills of students who read below grade level.
Mott Hall's English Language Arts curriculum embraces a school wide
focus on literacy and writing. The curriculum is aligned with best
practices and with the most recent research on literacy. Affording
numerous opportunities to read a wide range of genres including modern,
classics, anthologies of poetry, and plays inspires a love of reading
and writing. A strong literacy block has been implemented to allow for a
comprehensive and coherent English Arts curriculum. Teachers follow and
implement all the components of a balanced and comprehensive literacy
program. Moreover, all students maintain a literacy portfolio, which
demonstrates their growth in reading and writing. There is a strong
emphasis on writing in every discipline using Lucy Calkin's writing
process where students are encouraged and supported to write for
publication in various student journals. Vocabulary development is also
taught in every subject.
Utilizing Standards for the English Language Arts (1996) teachers afford
numerous learning opportunities for students to conduct research on
topics raised in various disciplines. In addition, teachers target
students who are in need of reading improvement by providing them with
individualized and differentiated instruction. Specifically, teachers
create flexible groupings to address the needs of these students by
conducting small group instruction, mini lessons, and study groups
during the school day as well as after school and lunchtime tutoring.
3. Describe in one-half page one other curriculum area of the school's
choice and show how it relates to essential skills and knowledge
based on the school's mission.
An important goal at Mott Hall is to motivate and encourage our minority
students to pursue a career in the professional field of science.
Consequently, the science curriculum is designed to engage students'
curiosity of science through ongoing scientific investigations of real
world issues, problems, and phenomena. In our General, Life, and Earth
Science classes, students develop a keen sense of inquiry, formulate and
test hypotheses, learn to access information from available resources
including the internet to present their investigations in class
presentations.
A specialized program developed at Mott Hall is our Student
Apprenticeship in Research Program (STARS). This out-of-school
apprenticeship program is a collaborative project with The City College
of New York. Participating students work alongside scientists and are
engaged in the designing of science experiments, which allows them to
learn concepts and content which is not included in the standard middle
school science curriculum. Recently, our STARS student's science
investigation was launched on The Columbia Space Shuttle. This
apprenticeship program was recognized and highlighted by The George
Lucas Education Foundation in its Edutopia publication, and The U.S.
Department of Education, School-to-Work Program as an exemplary model
Science/ Technology mentoring program.
It is our hope that by providing an academically enriched and rigorous
science curriculum, our students will consider careers in the fields of
science and mathematics.
4. Describe in one-half page the different instructional methods the
school uses to improve student learning.
MHS employs a wide variety of instructional strategies that are based on
successful teaching practices and what the research says about powerful
teaching and learning strategies. In particular, research based
strategies that impact most on student achievement are used by teachers
such as note taking, summarizing, graphic organizers, modeling,
coaching, accountable talk discussions, simulations, role-playing,
literature circles, cooperative learning, and providing students with
quality feedback on their work. Moreover, two strategies that are
particularly effective for our students are the use of Socratic
dialogues and problem based learning.
[Socratic dialogues]{.underline} are used in almost every discipline to
involve students in in-depth discussions, problem solving, and
clarification of complex ideas. *Critical thinking* is considered the
key to learning in every content area. Consequently, this strategy is
used to foster active learning and allow students to explore and
evaluate ideas, issues, and values in a particular text. Moreover,
problem based learning is also used as a powerful teaching strategy in
every discipline to engage students in intriguing, real, and relevant
intellectual inquiry which allows them to learn from life situations and
scenarios.
[Community-Based Learning-]{.underline} Mott Hall is committed to
preparing students to become contributing members of their communities
by providing a wide range of experiences designed to engage students
actively. As part of the MHS Service Learning Program, eighth grade
students are linked with organizations within the fields of education,
geriatrics, business, and the non-profit sector. Community- based
learning contributes to students' personal growth by broadening their
awareness of the world and encouraging compassion, courtesy, altruism,
and civic pride.
5. Describe in one-half page the school's professional development
program and its impact on improving student achievement.
It is our strong belief that teacher expertise is the most important
factor impacting student achievement. With this in mind, the
professional development afforded to the entire staff at MHS consists of
learning experiences that significantly affect what they do in the
classroom and make a difference in their ability to help all students
reach high standards. MHS utilizes a differentiated, job-embedded model
that takes into account the different phases of a teacher's development,
needs and interests. The staff development include teacher collaborative
experiences such as analyzing student work and test scores, engaging in
curriculum mapping and Japanese lesson study, becoming well-acquainted
with content and performance standards, developing *Understand by
Design* interdisciplinary units of studies, working in study groups and
action research. All experiences are designed to support all teachers in
terms of content and pedagogy and are directly connected to the school's
mission and vision.
Our program development program emphasizes teachers acquiring a wide
repertoire of effective, research-based instructional strategies that
address the specific needs of all MHS students. Teachers are afforded
many opportunities during the school day as well as after school and
summer to learn about the most powerful teaching and learning techniques
that directly impact student achievement. Overall, the design centers on
developing, refining, and expanding teachers' pedagogical repertoire,
content knowledge, and the skill to integrate a collaborative and
collegial work model that allows teachers to work in an intellectual
environment of continuous inquiry and reflection.
> **STATE CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS**
>
> Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
> arts or English) and mathematics. Complete a separate form for reading
> (language arts or English) and mathematics at each grade level.
>
> Grade [4]{.underline}
>
> Test: [New York State Grade 4 English/Language Arts Statewide
> Assessment]{.underline}
>
> Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
> LLC]{.underline}
>
> Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
> [56]{.underline}
>
> Number of students who took the test [56]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[All groups included in]{.underline}
[testing at the Mott Hall School. All available test data was
used.]{.underline}
> Number excluded [0]{.underline} Percent excluded [0%]{.underline}
>
> For the school and state, report scores as the percentage of students
> tested whose performance was scored at or above the cutpoint used by
> the state for 1) basic, 2) proficient, and 3) advanced, or similar
> categories as defined by the state. States will vary in their
> terminology and cutpoints. If the state does not report scores using
> the categories of basic, proficient, and advanced, use the state's
> categories and report data for each category. Note that the reported
> percentage of students scoring above the basic cutpoint should include
> students scoring above the proficient and advanced cutpoints. For
> example, 100% of students are at "basic," 69% are at "proficient," and
> 42% are at "advanced."
>
> **Explain the standards for basic, proficient, and advanced (or the
> relevant state categories), and make clear what the test results mean
> in a way that someone unfamiliar with the test can interpret the
> results.**
>
> Level 4: Students exceed the learning standards for English Language
> Arts. Their performance shows superior understanding of written and
> oral text. (Advanced)
>
> Level 3: Students meet the learning standards. Their performance shows
> through understanding of written and oral text. (Proficient)
>
> Level 2: Students show partial achievement of the learning standards.
> Their performance shows minimal understanding of written and oral
> text. (Basic)
>
> Level 1: Students do not meet the learning standards. Their
> performance shows minimal understanding of written and oral text.
>
> **STATE CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS, Continued**
Grade 4 English Language Arts New York State Test Results
--------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 100% 100% 95.5% 100% 96.2%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 73.2% 54% 43.2% 45.1% 19.2%
Number of students tested 56 50 44 51 26
Percent of total students tested 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES
1[.
\_\_\_\_Hispanic\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 100% 100% 95.5%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 73% 55% 40%
Number of students tested 44 40 35
2\.
\_\_\_[Female\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 100% 100% 100%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 73% 55% 40%
Number of students tested 34 35 28
3\. [Low-Income \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 100% 100% 100%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 74% 51.4% 44.4%
Number of students tested 38 35 36
**STATE SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic
State Mean Score
\% At or Above Proficient and Advanced 64.3% 61.5% 60% 58.7% 48%
State Mean Score 655 648 652
\% At Advanced
State Mean Score
--------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
> **STATE CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS**
>
> Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
> arts or English) and mathematics. Complete a separate form for reading
> (language arts or English) and mathematics at each grade level.
>
> Grade [4]{.underline}
>
> Test: [New York State Grade 4 Mathematics Statewide
> Assessment]{.underline}
>
> Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
> LLC]{.underline}
>
> Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
> [54]{.underline}
>
> Number of students who took the test [54]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[All groups included in]{.underline}
[testing at the Mott Hall School. All available test data was
used.]{.underline}
> Number excluded [0]{.underline} Percent excluded [0%]{.underline}
>
> For the school and state, report scores as the percentage of students
> tested whose performance was scored at or above the cut point used by
> the state for 1) basic, 2) proficient, and 3) advanced, or similar
> categories as defined by the state. States will vary in their
> terminology and cutpoints. If the state does not report scores using
> the categories of basic, proficient, and advanced, use the state's
> categories and report data for each category. Note that the reported
> percentage of students scoring above the basic cut point should
> include students scoring above the proficient and advanced cutpoints.
> For example, 100% of students are at "basic," 69% are at "proficient,"
> and 42% are at "advanced."
>
> **Explain the standards for basic, proficient, and advanced (or the
> relevant state categories), and make clear what the test results mean
> in a way that someone unfamiliar with the test can interpret the
> results.**
>
> Level 4: Students exceed the learning standards for Mathematics. Their
> performance shows superior understanding of mathematical computations,
> concepts and theories. (Advanced)
>
> Level 3: Students meet the learning standards. Their performance shows
> through understanding of mathematical computations, concepts and
> theories. (Proficient)
>
> Level 2: Students show partial achievement of the learning standards.
> Their performance shows minimal understanding of mathematical
> computations, concepts and theories. (Basic)
>
> Level 1: Students do not meet the learning standards. Their
> performance shows minimal understanding of mathematical computations,
> concepts and theories.
Grade 4 Mathematics New York State Test Results
------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month May May May May May
**SCHOOL SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3 +) 100% 100% 95.5% 100% 96%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 75.9% 45.8% 40.9% 30% 56%
Number of students tested 54 48 44 50 25
Percent of total students tested 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES
1[. \_\_\_Hispanic]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ (specify subgroup)
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2 +) 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3 +) 100% 100% 95%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 75% 45% 40%
Number of students tested 43 43 35
2[.\_\_\_\_\_Female\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(]{.underline}specify
subgroup)
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2 +) 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 100% 100% 95%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 75% 45% 40%
Number of students tested 34 29 28
3\. [Low-Income \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 100% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 100% 100% 95%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 75% 45% 40%
Number of students tested 37 38 36
**STATE SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic
State Mean Score (Elementary) 651 655 648 652
\% At or Above Proficient 67.6% 69.1% 65% 66.7%
State Mean Score (Intermediate) 712 703 704 701
\% At Advanced
State Mean Score
------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
> **STATE CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS**
>
> Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
> arts or English) and mathematics. Complete a separate form for reading
> (language arts or English) and mathematics at each grade level.
>
> Grade [8]{.underline}
>
> Test: [New York State Grade 4 English/Language Arts Statewide
> Assessment]{.underline}
>
> Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
> LLC]{.underline}
>
> Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
> [90]{.underline}
>
> Number of students who took the test [90]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[All groups included in]{.underline}
[testing at the Mott Hall School. All available test data was
used.]{.underline}
> Number excluded [0]{.underline} Percent excluded [0%]{.underline}
>
> For the school and state, report scores as the percentage of students
> tested whose performance was scored at or above the cut point used by
> the state for 1) basic, 2) proficient, and 3) advanced, or similar
> categories as defined by the state. States will vary in their
> terminology and cutpoints. If the state does not report scores using
> the categories of basic, proficient, and advanced, use the state's
> categories and report data for each category. Note that the reported
> percentage of students scoring above the basic cut point should
> include students scoring above the proficient and advanced cutpoints.
> For example, 100% of students are at "basic," 69% are at "proficient,"
> and 42% are at "advanced."
>
> **Explain the standards for basic, proficient, and advanced (or the
> relevant state categories), and make clear what the test results mean
> in a way that someone unfamiliar with the test can interpret the
> results.**
>
> Level 4: Students exceed the learning standards for English Language
> Arts. Their performance shows superior understanding of written and
> oral text. (Advanced)
>
> Level 3: Students meet the learning standards. Their performance shows
> through understanding of written and oral text. (Proficient)
>
> Level 2: Students show partial achievement of the learning standards.
> Their performance shows minimal understanding of written and oral
> text. (Basic)
>
> Level 1: Students do not meet the learning standards. Their
> performance shows minimal understanding of written and oral text.
Grade 8 English Language Arts New York State Test Results
------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 95.3% 98.9% 98.8%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 95.6% 85.8% 89.5% 82.1%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 30% 28.3% 23.2% 9.5%
Number of students tested 90 106 95 84
Percent of total students tested 100% 100% 100% 99%
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES
1[.\_\_\_\_Hispanic]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (specify
subgroup)
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 95.3% 98.7%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 95.6% 85.8% 88.8%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 30% 28.3% 24%
Number of students tested 71 84 75
2[.\_\_\_\_\_\_Female]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(specify
subgroup)
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 95.3% 100%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 95.6% 85.8% 93.7%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 30% 28.3% 25.4%
Number of students tested 54 64 57
3\. [Low-Income \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
\% At or Above Basic (Level 2+) 100% 95.3% 98.7%
\% At or Above Proficient (Level 3+) 95.6% 85.8% 87.5%
\% At Advanced (Level 4) 30% 28.3% 19.4%
Number of students tested 62 73 66
**STATE SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic
State Mean Score
\% At or Above Proficient 48.1% 44.8% 44.9% 44.3%
State Mean Score 698 697 699
\% At Advanced
State Mean Score
------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
> **STATE CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS**
>
> Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
> arts or English) and mathematics. Complete a separate form for reading
> (language arts or English) and mathematics at each grade level.
>
> Grade [8]{.underline}
>
> Test: [New York State Grade 4 Mathematics Statewide
> Assessment]{.underline}
>
> Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
> LLC]{.underline}
>
> Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
> [92]{.underline}
>
> Number of students who took the test [92]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[All groups included in]{.underline}
[testing at the Mott Hall School. All available test data was
used.]{.underline}
> Number excluded [0]{.underline} Percent excluded [0%]{.underline}
>
> For the school and state, report scores as the percentage of students
> tested whose performance was scored at or above the cut point used by
> the state for 1) basic, 2) proficient, and 3) advanced, or similar
> categories as defined by the state. States will vary in their
> terminology and cutpoints. If the state does not report scores using
> the categories of basic, proficient, and advanced, use the state's
> categories and report data for each category. Note that the reported
> percentage of students scoring above the basic cut point should
> include students scoring above the proficient and advanced cutpoints.
> For example, 100% of students are at "basic," 69% are at "proficient,"
> and 42% are at "advanced."
>
> **Explain the standards for basic, proficient, and advanced (or the
> relevant state categories), and make clear what the test results mean
> in a way that someone unfamiliar with the test can interpret the
> results.**
>
> Level 4: Students exceed the learning standards for Mathematics. Their
> performance shows superior understanding of mathematical computations,
> concepts and theories. (Advanced)
>
> Level 3: Students meet the learning standards. Their performance shows
> through understanding of mathematical computations, concepts and
> theories. (Proficient)
>
> Level 2: Students show partial achievement of the learning standards.
> Their performance shows minimal understanding of mathematical
> computations, concepts and theories. (Basic)
>
> Level 1: Students do not meet the learning standards. Their
> performance shows minimal understanding of mathematical computations,
> concepts and theories.
Grade 8 Mathematics New York State Test Results
------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month May May May May May
**SCHOOL SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic 100% 95.2% 97.9% 100% 92.6%
\% At or Above Proficient 96.7% 81.9% 79.2% 96.4% 91.3%
\% At Advanced 36.6% 15.2% 24% 19.3% 17.5%
Number of students tested 92 105 95 83 80
Percent of total students tested 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES
1[.\_\_\_\_\_Hispanic]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(specify subgroup)
\% At or Above Basic 100% 100% 97.5%
\% At or Above Proficient 97% 82% 79.0%
\% At Advanced 37% 15% 23%
Number of students tested 72 82 75
2[.\_\_\_\_Female\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(]{.underline}specify
subgroup)
\% At or Above Basic 100% 100% 98.4%
\% At or Above Proficient 97% 83% 79%
\% At Advanced 37% 15% 24%
Number of students tested 55 63 57
3\. [Low-Income \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
\% At or Above Basic 100% 100% 98.6%
\% At or Above Proficient 97% 98.4% 75.3%
\% At Advanced 37% 54.8% 17.8%
Number of students tested 63 72 66
**STATE SCORES**
\% At or Above Basic
State Mean Score
\% At or Above Proficient 39.4% 40.3% 37.9%
State Mean Score 703 704 701
\% At Advanced
State Mean Score
------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Use the same basic format for subgroup results. Complete a separate form
for each test and each grade level. Present *at least* three years of
data to show decreasing disparity among subgroups. Some subgroup
examples are:
(a) Socioeconomic Status (e.g., eligible for free and reduced meals, not
eligible for free and reduced meals)
> \(b\) Ethnicity (e.g., White, Black or African American, Hispanic or
> Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native)
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[4]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York State Grade 4
English/Language Arts Statewide Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[56]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [56]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [707.1]{.underline} 701.5 684.7 691.1 670.8
Number of students tested\* 56 50 44 51 26
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. Hispanic
Number of students tested
2\. Female
Number of students tested
3\. Low Income
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[4]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York State Grade 4
Mathematic Statewide Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[54]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [54]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month May May May May May
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [696.0]{.underline} 676.8 678.1 673.9 686.2
Number of students tested 54 48 44 50 25
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. [Hispanic]{.underline}
Number of students tested
2\. [Female]{.underline}
Number of students tested
3\. [Low Income]{.underline}
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[5]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York City Grade 5
English/Language Arts Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[78]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [78]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [693.1]{.underline} 695.2 694.8 681.5 682.5
Number of students tested 78 71 69 73 103
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. Hispanic
Number of students tested
2\. Female
Number of students tested
3\. Low Income
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[5]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York City Grade 5 CTB
Mathematic Statewide Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[78]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [78]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month May May May May May
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [698.1]{.underline} 693.3 693.1 705.6 685.0
Number of students tested 78 71 69 73 103
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. [Hispanic]{.underline}
Number of students tested
2\. [Female]{.underline}
Number of students tested
3\. [Low Income]{.underline}
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[6]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York City Grade 6
English/Language Arts Statewide Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[101]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [101]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- ------------------------ -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [Not 701.9 696.8 701.5 697.6
Available]{.underline}
Number of students tested 93 101 107 106
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. Hispanic
Number of students tested
2\. Female
Number of students tested
3\. Low Income
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- ------------------------ -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[6]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York City Grade 6 CTB
MathematicsAssessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[101]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [101]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [717.3]{.underline} 725.2 714.2 696.7 713.4
Number of students tested 101 93 101 73 106
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. Hispanic
Number of students tested
2\. Female
Number of students tested
3\. Low Income
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[7]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York City Grade 4
English/Language Arts Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[91]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [91]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
--------------------------- -- ------------------------ -- ------------------------ -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [Not [Not 704.6 708.1 707.2
Available]{.underline} Available]{.underline}
Number of students tested\* 107 102 87
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0
Percent of students 0% 0% 0%
excluded
SUBGROUP SCORES\*\*
1\. Hispanic
Number of students tested
2\. Female
Number of students tested
3\. Low Income
Number of students tested
--------------------------- -- ------------------------ -- ------------------------ -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*The Department of Education and its test publishers, CTB/McGraw Hill
have excluded 7^th^ Grade ELA scores for (2003-2002) from the school
report card.
\*\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[7]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York City Grade 7 CTB
Mathematic Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[91]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [91]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month May May May May May
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [724.7]{.underline} 729.4 710.1 723.2 722.7
Number of students tested 91 96 107 102 88
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. [Hispanic]{.underline}
Number of students tested
2\. [Female]{.underline}
Number of students tested
3\. [Low Income]{.underline}
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[8]{.underline}\_\_\_ Test\_[New York State Grade 8
English/Language Arts Statewide Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[90]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [90]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month January January January January January
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [730.0]{.underline} 721.2 721.3 716.7 726.1
Number of students tested 90 106 95 84 86
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1.Hispanic
Number of students tested
2\. Female
Number of students tested
3\. Low Income
Number of students tested
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
**[ASSESSMENTS]{.underline}**
**[REFERENCED AGAINST NATIONAL NORMS]{.underline}**
Provide the following information for all tests in reading (language
arts or English) and mathematics. Show at least three years of data.
Complete a separate form for each test and grade level, and place it on
a separate page.
Grade\_\_\_\_[8]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ Test\_[New York State Grade 8
Mathematics Statewide Assessment]{.underline}
Edition/publication year [2002]{.underline} Publisher [CTB/McGraw-Hill
LLC]{.underline}
Number of students in the grade in which the test was administered
[92]{.underline}
Number of students who took the test [92]{.underline}
What groups were excluded from testing? Why, and how were they assessed?
[None]{.underline}
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scores are reported here as (check one): NCEs\_\_\_\_ Scaled scores
[X]{.underline} Percentiles\_\_\_\_
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
Testing month
**SCHOOL SCORES**
Total Score [750.3]{.underline} 732.3 738.4 741.6 744.4
Number of students tested 92 105 96 83 80
Percent of total students 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
tested
Number of students excluded 0 0 0 0 0
Percent of students excluded 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SUBGROUP SCORES\*
1\. [Hispanic]{.underline}
Number of students tested
2\. [Female]{.underline}
Number of students tested
3\. Low Income
Number of students tested
4\.
----------------------------- -- --------------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -----------
If the reports use scaled scores, provide the national score (mean
score) and standard deviation for the total test and each subtest.
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999
**NATIONAL MEAN SCORE**
**NATIONAL STANDARD
DEVIATION**
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\*Data not available
| en |
all-txt-docs | 102324 | PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT...SUMMARY...RETRANSMISSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DENVER CO
1231 AM MDT TUE OCT 11 2005
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
1130 PM HEAVY SNOW 5 SW ELIZABETH 39.31N 104.67W
10/10/2005 17.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
3-4 FOOT DRIFTS
1100 PM HEAVY SNOW 2 W CASTLE ROCK 39.38N 104.89W
10/10/2005 13.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
CURRENTLY LIGHT SNOW
1052 PM HEAVY SNOW 12 SSW BOULDER 39.87N 105.34W
10/10/2005 16.2 INCHES JEFFERSON CO CO-OP OBSERVER
WATER CONTENT 2.3 INCHES . COAL CREEK CANYON
1035 PM HEAVY SNOW 8 SE WATKINS 39.67N 104.49W
10/10/2005 22.0 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
DRIFTS UP TO 8 FEET. ALL TREES EITHER DAMAGED OR
DESTROYED. LIQUID CONTENT 2.8 INCHES .
0955 PM HEAVY SNOW DENVER INTERNATIONAL AI 39.87N 104.67W
10/10/2005 9.6 INCHES DENVER CO AMATEUR RADIO
0935 PM HEAVY SNOW DEER TRAIL 39.62N 104.04W
10/10/2005 20.0 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO AMATEUR RADIO
STILL 1/2 INCH PER HOUR.
0933 PM HEAVY SNOW CEDAR POINT 39.35N 103.82W
10/10/2005 10.0 INCHES ELBERT CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0931 PM HEAVY SNOW LIMON 39.27N 103.69W
10/10/2005 10.0 INCHES LINCOLN CO TRAINED SPOTTER
CURRENTLY LIGHT RAIN. SNOW TO RAIN AT 730PM.
0930 PM HEAVY SNOW STRASBURG 39.74N 104.30W
10/10/2005 20.0 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
1/2 INCH PER HOUR
0900 PM HEAVY SNOW 7 SW BOULDER 39.96N 105.34W
10/10/2005 14.0 INCHES BOULDER CO AMATEUR RADIO
0842 PM HEAVY SNOW FAIRPLAY 39.22N 106.00W
10/10/2005 15.0 INCHES PARK CO TRAINED SPOTTER
S- NOW 1/4 - 1/2 INCH PER HOUR
0827 PM HEAVY SNOW 2 SW GOLDEN 39.72N 105.25W
10/10/2005 12.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
WATER CONTENT 2.2 INCHES
0714 PM HEAVY SNOW LITTLETON 39.59N 105.01W
10/10/2005 9.5 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0600 PM HEAVY SNOW 4 SSE BENNETT 39.70N 104.39W
10/10/2005 18.6 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0600 PM HEAVY SNOW 9 SSE AURORA 39.58N 104.75W
10/10/2005 16.5 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
TOTAL WATER AMOUNT 2.0 INCHES .
0530 PM HEAVY SNOW 5 SW ELIZABETH 39.31N 104.67W
10/10/2005 14.5 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
HEAVY TREE DAMAGE.
0520 PM HEAVY SNOW 2 W HIGHLANDS RANCH 39.55N 105.01W
10/10/2005 7.5 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0505 PM HEAVY SNOW CENTENNIAL 39.60N 104.87W
10/10/2005 11.8 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO NWS EMPLOYEE
0500 PM HEAVY SNOW BENNETT 39.76N 104.42W
10/10/2005 18.0 INCHES ADAMS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
STILL SNOWING HEAVILY AT 5PM
0500 PM HEAVY SNOW 8 SE WATKINS 39.67N 104.49W
10/10/2005 19.0 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
WATER EQUIVALENT 2.6 INCHES
0500 PM HEAVY SNOW PARKER 39.51N 104.76W
10/10/2005 11.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO CO-OP OBSERVER
0447 PM HEAVY SNOW 5 SW SEDALIA 39.38N 105.04W
10/10/2005 8.2 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0410 PM HEAVY SNOW 22 S BYERS 39.39N 104.22W
10/10/2005 20.0 INCHES ELBERT CO TRAINED SPOTTER
DRIFTS FROM 3 FEET UP TO THE ROOF TOP.
0400 PM SNOW FRASER 39.94N 105.79W
10/10/2005 4.7 INCHES GRAND CO CO-OP OBSERVER
0355 PM HEAVY SNOW 1 N STRASBURG 39.75N 104.30W
10/10/2005 18.0 INCHES ADAMS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
CURRENTLY MODERATE SNOW 1/2 MILE VSBY
0316 PM SNOW DENVER 39.73N 104.96W
10/10/2005 3.5 INCHES DENVER CO TRAINED SPOTTER
SOME BROKEN TREE LIMBS
0313 PM HEAVY SNOW 4 E PARKER 39.51N 104.69W
10/10/2005 13.8 INCHES DOUGLAS CO AMATEUR RADIO
0301 PM HEAVY SNOW E DEER TRAIL 39.62N 104.04W
10/10/2005 15.0 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO AMATEUR RADIO
HORRENDOUS SNOW STORM. HUNDREDS OF TREES DAMAGED, SOME 1
FOOT IN DIAMETER.
0300 PM SNOW LIMON 39.27N 103.69W
10/10/2005 4.0 INCHES LINCOLN CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0233 PM SNOW ARVADA 39.82N 105.11W
10/10/2005 2.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO NWS EMPLOYEE
52ND AVE. AND WARD. MOSTLY MELTED. ROADS ONLY WET
1244 PM HEAVY SNOW GENESEE 39.69N 105.27W
10/10/2005 12.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
1228 PM HEAVY SNOW BENNETT 39.76N 104.42W
10/10/2005 12.0 INCHES ADAMS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
SNOW DEPTH ESTIMATED 12 TO 15 INCHES. DRIFTS TO 3 FEET.
WINDS ARE HOWLING WITH VISIBILITY 1/8 MILE.
1221 PM HEAVY SNOW CASTLE ROCK 39.38N 104.85W
10/10/2005 12.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
1216 PM HEAVY SNOW HIGHLANDS RANCH 39.55N 104.97W
10/10/2005 6.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
SNOWING 1/2 INCH PER HOUR.
1158 AM HEAVY SNOW 1 N STRASBURG 39.75N 104.30W
10/10/2005 15.0 INCHES ADAMS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
STILL LIGHT TO MPDERATE SNOW.
1150 AM SNOW 4 ENE BARR LAKE 39.98N 104.70W
10/10/2005 5.0 INCHES ADAMS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
SNOWING HARD. LARGE LIMBS ON TREES BREAKING OFF.
1145 AM HEAVY SNOW 9 SW SEDALIA 39.34N 105.09W
10/10/2005 18.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
STILL SNOWING AT RATE OF 1 INCH PER HOUR.
1123 AM HEAVY SNOW 3 SE GREENLAND 39.12N 104.78W
10/10/2005 12.0 INCHES EL PASO CO TRAINED SPOTTER
SINCE 8 PM SUNDAY.
1115 AM HEAVY SNOW 1 E GENESEE 39.69N 105.25W
10/10/2005 11.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
1112 AM HEAVY SNOW CENTENNIAL 39.60N 104.87W
10/10/2005 10.5 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO NWS EMPLOYEE
STORM TOTAL. TREE DAMAGE.
1100 AM HEAVY SNOW 8 SE WATKINS 39.67N 104.49W
10/10/2005 16.0 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
1.96 LIQUID PAST 18 HOURS. FOUR FOOT DRIFTS.
0945 AM HEAVY SNOW 9 SSE AURORA 39.58N 104.75W
10/10/2005 12.7 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
3.5 INCHES SINCE 7 AM. 10 INCHES ON GRASS. 6 INCHES ON
ROADS AND SIDEWALKS.
0930 AM HEAVY SNOW GREENWOOD VILLAGE 39.62N 104.92W
10/10/2005 6.5 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
CONSIDERABLE TREE DAMAGE.
0914 AM SNOW LAKEWOOD 39.70N 105.11W
10/10/2005 2.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
ON GRASSY AREAS. ROADS JUST WET.
0900 AM HEAVY SNOW 1 N STRASBURG 39.75N 104.30W
10/10/2005 12.0 INCHES ADAMS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
5 INCHES SINCE 545 AM. LOTS OF TREE DAMAGE.
0900 AM HEAVY SNOW 4 WSW ELDORADO SPRINGS 39.91N 105.33W
10/10/2005 10.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0900 AM HEAVY SNOW 3 S TINY TOWN 39.56N 105.22W
10/10/2005 7.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO CO-OP OBSERVER
0842 AM HEAVY SNOW 1 NE BRECKENRIDGE 39.52N 106.03W
10/10/2005 19.0 INCHES SUMMIT CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0830 AM SNOW SE DENVER 39.73N 104.96W
10/10/2005 5.4 INCHES DENVER CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0830 AM HEAVY SNOW CENTENNIAL 39.60N 104.87W
10/10/2005 8.2 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO NWS EMPLOYEE
0826 AM HEAVY SNOW GENESEE 39.69N 105.27W
10/10/2005 9.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0815 AM SNOW HIGHLANDS RANCH 39.55N 104.97W
10/10/2005 4.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0800 AM HEAVY SNOW 2 SSW BEVERLY HILLS 39.45N 104.89W
10/10/2005 8.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0800 AM HEAVY SNOW 4 WNW CONIFER 39.54N 105.37W
10/10/2005 9.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO AMATEUR RADIO
0800 AM HEAVY SNOW 3 SSW LARKSPUR 39.14N 104.92W
10/10/2005 10.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
1 MILE NORTH OF PALMER LAKE.
0800 AM SNOW 2 ENE BERGEN PARK 39.71N 105.32W
10/10/2005 4.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0800 AM HEAVY SNOW 4 SSE BENNETT 39.70N 104.39W
10/10/2005 9.0 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0800 AM SNOW GENOA 39.28N 103.50W
10/10/2005 2.0 INCHES LINCOLN CO CO-OP OBSERVER
0800 AM SNOW GEORGETOWN 39.72N 105.70W
10/10/2005 5.7 INCHES CLEAR CREEK CO CO-OP OBSERVER
0737 AM HEAVY SNOW 2 SW GOLDEN 39.72N 105.25W
10/10/2005 8.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0732 AM HEAVY SNOW 3 N BLACK HAWK 39.84N 105.49W
10/10/2005 8.0 INCHES GILPIN CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0700 AM SNOW CHEESMAN RESERVOIR 39.21N 105.27W
10/10/2005 3.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO CO-OP OBSERVER
0700 AM HEAVY SNOW DILLON 39.62N 106.04W
10/10/2005 7.0 INCHES SUMMIT CO CO-OP OBSERVER
6 INCHES ON GROUND.
0700 AM SNOW 3 SSE MORRISON 39.61N 105.16W
10/10/2005 3.0 INCHES JEFFERSON CO AMATEUR RADIO
0700 AM SNOW 4 NE BAILEY 39.45N 105.42W
10/10/2005 4.0 INCHES PARK CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0700 AM HEAVY SNOW 1 NW NEDERLAND 39.97N 105.52W
10/10/2005 6.7 INCHES BOULDER CO AMATEUR RADIO
0700 AM HEAVY SNOW 8 SE MATHESON 39.09N 103.87W
10/10/2005 7.0 INCHES ELBERT CO CO-OP OBSERVER
0700 AM SNOW LONE TREE 39.54N 104.89W
10/10/2005 5.0 INCHES DOUGLAS CO AMATEUR RADIO
0700 AM HEAVY SNOW 4 E NEDERLAND 39.96N 105.43W
10/10/2005 7.5 INCHES BOULDER CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0700 AM HEAVY SNOW 9 SSE AURORA 39.58N 104.75W
10/10/2005 9.2 INCHES ARAPAHOE CO TRAINED SPOTTER
8 INCHES ON GRASS. 3 TO 6 INCHES ON ROADS/SIDEWALKS.
0700 AM SNOW 3 NE FRANKTOWN 39.42N 104.71W
10/10/2005 4.5 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0700 AM HEAVY SNOW 3 W JAMESTOWN 40.12N 105.45W
10/10/2005 9.0 INCHES BOULDER CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0700 AM HEAVY SNOW 1 SSE PERRY PARK 39.24N 104.97W
10/10/2005 6.2 INCHES DOUGLAS CO TRAINED SPOTTER
0645 AM SNOW 4 S EVERGREEN 39.58N 105.34W
10/10/2005 5.9 INCHES JEFFERSON CO TRAINED SPOTTER
3.4 INCHES SINCE MIDNIGHT.
BENTON
| en |
converted_docs | 250284 | **Report To Congress:**
**Impact of Voluntary Flexible**
**Agreements in the Federal Family**
**Education Loan Program**
{width="2.3125in" height="2.28125in"}
# U.S. Department of Education
**Federal Student Assistance**
**Financial Partners**
June 23, 2003
Voluntary Flexible Agreement Report
I. **Introduction**
In January 2002, the Department of Education (ED) provided an Interim
Report to Congress titled " Impact of Voluntary Flexible Agreements in
the Federal Family Education Loan Program". In that report, ED reviewed
the selection and status of the Voluntary Flexible Agreements (VFAs).
Specifically, ED provided a brief overview of the terms of the VFA
authority; the process ED followed in entering into the agreements; the
specific terms and conditions of each of the four individual agreements;
and a summary of the performance measures that ED intended to use to
analyze the impact of VFAs on the FFEL program.
The interim report did not offer any conclusions about the effectiveness
of the VFA program because the agreements were in place for less than
one year when the report was drafted. During that time, there was a
significant development period both within the agencies and within ED as
the terms of the agreements were implemented. Further, ED was faced with
the challenge of developing, benchmarking and standardizing reporting
processes to enable a consistent analysis. ED also wanted to have at
least one full year of data in order to accurately reflect on the impact
of the agreements. Indeed, in some cases, it takes at least one year
before results can be measured. For example, a default is defined as 270
days in delinquency. If work is performed at 60 days delinquent or
earlier, sufficient time must elapse to verify the success in preventing
default.
*Purpose of This Report*
Although there were some notable early lessons that were shared about
the VFA program in the interim report, ED promised a follow-up report to
discuss the progress of the VFA program. This report provides the
following:
- A summary of the evolution of the VFA agreements.
- Results of the analysis of VFA performance through FY2002 including
a summary of the performance indicator results for the VFAs as
compared to the 32 non-VFA guaranty agencies (GAs). This section
describes the observed results and the limitations ED discovered in
using these metrics for evaluation of VFA performance.
- A summary of feedback from servicers and other GAs regarding the
impact of the VFA program on the Federal Family Education Loan
Program (FFELP).
- Conclusions and next steps for ED.
- Detailed descriptions provided by each VFA Agency of its default and
delinquency programs in place through FY2002 and FY2003 to date
(Appendix).
# II. Evolution of the VFA
# *VFA Legislation*
In 1998, Congress amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA) to
authorize the Secretary of Education to enter into VFAs with GAs. These
VFAs would replace the standard guaranty agency agreements for those
agencies. The law allowed for no more than six VFAs during fiscal years
1999, 2000, and 2001. Beginning with fiscal year 2002, the law allows
any GA or consortium of agencies to enter into a VFA with the Secretary.
The Secretary entered into VFAs with four agencies during FY 2001 and
those agreements remain in place. Although several other guarantors have
made informal inquiries regarding the possibility of entering into a VFA
since the limitation expired, only one additional agency has submitted a
formal request for a VFA. This request is being evaluated for cost
neutrality to ED.
As ED explained in its initial report, the statute allows the Secretary
to waive or modify, through a VFA, any statutory and regulatory
requirement on the guaranty agency, except statutory requirements
pertaining to the terms and conditions of student loans or payment of
lenders' default claim payments. Additionally, the Secretary may not
waive the statutory prohibition on inducements by GAs unless the
Secretary determines that the waiver is consistent with the objectives
of the VFA authority, and the waiver is limited to activities in the
states where the GA is the designated guarantor. Each of the VFAs
provides waivers of a variety of statutory and regulatory provisions;
however, none of these waivers relate to inducements.
# *Changes Under the VFA Program*
The VFAs incorporate and modify the existing FFELP agreements between ED
and the participating GAs in order to test new and innovative methods
for carrying out the types of activities currently required of GAs. The
intent is to find a more efficient and effective means of managing the
FFELP through examining alternatives to the current GA model and its fee
and revenue structure.
Four GAs entered into VFAs with the Department: American Student
Assistance (ASA), California Student Aid Commission (CSAC), Great Lakes
Higher Education Guaranty Corporation (Great Lakes) and TG Student Loan
Corporation (TG). The activities implemented by the GAs under the VFAs
have a common theme---to improve the efficiency of collections and to
shift incentives from back-end collection on defaulted loans to
avoidance of defaults in the first place. Specifically,
1. ASA is testing portfolio "wellness", the concept that the borrower
is a customer and that an improved relationship between the borrower
and the GA or lender is the key to ameliorating the ills of
delinquency and default.
2. CSAC is placing more emphasis on default prevention by working with
borrowers earlier in the life cycle of the loan. Services such as
outreach to borrowers have been enhanced to promote educational
opportunity and responsible borrowing. CSAC is also revamping its
claims and collections process to be more efficient and effective.
3. Great Lakes has replaced all federal revenue streams with a single
performance-based fee indexed to its ability to "cure", or repair,
delinquencies to provide a financial incentive to concentrate on
default avoidance.
4. TG has a comprehensive modification to its payment structure to tie
payment to improved performance, with increased emphasis on
pre-delinquency and default aversion, in addition to locating,
rehabilitating and collecting on defaulted loans.
The VFA with Great Lakes was signed in November 2000 and later amended
in July 2002. The other VFAs were signed in March 2001.
**III. Performance Indicators and Results**
Section 428A of the HEA provides that ED include in its report to
Congress on VFAs "a description of the standards by which each agency's
performance under the agency's voluntary flexible agreement was assessed
and the degree to which each agency achieved the performance standards."
In consultation with the GA community, ED established common, general
indicators to evaluate the performance of each VFA and, whenever
possible, to compare VFA GA performance with non-VFA GA performance. The
measures include:
- Analyzing the **dollar ratio of lender held loans** to the total GA
loan portfolio. This measure indicates the GA's success at ensuring
that fewer loans are entering default.
- Utilizing the reinsurance **trigger rate** to monitor the GA's
success at default aversion. The trigger rate represents the total
default reinsurance claims paid by ED to a GA as a percentage of the
amount of loans in repayment at the end of the preceding fiscal
year. (Section 428(c)(1)(B) of the HEA.)
- Determining GA effectiveness in **collection recoveries** in order
to monitor the GA's ability to recover funds from its defaulted loan
portfolio.
Supplemental indicators include:
- Assessing the ability of the GAs and ED to effectively administer
the program without guaranty agency reserves (**escrow account**).
- Monitoring the percentage of National Student Loan Data System
(NSLDS) records entered correctly by the VFAs as a percentage of the
total number of possible entry records (**data pass rate**) in order
to measure data integrity.
- Monitoring the VFA GA\'s **market share** in comparison to the other
32 GAs.
In order to provide a basis for evaluating the performance of GAs with a
VFA, the performance indicators are benchmarked against individual
historical performance, the other VFA GAs, and the non-VFA GAs to assess
whether performance has improved, deteriorated or remained the same. For
example, the dollar ratio of loans being held at a lender or servicer
for collections as of a certain date provides little meaningful data if
not compared to the performance in the categories mentioned above.
ED acknowledges that the use of these high level performance indicators
without the underlying analysis of trends unique to the individual VFA
and non-VFA GAs does not provide definitive data regarding the true
success or failure of this initiative. ED is performing this more
comprehensive analysis and provides the following as an initial
indicator of potential results.
*Dollar Ratio of Lender Held Loans*
The dollar ratio of lender held loans provides a mechanism to examine
whether a GA is successful at avoiding defaults. The more loans retained
by the lender means fewer loans turned over to the GA in default. In
order to analyze the success of the VFAs in preventing default, it is
important not only to look at the percentages before commencement of the
VFA program (FY 2000) compared to after (FY 2001 and FY 2002), but also
to examine the trends throughout the FFEL program.
Based on data from the NSLDS benchmark reports for FY 2000, FY 2001, and
FY 2002, there has been an industry trend of increased lender held loans
among the non-VFA GAs. This may suggest an overall industry trend in
successful default prevention. Among the VFA's, CSAC has demonstrated
the most dramatic change in the percentage of lender held loans. ED is
undertaking additional research into the reasons for this change. Great
Lakes, on the other hand, has consistently maintained a ratio that far
exceeds the industry average, suggesting that this measure may not be a
good indicator of that agency's performance as a VFA. In general, this
performance indicator does not account for independent lender or
servicer activity that may be contributing to overall default aversion
and those factors also need identification, as well as the contributions
associated with lender/servicer/VFA partnerships.
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
| Agency | Dollar | Dollar | Dollar Ratio | Difference |
| | Ratio of | Ratio of | of Lender | |
| | Lender Held | Lender Held | Held Loans | (FY |
| | Loans (FY | Loans (FY | (FY | 2000-FY |
| | 2000) | 2001) | 2002)[^1] | 2002) |
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
| CSAC | 85.57% | 88.03% | 89.98% | 4.41% |
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
| ASA | 89.74% | 89.92% | 92.06% | 2.32% |
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
| TG | 91.76% | 91.83% | 91.78% | .02% |
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
| Great | 95.17% | 95.29% | 96.23% | 1.06% |
| Lakes | | | | |
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
| Non-VFA | 90.61% | 91.53% | 92.26% | 1.65% |
| Average | | | | |
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
### Trigger Rate
###
Pursuant to Section 428(c) of the HEA and 34 C.F.R. § 682.404, the
Secretary pays reinsurance to GAs depending on their "trigger rate". ED
generally reimburses the GA for 95% of its losses on default claim
payments to lenders. If, however, the total reinsurance claims paid by
ED reaches five percent of the amount of loans in repayment at the end
of the preceding fiscal year, the reinsurance payment on default claims
subsequently paid by the GA is reduced. This is the reinsurance trigger
rate.
In addition to using this rate to determine if a GA is to receive a
reduction in its reinsurance rate, it was assumed in the initial
analysis of the VFA performance indicators that the reinsurance trigger
rate could also be used for monitoring default aversion success. The
assumption is that a lower reinsurance trigger rate indicates greater
success in default aversion. Since this figure is influenced by the
composition of a GA's portfolio, yearly fluctuations in that
composition, and the number of loans guaranteed by the GA that are
consolidated ED is performing additional analysis of this measure as a
true performance indicator.
The following chart illustrates the trigger rates for FY 2000, FY 2001,
and FY 2002.
+----------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
| Agency | Trigger Rate | Trigger Rate | Trigger |
| | | | Rate[^2] |
| | (FY 2000) | (FY 2001) | |
| | | | (FY 2002) |
+----------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
| CSAC | 2.59% | 2.61% | 2.52% |
+----------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
| ASA | .99% | 1.32% | 1.24% |
+----------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
| TG | 2.0% | 2.77% | 3.25% |
+----------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
| Great Lakes | 1.17% | 1.46% | 1.06% |
+----------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
| Non VFA Average | 1.73% | 2.15% | 1.76% |
+----------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
Trigger rates increased for all entities in FY 2001 indicating common
factors impacting the entire industry. With the exception of TG, trigger
rates decreased across the board between FY 2001 and FY 2002. This trend
may be an indicator of VFA and industry wide successes, but it requires
a more detailed regional and portfolio trend analysis to verify the high
level results.
*Collection Recovery Rate*
The Collection Recovery Rate is the total dollar amount of principal and
accrued interest collected by a GA on defaulted loans during the current
and prior
quarters of the fiscal year represented as a percentage of the total
dollar amount of principal and interest in default as of the beginning
of the fiscal year. This rate monitors a GA's ability to collect on the
default loans it holds. The collection recovery rate includes recoveries
made through straight collections as well as through consolidation. The
extensive use of consolidation as a collection recovery vehicle can
increase the collection recovery rate. ED is in the process of
re-evaluating this performance measure and reviewing data that reflects
recoveries based on all recovery types for both the VFA GAs and the
non-VFA GAs. Loan consolidations will be removed from the equation in
the follow-up analysis and the performance indicator will be
recalculated.
The following chart provides year-end collection recovery rate
percentages for FY 2000, FY 2001, and FY 2002.[^3]
-------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------
Agency Collection Collection Collection
Recovery Rate FY Recovery Rate FY Recovery Rate FY
2000 2001 2002[^4]
CSAC 19.16% 23.18% 26.93%
ASA 20.25% 18.29% 16.46%[^5]
TG 27.08% 26.17% 29.49%
Great Lakes 22.85% 26.53% 24.31%
Non-VFA Average 20.66% 26.07% 26.13%
-------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------
The GA industry's collection recovery rates increased dramatically in FY
2001 and remained constant through FY 2002. This may be attributed to
the rise in consolidation volume and its impact on collection recovery
rates. Among the GAs with VFAs, CSAC and TG have experienced increases
in their recovery rates due in part to their consolidation volume. The
downward trends in ASA and Great Lakes may be attributed to the large
percentage of rehabilitation loans in their portfolios or greater
collection challenges.
*Market Share*
In the initial report, ED promised to evaluate each agency's loan volume
and economic condition and the loan volume and economic condition of
other guaranty agencies. This was in response to some concern from the
FFELP community that there could be unintended consequences for their
businesses as a result of the implementation of the VFA agreements. In
order to determine whether the VFAs have had a competitive advantage, ED
evaluated the VFA market share in relation to the non-VFA GAs.
Specifically, market share is measured by "Net Guarantees." This measure
represents the amount of new net guarantees in the fiscal year as a
percentage of the total net guarantee portfolio.
ED also consulted with GAs, servicers and lenders to determine if the
agreements have had an adverse impact on other financial partners.
Based on ED's analysis of new guarantees, it appears that market share
for the VFA GAs has increased slightly for two of the agencies (CSAC,
ASA) and decreased slightly for the other two agencies (TG, Great
Lakes). For non-VFA guarantors, market share has decreased by a marginal
amount each year. Since these figures represent "snap shot" data as of
the end of each fiscal year, ED is performing additional analysis of
these results to determine if this data represents a consistent trend or
if the data represents point in time fluctuations in overall market
share. ED is also assessing regional market trends to determine regional
shifts in new volume and to assess where the change in non-VFA market
share is being driven.
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
| Agency | Market | Market | Market | Difference |
| | Share FY | Share FY | Share FY | |
| | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | (FY 2000 - |
| | | | | FY2002) |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
| CSAC | 8.13% | 8.37% | 8.75% | \+ .62% |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
| ASA | 3.93% | 3.84% | 4.73% | \+ .80% |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
| TG | 6.47% | 6.51% | 6.29% | \- .18% |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
| Great Lakes | 7.90% | 7.61% | 7.55% | \- .35% |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
| Non-VFA Market | 73.57% | 73.67% | 72.68% | \- .89% |
| Share | | | | |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
Community reaction to the VFAs is discussed in Section IV, below.
*Data Integrity*
> Although only the ASA VFA includes improved Data Integrity as a
> specific goal of the VFA, ED thought it would be beneficial to include
> a measure to validate the accuracy of the data being provided to the
> Department for use in calculating the other performance measures.
> Specifically, NSLDS data is used to calculate the Dollar Ratio of
> Lender Held Loans measure as well as the market share measure.
> Therefore, in order to verify that the VFA GAs are accurately
> reporting NSLDS data, ED Program Review Specialists conducted
> interviews with ED NSLDS personnel and with GA NSLDS Specialists. The
> reviewers also analyzed the monthly GA benchmark reports through
> December 2002. These monthly reports are compiled by the NSLDS staff
> to assess the accuracy of all GA submissions. The reviewers observed
> continuous improvement in the data pass rate as well as in the updated
> outstanding balances and status codes for lender held loans, which
> demonstrates that the GAs are updating their systems with data being
> submitted by their lenders.
>
> To evaluate the accuracy of the status codes and balances, the review
> team performed the following:
1. Selected a random sample of loan records from the GAs' NSLDS extract
file using a statistically valid random sample having a proportional
acceptable error of 0.05 and 95% confidence level.
2. Each GA produced a report listing loan status, loan balances and
effective dates for each loan record in the sample. The GA report
listed the data as it appeared in the agency's system extract and as
it was reported in the most recent lender manifest reports.
3. The loan records were then compared with data currently residing on
NSLDS.
4. The team analyzed the report to determine the percent of matches
between the three systems that impact data used for evaluating GA
performance.
The following table shows the percentage of matches:
+-----------+------+------------+------------+----------+-------------+
| > GA | > Sa | > \# of | > \% of | > \# of | > \% of |
| | mple | > Records | > Matches | > | > Matches |
| | > | > on | > Between | Records | > \* |
| | Size | > Agency | > NSLDS | > on | > Between |
| | | > Extract | > Data and | > Agency | > Lender |
| | | > Matching | > GA | > | > Manifest |
| | | > NSLDS | > System | Extract | > and GA |
| | | | > Data. | > | > Data |
| | | | | Matching | |
| | | | | > Lender | |
| | | | | > | |
| | | | | Manifest | |
+-----------+------+------------+------------+----------+-------------+
| > CSAC | > | > 384 | > 100% | > 384 | > 100% |
| | 384 | | | | |
+-----------+------+------------+------------+----------+-------------+
| > ASA | > | > 380 | > 99% | > 342 | > 90% |
| | 384 | | | | |
+-----------+------+------------+------------+----------+-------------+
| > TG | > | > 382 | > 99.4% | > 383 | > 99.7% |
| | 384 | | | | |
+-----------+------+------------+------------+----------+-------------+
| > Great | > | > 382 | > 99.4% | > 377 | > 98.2% |
| > Lakes | 384 | | | | |
+-----------+------+------------+------------+----------+-------------+
> \*Loans held by the GA and correctly omitted from the lender manifest
> are treated as matches. Non-matches include both missing data and
> differences in status codes.
According to the NSLDS Benchmark reports for FY 2000, FY 2001, and FY
2002, the Data Pass Rates are as follows:
+------------+------------+------------+------------+----------------+
| Agency | Data Pass | Data Pass | Data Pass | Difference |
| | Rate (FY | Rate | Rate | |
| | 2000) | | | (FY 2000 - FY |
| | | (FY 2001) | (FY 2002) | 2002) |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+----------------+
| CSAC | 97.48% | 97.79% | 97.43% | \- .05%[^6] |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+----------------+
| ASA | 95.94% | 97.80% | 98.56% | \+ 2.62% |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+----------------+
| TG | 99.72% | 97.49% | 99.81% | \+ .09% |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+----------------+
| Great | 97.72% | 97.04% | 99.38% | \+ 1.66% |
| Lakes | | | | |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+----------------+
| Non-VFA | 97.48% | 97.47% | 97.69% | \+ .21% |
| Average | | | | |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+----------------+
Overall, NSLDS data integrity is increasing for both VFA and Non-VFA
GAs.
*Escrow Account*
Three of the four VFA agencies have an alternative claim payment-funding
model. Generally, a GA uses its Federal Fund to pay claims to lenders.
As part of these VFAs, the GA moved its Federal Fund to an escrow
account that could only be used in very limited circumstances. The VFAs
replaced access to the Federal Fund with a process by which the GA
notified ED of the amount of the pending claims for a set period of time
and ED provided funds to the GA to pay these claims. To evaluate this
system, ED collected data and interviewed the GAs regarding the use of
the Federal Fund in escrow and the timing of ED funding for claim
payments. ED's analysis indicates that this may be a viable alternative
method of paying claims, with the following exceptions:
- All three VFA agencies have experienced late payment of funds by ED.
Late funding by ED puts agencies in a position of not paying claims
timely or paying with checks issued from accounts that have not been
funded.
- A review of the bank statements for the GA with an established
Federal Fund escrow account showed no unauthorized withdrawals from
the accounts. However, because of late funding by ED, some agencies
chose to pay claims using other funds available to them. The VFA
agreements prohibit withdrawing money from the Federal Fund escrow
account for claim payments until 30 days after the agencies submit
requests for the money.
Specifically, each of the three agencies using this model has
experienced late payment of their invoices by ED as follow:
+----------+-------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Agency | Number of Claim | Number of Instances Ed Funded |
| | Requests Reviewed | Agency Later Than 7 Days. |
+----------+-------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Great | 61 | 4 |
| Lakes | | |
+----------+-------------------------+--------------------------------+
| ASA | # 52 | 5 |
+----------+-------------------------+--------------------------------+
| TG | 57 | 9 |
+----------+-------------------------+--------------------------------+
Each of the GAs has an automated claim check processing system. Checks
are automatically issued and mailed to lenders on a specific day each
week. If ED is late in funding the claim payment bank accounts, the GAs
could be put in a position of potentially issuing checks on accounts
with insufficient balances.
Interviews with the agencies using this funding model show that they
embrace the concept and believe it to be valuable. In some instances
during the reporting period alternate funding was used, but the source
and availability of the alternate funding is not assured in the future.
As of March 2003, all agencies agree that ED has improved in its ability
to provide timely funding and that funding should not be an issue moving
forward.
### **IV. Community Reaction**
To solicit feedback on the VFA program from other GAs, lenders and
servicers, ED developed a questionnaire for lenders, servicers and GAs.
Questions to lenders and servicers included the following:
1. How have you been impacted by the VFAs?
2. What is your overall opinion of the VFA program?
3. Have you worked with any VFA GAs? If so, what was the result?
4. Have there been unintended consequences for your business process as
a result of the implementation of the VFAs?
5. Has your relationship with any of the VFA GAs changed since the
program was started?
6. Has your relationship with any non-VFA GA changed since the VFA
program started?
7. Have you found it different working with VFA GAs?
8. Do you find the relationship with the VFA GAs easier or harder than
before?
9. Do you feel that VFA default aversion programs lessen the burden on
you with respect to default aversion strategies?
10. If you work with ASA, Great Lakes, or TG, have you noticed
differences since they escrowed their Federal Fund?
> In addition to the questions above, GAs were asked:
1. Did you attempt to enter into a VFA with ED?
2. If given the opportunity now, would you consider entering into a
VFA?
3. Do you feel VFA GAs are at an advantage or disadvantage compared to
GAs working under the standard agreement?
4. Do you feel that GAs with a VFA can operate fairly in the same
market with GAs operating under the standard agreement?
5. Do you feel that the terms and conditions in the VFAs are scalable
and transferable to the wider FFEL community?
6. Is there any part of the VFAs that you would like to see blended
into your agreement with ED?
7. Have you worked with any lenders or servicers to develop default
aversion programs?
In response to this questionnaire, ED received the following feedback
from three servicers and five GAs. ED received no comments from FFELP
lenders:
*Servicers*
One servicer that responded to the questionnaire primarily discussed its
experience as a Certified Compliant servicer for Great Lakes. With this
designation, Great Lakes pays claims submitted by the lender without a
pre-payment detailed claim review. This impacts the number of loan
returns received by the organization. It also improves the turnaround
time for the servicer's receipt of claim payments. Further, the servicer
experienced more frequent communications with the guarantor since the
VFA was initiated. This servicer is extremely pleased with the VFA
program and expressed interest in expanding it.
The second servicer, who is working with a number of the VFA GAs, has
had differing experiences with the program. It appears that the servicer
had a number of disagreements with one of the guarantors concerning
non-regulatory requirements imposed by the guarantor. Although this
servicer supports the concept of experimentation and the development of
alternative financing models to encourage performance-based compensation
of GAs, it stated that it does not support programs "that appear to only
benefit the guarantor." This servicer also expressed concern that the
VFA program and the flexible nature of the agreements could be
counterproductive to standardization initiatives that the industry has
established over a period of time. The servicer is also concerned that
the monitoring and evaluation of the program was not established prior
to the implementation of the VFA program.
The second servicer also described positive experiences with the
partnering efforts of Great Lakes and ASA. In particular, the servicer
mentioned that its relationship with ASA was greatly enhanced. Under the
VFA program, the servicer felt that ASA recognized the servicer as a
true partner with a common goal. On the other hand, this servicer is
dissatisfied with TG's initiative relating to the filing of default
aversion assistance requests. The servicer explained that this
initiative has increased system costs and has exposed the organization
to risks that are not present with other GAs.
The third servicer that responded to the questionnaire has not seen any
direct positive enhancements to the FFELP as a result of the VFA
programs. This servicer has relationships with all four VFA GAs and has
seen no impact on origination or disbursement. Further, they have seen
no reductions in delinquency or default, or program simplification. This
servicer also complained about TG's modification to the default aversion
assistance request process. The servicer did not anticipate that the
agency would impose a change in the timeframe in which lenders were
permitted to file default aversion requests. The servicer also commented
on the claim filing procedures implemented by Great Lakes. Although
there was a perceived benefit relating to the procedures, it appears to
require additional documentation for one third of the accounts filed.
Because the change was fairly recent, however, the servicer stated that
it was difficult to determine any substantial benefits attributable to
the change.
*Guaranty Agencies*
In general, the non-VFA GAs that responded to the questionnaire are
supportive of the VFA program. The GAs that responded said that they are
always interested in developing new ways to improve the FFELP and are
enthusiastic about discovering innovative approaches to student aid
delivery. Additionally, there are elements of the VFAs, such as
realignment of incentives and treatment of the Federal Fund, which some
GAs believe would be worth considering in a wider context. The
overwhelming feeling among GAs, however, is that the "jury is still out"
on many, if not most, features of the existing VFAs.
Additionally, the GAs that responded to the survey do not believe that
VFAs are necessary to achieve positive results in default aversion and
collection efficiency. Rather, implementing "good, innovative business
practices was just part of what a GA was supposed to do." For example,
one GA that responded stated:
> "We do not consider VFAs to be the only way for us to be innovative.
> In fact, we believe current law and regulations give us flexibility to
> be creative and inventive. We have already used some of that
> flexibility to implement innovations like blanket certificates of
> guaranty."
Another GA added that it is not clear that the VFA program, facilitated
by the statutory and regulatory waivers, has created more efficient
approaches to managing the FFELP and reducing defaults beyond that which
would have been achieved by the participating guarantors in the absence
of a VFA.
Some GAs feel that there is little impact on the overall marketplace due
to VFAs. Competitive pressures are already strong in the student loan
industry and the VFAs have not significantly altered the landscape. One
GA, however, expressed a concern that VFAs might destabilize the
commonality and standardization that the student loan industry has been
trying to create. Consequently, there is the potential that the VFAs
will create confusion among servicers and lenders.
Additionally, some of the responding GAs believe that the VFAs that have
escrowed their Federal Fund are at an advantage because the balance of
the Federal Funds placed in escrow are preserved and they are not
subject to the minimum reserve ratio requirement for non-VFA guarantors.
Lastly, one GA felt that additional income generated by the GAs with
VFAs have provided a competitive advantage for them in new market areas.
This GA stated that the concept of the VFAs was to create an opportunity
to test and improve various ideas within the GA that could be
transported to other agencies. The GA said that this doesn\'t seem to be
the current focus of the VFAs
On the other hand, lenders have asked some GAs to replicate the
streamlined payment process that is being used by Great Lakes under its
VFA. Lenders found the process attractive because it makes claims review
and payment more efficient. Currently, other GAs cannot duplicate the
streamlined claims payment process without regulatory and statutory
waivers.
GAs also find that the delinquency prevention fee, incorporated into
TG's VFA, is attractive. They believe it makes sense from a federal
fiscal policy standpoint as well as GA funding standpoint to realign
incentives to achieve federal savings.
##### V. Conclusion
The VFA program has enabled the participating GAs to develop innovative
programs to prevent default, provide better communication with the
borrower, and increase collection efficiency. Additionally, the VFA GAs
are focusing most of their efforts on changing the culture of their
organizations and their partnerships with other FFELP participants in
order to achieve desired results.
With respect to the performance indicators, the results are inconclusive
and require a more detailed analysis. Generally, under the VFAs, the
financial incentives for the GAs have shifted from collections to the
avoidance of defaults in the first place. Additionally, the
participating agencies are more focused on rehabilitation of loans
rather than straight collections. Lastly, many of the efforts currently
underway at the GAs will see results down the line -- especially with
respect to the cost of default.
Although our review of market share for the VFAs illustrates that there
have been some small shifts in volume among the GAs, certain GAs feel
that the GAs with VFAs have a competitive advantage. The community
values the innovations that are occurring and sees promise in some of
the fee and systems changes that have occurred through the agreements,
but feels that VFAs are contrary to the standardization that FFELP
participants are striving to achieve.
In summary, there are valuable components of each VFA that warrant
additional study by ED to determine the cost effectiveness for ED and
their integration into the overall program. Some of the innovations do
not require changes in legislation or regulations -- they are programs
that can or have already been implemented by the GAs. Other changes,
especially those related to financial incentives, the streamlined claims
payment process, and the use of the Federal Fund would require
Congressional action. ED will continue to analyze and modify the VFA
program to enhance the effectiveness of the FFEL program and improve the
ability of the FFELP to provide financial assistance to our students.
**Appendix**
**Detailed Description of VFA GAs**
# Introduction
In the preparation of the appendix for this report, each of the VFA GAs
were asked to provide a description of the programs it had implemented
under its VFA agreement. Those descriptions are provided below. These
descriptions are provided for informational purpose only and do not
reflect any conclusions by ED on the value of the described activities.
**American Student Assistance (ASA)**
## ***Summary of Agreement***
The VFA with ASA is intended to test the concept of portfolio wellness,
based on the idea that the appropriate role of a guarantor is to assist
students in successfully completing a program of higher education
financing and repayment. The first component of portfolio wellness is to
effectively manage the guaranty portfolio of FFEL loans. The second
component of portfolio wellness is to acknowledge that the borrower is a
customer of the guarantor because, according to ASA, building a positive
interactive relationship with the borrower is the key to successful
portfolio management.
As stated in ASA's VFA proposal, a wellness relationship is built on
"trust and mutual respect. The key to such a relationship is multiple,
positive contacts and interactions with the borrower." In order to
achieve the customer centric goals, ASA focused on its organizational
culture and portfolio management practice. Recognizing the borrower as a
customer has been particularly important in how ASA conducts its post
loan origination activities. Additionally, through analysis of its loan
portfolio, ASA has been able to identify certain trends and behaviors of
borrowers. Based on studying those behaviors, ASA has defined which
programs are most likely to succeed before implementing them into the
daily operation.
Like many of the other VFAs, the ASA agreement shifts the primary
revenue source from collections on defaulted loans toward maintaining
borrowers in good standing. Under the terms of the ASA VFA, a portfolio
wellness fee replaces many of the standard guarantor revenue sources.
This fee is based on loans that are maintained in good standing and
improvement in the default rate of ASA-guaranteed loans. ASA uses this
wellness fee to fund the new programs it has introduced under the VFA
agreement.
The following chart illustrates ASA's current fee structure as compared
to the standard GA model:
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Performance | Regular GA | ASA VFA |
| Stage | | |
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Origination | Loan Processing and | Loan Processing and |
| | Issuance Fee (LPIF) | Issuance Fee (LPIF) |
| | | |
| | - 0.65% of | - Monthly |
| | disbursement | |
| | | ```{=html} |
| | - 0.40% FY 2003 | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - 0.65% of |
| | | disbursement |
| | | |
| | | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - 0.40% FY 2003 |
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| In-Sch | Account Maintenance Fee | |
| ool/Repayment | (AMF) | |
| | | |
| | - 0.10% of outstanding | |
| | loans | |
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Loans in Good | N/A | # |
| Standing | | # Portfolio Wellness Fee |
| | | |
| | | - Baseline fee -- |
| | | Monthly |
| | | |
| | | - Variable fee -- |
| | | Annual |
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Delinquency | Flat Default Aversion | |
| | Fee (DAF) | |
| | | |
| | - No rebills | |
| | | |
| | ```{=html} | |
| | <!-- --> | |
| | ``` | |
| | - Refund defaults | |
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Default | 95% Reinsurance | 100% Payment of Claims |
| | | |
| | - Loan loss | - Weekly claims |
| | | advanced by ED |
| | - Reserve in Federal | |
| | Fund | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - Escrow of reserves |
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Collections | Flat Retention | |
| | | |
| | - 24% of straight | |
| | collections | |
| | | |
| | - 18.5% of | |
| | rehabilitated and | |
| | consolidated loans | |
+---------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
### **Programs and Results**
ASA provided the following summary of its programs and results.
########
######## Campaigns
ASA has chosen to perform a series of experiments to determine the best
approach to providing "*...the right message, at the right time."* Based
on the results of these experiments, ASA has extrapolated the *best
practices* achieved and has initially implemented three programs toward
achieving its VFA goals. The *Journeys* program is intended to work
toward delinquency prevention through counseling of borrowers during the
grace period before the repayment period begins; the *Pathways* program
targets borrowers who are delinquent; and, the *Bright Beginnings*
program targets borrowers who are in default.
*Experimentation to Program Implementation*
In 2001, ASA and Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (ACS) initiated a
pilot program that targeted borrowers that were within 30-45 days of
entering repayment. The purpose of the pilot was to test whether
providing borrowers with enhanced loan counseling as they enter
repayment would improve their ability to pay timely and keep their loans
"healthy". The pilot group received a special mailing that included
information specific to repayment options, budgeting, as well as
deferment and forbearance information. The pilot group also received a
phone call to "check in" with the borrower to see if they had any
questions or if there were any special circumstances that might make it
difficult to repay their student loan. The experiment also included a
control group. The control group did not receive any information other
than the standard letter from the servicer telling them when the
payments are to begin along with the amount.
The results of the experiment were as follows:
------------------------------------------ ------------ ----------------
Control Pilot Group
Group
Delinquency Rate 24.6% 2.6%
Use of Direct Payment (ACH) 0% 9%
Use of Graduated Repayment 4% 10.7%
Use of Deferment/Forbearance 0% 12%
Use of Consolidation 2.6% 14.6%
------------------------------------------ ------------ ----------------
Additionally, 9% of the pilot group paid their accounts in full and they
generated 88% fewer phone calls to the servicer.
Based on these results, ASA implemented its *Journeys* program. As part
of this program, ASA targeted all of its borrowers, who graduated
between May and June 2002. As such, approximately 18,000 borrowers
received a special mailing as well as a "check in" phone call.
Furthermore, ASA enhanced the program to include a quarterly newsletter
about personal finance and student loan repayment "tid-bits".
Since this group went into repayment between November and December,
2002, at the time of this writing it is still too soon to see the affect
of this program on ASA's pre-claim submission rate for this population.
However, ASA is tracking this population and will be publishing results
in the future.
Similarly, based on a series of experiments ASA initiated its *Pathways*
program. *Pathways* targets borrowers whose loans have been submitted by
their lenders for default aversion assistance and specifically looks to
augment required due diligence steps by providing information and
tailored counseling techniques based on the borrowers' circumstances.
For example, borrowers who have withdrawn from school receive a
different letter than borrowers who have graduated. Furthermore,
borrowers with a consolidation loan receive a different message than
those who only have Stafford loans. In essence, the *Pathways* program
output is based on a decision tree of borrower circumstances.
ASA has also organized its *Wellness* counselors according to the
borrowers' stage of delinquency. Current counselor groupings are based
on delinquency stages of:
- 90-149 days delinquent
- 150-209 days delinquent
- 210 days +
ASA's most experienced counselors are assigned to work with those
borrowers who are 210+ days delinquent and are aptly named the Critical
Care Unit.
Initial results show that 12% more borrowers cure their accounts with
this approach than those who receive standard due diligence efforts.
Additionally, borrowers who receive the *Pathways* methodology show a 1%
reduction in default. Furthermore, consolidation loan borrowers show an
8% higher cure rate with this technique.
Lastly, ASA's *Bright Beginnings* program targets defaulted borrowers.
Initially ASA marketed the FFELP rehabilitation program to defaulted
borrowers who had not made a payment to the guarantor in four months.
The program sent a brochure *offering* rehabilitation as a way to solve
their defaulted loan problem. Results of these initial mailings brought
a 35% response rate to the mailing of which 90% of those that responded
accepted the offer to join the program. Those that accepted the offer
received monthly letters *thanking* them for their payments and
encouraged them to continue. At the end of the proscribed time period
50% of those who entered the program successfully rehabilitated their
loans.
Subsequent *Bright Beginnings* campaigns targeted newly defaulted
borrowers. Results from this population show a 40% response rate and a
74% acceptance rate. As with the previous population a 50% completion
rate was realized. Since implementing this program ASA has increased its
rehabilitated population by approximately 70%.
*Assisting Schools With Targeted Assistance*
A *Wellness* program for schools began during FY03. As part of this
program, ASA created what is termed as the *Wellness* Institutes. In
this program, ASA trains Financial Aid professionals to be Default
Aversion specialists providing them with the education and tools to work
with their own populations. Additionally, ASA has created a *Wellness*
Profile for its schools with their cohort default rate. Initially, ASA
has targeted schools with higher than average cohort default rates, and
provides specific portfolio information about the school. ASA then
provides the school with customized assistance tailored for their
institution and population needs. For example, one school had a high
withdrawal rate within its freshman class. ASA worked with the school to
develop customized letters for that group as well as specialized reports
to track those borrowers. The effects of this program are not known yet,
but we will evaluate its success once the new cohort default rates are
issued.
*Training to Change the Culture of ASA*
Changing the culture at ASA has been a function of time, senior
management's focus/commitment, and an understanding of the borrower as a
customer. Organizational changes were made to better reflect the core
values of the customer-centric organization. For example, ASA created
the position of Ombudsman to not only resolve individual cases, but also
to look for ways to improve the culture, operations and policies at ASA,
as well as ASA's relationships with other agencies. To that end, ASA
also created a Borrower Services division, and a Borrower Advocacy unit
charged with resolving customer disputes and congressional inquiries. By
integrating the work of the Borrower Advocacy unit with the resolution
capability of Payment Advisors (formerly known as Collectors), dispute
solutions and customer service efforts can be implemented transparently
across departmental lines. The end result is that resolutions are
achieved with staff working in close proximity to other employees,
ensuring greater consistency.
Lastly, staff is receiving specific training designed to have the
employee identify with the individual borrowers through courses on
personal financial management. ASA has also begun to incorporate the
concepts of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) as well as internal
newsletters into its organizational culture.
*Educational Opportunity Centers*
ASA has established a relationship with the Educational Opportunity
Centers (EOC) in Washington D.C., Massachusetts, and Connecticut. ASA
has begun to provide staffing at some EOC sites in order to provide
face-to-face counseling to borrowers. On July 3^rd^, 2001, ASA sent a
direct mailing to defaulted loan borrowers who live near site locations
where ASA has provided staffing. The direct mailing focused on ASA's
rehabilitation program and the opportunity for face-to-face counseling.
For the sites where ASA staffing is not practical, ASA will be holding
one-day seminars for borrowers regarding personal finance and loan
repayment options at the local EOC.
### Weblinks/ Borrower Access to Internet
ASA borrowers can access information regarding their accounts via ASA
Direct™. ASA's web site also provides borrowers/students with tools such
as calculators for award letters, financial aid and budgeting. The web
site also provides information about debt management as well as
electronic forms. See [www.amsa.com](http://www.amsa.com/).
**California Student Aid Commission (CSAC)**
##
## ***Summary of Agreement***
The CSAC VFA is based on the concept that developing and sustaining
sound debt management practices benefits all borrowers and reduces the
cost of default. Under the VFA, CSAC is using a portion of the federal
costs saved through lower defaults to fund a two-pronged approach to
increasing awareness and lowering costs: a robust program of debt
management education for students and borrowers and early education
initiatives to promote educational opportunity, responsible borrowing
and default prevention. CSAC believes that it is preferable to have GAs
concentrate on processes that avert default rather than rely on
post-default collections. To that end, the guarantor is implementing
measures that avert defaults and reduce operational expenses.
CSAC's payment streams for the portion of shared claim savings and
performance-based collections are designed to trigger payment based on
CSAC's performance as measured at the end of the fiscal year. Payment to
the guarantor is not made unless there are specified improvements to the
annual default rate and collection recovery rate. The one exception to
this is the Early Withdrawal Counseling (EWC) program. CSAC receives
monthly payment of the Default Aversion Fee (DAF) for borrowers in the
EWC program. CSAC continues to receive the standard GA payment streams
Additionally, the VFA with CSAC provides that the agency will retain 50
percent of any federal savings from "averted default claims." Averted
default claims are calculated based on the difference between the
default rate of the guarantor and three percent. Also, CSAC's retention
of all default collections increases by one percent for each one percent
improvement in the collection rate of the agency. The formula takes into
consideration ED's collection of CSAC portfolio loans that were assigned
to ED's Debt Collection Services. In order to receive this benefit,
CSAC's collection rate must exceed the national average.
The following chart illustrates CSAC's current fee structure as compared
to the standard GA model:
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Performance | Regular GA | CSAC VFA |
| Stage | | |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Origination | Loan Processing and | Loan Processing and |
| | Issuance Fee (LPIF) | Issuance Fee (LPIF) |
| | | |
| | - 0.65% of | - 0.65% of |
| | disbursement | disbursement |
| | | |
| | - 0.40% FY 2003 | - 0.40% FY 2003 |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| In-Sc | Account Maintenance Fee | Account Maintenance Fee |
| hool/Repayment | (AMF) | (AMF) |
| | | |
| | - 0.10% of outstanding | - 0.10% of outstanding |
| | loans | loans |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Loans in Good | N/A | N/A |
| Standing | | |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Delinquency | Flat Default Aversion | Flat Default Aversion |
| | Fee (DAF) | Fee (DAF) |
| | | |
| | - No rebills | - Monthly |
| | | |
| | - Refund defaults | - No rebills |
| | | |
| | | - Refund defaults |
| | | |
| | | Early Withdrawal Fee |
| | | (pilot schools only) |
| | | |
| | | - Monthly |
| | | |
| | | - No rebills |
| | | |
| | | - Refund defaults |
| | | |
| | | Default Prevention |
| | | Incentive |
| | | |
| | | - Annual |
| | | |
| | | - 50% of savings in |
| | | claim payments |
| | | resulting from |
| | | default aversion |
| | | activities |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Default | 95% Reinsurance | 95% Reinsurance |
| | | |
| | - Loan loss | - Loan loss |
| | | |
| | - Reserve in Federal | - Reserve in Federal |
| | Fund | Fund |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Collections | Flat Retention | Variable Retention |
| | | |
| | - 24% of straight | - Collection recovery |
| | collections | rate improvement fee |
| | | |
| | - 18.5% of | - Annual |
| | rehabilitated and | |
| | consolidated loans | - Fee based on |
| | | improvement in |
| | | CSAC\'s collection |
| | | recovery rate |
| | | compared to the |
| | | national average |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
***Programs and Results***
CSAC provided the following summary of its programs and results.
CSAC identified two critical factors in determining the success of its
VFA programs. First, intensified and substantive contact with the
borrower leads to more successful default prevention. Second, staff
training relating to alternative payment options for the borrower allows
CSAC to better inform the borrower of ways to prevent default.
CSAC has modified and enhanced its default aversion activities and
reports that it is already seeing promising results. CSAC's reinsurance
trigger rate of 2.52% for FY 2002 represents a decrease from the rate of
2.61% in FY 2001. This action was based on the results of an analysis of
recently defaulted borrower accounts to determine common
characteristics. Based on this information, CSAC decided to move from an
approach that required the same number of attempts to contact the
borrower, regardless of other factors, to an approach based on risk of
default.
Specifically, the Default Prevention department designed a model to
establish priorities for its work and developed a customized contact
strategy based on risk. The strategy uses a credit score plus other
borrower characteristics, such as outstanding student loan debt,
previous delinquencies and/or defaults, and the number and types of
loans held by the borrower. CSAC began implementation of this model and
the underlying strategic contact campaigns during July 2002. This effort
contributed to the decline in the annual trigger rate.
CSAC also has enhanced its collection efforts and reports its national
average ranking in collection recoveries for FY 2001-02 improved over
the prior year from 18th to 16th place. This ranking represents a
collection recovery rate increase from 23.18% to 26.93%. Total
recoveries increased from \$403.4 million in FY 2000-01 to \$479.7
million for FY 2001-02.
Additionally, in April 2002, the Default Prevention and Claims
departments increased efforts to coordinate departmental activities and
avert defaults at the point a default claim is received. Through this
partnership, the accounts are pulled into a priority calling campaign.
The Claims department started reviewing each claim for likely default
aversion indicators, such as when the borrower has a pending deferment
or forbearance request. Any account with key default aversion indicators
is now referred to Senior Counselors for more intense aversion efforts.
According to the agency, the combined efforts of these departments have
resulted in total claims averted from April to September 2002 of \$6.4
million, an average increase of 70% in dollars averted by CSAC each
month and 114% increase in the number of claims averted. As of February
28, 2003, these efforts have resulted in total claims averted of \$12
million, an average increase of 75% in dollars averted and 93% in the
number of borrowers averted.
Strategically managing the delinquency portfolio and the implementation
of the VFA experiments continue to help CSAC manage its annual default
rate despite the worsening economy. At the same time, CSAC is employing
aggressive practices to increase loan collection recoveries.
Specific CSAC projects include the following:
*Early Withdrawal Counseling*
CSAC has implemented an early withdrawal program designed to avert
defaults by borrowers who withdraw from school prior to completing their
educational program by providing appropriate information regarding
returning to school and/or managing their student loan debt and
repayment obligations. Specifically, counselors present options to the
borrower depending on the borrower's particular situation. For example,
if a student wants to return to school, but needs academic guidance, the
counselor facilitates contact with an academic counselor at the school.
Alternatively, if a borrower does not intend to re-enroll, the counselor
advises the borrower regarding loan repayment options.
As of September 2002, four schools representing each sector were
participating in the pilot program. During this ongoing pilot, the GA
continues to track success through retention, delinquency, and default.
Early reports from the Agency indicate that of the borrowers counseled,
39% are in a positive repayment status or are planning to repay, and an
additional 22% have re-enrolled in school or are planning to re-enroll.
Eight percent have entered delinquency. As of February 2003, six schools
are now participating in the pilot program.
In order to facilitate the Early Withdrawal Counseling program CSAC must
obtain the withdrawn student's information as soon as possible. It has
attempted to obtain this data directly from the participating schools
but have found that the most efficient means of data exchange has been
facilitated through the National Student Clearinghouse (Clearinghouse).
Once the school agrees to participate in the program, CSAC accesses the
withdrawn borrower's information directly from the Clearinghouse, making
this a passive reporting process for the school. Since the
implementation of the Clearinghouse process, CSAC has experienced a
significant increase in the number of schools who have expressed their
desire to participate in the program. To date, CSAC has contacted 1,808
borrowers from six pilot schools that were specifically identified to
represent various school segments and types. Unfortunately, it is still
too early to measure the overall impact to the delinquency rate and the
subsequent default rate.
*High-Risk Borrower Consolidation Counseling*
CSAC continues to provide tools and enhanced training for new and
existing default prevention counselors to help them assist the borrower
in assessing the benefits of consolidating under the Federal (FFEL)
Consolidation program or the William D. Ford Direct Loan (Direct)
Consolidation program. Specifically, CSAC implemented the use of the
"Direct online" application in April 2002, and the use of a predictive
model to prioritize call strategies in July 2002.
From June 2001 through September 2002, CSAC referred 1,751 borrowers to
the two consolidation programs, which is approximately 1.5% of the total
average monthly delinquent portfolio. Between June 2001 and September
2002, 19% of the referrals were "booked" as consolidations.
The following information is tracked monthly and is reported on an
ongoing basis:
+------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------------+
| Referral | Number of | Number of | Number of FFEL |
| Dates | Referrals | Direct | Booked |
| | | | |
| | | Booked | |
+------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------------+
| 06/01 -- | 1,751 | 305 | 28 |
| 09/02 | | | |
+------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------------+
*Single Point of Contact for Delinquency Servicing*
CSAC began preliminary discussions regarding single point of contact for
delinquency servicing with three major lenders/servicers during FY
01-02, but has not entered into any agreements at this time. Lenders and
servicers are analyzing whether it would be cost efficient to alter
existing systems and practices in order to participate in this servicing
pilot. Thus, the lLenders and servicers are still giving this
opportunity serious consideration, but have not yet submitted a proposal
to participate.
*are expected to increase after July 1, 2002, due to the Direct Loan
Program holding applications until after the interest rate changes. At
this time it is difficult to track whether the loans booked into the
Direct loan program are still in good standing because they are no
longer in FFEL program.*
*Performance Based Collection Standards -- Credit Scoring and Portfolio
Analysis*
Upon approval of the CSAC VFA, CSAC's Collections division developed
tools to address the VFA focus of sound debt management practices and
reducing the cost of default. The division focused on gaining
efficiencies in the collection process. The first determination made was
to extend the number of days CSAC's Collections department works the
accounts, from 90 days to 270 days and to create a "Billing unit" within
the Collections department. The Billing unit handles all incoming calls
to the Collections department and contacts borrowers who are past due on
their payments. This allows the Collectors to focus solely on contacting
borrowers and setting them up in a repayment plan best suited to their
ability to repay their debt. Efficiencies are evidenced by the reduction
of collection costs decreasing from 22.7% in FY 2001 to 14.8% for every
dollar collected in principal and interest in 2002. Recoveries for FY
2000 were \$385,900,000 and 19.16% for every dollar collected and for FY
2001 recoveries were \$403,400,000 and 18% for every dollar collected.
Another need addressed for the VFA included a review of the Internal
Collection dialer pools and the staff schedules. Staff was added and
shifts were adjusted so the contact attempts occurred at hours most
likely to result in borrower contact. Lastly, the Collections department
created an incentive plan to compensate Collectors for their success.
These changes have increased dialer pool coverage by 6% over the
previous fiscal year, which resulted in 22,658 additional contacts since
September 2001.
After the implementation of the changes to the dialer pools, the number
of accounts worked per day by the Collectors increased by 40%; the
number of accounts worked by the unit in a month increased by 60%. The
contact rate increased to 30% of calls and the abandoned call rate
dropped from 6% to 3%.
Because of the increase in accounts collected in-house, CSAC created a
Skip Tracing unit to assist the Collections department in contacting
borrowers. The Skip Tracing unit utilizes information from credit
reports, the California Employee Development Department, National
Database of New Hires, and other numerous tools such as the Internet to
locate borrower demographic information
According to CSAC, the most successful aspect of the VFA initiative
related to collections is the implementation of the income to debt ratio
matrix. The matrix assists the Collectors in determining the repayment
method that meets the borrower's needs and maximizes recovery. Once the
Collector has determined the borrower's true financial situation, the
income to debt ratio scoring matrix helps the Collector counsel the
borrower on the repayment option which best meets the borrower's fiscal
needs and requirements.
As of June 2002, reports show the income to debt ratio scoring is
successful. Since the implementation of the matrix, collections have
steadily increased each month. CSAC found that by educating its
borrowers on the pros and cons associated with rehabilitation, FFEL
consolidation, and the William D. Ford consolidation program, its
borrowers have a greater understanding of their repayment options. The
findings support that borrowers with an understanding of financial
commitment tend to stay in repayment, which is evidenced by the increase
in collection recoveries.
The implementation of the scoring matrix and the other changes to the
Collections department required enhancing its training program. The new
training program expands the Collectors' knowledge base by providing an
in-depth explanation of the various repayment options for a borrower and
how to determine which method best suits a specific financial situation.
Collectors are taught to probe the borrower to reveal the root cause of
their default and how the collector may assist them in their situation.
This resulted in issues being resolved quicker and in borrowers willing
to establish payment arrangements.
*Portfolio Analysis*
CSAC created a portfolio analysis position to assist with default asset
management. The Analyst has researched and evaluated alternative
collection strategies and developed a model to forecast collection
recoveries.
Prior to implementation of the VFA, CSAC processed all accounts through
its Collections department, its Administrative Wage Garnishment (AWG)
department and through its external collection agencies regardless of
the collect-ability of the loan. Since the VFA, CSAC's Collections
division created an enhanced portfolio analysis program to determine the
best collection strategy for each debt based on the borrower's financial
situation. This has allowed CSAC to retain the most collectable accounts
for internal collections and AWG. The collection efficiencies have
resulted in a greater recovery rate and reduced agency fees and
incentives. According to CSAC, the greatest benefit has been to the
borrower because the Collector can now advise the borrower on optimal
repayment methods.
*Inter-agency Transfer of Accounts*
This project began in December 2001 and allows CSAC to work with other
GAs to exchange defaulted accounts to increase the potential for
collection due to factors such as geographic location of state-specific
enforcement authority.
As of September 2002, three GAs have contacted CSAC inquiring about the
project. CSAC is pursuing additional discussions with these guarantors
and expects to increase interest amongst the other guarantors.
**Great Lakes Higher Education Guaranty Corporation**
### **Summary of Agreement**
The VFA between Great Lakes and ED extends and improves a pilot program
previously initiated by ED and the guarantor. In 1996, ED and Great
Lakes began a Default Aversion Pilot to test a payment plan that would
provide incentives for the guarantor to improve its default aversion
efforts. The VFA expands the scope of the default aversion pilot by
implementing a complete fee-for-service payment structure that replaces
current GA revenue with a single, performance based fee. It also
provides for experimentation with varying delinquency due diligence
models and develops a post-claim auditing process to replace the current
claim-by-claim review approach.
##
Under the VFA, Great Lakes does not receive *any* of the payments
currently provided under the standard GA financing structure, including
default aversion fees, account maintenance fees, loan processing and
issuance fees, and collection retention in excess of actual collection
costs. Rather, payment is based on the performance of the guarantor in
default and delinquency prevention. The VFA between Great Lakes and ED
emphasizes default aversion activities and a reduction in the number of
defaulted loans. It also rewards the agency for reducing the costs to ED
for claims payments on defaulted loans.
The VFA provides for a single fee based directly on default aversion
performance \-- the higher the cure rate, the higher the reimbursement
to Great Lakes. This fee is calculated using two factors. The first is a
cure rate that ties to a basis-point fee on a payment schedule included
in the VFA. The higher the cure rate, the higher the basis point fee
paid to Great Lakes. The second factor is the original principal balance
of outstanding loans. This outstanding loan balance is the same amount
used to calculate AMF payments under the standard guarantor payment
model. The basis point fee is multiplied by the principal balance of
open loans to determine the amount of the GA payment under the VFA.
Great Lakes' cure rate is measured quarterly. The cure rate calculation
does not include loan forgiveness "purchases" such as death, bankruptcy,
and total and permanent disability. The numerator is the total number of
loans cured; the denominator is the sum of the number of loans cured and
the number of loans defaulted. The result is the percent of defaulted
loans that were prevented.
The claim payment process under Great Lakes' VFA financial model has
been modified to provide for weekly fund transfers from ED.
Specifically, Great Lakes calculates and requests from ED the total
amount of funds needed to pay claims on a weekly basis. The VFA
supplemental invoice utilized for the quarterly performance-based fee
billing is also used for weekly claim estimates. At the beginning of the
week, default claims are estimated based on a scan of Great Lakes'
database of default claims that are scheduled to be paid the following
Monday. Great Lakes estimates the amount needed for non-default claims
based on the previous month's results. Each Monday, the GA pays approved
claims that were received 54 to 60 days prior to the weekly claim
payment date. Great Lakes pays claims to lenders by check. ED pays the
amount invoiced by Great Lakes via ACH -- usually by the end of the week
in which the estimate was submitted. During the third and fourth week of
the month, Great Lakes compares the estimates provided for the first and
second weeks of the month to the actual purchases (claims paid) and then
makes adjustments to the third and fourth weeks' estimates,
respectively.
Under the VFA, ED reimburses 100% of claim payments, as opposed to 95%,
98% and 100% in the standard model depending on the date of the first
disbursement. All collection recoveries are remitted to ED, which
reimburses Great Lakes for its actual post-default collection related
costs. Thus, the guarantor does not retain the difference between the
statutory established collection retention and the actual costs of
collection. The terms of the agreement with Great Lakes also include the
deposit of the agency's Federal Fund into a limited access escrow
account and the elimination of risk sharing on the part of the
guarantor.
The following chart illustrates Great Lakes' current fee structure as
compared to the standard GA model:
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Performance | Regular GA | Great Lakes VFA |
| Stage | | |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Origination | Loan Processing and | Included in Performance |
| | Issuance Fee (LPIF) | Based Fee (PBF) |
| | | |
| | - 0.65% of | - LPIF payment process |
| | disbursement | used by ED to make |
| | | partial payment of |
| | - 0.40% FY 2003 | PBF |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| In-Sc | Account Maintenance Fee | Included in Performance |
| hool/Repayment | (AMF) | Based Fee (PBF) |
| | | |
| | - 0.10% of outstanding | - AMF payment process |
| | loans | used by ED to make |
| | | partial payment of |
| | | PBF |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Loans in Good | N/A | N/A |
| Standing | | |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Delinquency | Flat Default Aversion | Performance Based Fee |
| | Fee (DAF) | (PBF) |
| | | |
| | - No rebills | - Loans outstanding |
| | | times a sliding fee |
| | ```{=html} | based on periodic |
| | <!-- --> | referred delinquent |
| | ``` | account cure rate |
| | - Refund defaults | |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Default | 95% Reinsurance | 100% Payment of Claims |
| | | |
| | - Loan loss | - Weekly claims |
| | | advanced by ED |
| | - Reserve in Federal | |
| | Fund | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - Escrow of reserves |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Collections | Flat Retention | Flat Retention |
| | | |
| | - 24% of straight | - Net collection costs |
| | collections | |
| | | |
| | - 18.5% of | |
| | rehabilitated and | |
| | consolidated loans | |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
***Programs and Results***
Great Lakes provided the following information regarding its programs
and results.
Great Lakes implemented several initiatives intended to avert defaults
based on the development of new electronic methods to contact customers.
To maximize the impact of these technological improvements, the
guarantor has evaluated, redesigned and reengineered processes to
accommodate new technologies. As processes have been identified and
enhanced, Great Lakes has recruited, trained, and developed skills of
agency staff in using the new technologies and processes.
The initiatives are an extension of the default aversion pilot program
of 1996-98. During that period, Great Lakes, in partnership with ED,
tested methods of preventing defaults and experimented with different
payment and fee structures. This was an early attempt to emphasize
results rather than process in the GA model, and served as the incubator
for many of the present initiatives contained in the Great Lakes' VFA.
Great Lakes believes that its VFA properly focuses a GA's efforts on
borrower benefit -- outreach, default aversion and rehabilitation. The
alignment of the revenue stream with this philosophy has allowed Great
Lakes to pilot a number of default aversion initiatives that they may
not have otherwise attempted.
*Rehabilitation Collections*
Great Lakes helped 7,819 borrowers rehabilitate \$57.3 million in
outstanding defaulted loans during the twelve months ended September 30,
2002. To rehabilitate a defaulted student loan, a borrower must make 12
consecutive on-time full monthly loan payments. After the required
payments have been made, Great Lakes sells the rehabilitated loan to a
lender. Rehabilitation allows borrowers to regain all the benefits of
the FFEL program, including any remaining deferments or forbearance
eligibility, restore eligibility for additional student financial aid
and remove the loan default from their credit record.
Great Lakes entered into an agreement to participate in the loan
rehabilitation program with ED in 1992. Since that time, Great Lakes has
encouraged its external post-default collection vendors to promote the
benefits of the loan rehabilitation program to defaulted borrowers. The
number of borrowers who have qualified for the loan rehabilitation
program has increased significantly since the inception of the VFA
program. This increase can be attributed to modifications to Great
Lakes' collection vendor commission fee structure and the elimination of
the assessment of collection costs at the time of rehabilitation.
To better align the commission fee structure with Great Lakes'
philosophy related to the benefits of the rehabilitation program, Great
Lakes modified its collection agency contracts on April 1, 2000. These
changes increased the incentives available to the collection agencies if
they adopted Great Lakes' rehabilitation strategy. The chart below
outlines those changes in the incentive structure.
Additionally, prior to April 2001, Great Lakes assessed collection costs
equal to 18.5% of the outstanding principal and accrued interest loan
balance as set forth in the regulations. This offsets the positive
benefits associated with the rehabilitation program.
These two changes produced a 132% increase in the principal and interest
amount rehabilitated between the 12 months ended September 30, 2001 and
September 30, 2002 as follows:
----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
10/01/00 -- 10/01/01 --
9/30/01 9/30/02
Number of Loans Principal & Number of Loans Principal &
Interest Interest
Rehabilitated Rehabilitated
4,162 \$24,669,912.88 7,818 \$57,344,834.82
----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
Further, Great Lakes' rehabilitation collections represent more than 44%
of collections on defaulted loans during the twelve months ending on
September 30, 2002. This compares to an average of 8% for all other
guaranty agencies during the same period. Great Lakes' rehabilitation
collections increased to 63% of its total defaulted loan collections for
the three months ended December 31, 2002.
Great Lakes believes that the ability to align GA revenues and
third-party compensation strategies with the philosophy behind the VFA
has been crucial to its success in the area of rehabilitation.
Lastly, Great Lakes explains that the collection recovery rate has
decreased since FY 2000 because it takes twelve months for a borrower to
complete a rehabilitation agreement. It believes that higher numbers of
rehabilitated loans and lower default recoveries are of more benefit to
the borrower, the lender and ED than are lower numbers of rehabilitated
loans and higher default recoveries, particularly where those default
recoveries are a result of default consolidation.
To allow even more defaulted borrowers to take advantage of the
rehabilitation program, Great Lakes created a new program to extend the
benefits of its rehabilitation program to borrowers with high
outstanding loan amounts who have previously been unable to participate
due to excessive payments required during the rehabilitation period.
Under Great Lakes' original rehabilitation program, the borrower's
monthly payment is calculated as the amount necessary to amortize the
borrower's loan over a ten-year repayment period. Many borrowers have
multiple loans that, when aggregated and amortized over a ten year
repayment period, result in monthly payments the borrowers cannot
afford. As a result, these borrowers cannot afford to earn the benefits
made available via the current rehabilitation program. Great Lakes'
expansion of the rehabilitation program through its balance-sensitive
extension will allow a borrower who has defaulted loans totaling
\$10,000 or more to make rehabilitation period payments equal to the
amount the borrower would be required to make after the defaulted loans
are rehabilitated and then consolidated into a single loan with the
maximum repayment term allowed.
### Other Initiatives
In addition to the rehabilitation projects currently in effect at Great
Lakes, the agency has developed the following programs to fulfill the
objectives of the VFA:
> *Loan Counselor Training*
>
> Improved customer service training is part of Great Lakes' on-going
> attempt to connect with the borrower. Specifically, Great Lakes has
> used *Achieve Global's* "Achieving Extraordinary Customer Relations --
> Skills and Strategies for Call Centers" to give their Loan Counselors
> a better understanding of the service they want each and every one of
> their borrowers to receive. The program helped their Loan Counselors
> to accomplish the following:
- Identify customers within the organization.
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- Learn how to handle potentially unproductive interactions.
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- Create positive, memorable customer experiences for all customers.
> Great Lakes believes that by improving customer service, they can
> better provide borrower counseling and assistance to prevent defaults.
>
> To enhance telephone skills for borrower counseling and assistance,
> Great Lakes provided its Loan Counselors with a series of training
> sessions during November 2002 designed to maximize the effectiveness
> of successful contacts with delinquent borrowers. The training
> sessions introduced Great Lakes' default aversion counseling strategy
> aimed at providing the borrower with the most appropriate strategy for
> resolving the underlying cause of the borrower's delinquency. This
> strategy focuses on obtaining a permanent cure for the delinquency.
## *Borrower Outreach*
- [Interactive Web Site -]{.underline} Great Lakes' Web site,
[*www.mygreatlakes.com*](http://www.mygreatlakes.com/), includes
several tools to either prevent or resolve a borrower's delinquency.
Great Lakes' "deferment and forbearance wizard" presents the
borrower with a customized listing of the deferment and forbearance
options available based on the borrower's first disbursement date,
loan type and remaining deferment or forbearance eligibility. The
wizard then prompts the borrower to answer a series of questions to
identify which option best meets the borrower's needs. Once
identified, the borrower may download the applicable form formatted
with the borrower's name and address as well as the name and address
of the applicable lender or servicer.
- [Live Web Chat]{.underline} - Great Lakes' Web site also includes a
section devoted to delinquent borrowers for whom lenders have
requested default aversion assistance. This section provides
borrowers with a listing of their delinquent loans, the number of
days each loan is delinquent, and the name, address and telephone
number of each lender or servicer. Options available to resolve the
delinquency, as well as specific information related to the option
selected, is also displayed. If borrowers have questions about the
various delinquency resolution options, they may either request a
Loan Counselor contact them via telephone or initiate a one-on-one
Web chat with a Loan Counselor. These options allow Great Lakes to
engage in immediate dialogues with delinquent borrowers and
instantly deliver real-time information needed to resolve the
delinquency.
- [Telephone Contact]{.underline} - Great Lakes' Repayment Solutions
department staffing model is structured around the times that result
in the highest borrower contact rates. These times include early
mornings (8:00 AM to 10:00 AM, Monday through Friday), late
afternoons and evenings (3:00 PM to 9:00 PM, Monday through
Thursday), Saturdays (8:00 AM to 4:30 PM) and Sunday evenings (4:00
PM to 9:00 PM).
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- [Skip Tracing]{.underline} - Great Lakes implemented a three-phase
phone number location program to increase the chance of contacting
borrowers for whom the agency does not have a valid telephone
number. Upon learning that the phone number on its system is not
valid, Great Lakes refers the borrower to an external vendor for a
one day attempt to obtain a telephone number. If this vendor is not
successful, the borrower is referred to a second vendor for a
full-blown skip tracing attempt to obtain the borrower's residence
or work telephone number. If the vendor is unable to locate a
telephone number after 90 days, Great Lakes refers the borrower back
to the original external vendor for a one day attempt to obtain a
telephone number. In May 2002, Great Lakes began to assign telephone
numbers for skip borrowers obtained by its phone location vendors to
the highest priority in auto-dialer campaigns. Since the phone
numbers obtained by the vendors are often valid for a short period
of time, the ability to attempt contact immediately upon obtaining a
number for the borrower increases Great Lakes' chances for
contacting the borrower.
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- [Customized Letters]{.underline} - Great Lakes uses a number of
customized mailing campaigns to target specific populations of
delinquent borrowers. One such campaign includes a letter that
notifies borrowers when their lender or servicer files a default
claim with Great Lakes. This letter, sent in a special envelope
manually addressed to the borrower, spells out the consequences of
default and encourages the borrower to contact Great Lakes for
assistance in resolving the delinquency before the loan defaults.
- [Predictive Model]{.underline} - To identify the most efficient and
effective resolution strategy for delinquent borrowers, Great Lakes
is working with a partner to develop a customized scoring model that
will provide a numerical indication of the likelihood of a
delinquent loan to either cure or default. The model will be
continuously updated based on Great Lakes' most recent default
aversion experiences, thus enabling Great Lakes to apply specific
resources and techniques in a manner that will maximize the number
of cures.
###### *Entrance and Exit Counseling*
> FASTFacts™, Great Lakes' Web-based Entrance and Exit Counseling tool
> for Title IV loans, was designed for schools to provide their students
> a fast, easy, and comprehensive way to complete ED's Entrance and Exit
> counseling requirements. The Entrance and Exit Counseling Web site can
> be completely customized by a school and is integrated into the
> school's site to make counseling a seamless process for its students.
> In addition to providing schools with customized study guides, exams
> and reports, FASTFacts™ provides students with a comprehensive listing
> of their student loan indebtedness during Exit Counseling.
## *Assistance to Schools*
To assist schools in their cohort default rate management efforts, Great
Lakes provides schools with a comprehensive monthly report that contains
information about the schools' current and former students for whom
Great Lakes is providing default aversion assistance on behalf of the
lender. Recent enhancements to this report provide schools with multiple
format and delivery options. Schools may elect to have Great Lakes
either mail the report or deliver it electronically via Great Lakes' Web
site. The electronic version of the report allows schools to easily
create customized letters and mailing labels for delinquent borrowers.
It also provides schools with a new tool for analyzing delinquent loan
data in connection with their internal default prevention efforts.
> *Claims Cure Action Team*
>
> Upon the receipt of a claim from a lender, Great Lakes' newly created
> Claims Cure Action Team performs a detailed review of the borrower's
> file to identify potential default aversion activities that Great
> Lakes may attempt prior to the payment of the claim. The Claims Cure
> Action Team is made up of Claim Examiners in the Claim Examination
> unit. Claim Examiners are often able to identify borrowers who may
> have "slipped through the cracks" and not been contacted by telephone
> regarding their delinquent loans. Sometimes the Examiners can
> determine the best time of day or night to call the borrower or
> identify a reliable reference that will know where and when to reach
> the borrower. The Claims Cure Action Team forwards suggested default
> aversion activities to the Repayment Solutions department for
> follow-through.
### Certified Compliant Servicer
> To pilot a new approach to the processing and payment of default
> claims, Great Lakes has entered into agreements with Wells Fargo,
> PHEAA Servicing Center, EFS, and Great Lakes Educational Loan
> Services, Inc. Under the standard model, guarantors examine each claim
> before payment. Under the Certified Compliant Servicer (CCS) program,
> servicers' claims are examined after payment based on statistical
> sampling.
>
> The servicers were certified as eligible for CCS based on tests of
> recently paid claims and their annual independent compliance audit
> reports. Quarterly and annual samples are taken of CCS-paid claims.
> High compliance ratings must be maintained to continue in the CCS
> program. The CCS program builds upon a recent industry initiative
> involving the use of the common claim form. As part of that
> initiative, some of the claim-by-claim examination processes have been
> shifted to the program review process. The post-claim random sampling
> of claims is an extension of that shift and provides for a formalized,
> on-going testing process.
### Great Lakes VFA Amendment
> After the original Great Lakes VFA was executed, Great Lakes proposed
> an amendment to its agreement. The amendment provides a limited
> exemption to the regulation that generally prohibits a GA from
> contracting with the same entity for different collection activities
> on the same loan. The amendment allows Great Lakes to use the same
> entity for post-default collection assistance and default aversion
> assistance, but only for telephone location services. The amendment
> was posted on the Internet for public comment, submitted to Congress
> for a 30-day review, and signed by ED in July 2002.
**Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation**
## ***Summary of Agreement***
The Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation (TG) VFA is designed to
test a variety of methods to reduce student loan delinquencies and
defaults. By doing so, TG intends to ultimately lower the costs of the
FFEL program for ED and for taxpayers. The TG VFA is designed to allow
the agency to use methods that educate students to borrow responsibly
and practice effective debt management. Additionally, the guarantor has
undertaken efforts to assist schools in developing delinquency
prevention activities and lowering their institutional default rates,
while also enhancing in-house delinquency and default prevention
activities. This emphasis allows both ED and the guarantor to test
whether the elements of the TG VFA are effective in reducing the
operational costs that loan delinquencies and defaults create for
program participants in the FFEL program.
To reinforce the emphasis on preventing delinquencies and defaults, the
revenue TG earns under the VFA payment model is based on a variable rate
performance-based system. The system is weighted toward the results of
delinquency and default prevention activities. This changes the focus of
the payment model from a primarily post-default revenue system that may
have served as a disincentive to maximizing investment in delinquency
and default prevention efforts.
The terms of the agreement with TG include the deposit of the agency's
Federal Fund into a limited access escrow account. Consequently, TG and
ED have established a process by which the guarantor estimates and
requests a weekly amount of funds needed from ED to pay claims in that
week. Specifically, on Thursday of each week, TG submits an estimated
reinsurance request to ED using ED's on-line Oracle system. The estimate
is based upon TG's system queue of claims payments to loan holders
scheduled for the following Tuesday. TG then produces and distributes
the claim checks to the holders each Tuesday. The checks begin clearing
the agency's bank account by the following Friday, necessitating receipt
of funds prior to that date to avoid rejection of presentment for
insufficient funds.
The TG VFA incorporates performance-based measurement of certain
quantifiable factors to determine payment. The delinquency prevention
rate is intended to measure the guarantor's effectiveness in preventing
student loans from becoming delinquent, and is used to determine the
variable rate, performance-based fee for the Delinquency Prevention Fee.
Another fee is the Default Aversion Fee, which measures the guarantor's
effectiveness in averting default of delinquent student loans. A third
fee is the Collections Fee. It measures the effectiveness of the
guarantor in collecting on its defaulted loan portfolio.
The following chart illustrates TGs' current fee structure as compared
to the standard GA model:
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Performance | Regular GA | Texas VFA |
| Stage | | |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Origination | Loan Processing and | Loan Processing and |
| | Issuance Fee (LPIF) | Issuance Fee (LPIF) |
| | | |
| | - 0.65% of | - Monthly |
| | disbursement | |
| | | - 0.65% of |
| | - 0.40% FY 2003 | disbursement |
| | | |
| | | - 0.40% FY 2003 |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| In-Sc | Account Maintenance Fee | Account Maintenance Fee |
| hool/Repayment | (AMF) | (AMF) |
| | | |
| | - 0.10% of outstanding | - Monthly |
| | loans | |
| | | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - 0.10% of outstanding |
| | | loans |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Loans in Good | | Delinquency Prevention |
| Standing | | Fee (DPF) |
| | | |
| | | - Monthly |
| | | |
| | | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - 0.05% to 0.12% of |
| | | loans in |
| | | repayment[^7] |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Delinquency | Flat Default Aversion | Variable Default |
| | Fee (DAF) | Aversion Fee (DAF) |
| | | |
| | - No rebills | - Monthly |
| | | |
| | ```{=html} | ```{=html} |
| | <!-- --> | <!-- --> |
| | ``` | ``` |
| | - Refund defaults | - 1.25% to 4% of |
| | | Default Aversion |
| | | Assistance Request |
| | | (DAAR) |
| | | |
| | | - 12-month rebill |
| | | |
| | | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - Refund defaults |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Default | 95% Reinsurance | 100% Payment of Claims |
| | | |
| | - Loan loss | - Weekly claims |
| | | advanced by ED |
| | - Reserve in Federal | |
| | Fund | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - Escrow of reserves |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Collections | Flat Retention | Variable Retention |
| | | |
| | - 24% of straight | - Annual |
| | collections | |
| | | ```{=html} |
| | - 18.5% of | <!-- --> |
| | rehabilitated and | ``` |
| | consolidated loans | - 19.5% to 23% of |
| | | straight collections |
| | | |
| | | ```{=html} |
| | | <!-- --> |
| | | ``` |
| | | - 18.5% to 20% of |
| | | rehabilitated and |
| | | consolidated loans |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
While TG's basic business processes have not been significantly altered,
the performance-based component of the VFA has caused the agency to
closely monitor its performance and to rapidly analyze deviations from
expected targets. For example, when cure rates began to decline and
claims received began to increase at the beginning of FY 2002, TG was
able to pinpoint the issue to a servicer merger that had occurred months
earlier. By understanding the factors contributing to the declining cure
rate, the agency was able to develop strategies, in conjunction with the
servicer, specifically designed to address the issue.
***Programs and Results***
TG provided the following information regarding its programs and
results.
The following compares TG's performance in FY 2001 and FY 2002 in
relation to its performance-based targets. Also included is FY 2003
information to date:
--------------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Measure Baseline Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02
Delinquency 30% or 31.05% 31.34% 32.46% 31.61% 29.31% 30.18% 30.58% 32.82% 33.30% 32.46%
Prevention Rate more
Delinquency \> 88% 88.70% 89.18% 89.16% 89.73% 88.96% 86.74% 88.87% 88.07% 88.65% 91.28%
Cure Rate
Default \> 22% 25.90% 25.90% 25.84% 23.47% 23.50% 23.50% 22.88% 24.09% 25.19% 25.98%
Recovery Rate
Claims 7 days or 2.50 3.80 4.25 6.60 5.00 10.00 6.20 12.00 5.50 3.40
Reimbursement \<
Cycle
Monthly 10 days or 14.00 9.00 9.71 11.00 11.00 6.00 9.00 6.00 2.00 8.00
Settlement \<
Cycle
Measure Baseline May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03
Delinquency 30% or 32.53% 31.98% 31.82% 31.73% 32.51% 25.49% 24.20% 26.23% 27.71% 30.77%
Prevention Rate more
Delinquency \> 88% 91.65% 92.00% 91.23% 92.41% 92.34% 92.15% 90.61% 88.90% 90.65% 90.10%
Cure Rate
Default \> 22% 26.65% 25.82% 27.00% 27.21% 27.60% 26.68% 23.36% 23.55% 25.02% 25.16%
Recovery Rate
Claims 7 days or 6.25 4.25 4.80 5.00 3.20 5.00 3.75 5.00 5.50 3.25
Reimbursement \<
Cycle
Monthly 10 days or 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 11.00 21.00 8.00 4.00 1.00 3.00
Settlement \<
Cycle
--------------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
It is important to note that there is not a standard cure rate
calculation for the student loan industry, therefore, performance
results should be measured according to improvement relative to each GAs
performance, instead of GA cure rates relative to each other.
*Debt Collection*
TG has seen positive results relating to debt collection since the VFA
began in 2001. Specifically, TG has found success in improving debt
collections with the use of the National Database of New Hires (NDNH).
The program checks the list of borrowers in default with the NDNH
database, making it easier to find those borrowers unwilling to enter
into voluntary repayment plans. During FY 2002, TG estimates that it has
recovered more than \$1,132,499 through use of this database. During the
first five months of FY 2003, TG has recovered more than \$971,228 using
the NDNH match.
Additionally, ED's prohibition on subrogation at the end of last year
caused TG to immediately test its pilot to keep accounts in their
portfolio longer than five years. This resulted in increased recoveries
due to tax offset. They estimate that over \$24 million in gross
recoveries have been collected on this group of accounts from October
2001 through March 2003.
Lastly, in order to test TG's ability to collect fourth placement
accounts internally as opposed to placing them with an external
collections attorney, the agency "pulled back" all fourth placement
accounts and established a collections team to focus specifically on
these accounts. The results exceeded expectations with more than \$6.3
million in gross recoveries generated by the team through FY 2002 and
\$5.7 million to date during FY 2003. [^8] Gross recoveries averaged
\$180,000 per month for this portfolio when placed with an external
collections attorney. In comparison, during FY 2002, gross recoveries
averaged \$525,000 per month and \$1.1 million per month to date in FY
2003 when collected internally by TG.
*Delinquency Prevention and Curative Actions*
*Pre-Delinquency Counseling*
Pre-delinquency activities increase the likelihood that borrowers will
successfully enter repayment and continue to repay their student loans.
An effective time to intervene is during the grace period, the six
months after a student graduates, withdraws, or drops below half-time
attendance. The objective of TG's pre-delinquency activities is to
counsel, advise, and guide borrowers toward becoming successful in the
repayment of their student loan(s), to promote the continuance of post
secondary education and to effectively impact the reduction of cohort
and delinquency rates.
To achieve its pre-delinquency goals, TG has hired pre-delinquency
counselors to provide counseling services to borrowers who withdraw or
otherwise drop out of school. Counseling efforts include:
- Encouraging borrowers to re-enroll in a postsecondary education
institution and informing borrowers about the social and economic
benefits of a postsecondary education.
- Identifying the reason(s) for the student's decision to leave school
and helping the student assess available options for re-enrollment.
Counseling efforts may require assertive and proactive contact with
the borrower and the respective institution. Specific contact with
the institution's Registrar and Admission Offices may be needed.
- Contacting borrowers to provide counseling services to students who
are approaching the repayment process and/or who may already be
delinquent on their loan(s).
- Educating and informing borrowers regarding their account status,
available options and default consequences.
- Informing borrowers about the qualifications for deferments and
forbearances as well as the various repayment plans.
- Providing informed financial guidance as it relates to the repayment
of student loan debt and credit management. As needed, counselors
will provide tools and solutions related to creating a budget, i.e.,
forms, personal finance, Web-based information referral, campus
offices, and provide employment guidance.
The goal of the program is to provide borrowers with the necessary
information in a timely fashion to ensure a successful repayment of the
student loan obligation. Borrowers are bombarded with information from
the lender/servicer/guarantor community during the entire life cycle of
the loan. Often, the information that borrowers need to successfully
repay their loans is distributed during entrance or exit counseling.
There is a window of opportunity (the six month grace period), which is
largely untapped. Typically, borrowers get a disclosure statement 30
days prior to the end of the grace period. TG's strategy is to ensure
that the borrower is in a position to repay, which includes providing
them with their options, so that they can determine the best route when
they are not already able to do so. Thus it prevents a delinquency from
occurring and ultimately it prevents the need for a default aversion
assistance request.
The net result is that TG will implement various strategies to
positively impact cohort default rates, increase the student loan
repayment base and maximize VFA opportunities. This endeavor also
increases borrower awareness of TG earlier in the repayment life cycle
and creates a more informed borrower. The likelihood of borrower
delinquency and default decreases as TG continues efforts in the area of
default aversion education. Delinquency prevention activities like these
assist schools with counseling, default prevention assistance and cohort
default rates and compliments TG's due diligence activities.
[]{.mark}
During the first seven months of this program, over 55,000 outbound
calls were made by pre-delinquency counselors and over 64,000 portfolios
containing information intended to allow borrowers to successfully enter
repayment were mailed to borrowers in their six month grace period.
*Claims Pending Program*
In February 2002, TG began a pilot program that focused on loan accounts
that were in a claim pending status. The GA gave these borrowers extra
attention and follow-up advice regarding the consequences of paying
these claims. TG found that most borrowers waited until the last minute
to do anything about their delinquencies and needed further assistance
and guidance to get their loans recalled. This more intensive counseling
has been successful \-- TG has seen an increase in recalled loans since
this work began. Previously, the claim area received 300 recalls of
claims filed per month. Since starting this initiative the average has
increased to 500 recalls of claims filed. As a result of the success of
this pilot, in June 2002, TG hired a separate team to work only claim
pending accounts. Intensive counseling of these borrowers along with
daily follow-up to servicers has shown this style of counseling has an
impact.
*DAAR Submission*
The TG VFA permits the agency to establish a shorter filing window for
lenders to submit a Default Aversion Assistance Request (DAAR). Lenders
are expected to file DAARs between the 60^th^ and 70^th^ day of the
borrower's delinquency. Receiving DAARs as close to the 60^th^ day as
possible provides TG the best opportunity to resolve delinquencies, and
it is the experience of the guarantor that early intervention is a key
factor in preventing default and its associated consequences. By
changing the filing window to receive DAARs at day 60, the cure rate
rose from 89.88% to over 91%. This suggests that an earlier
industry-wide effort improves delinquency performance.
TG worked closely with the Student Loan Servicing Alliance (SLSA) during
the implementation phase of the mandatory 60-70 day DAAR filing window.
After reviewing the proposed policy with the SLSA members and
understanding the constraints that this would create for the servicers,
it was agreed that a 60-70 day DAAR filing window with five additional
days for mail time was more appropriate and would not compromise the
original intent of the experiment. The servicing community has been very
responsive in complying with the requirement, with over 98% of DAARs now
submitted within the 60-70 DAAR filing window.
*Accelerated Information to Schools*
A total of ten institutions were selected to participate in a pilot
program designed to carry out specific delinquency intervention
strategies. The pilot is a demonstration outreach program aimed at
reducing loan delinquency among students who prematurely withdraw from
an institution of higher learning. To carry out the pilot, TG developed
specific strategies and tools to assist institutions in working with
students who recently departed from their campus and who borrowed under
the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP). Pilot institutions
receive, at no cost to them, training services and assistance from TG.
Institutions work with the GA's Financial Aid Management Team to:
- Establish methods for data exchange between TG and the institution
(timely data exchange is necessary because the pilot targets
students immediately after they have departed the campus -- well
before they enter repayment);
- Review the institution's policies and procedures for student
withdrawals; and
- Develop strategies and incentives to assist students to re-enroll at
an institution.
The participating schools provide TG with borrower information regarding
students who withdraw or dropout sooner than their normal reporting to
NSLDS or the National Student Clearinghouse. This information flows to
the GA's pre-delinquency call center unit. The unit's counselors have
specific talking points related to encouraging the borrower to continue
his or her post-secondary education. In addition, TG makes an effort to
obtain from the borrower more specific information related to why he or
she could not continue their post-secondary education. This information
will be compiled and provided to the pilot institutions to incorporate
specific strategies. Pilot institutions were quite receptive about this
feature, because the data could assist them in validating their current
research or might result in the creation of new strategies for assisting
these students. Data obtained to date indicates that approximately 45%
of borrowers contacted have graduated, pre-registered for additional
classes, are still taking classes at the half time or below half time
level, or are enrolled at another institution. This suggests that there
may be opportunities for improvement in the enrollment reporting
process.
### Results -- Caveat
The delinquency cure rate has been impacted by a number of factors.
First, unlike collections, it takes nine months for an account to cycle
through the delinquency process. The success of default aversion
programs cannot be fully measured until a cohort of loans is followed
through the complete nine-month cycle to determine whether a claim has
been filed. Because the VFA was not signed until March 2001, it took a
number of months to make necessary system modifications and gain
industry partner buy-in. The first operational changes to default
aversion activities were not made until July 2001.
Additionally, there were temporary problems resulting from a large
servicer's migration to a new servicing center that impacted TG's cure
rate. TG was not initially alerted to the problems the servicer was
experiencing and was not able to react appropriately to the sudden
fluctuation in volume and performance. It took the center approximately
eight months before it was fully staffed with employees who were
proficient with the servicing system. During this time, TG saw its cure
rate decline as much as six percent. By April 2002, performance had
returned to normal rates.
Other factors that have impacted the delinquency and cure rate programs
are the increase in loan balances and worsening economic conditions.
Specifically, TG has identified that some servicers have provided up to
60 months or more of forbearance to prevent a borrower from defaulting.
As a result, the agency is finding it difficult to cure loans for these
borrowers as they have exhausted their forbearance and deferment
eligibility and are unable to pay. Because of the annual capping of
interest at the end of each forbearance period, some borrowers are faced
with balances that have increased substantially and, because of the
number of months of forbearance, are not conditioned to making a monthly
student loan payment. The loans in forbearance, however, represent less
than 20% of the loans in repayment in the TG portfolio and, of this,
only a portion represents those borrowers with 60 months of forbearance.
Another factor identified by TG relates to the use of consolidation.
Consolidation loans have larger balances as a result of interest capping
and spousal consolidations. TG has seen an increase in the number of
large balance consolidation loans (especially those in excess of \$100K)
becoming delinquent. These high-balance consolidation loans tend to be
more difficult to cure. In general, DAARs containing consolidation loans
have increased by over 8% over the last twelve months while other loan
types have declined or experienced very slight increases.
[^1]: Represents first full FY where all VFA agreements are in effect.
[^2]: Represents first full FY where all VFA agreements are in effect.
[^3]: For more specific information regarding GA collection recovery
rates, please refer to the DCS website. See
<http://www.collections.sfa.ed.gov/contractors/ga/stats/index.htm>.
[^4]: Represents first full FY where all VFA agreements are in effect.
[^5]: Represents a corrected amount that differs from the published
information on the DCS website.
[^6]: CSAC data quality trend has continued to improve. The FY 2002
snapshot as of September 30, 2002 does not reflect this upward
trend.
[^7]: *Pending amendment to reduce fee rate range to 0.0425 to 0.102%.*
[^8]: This does not include repayment accounts and administrative wage
garnishment recoveries.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 057232 | E866 Off-line Analysis Plan
The off-line analysis plan consists of a number of different
levels addressing various needs and with different facilities.
Database - A common database that will serve analysis at all
stages outlined below, including wide-area network and programmed
access, will be used to collect and disseminate geometrical
alignment data and other detector and run data as well as to
keep track of all analysis done on each data sample.
Backend Analysis - Using approximatly 150 SpecMarks of SGI
UNIX workstations at the portakamp, which will be supplied by Fermilab,
we will analyze data in real time. Data will be shipped from the
on-line data acquisition system via ethernet and various monitoring
processes will verify it's integrity including full analysis and
tracking of up to 10% of the events. The analysis will address issues
ranging from raw detector histograms and dead channels, to overall
efficiency for detecting J/Psi events (with low statistics).
Bicycle Online - UNIX farms provided by Fermilab will be used to
analyze about 20% of the data soon after it is taken. This analysis
will check the readability of the raw 8mm data tapes, and will be
used to get initial results for cross sections and ratios. Here
we will also to investigate possible rate-dependent effects
on the cross sections and ratio. This analysis will also serve as
the prototype for the final production analysis, which is expected
to begin soon after data taking is complete.
Production Pass 1 - The same UNIX farms used for the bicycle online
will be used for the production first-pass analysis of the complete
data sample. This production analysis will include the most compute
intensive part of the the offline analysis. This will include track
reconstruction in the drift chambers, traceback to the target region
through the SM12 magnetic field, reconstruction of basic physics
quantities, and writing out the results for events that pass to a
data summary tape (DST). A UNIX farm of about the same power as
was used in the production analysis of the E789 data should be adequate
for this job and for the bicycle online above. This system was a
set of four farm systems with six IBM compute nodes each. We estimate that
such a system can analyze a E866 8mm tape of raw data in about 4 hours.
With the expected number of tapes being about 1000 the full analysis should
take about six months. Previously the 24 compute nodes of the farm were
divided into four smaller farm systems. We hope that with improvements in
the way input and output data flow are handled all the farm compute nodes
can be in one, or at most two, pieces. This will ease the management and
bookeeping of the production process.
Physics Pass 2 - The output of the first pass will be distributed throughout
the collaboration for final analysis to physics results. UNIX computing
resources at Los Alamos, the Fermilab Physics Department, and at all
the other collaborating institutions will be used for this. This type
of analysis will also be applied to the output of the bicycle online
analysis during the data taking. Also during data taking some of the
institions computing resources at large may be located at Fermilab
to provide easy access for the collaborators who are on site taking
shifts. In order to support the physics analysis off-site, we will rely
on our VME based tape copy facility to make copies of the DST tapes for
distribution by Express mail. For smaller sets of data we will also rely
upon distribution over the network. Reliable network connections will also
be important for distribution of programs and databases.
| en |
log-files | 619568 | <!-- Title: Eve shift. Sun Dec 11, 2005 -->
<!-- SciCo: Beate Heinemann -->
<!-- DAQAce: Wojciech Fedorko/Ai Nagano -->
<!-- MonAce: Lester Pinera -->
<!-- CO: Gianluca Introzzi -->
<!-- OpManager: Greg Feild -->
<!-- Notes: -->
<pre>Tevatron is stacking, but quiet time until 7pm. We plan to do non-quiet time calibrations and L2 torture, and hope for shot setup!</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:09:39.724 2005 -->
MCR consider it unlikely that they will have a big enough stack for a shot this evening: currently the stack is 29E10.
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:10:35.075 2005 -->
TM2 Events Pending Timeout Error, Trigger rates problem, HRR
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208699' target=_top>208699</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:13:56.799 2005 -->
Jianrong Deng was here and talked to Phil Schlabach to figure out the CMX TDC problems: it looks like there is an oscillating preamp in wedge 8. They are looking into that together with the pager carrier. Good news is that the trigger problem is fixed.
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:16:21.286 2005 -->
Busy timeout b0tsi03
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208699' target=_top>208699</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:19:25.354 2005 -->
I restarted VOICE Alarms.
<!-- Author: ai -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:21:18.537 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208699">208699</a>
Terminated at 2005.12.11 16:20:57
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:22:34.203 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208699">208699</a>
TERMINATE: for SVT test
<!-- Author: Young-Jang -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:28:25.075 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701">208701</a>
Activated at 2005.12.11 16:28:20
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:30:18.558 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701">208701</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_COSMICS_ALL Trigger: COSMICS [15,730,598]
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:30:19.509 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208703">208703</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: SVT_500HZ
<!-- Author: annovi -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:36:49.535 2005 -->
TM2 Events Pending Timeout Error
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701' target=_top>208701</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:40:51.396 2005 -->
<pre>noticed COT was on STDBY default is to have it off so we ramp it down</pre>
<!-- Author: Wojtek -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:42:50.885 2005 -->
Readout error, RXPT Error b0cot02, HRR
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701' target=_top>208701</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 16;47;09 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 16;51;23 comment by...ai -->
Readout error for b0cot17
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:43:13.933 2005 -->
<pre>ODH ALARM for collision and assembly hall
cryo on the phone</pre>
<!-- Author: Wojtek -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 16;43;49 comment by...Beate -->
Cryo guys is going to check it out.
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 16;54;47 comment by...Beate -->
He checked it and thinks it is a bad reading: it says "trouble ok" on the reading. So, he will by pass it now.
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:44:01.974 2005 -->
TM2 Events Pending Error
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701' target=_top>208701</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 16;57;14 comment by...ai -->
again, HRR
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:48:21.938 2005 -->
Trigger rates problem
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701' target=_top>208701</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:52:28.089 2005 -->
Done Timeout b0cot13, b0cot14, b0cot15, b0cot16, b0cot17 bocot00 b0cot02
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701' target=_top>208701</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:53:56.040 2005 -->
Readout error b0cot17,HRR
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701' target=_top>208701</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:54:03.143 2005 -->
<pre>Solenoid trip field and current look ok
it cleared in ~30s
</pre>
<!-- Author: Wojtek -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 16;55;57 comment by...Beate -->
The cryo guys also checked out the solenoid trip and says it is okay again. It got a "bad reading" but is now fine. It is strange that this and the ODH alarm happened nearly simultaneously. We will keep watching it.
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:55:57.598 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208704">208704</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: SVT_500HZ
<!-- Author: annovi -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 16:55:59.756 2005 -->
<pre>PSM alarm for 1rr12e_4
I think this is also a fluke
</pre>
<!-- Author: Wojtek -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 17;04;55 comment by...wojtek and ai -->
<pre>we went to 1st floor: CSX folks are working on it crate is off
</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:00:59.323 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208704">208704</a>
TERMINATE: ending
<!-- Author: annovi -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:01:16.282 2005 -->
<pre>We put in a patch to allow SVTSPYMON to save the beam position from run to run. The patch was required since the SVT code migration is on going.</pre>
<!-- Author: Laura & Alberto -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:12:20.772 2005 -->
In the meantime at the daq station: looks like a bunch of cal and cot crates gave rxpt errors
this was preceded by some b0cot13 Timeout on global TDC Done(MLE
several HRR's were issued
we are back running
jere are some crates that reported trouble:
RXPT Error for crate/s:
b0ccal10 b0ccal11 b0ccal12 b0ccal13 b0wcal05 b0wcal06 b0pcal08 b0pcal09 b0pcal10 b0cot13 b0cot14 b0cot15 b0cot16 b0cot17
<!-- Author: wojtek and ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701' target=_top>208701</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 17;15;18 comment by...Wojtek -->
<pre>actually looking back at the messages Isee that there were more cot crates done TO:
COT_13
COT_14
COT_15
COT_16
COT_17
this was happening in concurrence with the supposed SOlenoid trip (? interesting ?)
</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:19:17.449 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701">208701</a>
Terminated at 2005.12.11 17:17:11
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:19:19.245 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208701">208701</a>
TERMINATE: for L2torture
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:22:32.701 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208705">208705</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: L2TORTURE Trigger: L2_TORTURE [16,729,599]
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:23:08.275 2005 -->
L2 Decision Timeout
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208705' target=_top>208705</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:34:05.918 2005 -->
<pre>CMX ramped down by Dale's request
he asks us to ramp all the way up in ~5-6 min.
He will call in ~1hr to ramp back to stdby</pre>
<!-- Author: Wojtek -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 17;42;18 comment by...Wojtek -->
<pre>it's up
running cosmics
will do dmode calib in few minutes than cosmics or l2 again</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:36:13.122 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208705">208705</a>
TERMINATE: for SVT cosmic
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 17;37;53 comment by...wojtek -->
actually to check out csx
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:39:31.058 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208706">208706</a>
Activated at 2005.12.11 17:39:11
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:39:32.842 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208706">208706</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_COSMICS_ALL Trigger: COSMICS [15,730,598]
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 17;55;46 comment by...Dale Stentz -->
Short Cosmic run shows CMX west wedge 8 is not oscillating. All CMX is on and shows typical occupancy. Either the HV cycle helped or it doesn't oscillate when the HV is all on. We'll keep looking from afar for now.
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:40:08.856 2005 -->
L2 decision Timeout
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208706' target=_top>208706</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:47:41.929 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208706">208706</a>
Terminated at 2005.12.11 17:46:42
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:47:42.795 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208706">208706</a>
TERMINATE: for silicon dmod calibration
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:49:02.567 2005 -->
ramping si up for dmode calib
<!-- Author: wojtek and ai -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 17;52;17 comment by...wojtek -->
up
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:55:18.698 2005 -->
We changed CSX discriminator (1RR12E, crate 3, slot7)
and tested it on cosmic run, seems OK.
Previous discriminator was noisy.
<!-- Author: Akram, Vladimir -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 17:58:55.745 2005 -->
Stack is at 44.6E10 now. No news from MCR yet.
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:01:22.175 2005 -->
problem going through partiton tsi00 01 02 evb2b csl errlog yellow
rest pale
try reset
going through partiton I get:
Invalid Run Settings
Trigger Table COSMICS [14,*,*] is no longer valid for online use
L3 Tag Set 540 is no longer valid for online use
I probably should just use a current cosmics table but I'll talk to Si to confirm
<!-- Author: Wojtek -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;13;25 comment by...Kirsten -->
Veronica retired several of the old trigger tables. If you are using a saved run configuration it may be old and not using a current version of the L3 tagset. You will need to pick a valid L3 tagset from the available ones.
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;15;22 comment by...wojtek ai ankush -->
we did that - it works now
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:15:38.466 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208707">208707</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: SVXCAL_DPSON Trigger: COSMICS [15,730,598]
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:18:59.225 2005 -->
<pre>CER_SVXMON_HALT_RECOVER_RUN_ERROR !!!
Stuck Cellid S/B0/W4/L4/C0-6 .
AUTO HRR will be issued
</pre>
<!-- Author: wojtek :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208707' target=_top>208707</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:27:19.868 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208707">208707</a>
TERMINATE: for silicon dmod calib DPS off
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:31:27.486 2005 -->
<pre> CER_SVXMON_HALT_RECOVER_RUN_ERROR !!!
Stuck Cellid S/B0/W4/L4/C0-6 .
AUTO HRR will be issued </pre>
<!-- Author: Wojtek :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208708' target=_top>208708</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;32;51 comment by...wojtek -->
noch eins
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;41;51 comment by...wojtek -->
and one more while ENDing
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:31:31.647 2005 -->
<table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21377&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21377 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>silicon BIAS turned pink, unmarked</td></tr></table>
<!-- Author: ai -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;39;50 comment by...ai -->
several channel in SVX turned to pink, unmarked.
one channel (B4W5L4) BIAS is still flat.
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;44;09 comment by...wojtek -->
<pre>so actually svx b3w11l2 is also flat and turns back to pink
plots to follow</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:36:23.225 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208708">208708</a>
TERMINATE: DMODE done
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:40:30.608 2005 -->
cmx back to stdby
<!-- Author: Wojtek -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 19;17;26 comment by...Dale -->
Thanks - <a href=
'/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=1035&frame=2&anchor=17:39:32.842'>via above</a> the potenital high trigger rate problem seen after the smoke cleared from the TDC problem (<a href=
'/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=1035&frame=2&anchor=16:13:56.799'>link</a>) has gone away. Hard to say what killed it; even harder to say whether it will come back or not. Best course of action is to take cosmics (actually anything that reads out the CMX crate info) and see what happens. <br><br>Right now run 208707 shows nothing (that's good - CMX is at stand-by).<br><br>
The potential problem might cause a high trigger rate which will result in high deadtime (likely have to mark CMX bad as well). The problem will be obvious via the YMon "Muon Slide" and even more obvious on the TrigMon "Low Pt CMX TrigData/TrigSim comparision" - west wedge 8 will overshoot all the other west side wedges.<br><br>
We'll keep our eye on it and may decided to come in for the start of the shot to make sure everything runs smothly.
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:45:10.186 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208709">208709</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: L2TORTURE Trigger: L2_TORTURE [16,729,599]
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:47:29.789 2005 -->
l2 decision TO
DT is 4.5%-not too bad
L1A 41kHz L2A 276Hz
this looks normal too me
<!-- Author: wojtek :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208709' target=_top>208709</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;48;00 comment by...Wojtek -->
another one hmm....
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 18;50;46 comment by...Wojtek -->
<pre>I will try to crank the rate and see if it affects the l2decision TO rate</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:48:21.638 2005 -->
<center><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21378&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21378' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21379&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21379' width='300'></a></center>
<!-- Author: ai -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:50:15.474 2005 -->
ramp si down
<!-- Author: wojtek -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:52:35.870 2005 -->
<pre>Called MCR: they will inject beam in 15-30 minutes but call us before. They don't know the schedule for the shot setup yet since it depends on the pbar guys and the pbar guys "don't know yet"</pre>
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 18:56:57.508 2005 -->
L2 Trigger Rate problem, Trigger rate problem, HRR
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208709' target=_top>208709</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 19;02;00 comment by...wojtek -->
<pre>it was L2 decision timeout (the bulb in run control turned red
there was NO alarm red and yellow box about this also no alarm and no auto HRR event though auto HRR's are enabled-
we should have had auto hrr someone please look at this....</pre>
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 19;02;34 comment by...wojtek -->
<pre>again - exact same behavior</pre>
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 19;05;21 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 19:06:48.437 2005 -->
RPS and BSC are in somewhat weird state both bars are off so I presume this is fine for beam - the status says 'ON' though
<!-- Author: wojtek -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 19:07:55.662 2005 -->
<pre>MCR will inject beam in 10 minutes. We are ready for that. But no news on when we will get a shot. The stack is now at 55E10.</pre>
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 19:25:20.577 2005 -->
1RR18E_1 alarmed
<!-- Author: ai -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 19:32:12.761 2005 -->
funny problem on the rc machine:
b0dap73:124:~> setup fer
we^?^?WARNING: '/cdf/code-common/cdfonline/upsii_database' is not a directory
ERROR: Found no match for product 'rfm'
ERROR: Action parsing failed on "unsetuprequired(-j rfm)"
setup-ppc: assuming PowerPC 603 processor
b0dap73:125:~> whoami
cdfdaq
works on control01
<!-- Author: wojtek -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 19;39;37 comment by...wojtek -->
works now (?)
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 19:41:03.028 2005 -->
l2 decision TO
<!-- Author: Wojtek :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208709' target=_top>208709</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 19;44;00 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 19:45:11.465 2005 -->
L2 trig rates problem
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208709' target=_top>208709</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 19;45;58 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 20:00:38.750 2005 -->
<pre>Hey Wojtek....did you remember to fill in the Silicon D-Mode Calibration Web forms ?</pre>
<!-- Author: Ankush -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 20;03;44 comment by...Wojtek -->
I did however I didn't get email confirm...
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 20:09:25.835 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208709">208709</a>
TERMINATE: Ending the run to include b0l2pu02 (where the TX we plan to use to proxy b0ccal13 sits)
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 20:18:12.717 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208710">208710</a>
TERMINATE: need to make the TX card active (and refresh from HDB)
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 20:18:15.845 2005 -->
MCR plan to do studies for 2 hours and then go into shot setup. They are having some trouble with reverse protons right now but as soon as they have fixed that they'll start the studies.
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 20:22:18.976 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208711">208711</a>
TERMINATE: end
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 20:26:07.142 2005 -->
We went to down stairs and RPS BSC turned on.
<!-- Author: ai -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 20;31;08 comment by...ai -->
We noticed RPS and BSC min voltage bars on ifix were down (this is not normal). We paged forward detector expert and he suggested that we look at CLC PC in first floor, specifically BSC1 RPS trigger should be 100%, (they weren't, so we turn them on )
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 20;34;44 comment by...convery -->
This is from when the CLC CAEN was hung up and reset on the owl shift.
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 20:36:29.052 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208713">208713</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: L2TORTURE Trigger: L2_TORTURE [16,729,599]
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:18:07.839 2005 -->
power codes of wireless network in 1RR04F and 1RR34F they were pluged in. Shotsetup check list says they shuold be unpluged.
<!-- Author: ai -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 21;18;33 comment by...ai -->
so we unpluged them
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:22:24.876 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208714">208714</a>
TERMINATE: ending to exclude b0ccal13 and seee if we could run with the emulator alone.
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:23:04.512 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208715">208715</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: L2TORTURE Trigger: L2_TORTURE [16,729,599]
<!-- Author: ai & wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:23:04.052 2005 -->
<pre>
This TX plan is quite heroic!
Do we have any evidence that:
a) CCAL13 is sending bad data to L2
OR
b) that we might have to take physics data
without the ccal13 crate included?
If so, a summary (or plot) would be nice</pre>
<!-- Author: greg -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 22;02;40 comment by...neu+konstantin+wojtek -->
<pre>A summary:
o We first did a fiber swapping exercise that confirmed that
the problem is indeed isolated to ccal13. These L2DecisionTOs in
L2Torture are coincident with a bunch-counter mismatch on one of
our three XCES Rx pulsar boards. We found that when we moved the
fibers from the three XCES channels coming from ccal13 (E15-17)
to a different Rx pulsar board, the BC mismatch always followed
these three channels. So - it is one of these channels in
ccal13.
o With ccal13 included and sending data I loaded some patterns
to see if these three channels were giving garbled packets. I
did not see any clear data corruption - except the BC mismatch
in the pulsar board. I did this only a handful of times though.
o We verified that we could actually run with l2pu02 included
in the run, which houses the XCES Tx. This was a problem earlier
in the week.
o We verified that we could run L2T without L2DecisionTOs if we
removed the three ccal13 input channels and replaced them with
three fibers from the XCES Tx.
As for whether this problem with ccal13 will occur when we take
data - I do not know. The ShowerMax group should comment on
that. We are prepared to run if ccal13 does not work for beam
data-taking - but this is not a solution, just a temporary fix
to keep us up and running. Data would not be good.
One of us L2 trigger guys will be here for BOS in case this
ccal13 problem occurs (or any other problem that affects L2).
</pre>
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 22;34;53 comment by...greg -->
<pre>
Excellent job! Thanks.</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:29:23.296 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208715">208715</a>
TERMINATE: succesfully verified that using a TX in b0l2pu02 (slot 10) to emulate b0ccal13 data
works. Going to default system now
<!-- Author: anikeev/neu/wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:32:17.397 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208716">208716</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: L2TORTURE Trigger: L2_TORTURE [16,729,599] L2_TORTURE, b0l2ccal13 is in, b0l2pu02 is out (but hot and ready to go)
<!-- Author: anikeev/neu/wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:36:38.559 2005 -->
<pre>Here is a brief history of the L2 v. CCAL13 problem:
A while ago it was found that ccal13 could not be used
in any kind of run. It turned out that the problem was due
to a loose fiber connection to the TRACER in the crate.
There were no bad SMXR cards that we know of.
Because we wanted to run L2 torture and cosmics without
the disabled ccal13, the SMXR data to L2 was masked off
so we could keep running.
HOWEVER, before we discovered the loose TRACER fiber, we
did suspect that the SMXR cards were bad so some
spare SMXR cards were swapped into the crate. It is at
this point that the DONE timeouts started occuring in
the L2 torture runs.
In summary - the original conrcern involving L2 and SMXR was
due to the ccal13 crate being excluded from running due
to the bad TRACER connection.
Now, with the (questionable?) SMXR spares installed and
a possible increase in L2 deadtime (??) when ccal13 is
included in the run, I leave it to the L2 and SMXR experts
to assess the current situation.
Perhaps this helps ...</pre>
<!-- Author: greg -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 23;37;50 comment by...byrum -->
The problem earlier in the week which turned out to be a tracer cable was with ccal05, not ccal13. Ccal13 has always had a problem that reappears after long accesses or power outages. We have never understood this problem and it usually takes a bit of time after an access before this crate settles down.
<!-- Comment: Mon Dec 12 10;15;47 comment by...greg -->
<pre>argh! you are right.</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:44:42.212 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208716">208716</a>
TERMINATE: l2 work done
we had request before from csx to run cosmics we'll do that now
<!-- Author: wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:49:05.872 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208717">208717</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: L2TORTURE Trigger: L2_TORTURE [16,729,599]
<!-- Author: wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 21:57:39.127 2005 -->
<table border=0><td><tr><td bgcolor=#e0e030><h3>NO Silicon for this store</h3>
<p>If a shot comes in tonight, do NOT include Silicon. I would like to assess the beam quality of this store before we run with Silicon.</p>
<p>Thank you:-)</p></td></tr></td></table>
<!-- Author: Ankush - Your friendly neighbourhood Silicon SPL -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 22;10;02 comment by...greg feild -->
<pre>Then certainly leave CCAL13 in run and in the
Level 2 trigger, regardless of any problems it may cause,
so that we can gather diagnostic data and fix any
lingering problems in these systems. thanks.
</pre>
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 22;17;31 comment by...Lester -->
OK, Great Ankush! I'll make sure to include silicon! =)
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 23;03;00 comment by...a voice from the past -->
he who joketh with the silicon might roast in sili-hell!
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 22:10:00.817 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208718">208718</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: COTCALIB_ACE
<!-- Author: wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 22:10:02.035 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208718">208718</a>
TERMINATE: done COT calib
<!-- Author: wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 22:11:12.240 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208719">208719</a>
Activated at 2005.12.11 22:10:11
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 22:11:13.616 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208719">208719</a>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_COSMICS_ALL Trigger: COSMICS [15,730,598]
<!-- Author: wojtek x2080 -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 22:17:48.000 2005 -->
<pre>per request of COT expert we run COT calibrations
since CO is not in the room I checked these and the script says they look ok:
Make sure date is correct.
COT Calibration 22:06:19 on 2005-12-11
aveStart: 209.35
total numBad: 363 - o.k.
numBad cells: 2
numBad cables: 0
numBad slots: 0
aveDrift: 0.083
max number drifted in crate: 52
total numDrifted: 143
number of drifted cells 4
number of drifted cables 0
number of drifted slots 0
This calibration is o.k.
*** Timing has drifted, constants updated (i.e new COMPLETE file written to DB)***
Out of the last 7 calibrations, constants have been updated 5 times
Expert Only:
file: /cdf/onln/home/cdfdaq/consumers/log/runCotCtt_0_2005-12-11_22:06:19.log
Drifted Cells:
crate 3 slot 13 asdq 1: 9
crate 3 slot 13 asdq 7: 10
crate 17 slot 12 asdq 0: 10
crate 17 slot 12 asdq 4: 9
Bad Cells:
crate 2 slot 5 asdq 6: 12
crate 3 slot 14 asdq 3: 9
</pre>
<!-- Author: wojtek -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 22:28:49.017 2005 -->
TM2 error
<!-- Author: wojtek :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208719' target=_top>208719</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 22;41;03 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 23;16;08 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 23;19;45 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 23;30;30 comment by...ai -->
again
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 22:38:04.682 2005 -->
<pre>Busy TO. for crate/s:
b0tsi03 </pre>
<!-- Author: Wojtek :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208719' target=_top>208719</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 23;59;30 comment by...taichi -->
again.
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 23:05:44.011 2005 -->
<table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21380&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-21380 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Silicon pinky channel S_DVDD_B2W9L1</td></tr></table>
<!-- Author: ai -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 23:21:22.856 2005 -->
TOMcat in ProcMon alarmed.
<!-- Author: ai :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208719' target=_top>208719</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Dec 11 23;45;57 comment by...Lester -->
<pre>When logging into the b0web00 to try issuing a kitty command we got the following message :
WARNING: '/cdf/code-common/cdfonline/upsii_database' is not a directory
WARNING: '/cdf/code-common/products/upsii_database' is not a directory
WARNING: '/cdf/code-common/cdfonline/upsii_database' is not a directory
WARNING: '/cdf/code-common/products/upsii_database' is not a directory
WARNING: '/cdf/code-common/cdfonline/upsii_database' is not a directory
WARNING: '/cdf/code-common/products/upsii_database' is not a directory
after that I tried issuing the kitty command,but we get command not found. This problem happened during the day and owl shifts today. We are paging daq</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 23:41:09.623 2005 -->
<pre>MCR called: they will be shooting very soon!</pre>
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 23:55:16.445 2005 -->
<font color=red>Shift Summary: </font><pre>
- L2 guys worked on the CCAL13 crate problem. The hope is that the
problem will, however, not appear during physics data taking. Chris
Neu wants to be called when final protons are being loaded so
that he can be here for the shot setup.
- CMX muon TDC trigger and HV problems from earlier shift got resolved
by the experts.
- Silicon should NOT be included into the nxt store
- expect the store soon (during owl shift): will be recycler-only.
The stack in the recycler is 51E10.
- Currently having Tomkat problem: expert looking into it.</pre>
<br><b>End of Shift Numbers</b>
<table><tr><td width=60% align=left>
<b>CDF Run II <p></b>
<pre>
Runs 0
Delivered Luminosity 0
Acquired Luminosity 0
Efficiency 0
</td></tr></table></pre>
<!-- Author: Beate -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 23:55:31.410 2005 -->
<TABLE BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=1 BGCOLOR=WHITE>
<TR BGCOLOR=YELLOW><TH>RunNumber</TH>
<TH>DataType</TH>
<TH>Physics able</TH>
<TH>Begin</TH>
<TH>End</TH>
<TH>LiveTime</TH>
<TH>L1Accepts</TH>
<TH>L2Accepts</TH>
<TH>L3Accepts</TH>
<TH>LiveLumi nb<SUP>-1</SUP></TH>
<TH>GR</TH>
<TH>SC</TH>
<TH>RC</TH></TR>
<TR><TD>Totals</TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD>23:55:00</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>::</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT></TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT></TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT></TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT></TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<!-- Author: End of Shift Report -->
<!-- Date: Sun Dec 11 23:57:50.074 2005 -->
<P>
Have put the following statement in the .cshrc file
of account tomcat on b0web00:
<blockquote>
setenv PRODUCTS /cdf/onln/code/products/lnx/upsdb:/cdf/onln/code/cdfprod/upsdb:/cdf/onln/code/cdfsoft/products/upsdb
</blockquote>
This seems to iron out problems accessing the old
/cdf/code-common disk.
<P>
<!-- Author: W.Badgett -->
<!-- Date: Mon Dec 12 00:03:37.053 2005 -->
Trigger Manager Error. HRR.
<!-- Author: taichi :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=208719' target=_top>208719</a>) -->
<!-- Comment: Mon Dec 12 00;09;47 comment by...taichi -->
again.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 586984 | 092206,Crude Oil Production,Domestic Production,5101,5076,5109,5106
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Crude Oil Inputs,15993,16018,15953,15846
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Crude Oil Inputs - East Coast (PADD I) ,1605,1590,1676,1642
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Crude Oil Inputs - Midwest (PADD II) ,3576,3537,3366,3264
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Crude Oil Inputs - Gulf Coast (PADD III) ,7507,7523,7563,7594
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Crude Oil Inputs - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV) ,579,595,580,572
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Crude Oil Inputs - West Coast (PADD V),2726,2773,2768,2774
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Gross Inputs,16274,16184,16250,16079
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Gross Inputs - East Coast (PADD I),1590,1580,1663,1635
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Gross Inputs - Midwest (PADD II),3586,3544,3377,3276
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Gross Inputs - Gulf Coast (PADD III),7730,7683,7793,7752
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Gross Inputs - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),583,601,583,575
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Gross Inputs - West Coast (PADD V),2785,2776,2834,2841
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components,394,254,195,395
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether ,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - CBOB,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - CBOB - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - CBOB - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - CBOB - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - CBOB - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - CBOB - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Operable Capacity,17395,17395,17395,17395
092206,Inputs and Utilization,Operable Capacity - Percent Utilization ,93.56,93.04,93.42,92.43
092206,Production by Product,Finished Motor Gasoline,9231,9073,9156,9260
092206,Production by Product,Finished Motor Gasoline - East Coast (PADD I),1682,1660,1725,1790
092206,Production by Product,Finished Motor Gasoline - Midwest (PADD II),2168,2139,2093,2116
092206,Production by Product,Finished Motor Gasoline - Gulf Coast (PADD III),3476,3396,3402,3424
092206,Production by Product,Finished Motor Gasoline - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),295,269,261,277
092206,Production by Product,Finished Motor Gasoline - West Coast (PADD V),1610,1609,1675,1653
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated,3054,2997,3139,3159
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated - East Coast (PADD I),1087,1052,1146,1163
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated - Midwest (PADD II),393,387,379,399
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),456,407,415,448
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated - West Coast (PADD V),1118,1151,1199,1149
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Ether,22,-1,0,0
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Ether - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Ether - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Ether - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Ether - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Ether - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Alcohol,2929,2902,3012,3045
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated non Oxygenated,103,96,127,114
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated non Oxygenated - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Reformulated non Oxygenated - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional,6177,6076,6017,6101
092206,Production by Product,Conventional - East Coast (PADD I),595,608,579,627
092206,Production by Product,Conventional - Midwest (PADD II),1775,1752,1714,1717
092206,Production by Product,Conventional - Gulf Coast (PADD III),3020,2989,2987,2976
092206,Production by Product,Conventional - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),295,269,261,277
092206,Production by Product,Conventional - West Coast (PADD V),492,458,476,504
092206,Production by Product,Conventional with Alcohol,1291,1251,1269,1296
092206,Production by Product,Conventional with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional Other,4886,4825,4748,4805
092206,Production by Product,Conventional Other - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional Other - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional Other - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional Other - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Conventional Other - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type,1455,1493,1460,1551
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type - East Coast (PADD I),85,102,103,107
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type - Midwest (PADD II),213,225,205,238
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type - Gulf Coast (PADD III),731,715,730,777
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),27,34,31,29
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type - West Coast (PADD V),399,417,391,400
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Commercial ,1346,1320,1321,1419
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Commercial - East Coast (PADD I),85,102,103,107
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Commercial - Midwest (PADD II),196,205,192,226
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Commercial - Gulf Coast (PADD III),667,624,636,697
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Commercial - Fuel Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),21,29,24,23
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Commercial - West Coast (PADD V),377,360,366,366
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Military,109,173,139,132
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Military - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Military - Midwest (PADD II),17,20,13,12
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Military - Gulf Coast (PADD III),64,91,94,80
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Military - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),6,5,7,6
092206,Production by Product,Jet Fuel Kerosene-Type Military - West Coast (PADD V),22,57,25,34
092206,Production by Product,Distillate Fuel Oil,4274,4466,4385,4249
092206,Production by Product,Distillate Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I),432,426,473,460
092206,Production by Product,Distillate Fuel Oil - Midwest (PADD II),984,1072,972,922
092206,Production by Product,Distillate Fuel Oil - Gulf Coast (PADD III),2101,2151,2200,2124
092206,Production by Product,Distillate Fuel Oil - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),179,176,182,173
092206,Production by Product,Distillate Fuel Oil - West Coast (PADD V),578,641,558,570
092206,Production by Product,15 ppm sulfur and Under,2553,2544,2554,2532
092206,Production by Product,15 ppm sulfur and Under - East Coast (PADD I),210,147,206,191
092206,Production by Product,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Midwest (PADD II),641,632,639,655
092206,Production by Product,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Gulf Coast (PADD III),1051,1093,1062,1058
092206,Production by Product,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),164,159,155,149
092206,Production by Product,15 ppm sulfur and Under - West Coast (PADD V),487,513,492,479
092206,Production by Product,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur,875,973,877,782
092206,Production by Product,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I),72,61,55,33
092206,Production by Product,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Midwest (PADD II),212,308,213,200
092206,Production by Product,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Gulf Coast (PADD III),573,574,605,521
092206,Production by Product,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),2,6,11,6
092206,Production by Product,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - West Coast (PADD V),16,24,-7,22
092206,Production by Product,> 500 ppm sulfur,846,949,954,935
092206,Production by Product,> 500 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I),150,218,212,236
092206,Production by Product,> 500 ppm sulfur - Midwest (PADD II),131,132,120,67
092206,Production by Product,> 500 ppm sulfur - Gulf Coast (PADD III),477,484,533,545
092206,Production by Product,> 500 ppm sulfur - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),13,11,16,18
092206,Production by Product,> 500 ppm sulfur - West Coast (PADD V),75,104,73,69
092206,Production by Product,Residual Fuel Oil,678,635,584,669
092206,Production by Product,Residual Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I),156,140,123,123
092206,Production by Product,Residual Fuel Oil - Midwest (PADD II),52,52,38,59
092206,Production by Product,Residual Fuel Oil - Gulf Coast (PADD III),255,268,246,286
092206,Production by Product,Residual Fuel Oil - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),16,18,14,21
092206,Production by Product,Residual Fuel Oil - West Coast (PADD V),199,157,163,180
092206,Production by Product,Propane/Propylene,1074,1045,1036,1026
092206,Production by Product,Propane/Propylene - East Coast (PADD I),64,62,64,65
092206,Production by Product,Propane/Propylene - Midwest (PADD II),214,222,214,197
092206,Production by Product,Propane/Propylene - Gulf Coast (PADD III),659,639,633,616
092206,Stocks,Crude Oil,330.628,327.724,324.876,324.767
092206,Stocks,Crude Oil - East Coast (PADD I),16.452,14.19,15.498,14.846
092206,Stocks,Crude Oil - Midwest (PADD II),70.986,70.99,69.049,69.24
092206,Stocks,"Crude Oil - Midwest (PADD II) - Cushing, Oklahoma",25.076,23.55,22.258,22.264
092206,Stocks,Crude Oil - Gulf Coast (PADD III),177.739,176.981,173.541,175.874
092206,Stocks,Crude Oil - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),13.149,12.928,13.193,13.132
092206,Stocks,Crude Oil - West Coast (PADD V),52.302,52.635,53.595,51.675
092206,Stocks,SPR1,687.842,687.84,687.839,687.838
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline,206.88,206.994,207.554,213.899
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - East Coast (PADD I),54.38,55.73,54.474,58.188
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),4.329,4.24,4.358,4.527
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),28.82,29.757,28.76,30.845
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),21.231,21.733,21.356,22.816
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - Midwest (PADD II),50.675,49.382,50.953,52.402
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - Gulf Coast (PADD III),65.847,67.101,67.592,68.648
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),5.268,5.392,5.465,5.728
092206,Stocks,Total Motor Gasoline - West Coast (PADD V),30.71,29.389,29.07,28.933
092206,Stocks,Finished Motor Gasoline,114.397,113.503,113.635,118.06
092206,Stocks,Reformulated,3.162,3.268,3.119,2.965
092206,Stocks,Reformulated - East Coast (PADD I),0.774,0.849,0.839,0.797
092206,Stocks,Reformulated - Midwest (PADD II),0.002,0.002,0.002,0.002
092206,Stocks,Reformulated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0.536,0.497,0.496,0.553
092206,Stocks,Reformulated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Reformulated - West Coast (PADD V),1.85,1.92,1.782,1.613
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Ether,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Ether - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Ether - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Ether - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Ether - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Ether - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Alcohol,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated non Oxygenated,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated non Oxygenated - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Reformulated non Oxygenated - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional,111.235,110.235,110.516,115.095
092206,Stocks,Conventional - East Coast (PADD I),27.8,27.875,26.593,29.117
092206,Stocks,Conventional - Midwest (PADD II),34.168,33.276,34.087,35.429
092206,Stocks,Conventional - Gulf Coast (PADD III),38.02,38.032,38.131,39.109
092206,Stocks,Conventional - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),3.935,3.936,3.899,4.072
092206,Stocks,Conventional - West Coast (PADD V),7.312,7.116,7.806,7.368
092206,Stocks,Conventional with Alcohol,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional Other,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional Other - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional Other - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional Other - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional Other - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Conventional Other - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Stocks,Blending Components,92.483,93.491,93.919,95.839
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - East Coast (PADD I),25.806,27.006,27.042,28.274
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - Midwest (PADD II),16.505,16.104,16.864,16.971
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - Gulf Coast (PADD III),27.291,28.572,28.965,28.986
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),1.333,1.456,1.566,1.656
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - West Coast (PADD V),21.548,20.353,19.482,19.952
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether ,0.16,0.183,0.138,0.123
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Midwest (PADD II),0.042,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0.116,0.181,0.134,0.119
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - West Coast (PADD V),0.002,0.002,0.004,0.004
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol,41.716,40.513,39.59,41.416
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),15.477,16.289,15.105,16.63
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),6.371,5.905,6.214,6.501
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),8.991,8.783,9.429,9.309
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),10.877,9.536,8.842,8.976
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - CBOB,5.006,5.42,5.192,5.191
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - CBOB - East Coast (PADD I),0.009,0.009,0.009,0.009
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - CBOB - Midwest (PADD II),3.26,3.449,3.557,3.285
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - CBOB - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0.462,0.727,0.506,0.618
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - CBOB - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0.015,0.05,0.053,0.055
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - CBOB - West Coast (PADD V),1.26,1.185,1.067,1.224
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated,0.062,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - East Coast (PADD I),0.062,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional,0.776,0.478,1.21,0.883
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - East Coast (PADD I),0.547,0.302,0.895,0.583
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - West Coast (PADD V),0.229,0.176,0.315,0.3
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components,44.763,46.897,47.789,48.226
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - East Coast (PADD I),9.711,10.406,11.033,11.052
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Midwest (PADD II),6.832,6.75,7.093,7.185
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Gulf Coast (PADD III),17.722,18.881,18.896,18.94
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),1.318,1.406,1.513,1.601
092206,Stocks,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - West Coast (PADD V),9.18,9.454,9.254,9.448
092206,Stocks,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type,41.029,40.931,42.21,42.123
092206,Stocks,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - East Coast (PADD I),10.379,10.687,10.523,10.217
092206,Stocks,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - Midwest (PADD II),6.706,7.232,7.54,7.48
092206,Stocks,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - Gulf Coast (PADD III),13.974,12.836,13.659,13.654
092206,Stocks,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0.505,0.614,0.562,0.53
092206,Stocks,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - West Coast (PADD V),9.465,9.562,9.926,10.242
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil,139.947,144.588,148.67,151.288
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I),63.009,64.385,66.256,68.366
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),12.206,12.986,13.404,13.6
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),38.623,38.761,39.476,40.003
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),12.18,12.638,13.376,14.763
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - Midwest (PADD II),26.61,27.838,29.14,28.751
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - Gulf Coast (PADD III),36.025,37.086,37.519,37.493
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),2.937,3.122,3.074,3.064
092206,Stocks,Distillate Fuel Oil - West Coast (PADD V),11.366,12.157,12.681,13.614
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under,42.526,45.385,47.933,48.672
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - East Coast (PADD I),8.155,8.967,9.118,9.698
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),1.139,1.505,1.557,1.474
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),4.538,4.644,4.736,4.967
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),2.478,2.818,2.825,3.257
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Midwest (PADD II),12.056,12.933,14.132,14.025
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Gulf Coast (PADD III),12.749,12.974,14.051,13.95
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),1.984,2.048,2.122,2.103
092206,Stocks,15 ppm sulfur and Under - West Coast (PADD V),7.582,8.463,8.51,8.896
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur,38.144,38.478,39.417,39.265
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I),11.424,11.748,12.441,12.43
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),0.555,0.749,0.71,0.511
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),5.975,5.853,6.411,5.876
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),4.894,5.146,5.32,6.043
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Midwest (PADD II),10.274,10.12,10.505,10.549
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Gulf Coast (PADD III),13.871,14.086,13.953,13.882
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0.611,0.681,0.574,0.585
092206,Stocks,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - West Coast (PADD V),1.964,1.843,1.944,1.819
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur,59.277,60.725,61.32,63.351
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I),43.43,43.67,44.697,46.238
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),10.512,10.732,11.137,11.615
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),28.11,28.264,28.329,29.16
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),4.808,4.674,5.231,5.463
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Midwest (PADD II),4.28,4.785,4.503,4.177
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Gulf Coast (PADD III),9.405,10.026,9.515,9.661
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0.342,0.393,0.378,0.376
092206,Stocks,> 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - West Coast (PADD V),1.82,1.851,2.227,2.899
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil,42.029,42.766,42.513,43.204
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I),17.124,17.797,17.987,18.591
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),1.056,1.351,1.39,1.315
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),13.535,13.465,14.007,14.284
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),2.533,2.981,2.59,2.992
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - Midwest (PADD II),2.469,2.464,2.35,2.2
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - Gulf Coast (PADD III),15.999,15.917,15.5,15.565
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0.412,0.374,0.376,0.384
092206,Stocks,Residual Fuel Oil - West Coast (PADD V),6.025,6.214,6.3,6.464
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene,63.761,65.684,67.31,68.95
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - East Coast (PADD I),5,5.362,4.937,4.947
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),0.551,0.49,0.406,0.598
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),2.452,2.518,2.485,2.418
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),1.997,2.354,2.046,1.931
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - Midwest (PADD II),25.514,26.032,26.489,26.27
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - Gulf Coast (PADD III),30.554,31.39,32.839,34.774
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - PADD's IV & V,2.693,2.9,3.045,2.959
092206,Stocks,Propane/Propylene - Propylene (Total U.S. Nonfuel use),2.97,2.777,2.714,2.708
092206,Stocks,Unfinished Oils,90.712,90.443,90.26,89.321
092206,Stocks,Other Oils,151.7,152,152,151
092206,Stocks,Total Stocks Excl SPR2,1066.686,1071.13,1075.393,1084.552
092206,Stocks,Total Stocks Incl SPR2,1754.528,1758.97,1763.232,1772.39
092206,Imports,Total Crude Oil Incl SPR,10365,10597,10592,11083
092206,Imports,Crude Oil Excl SPR,10365,10597,10592,11083
092206,Imports,Crude Oil Excl SPR - East Coast (PADD I),1619,1479,1690,1905
092206,Imports,Crude Oil Excl SPR - Midwest (PADD II),1029,1142,1115,955
092206,Imports,Crude Oil Excl SPR - Gulf Coast (PADD III),6317,6335,5882,6950
092206,Imports,Crude Oil Excl SPR - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),322,267,290,264
092206,Imports,Crude Oil Excl SPR - West Coast (PADD V),1078,1374,1615,1009
092206,Imports,SPR,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Total Motor Gasoline,1027,1084,799,1459
092206,Imports,Total Motor Gasoline - East Coast (PADD I),864,973,574,1344
092206,Imports,Total Motor Gasoline - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,46,18
092206,Imports,Total Motor Gasoline - Gulf Coast (PADD III),65,61,161,0
092206,Imports,Total Motor Gasoline - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Total Motor Gasoline - West Coast (PADD V),98,50,18,97
092206,Imports,Reformulated,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Ether,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Ether - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Ether - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Ether - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Ether - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Ether - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Alcohol,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated non Oxygenated,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated non Oxygenated - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated non Oxygenated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Reformulated non Oxygenated - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional,460,285,210,777
092206,Imports,Conventional - East Coast (PADD I),419,272,210,687
092206,Imports,Conventional - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,18
092206,Imports,Conventional - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional - West Coast (PADD V),41,13,0,72
092206,Imports,Conventional with Alcohol,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional Other,460,285,210,777
092206,Imports,Conventional Other - East Coast (PADD I),419,272,210,687
092206,Imports,Conventional Other - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,18
092206,Imports,Conventional Other - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional Other - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Conventional Other - West Coast (PADD V),41,13,0,72
092206,Imports,Blending Components,567,799,589,682
092206,Imports,Blending Components - East Coast (PADD I),445,701,364,657
092206,Imports,Blending Components - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,46,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - Gulf Coast (PADD III),65,61,161,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - West Coast (PADD V),57,37,18,25
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether ,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Ether - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol,243,176,143,295
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - East Coast (PADD I),243,176,131,295
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - RBOB with Alcohol - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,12,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - CBOB,0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - CBOB - East Coast (PADD I),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - CBOB - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - CBOB - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - CBOB - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - CBOB - West Coast (PADD V),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Reformulated - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional,NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - GTAB Conventional - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components,239,467,280,254
092206,Imports,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - East Coast (PADD I),117,448,111,234
092206,Imports,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Midwest (PADD II),0,0,46,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Gulf Coast (PADD III),65,19,117,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Blending Components - All Other Blending Components - West Coast (PADD V),57,0,6,20
092206,Imports,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type,119,124,292,158
092206,Imports,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - East Coast (PADD I),100,51,98,103
092206,Imports,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - Midwest (PADD II),0,1,3,1
092206,Imports,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - Gulf Coast (PADD III),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type - West Coast (PADD V),19,72,191,54
092206,Imports,Distillate Fuel Oil,522,384,471,404
092206,Imports,Distillate Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I),416,179,355,326
092206,Imports,Distillate Fuel Oil - Midwest (PADD II),6,3,1,1
092206,Imports,Distillate Fuel Oil - Gulf Coast (PADD III),28,121,40,27
092206,Imports,Distillate Fuel Oil - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),4,4,5,5
092206,Imports,Distillate Fuel Oil - West Coast (PADD V),68,77,70,45
092206,Imports,15 ppm sulfur and Under,261,260,280,200
092206,Imports,15 ppm sulfur and Under - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,15 ppm sulfur and Under - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,15 ppm sulfur and Under - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur,117,83,41,9
092206,Imports,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur Sulfur - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur,69,36,98,100
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 500 ppm to 2000 ppm sulfur - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur,75,5,52,95
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - New England (PADD IA),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Central Atlantic (PADD IB),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - East Coast (PADD I) - Lower Atlantic (PADD IC),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - Midwest (PADD II),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - Gulf Coast (PADD III),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,> 2000 ppm sulfur - West Coast (PADD V),NA,NA,NA,NA
092206,Imports,Residual Fuel Oil,332,328,511,302
092206,Imports,Residual Fuel Oil - East Coast (PADD I),280,213,327,233
092206,Imports,Residual Fuel Oil - Midwest (PADD II),0,18,0,0
092206,Imports,Residual Fuel Oil - Gulf Coast (PADD III),52,91,79,64
092206,Imports,Residual Fuel Oil - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,0,0
092206,Imports,Residual Fuel Oil - West Coast (PADD V),0,6,105,5
092206,Imports,Propane/Propylene,254,218,148,179
092206,Imports,Propane/Propylene - East Coast (PADD I),16,44,45,3
092206,Imports,Propane/Propylene - Midwest (PADD II),57,55,30,73
092206,Imports,Propane/Propylene - Gulf Coast (PADD III),177,117,72,97
092206,Imports,Other,1079,1351,1110,1196
092206,Imports,Other - East Coast (PADD I),201,348,206,168
092206,Imports,Other - Midwest (PADD II),41,5,7,8
092206,Imports,Other - Gulf Coast (PADD III),803,911,753,977
092206,Imports,Other - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),0,0,1,10
092206,Imports,Other - West Coast (PADD V),34,87,143,33
092206,Imports,Total Product Imports,3333,3489,3331,3698
092206,Imports,Total Product Imports - East Coast (PADD I),1877,1808,1605,2177
092206,Imports,Total Product Imports - Midwest (PADD II),104,82,87,101
092206,Imports,Total Product Imports - Gulf Coast (PADD III),1125,1301,1105,1165
092206,Imports,Total Product Imports - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),8,6,7,20
092206,Imports,Total Product Imports - West Coast (PADD V),219,292,527,235
092206,Imports,Gross Imports (Incl SPR),13698,14086,13923,14781
092206,Imports,Gross Imports (Incl SPR) - East Coast (PADD I),3496,3287,3295,4082
092206,Imports,Gross Imports (Incl SPR) - Midwest (PADD II),1133,1224,1202,1056
092206,Imports,Gross Imports (Incl SPR) - Gulf Coast (PADD III),7442,7636,6987,8115
092206,Imports,Gross Imports (Incl SPR) - Rocky Mountain (PADD IV),330,273,297,284
092206,Imports,Gross Imports (Incl SPR) - West Coast (PADD V),1297,1666,2142,1244
092206,Imports,Net Imports (Incl SPR),12427,12897,12734,13592
092206,Exports,Total,1271,1189,1189,1189
092206,Exports,Total - Crude Oil,21,21,21,21
092206,Exports,Total - Products,1250,1168,1168,1168
092206,Products Supplied,Finished Motor Gasoline,9622,9368,9229,9287
092206,Products Supplied,Jet Fuel - Kerosene-Type,1625,1599,1537,1689
092206,Products Supplied,Distillate Fuel Oil,4166,4049,4135,4141
092206,Products Supplied,Residual Fuel Oil,622,571,844,585
092206,Products Supplied,Propane/Propylene,1234,953,917,936
092206,Products Supplied,Other Oils,3905,4413,4098,4067
092206,Products Supplied,Total Product Supplied,21173,20953,20760,20705
092206,Ultra Low Sulfur Distillate,"< 15 ppm Distillate, Downgraded to 15 to 500 ppm",48,19,118,22
| en |
all-txt-docs | 243346 | Technical Information: (202) 691-6467 USDL 06-856
http://www.bls.gov/bdm/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media Contact: 691-5902 Thursday, May 18, 2006
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: THIRD QUARTER 2005
From June to September 2005, the number of job gains from opening and
expanding private sector establishments was 8.1 million, and the number
of job losses from closing and contracting establishments was 7.4 million,
according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
U.S. Department of Labor. Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in all
sectors, except manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, and other services.
(See table 3.) Firms with 1,000 or more employees accounted for 39.8 percent
of the net gains in employment, representing the largest contribution to em-
ployment growth among all firm size classes. (See tables D and 4.)
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses at the establishment level by major industry
sector, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level
by employer size class.
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases
and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy. BED
statistics track these changes in employment at private business units from
the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job
gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions in employment
at existing units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job
losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of gross
jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment.
(See the Technical Note for more information.)
Private Sector Establishment-Level Gross Job Gains and Job Losses
Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 8.1
million jobs in the third quarter of 2005, an increase of 123,000 from the
previous quarter's total. Over the third quarter, expanding establishments
added 6.4 million jobs, while opening establishments added 1.6 million
jobs.
Gross job losses totaled 7.4 million, an increase of 69,000 from the
previous quarter's job loss total. During the quarter, contracting esta-
blishments lost 5.9 million jobs, while closing establishments lost 1.5
million. (See tables A, 1, and 3.)
- 2 -
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
|--------------------------------------
Category | Sept. | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept.
| 2004 | 2004 | 2005 | 2005 | 2005
|--------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
----------------------------------|--------------------------------------
| | | | |
Gross job gains...................| 7,789 | 8,081 | 7,635 | 7,932 | 8,055
At expanding establishments.....| 6,123 | 6,365 | 6,171 | 6,311 | 6,423
At opening establishments.......| 1,666 | 1,716 | 1,464 | 1,621 | 1,632
Gross job losses..................| 7,598 | 7,212 | 7,310 | 7,358 | 7,427
At contracting establishments...| 5,953 | 5,727 | 5,852 | 5,873 | 5,915
At closing establishments.......| 1,645 | 1,485 | 1,458 | 1,485 | 1,512
|--------------------------------------
Net employment change(1)..........| 191 | 869 | 325 | 574 | 628
|--------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------
Gross job gains...................| 7.2 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.3
At expanding establishments.....| 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.8
At opening establishments.......| 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5
Gross job losses..................| 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.8
At contracting establishments...| 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4
At closing establishments.......| 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4
|--------------------------------------
Net employment change(1)..........| 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job
gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further
information.
From June to September 2005, gross job gains represented 7.3 percent of
private sector employment, while gross job losses represented 6.8 percent
of private sector employment. (See tables A and 2.) These gross job gain
and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and
disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter.
Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses
Goods-producing. Expanding and opening establishments in the goods-
producing sector accounted for 1,698,000 jobs gained, and contracting and
closing establishments accounted for 1,663,000 jobs lost. The net gain
of 35,000 jobs in the goods-producing sector was similar to the net gain
recorded in the prior two quarters. (See tables B and 3.)
Construction. In construction, gross job gains over the quarter
increased slightly to 868,000 and gross job losses edged down to 782,000,
resulting in a net gain of 86,000 jobs--the ninth consecutive quarter of
net job gains in this industry.
Manufacturing. Gross job gains in manufacturing were little changed
at a level of 565,000 jobs in the third quarter of 2005. Gross job
losses, 616,000, increased slightly for the second consecutive quarter.
This resulted in a net job loss of 51,000 in manufacturing; the sector has
reported a positive net employment change in only three quarters over the
last 7 years.
- 3 -
Table B. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry,
seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Gross job gains | Gross job losses
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------
Industry | 3 months ended | 3 months ended
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------
|Sept.|Dec. |Mar. |June |Sept.|Sept.|Dec. |Mar. |June |Sept.
|2004 |2004 |2005 |2005 |2005 |2004 |2004 |2005 |2005 |2005
-------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----
Total | | | | | | | | | |
private(1).......|7,789|8,081|7,365|7,932|8,055|7,598|7,212|7,310|7,358|7,427
Goods-producing....|1,667|1,734|1,720|1,713|1,698|1,691|1,637|1,686|1,679|1,663
Natural resources| | | | | | | | | |
and mining.....| 271| 296| 307| 288| 265| 290| 275| 284| 285| 265
Construction.....| 799| 848| 844| 859| 868| 789| 747| 806| 786| 782
Manufacturing....| 597| 590| 569| 566| 565| 612| 615| 596| 608| 616
Service- | | | | | | | | | |
providing(1).....|6,122|6,347|5,915|6,219|6,357|5,907|5,575|5,624|5,679|5,764
Wholesale | | | | | | | | | |
trade..........| 329| 329| 319| 337| 338| 327| 294| 310| 300| 311
Retail trade.....|1,044|1,090|1,020|1,047|1,074|1,126| 992| 980| 989|1,063
Transportation | | | | | | | | | |
and ware- | | | | | | | | | |
housing........| 244| 255| 243| 248| 254| 235| 217| 231| 262| 236
Utilities........| 14| 11| 15| 15| 13| 16| 15| 15| 18| 12
Information......| 163| 188| 143| 155| 170| 194| 169| 164| 153| 154
Financial | | | | | | | | | |
activities.....| 469| 497| 452| 475| 480| 452| 451| 443| 439| 413
Professional | | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | | |
services.......|1,416|1,512|1,370|1,456|1,523|1,366|1,300|1,304|1,332|1,311
Education and | | | | | | | | | |
health | | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 757| 802| 741| 800| 811| 704| 647| 704| 701| 691
Leisure and | | | | | | | | | |
hospitality....|1,169|1,204|1,138|1,212|1,202|1,135|1,134|1,131|1,135|1,219
Other services...| 297| 299| 302| 309| 297| 308| 310| 297| 300| 309
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Service-providing. In the service-providing sector, gross job gains
totaled 6,357,000 and gross job losses totaled 5,764,000 in the third
quarter of 2005. This resulted in a positive net change of 593,000 jobs.
Financial Activities. The financial sector gained 480,000 jobs and lost
413,000 jobs in the third quarter of 2005, for a net gain of 67,000. This
was the largest net gain in this sector in 7 years.
Leisure and Hospitality. Establishments in the leisure and hospitality
sector reported a net loss of 17,000 jobs in the third quarter of 2005, the
first net job loss in this sector in ten quarters. Gross job losses in-
creased by 84,000 from the second quarter of 2005 to 1,219,000 in the third
quarter and gross job gains fell by 10,000 to 1,202,000 over the quarter.
Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment
Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor
the number and proportion of business units that are growing and declining.
The third quarter of 2005 represented the ninth consecutive quarter where
the number of expanding establishments exceeded the number of contracting
establishments. Out of 6.7 million active private sector establishments,
a total of 1,924,000 establishments gained jobs from June 2005 to September
2005. (See table C.) Of these, 1,549,000 were expanding establishments
and 375,000 were opening establishments. During the quarter, 1,486,000
establishments contracted and 339,000 establishments closed, resulting in
1,825,000 establishments losing jobs. Overall, the number of active pri-
vate sector establishments increased by 36,000 during the quarter. This
change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and
the number of closing establishments.
- 4 -
Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of
employment change, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category |---------------------------------------
| Sept. | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept.
| 2004 | 2004 | 2005 | 2005 | 2005
----------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------
| | | | |
Establishments gaining jobs.......| 1,840 | 1,909 | 1,851 | 1,897 | 1,924
Expanding establishments........| 1,486 | 1,530 | 1,506 | 1,526 | 1,549
Opening establishments..........| 354 | 379 | 345 | 371 | 375
|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------
Establishments losing jobs .......| 1,814 | 1,787 | 1,851 | 1,836 | 1,825
Contracting establishments......| 1,469 | 1,467 | 1,504 | 1,496 | 1,486
Closing establishments..........| 345 | 320 | 347 | 340 | 339
|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------
Net establishment change(1).......| 9 | 59 | -2 | 31 | 36
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of
opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. See the
Technical Note for further information.
Firm-level Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses by Size Class
From June to September 2005, firms with 1,000 or more employees
accounted for 39.8 percent of the total net change in employment, the
largest share of any size class; however, in the previous quarter, this
size class only accounted for 6.2 percent of the total net change in em-
ployment. This size class continued to have the largest shares of both
gross job gains (19.0 percent) and gross job losses (16.7 percent). (See
tables D and 4.)
Firms with 50-99 employees had the smallest contribution to the total
net change in employment from June to September 2005 (5.5 percent). This
size class experienced an increase in its share of gross job losses (9.0
percent) and a decrease in its share of gross job gains (8.6 percent).
(See table D.)
In the third quarter of 2005, firms with fewer than 500 employees repre-
sented 51.9 percent of the total net change in employment, 76.2 percent of
gross job gains, and 78.9 percent of gross job losses. This group's share
of net employment growth fell from the previous quarter when these firms
accounted for 85.7 percent of the total net change in employment. (See
table D.) Historically, from September 1992 through September 2005, firms
with fewer than 500 employees have accounted, on average, for 65.5 percent
of quarterly net employment growth. (See table E.)
Firms with 1-4 employees continued to have the largest shares of both
job gains at opening firms and job losses at closing firms in the third
quarter of 2005. The share of job gains at opening firms for this size
class increased to 56.3 percent, while the share of job losses at closing
firms fell to 52.9 percent. (See table 4.)
- 5 -
Table D. Three-month private sector percentage share(1) of net change, gross job gains, and gross job losses
by firm size class, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Share of net change | Share of gross job gains | Share of gross job losses
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------
| 3 months ended | 3 months ended | 3 months ended
Firm size class |-----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------
|Sept.| Dec.| Mar.| June|Sept.|Sept.| Dec.| Mar.| June|Sept.|Sept.| Dec.| Mar.| June|Sept.
|2004 | 2004| 2005| 2005|2005 |2004 | 2004| 2005| 2005|2005 |2004 | 2004| 2005| 2005|2005
-----------------------|-----------|-----|-----------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------
1-4 employees..........| 9.7| 13.4| 2.7| 9.7| 10.4| 15.2| 15.2| 15.5| 15.2| 15.1| 15.3| 15.5| 16.1| 15.7| 15.6
5-9 employees..........| 6.3| 5.8| 2.3| 5.8| 6.7| 11.9| 11.7| 12.1| 11.9| 11.7| 12.1| 12.6| 12.6| 12.5| 12.3
10-19 employees........| 5.4| 6.4| 5.0| 9.9| 6.8| 12.0| 11.9| 12.3| 12.2| 11.8| 12.3| 12.7| 12.7| 12.4| 12.4
20-49 employees........| 12.7| 8.5| 11.1| 17.8| 8.3| 14.2| 14.0| 14.4| 14.5| 13.9| 14.3| 14.8| 14.5| 14.2| 14.5
50-99 employees........| 15.6| 4.7| 10.4| 14.8| 5.5| 9.0| 8.7| 8.9| 9.1| 8.6| 8.7| 9.2| 8.8| 8.6| 9.0
100-249 employees......| 25.4| 7.1| 17.1| 16.8| 6.5| 9.8| 9.3| 9.5| 9.8| 9.3| 9.2| 9.6| 9.1| 9.2| 9.6
250-499 employees......| 17.1| 4.8| 12.1| 10.9| 7.7| 5.9| 5.7| 5.7| 5.9| 5.8| 5.5| 5.8| 5.5| 5.4| 5.5
500-999 employees......| 5.8| 5.3| 7.4| 8.1| 8.3| 4.7| 4.7| 4.6| 4.9| 4.8| 4.7| 4.6| 4.5| 4.6| 4.4
1,000 or more | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
employees............| 2.0| 44.0| 31.9| 6.2| 39.8| 17.3| 18.8| 17.0| 16.5| 19.0| 17.9| 15.2| 16.2| 17.4| 16.7
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total..................|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.
Table E. Average percentage share(1) of gross job gains and gross job losses by
firm size, third quarter 1992-third quarter 2005, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Firm size class (number of employees)
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Category | | | | | | | 100 | 250 | 500 | 1,000
| Total | 1-4 | 5-9 | 10-19| 20-49| 50-99| - | - | - | or
| | | | | | | 249 | 499 | 999 | more
----------------------|-------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------
Gross job gains.......| 100.0 | 14.3 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 14.3 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 18.3
Expanding firms.....| 100.0 | 6.9 | 10.6 | 12.0 | 15.1 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 21.7
Opening firms.......| 100.0 | 51.7 | 16.0 | 11.7 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.2
| | | | | | | | | |
Gross job losses......| 100.0 | 14.6 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 14.4 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 17.7
Contracting firms...| 100.0 | 7.5 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 15.2 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 21.0
Closing firms.......| 100.0 | 49.1 | 15.5 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net change............| 100.0 | 9.8 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 28.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cumulative share of | | | | | | | | | |
net change..........| | 9.8 | 16.5 | 24.7 | 37.0 | 46.4 | 58.1 | 65.5 | 71.5 | 100.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available at the Business Employment Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site
at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the levels
and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size class, the
not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not
presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses
by industry and size class, and frequently asked questions on size class
data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data
can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by
e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
- 6 -
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current |
| Employment Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment |
| and Wages Data |
| |
| |
| The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics |
| (BED) data series will not match the net change in employment from |
| the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES |
| estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample of establish- |
| ments, while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a |
| quarterly census of administrative records. In addition, the CES |
| has a different coverage, excluding the agriculture sector but in- |
| cluding establishments not covered by the unemployment insurance |
| program. The net over-the-quarter changes derived by aggregating |
| component series in the BED data may be different from the net |
| employment change estimated from the CES seasonally adjusted total |
| employment series. The intended use of the BED statistics is to |
| show the dynamic labor market flows that underlie the net changes |
| in aggregate employment levels; data users who want to track net |
| changes in aggregate employment levels over time should refer to |
| CES data. |
| |
| BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census |
| of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data. The data in this release, in |
| contrast to the QCEW data, exclude government employees, private |
| households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero employment.| |
| |
| See the Technical Note for further information. |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
- 7 -
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
- 8 -
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative recods | nally-linked UI ad- | 400,000 establish-
| submitted by 8.6 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.7 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS supersector|
| industry | and by size of firm |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data at|
| | the county, MSA, and|
| | state level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | An analysis of em- | cators
| surveys | ployment expansion |
| | and contraction by |
| | size of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 9 -
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of over 6.7 million private sector employer reports out
of 8.6 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the third quarter of 2005. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment over three quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also
are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, the table below
shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded
from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the third quarter of
2005:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................8.6
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.5
Zero employment.......................................1.0
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data...........................................6.7
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
- 10 -
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment level. These changes come about in one of four
ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening units or
expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either clos-
ing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third-month employment for
for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter,
or with positive third-month employment in the current quarter, following zero
employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third-month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in emploment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job
losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
- 11 -
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's emplyment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
- 12 -
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change (1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
1992 September 455 7,377 5,632 1,745 6,922 5,351 1,571
December 216 7,101 5,465 1,636 6,885 5,487 1,398
1993 March 313 7,309 5,410 1,899 6,996 5,354 1,642
June 786 7,330 5,794 1,536 6,544 5,136 1,408
September 874 7,523 5,881 1,642 6,649 5,316 1,333
December 641 7,436 5,840 1,596 6,795 5,420 1,375
1994 March 517 7,400 5,807 1,593 6,883 5,435 1,448
June 1,021 7,807 6,060 1,747 6,786 5,295 1,491
September 1,175 7,972 6,227 1,745 6,797 5,493 1,304
December 507 7,630 5,998 1,632 7,123 5,647 1,476
1995 March 746 7,782 6,129 1,653 7,036 5,660 1,376
June 402 7,714 6,017 1,697 7,312 5,839 1,473
September 771 7,970 6,291 1,679 7,199 5,680 1,519
December 407 7,877 6,153 1,724 7,470 5,934 1,536
1996 March 460 7,943 6,190 1,753 7,483 5,957 1,526
June 642 8,080 6,302 1,778 7,438 5,894 1,544
September 632 8,189 6,326 1,863 7,557 5,998 1,559
December 861 8,278 6,409 1,869 7,417 5,889 1,528
1997 March 799 8,292 6,448 1,844 7,493 5,900 1,593
June 594 8,098 6,342 1,756 7,504 5,925 1,579
September 854 8,593 6,680 1,913 7,739 5,981 1,758
December 702 8,731 6,727 2,004 8,029 6,068 1,961
1998 March 747 8,788 6,633 2,155 8,041 6,107 1,934
June 666 8,722 6,569 2,153 8,056 6,218 1,838
September 659 8,539 6,574 1,965 7,880 6,161 1,719
December 759 8,576 6,778 1,798 7,817 6,060 1,757
1999 March 380 8,744 6,733 2,011 8,364 6,466 1,898
June 569 8,800 6,788 2,012 8,231 6,419 1,812
September 548 8,817 6,871 1,946 8,269 6,397 1,872
December 1,105 9,144 7,112 2,032 8,039 6,264 1,775
2000 March 818 8,906 6,988 1,918 8,088 6,361 1,727
June 541 8,764 6,975 1,789 8,223 6,509 1,714
September 146 8,724 6,834 1,890 8,578 6,719 1,859
December 336 8,690 6,862 1,828 8,354 6,582 1,772
2001 March -101 8,555 6,768 1,787 8,656 6,756 1,900
June -771 8,254 6,439 1,815 9,025 7,149 1,876
September -1,380 7,749 5,990 1,759 9,129 7,174 1,955
December -871 7,893 6,055 1,838 8,764 6,995 1,769
2002 March -1 8,128 6,324 1,804 8,129 6,400 1,729
June -80 8,050 6,246 1,804 8,130 6,411 1,719
September -211 7,763 6,083 1,680 7,974 6,345 1,629
December -175 7,702 6,059 1,643 7,877 6,267 1,610
2003 March -404 7,472 5,932 1,540 7,876 6,321 1,555
June -142 7,560 6,033 1,527 7,702 6,138 1,564
September 72 7,396 5,897 1,499 7,324 5,893 1,431
December 344 7,646 6,063 1,583 7,302 5,816 1,486
2004 March 435 7,745 6,231 1,514 7,310 5,871 1,439
June 594 7,857 6,292 1,565 7,263 5,726 1,537
September 191 7,789 6,123 1,666 7,598 5,953 1,645
December 869 8,081 6,365 1,716 7,212 5,727 1,485
2005 March 325 7,635 6,171 1,464 7,310 5,852 1,458
June 574 7,932 6,311 1,621 7,358 5,873 1,485
September 628 8,055 6,423 1,632 7,427 5,915 1,512
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change (2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
1992 September 0.5 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.8 6.0 1.8
December 0.2 7.9 6.1 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6
1993 March 0.3 8.1 6.0 2.1 7.8 6.0 1.8
June 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.7 1.6
September 0.9 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.3 5.8 1.5
December 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5
1994 March 0.5 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6
June 1.1 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.3 5.7 1.6
September 1.2 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.2 5.8 1.4
December 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5
1995 March 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4
June 0.5 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5
September 0.8 8.2 6.5 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6
December 0.4 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6
1996 March 0.4 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6
June 0.6 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.6 6.0 1.6
September 0.7 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.6 6.0 1.6
December 0.9 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.4 5.9 1.5
1997 March 0.7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 5.9 1.6
June 0.5 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6
September 0.8 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.6 5.9 1.7
December 0.6 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.8 5.9 1.9
1998 March 0.7 8.5 6.4 2.1 7.8 5.9 1.9
June 0.6 8.4 6.3 2.1 7.8 6.0 1.8
September 0.7 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.5 5.9 1.6
December 0.7 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.4 5.7 1.7
1999 March 0.3 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.9 6.1 1.8
June 0.6 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.7 6.0 1.7
September 0.5 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7
December 1.1 8.5 6.6 1.9 7.4 5.8 1.6
2000 March 0.8 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6
June 0.4 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6
September 0.1 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.8 6.1 1.7
December 0.3 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.6 6.0 1.6
2001 March -0.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June -0.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 8.2 6.5 1.7
September -1.3 7.1 5.5 1.6 8.4 6.6 1.8
December -0.8 7.3 5.6 1.7 8.1 6.5 1.6
2002 March 0.1 7.6 5.9 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6
June -0.1 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.6 6.0 1.6
September -0.1 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.4 5.9 1.5
December -0.2 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
2003 March -0.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June -0.2 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.2 5.7 1.5
September 0.1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December 0.4 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
2004 March 0.4 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
June 0.5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.3 1.4
September 0.2 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.0 5.5 1.5
December 0.7 7.4 5.8 1.6 6.7 5.3 1.4
2005 March 0.3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
June 0.6 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.6 5.3 1.3
September 0.5 7.3 5.8 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment.
(2) See footnote 1, table 1.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,789 8,081 7,635 7,932 8,055 7.2 7.4 6.9 7.2 7.3
At expanding establishments 6,123 6,365 6,171 6,311 6,423 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.8
At opening establishments 1,666 1,716 1,464 1,621 1,632 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 7,598 7,212 7,310 7,358 7,427 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.8
At contracting establishments 5,953 5,727 5,852 5,873 5,915 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4
At closing establishments 1,645 1,485 1,458 1,485 1,512 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4
Net employment change 191 869 325 574 628 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,667 1,734 1,720 1,713 1,698 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.4
At expanding establishments 1,403 1,440 1,454 1,445 1,427 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2
At opening establishments 264 294 266 268 271 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2
Gross job losses 1,691 1,637 1,686 1,679 1,663 7.4 7.1 7.3 7.3 7.2
At contracting establishments 1,366 1,340 1,371 1,381 1,371 6.0 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.9
At closing establishments 325 297 315 298 292 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3
Net employment change -24 97 34 34 35 -0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 271 296 307 288 265 16.3 17.6 17.8 16.7 15.5
At expanding establishments 230 244 258 247 224 13.8 14.5 15.0 14.3 13.1
At opening establishments 41 52 49 41 41 2.5 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.4
Gross job losses 290 275 284 285 265 17.4 16.4 16.5 16.5 15.5
At contracting establishments 243 233 233 243 224 14.6 13.9 13.5 14.1 13.1
At closing establishments 47 42 51 42 41 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.4 2.4
Net employment change -19 21 23 3 0 -1.1 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.0
Construction
Gross job gains 799 848 844 859 868 11.6 12.2 11.8 11.9 11.9
At expanding establishments 643 676 678 692 699 9.3 9.7 9.5 9.6 9.6
At opening establishments 156 172 166 167 169 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3
Gross job losses 789 747 806 786 782 11.4 10.7 11.3 10.9 10.7
At contracting establishments 616 592 642 617 614 8.9 8.5 9.0 8.6 8.4
At closing establishments 173 155 164 169 168 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3
Net employment change 10 101 38 73 86 0.2 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 597 590 569 566 565 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0
At expanding establishments 530 520 518 506 504 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
At opening establishments 67 70 51 60 61 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
Gross job losses 612 615 596 608 616 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4
At contracting establishments 507 515 496 521 533 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.8
At closing establishments 105 100 100 87 83 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6
Net employment change -15 -25 -27 -42 -51 0.0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,122 6,347 5,915 6,219 6,357 7.1 7.4 6.9 7.2 7.3
At expanding establishments 4,720 4,925 4,717 4,866 4,996 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.7
At opening establishments 1,402 1,422 1,198 1,353 1,361 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.6
Gross job losses 5,907 5,575 5,624 5,679 5,764 6.9 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6
At contracting establishments 4,587 4,387 4,481 4,492 4,544 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2
At closing establishments 1,320 1,188 1,143 1,187 1,220 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4
Net employment change 215 772 291 540 593 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.7
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 329 329 319 337 338 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.8
At expanding establishments 267 264 259 271 272 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.7
At opening establishments 62 65 60 66 66 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 327 294 310 300 311 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.4
At contracting establishments 243 226 238 228 241 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.2
At closing establishments 84 68 72 72 70 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2
Net employment change 2 35 9 37 27 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.4
Retail trade
Gross job gains 1,044 1,090 1,020 1,047 1,074 6.9 7.2 6.7 6.8 7.0
At expanding establishments 845 899 865 876 895 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.8
At opening establishments 199 191 155 171 179 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2
Gross job losses 1,126 992 980 989 1,063 7.5 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.9
At contracting establishments 920 834 836 841 888 6.1 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.8
At closing establishments 206 158 144 148 175 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1
Net employment change -82 98 40 58 11 -0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.1
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 244 255 243 248 254 6.0 6.3 5.9 6.0 6.2
At expanding establishments 203 211 205 203 218 5.0 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.3
At opening establishments 41 44 38 45 36 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9
Gross job losses 235 217 231 262 236 5.8 5.3 5.6 6.4 5.8
At contracting establishments 190 171 180 212 188 4.7 4.2 4.4 5.2 4.6
At closing establishments 45 46 51 50 48 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2
Net employment change 9 38 12 -14 18 0.2 1.0 0.3 -0.4 0.4
Utilities
Gross job gains 14 11 15 15 13 2.5 2.0 2.7 2.8 2.4
At expanding establishments 13 10 13 13 11 2.3 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.0
At opening establishments 1 1 2 2 2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4
Gross job losses 16 15 15 18 12 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.2 2.2
At contracting establishments 13 13 13 15 11 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.0
At closing establishments 3 2 2 3 1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2
Net employment change -2 -4 0 -3 1 -0.3 -0.7 0.0 -0.4 0.2
Information
Gross job gains 163 188 143 155 170 5.3 6.1 4.6 5.1 5.5
At expanding establishments 135 152 120 126 141 4.4 4.9 3.9 4.1 4.6
At opening establishments 28 36 23 29 29 0.9 1.2 0.7 1.0 0.9
Gross job losses 194 169 164 153 154 6.3 5.5 5.3 5.0 5.0
At contracting establishments 148 124 123 119 127 4.8 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.1
At closing establishments 46 45 41 34 27 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9
Net employment change -31 19 -21 2 16 -1.0 0.6 -0.7 0.1 0.5
Financial activities
Gross job gains 469 497 452 475 480 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.9 6.0
At expanding establishments 364 373 354 369 371 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.6
At opening establishments 105 124 98 106 109 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.4
Gross job losses 452 451 443 439 413 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.2
At contracting establishments 334 338 331 320 312 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.9
At closing establishments 118 113 112 119 101 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3
Net employment change 17 46 9 36 67 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.8
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,416 1,512 1,370 1,456 1,523 8.7 9.2 8.2 8.7 9.0
At expanding establishments 1,124 1,198 1,137 1,178 1,242 6.9 7.3 6.8 7.0 7.3
At opening establishments 292 314 233 278 281 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.7
Gross job losses 1,366 1,300 1,304 1,332 1,311 8.3 7.9 7.8 7.9 7.7
At contracting establishments 1,035 1,001 1,034 1,028 1,006 6.3 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.9
At closing establishments 331 299 270 304 305 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8
Net employment change 50 212 66 124 212 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.8 1.3
Education and health services
Gross job gains 757 802 741 800 811 4.7 5.0 4.5 4.9 4.9
At expanding establishments 626 658 623 651 677 3.9 4.1 3.8 4.0 4.1
At opening establishments 131 144 118 149 134 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8
Gross job losses 704 647 704 701 691 4.4 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.2
At contracting establishments 562 521 570 567 556 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.4
At closing establishments 142 126 134 134 135 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Net employment change 53 155 37 99 120 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.6 0.7
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,169 1,204 1,138 1,212 1,202 9.4 9.5 9.0 9.5 9.4
At expanding establishments 883 900 877 918 909 7.1 7.1 6.9 7.2 7.1
At opening establishments 286 304 261 294 293 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.3
Gross job losses 1,135 1,134 1,131 1,135 1,219 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.9 9.5
At contracting establishments 888 900 910 907 961 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.5
At closing establishments 247 234 221 228 258 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0
Net employment change 34 70 7 77 -17 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.6 -0.1
Other services
Gross job gains 297 299 302 309 297 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.8
At expanding establishments 235 235 241 239 234 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.1
At opening establishments 62 64 61 70 63 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7
Gross job losses 308 310 297 300 309 8.2 8.2 7.8 7.8 8.1
At contracting establishments 237 241 231 234 238 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.1 6.2
At closing establishments 71 69 66 66 71 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9
Net employment change -11 -11 5 9 -12 -0.4 -0.3 0.1 0.3 -0.3
1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector percentage share(1) of gross job gains and gross job losses, seasonally adjusted.
Category Shares (percent)
3 months ended
Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 June 2005 Sept. 2005
Total Private
Gross job gains 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Expanding firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Opening firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Gross job losses 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Contracting firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Closing firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Net employment change 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Size Class 1 - 4 employees
Gross job gains 15.2 15.2 15.5 15.2 15.1
Expanding firms 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.1 6.9
Opening firms 54.3 55.3 55.5 54.9 56.3
Gross job losses 15.3 15.5 16.1 15.7 15.6
Contracting firms 7.4 7.9 8.0 7.8 7.6
Closing firms 52.9 51.7 55.1 54.7 52.9
Net employment change 9.8 13.4 2.7 9.7 10.4
Size Class 5 - 9 employees
Gross job gains 11.9 11.7 12.1 11.9 11.7
Expanding firms 10.9 10.7 11.1 10.9 10.7
Opening firms 16.6 16.6 17.2 16.9 16.9
Gross job losses 12.1 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.3
Contracting firms 11.2 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.4
Closing firms 16.3 16.1 16.4 16.5 16.1
Net employment change 6.3 5.8 2.3 5.8 6.7
Size Class 10 - 19 employees
Gross job gains 12.0 11.9 12.3 12.2 11.8
Expanding firms 12.1 12.0 12.4 12.3 11.9
Opening firms 11.7 11.5 11.7 11.8 11.7
Gross job losses 12.3 12.7 12.7 12.4 12.4
Contracting firms 12.5 13.0 13.0 12.7 12.6
Closing firms 11.4 11.5 11.1 11.3 11.3
Net employment change 5.4 6.4 5.0 9.9 6.8
Size Class 20 - 49 employees
Gross job gains 14.2 14.0 14.4 14.5 13.9
Expanding firms 15.2 15.1 15.5 15.6 14.9
Opening firms 9.5 8.9 8.9 9.2 8.9
Gross job losses 14.3 14.8 14.5 14.2 14.5
Contracting firms 15.3 16.0 15.8 15.3 15.7
Closing firms 9.2 9.2 8.7 8.8 9.1
Net employment change 12.7 8.5 11.1 17.8 8.3
Size Class 50 - 99 employees
Gross job gains 9.0 8.6 8.9 9.2 8.6
Expanding firms 10.0 9.7 10.0 10.3 9.7
Opening firms 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.3
Gross job losses 8.7 9.2 8.8 8.7 9.0
Contracting firms 9.8 10.4 9.9 9.7 10.1
Closing firms 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7
Net employment change 15.6 4.7 10.4 14.8 5.5
Size Class 100 - 249 employees
Gross job gains 9.8 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.3
Expanding firms 11.2 10.7 11.1 11.3 10.7
Opening firms 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.0
Gross job losses 9.2 9.6 9.1 9.2 9.6
Contracting firms 10.5 11.0 10.5 10.5 11.1
Closing firms 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5
Net employment change 25.4 7.1 17.1 16.9 6.5
Size Class 250 - 499 employees
Gross job gains 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.8
Expanding firms 6.9 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.8
Opening firms 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6
Gross job losses 5.5 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.5
Contracting firms 6.4 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.5
Closing firms 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 17.1 4.8 12.1 10.9 7.7
Size Class 500 - 999 employees
Gross job gains 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.8
Expanding firms 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.8 5.7
Opening firms 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3
Gross job losses 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.4
Contracting firms 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.2
Closing firms 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.8
Net employment change 5.9 5.3 7.4 8.1 8.3
Size Class 1,000 or more employees
Gross job gains 17.4 18.8 17.0 16.5 19.0
Expanding firms 20.9 22.6 20.5 19.8 22.7
Opening firms 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0
Gross job losses 17.9 15.2 16.2 17.4 16.7
Contracting firms 21.5 17.8 19.5 20.7 19.7
Closing firms 0.6 2.5 0.4 0.8 2.5
Net employment change 2.0 44.0 31.9 6.2 39.8
1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.
| en |
converted_docs | 522765 | # Invisible Wounds: Serving Service Members and Veterans
# with PTSD and TBI
{width="3.084722222222222in"
height="3.084722222222222in"}
**National Council on Disability**
**March 4, 2009**
National Council on Disability
1331 F Street, NW, Suite 850
Washington, DC 20004
# Invisible Wounds: Serving Service Members and Veterans with PTSD and TBI
This report is also available in alternative formats and on the National
Council on Disability (NCD) Web site (www.ncd.gov).
Publication date: March 4, 2009
202-272-2004 Voice
202-272-2074 TTY
202-272-2022 Fax
The views contained in this report do not necessarily represent those of
the Administration as this and all NCD documents are not subject to the
A-19 Executive Branch review process.
**National Council on Disability Members and Staff**
**Members**
John R. Vaughn, Chairperson
Chad Colley, Vice Chairperson
Patricia Pound, Vice Chairperson
Victoria Ray Carlson
Robert R. Davila, Ph.D.
Graham Hill
Marylyn Howe
Kathleen Martinez
Lisa Mattheiss
Heather McCallum
Katherine O. McCary
Lonnie Moore
Anne M. Rader
Linda Wetters
Tony Williams
**Staff**
Michael C. Collins, Executive Director
Martin Gould, Ed.D., Director of Research
Mark S. Quigley, Director of External Affairs
Julie Carroll, Senior Attorney Advisor
Joan M. Durocher, Senior Attorney Advisor
Lisa Grubb, Special Assistant to the Executive Director
Geraldine Drake Hawkins, Ph.D., Senior Program Analyst
Anne C. Sommers, Legislative Affairs Specialist
Stacey S. Brown, Staff Assistant
Carla Nelson, Secretary
Table of Contents
[Executive Summary](#_Executive_Summary)
\........................................................................................1
[Section 1: Introduction 8](#section-1-introduction)
[Section 2: Background 13](#__RefHeading___Toc217385000)
[1. Characteristics of Deployed Forces
13](#characteristics-of-deployed-forces)
[2. Experiences of Deployed Forces 14](#experiences-of-deployed-forces)
[Section 3: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Traumatic Brain
Injury (TBI) 15](#__RefHeading___Toc217385003)
[1. What is PTSD? 15](#what-is-ptsd)
[2. What is TBI? 19](#what-is-tbi)
[3. Relationship Between PTSD and TBI
20](#relationship-between-ptsd-and-tbi)
[4. Risk Factors for PTSD 21](#risk-factors-for-ptsd)
[Section 4: Evidence Based Approaches for Prevention, Outreach,
Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment 24](#__RefHeading___Toc217385008)
[1. Prevention 24](#prevention)
[2. Outreach, Assessment, and Diagnosis
25](#outreach-assessment-and-diagnosis)
[3. Treatment 27](#treatment)
[4. Other Interventions 30](#other-interventions)
[5. Holistic Approach 36](#holistic-approach)
[Section 5: Components of the Health Care System
37](#section-5-components-of-the-health-care-system)
[1. Eligibility 37](#eligibility)
[2. Department of Defense 39](#department-of-defense)
[3. Veterans Health Administration 46](#veterans-health-administration)
[4. Private Sector 49](#private-sector)
[5. Nonprofit and Volunteer Organizations
50](#nonprofit-and-volunteer-organizations)
[Section 6: Barriers to Seeking Care 51](#__RefHeading___Toc217385020)
[1. Stigma 51](#stigma)
[2. Access 52](#access)
[3. Additional Issues for Certain Populations
53](#additional-issues-for-certain-populations)
[Section 7: Family Issues 55](#section-7-family-issues)
[1. Effect of PTSD/TBI on the Family
55](#effect-of-ptsdtbi-on-the-family)
[2. Services for Family Members 57](#services-for-family-members)
[Section 8: Recommendations 59](#__RefHeading___Toc217385027)
[References 63](#references)
# [[]{#_Executive_Summary .anchor}Executive Summary](#OLE_LINK2)
More than 1.6 million American service members have deployed to Iraq and
Afghanistan in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring
Freedom (OEF). As of December 2008, more than 4,000 troops have been
killed and over 30,000 have returned from a combat zone with visible
wounds and a range of permanent disabilities. In addition, an estimated
25-40 percent have less visible wounds---psychological and neurological
injuries associated with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or
traumatic brain injury (TBI), which have been dubbed "signature
injuries" of the Iraq War.
Although the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Veterans Administration
(VA) have dedicated unprecedented attention and resources to address
PTSD and TBI in recent years, and evidence suggests that these policies
and strategies have had a positive impact, work still needs to be done.
In 2007, the Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health concluded
that
> Despite the progressive recognition of the burden of mental illnesses
> and substance abuse and the development of many new and promising
> programs for their prevention and treatment, current efforts are
> inadequate to ensure the psychological health of our fighting forces.
> Repeated deployments of mental health providers to support operations
> have revealed and exacerbated pre-existing staffing inadequacies for
> providing services to military members and their families. New
> strategies to effectively provide services to members of the Reserve
> Components are required. Insufficient attention has been paid to the
> vital task of prevention.
PTSD and TBI can be quite debilitating, but the effects can be mitigated
by early intervention and prompt effective treatment. Although medical
and scientific research on how to prevent, screen for, and treat these
injuries is incomplete, evidence-based practices have been identified. A
number of panels and commissions have identified gaps between
evidence-based practices and the current care provided by DoD and VA and
have recommended strategies to address these gaps. The window of
opportunity to assist the service members and veterans who have
sacrificed for the country is quickly closing. It is incumbent upon the
country to promptly implement the recommendations of previous panels and
commissions and fill the remaining gaps in the mental health service
systems.
In terms of prevention, emphasis must be placed on minimizing combat
stress reactions, and preventing normal stress reactions from developing
into PTSD when they do occur. When PTSD or TBI does occur, the goal of
treatment must be to help the service member regain the capacity to lead
a complete life, to work, to partake in leisure and civic activities,
and to form and maintain healthy relationships.
PTSD and TBI are often addressed together because they often occur
together and because the symptoms are at times difficult to distinguish.
PTSD is an anxiety disorder arising from "exposure to a traumatic event
that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury." It is
associated with a host of chemical changes in the body's hormonal
system, and autonomic nervous system. Symptoms vary considerably but the
essential features of PTSD include:
- *Re-experiencing:* Such as flashbacks, nightmares and intrusive
memories;
- *Avoidance/Numbing:* Including a feeling of estrangement from
others; and,
- *Hyperarousal/Hypervigilance:* Including feelings of being
constantly in danger.
The challenge for both professionals and veterans is to recognize the
difference between "a normal response to abnormal circumstances" and
PTSD. Some will develop symptoms of PTSD while they are deployed, but
for others it will emerge later, after several years in many cases.
According to current estimates, between 10 and 30 percent of service
members will develop PTSD within a year of leaving combat. When we
consider a range of mental health issues including depression,
generalized anxiety disorder, and substance abuse, the number increases
to between 16 and 49 percent.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called acquired brain injury or
simply head injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the
brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an
object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue.
Victims may have a wide range of symptoms such as difficulty thinking,
memory problems, attention deficits, mood swings, frustrations,
headaches, or fatigue. Between 11 and 20 percent of service members may
have acquired a traumatic injury in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Evidence-based practices to prevent PTSD include teaching skills to
enhance cognitive fitness and psychological resilience that can reduce
the detrimental impact of trauma. In terms of screening, evidence
suggests that identifying PTSD and TBI early and quickly referring
people to treatment can shorten their suffering and lessen the severity
of their functional impairment. Several types of rehabilitative and
cognitive therapies, counseling, and medications have shown promise in
treating both injuries.
Service members and veterans may access care through the Department of
Defense, the Veterans Health Administration, or the private sector. Each
health care system has a number of strengths and weaknesses in
delivering evidence-based care. For example:
***Department of Defense:*** DoD has developed a number of
evidence-based programs designed to 1) maintain the psychological
readiness of the forces in order to reduce the incidence of stress
reactions; 2) embed psychological services in deployed settings to
ensure early intervention when stress reactions occur; and 3) deliver
evidence based rehabilitative therapies on base and through TRICARE, a
managed care system that uses a network of civilian providers. However,
the military, not unlike the civilian health care setting, has a
shortage of mental health providers who must be spread about military
bases and deployed settings.
Service members who rely on the TRICARE network may have limited access
to services. Because of the low reimbursement rates, many of TRICARE's
providers are not accepting new TRICARE patients and because of the
shortage of available mental health providers in some areas, enrollees
may wait weeks or months for an available appointment.
***Veterans Health Administration:*** VA has undergone significant
changes in the past 10-15 years that has transformed it into an
integrated system that generally provides high quality care. In response
to the increased demand for services to treat OEF/OIF veterans with
PTSD, the system has invested resources in expanding outreach activities
enhancing the availability and timeliness of specialized PTSD services.
Nevertheless, access to care is still unacceptably variable across the
VA system.
Some service members continue to face barriers to seeking care. These
barriers include stigma and limited access.
*Stigma:* Service members are affected by three types of stigma:
- Public stigma: The notion that a veteran would be perceived as weak,
treated differently, or blamed for their problem if he or she sought
help.
- Self Stigma: The individual may feel weak, ashamed and embarrassed.
- Structural Stigma: Many service members believe their military
careers will suffer if they seek psychological services. Although
the level of fear may be out of proportion to the risk, the military
has institutional policies and practices that restrict opportunities
for service members who reveal that they have a psychological health
issue by seeking mental health services.
*Limited Access:* Even when service members or veterans decide to seek
care, they need to find the "right" provider at the "right" time. Long
waiting lists, lack of information about where to find treatment, long
distances to providers, and limited clinic hours create barriers to
getting care. When care is not readily available, the "window of
opportunity" may be lost.
Culturally diverse populations and women face additional barriers.
Despite high rates of PTSD, African American, Latino, Asian, and Native
American veterans are less likely to use mental health services. This is
due, in part, to increased stigma, absence of culturally competent
mental health providers, and lack of linguistically accessible
information for family members with limited English proficiency who are
providing support for the veteran. Women have an increased risk of PTSD
because of the prevalence of Military Sexual Trauma.
**Family and Peer Support:** Family support is a key component to the
veteran's recovery. However, because of the stress of providing care,
the veteran's PTSD puts the family at increased risk of developing
mental health issues as well. The current system provides inadequate
support for the family in its caregiving role and inadequate access to
mental health services that directly address the psychological well
being of the spouse, children, or parents.
Support from peers who have shared a similar experience is also
important. Peers can provide information, offer support and
encouragement, provide assistance with skill building, and provide a
social network to lessen isolation. Peer support may come in the form of
naturally occurring mutual support groups; consumer-run services; formal
peer counseling services. In addition, consumers need to be involved in
the development and deployment of services for patients with PTSD and
TBI.
**Recommendations and Conclusion**
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are resulting in injuries that are
currently disabling for many, and potentially disabling for still more.
They are also putting unprecedented strain on families and
relationships, which can contribute to the severity of the service
member\'s disability over the course of time. NCD concurs with the
recommendations of previous Commissions, Task Forces and national
organizations that:
1. A comprehensive continuum of care for mental disorders, including
PTSD, and for TBI should be readily accessible by all service
members and veterans. This requires adequate staffing and adequate
funding of VA and DoD health systems.
2. Mechanisms for screening service members for PTSD and TBI should be
continuously improved to include baseline testing for all Service
Members pre-deployment and follow up testing for individuals that
are placed in situations where head trauma may occur.
3. The current array of mental health and substance abuse services
covered by TRICARE should be expanded and brought in line with other
similar health plans
It is particularly critical that prevention and early intervention
services be robust. Effective early intervention can limit the degree of
long term disability and is to the benefit of the service member or
veteran, his or her family and society. Therefore, NCD recommends that:
4. Early intervention services such as marital relationship counseling
and short term interventions for early hazardous use of alcohol and
other substances should be strengthened and universally accessible
in VA and TRICARE.
Consumers play a critical role in improving the rehabilitation process.
There are many opportunities for consumers to enhance the services
offered to service members and veterans and their families. NCD
recommends that:
5. DoD and VA should maximize the use of OIF/OEF veterans in
rehabilitative roles for which they are qualified including as
outreach workers, peer counselors and as members of the professional
staff.
6. Consumers should be integrally involved in the development and
dissemination of training materials for professionals working with
OIF/OEF veterans and service members.
7. Current and potential users of VA, TRICARE and other DoD mental
health and TBI services should be periodically surveyed by a
competent independent body to assess their perceptions of: a) the
barriers to receiving care, including distance, cost, stigma, and
availability of information about services offered; and b) the
quality, appropriateness to their presenting problems and
user-friendliness of the services offered.
8. VA should mandate that an active mental health consumer council be
established at every VA medical center, rather than have this be a
local option as is currently the case.
9. Congress should mandate a Secretarial level VA Mental Health
Advisory Committee and a Secretarial level TBI Advisory Committee
with strong representation from consumers and veterans
organizations, with a mandate to evaluate and critique VA\'s efforts
to upgrade mental health and TBI services and report their findings
to both the Secretary of Veterans Affairs and Congress.
DoD and VA have initiated a number of improvements, but as noted by
earlier Commissions and Task Forces, gaps continue to exist.
It is imperative that these gaps be filled in a timely manner. Early
intervention and treatment is critical to the long-term adjustment and
recovery of service members and veterans with PTSD and TBI. NCD
recommends that:
10. Congress and the agencies responsible for the care of OEF/OIF
veterans must redouble the sense of urgency to develop and deploy a
complete array of prevention, early intervention and rehabilitation
services to meet their needs now.
# As this report indicates, the medical and scientific knowledge needed to comprehensively address PTSD and TBI is incomplete. However, many evidence-based practices do exist. Unfortunately, service members and veterans face a number of barriers in accessing these practices including stigma; inadequate information; insufficient services to support families; limited access to available services, and a shortage of services in some areas. Many studies and commissions have presented detailed recommendations to address these needs. There is an urgent need to implement these recommendations.
# Section 1: Introduction
*The war is done for me now. The days of standing in the hot desert sun,
setting up ambushes on the sides of mountains and washing the blood from
my friend's gear are over. The battles with bombs, bullets, and blood
are a thing of the past. I still constantly fight a battle that rages
inside my head.*
Brian McGough, a 32 year-old Army staff sergeant whose convoy was
attacked with IEDs in 2006. From his blog "Inside my Broken Skull."
American service members have sacrificed a great deal in the battles in
Afghanistan and Iraq, and many of those who have returned are still
battling. Only now they are not fighting the enemy around them. They
are, at times, fighting an even more elusive foe within---the
psychological effects of war. This foe is often not recognized or
acknowledged. Moreover, the system that provides treatment for
psychological trauma for veterans is not always well implemented.
More than 1.6 million American service members have deployed to Iraq and
Afghanistan in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring
Freedom (OEF), and over 565,000 have deployed more than once (Veterans
for Common Sense, 2008). As of December 2008, more than 4,200 troops
have been killed and over 30,800 have returned from a combat zone with
visible wounds and a range of permanent disabilities (O'Hanlon and
Campbell 2008). In addition, an estimated 25-40 percent have less
visible wounds---psychological and neurological injuries associated with
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
(Tanielian and Jaycox 2008; Hoge, et al. 2008).
It is common to make a distinction between visible injuries such as
orthopedic injuries, burns, and shrapnel wounds and less visible
injuries such as PTSD. The distinction often is characterized as
"physical" versus "mental" injuries. These terms imply that PTSD somehow
is not physical. However, this is an artificial distinction. PTSD and
other "mental illnesses" are characterized by measurable changes in the
brain and in the hormonal and immune systems. In this report, we use the
terms "visible" and "not visible" to make the distinction.
Although PTSD and TBI have different origins---PTSD is caused by
exposure to extreme stress, whereas TBI is caused by blast exposure or
other head injury---they are closely related. People with TBI are more
prone to PTSD, and many people with PTSD may have co-morbid undiagnosed
mild TBI. Substance abuse, often associated with both injuries,
complicates the situation for many people. Although this report focuses
on PTSD and TBI, these injuries account for only a portion of the mental
health issues affecting our service members including depression,
generalized anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and interpersonal
conflicts.
War is inherently a traumatic experience, but PTSD can be mitigated
through prevention and training programs prior to deployment, effective
stress reduction techniques during operations, and treatment programs
after combat exposure. DoD, VA, and civilian researchers have developed
many strategies to diminish the onset of PTSD and treat both the direct
symptoms of PTSD and its impact on the individual's ability to function.
Despite these strategies, a plethora of evidence points to gaps in the
current health care system for service members and veterans. Media
reports, Congressional inquiries, commissions, and lawsuits have
revealed deficiencies in outreach, access, care coordination, and
treatment. The evidence points to wide variations in access to mental
health services; an inadequate supply of mental health providers;
resistance on the part of some military leaders to adopt new attitudes;
and resistance on the part of the service member or veteran to seek
service because of the stigma associated with psychological disorders.
In the past several years, DoD and VA have developed a number of new
programs, policies, and strategies to address the mental health needs of
service members and veterans of OEF/OIF. For example, Congress extended
the automatic eligibility for services through the Veterans Health
Administration from two years to five; DoD instituted mandatory PTSD
screening upon service members' return from combat as well as a
reassessment 3-6 months later; VA has developed treatment protocols that
incorporate evidence-based practices; the Vet Centers have hired
additional staff to provide outreach; and DoD and VA are working toward
integrating their systems to be more effective.
Although DoD and VA have dedicated unprecedented attention and resources
to address PTSD and TBI in recent years (eg. Defense Centers of
Excellence), and some evidence suggests that these policies and
strategies have had a positive impact, work still needs to be done. In
2007, the Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health concluded
that "Despite the progressive recognition of the burden of mental
illnesses and substance abuse and the development of many new and
promising programs for their prevention and treatment, current efforts
are inadequate to ensure the psychological health of our fighting
forces. Repeated deployments of mental health providers to support
operations have revealed and exacerbated pre-existing staffing
inadequacies for providing services to military members and their
families. New strategies to effectively provide services to members of
the Reserve Components are required. Insufficient attention has been
paid to the vital task of prevention" (US DoD Task Force on Mental
Health 2007).
The situation requires an urgent response. While the intensity of combat
and the number of enemy initiated attacks has fallen since mid 2007,
service members continue to struggle with the wounds of PTSD that they
acquired earlier in the war and that others continue to acquire. Early
intervention and timely rehabilitation is critical to maximizing the
long-term health outcomes of the men and women who served in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
NCD\'s study examines evidence based approaches for prevention,
diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD, reviews preliminary indications of
many new strategies being implemented by VA and DoD, and concludes that
the extra attention being devoted to this disability is not only
warranted, but has the potential to greatly reduce financial and human
costs for all concerned.
NCD recognizes that these issues have been studied by other governmental
and professional organizations. This report attempts to augment the
recommendations of these previous studies with a focus on barriers to
access to care for citizens with disabilities; the importance of early
intervention and comprehensive rehabilitation to minimize the long term
effects of disability; and the need for continuing consumer involvement
both in the rehabilitation of individuals and the oversight of the
implementation of the many policy and service delivery changes needed to
effectively address the rehabilitative needs of service members and
veterans.
This report is structured as follows in the succeeding sections:
- Section 2 provides a brief description of the demographic
composition of the fighting forces and their experiences in the
combat theater. Many of these characteristics are associated with an
increased risk of PTSD.
- Section 3 describes the symptoms, prevalence and risk factors for
PTSD and TBI.
- Section 4 reviews the evidence-based approaches for preventing and
treating PTSD and TBI.
- Section 5 reviews the systems that are in place and discusses how
they differ from the evidence based approaches described in Section
4.
- Section 6 addresses the issue of service members not availing
themselves of all services.
- Section 7 describes special issues affecting the families of service
members and the availability of services to address these issues.
- Section 8 presents NCD's recommendations.
In preparing this report, NCD gathered information from scientific
journals, professional conferences, commission reports, VA and DoD
protocols and regulations, Congressional testimony, newspaper reports,
advocacy websites and papers, blogs, on-line support groups, and
interviews. These sources represent a range of perspectives including
those of DoD and VA leaders, mental health providers, veterans,
advocates, parents, and spouses.
Some of the information and recommendations were drawn from the reports
of recent task forces and commissions, including the President\'s
Commission on Care for America\'s Returning Wounded Warriors (the
Dole/Shalala Commission); the Task Force on Returning Global War on
Terror Heroes (the Nicholson Task Force); the Veterans Disability
Benefits Commission; the Department of Defense Task Force on Mental
Health; the American Psychological Association's Presidential Task Force
on Military Deployment Services for Youth, Families and Service Members;
and, the US Army Surgeon General's Mental Health Advisory Team's annual
assessment of needs and survey of deployed troops. A complete list of
sources is provided at the end of the report.
[]{#__RefHeading___Toc217385000 .anchor}**Section 2: Background**
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Iraq has become an incubator for post traumatic stress disorder |
| (PTSD) in the American service members. The combat zone in Iraq has |
| no frontline, no safe zone, and the embattled soldier has little with |
| which to differentiate friend from foe, no warning of when or where |
| the next improvised explosive device will be detonated. It is hardly |
| surprising that we are seeing high rates of depression, PTSD, and |
| other anxiety disorders in service members who have been deployed to |
| Iraq.* |
| |
| Greenburg and Roy, 2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Characteristics of Deployed Forces
The United States has had between 122,000 and 171,000 troops in Iraq and
Afghanistan at any one time since major combat operations ended in May
2003 (O'Hanlon and Campbell 2008). Almost 1.6 million American service
members have deployed to OIF and OEF, and almost 565,000 have deployed
more than once (Veterans for Common Sense 2008).
- 28 percent are guard and reserve (Waterhouse and O'Bryant 2008);
```{=html}
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```
- The average age of an active duty member deployed to Iraq or
Afghanistan is 27, and the average age of deployed National Guard or
Reserve troops is 33;
- 60 percent of those deployed are married and over half have
children;
- 88 percent are male, and 12 percent are female;
- The troops are from diverse racial backgrounds (22 percent
African-American, 11 percent Latino, 4 percent Asian, 3 percent
other) (Maxfield 2006);
- Half of the 1.6 million service members who have deployed are still
in the military (Veterans for Common Sense, 2008); and
- Three-quarters of the forces deployed to Iraq are Army, 15 percent
are Marine Corps, and 10 percent are Navy and Air Force (O'Bryant
and Waterhouse 2006).
## Experiences of Deployed Forces
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Everyone\'s experience of deployment is a little different, so it\'s |
| unfair to cast all experiences in the same mold. People see stories |
| of Infantry guys watching their squadmates die and murdering Iraqi |
| civilians, and assume that I personally have seen levels of Hell of |
| which I have had no taste. Conversely, people read the blogs of |
| career soldiers and Pogues, and perhaps get an image of this place |
| that is a little sunnier than expected. People want to lump our |
| stories into the either/or. All or none. And that\'s not really |
| fair.* |
| |
| SPC Freeman stationed in Iraq. From his blog "The Calm Before the |
| Sand." |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
From March 2003 to November 2008, 4,203 American service members were
killed in Iraq. Most of the fatalities have been Army soldiers. Forty
percent were caused by Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), and 30
percent were the result of other hostile fire. Three percent were from
car bombs. During intense fighting between May and July 2007, there were
162 insurgent attacks per day with over 75 in Baghdad and Al-Anbar
Province alone (O'Hanlon and Campbell 2008)
Many service members are operating under constant threat of death or
injury and seeing the violent death of their comrades and others.
Enemies and civilians are often indistinguishable, and service members
are asked to play dual roles of warrior and ambassador.
Many have been on multiple deployments with relatively little downtime
between deployments. Some operations are 24-hours per day with soldiers
sleeping an average of only five and half hours per day (US Army Surgeon
General 2008). Based on an annual survey conducted by the Army, Soldiers
have recently reported a decline in a range of combat exposures. Despite
this reduction, the soldiers surveyed continue to encounter intense
combat experiences while deployed to Iraq most soldiers have received
incoming artillery, rocket or mortar fire. (US Army Surgeon General
2008).
[]{#__RefHeading___Toc217385003 .anchor}**Section 3: Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)**
## What is PTSD?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the
publication that defines the criteria used in diagnosing mental
disorder, classifies PTSD as an anxiety disorder that arises from
"exposure to a traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death
or serious injury" (American Psychiatric Association 1994).
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Standing in line at the check out stand the feeling was almost |
| unbearable, like a low electric current was flowing through my body, |
| not enough to hurt but enough to make me really uncomfortable. The |
| people behind me were standing way too close to me, their kid making |
| way too much noise. I thought of the children I had seen in Iraq and |
| how I never saw one cry, even the wounded ones.* |
| |
| *It felt like I was suffocating in the store, near panic, but I was |
| going to maintain, I could do this, JUST BUY YOUR \*\*\*\* AND GET TO |
| THE CAR.* |
| |
| *Just then was when the boy behind me popped the balloon he was |
| playing with.* |
| |
| *I was on the floor, clawing at the fake marble colored tiles, |
| attempting to crawl under a magazine rack. I may have yelled INCOMING |
| I don't know but when I came back into my body everyone was looking |
| at me.* |
| |
| A 32-year-old OIF Army Veteran. From his blog "This is Your War II." |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Symptoms
Symptoms vary considerably from person to person, but the essential
features of PTSD include the following (description based on Helpguide
2008):
- *Re-experiencing:* The most disruptive symptoms of PTSD involve
flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive memories of the traumatic
event. The veteran may be flooded with horrifying images, sounds,
and recollections of what happened. He or she may even feel like it
is happening again. These symptoms are sometimes referred to as
intrusions, since memories of the past intrude on the present. These
symptoms can appear at any time, sometimes seemingly out of the
blue. At other times, something triggers a memory of the original
traumatic event: a noise, an image, certain words, or a smell.
- *Avoidance/Numbing:* Patients with PTSD may attempt to avoid
thoughts or activities that could remind them of the traumatic
event. In addition, they may lose their ability to experience
pleasure and may seem emotionally "flat" or nonresponsive. They may
feel detached or estranged from others. Often, they have a sense of
a "foreshortened future" feeling that tomorrow may never exist.
- *Hyperarousal/Hypervigilance:* Individuals with PTSD may feel and
react as if they are constantly in danger. This increased arousal
may disrupt sleep, contribute to irritability and anger, and impair
concentration. Hypervigilance may coexist with an exaggerated
startle response.
### The Science
PTSD has a biological basis. It is associated with a host of chemical
changes in the body's hormonal system, immune system, and autonomic
nervous system. Medical research suggests that the intense bursts of
brain activity during traumatic experiences may lay down new neural
pathways in the brain (Johnson 2005).
Individuals respond to traumatic experiences along a continuum. Most
people have a sudden increased arousal and vigilance. This is a "normal
stress response" to danger and generally dissipates with time. For some,
the symptoms intensify, become chronic, and interfere with their ability
to function (Davidson et al. 2004).
The challenge for mental health professionals and the veterans
themselves is to recognize the difference between what has been termed
"a normal response to abnormal circumstances" and PTSD. While it is
important to avoid "pathologizing" normal reactions, it is equally
important to identify when these normal stress reactions are likely to
lead to functional limitations. Early intervention will reduce the
chance that the stress reaction will become chronic PTSD. In addition,
if treatment is delayed, veterans may develop unhealthy coping
strategies and may damage their relationships and social support
network, leaving them very isolated (Hirsel 2007).
The timing of the onset of stress symptoms varies. These symptoms tend
to be heightened by events that elicit memories of the trauma such as
anniversary dates or noteworthy \"time anchors;" media exposure to war
zone events; sights, sounds, or smells that are suggestive of the
warzone; certain melodies or lyrics; experiences involving significant
losses (such as death of a loved one, etc.); or conflicts with authority
(Scurfield 2006).
Some will feel the effects of the trauma while they are still deployed.
This is referred to as a combat stress reaction (CSR). Reports from a
survey of deployed army revealed that a substantial number of military
personnel were experiencing emotional problems during their service in
Iraq. For example, 15 percent of those surveyed screened positive for
acute stress symptoms and 18 percent screened positive on a combined
measure of acute stress, depression, or anxiety. Others may have
symptoms immediately upon return from combat, while others may
experience a delay of six months to many years, or when they leave the
military troops (US Army Surgeon General 2008).
In response to concerns that claims of delayed onset PTSD are attempts
to unfairly receive disability compensation, The Institute of Medicine,
at the request of the Veterans Benefit Administration, conducted a
comprehensive review of the scientific literature and concluded that
"considerable evidence suggests that rates of PTSD increase over time
following deployment." (Institute of Medicine and National Research
Council 2007)
### Comorbidity
PTSD usually occurs in conjunction with other psychiatric, behavioral
and medical conditions. Several studies have found that more than 80
percent of people who have been diagnosed with PTSD also have a
generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, major depressive
disorder, or one of a range of psychiatric or substance-related
conditions. (Institute of Medicine and National Research Council 2007).
The conditions may be triggered by PTSD (e.g., many people turn to
alcohol and drugs in an attempt to self-medicate the symptoms of PTSD),
or preexisting disorders may increase the risk of PTSD.
A growing body of research is finding a link between PTSD and poor
physical health. People with PTSD have more adverse health outcomes in a
number of domains such as self-reported health, morbidity, health care
utilization, and mortality (Institute of Medicine and National Research
Council 2007). Although the psycho-biological mechanism that causes
these adverse general medical health outcomes is not well understood,
the evidence of the relationship is overwhelming. For example,
researchers have found that compared to veterans without PTSD, those
with PTSD have substantially higher post-war rates for many chronic
conditions including circulatory, nervous system, digestive,
musculoskeletal, and respiratory, even after controlling for the major
risk factors for these conditions. (Barrett et al. 2002). They also have
found shorter average life spans (Boscarino 2005).
### Functional Difficulties
PTSD can affect an individual's ability to maintain relationships, work,
and in some cases, interact with their environment and those around
them.
**Relationships:** Research with Vietnam veterans clearly documents the
adverse effects of PTSD on intimate relationships. Vietnam veterans with
PTSD are twice as likely as veterans without PTSD to have been divorced
and three times as likely to experience multiple divorces. Veterans with
PTSD perpetrate domestic violence at greater rates than comparable
veterans without PTSD. (American Psychological Association 2007).
Although many couples are able to withstand the stress of PTSD, some
military spouses, in their blogs, describe a similar dynamic. The
veteran gets anxious and angry over little things, making everyday life
for the family incredibly stressful. Compounding the everyday stress,
the veteran may feel emotionally numb and "put up a wall," becoming
uninterested in social and sexual activities. The spouse, hurt and
stressed, may "snap" at the veteran and the anger escalates as the cycle
continues. In other situations, the veteran with PTSD may have a sharp
temper or violent streak that scares or angers the spouse.
**Work:** A diagnosis of war-related PTSD has been linked consistently
to poor employment outcomes (Smith et al. 2005). Many symptoms of PTSD
can directly affect job performance, such as difficulty concentrating on
job tasks, handling stress, working with others, taking instructions
from a supervisor, or maintaining reliable attendance.
**Interacting with the environment:** For people with PTSD, memories may
be triggered by sights, sounds, smells, or feelings that remind them of
the traumatic event. This reaction may cause them to become isolated.
### Comorbidity
According to current estimates, between 10 and 30 percent of service
members develop PTSD within a year of combat. When one considers a range
of mental health issues including depression, generalized anxiety
disorder, and substance abuse, the number increases to between 16 and 49
percent (Hoge et al 2004, Milliken et al 2007, Tanielian and Jaycox
2008, US DoD Task Force on Mental Health 2007, Army Surgeon General
2008).
The precise prevalence of PTSD among service members who have returned
from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan cannot be determined at this
time. The estimates of probable PTSD are affected by a number of factors
including the sensitivity and specificity of the screening instruments
used in the study; the time period after combat when the questionnaire
or assessment is administered; and response bias among service members
who may be reluctant to acknowledge symptoms due to factors such as
stigma or fear of impact on their career.
Although estimates vary, all conclude that a significant number of
service members and veterans are at risk for various degrees of stress
reaction, including for some diagnosable PTSD.
## What is TBI?
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called acquired brain injury or
simply head injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the
brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an
object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue.
### Symptoms
Symptoms of TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the
extent of the damage to the brain. The term "mild TBI" is synonymous
with "concussion." (Hoge et al 2008). A person with a mild TBI may
remain conscious or may experience a loss of consciousness for a few
seconds or minutes. Other symptoms of mild TBI include headache,
confusion, lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision or tired eyes,
ringing in the ears, bad taste in the mouth, fatigue or lethargy, a
change in sleep patterns, behavioral or mood changes, and trouble with
memory, concentration, attention, or thinking. A person with a moderate
or severe TBI may show these same symptoms, but may also have a headache
that gets worse or does not go away, repeated vomiting or nausea,
convulsions or seizures, an inability to awaken from sleep, dilation of
one or both pupils, slurred speech, weakness or numbness in the
extremities, loss of coordination, and increased confusion,
restlessness, or agitation (National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke 2008).
Most brain injuries are mild, and many soldiers with mild TBI can
recover with rest and time away from the battlefield. However, the
military estimates that one-fifth of the troops with these mild injuries
will have prolonged---even lifelong---symptoms requiring continuing care
(US Army Surgeon General 2008). They may have cognitive issues such as
difficulty thinking, memory problems, attention deficits, mood swings,
frustrations, headaches, fatigue, or many other symptoms.
### Prevalence
VA only recently began a widespread TBI screening program and DoD has
only recently begun documenting TBIs in each service member's medical
record. As a result, neither DoD nor VA can estimate the prevalence of
TBIs based on screenings. Based on available survey data, an estimated
11 to 20 percent of service members sustained a mild TBI/concussion
while serving in OEF/OIF (US Army Surgeon General 2008, Hoge et al.
2008, Taneilian and Jaycox 2008).
## Relationship Between PTSD and TBI
PTSD and TBI are often addressed together for two reasons. First, the
symptoms may be similar, so it is difficult to distinguish between the
two injuries. Second, many people with TBI also have PTSD.
Although PTSD is a biological/psychological injury and TBI is a
neurological trauma, the symptoms of the two injuries have some parallel
features. In both injuries, the symptoms may show up months after
someone has returned from war, and in both injuries, the veteran may
"self medicate" and present as someone with a substance abuse problem.
Overlapping symptoms include sleep disturbances, irritability, physical
restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and some memory disturbances.
While there are similarities, there are also significant differences.
For example, with PTSD individuals may have trouble remembering the
traumatic event, but otherwise their memory and ability to learn is
intact. With TBI the individual has preserved older memories, but may
have difficulty retaining new memories and new learning.
Research indicates that people with TBI are more likely to develop PTSD
than those who have not incurred a brain injury (Hoge 2008). Two
scientific theories attempt to explain this relationship. First, TBI can
damage a person's cognitive function and hinder their ability to manage
the consequences of his or her psychological trauma, thus leading to a
greater incidence of PTSD (Bryant 2008). Second, a mild TBI injury in
the combat environment, particularly when associated with loss of
consciousness, reflects exposure to a very intense traumatic event that
threatens loss of life and significantly increases the risk of PTSD
(Hoge 2008).
## Risk Factors for PTSD
Several factors have been shown to increase the risk of PTSD. Some of
these factors are particularly common to the deployments in Iraq and
Afghanistan, which may account for the high rate of injury among service
members and veterans.
### Characteristics of Deployment
- *Length of deployment*---Numerous studies document a direct
relationship between the amount of exposure to combat stressors and
the likelihood of eventually developing PTSD (Scurfield 2006).
- *Multiple deployments*---Confirming that the amount of exposure
increases risk, the MHAT-V found that soldiers have an increased
risk with each additional deployment; 27 percent of soldiers on
their third deployment reported serious combat stress or depression
symptoms, compared to 19 percent on their second, and 12 percent on
their first deployment (US Army Surgeon General 2008).
- *Violation of expectations*---When deployment length is longer than
expected (such as when the length of deployment changes in the
middle of the deployment) the rate of PTSD increases (Rona et al.
2007).
- *Sleep deprivation*---Soldiers who report being sleep deprived are
at significant risk of reporting mental health issues. It is unclear
whether sleep deprivation is a symptom or the cause of mental health
issues. In MHAT-V soldiers reported an average of 5.6 hours of
sleep, which is significantly less than what is needed to maintain
optimal performance (US Army Surgeon General 2008).
- *Inadequate dwell time---*The dwell time, (the time between the end
of one deployment and a redeployment) has an important impact on
PTSD (Hoge 2008) The optimal minimum dwell time for active duty
military is twice the period of the initial deployment (a 1:2
deployment to dwell ratio) and a 1:5 deployment to dwell ratio for
National Guard and Reserve troops. (Defense Science Board 2007).
Thus, a service member deployed for a year should have at least two
years dwell time before being redeployed. Many of the adaptive
skills necessary in combat must be \"turned off\" when service
members come home and \"turned back on\" when they return for their
next deployment. Evidence suggests that 12 months is insufficient
time to "reset" the mental health of soldiers after a combat tour of
over a year (US Army Surgeon General 2008).
- *Types of combat exposure*---Certain "malignant" types of combat
exposure also appear to place service members at particular risk.
For example, McCarroll et al. (1995) found higher levels of PTSD
symptoms in veterans who had handled human remains compared to those
who had not.
- *Training*---Service members who feel unprepared for their work in
theater and those who perceive the events as unpredictable are more
likely to develop PTSD (Iverson 2008). Stress-exposure training,
which involves simulations of dealing with dead noncombatants,
unconventional combatants, injuries, surprise attacks, and live-fire
actions, can help prevent combat stress reactions in theater by
preparing service members in advance for situations they may face in
combat (Hosek 2006).
- *Bodily Injury*---Soldiers who sustain bodily injury are more likely
to develop PTSD than are soldiers who experienced the same event but
were not physically injured (Koren et al. 2005).
- *Military Sexual Assault*---Being sexually assaulted while in
military services leads to PTSD in some, generally female, veterans.
There is evidence that military sexual assault makes PTSD more
likely than does sexual assault occurring before or after military
service (Yeager et al. 2006).
- *Unit Cohesion*---Many researchers have found that strong unit
cohesion and leadership reduces the risk of PTSD. High levels of
unit cohesion seem to increase the resilience of service members to
cope with military-related stressors (Brailey et al. 2007). However,
for some, high levels of unit cohesion may be seen later as an
illusion that has been betrayed, increasing anger and risk of PTSD
(Brailey et al. 2007).
### Personal Factors
Service members process what happens in combat in the context of the
rest of their lives. As a result, early childhood adversity, previous
trauma, and history of mental illnesses increase the risk of PTSD. Low
education, ethnic minority status, younger age, and lower rank are also
associated with increased risk (Brewin et al. 2000, Riddle et al. 2007,
Iverson et al. 2008).
Two post-deployment factors are associated with an increased risk of
PTSD: lack of social support and "life stress" (Brewin et al. 2000).
[]{#__RefHeading___Toc217385008 .anchor}**Section 4: Evidence Based
Approaches for Prevention, Outreach, Assessment, Diagnosis, and
Treatment**
The goal of PTSD interventions is to address the prevention, diagnosis,
and treatment of PTSD. In terms of prevention, emphasis must be placed
both on minimizing combat stress reactions, and, when they do occur,
preventing normal stress reaction from developing into chronic PTSD.
Preventing all cases of PTSD, however, is impossible. When cases do
arise, assessment and diagnosis leading to timely treatment is crucial.
The goal of treatment is not merely to reduce service members' symptoms,
but to help them regain the capacity to lead complete lives as full
members of their community -- to work, to partake in leisure and civic
activities, and to form and maintain healthy relationships with their
family and friends.
In an attempt to maximize the effectiveness of their treatment programs,
DoD, VA, and the broader psychological community have undertaken studies
to identify the best practices for treating PTSD. The "gold standards"
for identifying best practices are randomized controlled trials (RCT),
which are designed to ensure that any changes in the outcome measure can
be attributed to the intervention rather than to extraneous factors.
Unfortunately, many promising interventions have not been subjected to
RCT studies. In this section, we describe best practices based on
theoretical frameworks and medical research in addition to evidence from
RCTs.
## Prevention
Cognitive fitness and psychological resilience can serve as barriers to
developing PTSD. Although no RCT studies exist that indicate how to
increase this resilience among service members, VA and DoD developed the
following general guidelines based on theoretical frameworks (US
Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense 2004):
- Provide realistic training that includes vicarious, simulated, or
actual exposure to traumatic stimuli that may be encountered;
- Strengthen perceived ability to cope by providing instruction in
coping skills;
- Create supportive interpersonal work environments; and,
- Develop and maintain adaptive beliefs such as confidence in
leadership, confidence in the meaningfulness of the work, and
knowledge about the transitory nature of most acute stress
reactions.
Preliminary evidence suggests that psychological preparation enhances
resilience. For example, in a 2007 survey of deployed soldiers, those
who received pre-deployment "Battlemind" training described in Section 5
reported fewer mental health problems in Iraq than those who did not
receive the training (US Army Surgeon General 2008).
## Outreach, Assessment, and Diagnosis
### PTSD
**Screening:** Early identification of PTSD and other stress reactions
is critical. Quickly referring people to treatment can shorten their
suffering and lessen the severity of their functional impairment.
The effectiveness of screening remains controversial for two reasons.
First, screening troops immediately upon return from combat yields false
positives, meaning that screening misidentifies cases that are normal
combat stress reactions. Medicalizing and pathologizing these reactions
may cause the individual to take on a patient role and symptoms that may
normally dissipate over time with rest, relaxation, and social support
may persist. (DoD response in US Government Accountability Office May
2006).
Second, people may misrepresent their symptoms based on the situation.
For example, service members may not admit to symptoms when they are
screened immediately upon return from Iraq because they are eager to get
back to their families and know that any indication that they need
psychiatric help will delay that process. Service members who plan to
remain in the military may hide symptoms so that they can stay with
their unit. The benefits of PTSD screening 3-6 months after return from
combat clearly outweigh the risks. However, the screening does not
identify all cases.
**Integrate mental health screening and diagnosis into primary care:**
Because veterans are likely to seek care for a general medical ailment,
the primary care physician (PCP) may be the first health-care
professional to engage an individual with PTSD. In a study of 103,788
OEF/OIF veterans seen in VA health care facilities between 2001 and
2005, almost one-quarter received a mental health diagnosis and most
initial mental health diagnoses (60 percent) were made in
non-mental-health clinics, mostly primary care settings (US Department
of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General 2007).
The PCP can play a critical role in referring someone to care, but the
client may not follow through with the recommendations. There are two
models for integrating mental health into primary care that can address
this problem. The first is a model of co-located collaborative care
between a mental health provider and primary care physician. In this
model, if the primary care physician believes the patient has PTSD, that
same day she or he can refer the patient to a mental health clinician
located in the same building. The second approach is a case management
model, in which a primary care physician can refer patients to a mental
health provider, and a case manager will conduct ongoing phone follow-up
to encourage continued engagement in the treatment process and to assist
in negotiating needed adjustments in the treatment plan (US Department
of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General 2007).
### TBI
The best time to assess the impact of TBI is immediately after the
injury. For severe TBIs, the impact is obvious and the individual is
removed from combat as soon as possible. For mild TBI, many soldiers
just "shake it off" but may encounter problems later. Of the three
approaches to diagnosing mild TBI, all have limitations. For example:
- **Cognitive Evaluations**---TBI may cause cognitive impairments.
Thus, it is useful to measure changes in cognitive functioning. A
baseline cognitive assessment is needed so that in the event of
exposure to an IED or other types of blasts, service members\'
cognitive functioning right after the injury can be compared to
their baseline functioning prior to deployment.
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- **Neuroimaging**---For most mild TBI patients, magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are inconclusive or
difficult to interpret (Belanger et al. 2007, Hoge 2008). Other
imaging techniques such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Single Photon
Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) show some promise in detecting
mild TBI, but these findings are preliminary (Belanger et al. 2007).
Because of their cost, brain scans are not a viable alternative for
large scale screenings, but can be useful in some cases.
- **Self-reported History**---Self-reported history of mild
TBI/concussion is not well correlated with post-deployment symptoms.
Using self reports for screening is likely to result in mislabeling
service members as "brain injured" when there are other reasons for
their symptoms that may require different treatment (Hoge 2008).
## Treatment
### PTSD
Available PTSD treatment can address the primary symptoms of PTSD by
helping clients bring under control the vivid re-experiencing of the
trauma and the continual re-appraisal of the event so that they can feel
better about themselves and their actions. (Brewin 2007). In addition to
addressing the symptoms, treatment addresses functional limitations such
as relationship and trust issues, anger management, feelings of
alienation, sleep disturbances, and other limitations.
In 2004 VA and DoD jointly released a set of clinical guidelines for
treating PTSD. The guidelines included individual psychotherapy, group
therapy, and pharmacotherapy recommendations based on a review of
efficacy studies (US Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of
Defense 2004).
### Individual Psychotherapy
The aforementioned guidelines recommend that the therapist explain to
the client the range of available and effective therapeutic options and
then the therapist and client should jointly agree on an approach. The
guidelines strongly recommend the following four evidence-based
practices:
**Exposure therapy:** The client repeatedly confronts feared situations,
sensations, memories, or thoughts in a planned, often step-by-step
manner. With repeated, prolonged exposure to previously feared
situations, the fear tends to dissipate. ET usually lasts from 8 to 12
sessions depending on the trauma and treatment protocol.
Exposure therapy may be very intimidating for clients to contemplate and
can be time consuming and emotionally wrenching for them to complete.
The client may have homework in which they write down a nightmare,
script a new ending and read the script repeatedly. During the therapy,
the client may begin to have more symptoms before the symptoms begin to
subside. Thus, it is important to have a strategy to ensure that the
client will continue through the entire therapeutic protocol.
In addition, although exposure therapy is highly successful in reducing
the key symptoms associated with PTSD, such as intrusive memories, it
does not address other issues such as feelings of detachment from
others, excessive anger and feelings of alienation. To treat these, the
therapist must draw on other therapeutic approaches.
**Cognitive restructuring:** The client identifies upsetting thoughts
about the traumatic event, particularly thoughts that are distorted and
irrational, and learns to replace them with more accurate, balanced
views. For example, veterans may feel they are to blame for failing to
save a fallen comrade even if they did everything they could. Cognitive
restructuring helps them look at what happened in a healthier way.
**Stress Inoculation Training:** This treatment includes a variety of
approaches to manage anxiety and stress and to develop coping skills.
The client is taught deep muscle relaxation, breathing control,
assertiveness, role playing, thought stopping, positive thinking and
self-talk.
**EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing):** EMDR
incorporates elements of exposure therapy with eye movements or other
forms of rhythmic, left-right stimulation, such as hand taps or sounds.
For example, in EMDR the client talks about the traumatic event while
visually following the therapist's finger back and forth. Eye movements
and other bilateral forms of stimulation are thought to work by
"unfreezing" the brain's information processing system and allowing the
individual to reprocess the memory.
In 2006, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) concluded that, based on
results from RCT, the only proven effective intervention is exposure
therapy (Institute of Medicine and National Research 2007). The IOM
committee noted that this finding does not mean that exposure therapy is
the only therapy that should be used. The committee used very strict
criteria for evaluating the studies and recognizes that some
interventions may be useful but have not been tested. Additional
research on evidence-based interventions clearly is needed.
### Group Therapy
In group therapy, four to twelve clients are led by a mental health
professional and can share their thoughts, find comfort in knowing they
are not alone, and gain confidence by helping others resolve their
issues. Little research has been done to validate its effectiveness, or
to delineate those characteristics of group therapy that lead to
improved clinical outcomes. The VA/DoD guidelines recommend that this
therapy be done in conjunction with individual therapy (US Department of
Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense 2004).
### Pharmacotherapy
In terms of pharmacotherapy, evidence indicates that certain
medications, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
such as Prozac and Zoloft, are effective at relieving core symptoms of
PTSD. The VA/DoD guidelines recommend the use of these and several other
medications that have shown some efficacy. They recommend against the
use of benzodiazepine and typical antipsychotic drugs such as
Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, and Thioridazine.
### TBI
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
treatment for individuals who have sustained mild TBI may include
increased rest, refraining from participation in activities that are
likely to result in additional head injury, management of existing
symptoms, and education about mild TBI symptoms and what to expect
during recovery. For some cases, rehabilitative or cognitive therapies,
counseling, or medications might be used. Currently, there are no
evidence-based clinical practice guidelines that address treatment of
mild TBI (US Government Accountability Office Feb 2008).
## Other Interventions
### Family Support
Family support is fundamental to a service member's recovery from PTSD.
According to a 2005 DoD survey, 74 percent of DoD active-duty personnel
cope with stress by talking to a friend or family member (Bray et al.,
2006). While there are no randomized controlled studies documenting the
value of this informal support, the evidence that does exist suggests
this support is extremely important. Spouses and family members are
often the first to recognize when service members require professional
assistance and often play a key role in influencing service members to
seek help (US DoD Task Force on Mental Health 2007).
Unfortunately, this support is not always available. In fact, the very
nature of PTSD works to drive this support away. One of the classic
symptoms of PTSD is withdrawal, leading veterans to try to shut out the
very family members and friends who could help them alleviate their
pain. Veterans may be reluctant to open up because they worry that what
they say will upset the family. Sometimes when they do turn to their
family members, they find that those relatives are under a lot of stress
as well, and may not be able to offer needed support.
Providing support and education to the whole family can go a long way
toward effective treatment. Family members must be equipped with the
ability to recognize distress, and the knowledge of how and where to
refer loved ones for assistance (US DoD Task Force on Mental Health
2007).
Family and relationship problems are a serious concern. For example, in
a recent anonymous survey of 532 National Guard members, 292 of whom had
recently returned from deployment in Iraq, 36% of the deployed
acknowledged relationship problems with spouse, 26% relationship
problems with children, and 31% emotional numbness that interferes with
their relationships. Rates of problems for those deployed were three
times greater than for those not deployed. The Army's Mental Health
Advisory Team's 2007 surveys indicated that up to 30% of Soldiers and
Marines are considering divorce by the midpoint of their deployment,
with rates highest for those in their fourth or fifth deployment (US
Army Surgeon General 2008). Furthermore relationship problems are a key
factor in the majority of suicidal behaviors among active duty service
members (US DoD Task Force on Mental Health 2007).
After returning home, relationship problems are often the first symptoms
to come to the fore. It is therefore crucial that access to marital and
relationship counseling be free of barriers. Early intervention with
relationship problems can reduce the long term social costs for veterans
and can serve as a means to bring veterans with more severe problems
such as PTSD to the attention of healthcare providers.
DoD and VA might consider developing a formal training course for
families similar to the Family to Family Education program hosted by the
National Alliance on Mental Illness and should continue to utilize the
effectiveness of the Chaplaincy Corps.
### Peer Support
Empirical evidence and theories of PTSD suggest the importance of social
support as a moderator of the effects of trauma. Support from peers who
have shared the experience is particularly important. Peers can provide
information, offer support and encouragement, provide assistance with
skill building, and provide a social network to lessen isolation.
Researchers divide peer support models into three categories: 1)
naturally occurring mutual support groups; 2) consumer-run services; and
3) the employment of consumers as providers within clinical and
rehabilitative settings (Davidson 1999).
**Naturally occurring mutual support groups:** Service members who
return to garrison after their deployment are naturally surrounded by
peers. However, this community of peers may not exist to the same degree
for National Guard members and Reservists. They receive a short
homecoming briefing and usually have 90 days at home before they report
back for weekend training. This separation from other soldiers comes at
a time when support and connections with others who are going through
the same emotional adjustments is critical. This separation may account
for some of the increased prevalence of PTSD among the Guard and
Reserve.
**Consumer-run services:** A variety of peer consumer run models exist
in the community and in the VA system such as: support groups, drop-in
centers, consumer-run organizations; warm lines (peer run telephone
call-in service for support and information), and internet support
groups and message boards. Research on consumer-run services has
consistently yielded positive results. For example, participants of self
help groups have increased social networks and quality of life, improved
coping skills, greater acceptance of mental illness, improved medication
adherence, lower levels of worry, and higher satisfaction with health
(Solomon 2004).
**Consumers as employees:** In a peer employee model, individuals with
mental illnesses are trained and certified and then hired into positions
that are adjunct to traditional mental health services. These positions
include peer companion, peer advocate, consumer case manager, peer
specialist, and peer counselor. Although these models are relatively
new, emerging evidence suggests that adding peer services improves the
effectiveness of traditional mental health services (Solomon 2004). In
addition, the peer provider can alter the negative attitudes of many
mental health consumers toward mental health providers, and of some
providers toward consumers. In recent years, the evidence for the
efficacy and cost-effectiveness of this practice has grown to the point
that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has recently
allowed Medicaid reimbursement for services provided by peer
specialists, and the military in Canada has recently established the
Operational Stress Injury Social Support Program based on a peer support
model (Veterans Affairs Canada 2006).
Peers may also be used as outreach workers. Service members or veterans
who have been deployed during war need not have PTSD or TBI themselves
to understand the barriers to seeking services created by stigma and
military culture. These peers can help identify people who need
professional interventions and facilitate their entry into treatment.
Peer support services should be part of the array of services available.
However, if should not be used as a cost-saving substitute for clinical
services. As a means of insuring quality care, peer services should
implement a credentialing process similar to that of clinical services.
Both Georgia and New Jersey have been successful in developing
credentialing programs for peer support workers.
**Consumers aiding in the development and deployment of services:** In
order for DoD and VA to develop and deploy services that are responsive
to the needs of the consumers, consumers with PTSD and TBI must be
included in the planning processes. There are many possible mechanisms.
VA has initiated a program for local Mental Health Consumer Councils
through which veteran consumers of care, their families and
representatives meet with local professional and administrative leaders
and assist in identifying problems or gaps in service and brainstorming
ways to overcome barriers to care. This program is currently operating
only in selected medical centers, and is a local option.
### Web-based Education and Support
The Internet has become a vital resource for information and
interventions. It allows service members, veterans, and their families
to access resources immediately and anonymously.
**Afterdeployment.org:** In response to a 2006 Congressional mandate to
develop a website for service members, veterans and their families, DoD
has recently unveiled
[www.afterdeployment.org](http://www.afterdeployment.org/). The site has
12 modules, each of which address a post deployment issue including
adjusting to war memories, dealing with depression, handling stress,
improving relationships, succeeding at work, overcoming anger, sleeping
better, controlling alcohol and drugs, helping kids deal with
deployment, seeking spiritual fitness, living with physical injuries,
and balancing your life.
**DE-STRESS:** VA is exploring the effectiveness of melding an
internet-based intervention with professional therapy. In the DE-STRESS
program (DElivery of Self-TRaining and Education for Stressful
Situations), veterans use a web site to access information and complete
a series of homework assignments that monitor, manage and treat PTSD
symptoms. The work done on the Web site is self-paced and self-directed
and takes approximately eight weeks to complete. The web activities are
complemented by either face-to-face meetings or telephone conversations
with professional therapists. (Litz et al. 2007).
**Other web resources:** Websites hosted by a variety of private,
nonprofit, and governmental organizations offer easily accessible
educational materials such as fact sheets, academic articles, and links
to other sources. Two particularly informative sites are VA's National
Center for PTSD ([http://www.ncptsd.va.gov](http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/))
and Mental Health America's "Operation Healthy Reunion"
(<http://www.nmha.org/reunions/info.cfm>).
Online support groups offer veterans a relatively anonymous place to
share their questions, concerns, frustrations, and fears and hear
reactions from people in similar situations. Several MSN groups have
emerged such as Iraq War Wives, Aftermath of War: Coping with PTSD, and
Iraq War Veterans.
### Other Nonmedical Interventions
A variety of other nonmedical interventions have shown some promise, but
their efficacy is not fully established. These interventions include
acupuncture, exercise, and mindful meditation (Hollifield et al. 2007,
Stathopoulou et al. 2006, Chartier 2007).
### Employment and Housing
Veterans with psychological health issues such as PTSD and TBI are at
elevated risk of unemployment and homelessness. In addition, evidence
suggests that stable housing and supported employment are effective
interventions for mental health rehabilitation (Martinez and Burt 2006,
Bond 2004). However, availability of housing and employment supports for
veterans with mental health issues is limited.
**Employment:** Individuals with PTSD and mild TBI may have difficulty
holding a job. They may, for example, have difficulty concentrating on
job tasks, coping with stress, exhibiting appropriate emotions, or
controlling anger. In some cases, the employer can make accommodations
such as reducing distractions in the workplace, allowing the employee to
play soothing music, and allowing flexible scheduling (Artman and
Duckworth 2007). In an effort to increase employment options for
veterans, the Department of Labor has initiated the \"America\'s Heroes
at Work\" campaign to educate employers on the issues surrounding the
employment of veterans with PTSD and TBI and strategies to accommodate
their needs (DOL 2008).
In other cases, the employee may need additional support. Although no
employment-related interventions have been developed and tested
specifically for veterans with PTSD and mild TBI, promising strategies
have been established for people with mental illnesses. For example,
substantial evidence indicates that supported employment integrated with
mental health treatment is effective in placing and maintaining people
with mental health issues in competitive employment (Cook et al. 2005).
NCD reviewed strategies for increasing employment among people with
disabilities in *Empowerment for Americans with Disabilities: Breaking
Barriers to Careers and Full Employment* (National Council on Disability
2007).
**Housing:** VA has multiple programs that provide short-term housing
and treatment for homeless veterans including: the Compensated Work
Therapy/Transitional Residence Program; the Homeless Veterans
Reintegration Program; the Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans
Program; the Homeless Providers Grant and Per Diem (GPD) Program. The
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) also assists homeless
veterans through a Supported Housing Program funded jointly by HUD and
VA and HUD\'s Section 8 Voucher Program, which specially designates
vouchers for veterans with chronic mental illnesses. VA centers also
coordinate with local government and nonprofit agencies to assist
homeless veterans (US Department of Veterans Affairs 2008).
In 2007, VA estimated that it had served approximately 300 OEF/OIF
veterans in its homeless programs and has identified 1,049 more as being
at risk of becoming homeless. The experience of Vietnam veterans
indicates that the risk of homelessness increases over time. In a survey
conducted in the mid-1980's, more than three-quarters of Vietnam-era
combat troops and 50 percent of noncombat troops who eventually became
homeless reported that at least ten years passed between the time they
left military service and the time they became homeless (Perl 2007).
## Holistic Approach
The Restoration and Resilience Center at Fort Bliss, Texas integrates
many techniques described above into one program. The participants are
in treatment 35 hours per week for 6-9 months. The treatment includes
daily psychotherapy and daily group therapy combined with holistic
approaches such as yoga, massage therapy and other nontraditional
approaches.
The program also includes a physical component. Participants are
required to walk at least 10,000 steps per day, which includes a
45-minute power walk. They also play water polo three times per week,
which facilitates their interaction with other people. Throughout the
program, the soldiers are also involved in field trips to public places
that they might otherwise avoid because they perceive those places as
too big, too crowded and too noisy. The soldiers are taught ways to
regulate their stress level, so that they can handle the stress of the
crowds and noise in these environments.
The program was established in 2007, so its success has not been firmly
established. However, early indications are very promising. Among the
first set of participants, one-third have graduated and returned to
their units, while only two have dropped out and been medically
discharged from the Army (\"A Soldier's Mind\" 2008).
# Section 5: Components of the Health Care System
As service members move from pre-enlistment, enlistment, deployment,
post deployment, and separation from the military, they face a variety
of health care systems including the Department of Defense, the Veterans
Health Administration, as well as public and private insurance in the
civilian sector. In order to address the needs of all service members
and veterans, policy makers must address gaps in all the systems. This
section provides a brief overview of the eligibility criteria for each
system and the PTSD and TBI services available.
## Eligibility
Service members (active duty and Guards/Reserves) move through multiple
payers and multiple service systems before, during, and after their
deployment. At different times they may be covered by Civilian insurance
(Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance), VA, DoD/TRICARE, or they
may, at times be uninsured (Exhibit 1).
**Exhibit 1: Health Care Coverage for Service Members and Veterans**
+---------------+------------------------+----------------------------+
| | **Active Duty** | **National Guard and |
| | | Reserve** |
+---------------+------------------------+----------------------------+
| **Active | Civilian insurance | |
| Duty- Before | (private, public, or | |
| Enlistment** | uninsured) | |
| | | |
| **G | VA or TRICARE for | |
| uard/Reserve- | those who are already | |
| Before | veterans | |
| Activation** | | |
+---------------+------------------------+----------------------------+
| **Active | DoD/TRICARE---For | DoD/TRICARE---Most care |
| Duty** | troops stationed on | provided by network |
| | base, care provided in | providers |
| **Activated | MTF. | |
| Guar | | |
| d/Reserve\*** | | |
+---------------+------------------------+----------------------------+
| * | DoD---In-theater | |
| *Deployment** | support, embedded | |
| | mental health | |
| | professionals, | |
| | chaplains, etc. | |
+---------------+------------------------+----------------------------+
| **Post | DoD/TRICARE | DoD/TRICARE---180 days of |
| Deployment** | | premium-free coverage. May |
| | Also have access to | buy additional 18-36 |
| **Deactivated | on-base military | months for \$3,732/yr |
| Gu | chaplains, family | (\$7,984 for family |
| ard/Reserve** | support groups, etc. | coverage)^1^ |
| | | |
| | | VA---eligible for |
| | | enrollment for five years. |
| | | Once enrolled, eligible |
| | | for life |
+---------------+------------------------+----------------------------+
| **After | VA---presumptive | VA---presumptive |
| Separation | eligibility for five | eligibility for five |
| from | years. Ongoing | years. Ongoing eligibility |
| Military** | eligibility under | under certain conditions. |
| | certain conditions. | Once enrolled, eligible |
| | Once enrolled, | for life. |
| | eligible for life. | |
| | | Private |
| | Private | |
| | | Medicare/Medicaid |
| | Medicare/Medicaid | |
| | | Uninsured |
| | Uninsured | |
| | | |
| | TRICARE (under certain | |
| | circumstances) | |
+---------------+------------------------+----------------------------+
\*Guard and Reserve members are considered "activated" when they are
called or ordered to duty for more than 30 consecutive days.
### Active Duty
All active duty service members and active Guard and Reserve are
eligible for health care through DoD. This includes direct services
provided in Military Treatment Facilities (MTFs) as well as a managed
care plan (TRICARE) that uses civilian sector providers.
### Veterans
OEF/OIF veterans are automatically eligible for enhanced enrollment in
VA health care services for 5 years with no copayments. National Guard
and Reserve members who have left active duty and have returned to their
units also receive this enhanced enrollment eligibility. At the end of
the five years, these veterans can continue to use VA services, but
depending on their income and disability status, they may be required to
make applicable copayments.
### Civilian Systems
Among OEF/OIF veterans who are eligible for VA health care, 35 percent
used that care as of December 2007 (Veterans for Common Sense 2008). No
information exists on the 65 percent that did not use VA services. Some
likely relied on civilian coverage and others may have experienced no
perceived need for care. Some may have tried to access VA care, but
encountered barriers to accessing services. Others may be unaware of the
services that are available. The actual number of eligible OEF/OIF
veterans that will use VA services after the 5 year presumptive
eligibility period will be determined by service-connected disability
ratings and other factors. However, based on an analysis of veterans
under 65, it is likely that a significant majority will rely on private
insurance and some will be uninsured (Exhibit 2).
**Exhibit 2: Health Insurance Status of Veterans Under age 65, 2007**
> {width="4.815277777777778in"
> height="3.417361111111111in"}
>
> Source: Author's Analysis of the Current Population Survey
>
> Description: Pie chart showing that among veterans under age 65, 17
> percent are enrolled with VA (7 percent use VA only, 10 percent use VA
> in conjunction with other insurance). Most veterans (66 percent) are
> privately insured and do not use VA, 5 percent are enrolled in
> Medicare or Medicaid, and 13 percent are uninsured.
## Department of Defense
DoD provides health care to over eight million beneficiaries, including
active duty personnel, and retirees and their dependents. DoD medical
health system (MHS) has two missions---readiness and benefits. The
*readiness mission* ensures that personnel are ready to deploy, provides
medical services and support to the armed forces during military
operations, and involves deploying medical personnel and equipment to
support military forces throughout the world. The *benefits mission*
provides medical services and support to members of the armed forces,
their family members, and others entitled to DoD health care. (US GAO
2007).
DoD's dual health care mission is carried out through a direct care
system that comprises 530 Army, Navy, and Air Force Military Treatment
Facilities (MTFs) worldwide. Within the direct care system, each
military branch is responsible for managing its MTFs and other
activities. Historically, these separate systems are not well
coordinated. The services generally fail to cooperate with each other
and resist efforts to consolidate their medical departments (US GAO
2007)
DoD also operates a purchased care system that uses civilian managed
care support contractors (TRICARE) to develop networks of civilian
primary and specialty care providers and to provide other customer
service functions, such as claims processing.
**Prevention Programs:** The Army's signature prevention program is the
mandatory Battlemind training program, which is provided in a large
group setting to all Army personnel prior to deployment, and immediately
upon return. In the 45-minute pre-deployment program, soldiers about to
deploy are told what they are likely to see, hear, think, and feel. The
post-deployment program explains the possible impact of deployment on
psychological, social-emotional, and behavioral functioning. It explains
what is "normal" and provides information about available mental health
resources available should service members have difficulties
readjusting. The Battlemind program highlights the problems that can
occur when the skills needed for effective combat are carried over into
the home environment (Exhibit 3).
**Exhibit 3: Combat Skills that Can Cause Problems if Not Adapted to the
Home Front**
--------------------------------------- -------------------------------
**Combat Skill** **Negative Presentation on the
Home Front**
**B**uddies (cohesion) Withdrawal
**A**ccountability Controlling
**T**argeted Aggression Inappropriate Aggression
**T**actical Awareness Hypervigilance
**L**ethally Armed "Locked and Loaded" at Home
**E**motional Control Anger/Detachment
**M**ission Operational Security Secretiveness
(OPSEC)
**I**ndividual Responsibility Guilt
**N**onDefensive (combat) Driving Aggressive Driving
**D**iscipline and Ordering Conflict
--------------------------------------- -------------------------------
> Source: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 2007
Battlemind has shown some success. The Army's most recent survey of
deployed soldiers found that soldiers who received training were less
likely to screen positive for mental health problems while in Iraq (12
percent compared to 21 percent). Soldiers that did not screen positive
were significantly more likely to agree that (a) the training in
managing the stress of deployment was adequate, and (b) the training to
identify service members at risk for suicide was sufficient. However,
even with Battlemind training, one-third of soldiers were not confident
in their ability to help service members get mental health assistance,
and 40 percent were not confident in their ability to identify service
members at risk of suicide (US Army Surgeon General 2008)
**Mandatory Behavioral Health Screenings for PTSD:** Beginning in 1998,
DoD has required service members to complete a Pre-Deployment Health
Assessment (PHA) shortly before deployment and the Post-Deployment
Health Assessment (PDHA) immediately after deployment. Recognizing that
a service member's symptoms may change over time, DoD recently mandated
that the Post-Deployment Health Re-Assessment (PDHRA) be completed six
months after the service member returns home.
Military members complete a brief set of screening questions, which are
reviewed by a mental health professional. The service member is supposed
to be referred for additional services as needed. Although the
screenings potentially can identify individuals who need, but do not
seek, services, they have significant limitations.
- Implementation of this program varies among military installations,
and the reviewing providers may lack the necessary training to
detect and address pathology (US GAO May, 2006).
- Referrals are inconsistent. A GAO report found that, four of five
returning troops potentially at risk for PTSD, were not referred for
further mental health evaluation. Half of those eventually got help
on their own, but less than 10 percent were referred through the
military (US GAO May, 2006).
- Service members may not accurately report their mental health
concerns.
**TBI Screenings:** DoD admits that it lacks a system-wide approach for
proper identification, management, and surveillance of individuals who
sustain mild to moderate TBI (English 2007). However, quality pilot
programs have been in existence for some time and efforts are underway
to make screening universal.
**Treatment:** In addition to services available through TRICARE
(described in detail below), DoD has a variety of programs designed to
maintain the psychological readiness of the forces that are administered
both within and outside the confines of the Defense Health Program
including, for example:
- *Military Treatment Facility*: Installation-level military medical
treatment facilities and the larger military medical centers and
clinics each develop and implement programs focusing on deployment
issues. While there are a number of excellent programs, the
availability, coherence, and quality of such programs varies across
the system, depending upon the number of mental health professionals
assigned to the unit, their training and experience, and command
support for behavioral health programs (US DoD Task Force on Mental
Health 2007).
- *Military OneSource:* This initiative offers a 24-hour,
7-day-a-week, confidential nonmedical information and referral
system that can be accessed through the telephone, Internet, and
e-mail. It also offers confidential short-term (up to six sessions
per year per problem), face-to-face counseling for nonclinical
problems. If care is sought for a clinical problem for which TRICARE
provides reimbursement, Military OneSource refers the individual to
TRICARE or the nearest MTF.
- *Chaplains:* Military mental health services often are delivered in
partnership with services provided by military chaplains. This is
especially true in deployed environments where mental health and
pastoral services constitute an essential component of deployment
support. Outside of the deployed environment, military chaplains
provide marital and individual counseling, and service members may
seek out chaplains because issues of stigma may be lessened, and
greater assurances of confidentiality may be offered.
- *Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment*: Each military service
has substance abuse prevention and treatment programs.
- *Other Organizations:* A number of other organizations provide
direct or indirect support for the psychological health of military
members and their families, including Health Promotions Offices,
Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Offices, Exceptional Family
Member Programs, Suicide Prevention Programs, and Combat Operational
Stress Control programs.
This multiplicity of programs, policies, and funding streams provides
many points of access to support for psychological health. However, the
multiplicity may also lead to confusion about benefits and services,
fragmented delivery of care, and gaps in service provision (US DoD Task
Force on Mental Health 2007) and cause considerable variation in mental
health service delivery among the different bases and military services.
In addition, the military has a shortage of uniformed behavioral health
professionals. This shortage is exacerbated by the need to spread these
providers between deployed and nondeployed settings, the high turnover
rate, and the limited ability to rely on civilian professionals
(American Psychological Association 2007). Several commissions and
studies---including the DoD Task Force on Mental Health---have concluded
that the number of mental health care professionals in the military
health care system is too low to meet current needs.
The military is trying to meet this demand for mental health by offering
financial incentives to recruit and retain existing psychologists,
psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, and by offering
expanding internship opportunities for training. Besides bringing on
more professionals to active duty, the Army, Navy and Air Force are all
hiring professionals as civilian contractors or federal employees.
**Psychological Health Services in Theater:** Recognizing that isolating
mental health professionals in offices or clinics may discourage service
members with concerns about the stigma from seeking care, the military
has been embedding mental health providers in units. Each branch has
developed a slightly different approach but all are based on the theory
that keeping service members with their units helps in the recovery
process.
The Army has three tiers of care. The first tier is provided by fellow
service members or uniformed mental health professionals and chaplains
embedded with the troops. In the next tier, the soldier is taken to a
"combat stress control unit" for one to three days of rest, hot food,
hot showers, clean uniforms and medication if needed. The stress control
unit is near the combat unit and can relocate if the combat unit
relocates. Soldiers are treated with the expectation that they will feel
better in a couple of days and go back to work. An advantage of this
approach is that soldiers maintain their identity with their combat unit
and leadership. The third tier is a combat support hospital that
provides more intensive services. If the issue cannot be resolved in
these settings, the soldier is evacuated to Germany or the United
States.
The Marines' Operational Stress Control and Readiness (OSCAR) program
matches psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health technicians with
Marine regiments in the months before a deployment, continuing during a
rotation in Iraq, then back home. The Navy has the "Psychologists at
Sea" program that puts Navy psychologists aboard aircraft carriers.
Despite these new programs, access to behavioral health services in
theater is limited. Compared to 2006, soldiers reported more difficulty
accessing services in 2007. The Army advisory team cites a shortage of
behavioral health personnel in Iraq, with one behavioral health provider
for every 734 soldiers (US Army Surgeon General 2008).
**TRICARE:** TRICARE Prime, the health care plan available to active
duty service members and activated guard and reserve troops, is similar
to a civilian maintenance organization (HMO), where each enrollee is
assigned a "gatekeeper" who provides primary care and authorizes
referrals for specialty care. Beneficiaries receive care from a Military
Treatment Facility (MTF) when available. If services are not available
at the MTF, or the enrollee does not live near an MTF, he or she may
seek care from a provider in the TRICARE network---a network of civilian
health professionals. A point of service option is also available for
care received without a referral, but results in higher out-of-pocket
costs.
Although the TRICARE benefit covers outpatient mental health, service
members who rely on the TRICARE network often have limited access to
services. The DoD Task Force on Mental Health found that many providers
on the TRICARE network provider list were not accepting TRICARE
patients. A recent GAO survey of Reservists, most of whom had prior
experience with private insurance coverage, also highlighted the paucity
of available TRICARE network providers. Although the survey did not
focus on mental health providers specifically, it found that only 12
percent of Reservists felt that the availability of providers and
specialists was better in TRICARE than in the private sector, compared
to 50 percent who felt that availability was better in the private
sector (US GAO Feb 2007).
While there are some areas where TRICARE seems to be providing an
accessible continuum of mental health services, this is not generally
the case. With increased deployments of National Guard and Reserve
members who have time limited TRICARE coverage for themselves and their
families, combined with increasing demand for services from families and
retirees and the deployment of mental health professionals who would
otherwise be providing services on base, the networks are stretched to
their limit. TRICARE has difficulty expanding the network because of low
reimbursement rates and fragmented rules (US DoD Task Force on Mental
Health 2007).
The DoD Mental Health Task Force determined that the TRICARE continuum
of care for mental health services is severely deficient. Intensive
outpatient care, one of the most frequently utilized services in private
and VA care is not covered at all, substance abuse treatment options are
limited, characterized by very poor access, and well below the level
offered even by Medicaid. Crucial early intervention services including
marital/family counseling and early intervention for hazardous substance
misuse are not covered (US DoD Task Force on Mental Health 2007).
Based on recommendations from the DoD Mental Health Task Force, the
Secretary of Defense has undertaken efforts to increase staffing,
increase recruitment and improve the continuum of TRICARE services.
## Veterans Health Administration
VA operates the nation's largest integrated health care system with over
210,000 employees and a budget of \$37.3 billion. In fiscal year 2007,
VA provided health care to approximately 5.6 million veterans at 157 VA
Medical Centers and 875 community-based outpatient clinics nationwide
(US Department of Veterans Affairs 2008). As of April 2007, over
one-third (35 percent) of the 717,000 OEF/OIF veterans, who were
eligible for VA services, sought VA care, most commonly for
musculoskeletal injuries and mental health issues.
VA has undergone significant positive changes in the past 10-15 years.
It has become an integrated system that is, by many measures, producing
the highest quality care in the country (Longman 2005).
This improvement can be credited at least partially to the system being
decentralized, with treatment being shifted to more outpatient settings.
The system is now divided into 21 regional "Veterans Integrated Service
Networks" that administer health services and tailor service delivery to
local needs and conditions. In addition to decentralization, VA also
developed an electronic medical record system (VISTA) heralded as a
model for other providers (Frist 2005). These significant improvements
notwithstanding, VA continues to face challenges in adapting the current
health care delivery to meet the unparalleled incidence of PTSD and TBI
in the returning OEF/OIF veteran population.
There is concern that VA is not geographically accessible to all
veterans. Approximately 39 percent of veterans reside in rural areas.
Although according to VA, over 92 percent of enrollees reside within one
hour of a VA facility, and 98.5 percent are within 90 minutes, this
includes small community based outpatient clinics, which offer very
limited or no mental health services (Cross 2007). Some argue that VA
should consider itself the healthcare provider for all veterans and
provide services both through VA staffed clinics and where necessary,
due to travel time or other factors, through contractual arrangements
with local providers.
**Vet Centers:** In addition to the medical centers and clinics, VA has
209 Veterans Readjustment Centers known as "Vet Centers." They have a
considerable degree of autonomy and thus can tailor services and
staffing to meet the specific cultural and psychological needs of the
veterans they serve. Although the centers get some support from VA
health centers, they are separate entities and guarantee that anything
said at the Vet Center stays at the Vet Center. VA is implementing plans
to expand the number of Vet Centers to 232 within the next two years.
Every Vet Center has at least one VA qualified mental health
professional on staff. In FY 2006, the Vet Center program had 1,066
assigned staff positions of which 159 were outreach specialists and 876
were authorized counseling staff (58 percent of whom were licensed
mental health professionals). Vet Centers are generally small,
storefront buildings with four or five staff members, two-thirds of whom
are veterans (Batres 2007).
One of the distinguishing features of the Vet Center program is its
authority to provide services to veterans' immediate family members. As
noted earlier, family participation can be critical to the success of
treatment. Therefore, family members are included in the counseling
process, to the extent necessary to treat the veterans' readjustment
issues. Veterans\' immediate family members are also eligible for care
at Vet Centers. In addition, Vet Centers offer bereavement counseling to
surviving family members.
**Outreach for OIF/OEF veterans:** VA has invested new resources to
reach out to OIF/OEF veterans. Hundreds of outreach workers, mostly
OIF/OEF veterans have been hired by both the VA medical centers and Vet
Centers. These outreach workers and other VA staff members attend all
demobilization activities for National Guard and Reserve Units, and
attempt to in general make OIF/OEF veterans aware of services and
facilitate their use of services.
**Screening and Assessment:** VA provides screening for mental health
issues, including depression, PTSD, and substance abuse in all primary
care clinics. Recently VA implemented universal screening for TBI for
all OIF/OEF veterans. Patients screening positive on any of the mental
health or TBI screens are further evaluated and triaged to treatment as
indicated.
**Treatment:** VA offers a continuum of care for patients with mental
disorders but not all types of care may be available to each client. For
PTSD each medical center has at least one therapist who specializes in
the care of patients with stress disorders. Most have an
interdisciplinary PTSD team, and at selected medical centers intensive
outpatient, residential or impatient programming is available. A few
medical centers have programs specifically dedicated to female veterans
or veterans with comorbid substance abuse. A few of the largest
Community Outpatient Clinics offer specialized PTSD care, but most offer
only general mental health care, and smaller clinics may offer only
primary care.
As noted earlier in this report, analyses of the effectiveness of PTSD
treatments including the most recent Institute of Medicine report
indicate that the treatments with proven efficacy are intensive and time
consuming to administer. They require specialized training for staff and
the availability of time to provide them to veterans. VA has struggled
to translate the results of these effectiveness studies to widespread
clinical practice across the system. Efforts are ongoing, and VA has
created a special office to try to improve the translation of evidence
based approaches, but they are still unavailable in many locations.
Some locations, particularly smaller clinics rely on "telemental"
therapy, in which clients receive treatment from a remote mental health
professional using video conferencing. While preliminary research
clearly has established that a variety of telemental health modalities
are feasible, reliable, and satisfactory for general clinical
assessments and care, much less is known about the clinical application
and general effectiveness of telemental health modalities employed in
the assessment or treatment of PTSD (Morland et al. u.d)
**Waiting lists and waiting times:** VA recently completed an analysis
of gaps in mental health care throughout the system. This analysis
underscored the reality that access to services is still unacceptably
variable across the VA system, despite considerable augmentation of
programming in the past few years. In response VA is beginning to fund
additional initiatives to fill these gaps. For example in September 2008
VA announced it was adding substance use disorder clinicians to PTSD
teams at a cost of \$13.3 million per year and that it will provide
approximately \$17 million per year to establish Intensive Outpatient
Substance Use Disorder Programs at 28 additional medical centers,
bringing the total number of facilities with these programs to 105.
## Private Sector
A large percentage of veterans, Guard members, and Reservists rely on
TRICARE or private insurance provided by their own, or their spouse's,
employer. As a result, many providers treating these service members are
not part of the military or VA system, and may not be familiar with the
unique needs of the population.
Relative to active duty families, members of the National Guard and
Reserves and their families have limited access to military chaplains,
family support programs, and all other parts of the military landscape
designed to support psychological health. Unfortunately, community
providers may not be sufficiently aware of or sufficiently trained to
fulfill their needs (US DoD Task Force on Mental Health 2007).
The military service branches and VA have undertaken efforts to
disseminate knowledge and best practices to civilian health
professionals. For example, the Center for Deployment Psychology at the
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences developed a
two-week intensive training course and a series of seminars, and is
planning to reach out to both military and civilian psychologists,
psychology interns and residents.
Private insurance does not guarantee access to quality mental health
services. The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health
identified several obstacles that prevent insured consumers from getting
appropriate care in the private sector. These obstacles include unfair
treatment limitations and cost-sharing requirements placed on mental
health benefits, and a fragmented mental health delivery system
(President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health 2003). As the
Institute of Medicine points out in *Improving the Quality of Care for
Mental and Substance-use Conditions: Quality Chasm Series* (2006),
mental health care is frequently delivered in ways that are not
consistent with scientific evidence, and often delivered in isolation
from general health care, despite the fact that mental illnesses and
general health problems are frequently intertwined. Patients receive
care from multiple physicians, across multiple sites, and in multiple
delivery systems. These different entities often fail to coordinate care
or share information. This failure to collaborate jeopardizes patients'
health and recovery. Collaboration is especially difficult because
mental health substance-use problems are often addressed by
public-sector programs apart from private-sector general health care.
## Nonprofit and Volunteer Organizations
Numerous nonprofit and volunteer organizations provide creative
approaches to reducing PTSD symptoms and helping service members and
veterans reintegrate into society. These types of programs could play an
important role in encouraging veterans to seek longer-term professional
care or in supplementing traditional therapies. For example:
- Organizations such as Give an Hour, Operation Comfort, Strategic
Outreach to Families of All Reservists (SOFAR), the Colorado
Psychological Association, and The Returning Veterans Project NW
provide free counseling services.
- The Wounded Warrior Project has a weeklong adventure program
including ropes courses, water sports, and a Native American healing
ritual.
- The Valley Forge Return to Honor Workshop offers complimentary
three-day intensive cognitive and experiential reintegration
workshops.
- The Merritt Center offers complimentary retreat programs that
include walks in the woods, sweat lodge ceremony, therapeutic
massage, release exercises of body and mind and other relaxation
strategies.
Some programs serve a small geographic area, while others are
nationwide. Each program performs its own outreach based on its
available resources. These programs have no national registry.
[]{#__RefHeading___Toc217385020 .anchor}Section 6: Barriers to Seeking
Care
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *I served in Baghdad from April 2003 to May 2004...* *September of |
| 2003 I was sent for treatment ...I met with a Major there a couple of |
| times who put me on three different antidepressants. For those of you |
| who have been there, you know how difficult this is. For one, just |
| the PTSD and Combat Stress Control is a huge stigma that generally |
| isn\'t viewed too kindly by the chain of command. Add to this the |
| fact that I was an NCO in charge of a combat engineer team who prided |
| themselves in their "sapper" skills.* |
| |
| *But the other difficult part is actually getting the antidepressants |
| you were prescribed. For us, there wasn\'t a pharmacy anywhere |
| nearby; you had to go to the Green Zone.* |
| |
| Lejeune, Chris. From his blog on The VetVoice Diaries. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Researchers have found that among the military service members who have
returned from Iraq and Afghanistan and report symptoms of post traumatic
stress disorder or major depression, only slight more than half have
sought treatment (Tanielian and Jaycox 2008). Barriers to seeking care
fall into two general categories: stigma and access (Hoge et al. 2004).
## Stigma
Three unique types of stigma pose barriers to treatment (Sammons 2005):
**Public Stigma** refers to the public (mis)perceptions of individuals
with mental illnesses. Over half of surveyed soldiers who met criteria
for a psychological health problem thought they would be perceived as
weak, treated differently, or blamed for their problem if they sought
help (Hoge et al. 2004; US DoD Task Force on Mental Health 2007).
**Self Stigma** refers to the individual internalizing the public stigma
and feeling weak, ashamed and embarrassed.
**Structural Stigma** refers to the institutional policies or practices
that unnecessarily restrict opportunities because of psychological
health. Service members repeatedly report believing that their military
careers will suffer if they seek psychological services. They believe
that seeking care will lower the confidence of others in their ability,
threaten career advancement and security clearances, and possibly cause
them to be removed from their unit (US DoD Task Force on Mental Health
2007).
The Army has made a concerted effort to reduce the stigma associated
with psychological health issues and the efforts seem to have had a
positive effect. Based on the Army's annual survey of soldiers in
theater, fewer soldiers who met the screening criteria for a mental
disorder report that stigma affected their decision to seek treatment in
2007 than in 2006. However, the levels remain unacceptably high as over
half of male soldiers in Iraq who meet the screening criteria were
concerned that they "would be seen as weak" and 40 percent believed that
their leaders would blame them for the problem (US Army Surgeon General
2008) (Exhibit 4).
**Exhibit 4: Perceived Barriers to Seeking Mental Health Services, 2006
and 2007**
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| **Factors that Affect the Decision to Seek | **2006** | **2007** |
| Mental Health Treatment** | | |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| > I would be seen as weak | 53 | 50 |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| > Members of my unit might have less | 51 | 45 |
| > confidence in me | | |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| > My leaders would blame me for the problem | 43 | 39 |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| > It would harm my career | 34 | 29 |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| > It would be too embarrassing | 37 | 34 |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
Source: Data from MHAT-V 2008
## Access
Even when service members or veterans decide to seek care, they need to
find the "right" provider at the "right" time. As described in section
5, this is not always possible. When care is not readily available the
"window of opportunity" may be lost.
In contrast to the data collected by DoD on barriers to mental health
care, there is currently a dearth of information on barriers to care for
OIF/OEF veterans seeking VA care. VA publishes patient satisfaction
data, but by definition this data only reflects the views of veterans
who have overcome whatever barriers that exist and succeeded in gaining
access to care. A feedback loop which includes the systematic collection
of data on the perception of consumers about the ease of access to care
is crucial to identify and decrease barriers to care. No such mechanism
for VA care currently exists.
A recurring survey of a national sample of OIF/OEF veterans, including
those who do not currently utilize VA services could identify barriers
to care, such as: distance from required specialized services;
availability of specified types of service including early intervention
services; bureaucratic obstacles to accessing care; user friendliness;
clinic hours and policies; perceived stigma and concerns with impact on
job or reserve unit status; and lack of information about what services
are available.
## Additional Issues for Certain Populations
### Culturally Diverse Populations
Little attention has been paid to the unique needs of culturally diverse
populations with PTSD. Despite high rates of PTSD, African-American,
Latino, Asian, and Native American veterans are less likely to use
mental health services for several reasons:
**Cultural competency of providers:** A study of Native American and
Latino veterans identified several barriers to VA services: 85 percent
felt "VA care-givers know little about ethnic cultures,\" and 79 percent
felt that "VA care-givers have problems talking with ethnic veterans\"
(Nugent et al. 2000). Although little research on the issue specifically
focuses on veterans, studies in the civilian sector suggest that
individuals are more likely to follow through with therapy if the
clinician and client are matched ethnically (Norris and Alegria 2005).
The scarcity of minority providers makes this unlikely for most nonwhite
veterans. In addition, many intervention materials are unknowingly
embedded with cultural expectations and unsubstantiated assumptions
about such issues as time orientation, social and occupational
commitments, family structure, and gender roles.
**Stigma:** Compared to white veterans, African-American veterans are
more likely to feel shame and guilt for their PTSD. Latinos are more
likely to believe that asking for help will bring dishonor to their
families. These responses are exacerbated because both groups are more
likely to feel that a health provider has judged them unfairly (Norris
and Alegria 2005).
**Linguistic access:** Although most service members and veterans are
fluent in English, their family members may have limited English
proficiency. Given the important role of families in encouraging
veterans to seek services and in locating those services, multilingual
outreach and family support is necessary. VA-wide publications such as
"VA Benefits" are available in several languages. However, most
material, including outreach material, is developed by local or regional
VA entities (such as a Vet Center or a VISN), and those entities develop
materials in languages other than English at their discretion. The VA
Center for Minority Veterans encourages, but cannot require, that
materials be available in other languages.
### Women
Women make up about 10 percent of the US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Some of these women have been returning from Iraq not only with
combat-related trauma, but also with Military Sexual Trauma (MST).
Although estimates vary, between 13 percent and 30 percent of women
veterans experienced rape, and a higher percentage experienced some type
of sexual trauma over the course of their military careers. The sexual
trauma combined with combat trauma makes women far more likely to
experience PTSD (Yeager et al. 2006).
The military's response to individual reports of MST, and the barriers
that women face in reporting this trauma, is beyond the scope of this
report. VA has established a number of programs to address the impact,
including Military Sexual Trauma counseling, Women Veterans Stress
Disorders Treatment Teams, and MST centers.
# Section 7: Family Issues
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *There is a child in my life who thinks I am a hero, a point which is |
| certainly debatable. He was simply happy that I returned home in one |
| piece---at least he thought I was in one piece---and ready to start |
| our lives over from the point at which we left off. However, it fast |
| became apparent to him that I am not the same person he knew before I |
| left, and he is confused by that. He wants the \"old me\" back and so |
| do I. It is painful and disappointing for both of us.* |
| |
| An Army Reservist who returned from Iraq and Kuwait. From her blog |
| "Citizen Soldier Sojack in OIF." |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Service members return home to various types of support systems that may
include parents, spouses, children, and significant others. These
support systems are critical to the well-being of the veteran with PTSD
and TBI. However, they are particularly at risk because family members
often do not have access to psychological and informational support
services. Providing these services is particularly important for several
reasons:
- Family members are often the first to identify that the veteran is
having difficulty, and are often instrumental in motivating the
veteran to seek professional services. In addition, family members
provide critical social and emotional support for the veteran, and
may relieve some stress by taking care of many of the veteran's
day-to-day responsibilities (US DoD Task Force on Mental Health
2007, Hirsel 2007).
- PTSD can create a circular momentum where the service member's PTSD
increases the stress in the spouse, which puts stress on the
relationship, which then intensifies the PTSD symptoms in the
soldier.
- The veteran\'s PTSD impacts the psychological health of other family
members and caretakers. This has important implications for the
well-being of these individuals, as well as for their ability to
support the service member (Galovski and Lyons 2004).
## Effect of PTSD/TBI on the Family
More than 60 percent of service members are married, and almost 50
percent have children.
For some, returning from deployment is a joyous experience. For others,
reintegrating back into the family is difficult. It is not uncommon that
at the beginning both the spouse and service member have unrealistic
expectations of a rapid return to "normal." Both partners soon realize
that the service member is not the same as when that service member left
and that the family also has changed---spouses have become more
independent and developed new routines, and children have gotten older.
New family roles and routines must be negotiated (American Psychological
Association 2007).
This situation is more challenging for service members who return home
with PTSD or depression. The natural tension is exacerbated by the
service member's emotional numbness, their apparent disinterest, their
reduced ability to solve problems, and their often violent temper.
Studies have shown that veterans with psychological injuries are less
sure about their role in the household, and are more likely than others
to report feeling like a guest in their own home. Those with PTSD are
more likely to report that their children acted afraid, or did not act
warmly to them (Sayers 2008).
In some cases parents, spouses, and children display symptoms of PTSD
because they are upset by the service member's symptoms---a phenomenon
known as *secondary traumatization*.
Children are at risk for *intergenerational transmission of trauma* and
addressing the concern can be delicate. For example, research shows the
following (Ochberg and Peabody 2008):
- When a family silences a child, or teaches him/her to avoid
discussions of events, situations, thoughts, or emotions, the
child\'s anxiety tends to increase. He or she may start to worry
about provoking the parent\'s symptoms. Without understanding the
reasons for their parent\'s symptoms, children may create their own
ideas about what the parent experienced, which can be even more
horrifying than what actually occurred.
- Overdisclosure can be just as problematic. When children are exposed
to graphic details about their parent\'s traumatic experiences, they
can start to experience their own set of PTSD symptoms in response
to the horrific images generated.
- Children who live with a traumatized parent may start to identify
with the parent and begin to share in his or her symptoms as a way
to connect with the parent.
- Children may also be pulled to reenact some aspect of the traumatic
experience because the traumatized parent has difficulty separating
past experiences from present.
## Services for Family Members
Despite the challenges that families face, they often have difficulty
obtaining mental health services. VA provides support for families only
through the Vet Centers described in Section 5. These centers provide
some psychological health services and support groups. However, the
availability of services varies among the different centers. The VA
mental health care system may incorporate marital/family interventions
when they are focused on improving relationships and reducing veterans\'
symptoms, but does not offer services targeted at improving the
psychological well being of the spouse and children. Marital counseling
or family counseling is not readily accessible at many VA facilities.
DoD provides psychological support for families throughout the
deployment cycle through MTFs, TRICARE, and several nonmedical programs.
However, access to on-base services is limited. Many mental health
professionals and chaplains are deployed at the same time that family
members need their services. As a result, family members are often
referred to the TRICARE network where it may be difficult to find a
therapist who is accepting new patients or who has an available
appointment time that is not too far in the future. The Army Task Force
on Mental Health found that children had particularly constrained access
to clinical treatment services, especially adolescents with substance
abuse problems (US Army Surgeon General 2008).
Military bases also have nonmedical support services. The armed services
vary in what services they offer and how they overlap and coordinate
with on base mental health services. Each unit has a Family Readiness
Group (FRG), made up of family members, volunteers, and soldiers, that
offers family members access to information and social support.
Military OneSource offers confidential resource and referral services
that can be accessed 24-hours per day via telephone, the Internet, and
e-mail. OneSource provides confidential family and personal counseling
services in local communities across the country, at no cost, for up to
six sessions per person per problem.
Paradoxically, although the on-base capacity to support psychological
health is reduced during deployment in an effort to devote resources to
supporting the health of deployed service members, this reduction
contributes to the distress of deployed service members who worry about
family members at home who cannot obtain needed assistance. Only 21
percent of soldiers serving in Iraq are satisfied with the type of
support the military is providing to their families, and only 22 percent
think the Family Readiness Group has helped their family. (US Army
Surgeon General 2008).
[]{#__RefHeading___Toc217385027 .anchor}**Section 8: Recommendations**
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are resulting in injuries that are
currently disabling for many, and potentially disabling for still more.
They are also putting unprecedented strain on families and
relationships, strain that can contribute to the severity of the service
member\'s disability over the course of time. NCD concurs with the
recommendations of previous Commissions, Task Forces and national
organizations that:
1. A comprehensive continuum of care for mental disorders, including
PTSD, and for TBI should be readily accessible by all service
members and veterans. This requires adequate staffing and adequate
funding of VA and DoD health systems.
2. Mechanisms for screening service members for PTSD and TBI should be
continuously improved.
3. The current array of mental health and substance abuse services
covered by TRICARE should be expanded and brought in line with other
similar health plans
It is particularly critical that prevention and early intervention
services be robust. Effective early intervention can limit the degree of
long term disability and is to the benefit of the service member or
veteran, his or her family and society. Therefore NCD recommends:
4. Early intervention services such as marital relationship counseling
and short term interventions for early hazardous use of alcohol and
other substances should be strengthened and universally accessible
in VA and TRICARE.
Consumers play a critical role in improving the rehabilitation process.
There are many opportunities for consumers to enhance the services
offered to service members and veterans and their families. NCD
recommends:
5. DoD and VA should maximize the use of OIF/OEF veterans in
rehabilitative roles for which they are qualified including as
outreach workers, peer counselors and as members of the professional
staff.
6. Consumers should be integrally involved in the development and
dissemination of training materials for professionals working with
OIF/OEF veterans and service members.
7. Current and potential users of VA, TRICARE and other DoD mental
health and TBI services should be periodically surveyed by a
competent independent body to assess their perceptions of: a) the
barriers to receiving care, including distance, cost, stigma, and
availability of information about services offered; and b) the
quality, appropriateness to their presenting problems and
user-friendliness of the services offered.
8. VA should mandate that an active mental health consumer council be
established at every VA medical center, rather than have this be a
local option as is currently the case.
9. Congress should mandate a Secretarial level VA Mental Health
Advisory Committee and a Secretarial level TBI Advisory Committee
with strong representation form consumers and veterans
organizations, with a mandate to evaluate and critique VA\'s efforts
to upgrade mental health and TBI services and report their findings
to both the Secretary of Veterans Affairs and Congress.
DoD and VA have initiated a number of improvements but as noted by
earlier Commissions and Task Forces, gaps continue to exist.
It is imperative that these gaps be filled in a timely manner. Early
intervention and treatment is critical to the long-term adjustment and
recovery of service members and veterans with PTSD and TBI. NCD
recommends:
10. Congress and the agencies responsible for the care of OEF/OIF
veterans must redouble the sense of urgency to develop and deploy a
complete array of prevention, early intervention and rehabilitation
services to meet their needs now.
As this report indicates, the medical and scientific knowledge needed to
comprehensively address PTSD and TBI is incomplete. However, many
evidence-based practices do exist. Unfortunately, service members and
veterans face a number of barriers in accessing these practices
including stigma; inadequate information; insufficient services to
support families; limited access to available services, and a shortage
of services in some areas. Many studies and commissions have presented
detailed recommendations to address these needs. There is an urgent need
to implement these recommendations.
**Acknowledgement**
The National Council on Disability wishes to express its appreciation to
Nanette Goodman for her work in researching and drafting this document,
and to Richard A. McCormick, PhD., []{#OLE_LINK2 .anchor}Daniel Mont,
PhD., Laura McDonald, and Shelley Carson, PhD, for their comments on
earlier versions of the paper.
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| en |
all-txt-docs | 327403 | STS-109
Report # 19
Saturday, March 9, 2002 - 10:30 p.m. CST
After five days of successful spacewalks to rejuvenate the Hubble Space Telescope,
the crew of Columbia will enjoy a Sunday off. The crew was awakened at 8:50 p.m. CST
Saturday by "Fly Me to the Moon" by Frank Sinatra. The song was played for Commander
Scott "Scooter" Altman.
The crewmembers onboard Columbia - Altman, Pilot Duane Carey and Mission Specialists
John Grunsfeld, Nancy Currie, Rick Linnehan, Jim Newman and Mike Massimino - will have
a rare opportunity to speak with another crew in orbit, the International Space Station
Expedition Four crew.
At 2:15 a.m. Sunday the shuttle crew will talk with space station Commander Yuri
Onufrienko, and Flight Engineers Carl Walz and Dan Bursch. STS-109 is the first space
shuttle mission not dedicated to assembly of the space station, since a crew has been
living aboard the orbiting laboratory. The station has been continuously inhabited since
the first expedition crew arrived in November 2000.
Columbia's crew also will participate in a live question and answer session with reporters
at 6:47 a.m. WABC Radio in New York City; KARE-TV of Minneapolis, Minn., and the CBS
Radio Network will discuss the Hubble servicing mission with the crew.
Flight Controllers at the Space Telescope Operations Center in Greenbelt, Md., report
that all systems on Hubble are operating well after its release from Columbia. The new,
more efficient solar arrays and Power Control Unit are performing excellently. The
activation of the science instruments is scheduled to begin about 11 p.m. Sunday.
Controllers will continue to monitor the newly installed components until everything is
brought back on line.
Science observations are expected to resume in the next few weeks from the veteran
Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and Wide Field Planetary Camera. Any possible
moisture accumulated during the maintenance operations will be allowed to evaporate
before some instruments will be activated. The newest science instrument, the
Advanced Camera for Surveys, will begin peering more deeply into the cosmos in the
next few months.
The crew will begin a sleep period at 11:22 a.m. Sunday. The next mission status report
will be issued Sunday afternoon, or as events warrant.
- --end--
| en |
markdown | 410948 | # Presentation: 410948
## Slide 1
**Notes:**
*We will be presenting the preliminary results from the “Barriers to Retention among Infants and Children in the NYS WIC Program”. This study funded by a grant from the USDA.
*We would like to thank the USDA for funding this project. We would also like to thank the NYS DON and the 11 participating WIC agencies. Without their cooperation, this project would not be possible.
Findings are the responsibilities of authors and may not reflect the views of funding sponsor.
##
Barriers to Retention
NYS WIC Infants and Children*
Presented by: Mary Lou Woelfel
Authors: Mary L. Woelfel, Howard Stratton, Robert Pruzek, Donald Hernandez, Gene Shackman, ShuGuang Chen
* A USDA WIC Special Project Grant. Awarded to the NYS DOH DON by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation, under grant 59-3198-7-525. Study results are sole responsibility of authors and may not reflect the view of the funding agency.
**Barriers to Retention **
**NYS WIC Infants and Children***
**Presented by: Mary Lou Woelfel**
**Authors: Mary L. Woelfel, Howard Stratton, Robert Pruzek, Donald Hernandez, Gene Shackman, ShuGuang Chen **
** ***** A USDA WIC Special Project Grant. Awarded to the NYS DOH DON by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation, under grant 59-3198-7-525. Study results are sole responsibility of authors and may not reflect the view of the funding agency. **
**NYS DOH, Division of Nutrition****Evaluation and Analysis Unit**
##
Introduction
In U.S. and NYS WIC caseload declining slightly
In NY, older the child, lower the retention
Many eligible children do not receive WIC services
**Introduction**
** ****In U.S. and NYS WIC caseload declining slightly **
** **
** ****In NY, older the child, lower the retention**
** **
** ****Many eligible children do not receive WIC services**
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
**Notes:**
*In NYS, as a child ages, retention in the WIC program decreases.
For example, among infants under 6 months old who enrolled in 1993, 29% did not return for their first recertification. An additional 30% did not return for their second recertification.
*Since retention of children is problematic, it is important to understand the experiences of the WIC participants and if these experiences may be affecting retention in the program.
*The goal of this study is to answer two questions?
1) What barriers are the parents and caretakers experiencing while on WIC?
2) Are these barriers related to the decision to discontinue WIC services?
3) Are there race/ethnic differences in barriers to retention
## Background
NY 999: WIC provided services to 469,000 clients on average each month
Approximately 290,000 are infants or children
NYS provider network: 99 agencies with oversight of 570 sites
- **NY 999: WIC provided services to **** **** **** ****469,000 clients on average each month**
** **** **
** **** ****Approximately 290,000 are**** ****infants or **** **** ****children**
** ****NYS provider network: 99 agencies **** **** ****with**** ****oversight of 570 sites**
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
**Notes:**
*NYS WIC Program is the third largest program in the country. Every month, the NYS WIC Program provides services to approximately 468,000 low-income pregnant of postpartum women, infants and children up to the age of five, at no cost to the participant.
*WIC services are provided to participants through a network of 99 WIC agencies across NYS. Every county and major metropolitan area in the state has access to a WIC agency.
## Objectives
Identify barriers to retention among WIC infants and children
Identify barriers specific to check redemption patterns
Present barriers by race/ethnicity
** ****Identify barriers to retention **** **** ****among WIC infants and children **
** ****Identify barriers specific to check **** ****redemption patterns**
** ****Present barriers by race/ethnicity**
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
## Methods
Focus groups with WIC participants, guidance team, lit. review used to identify potential barriers
Identified barriers used to design 20-minute survey
Survey administered one-on-one at WIC sites
Outsourced to ensure candid response
From perspective of WIC participant
11 volunteer agencies; 41 sites
3167 parents/caretakers of WIC infants/children
**Focus groups with WIC participants, guidance team, lit. review used to identify potential barriers**
**Identified barriers used to design 20-minute survey**
**Survey administered one-on-one at WIC sites **
**Outsourced to ensure candid response**
**From perspective of WIC participant **
**11 volunteer agencies; 41 sites**
**3167 parents/caretakers of WIC infants/children**
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
**Notes:**
.
*The survey questions regarding potential barriers, were identified from the results of 5 focus groups with current and former WIC participants, the research literature and a guidance team discussion. Priority was given to those barriers identified in the focus groups for inclusion in the survey.
*A 20 minute survey was conducted with parents and caretakers of WIC enrolled infants and children at 11 WIC agencies across NYS. The interviews were conducted by outside personnel to insure confidentiality and candid responses.
## Data collection and data analysis
Response rate 80%; completion rate; 94%
Data collected March through Dec 1999
Informed consent obtained
Representative of 11 agencies
Chi-square, logistic regression
** **
** ****Response rate 80%; completion rate; 94% **
** ****Data collected March through Dec 1999**
** ****Informed consent obtained **
** ****Representative of 11 agencies**
** ****Chi-square, logistic regression**
** ** ** **
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
**Notes:**
80% response rate; 94% completion rate.
Differences between sample and agency characteristics minor, can make inferences to 11 agencies. Sample not representative of state as a whole, cannot make inferences about the state.
Cross-tabulation and logistic regression results significant at the <.01 level.
We collected 3167 surveys. The sample was collected to ensure we could determine if there were any differences by race and ethnicity or age of child enrolled in WIC. So, the data was collected to guarantee at least 10% of the sample was Black and 10% Hispanic. In addition, the sample slightly over-represents the percentage of parents and caretakers of children over 12 months in the populations.
*We analyzed 116 variables with regard to to race and ethnicity. The cross-tabulation results presented are statistically significant at the <.01 level.
## Measured variables
Demographic and economic
Public assistance programs
Fast food consumption
Food insecurity
Employed due to welfare reform
Benefits of WIC
68 individual level barriers
Dependent variables
Cashing or picking up checks
** ****Demographic and economic **** **** **
** ****Public assistance programs**
** ****Fast food consumption **
** ****Food insecurity**
** ****Employed due to welfare reform**
** ****Benefits of WIC**
** *****68 individual level barriers***
- **Dependent variables**** **
** *****Cashing or picking up checks***
** **
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
## Figure 1. Barriers by organization category
**Agency**
**staff**
**General****Bureaucracy**
**Food procurement**** **
**Facility**
**Getting **
**there**
**Food package**** **
**Waiting**
**Certifi-****cation**
**Nutrition****Education**
**Figure 1. Barriers by organization category**
**Notes:**
68 barriers to retention were identified and grouped by organizational category by consensus among WIC nutritionists and WIC operations staff.
ORGANIZATIONAL CATEGORY SYSTEM LOOKS LIKE THIS.
FOR EACH CATEGORY, COLLECTED A NUMBER OF MEASURES.
Measures for each organizational category are displayed in next slideWe
## Scheduling. Inconvenient times, work problems, rescheduling, no specific appointment time, separate family appointments.
Getting there. Parking, neighborhood safety, transportation
Facility. Overcrowding, noisy, lack of children’s activities.
Waiting - Too long, > 1 hr for checks; > 1 hr to recert.
Bureaucracy. Rules unclear, rigid, changing food package, bringing child, paperwork, replacing checks, blood work, proxy.
Nutrition Education. Long, boring, repetitive, useful
**Getting there****. Parking, neighborhood safety, transportation **
**Facility****. Overcrowding, noisy, lack of children’s activities.**
**Waiting**** - Too long, > 1 hr for checks; > 1 hr to recert. **
**Bureaucracy.** **Rules unclear, rigid, changing food package, bringing child, paperwork, replacing checks, blood work, proxy.**
**Nutrition Education****. Long, boring, repetitive, useful** ** **
**Agency staff****. Negative treatment, customer friendly, speaking your language, insensitive to culture, not listening, giving conflicting info. **
**Food procurement****. Store policy diff. than WIC policy, negative treatment by store staff; ****food availability****-finding food, food not in stock, not getting all WIC food. ****Food package size****-matching check to container in store, cereal box size, milk size. **
**Food package****. Variety, quantity (too little, too much of each item) **
**Specific barrier items by organization category**
## (%)
< 1 year 26
1 year old 22
2 year olds 19
3 year olds 18
4 year olds 15
White non-H 46
Black non-H 34
Hispanic 15
** ****< 1 year**** **** 26**
**1 year old**** **** 22**
**2 year olds**** **** 19**
**3 year olds**** **** 18**
**4 year olds**** **** 15**
**White non-H**** **** 46**
**Black non-H**** **** 34**
**Hispanic**** **** 15**
** **** **** **
** **
- (%)**Rent**** **** ****78**
**Single**** **** ****65**
**Employed**** ****45**
**< 50% pov**** ****28**
**< 100% pov**** ****64**
**HS or less**** ****64**
**Food insecure 10**
**Table 1. Demographic/economic characteristics of study participants**
**Notes:**
The key variable here is race/ethnicnity. In this sample, 46 percent are white, non-Hispanic, 34 percent are black, non-Hispanic and 15 percent are Hispanic. This information is relevant since we want to look at race/ethnic differences in barriers to retention. Also important because addressed the issue of generality.
The race/ethnic breakdown in the sample, for example, is not representative o the state as a whole. Statewide the distribution of the major ethnic groups are pretty much equally distributed -- about 30, 30, 30, on average.
The majority rent, are single and are below 100 percent of poverty.
While not a specific to this presentation, 10 percent of those interviewed reported that in the past few months, members of their household sometimes or frequently did not have enough to eat. This is higher in NYC than upstate (17 vs 6%).
## (%)
Medicaid 57
TANF 30
Food stamps* 40
Head Start* 8
Free/Reduced lunch* 18
WIC and other food programs
WIC only 51
WIC plus 1 35
WIC plus 2 11
WIC plus 3 3
**Medicaid**** **** **** **** **** **** ****57**
**TANF**** **** **** **** **** **** **** ****30**
**Food stamps***** **** **** **** **** **** ****40**
**Head Start***** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** 8**
**Free/Reduced lunch***** **** **** **** **** ****18**
**WIC and other food programs**
** ****WIC only**** **** **** **** **** ****51**
** ****WIC plus 1 **** **** **** **** **** ****35**
** ****WIC plus 2 **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ****11**
** ****WIC plus 3 **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** 3**
**Table 2. Public assistance **
**Notes:**
This slide shows that the majority in this study population are on Medicaid but the majority are not on each of the other public assistance programs.
In terms of food programs, 51 percent of those interviewed received only WIC. Or, looking at it another way, 49 percent received WIC and at least one other food program.
## (%)
Number in household on WIC
1 on WIC 56
2 on WIC 33
3 on WIC 9
4 or more 2
WIC composition
Infant only 24
Child only 60
Infant & child 16
Missed pickup/cash checks 46
**Number in household on WIC **
** ****1 on WIC**** **** **** **** **** **** ****56**
** ****2 on WIC**** **** **** **** **** **** ****33**
** ****3 on WIC**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** 9**
** ****4 or more**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** 2**
**WIC composition**
** ****Infant only**** **** **** **** **** **** **** ****24**
** ****Child only**** **** **** **** **** **** **** ****60**
** ****Infant & child**** **** **** **** **** ****16**
**Missed pickup/cash checks**** **** **** **** ****46**** **
**Table 3. Number and participant type on WIC**** **
**Notes:**
In this sample, 24 percent are only an infant on the program, 76 percent had at least one child on WIC.
Key point here is that 46 percent reported not cashing or picking up all their checks.
## W B H (%) (%) (%)
Rent 69 85 91
Single 54 79 72
< 50% poverty 22 32 28
< 100% poverty 58 67 72
Employed 45 50 34
HS or less 63 61 71
Medicaid 52 61 63
TANF 19 39 46
Food stamps 31 49 51
Free/Red lunch 17 21 15
Food insecurity 8 8 18
Missed pickup/cash checks 44 50 41
**Rent**** **** **** **** **** ****69**** ****85**** ****91**
**Single**** **** **** **** **** ****54**** ****79**** ****72**
**< 50% poverty**** **** **** **** ****22**** ****32**** ****28**
**< 100% poverty**** **** **** **** ****58**** ****67**** ****72**** **
**Employed**** **** **** **** ****45**** ****50**** ****34**
**HS or less**** **** **** **** ****63**** ****61**** ****71**
**Medicaid**** **** **** **** **** ****52**** ****61**** ****63**** **
**TANF**** **** **** **** **** ****19**** ****39**** ****46**
**Food stamps**** **** **** **** ****31**** ****49**** ****51**
**Free/Red lunch**** **** **** **** ****17**** ****21**** ****15**
**Food insecurity**** **** **** **** **** 8**** **** 8**** ****18**** **
**Missed pickup/cash checks**** **** **** ****44**** ****50**** ****41**** **
**Table 4. Socio-demographics by race/ethnicity. NYS WIC**** **
**Notes:**
This slide is not a focus of this presentation, but include interesting data that we will be addressing in future analysis. For example, 18 percent of Hispanics report food insecurity. That is, 18 percent responded that they often or frequently do not have enough to eat.
## Barriers to retention, NYS WIC
**Results**** **** **** **** ****GO LA STAFF!**
**In upstate and NYC, across all**
**organization categories, local **
**WIC agency staff received the **
**highest ratings.**** **
** **** **
** **
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
**Notes:**
Examining barriers by organizational category; that is, on how WIC is organized, the organizational unit with the fewest barriers to retention and therefore the highest marks is the LA WIC staff. LA Agency staff interface well with WIC participants. This results hold in upstate and in NYC.
According to NYC participants and upstate participants, LA staff are culturally sensitive, listen to them, they are customer friendly, they don’t give out conflicting information, not treated negatively.
## Barriers to retention, NYS WIC
** ****The most important benefit of WIC **** **** ****participation from participant’s **** **** **** ****perspective**
**In Upstate: Good nutrition and formula**
**In NYC:**** **** Formula and milk**
** **
** **
**Barriers to retention, NYS WIC**
**Notes:**
Slide looks at most important benefit of WIC from perspective of participant. In upstate, the most important benefit reported was good nutrition and formula. In NYC, the most important benefit was milk and formula.
## Barrier Percent reporting barrier
Waiting too long 48
Waiting area/no child activities 42
Waiting area/overcrowded/noisy 36
Waiting more than 1 hr to recertify 27
Cereal box size 41
Matching check to foods 23
Too little WIC formula 38
Too little WIC juice 27
Nutrition education repetitive 33
Nutrition education boring 27
Different policies WIC/Vendor 29
**Waiting too long**** **** **** **** **** ****48**
**Waiting area/no child activities**** **** **** ****42 **
**Waiting area/overcrowded/noisy**** **** ****36**
**Waiting more than 1 hr to recertify**** **** ****27**
**Cereal box size**** **** **** **** **** ****41**
**Matching check to foods**** **** **** **** ****23**
**Too little WIC formula**** **** **** **** ****38**
**Too little WIC juice**** **** **** **** **** ****27**
**Nutrition education repetitive**** **** **** ****33**
**Nutrition education boring**** **** **** ****27**
**Different policies WIC/Vendor**** **** **** ****29**
**Table 5. Barriers to retention**
**Notes:**
Slide shows most frequently cited barriers to retention- includes barriers reported by at least 20% of those interviewed.
Waiting too long is most frequently cited problem. 48% of respondents indicated waiting too long was a problem. Waiting was followed by a lack of activities for children and not being able to get the cereal box size you want.
Will not cite every barrier. Intent is to determine if most frequently cited barriers clustered in any of the organization categories that represent how WIC is organized. The most frequently cited barriers to cluster as will be presented.
## Table 6. Most frequently cited barriers to retention by Race
**Barrier**** ****White**** ****Black**** ****Hisp.**** ****Other**
- Waiting too long 47% 50% 46% 51%
- Waiting area lacking children’s activities 38% 50% 39% 41%
- Not getting right cereal box size 43% 41% 35% 41%
- Too little formula 36% 40% 43% 40%
- Waiting room overcrowded and noisy 31% 40% 41% 35%
- Nutrition education repetitive 34% 35% 29% 23%
- Stores having different WIC policies 26% 35% 25% 28%
- Too little juice 24% 29% 26% 30%
- Waiting more than one hour to re-certify 25% 27% 34% 29%
- Nutrition education boring 26% 29% 25% 22%
- Matching check amount to food container 24% 24% 17% 26%
**Notes:**
*Slide addresses third objective: Are there cultural differences in barriers to retention
There is no difference in the top 11 most frequently cited barriers to participants by race/ethnicity. There is some difference in rank ordering.
Although there is no difference in most frequently cited barriers, there are some statistically significant difference in reporting of some barriers, as shown in next slide.
## W(%) B(%) H(%)
Language barrier 0 0 7
Inconsistent w/culture diet 3 6 10
Too little milk 13 10 18
Too little dry beans 4 10 9
Getting off work 12 19 15
Transportation 7 11 14
Safety 4 3 8
**Language barrier **** **** **** **** **** **** ****0**** **** 0**** **** 7**
**Inconsistent w/culture diet**** **** **** ****3**** **** 6**** ****10**
**Too little milk**** **** **** **** **** ****13**** ****10**** ****18**
**Too little dry beans**** **** **** **** **** **** ****4**** ****10**** **** 9 **
**Getting off work**** **** **** **** ****12**** ****19**** ****15 **
**Transportation**** **** **** **** **** **** ****7**** ****11**** ****14**
**Safety**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ****4**** **** 3**** **** 8**
**Table 7.**** ****Barriers by race/ethnicity****Statistically significant differences among less cited barriers**
**Notes:**
Starting with 95 potential barriers and using a chi square test of significance of LT .01, there were 13 significant differences. This slide reports only on barriers cited less often.
(The other barriers were among those most frequently cited and include waiting too long, overcrowded, nothing for kids to do, matching box to vouchers, different store/vendor policies, wait more than 1/2 hr..
*Differences included
African-Americans have more difficulty getting off work-also more likely to be working.
Language and food barriers. Hispanics more likely to report language barriers and that WIC foods are inconsistent with their diet. Hispanics more likely to report transportation and neighborhood safety problems.
## Figure 1. Barriers by organization category
**Agency**
**staff**
**General****Bureaucracy**
** ****Food procurement**** **
**Facility**
**Getting **
**there**
**Food package**** **
**Waiting**
**Certifi-****cation**
**Nutrition****Education**
**Figure 1. Barriers by organization category**
- Wait too long
- Cereal box size
- Too little food
- Boring, repetitive
- Overcrowded, noisy
- nothing for kids
- to do
**Notes:**
Most frequently cited barrier categories in red.
Waiting. Waiting too long the most frequently cited barrier to retention.
Local agency facility. Overcrowded, noisy sites with no activities for children.
Nutrition education. Many participants reported nutrition as boring and repetitive. 85% of participants also reported nutrition education was very useful.
Package size availability. Cereal box size a problem and participants report difficulty matching vouchers to cereal box size.
NYS has a minimum box size (a cost containment effort). Increasing number of oz may affect NTE amount.
Too little food. Participants want more formula and juice.
package
## Failure to pick-up or cash checks reported by
46% of parent/caretakers
Variables asso. w/failure to pick-up/cash chks
Child’s age
As child’s ages, failure to pick-up/cash checks increases
Parent’s age
Younger parents more likely to fail to pick up/cash checks.
Problems getting checks replaced
Problems rescheduling
Too much milk
- **46% of parent/caretakers**** **** **
**Variables asso. w/failure to pick-up/cash chks**** **
- **Child’s age **
** ****As child’s ages, failure to pick-up/cash checks increases**
** ****Parent’s age**
** ****Younger parents more likely to fail to pick up/cash checks.**
** ****Problems getting checks replaced**
** ****Problems rescheduling**** **
** ****Too much milk**
**Table 8. Barriers and check patterns**
**Notes:**
age of parent/caretaker - younger theparent/caretaker, less likely cash check.
## Barriers to retention - participant’s perspective
Long waits, overcrowded, noisy facilities with nothing for kids to do
Nutrition education boring and repetitive
Cereal box size; problems matching voucher to cereal box size (Cost containment effort)
Too little formula
Too little juice
** **** ****Long waits, overcrowded, noisy facilities **** **** ****with nothing for kids to do**
** ****Nutrition education boring and repetitive**** **
** **** ****Cereal box size; problems matching **** **** **** ****voucher to cereal box size ****(Cost containment **** **** ****effort)**
** **** ****Too little formula **
** ****Too little juice **
**Highlights**
## Race/ethnic similarities
Whites, Blacks, Hispanics cite same top barriers
Race/ethnic differences
Inconvenient hrs for employed Blacks
More Blacks work than whites and Hispanics.
Language and food barriers for Hispanics
Failure to pick up/cash checks
Children’s food package
Young mothers
- **Whites, Blacks, Hispanics cite same top barriers**** **** **** **
_***Race/ethnic differences***__* *_
** ****Inconvenient hrs for employed Blacks**** **
- More Blacks work than whites and Hispanics.
** ****Language and food barriers for Hispanics**
_***Failure to pick up/cash checks***_
** ****Children’s food package**
** ****Young mothers**
**Highlights**
**Notes:**
A higher proportion of minorities than non-minorities report waiting, overcrowded and noisy sites. This is probably a urban/rural difference.
A higher proportion of African-Americans reported difficulty getting off work. A higher proportion of African-American women in our study also worked.
Hispanics more likely to report language barriers and that WIC foods are inconsistent with their diet. Hispanics more likely to report transportation and neighborhood safety problems.
Check cashing
**Thank you** | en |
converted_docs | 393741 | Caryl A. Wheeler, Senior Legal Assistant
Mark Fajfar, Special Counsel
Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, LLP
1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20004-2505
Re: FOIA Appeal dated October 20, 2006
Dear Ms. Wheeler and Mr. Fajfar:
On May 12, 2006, Ms. Wheeler made a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
request for all documents concerning or related to: 1) identified
litigation involving DFCU\
Financial Federal Credit Union (the DFCU Litigation); 2) contacts or
communications with any of twelve named persons regarding DFCU, the DFCU
litigation, DFCU Owners United, or credit union conversions to another
type of financial institution generally; and 3) FOIA requests relating
to DFCU, its attorneys, and other related parties. Staff attorney Linda
Dent responded to your request on October 5, 2006. You received
approximately 70 pages in response to your request. Only a few minor
redactions were made from the pages you received including redaction of
brief internal notes, e-mail addresses and one home address and
telephone number. These redactions were made pursuant to exemptions
(b)(5) and (b)(6) of the FOIA, 5 U.S.C. §552(b)(5) & (6). (*See*
discussion of exemptions below.) Approximately 242 pages of responsive
documents were withheld in full. The documents were withheld pursuant to
exemptions (b)(4), (5), (6), and (8) of the FOIA.
We received your October 20, 2006 FOIA appeal letter, without noted
enclosures, on October 20^th^. We received the enclosures to your appeal
on October 23^rd^. You appeal Ms. Dent's response in the following
aspects: 1) the response should have provided some indication of the
nature of the material that was withheld; 2) the response should have
provided segregable portions of the requested records that did not
contain protected information; 3) the response should have provided
substantiation of the fee for professional hours in relation to
coordination/approval/denial; and 4) the response should have provided
all of the information responsive to your FOIA request. Your appeal is
granted in part and denied in part. Discussed below are the first three
aspects of your appeal. The fourth aspect of your appeal asks that all
requested information be provided. We address why various records were
withheld in our specific discussion of applicable FOIA exemptions below.
Approximately 24 additional pages are released (some in full, most in
part with portions redacted) and are enclosed. The remaining
approximately 218 pages withheld and the redacted portions of the 24
pages released remain withheld pursuant to exemptions 4, 5, 6 and 8 of
the FOIA.
[Nature of Material Withheld and Segregable Portions of Responsive
Records]{.underline}
In your appeal, you request an index of the withheld material that lists
briefly the nature of each document that has been withheld and the
provision of the FOIA under which such document qualifies for
protection. This is known as a Vaughn index. *See* [Vaughn v.
Rosen]{.underline}, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973). It is well-settled
law that a requester is not entitled to receive a Vaughn index during
the administrative process. [Schwarz v. United States Department of
Treasury]{.underline} 131 F. Supp. 2d, 142 (D.D.C. 2000). Courts
generally do not require the submission of a Vaughn index prior to the
time at which a dispositive motion (motion for summary judgment) is
filed. [Tannehill v. Department of the Air Force]{.underline}, No.
87-1335, slip op. at 1 (D.D.C. Aug. 20, 1987). Hence we have not
prepared a Vaughn index at this time. We do note that most of the
responsive records withheld consist of e-mail and traditional
correspondence both within NCUA staff and between NCUA staff and other
parties, drafts of various NCUA documents, and internal memoranda. With
regard to NCUA contacts or communications with the twelve parties named
in your initial request, we found no NCUA contacts or communications
with J. Ronald Unger, Thomas Maylan, James Blaine or Wendell "Bucky"
Sebastian involving DFCU, the DFCU litigation, DFCU Owners United or the
conversion of credit unions to another type of financial institution. We
did find responsive records to the other categories of your request; all
records not provided are withheld pursuant to the exemptions discussed
below. Most of the 24 newly released pages contain portions of pages
previously withheld in full. These are the segregable portions of
records that are not protected by a FOIA exemption.
[Substantiation of Fee for Professional Hours]{.underline}
You requested substantiation for the \$1000 fee for professional staff
hours spent on coordination/approval/denial of your FOIA request. As you
know, NCUA charges \$50 per hour for certain professional time spent on
an initial FOIA request. The \$1000 fee, as noted on the invoice you
received, was for 20 hours of professional time spent on
coordination/approval/denial of your request. NCUA professional staff
spent in excess of 20 hours on coordination/approval/denial of this
request. Although you received 70 pages of responsive documents and
approximately 242 pages were withheld, Ms. Dent reviewed several hundred
additional pages of potentially responsive documents that were gathered
from multiple offices. Each document was individually reviewed. A
determination first had to be made whether each document was responsive
to one of the 17 categories of documents that you requested. Once
documents were determined to be responsive, Ms. Dent considered whether
the documents should be released (in full or in part) or withheld
pursuant to one of the FOIA exemptions. This process was a time
consuming one and it took Ms. Dent in excess of 20 hours to complete.
As noted, the documents both fully withheld as well as portions of
documents not released were withheld pursuant to exemptions 4, 5, 6 and
8 of the FOIA. Many of
the documents contained information withheld pursuant to more than one
of the noted exemptions. The exemptions are discussed below.
[Exemption 4]{.underline}
Commercial and financial information (mostly in the form of e-mail and
traditional correspondence between NCUA staff and other parties) was
withheld pursuant to exemption 4 of the FOIA. Exemption 4 protects, in
part, commercial or financial information obtained from a person that is
privileged or confidential. 5 U.S.C. §552(b)(4). The information
withheld pursuant to exemption 4 falls into the category of
commercial/financial information. The term "commercial" has been broadly
interpreted to include anything "pertaining or relating to or dealing
with commerce." [American Airlines, Inc. v. National Mediation
Board]{.underline}, 588 F.2d 863, 870 (2d Cir. 1978). Information
"obtained from a person" has been held to include information obtained
from a wide range of entities including individuals, associations,
corporations and public and private entities, other than agencies.
[Nadler v. FDIC]{.underline}, 92 F.3d 93, 95 (2d Cir. 1996). All of the
commercial/financial information withheld pursuant to exemption 4 meets
the standard of obtained "from a person" under [Nadler]{.underline}. In
[Critical Mass Energy Project v. NRC]{.underline}, 975 F2d 871 (D.C.
Cir. 1992), [cert. denied]{.underline}, 507 U.S. 984 (1993), the court
established two distinct standards to be used in determining whether
commercial/financial information submitted to an agency is
"confidential" under exemption 4. According to [Critical
Mass]{.underline}, information that is voluntarily submitted is
categorically protected provided it is not customarily disclosed to the
public by the submitter. Information required to be submitted to an
agency is confidential if its release would (1) impair the Government's
ability to obtain necessary information in the future; or (2) cause
substantial harm to the competitive position of the person from whom the
information was obtained. *See* [National Parks & Conservation
Association v. Morton]{.underline}, 498 F.2d 765 (D.C. Cir. 1974). The
commercial/financial information withheld was voluntarily submitted and
is categorically protected pursuant to the [Critical Mass]{.underline}
decision. Therefore, the commercial/financial information continues to
be withheld pursuant to exemption 4.
# Exemption 5
Internal notations, memoranda, e-mail, correspondence, drafts of NCUA
documents and predecisional documents were withheld pursuant to
exemption 5. Exemption 5 of the FOIA protects "inter-agency or
intra-agency memorandums or letters which would not be available by law
to a party ... in litigation with the agency." 5 U.S.C. §552(b)(5).
Included within exemption 5 is information subject to the deliberative
process privilege, attorney work product privilege and attorney client
privilege. The purpose of the deliberative process privilege is "to
prevent injury to the quality of agency decisions." [NLRB v. Sears,
Roebuck & Co.]{.underline}, 421 U.S. 132, 151 (1975). Any one of the
following three policy purposes have been held to constitute a basis for
the deliberative process privilege: (1) to encourage open, frank
discussions on matters of policy between subordinates and superiors; (2)
to protect against
premature disclosure of proposed policies before they are finally
adopted; and (3) to protect against public confusion that might result
from disclosure of reasons and rationales that were not in fact
ultimately the grounds for an agency's action. [Russell v. Department of
the Air Force]{.underline}, 682 F.2d 1045 (D.C. Cir. 1982). All three
policies enumerated in [Russell]{.underline} apply to various documents
withheld pursuant to the deliberative process privilege of exemption 5
in this case. In addition, this privilege protects not merely documents,
but also the integrity of the deliberative process itself where the
exposure of that process would result in harm. *See* [National Wildlife
Federation v. United States Forest Service]{.underline} 861 F.2d 1114,
1119 (9^th^ Cir. 1988) and [Greenberg v. United States Department
of]{.underline} Treasury, 10 F. Supp. 2d 3, 16, n.19 (D.D.C. 1998).
Therefore the material withheld pursuant to the deliberative process
privilege of exemption 5 remains exempt from disclosure.
The attorney work product privilege protects documents prepared by an
attorney in contemplation of litigation. [Hickman v.
Taylor]{.underline}, 329 U.S. 495 (1947). Courts have accorded the
work-product protection to materials prepared by non-attorneys who are
supervised by attorneys. [Hertzberg v. Veneman]{.underline}, 273 F.
Supp. 2d 67, at 76 (D.D.C. 2003). The privilege attaches when a claim,
likely to lead to litigation, has arisen. [Coastal States Gas Corp. v.
Department of Energy]{.underline}, 617 F.2d 854 (D.C. Cir. 1980). NCUA
attorneys and a paralegal have been involved in preparing work in
contemplation of litigation involving DFCU. These attorney-generated
documents continue to be withheld pursuant to the attorney work product
privilege.
The attorney-client privilege concerns confidential communications
between an attorney and his client relating to a legal matter for which
the client has sought professional advice. [Mead Data Center, Inc. v.
United States Department of the Air Force]{.underline}, 566 F.2d 242,
252 (D.C. Cir. 1977). This privilege, unlike the attorney work product
privilege, is not limited to the context of litigation. *See*
[Mead]{.underline} at 252-253. Communications between NCUA attorneys and
their NCUA clients continue to be withheld pursuant to this privilege of
exemption 5.
# Exemption 6
Home addresses, e-mail addresses and telephone numbers were withheld
pursuant to exemption 6. Exemption 6 protects information about an
individual in "personnel and medical files and similar files" where the
disclosure of such information "would constitute a clearly unwarranted
invasion of personal privacy." 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(6). The courts have held
that all information that applies to a particular individual meets the
threshold requirement for privacy protection. [United States Department
of State v. Washington Post Co.]{.underline}, 456 U.S. 595 (1982). Once
a privacy interest is established, application of exemption 6 requires a
balancing of the public's right to disclosure against the individual's
right to privacy. [Department of the Air Force v. Rose]{.underline}, 425
U.S. 352, 372 (1976). The withheld information meets the requirement for
exemption 6 protection. There is minimal, if any, public interest in
disclosing this personal information. The individuals' privacy interests
outweigh any public interest in disclosure. Therefore the personal
information continues to be withheld pursuant to exemption 6.
# Exemption 8
Documents withheld pursuant to exemption 8 consist of e-mail and
correspondence pertaining to exemption 8 information. Exemption 8
applies to information "contained in or related to examination,
operating or condition reports prepared by, on behalf of, or for the use
of an agency responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial
institutions." 5 U.S.C. §552(b)(8). Courts have interpreted exemption 8
broadly and have declined to restrict its all-inclusive scope.
[Consumers Union of United States, Inc. v. Heimann]{.underline}, 589
F.2d 531 (D.C. Cir. 1978). In general, all records, regardless of the
source, of a financial institution's financial condition and operations
that are in the possession of a federal agency responsible for their
regulation or supervision are exempt. [McCullough v. FDIC]{.underline},
No. 79-1132, 1980 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17685, at \*\*7-8 (D.D.C. July 28,
1980). *See* also [Snoddy v. Hawke]{.underline}, No. 99-1636, slip op.
at 2 (D. Colo. Dec. 20, 1999). Courts have generally not required
agencies to segregate and disclose portions of documents unrelated to
the financial condition of the institution. *See* [Atkinson v.
FDIC]{.underline}, No. 79-1113, 1980 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17793, at \*4-5
(D.D.C. Feb. 13, 1980). Therefore any document withheld pursuant to
exemption 8 can be withheld in full. The courts have discerned two major
purposes for exemption 8 from its legislative history: 1) to protect the
security of financial institutions by withholding from the public
reports that contain frank evaluations of a bank's stability; and 2) to
promote cooperation and communication between employees and examiners.
*See* [Atkinson v. FDIC]{.underline} at \*4. The responsive records
concern DFCU's operations and are in the possession of NCUA. They are
within the scope of exemption 8 pursuant to [Consumers
Union]{.underline} and [McCullough]{.underline}. Withholding the
responsive documents meets the purposes of exemption 8. Therefore, the
documents continue to be withheld pursuant to exemption 8.
Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(4)(B) of the FOIA, you may seek judicial
review of this determination by filing suit against the NCUA. Such a
suit may be filed in the United States District Court where you reside,
where your principal place of business is located, the District of
Columbia, or where the documents are located (the Eastern District of
Virginia).
Sincerely,
Michael J. McKenna
Deputy General Counsel
Enclosures
GC/HMU:bhs
06-1027
06-FOI-00179
07-APP-00001
| en |
converted_docs | 092436 | # **Proposed**
# **Best Methods and Distribution of Materials**
# **Census in Schools 2010**
March 2005
This report identifies recommendations for the best strategies, methods,
and timing for developing Census in Schools (CIS) 2010 outreach to
educators. These suggestions result from formal and informal interviews
with leading administrators, supervisors, educational organization
leaders and teachers in language arts, mathematics and social studies; a
review of best practices used by successful public awareness programs;
and an attempt to improve educational outreach while reducing
operational costs.
Everyone interviewed indicated that educating students about the census
is very important, that a variety of methods and materials are critical
to the process, and that the teacher is the essential link in this
educational endeavor. These educators were also delighted and impressed
that CIS is beginning early to solicit ideas and develop potential
strategies because their experience indicates that effective educational
programs require very long-term planning.
It is noteworthy that all persons interviewed were familiar with the CIS
Census 2000 program and regarded it as extremely successful both in
teaching students about the Census Bureau and its activities and in
educating students about the importance of responding positively to the
census and surveys. Furthermore, the educators interviewed indicated
their strong interest in receiving future materials and in cooperating
with CIS efforts in their schools.
**[Promotion vs. Education Program]{.underline}**
Supervisors and teachers who responded to questions regarding the
feasibility of teacher use of a product or a program approach by CIS
decisively answered that a **product** alone would not be used by
teachers because it would not address curricular requirements. Teachers
would be reluctant to use it because they would not view the material as
a resource that integrates well with their established classroom
curriculum. Today, emphasis on state-mandated testing and standards
requires teachers to select only well-developed **programs** consisting
of several elements that strengthen and enrich the established
curriculum. All materials must be able to be easily integrated into the
existing state curricula, address professional standards, and extend
students' test-taking achievement.
## Materials
CIS Census 2000 materials were developed jointly by teacher-contractors
employed by CIS and by a major educational publishing company. The
services of the latter were very expensive. In creating a classroom
program for Census 2010, consideration should be given to the
cost-effective measure of hiring talented individual consultants who
have classroom and curriculum development experience to write the CIS
lessons. Employing educators with varied expertise in specific
curriculum disciplines and at targeted grade levels would enable CIS to
more effectively reach program goals and reduce costs than would the
hiring of a single external contractor.
Materials should be constructed for relevant grade level breakouts and
have a focus of language arts, math, and social studies. Many ideas and
lessons teaching census-related issues used in the past are still
relevant and could be updated and modified to meet current needs.
Additional new lessons, materials, and learning opportunities should be
developed to create a customized program.
Educational materials must be engaging, dynamic, creative and directly
related to curricular standards. Standards in specific disciplines must
be identified; extension activities and opportunities for curriculum
integration should be included. The program must be multi-faceted,
keeping the various target audiences of teachers and students in mind.
Ancillary audiences of administrators, supervisors and other support
persons must also be considered. Materials should include, but not be
limited to, such offerings as teacher resource materials, newsletters,
classroom lesson plans and handouts, tapes, and website information.
Creative use of technology must be explored. Therefore, external
educational experts with rich and varied backgrounds of experience must
conceive and develop the materials.
Relating participation in the census to the responsibility of
citizenship would be timely, inclusive and educationally sound since
students not only influence adults around them, but also adopt attitudes
and patterns to create their own future adult roles.
Several successful public awareness campaigns use a variety of
advertising techniques such as strong surround slogans, colorful
animation, iconic identifiers, and contests. These and other advertising
methods that are age - group appropriate also should be incorporated by
CIS.
Core materials should include grade-level-specific CIS teaching kits (a
Census map and classroom lessons integrating language arts, math and
social studies) sent to teachers, newsletters to school administrators
and teachers, and take-home materials directed toward parents.
Consideration must be given to the development of differentiated and
specific learning materials for very young, adult and immigrant
learners. All materials must reflect a cultural awareness for immigrant
and minority population groups. Continuity of communication with
teachers, supervisors, principals, superintendents and parents is
critical.
Lessons must be pilot-tested in classrooms at several sites in different
geographic and demographic settings. Formal feedback from cooperating
teachers should be incorporated into classroom-tested sample lessons,
resulting in final lessons customized to meet the needs of classroom
educators.
Educators identified the large classroom wall map included in the CIS
Census 2000 classroom kit sent to teachers as an outstanding
contribution. A similar map should be a centerpiece inclusion in CIS
2010 materials, providing both incentive and a recognition and marketing
factor to educators. Public information campaigns often include a media
guide for users of their programs. The development and inclusion of a
simple, easy-to-use guide could stimulate educators to publicize their
CIS classroom activities and programs, thereby providing unpaid media
coverage.
As developed for Census 2000, materials should be available in English
with Spanish translation of selected student worksheets. Communications
with parents made through schools must reflect community demographics.
## Dissemination of Materials
Dissemination of CIS materials during the preparation for Census 2000
was achieved mostly through the direct mailing system of a major
educational publishing company. This method of reaching educators proved
efficient but extremely costly. Educational administrators and
supervisors have indicated that currently, efficient distribution of
materials to teachers would be possible by mailings sent to schools'
middle and high school level department chairpersons and to elementary
school level principals. This method of distribution assumes that state
and local superintendents have developed a perceived value of the
importance of the CIS program and have communicated their own commitment
to its success to their constituent administrators and supervisors. To
insure the welcome arrival, distribution and use of materials,
additional prior contact must be made by CIS with the chairpersons and
principals, both making them aware of the importance of their role as
disseminators and explaining the relevance to their school of the use of
materials. Educational supervisors considered follow-up contact by
Census field representatives to be desirable public relations, but not
essential to successful distribution.
The cooperation of state and local superintendents and supervisors is
vital to the effective market penetration and strategy in reaching
teachers and convincing them to use CIS materials. This cooperation can
be achieved by direct on-going contact with professional organizations
representing these groups, by targeting key persons within
administrative and supervisory educational groups, and by involving them
in the activities of CIS.
##
##
## Use of Technology
Utilization of technology needs to be expanded as an alternate means of
information and materials dissemination to teachers. Both supervisors
and teachers indicated that the availability and use of technology
differs in each school; however, teachers who regularly use technology
would make productive use of downloadable materials and other products
created.
An active, creative CIS website with links for teachers, parents and
students is imperative; consideration should also be given to the
creation of an animated "Kids' Page" on the Census website where
children could access interactive, fun-filled informational activities.
Creation of CD's, videotapes and utilization of other technologies
should be considered as cost permits.
Accurate, active email address lists of teachers and administrators are
essential as email becomes a more preferred method of contact. The email
address should be an integral part of every form completed by educators
at conferences and conventions, and teachers could be enlisted to
provide email addresses of colleagues in an "Each One, Reach One"
campaign.
## Conventions and Conferences
Both supervisors and teachers interviewed regarded contacts made during
national conventions and local conferences of professional organizations
vital to the information and dissemination process. These contacts
include CIS program presentations, discussions with CIS representatives
at CIS convention booths, and direct dissemination of CIS materials. A
presence of CIS should exist at all national conventions of the three
core curriculum areas of language arts, math and social studies
beginning in 2006, with an expansion in the intensity of operation and
the numbers of additional educational groups in 2007, 2008, and 2009.
Consideration should be given to the enlistment of teacher
representatives who could form a support network and perform follow-up
activities on the local level. When possible, presentations should be
made at meetings of state superintendents of schools, since they can
provide strong support by directives for cooperation in their individual
local school systems.
## Partnerships
The incorporation of partnerships and alliances with cooperating
educational groups and other government agencies is vital to the success
of the CIS program. It is essential that CIS continue and extend
formerly- established relationships with partners and create additional
alliances. Cooperation with partners should include the inclusion of
articles in the organization's publications, a link to CIS on the
partner's website, presentations of CIS in-service programs and the
dissemination of materials at conferences.
Also, CIS staff members should explore and develop additional
relationships with groups such as foundations, institutions and
educational organizations willing to jointly sponsor educational
programs such as summer workshops for teachers, conferences and other
activities. Such alliances would reduce costs to CIS while increasing
program visibility.
## Special Programs
An exciting, involving activity that would serve as a large, inclusive
media event should be promoted in all schools and programs. Focusing on
civic participation and building student commitment, this "Big Event"
should involve the use of classroom materials and could be a contest or
some other activity that would excite and unite students everywhere. CIS
should seek corporate support and funding for this event.
Public information campaigns utilize a wave- effect operation,
continually projecting their message and punctuating it with specific
focus activities. The following activities could serve to highlight and
culminate the crescendo of the CIS 2010 program:
#
# An allocated time period should be celebrated in late February, 2010 with special emphasis on teaching lessons, programs, and speakers. Community leaders and members of Congress could be invited to speak and participate in special activities.
A designated prime time in the schools to teach about Census 2010 and
should coincide with the week when questionnaires are delivered to homes
(possibly, March, 2010). This would be an ideal time to finalize the
"Big Event" cited above.
Recognition should be given to schools that manifest a significant
involvement in CIS activities. Specific criteria must be established and
certification given similar to the US Department of Education
recognition of high-achieving schools.
**[Suggested program targets: (U.S., Puerto Rico, Guam, and Island
Areas)]{.underline}**
-Public/Charter/Parochial/Private/Independent Schools -- K-12
# -Teacher training programs at colleges and universities
-Pre-schools/ Daycare programs/Head Start programs
-GED programs
-Adult literacy programs
-ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) and TESOL (Teachers of
English for Speakers of Other Languages) programs
-U.S. citizen naturalization programs
\- Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts
**[Evaluation]{.underline}**
# Evaluation of classroom and other CIS materials should include teachers' and supervisors' completion of questionnaires/forms disseminated with the materials, distributed at in-service programs and made available in the teacher section of the website. Consideration should also be given to the development of a student evaluation and a web response area. To increase evaluation response participation, CIS could seek corporate sponsorship of prizes that would be distributed to persons cooperating in the evaluation.
### [Addendum]{.underline}
The following contacts provided ideas and input for this report:
Margaret M. Altoff
President- Elect
National Council for the Social Studies
Washington, DC
Kimberly Ash
Vice President of Marketing
The Bill of Rights Institute
Arlington,Va.
Cathy Brown
Mathematics Assessment Specialist
Oregon Department of Education
Salem, OR
Bruce J. Damasio
PDS Coordinator
Towson University
Towson, MD
Jaime de la Isla
Deputy Superintendent
Houston Independent Schools
Houston, TX
Donald J. Gilmore
Denver Regional Director
Colorado Council for the Social Studies
Denver, CO
Tracey Greggs
Social Studies Consultant
Department of Public Instruction
Raleigh, NC
Elise A. Guyette
President,
Vermont Alliance of the Social Studies
Burlington, VT
Penny Hansen
Manager
Curriculum Leadership Unit
California Department of Education
Sacramento, CA
Henry Kranendonk
Math Specialist
Milwaukee Public Schools
Milwaukee, WI
Ken Krehbiel
Director of Communications
National Council of Teachers of Mathematic
Reston VA
Constance Manter
Manter Educational Services
Former President, Council of State Social Studies Supervisors
Boothbay, ME
National Safety Council
Air Bag and Seat Belt Safety Campaign
Washington, DC
Beverly Neitzel
Mathematics Assessment Manager
Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction
Washington State Board of Education
Olympia, WA
Lawrence Paska
Associate in Social Studies Education
New York State Education Department
Albany, NY
Michael Serber
Education Coordinator
The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
NY, NY
Martha Sharma
President,
National Council for Geographic Education
J. Michael Shaughnessy
Professor, Department of Mathematical Sciences
Portland State University
Portland, OR
Marcie Taylor-Thoma
Supervisor of Social Studies
Maryland State Department of Education
Baltimore, MD
United States Department of Agriculture
Forest Service
Conservation Education
Washington, DC
Fred Walk
Social Studies Department Chairperson
Normal Community School
Normal, IL.
Michael J. Weiss
President, Weiss Micromarketing Group
Potomac, MD
Numerous informal conversations with educators at the November, 2004
annual convention of the National Council for Social Studies, Baltimore,
MD
| en |
converted_docs | 386629 | In the News:
Out There
The New York Times Magazine, March 11, 2007
[[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/magazine/11dark.t.html?pagewanted=1&\_r=3&r]{.underline}](http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/magazine/11dark.t.html?pagewanted=1&_r=3&r)
ef=magazine
Three days after learning that he won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics,
George Smoot was talking about the universe\...
Ununified theory
The Washington Times, March 8, 2007
[[http://washingtontimes.com/metro/20070307-103422-2963r.htm]{.underline}](http://washingtontimes.com/metro/20070307-103422-2963r.htm)
The universe just might be hanging together by strings\...
World\'s Largest Atom Smasher by Late 2007 Earth and Sky, March 11, 2007
[[http://www.earthsky.org/clear-voices/51110/clear-voices-phillip-bryant-and-a]{.underline}](http://www.earthsky.org/clear-voices/51110/clear-voices-phillip-bryant-and-a)
lbert-deroeck
A 10-minute-long podcast with CERN\'s Albert de Roeck and Philip Bryant
talking about the LHC.
Scientists search for \"God particle\"
Earth and Sky, March 11, 2007
[[http://www.earthsky.org/radioshows/51109/scientists-search-for-god-particle]{.underline}](http://www.earthsky.org/radioshows/51109/scientists-search-for-god-particle)
Text of an Earth and Sky radio series program from March 11. Earth and
Sky is heard by listeners of many radio stations across the US. There is
also a link to the same podcast linked to in the above Earth and Sky
article.
| en |
converted_docs | 987079 | September 11, 2000
OPEN PROCEEDINGS
The following is a listing of current FCC Notices of Proposed Rulemaking
and Notices of Inquiry open for public comment, except routine petitions
to amend the Table of Allotments. This listing also includes pertinent
Public Notices announcing comment subjects and dates. For additional
information, contact Marilyn Abraham, Consumer Information Bureau at
(202) 418-2374. Please note: as comment and reply comment periods
expire, they are deleted from this listing. \*Asterisk indicates comment
period deadline is past, but reply comment period still is open.
# [CABLE SERVICES BUREAU]{.underline}
**CS 00-132; NOI 8/1/00 (adopted 7/25/00); FCC 00-270**
**In The Matter of Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in
Market for the Delivery of Video Programming.**
The Commission seeks information that will allow it to evaluate the
status of competition in the video marketplace, prospects for new
entrants to the market, and its effect on the cable television industry
and consumers. Comments due September 8\*; replies due September 29.
# [COMMON CARRIER BUREAU]{.underline}
**PN 5/10/00; DA 00-163**
**Revision of Part 15 of the Commission\'s Rules Regarding
Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems.**
Initiated inquiry to investigate the possibility of permitting the
operation of ultra-wideband devices on an unlicensed basis under part 15
of the Commission\'s rules. Comments due 90 days from publication in
Federal Register; replies due 120 days from publication in Federal
Register.
**CC 96-45; PN 8/4/00; DA 00-1783**
**Common Carrier Bureau Extends the Pleading Cycle for the Tribal Areas
Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.**
On June 30, 2000, the Commission released the *Twelfth Report and Order
and Further Notice of* *Proposed Rulemaking.* The Order adopts measures
to promote telecommunications subscribership and infrastructure
deployment within federally recognized tribal lands. The Commission
extends the comment and reply comment dates to September 1\* and
September 15. Contact: Katherine Schroder at (202) 418-0484.
**CC 96-98; PN 8/9/00; DA 00-1806**
**Common Carrier Bureau Seeks Comment on the State of New York
Department of Public Service Request for the Release of a New Code to
Provide Relief for the 716 Numbering Plan Area NSD File No. L-00-161.**
The Commission seeks comment on the request of the State of New York
Department of Public Service for the release of a new area code to
provide relief for the 716 area code. Comments due September 5\*;
replies due September 20. Contact: Aaron Goldberger at (202) 418-2320.
**PN 8/9/00; DA 00-1811**
**Tandy Corporation, Walker Equipment and Ameriphone, Inc. Seek Waiver
of Hearing Aid Compatibility Volume 47 C.F.R. Section 68.317(f).**
On February 8, 2000, Tandy Corporation filed a petition with the
Commission for waiver of 68.317(f) of its rules, 47 C.F.R. 68.317(f) in
order to register under Part 68 a cordless telephone
with a feature that preserves a loud setting from one use of the
telephone to another. Comments due September 7\*; replies due September
22. Contact: Jamal Mazrui at (202) 418-0069 or Susan Magnotti at (202)
418-0871.
**CC 96-45; PN 8/10/00; DA 00-1824**
**Mescalero Apache Telecom, Inc., GTE Southwest Incorporated, and Valor
Telecommunications of New Mexico, LLC Seek a Waiver of the Definition of
\"Study Area\" in Part 36 and a Waiver of the Various Commission\'s
Rules.**
On June 30, 2000, Mescalero Apache Telecom, Inc., GTE Southwest
Incorporated and Valor Telecommunications of New Mexico, LLC filed a
joint petition for waiver of the definition of \"study area\" as set
forth in Part 36 of the Commission\'s rules. Comments due September 11;
replies due September 21. Contact: Adrian Wright at (202) 418-7400.
**CC 98-147; CC 96-98; Order 8/10/00 (adopted 8/9/00); FCC 00-297**
**Deployment of Wireline Services Offering Advanced Telecommunications
Capability and Implementation of the Local Competition Provision of the
Telecommunications Act of 1996.**
In the advanced Services First Report and Order, the Commission adopted
measures to facilitate the development of competition in the advanced
services market. Comments due September 18; replies due October 10.
**CC 96-45; Order and FNPRM 8/31/00 (adopted 8/30/00); FCC 00-332**
**Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service;Promoting Deployment
and Subscribership in Unserved and Underserved Areas, Including Tribal
and Insular Areas.**
The Commission stayed, on its own motion, the implementation of recently
adopted federal Lifeline and link Up assistance rule amendments only to
the extent that they apply to qualifying low-income consumers living
near reservations. Comments due October 12; replies due October 27.
**CC 80-286; PN 8/15/00; DA 00-1865**
**Comment Sought on Recommended Decision Issued by Federal-State Joint
Board on Jurisdictional Separations.**
The Commission seeks comment on the impact of the increased intrastate
usage since
1995 on jurisdictional allocations and consumers. Comments due September
25; replies due October 10. Contact: William Cox at (202) 418-7400.
**CC 96-45; PN 8/17/00; DA 00-1882**
**Common Carrier Bureau Seek Comment on Western Wireless Corporation
Petition to Reject Rural Telephone Company Self-Certification Files by
Valor Telecommunications Southwest, LLC.**
On October 21, 1999, the Commission required rural carriers serving
study areas with
more than 100,000 access lines to file certification letters by July 1,
2000. Comments due September 18; replies due October 3.
**PN 8/23/00; DA 00-1946**
**Enporion, Inc. Seeks Commission Determination of \"Exempt
Telecommunications Company\" Status Under the Public Utility Holding
Company Act.**
On August 10, 2000, Enporion, Inc., pursuant to section 34(a)(1) of the
Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 as added by section 103 of
the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-104, filed an
application requesting a Commission determination that it is an exempt
telecommunications company. Comments due September 22; replies due
September 29. Contact: Al McCloud at (202) 418-2499 or Marty Schwimmer
at (202) 418-2320.
**PN 8/25/00; DA 00-1967**
**Pleading Cycle Established CC Docket No. 96-262 and CC Docket No.
94-1.**
Comments due September 8\*; replies due September 18. Contact: Joi
Roberson Nolen at (202) 418-1520.
**CC 96-45; PN 8/29/00; DA 00-1977**
**Citizens Telecommunications Company of Wyoming and Qwest Corporation
Seek a Waiver of the Definition of \"Study Area\" in Part 36 of Rules.**
On August 21, 2000, Citizens Telecommunications Company of Wyoming and
Qwest Corporation filed a joint petition for waiver of the definition of
\"study area\" as set forth in Part 36 of the Commission\'s rules.
Comments due September 13; replies due September 25. Contact Adrian
Wright at (202) 418-0854.
**PN 8/30/00; DA 00-1978**
**Pleading Cycle Established CCB/CPD Filed No. 00-21.**
On August 28, 2000, BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc. filed a petition
for pricing flexibility for switched access services pursuant to Section
1.774 of the Commission\'s rules. Comments due September 12; replies due
September 22. Contact: Joi Roberson Nolen at (202) 418-1520.
**PN 8/29/00; DA 00-1982**
**Common Carrier Bureau Seeks Comment on the Massachusetts Department of
Telecommunications and Energy Petition for Delegation of Additional
Authority to Implement Number Conservation Measures in Massachusetts.**
On September 28, 1998, the Federal Communications Commission released
the Pennsylvania Numbering Order, which delegated additional authority
to state public utility commissions to order number rationing in
jeopardy situations and encouraged state commissions to seek further
limited delegations of authority to implement other innovative number
conservation methods.
The Common Carrier Bureau seeks comment on Petitioner\'s request for
additional delegated authority to implement the number conservation
measures to the extent that they are not superseded by the national
number resource optimization measures addressed in the numbering
resource optimization order. Comments due September 27; replies due
October 11. Contact: Aaron Goldberger at (202) 418-2320.
**PN 8/30/00; DA 00-1989**
**Telergy East, LLC Seeks Commission Determination of \"Exempt
Telecommunications Company\" Status Under the Public Utility Holding
Company Act.**
On August 18, 2000, Telergy East, LLC pursuant to section 34(a)(1) of
the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 as added by section 103
of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-104, filed an
application requesting a Commission determination tha it is an exempt
telecommunications company. Comments due September 20; replies due
September 27. Contact: Al McCloud at (202) 418-2499 or Marty Schwimmer
at (202) 418-2320.
**PN 8/30/00; DA 00-1990**
**Energy Pool Funds Administration limited Seeks Commission
Determination of \"Exempt Telecommunications Company\" Status Under The
Public Utility Holding Company Act.**
On August 18, 2000, Energy Pool Funds Administration Limited pursuant to
section 34(a)(1) of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 as
added by section 103 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No.
104-104, filed an application requesting a Commission determination that
it is an exempt telecommunications company.
Comments due September 20; replies due September 27. Contact: Al McCloud
at (202) 418-2499 or Marty Schwimmer at (202) 418-2320.
**PN 8/30/00; DA 00-1991**
**ESIS Limited Seeks Commission Determination of \"Exempt
Telecommunications Company\" Status Under the Public Utility Holding
Company Act.**
On August 18, 2000, ESIS Limited pursuant to section 34(a)(1) of the
Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 as added by section 103 of
the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-104, filed an
application requesting a Commission determination that it is an exempt
telecommunications company. Comments due September 20; replies due
September 27. Contact: Al McCloud at (202) 418-2499 or Marty Schwimmer
at (202) 418-2320.
**PN 8/30/00; DA 00-1995**
**Common Carrier Bureau Seeks Comment on the California Public Utilities
Commission and Maine Public Utilities Commission Petitions for waiver of
the Requirement to Conform their Thousands-Block Number Pooling Trials
to the National Thousands-Block Number Pooling Rules by September 1,
2000.**
The Common Carrier Bureau seek comment on the California Commission and
Maine Commission petitions for waiver of the FCC\'s requirement that
state public utility commissions conform their thousands-block number
pooling trials to the FCC\'s national pooling rules by September 1,
2000. Comments due September 12; replies due September 19. Contact:
Aaron Goldberger at (202) 418-2320.
**CC 99-200; PN 9/5/00; DA 00-2011**
**The Commission Seeks Comments on the Thousands-Block Pooling
Administrator Technical Requirements/Pleading Cycle Established.**
On March 31, 2000, the Commission released a Report and Order and
Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Numbering Resource
Optimization. Comments due September 25; replies due October 2. Contact:
Sanford Williams at (202) 418-1508.
**CC 97-213; PN 9/1/00; DA 00-2022**
**Comment Invited on CTIA Petition to Suspend CALEA Compliance Date.**
On August 23, 2000, the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association
filed a petition to immediately suspend the September 30, 2001
compliance date for implementation of certain
assistance capabilities under the Communications Assistance for Law
Enforcement Act. Comments due September 15. Contact: Rodney Small
202-418-2452.
**CC 00-157; PN 9/1/00; DA 00-2024**
**FCC Seeks Comment on Joint Application for Consent to Transfer Control
Filed by Northpoint Communications, Inc. and Verizon Communications.**
On August 25, 2000, NorthPoint Communications, Inc. and Verizon
Communications filed a joint application under Section 214 of the
Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. section 214,
requesting Commission approval of the transfer of control of
NorthPoint\'s section
214 authorization to provide domestic interstate telecommunications
services as a non-dominant carrier in connection with the proposed
merger of NorthPoint and Verizon digital subscriber line business into a
new non-dominant carrier. Comments due October 2; replies due October
17.
Contact: Jessica Rosenworcel 202-418-2764.
**CC 98-147; CC 96-98; PN 9/6/00; DA 00-2036**
**Common Carrier Bureau Extends Pleading Cycle for Second Further Notice
of Proposed Rulemaking in CC Docket No. 98-147 and Fifth Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking in CC Docket No. 96-98.**
Comments due October 12; replies due November 14. Contact: William Kehoe
at (202) 418-1580.
**[MASS MEDIA BUREAU]{.underline}**
**MM 00-105; NPRM 6/20/00 (adopted 6/5/00); FCC 00-203**
**Elimination of Experimental Broadcast Ownerships Restrictions.**
The Commission proposes to eliminate the multiple ownership rule for
experimental broadcast stations, which now provides that no entity may
control more than one experimental license absent a showing of need.
Comments due September 1\*; replies due October 2.
**MM 00-108; NPRM 6/20/00 (adopted 6/8/00); FCC 00-213**
**Amendment of Section 73.658(G) of the Rules \-- the Dual Network
Rule.**
The Commission proposes to amend the \"dual network\" rule applicable to
broadcast stations. Comments due September 1\*; replies due October 2.
# [WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS BUREAU]{.underline}
####
#### WT 00-48; NPRM &MO&O 3/24/00 (adopted 3/17); FCC 00-105
**Amendment of Parts 13 and 80 of the Communications Rules concerning
Maritime Communication Proposed to Consolidate, Revise and Streamline
Rules Governing Maritime Communications Pursuant to Requests from the
National GMDSS Implementation Task Force and Globe Wireless, Inc.**
The Commission\'s NPRM proposes to consolidate, revise, and streamline
its rules governing maritime communications pursuant to requests from
the National GMDSS Implementation Task Force and Globe Wireless, Inc.
The purpose of these proposed rule changes is to address new
international maritime requirements, improve the operational ability of
all users of marine radios and remove unnecessary or duplicative
requirements from its Rules. Comments due 90 days after Federal Register
publication and replies due 120 days after Federal Register publication.
**R&O 6/30/00 (adopted 6/8/00); FCC 00-209**
**In the Matter of Extending Wireless Telecommunications Services to
Tribal Lands.**
The Commission adopted rules and policies that provide incentives for
wireless telecommunications carriers to serve individuals living on
tribal lands. Comments due: 30 days after publication in the Federal
Register; replies due 45 days after publication in the Federal Register.
**MO&O and FNRPM 6/30/00 (adopted 6/22/00); FCC 00-224**
**In the matter of Service Rules for the 746-764 and 776-794 MHZ Bands,
and Revisions to Part 27of the Commission\'s Rules/Carriage of the
Transmissions of Digital Television Broadcast Stations/Review of the
Commission\'s Rules and Policies Affecting the Conversion to Digital
Television.**
The Commission affirmed the service rules adopted in the 700 MHz
reviewing applications for approval of voluntary agreements accelerating
the transition of incumbent analog television licensees and opening
these bands for new 700 MHz licensee use, and sought comment on several
aspects of the spectrum clearing process. Comments due August 16\*;
replies due September 15.
**WT 00-48; Order 7/21/00 (adopted 7/20/00); DA 00-1628**
**Amendment of Parts 13 and 80 of the Commission\'s Rules concerning
Maritime Communications.**
The Commission granted the United States Coast Guard\'s request to
extend the deadline for filing comments in this proceeding. Comments due
August 23\*; replies due September 21.
**PN 8/3/00; DA 00-1699**
**Wireless Telecommunications Bureau seeks comment on petition by
American Trucking Associations, Inc., to transfer frequency advisory
committee certification to American Mobile Telecommunications
Association, Inc.**
The Commission is seeking comment on a July 13, 2000 request by the
American Trucking Associations, Inc., and the American Mobile
Telecommunications Association, Inc. to transfer ATA\'s frequency
advisory committee certification to AMTA. Comments due September 5\*,
replies due September 20.
**WT 96-86; Fourth NPRM 8/2/00 (adopted 7/25/00); FCC 00-271**
**The Development of Operational, Technical and Spectrum Requirements
for Meeting Federal, State and Local Public Safety Communication
Requirements through the Year 2010.**
In this Fourth Notice of Proposed Rule Making, the Commission is
considering various technical and operational issues regarding the use
of interoperability frequencies in the 764-776 MHz and 794-806 MHz
frequency bands. Comments can be filed 30 days after publication in the
Federal Register, reply comments can be filed 45 days after publication
in the Federal Register.
**PN 8/3/00; DA 00-1748**
**WirelessTelecommunications Bureau Seek Comment on TeleCorp PCS,
L.L.C.\'s Request for Waiver of the Five Year Broadband PCS Construction
Requirement for the Partitioned/Disaggregated Louisville MTA.**
On July 7, 2000, TeleCorp PCS, L.L.C., licensee of call sign WPOI215, a
license partitioned/disaggregated from the Louisville MTA, filed a
request for waiver of the five year construction requirements under
Section 24.203(a) of the Commission\'s rules. Comments due September
4\*; replies due September 19. Contact: Michael Ferrante
at (202) 418-1323.
**PN 8/3/00; DA 00-1749**
**Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Seek Comment on West Virginia PCS
Alliance, L.C.\'s Request for Waiver of the Five Year Broadband PCS
Construction Requirement for the Partitioned Cincinnati MTA.**
On July 7, 2000, West Virginia PCS Alliance, L.C. licensee of call sign
WPOH986, a license partitioned from the Cincinnati MTA, filed a request
for waiver of the five year construction requirements under Section
24.203(a) of the Commission\'s rules, 47 C.F.R. section 24.203(a).
Comments due September 4\*; replies due September 19.
**PN 8/3/00; DA 00-1750**
**Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Seeks Comment on TeleCorp PCS,
L.L.C.\'s Request for Waiver of the Five Year Broadband PCS Construction
Requirement for the Partitioned/Disaggregated St. Louis MTA.**
On July 7, 2000, TeleCorp PCS, L.L.C. licensee of call sign WPOI217, a
partitioned/disaggregated from the St. Louis MTA, filed a request for
waiver of the requirements under Section 24.203(a) of the Commission\'s
rules, 47 C.F.R. 24.203(a) licensees are required to provide adequate
service to at least one-third of the population within five years.
Comments due September 4\*; replies due September 19.
**PN 8/15/00; DA 00-1869**
**TLA Spectrum, LLC and the stockholders of Saco River Telegraph and
Telephone Company seek FCC consent to transfer control of broadband PCS,
cellular, and microwave authorizations.**
TLA Spectrum, LLC a wholly owned subsidiary of Rural Cellular
Corporation and the stockholders of Saco River Telegraph and Telephone
Company have filed applications pursuant to Section 310(d) of the
Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. section 310(d),
seeking Commission approval to transfer control of licenses and
authorizations held by Saco River and its subsidiaries from the
stockholders of Saco River to TLA. Petitions/Comments due September 14;
replies/oppositions due September 25. Contact: Lauren Kravetz or John
Branscome at (202) 418-7240 (Parts 22 and 24); and Jamison Prime at
(202) 418-0680 (Part 101).
**CC 94-102; PN 8/16/00; DA 00-1875**
**Wireless Telecommunications Bureau seeks comment on Phase 1 E911
Implementation Issues.**
The Commission seek comment on a request filed by King County,
Washington E-911 Program Office for assistance in resolving a conflict
related to the implementation on wireless Phase I Enhanced 911 (E911)
service in the State of Washington. Comments due September 18, replies
due October 11. Contact: Wendy Austrie at (202) 418-1310.
**PN 8/17/00; DA 00-1893**
**SBC Communications Inc., Ameritech Wireless Communications, Inc., AT&T
Wireless PCS, LLC, and Indiana Acquisition, L.L.C. Seek FCC Censent to
Transfer Control of and to Assign Licenses.**
SBC Communications Inc., Ameritech Wireless Communications, Inc., AT&T
Wireless PCS, LLC (\"AWP\"), and Indiana Acquisition, L.L.C. have filed
applications pursuant to Section 310(d) of the Communications Act of
1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. section 310(d), seeking Commission approval
of (1) the transfer of control of AWP of licenses and authorizations
currently controlled by subsidiaries and affiliates of SBC; (2) the
reciprocal assignment of licenses between Ameritech Wireless and AWP;
and (3) the reciprocal assignment of licenses between Ameritech Wireless
and Indiana Acquisition. Petitions/Comments due September 18;
replies/oppositions due September 28. Contact: Lauren Kravetz or Michael
Samsock at (202) 418-7240.
**PN 8/21/00; DA 00-1913**
**Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Seeks Comment on Request for Waiver
by the State of Florida to Allow Use of General Category Offset
Channels.**
The Commission seek comment on Florid\'a Waiver Request. Comments due
September 5\*; replies due September 15. Contact: Karen Franklin at
(202) 418-0680.
**PN 8/24/00; DA 00-1953**
**Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Seeks Comment on Request for
Clarification of**
**De Facto Control Policy and Proposed Spectrum Lease Agreement.**
On June 30, 2000, GW Wireless, Inc., a subsidiary of Golden West
Telecommunications Cooperative, Inc. and Long Lines, Ltd., and affiliate
of Northwest Iowa Telephone Company, licensees of various Personal
Communications Service and Local Multipoint Distribution Service
Licenses in South Dakota and Iowa, Jointly filed a \"Request for
Clarification of De Facto Control Policy and Request for Authority to
Operate Broadband PCS and LMDS Facilities Pursuant to Spectrum Lease
Arrangement.\" Comments due September 15; replies due September 25.
Contact: Don Johnson or Paul Murray at (202) 418-7240.
**WT 00-110; CC 92-105; NPRM 8/29/00 (adopted 8/24/00); FCC 00-327**
**Implementation of 911 Act, The Use of N11 Codes and Other Abbreviated
Dialing Arrangements.**
Assigned 911 as a national abbreviated dialing code to be used
exclusively for access to emergency police and other government
services. Sought comment on appropriate transition periods for areas in
which 911 is not currently in use as emergency number.
Comments due October 16; replies due November 15.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 620752 | Date Created: Friday, July 29, 2005 5:25:21 AM CDT
Date Saved: Friday, July 29, 2005 5:58:16 AM CDT
Category - Topic - sequence number: Trigger/Log - Trigger_Log - 433485
Operator(s): Alan Stone
Keyword(s): :TRIGGER:
I did not get as far as I would have liked on setting
up the patch panel assemblies and routing the cables.
I mounted the foam on the cable latches for eight patch
panels, and then took them to the sidewalk for mounting.
There are currently 12 patch panels installed in three racks.
However, racks S105 and S107 are not perfectly straight.
I could attach the bottom-most patch panel with screws on
both side rails, but not for the others. The hole alignment
is off by about 1/8th of an inch. For the higher panels,
I used both mount points on one side to keep it from sagging.
I used a couple of cable ties, but found it unsatisfying.
Note: One of the patch panels is missing a post to which
one mounts the patch panel cards (PPCs).
The edges and corners on the patch panels need some rubber
coating, so the users do not end up with scars on their
hands and lower arms. You have to get on your hands and
knees to install the patch panels at the bottom, and I
could imagine bumping my head against a sharp corner.
I raided Jorge's box of tested components, taking out all
of the PPCs, and mounting them to the patch panels following
the labelling scheme: 021-030. The latter was already being
used in rack S106.
Note: I disconnected the pleated foil cables (PFCs) from PPC030,
and move the card down two panels. PPC026 now occupies
that space. The PFCs are still disconnected. I was planning
on routing them as with the others, but... well see below.
You need to take care about placing the monitor connectors
into the groove of the patch panel. The monitor connectors
are not always perfectly aligned on the PPC, and the machining
of the panels provides a tight fit.
I used a flat head screwdriver that was slightly too big for
the small screws used to mount the PPCs to the patch panel posts.
This way, I could not overtighten and possibly crack the card,
as the screwdriver would slip out of the screw groove if too
much torque was applied.
I am only able to account for 24 PPCs. 20 are on the sidewalk
mounted to the patch panels. 3 were found to have a channel
problem with the MSU testing procedure (I have one in hand,
and John Fogelsong has the other two). 1 is currently at
MSU. We should have 25, so I will need to ask around.
Next, I went to raid the pleated foil cables from Jorge's box,
and then take another 20 from the box of PFCs tested by Rahmi
and Cosmin (31 were tested and found to be good). However, I
only found 6! I went ahead and labelled them (PFC061-PFC066),
and set them with box of tested components. I want to the
PFC cable routing in one go, and I need 40, but only have 26.
I am guessing the Jorge used the previously tested PFCs in
for the MSU system tests (1 PPC + 2 PFC + 1 ATC), instead of
pulling from the untested batch. Even so, there should have
been 11 remaining, and I only found 6. Also, where are the
other 160+ PFCs? Earlier this week, I saw them at the sidewalk
in a box, but someone moved them.
I am going to use this as a good excuse to call it a "day".
I will finish the job sometime over Fri-Sun, so it is nice
and pretty for the start of next week. I still need to locate
14 PFCs (I will not label them if they are untested).
To do list::
1) Install 10 ATCs.
2) Route 40 PFCs from the patch panels to the ADF backplane.
3) Route 30 LVDS cables from the 10 ATCs to the TAB backplane.
**Comment by alstone on Friday, July 29, 2005 6:03:38 AM CDT
Just so no one panics...I cleaned up a bit, while trying to locate stuff.
All the tools have been put back in the tool bag in the cabinet. All the
loose papers were stacked in one pile and placed on the red IN/OUT tray.
All the empty cardboard boxes were set aside.
**Comment by Alan Stone on Friday, July 29, 2005 7:12:32 AM CDT
Maybe the other pleated foil cables are in the DAB3 cabinet with other
L1 CAL upgrade components. I forgot to look there.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 028442 | COOP ID FREQUENCY Lat Lon Station St Total Precip
30286 3 33.62 -94.10 ASHDOWN 4 SSE AR 0.85
30458 1 35.83 -91.79 BATESVILLE LIVESTOCK AR 0.06
30616 4 36.43 -93.63 BERRYVILLE 5 NW AR 0.05
30798 1 35.12 -93.65 BLUE MOUNTAIN DAM AR 0.06
30814 1 34.33 -94.41 BOGG SPRINGS AR 0.01
30832 2 35.09 -93.93 BOONEVILLE 3 SSE AR 0.08
31459 3 35.46 -93.44 CLARKSVILLE 2 AR 0.03
31632 1 36.42 -90.59 CORNING AR 0.04
31900 4 35.83 -93.20 DEER AR 0.04
31953 4 34.05 -94.40 DEQUEEN SEVIER COUNTY AP AR 0.56
31980 2 35.78 -94.25 DEVILS DEN STATE PARK AR 0.81
32356 1 36.42 -93.79 EUREKA SPRINGS 3 WNW AR 0.40
32443 2 36.00 -94.17 FAYETTEVILLE FAA AIRPORT AR 0.26
32444 2 36.10 -94.17 FAYETTEVILLE EXP STN AR 0.18
32574 2 35.33 -94.36 FORT SMITH REGIONAL AP AR 0.44
32700 1 36.42 -92.25 GAMALIEL AR 0.03
32922 1 34.88 -93.68 GRAVELLY 1 ESE AR 0.36
32930 1 36.43 -94.45 GRAVETTE AR 0.82
32976 1 35.22 -94.26 GREENWOOD AR 0.11
32978 1 35.52 -92.00 GREERS FERRY DAM AR 0.02
33442 1 33.94 -94.36 HORATIO AR 0.12
34106 2 36.42 -92.91 LEAD HILL AR 0.10
34185 2 33.36 -93.57 LEWISVILLE AR 0.15
34572 2 36.49 -91.53 MAMMOTH SPRING AR 0.05
34746 1 36.08 -91.98 MELBOURNE 5W AR 0.03
34777 1 35.10 -94.35 MIDLAND AR 0.06
34839 3 33.68 -93.99 MILLWOOD DAM AR 0.78
35018 1 35.65 -94.15 MOUNTAINBURG 2 NE AR 0.54
35036 2 36.35 -92.39 MOUNTAIN HOME 1 NNW AR 0.02
35160 1 35.58 -94.38 NATURAL DAM AR 1.10
35354 2 35.78 -94.42 ODELL 2 N AR 0.59
35512 2 35.51 -93.87 OZARK 2 AR 0.12
35831 1 35.53 -90.69 POINSETT STATE PARK AR 0.20
36380 2 36.45 -90.15 SAINT FRANCIS AR 0.04
36928 3 35.30 -93.64 SUBIACO AR 0.12
116973 2 38.08 -90.10 PRAIRIE DUROCHER IL 0.08
117077 1 39.91 -91.43 QUINCY DAM 21 IL 0.11
140195 1 38.86 -96.47 ALTA VISTA KS 0.12
140443 2 38.93 -95.81 AUBURN 1 N KS 0.56
140548 1 37.05 -95.21 BARTLETT KS 0.07
140637 1 37.66 -96.54 BEAUMONT KS 0.04
140679 2 37.39 -97.35 BELLE PLAINE 4 W KS 0.91
140810 2 37.28 -95.47 BIG HILL LAKE KS 0.65
140957 2 39.06 -94.90 BONNER SPRINGS KS 0.16
141233 2 37.03 -97.62 CALDWELL KS 0.30
141239 2 37.31 -96.66 CAMBRIDGE KS 0.24
141282 1 37.01 -96.01 CANEY 4W KS 0.47
141404 1 38.19 -95.07 CENTERVILLE 4SW KS 0.32
141427 3 37.67 -95.48 CHANUTE FAA AIRPORT KS 0.29
141428 1 37.68 -95.45 CHANUTE NO 1 KS 0.29
141478 1 37.19 -95.56 CHERRYVALE 5 S KS 0.76
141529 1 39.42 -95.92 CIRCLEVILLE 7 SW KS 0.20
141612 2 38.94 -95.34 CLINTON LAKE KS 0.16
141673 1 37.06 -95.64 COFFEYVILLE WATERWORKS KS 0.27
141733 1 38.07 -95.36 COLONY KS 0.20
141740 2 37.16 -94.86 COLUMBUS 1SW KS 0.01
141767 2 39.55 -97.65 CONCORDIA BLOSSER MUNI KS 0.25
141867 2 38.68 -96.53 COUNCIL GROVE LAKE KS 0.38
142135 1 38.57 -96.85 DIAMOND SPRINGS 5 W KS 0.62
142276 1 38.49 -97.22 DURHAM KS 0.04
142388 1 39.53 -95.40 EFFINGHAM KS 0.05
142396 1 38.05 -97.13 ELBING KS 0.01
142543 2 38.33 -96.20 EMPORIA FAA AIRPORT KS 0.08
142548 2 38.43 -96.22 EMPORIA 3 NW KS 0.10
142574 1 38.91 -97.12 ENTERPRISE KS 0.17
142582 1 37.58 -95.24 ERIE 1 N KS 0.52
142602 2 38.86 -96.11 ESKRIDGE KS 0.07
142848 1 39.53 -96.56 FOSTORIA 7 NW KS 0.50
142872 1 39.71 -96.42 FRANKFORT KS 0.10
143074 2 37.51 -94.84 GIRARD KS 0.95
143088 1 39.36 -97.83 GLASCO KS 0.07
143138 1 39.65 -95.98 GOFF 3 WSW KS 0.12
143594 1 38.67 -96.95 HERINGTON KS 0.47
143634 1 39.85 -95.53 HIAWATHA KS 0.05
143667 1 38.35 -97.21 HILLSBORO KS 0.98
143686 1 38.66 -94.89 HILLSDALE LAKE KS 0.09
143822 3 37.52 -96.19 HOWARD 5 NE KS 0.47
143867 3 37.81 -95.45 HUMBOLDT KS 0.27
143984 2 37.92 -95.43 IOLA 1 W KS 0.35
144421 1 38.35 -94.76 LA CYGNE KS 0.42
144588 2 39.33 -94.92 LEAVENWORTH KS 0.04
144937 1 38.14 -96.14 MADISON KS 0.06
144972 2 39.20 -96.58 MANHATTAN KS 0.02
145069 1 38.19 -96.57 MATFIELD GREEN 2 N KS 0.32
145132 1 39.05 -96.23 MC FARLAND KS 0.08
145175 3 37.28 -98.55 MEDICINE LODGE 1E KS 0.24
145210 2 38.50 -95.70 MELVERN LAKE KS 0.10
145321 1 38.58 -96.02 MILLER 4 SSW KS 0.45
145528 1 38.14 -94.82 MOUND CITY KS 0.55
145539 1 37.87 -97.66 MOUNT HOPE KS 0.03
145744 1 38.04 -97.37 NEWTON 2 SW KS 0.05
145972 1 38.89 -94.76 OLATHE 3 E KS 0.07
146100 2 39.24 -95.27 OSKALOOSA 4 NE KS 0.05
146115 1 37.18 -95.10 OSWEGO 1 N KS 0.79
146154 1 38.73 -95.44 OVERBROOK 7SE KS 0.06
146209 2 38.59 -94.88 PAOLA KS 0.14
146333 1 39.12 -95.42 PERRY LAKE KS 0.04
146414 4 37.36 -94.64 PITTSBURG KS 2.23
146498 2 38.65 -95.57 POMONA LAKE KS 0.30
146549 2 37.64 -98.78 PRATT 3W KS 0.01
146907 1 37.44 -97.01 ROCK KS 0.05
147007 2 39.14 -95.96 ROSSVILLE KS 0.05
148114 2 37.94 -96.31 THRALL 4S KS 0.06
148167 2 39.07 -95.64 TOPEKA BILLARD MUNI AP KS 0.04
148563 2 39.22 -96.33 WAMEGO KS 0.05
148802 1 38.80 -96.73 WHITE CITY KS 0.08
148830 3 37.66 -97.44 WICHITA MID-CONTINENT KS 0.68
148935 1 38.66 -96.67 WILSEY 1 NNE KS 0.22
148964 1 37.25 -96.90 WINFIELD 4 E KS 0.05
149020 1 38.11 -96.73 WONSEVU KS 0.20
160007 2 29.97 -92.12 ABBEVILLE LA 1.37
160012 2 30.46 -90.10 ABITA RIVER COVINGTON LA 0.02
160098 2 31.32 -92.46 ALEXANDRIA LA 0.64
160103 3 31.25 -92.45 ALEXANDRIA 5 SSE LA 0.25
160277 1 32.55 -92.92 ARCADIA LA 0.10
160548 1 30.42 -91.13 BATON ROUGE CONCORD LA 0.13
160549 3 30.54 -91.15 BATON ROUGE METRO AP LA 0.25
160558 2 30.45 -91.05 BATON ROUGE SHERWOOD LA 0.01
160565 4 30.13 -91.32 BAYOU SORREL LOCK LA 0.15
160658 2 29.97 -93.09 BELL CITY 13 SW LA 1.18
161232 2 31.39 -92.72 BOYCE 3 WNW LA 0.08
161246 2 30.39 -91.27 BRUSLY 2 W LA 0.69
161287 4 30.96 -92.18 BUNKIE LA 0.63
161535 2 30.32 -92.05 CARENCRO LA 0.05
161941 2 31.52 -92.71 COLFAX LA 0.02
161979 1 32.17 -92.11 COLUMBIA LOCK LA 0.13
162121 2 32.89 -93.46 COTTON VALLEY 5 NNW LA 0.07
162212 4 30.24 -92.35 CROWLEY 2 NE LA 0.52
162367 4 30.84 -93.29 DE RIDDER LA 1.10
162812 2 31.10 -92.70 ELMER 2 SW LA 0.44
162981 4 30.49 -92.43 EUNICE LA 0.04
163313 3 29.82 -91.54 FRANKLIN 3 NW LA 1.23
163433 4 29.46 -90.31 GALLIANO LA 0.40
163695 1 30.20 -90.92 GONZALES LA 0.14
163800 3 30.42 -92.04 GRAND COTEAU LA 1.10
163804 2 31.81 -93.09 GRAND ECORE LA 0.16
163807 3 29.23 -90.00 GRAND ISLE LA 2.46
164030 2 30.50 -90.38 HAMMOND 5 E LA 0.01
164573 1 30.83 -91.13 JACKSON 3 E LA 0.50
164592 1 32.35 -93.20 JAMESTOWN LA 0.43
164674 4 29.96 -91.71 JEANERETTE 5 NW LA 0.45
164700 4 30.20 -92.66 JENNINGS LA 1.62
164816 2 32.35 -93.86 KEITHVILLE LA 0.63
164859 1 30.94 -90.51 KENTWOOD LA 0.06
165021 4 30.22 -92.07 LAFAYETTE LA 1.46
165026 4 30.20 -91.99 LAFAYETTE FCWOS LA 1.04
165065 3 30.00 -92.78 LAKE ARTHUR 10 SW LA 0.52
165072 4 30.30 -93.27 LAKE CHARLES 7 NW LA 2.25
165074 4 30.25 -93.22 LAKE CHARLES 2 N LA 2.40
165076 4 30.21 -93.25 LAKE CHARLES PORT LA 2.03
165078 4 30.12 -93.23 LAKE CHARLES AP LA 1.71
165266 4 31.14 -93.24 LEESVILLE LA 1.91
165296 4 29.79 -92.21 LELAND BOWMAN LOCK LA 3.70
165438 3 30.50 -90.75 LIVINGSTON LA 0.43
165522 3 31.97 -94.00 LOGANSPORT LA 0.02
165630 3 31.18 -92.41 LSU DEAN LEE RES STN LA 1.44
165783 1 30.04 -90.69 LUTCHER LA 0.32
166364 2 32.71 -93.96 MOORINGSPORT 1 N LA 0.30
166394 3 29.68 -91.18 MORGAN CITY LA 0.73
166431 4 30.29 -93.21 MOSS BLUFF LA 1.56
166660 3 29.99 -90.25 NEW ORLEANS AP LA 2.56
166664 3 29.92 -90.13 NEW ORLEANS AUDUBON LA 0.07
166666 1 29.95 -90.05 NEW ORLEANS ALGIERS LA 0.02
166686 2 30.73 -91.37 NEW ROADS 5 NE LA 0.01
166836 1 30.82 -92.67 OAKDALE LA 0.42
166911 1 30.75 -90.99 OAKNOLIA 2 N LA 0.27
166938 4 30.60 -92.77 OBERLIN FIRE TOWER LA 0.04
166968 4 30.29 -93.14 OLD TOWN BAY LA 0.98
167732 3 31.19 -92.29 RED RIVER LOCK #2 LA 0.05
167767 3 30.06 -90.58 RESERVE LA 0.35
167924 1 32.36 -93.64 ROBSON LA 0.03
167932 3 29.73 -92.82 ROCKEFELLER WL REFUGE LA 3.81
168046 4 30.95 -93.28 ROSEPINE RESEARCH STATION LA 0.32
168181 4 30.09 -91.87 ST MARTINVILLE 3 SW LA 2.41
168438 2 32.54 -93.74 SHREVEPORT DOWNTOWN AP LA 0.03
168440 2 32.45 -93.82 SHREVEPORT AP LA 0.59
168444 2 32.39 -93.78 SHREVEPORT SRTHN HILLS LA 0.17
168861 1 30.64 -89.92 SUN LA 0.46
169013 2 29.78 -90.78 THIBODAUX 3 ESE LA 2.57
169074 2 31.20 -93.57 TOLEDO BEND LAKE LA 0.28
169930 1 30.68 -91.12 ZACHARY LA 0.04
230143 2 39.89 -94.36 AMITY 4 NE MO 0.22
230164 1 36.65 -94.44 ANDERSON MO 0.75
230204 3 38.19 -94.03 APPLETON CITY MO 1.28
230224 2 37.60 -90.63 ARCADIA MO 0.38
230304 2 37.31 -93.59 ASH GROVE MO 4.60
230539 2 37.69 -90.78 BELLEVIEW 2 E MO 0.43
230747 2 39.02 -93.20 BLUE LICK MO 0.73
230789 2 37.62 -93.39 BOLIVAR 1 NE MO 5.21
230817 2 38.97 -92.74 BOONVILLE MO 0.33
230856 1 39.38 -91.26 BOWLING GREEN 4 NW MO 0.01
230980 1 39.76 -93.06 BROOKFIELD MO 0.44
231037 2 39.42 -93.13 BRUNSWICK MO 0.27
231087 3 37.67 -93.11 BUFFALO 2 N MO 6.27
231145 2 38.26 -94.40 BUTLER 4W MO 0.68
231189 2 38.63 -92.55 CALIFORNIA MO 0.26
231216 1 39.74 -94.25 CAMERON MO 0.14
231283 1 39.00 -90.69 CAP AU GRIS L & D 25 MO 0.01
231304 2 37.79 -93.81 CAPLINGER MILLS MO 0.37
231340 2 39.36 -93.49 CARROLLTON MO 0.67
231356 3 37.18 -94.30 CARTHAGE MO 2.71
231383 1 36.67 -93.86 CASSVILLE RANGER STN MO 0.37
231467 1 37.44 -90.96 CENTERVILLE MO 0.02
231580 2 39.78 -93.56 CHILLICOTHE MO 0.64
231600 1 39.53 -91.64 CLARENCE CANNON DAM MO 0.05
231640 1 39.37 -90.91 CLARKSVILLE L&D 24 MO 0.15
231674 2 37.13 -90.78 CLEARWATER DAM MO 0.27
231711 2 38.40 -93.77 CLINTON MO 0.52
231773 1 39.54 -93.52 COLOMA MO 1.57
231791 1 38.82 -92.22 COLUMBIA REGIONAL AP MO 0.05
231801 1 38.94 -92.32 COLUMBIA U OF M MO 0.40
232071 2 37.47 -93.68 DADEVILLE MO 11.16
232220 2 38.14 -90.51 DE SOTO MO 0.20
232240 2 36.99 -94.35 DIAMOND 2W MO 1.07
232302 2 36.78 -92.23 DORA MO 0.45
232482 1 40.17 -92.17 EDINA MO 0.06
232547 2 37.23 -90.97 ELLINGTON MO 0.85
232568 2 38.87 -94.04 ELM MO 0.23
232619 1 37.16 -91.36 EMINENCE 1 N MO 0.05
232809 2 37.79 -90.41 FARMINGTON MO 0.29
232850 1 38.23 -90.40 FESTUS MO 0.17
232941 1 37.79 -93.45 FLEMINGTON 3 E MO 1.18
233038 2 37.57 -90.31 FREDERICKTOWN MO 0.02
233043 2 38.46 -91.70 FREEDOM MO 1.46
233079 2 38.86 -91.93 FULTON MO 0.11
233102 2 39.91 -93.98 GALLATIN 1W MO 0.16
233162 1 36.87 -92.36 GENTRYVILLE MO 0.40
233262 1 37.30 -94.08 GOLDEN CITY 6 S MO 4.00
233568 2 39.74 -94.03 HAMILTON 2 W MO 0.05
233601 1 39.72 -91.37 HANNIBAL WATER WORKS MO 0.02
233661 1 37.25 -92.52 HARTVILLE MO 1.58
233838 2 39.07 -93.71 HIGGINSVILLE MO 0.98
234008 1 37.95 -94.36 HORTON 2 S MO 0.87
234019 1 37.34 -91.95 HOUSTON 1NE MO 1.86
234023 1 37.33 -92.01 HOUSTON 2 W MO 2.00
234136 2 38.09 -92.29 IBERIA MO 2.94
234154 1 39.06 -94.39 INDEPENDENCE MO 0.26
234226 1 37.38 -89.67 JACKSON MO 0.12
234271 1 38.58 -92.18 JEFFERSON CITY WTR PL MO 0.17
234290 1 37.58 -93.99 JERICO SPRINGS 3 S MO 1.60
234315 3 37.15 -94.50 JOPLIN REGIONAL AP MO 2.78
234359 2 39.12 -94.60 KS CITY DOWNTOWN AP MO 0.16
234382 2 39.37 -94.33 KEARNEY 4NE MO 0.03
234544 1 40.21 -92.57 KIRKSVILLE MO 0.03
234549 1 40.10 -92.55 KIRKSVILLE FAA ARPT MO 0.06
234694 1 38.20 -92.62 LAKESIDE MO 0.22
234850 2 38.88 -94.34 LEES SUMMIT REED WLR MO 0.08
234904 2 39.20 -93.86 LEXINGTON 3 NE MO 0.54
234919 2 37.55 -91.88 LICKING 4N MO 2.09
234978 1 39.88 -93.18 LINNEUS MO 0.36
234982 1 39.86 -93.15 LINNEUS 3 SE MO 0.32
235027 2 37.39 -93.95 LOCKWOOD MO 0.16
235050 1 39.75 -92.51 LONG BRANCH RESERVOIR MO 0.10
235098 1 39.45 -91.05 LOUISIANA MO 0.02
235227 2 37.11 -92.58 MANSFIELD MO 2.09
235298 2 39.13 -93.22 MARSHALL MO 0.30
235340 2 40.35 -94.83 MARYVILLE 2 E MO 0.15
235541 1 39.18 -91.89 MEXICO MO 0.11
235578 1 40.22 -93.11 MILAN MO 0.10
235594 1 37.21 -93.82 MILLER 1 E MO 10.48
235715 2 37.45 -91.68 MONTAUK STATE PARK MO 1.16
235784 1 37.46 -93.44 MORRISVILLE 2SW MO 2.00
235843 2 36.99 -91.79 MOUNTAIN VIEW 5W MO 1.00
235862 3 37.07 -93.88 MT VERNON UNIV MO - SW CENTER MO 3.03
235976 2 36.86 -94.36 NEOSHO MO 0.29
236012 2 39.02 -92.76 NEW FRANKLIN 1 W MO 0.31
236452 2 37.02 -93.23 OZARK MO 0.48
236468 2 38.45 -90.73 PACIFIC 3 S MO 0.11
236493 1 39.81 -91.53 PALMYRA MO 0.06
236641 1 37.73 -89.92 PERRYVILLE WATER PLANT MO 0.24
236739 2 39.55 -94.47 PLATTSBURG MO 0.09
236745 2 38.81 -94.26 PLEASANT HILL WFO MO 0.09
236749 2 37.49 -93.28 PLEASANT HOPE 2 N MO 8.20
236777 2 37.91 -93.32 POMME DE TERRE DAM MO 2.22
236826 2 37.89 -90.86 POTOSI 5 SW MO 0.49
236834 2 36.62 -94.18 POWELL MO 0.34
236846 1 39.54 -92.79 PRAIRIE HILL 2 WNW MO 0.10
237094 1 37.40 -91.08 REYNOLDS MO 0.66
237105 2 38.39 -91.82 RICH FOUNTAIN 3 E MO 2.27
237263 2 37.96 -91.78 ROLLA UNI OF MISSOURI MO 1.37
237309 1 37.26 -91.43 ROUND SPRING 2 SW MO 0.65
237435 2 39.77 -94.91 ST JOSEPH ROSECRANS AP MO 0.05
237506 1 37.63 -91.54 SALEM MO 0.59
237514 1 39.42 -92.81 SALISBURY MO 0.20
237578 1 39.64 -91.25 SAVERTON LOCK & DAM 22 MO 0.07
237632 3 38.68 -93.22 SEDALIA WATER PLANT MO 0.46
237645 1 36.54 -93.94 SELIGMAN MO 0.39
237720 1 39.70 -92.05 SHELBINA MO 0.10
237862 2 39.39 -94.56 SMITHVILLE LAKE MO 0.10
237963 2 40.25 -93.72 SPICKARD 7 W MO 0.11
237976 2 37.24 -93.39 SPRINGFIELD REG AP MO 3.70
238003 1 40.22 -94.54 STANBERRY MO 0.10
238051 1 39.97 -91.89 STEFFENVILLE MO 0.05
238082 1 37.70 -93.77 STOCKTON DAM MO 0.91
238171 2 38.21 -91.19 SULLIVAN MO 0.31
238188 1 39.64 -93.29 SUMNER 3 SW MO 0.48
238223 2 38.96 -93.42 SWEET SPRINGS MO 0.70
238313 1 36.59 -92.26 TECUMSEH MO 0.18
238444 2 40.08 -93.61 TRENTON MO 0.10
238456 1 38.95 -91.00 TROY MO 0.07
238515 1 38.44 -91.00 UNION MO 0.03
238523 1 40.48 -93.00 UNIONVILLE MO 0.15
238542 1 38.43 -94.03 URICH 2 SW MO 0.87
238555 1 38.86 -93.61 VALLEY CITY MO 0.34
238561 1 38.56 -90.49 VALLEY PARK MO 0.02
238577 1 39.32 -91.48 VANDALIA MO 0.02
238614 1 38.13 -91.77 VICHY ROLLA NATL AP MO 1.99
238620 2 38.20 -91.98 VIENNA 2 WNW MO 1.93
238664 3 37.29 -94.60 WACO 4 N MO 1.24
238700 2 36.92 -90.28 WAPPAPELLO DAM MO 0.03
238712 2 38.78 -93.80 WARRENSBURG 4 NW MO 0.30
238746 1 38.54 -90.97 WASHINGTON MO 0.11
238754 2 36.79 -92.57 WASOLA MO 0.85
238984 1 36.97 -90.56 WILLIAMSVILLE MO 0.11
250435 2 40.37 -95.75 AUBURN 5 ESE NE 0.11
252850 2 40.08 -95.59 FALLS CITY 2 NE NE 0.02
257545 2 40.02 -95.79 SALEM 5SW NE 0.13
292865 1 32.94 -105.33 ELK NM 0.40
297008 1 34.17 -103.35 PORTALES NM 0.11
298713 1 33.24 -103.36 TATUM NM 0.85
340184 4 34.88 -99.30 ALTUS DAM OK 2.34
340256 2 34.22 -95.61 ANTLERS OK 0.13
340391 1 34.40 -96.14 ATOKA OK 0.08
340548 2 36.77 -96.03 BARTLESVILLE MUNI AP OK 0.51
340567 3 34.39 -94.90 BATTIEST OK 0.34
340755 3 36.53 -97.45 BILLINGS OK 0.28
340818 2 36.81 -97.28 BLACKWELL OK 1.15
340830 4 35.12 -97.67 BLANCHARD 2 SSW OK 6.45
341075 1 36.93 -97.33 BRAMAN OK 0.26
341144 1 35.83 -96.39 BRISTOW OK 1.60
341162 3 34.05 -94.74 BROKEN BOW 1 N OK 1.22
341243 2 36.80 -99.64 BUFFALO 2 SSW OK 0.15
341256 2 36.69 -96.73 BURBANK OK 0.70
341648 4 34.60 -96.31 CENTRAHOMA 2 ESE OK 0.85
341684 2 35.71 -96.88 CHANDLER OK 6.94
341706 2 34.45 -98.62 CHATTANOOGA 3 NE OK 0.11
341724 3 36.77 -98.36 CHEROKEE OK 0.03
341750 4 35.05 -97.92 CHICKASHA EXP STN OK 6.18
341828 1 36.32 -95.58 CLAREMORE 2 ENE OK 0.37
341858 2 34.66 -95.58 CLAYTON 14 WNW OK 0.21
342039 4 35.35 -98.68 COLONY OK 6.18
342125 4 35.28 -98.98 CORDELL OK 3.95
342196 1 34.74 -97.70 COX CITY 2 NE OK 7.45
342242 2 35.95 -97.59 CRESCENT OK 4.12
342354 2 34.54 -95.68 DAISY 4 ENE OK 0.32
342485 1 35.46 -95.91 DEWAR 2 NE OK 3.50
342788 2 35.66 -97.47 EDMOND OK 5.79
342849 4 35.39 -99.51 ELK CITY 4 W OK 1.83
342872 1 34.65 -97.45 ELMORE CITY 4 NW OK 0.98
342912 3 36.42 -97.87 ENID OK 0.26
342944 4 35.22 -99.86 ERICK OK 2.05
343065 2 34.95 -94.90 FANSHAWE OK 0.11
343407 3 36.30 -99.77 GAGE AIRPORT OK 0.71
343688 4 34.02 -97.63 GRADY 2 E OK 0.95
343740 2 36.74 -98.13 GREAT SALT PLAINS DAM OK 0.75
343821 3 35.82 -97.39 GUTHRIE 5 S OK 4.04
343998 4 34.63 -99.14 HEADRICK OK 2.94
344001 3 34.22 -97.48 HEALDTON OK 0.67
344019 3 36.54 -98.27 HELENA 1 SSE OK 0.04
344055 2 36.09 -97.83 HENNESSEY 4 ESE OK 0.77
344204 3 34.99 -99.05 HOBART MUNICIPAL AP OK 3.73
344249 4 34.68 -99.81 HOLLIS 5 E OK 2.28
344289 1 36.41 -96.39 HOMINY OK 0.60
344451 1 33.88 -94.82 IDABEL OK 1.19
344489 2 36.11 -96.88 INGALLS OK 1.82
344573 3 36.72 -97.79 JEFFERSON OK 0.16
344672 2 36.21 -94.77 KANSAS 2 NE OK 0.68
344978 2 35.49 -97.66 LAKE OVERHOLSER OK 0.01
345013 1 36.69 -97.56 LAMONT OK 0.84
345045 3 36.70 -99.90 LAVERNE OK 0.07
345063 3 34.61 -98.46 LAWTON OK 0.02
345066 4 34.56 -98.42 LAWTON-FORT SILL REGIONAL AP OK 4.42
345090 2 35.87 -99.35 LEEDEY OK 0.66
345108 2 34.43 -96.27 LEHIGH 4 SW OK 0.15
345118 2 36.85 -95.64 LENAPAH OK 1.01
345216 1 34.83 -97.64 LINDSAY 2 W OK 5.12
345247 1 34.33 -97.68 LOCO OK 0.40
345329 1 35.37 -98.38 LOOKEBA 1 N OK 8.50
345468 3 34.09 -96.77 MADILL OK 0.20
345522 2 36.17 -96.44 MANNFORD 6 NW OK 1.15
345563 2 33.88 -97.16 MARIETTA 5SW OK 0.15
345581 3 34.65 -97.98 MARLOW 1 WSW OK 6.59
345589 2 36.15 -97.62 MARSHALL OK 0.59
345664 4 34.88 -95.78 MCALESTER RGNL AP OK 2.24
345713 3 34.31 -95.87 MCGEE CREEK DAM OK 0.45
345779 4 35.51 -96.98 MEEKER 5 W OK 6.02
345855 3 36.88 -94.88 MIAMI OK 0.80
346035 2 35.15 -99.50 MORAVIA 2 NNE OK 1.53
346110 1 36.05 -97.39 MULHALL 1 SE OK 1.02
346130 1 35.78 -95.33 MUSKOGEE OK 2.20
346139 3 36.23 -99.17 MUTUAL OK 0.18
346278 1 36.89 -97.06 NEWKIRK 1 NW OK 0.20
346386 4 35.24 -97.46 NORMAN OK 7.77
346485 1 36.69 -95.64 NOWATA OK 0.45
346638 2 35.43 -96.30 OKEMAH OK 6.95
346659 2 35.41 -97.60 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 4.52
346661 3 35.39 -97.60 OK CITY WILL ROGERS AP OK 5.39
346678 2 35.61 -95.46 OKTAHA 2 NE OK 5.14
346751 2 36.35 -98.48 ORIENTA 1 SSW OK 0.08
346940 2 36.36 -96.81 PAWNEE OK 0.87
347003 1 35.97 -97.03 PERKINS OK 2.78
347012 1 36.29 -97.29 PERRY OK 0.90
347068 2 35.69 -97.74 PIEDMONT 3 N OK 6.56
347201 3 36.74 -97.10 PONCA CITY MUNI AP OK 0.21
347264 4 35.49 -96.72 PRAGUE 2W OK 5.58
347390 2 36.50 -96.74 RALSTON OK 0.76
347403 1 34.17 -98.32 RANDLETT 8 E OK 3.15
347505 3 36.46 -97.18 REDROCK OK 0.51
347565 2 35.16 -99.37 RETROP OK 2.60
347727 2 34.85 -99.02 ROOSEVELT OK 4.08
347952 2 35.31 -99.63 SAYRE OK 2.61
348016 2 34.97 -98.76 SEDAN OK 8.84
348042 3 35.23 -96.67 SEMINOLE OK 4.70
348110 4 35.34 -96.89 SHAWNEE OK 7.11
348299 2 34.69 -98.95 SNYDER 1 N OK 4.30
348380 3 36.39 -95.06 SPAVINAW OK 0.26
348479 1 35.32 -97.21 STELLA OK 4.50
348501 1 36.12 -97.10 STILLWATER 2 W OK 0.81
348652 1 35.42 -99.91 SWEETWATER OK 1.15
348677 1 35.94 -94.96 TAHLEQUAH OK 1.08
348708 4 36.04 -98.96 TALOGA OK 0.28
348751 1 35.20 -96.94 TECUMSEH 4 S OK 5.52
348992 2 36.20 -95.89 TULSA INTL AIRPORT OK 0.20
349023 3 34.61 -95.28 TUSKAHOMA OK 0.10
349086 2 35.37 -97.89 UNION CITY 3 SE OK 5.68
349172 2 36.15 -99.30 VICI OK 0.36
349203 1 36.55 -95.13 VINITA 2 N OK 0.39
349212 2 34.91 -99.92 VINSON 3 WNW OK 1.97
349278 4 34.36 -98.30 WALTERS OK 8.50
349298 1 36.92 -95.80 WANN OK 0.51
349364 3 35.86 -98.41 WATONGA OK 9.11
349395 1 34.17 -98.00 WAURIKA OK 0.78
349404 3 36.58 -98.88 WAYNOKA OK 0.05
349422 4 35.52 -98.70 WEATHERFORD OK 6.49
349575 2 35.10 -96.50 WEWOKA 5 S OK 1.72
349668 2 35.05 -99.51 WILLOW OK 1.82
410012 3 33.84 -101.86 ABERNATHY TX 0.63
410013 4 32.34 -99.77 ABILENE 2 TX 5.32
410016 4 32.41 -99.68 ABILENE REGIONAL AP TX 5.56
410040 1 30.35 -101.25 ACTON RANCH TX 2.73
410120 4 32.72 -99.30 ALBANY TX 0.70
410144 3 27.73 -98.07 ALICE TX 0.21
410145 3 27.73 -98.03 ALICE CAA AIRPORT TX 0.10
410174 1 30.37 -103.66 ALPINE TX 0.01
410190 4 31.61 -95.13 ALTO 5 SW TX 0.53
410202 4 32.44 -97.22 ALVARADO 2 NNW TX 0.04
410204 3 29.37 -95.23 ALVIN TX 3.72
410206 3 33.39 -97.72 ALVORD 3 N TX 0.68
410225 1 29.46 -101.03 AMISTAD DAM TX 0.02
410235 4 29.77 -94.66 ANAHUAC TX 2.22
410248 2 32.35 -102.55 ANDREWS TX 0.15
410257 2 29.16 -95.46 ANGLETON 2 W TX 0.65
410268 4 32.77 -99.89 ANSON TX 3.38
410305 2 28.31 -96.80 ARANSAS WILDLIFE REFUGE TX 2.91
410313 2 33.59 -98.64 ARCHER CITY TX 0.47
410394 2 33.15 -100.23 ASPERMONT TX 7.00
410428 5 30.32 -97.76 AUSTIN CAMP MABRY TX 1.02
410429 5 30.18 -97.68 AUSTIN-BERGSTROM INTL TX 1.39
410431 4 30.17 -97.70 AUSTIN 8SSE TX 1.79
410443 2 33.62 -94.81 AVERY 5 NNW TX 0.35
410482 2 30.89 -102.30 BAKERSFIELD TX 0.12
410493 4 31.74 -99.98 BALLINGER 2 NW TX 3.21
410586 3 29.79 -95.04 BAYTOWN TX 4.36
410611 4 30.10 -94.10 BEAUMONT CITY TX 0.71
410613 1 30.07 -94.29 BEAUMONT RESEARCH CTR TX 0.29
410639 1 28.46 -97.71 BEEVILLE 5 NE TX 0.13
410655 4 30.03 -96.22 BELLVILLE 6 NNE TX 2.50
410738 2 30.76 -98.02 BERTRAM 3 ENE TX 0.50
410779 2 31.20 -101.46 BIG LAKE 2 TX 2.48
410786 4 32.24 -101.45 BIG SPRING TX 5.13
410805 4 27.58 -97.80 BISHOP TX 0.50
410902 2 29.80 -98.73 BOERNE TX 7.33
410926 4 33.85 -97.65 BONITA 4NW TX 0.36
410984 2 33.55 -97.85 BOWIE TX 0.31
411013 2 29.61 -100.47 BRACKETTVILLE 22 N TX 0.40
411017 4 31.12 -99.33 BRADY TX 3.46
411045 1 31.16 -96.68 BREMOND TX 0.09
411048 3 30.16 -96.40 BRENHAM TX 0.96
411089 3 31.34 -94.23 BROADDUS 1 NE TX 0.23
411128 3 33.18 -102.26 BROWNFIELD 2 TX 1.22
411136 4 25.91 -97.42 BROWNSVILLE INTL AP TX 0.10
411138 4 31.74 -98.95 BROWNWOOD 2ENE TX 0.69
411215 2 29.73 -98.43 BULVERDE 1E TX 4.23
411230 2 34.10 -98.57 BURKBURNETT TX 1.67
411236 2 34.11 -98.53 BURKBURNETT 2 NE TX 1.03
411250 2 30.74 -98.23 BURNET TX 0.42
411337 3 28.50 -98.40 CALLIHAM TX 0.23
411348 4 30.85 -96.97 CAMERON TX 0.19
411429 3 29.87 -98.20 CANYON DAM TX 2.37
411486 3 28.49 -99.87 CARRIZO SPRINGS 3W TX 0.06
411541 1 30.03 -97.46 CEDAR CREEK 4 SE TX 1.35
411578 2 31.81 -94.16 CENTER TX 0.02
411625 1 32.15 -97.93 CHALK MOUNTAIN TX 0.10
411659 2 34.10 -98.32 CHARLIE TX 1.42
411663 3 28.93 -98.75 CHARLOTTE 5 NNW TX 2.10
411694 4 34.43 -100.22 CHILDRESS 2 TX 3.39
411698 3 34.43 -100.28 CHILDRESS MUNICIPAL AP TX 2.37
411711 2 31.50 -94.35 CHIRENO TX 1.27
411720 4 28.47 -98.25 CHOKE CANYON DAM TX 0.78
411761 2 34.93 -100.89 CLARENDON TX 0.38
411800 3 32.31 -97.41 CLEBURNE TX 0.64
411810 2 30.36 -95.08 CLEVELAND TX 0.45
411880 4 28.72 -97.17 COLETO CREEK RESERVOIR TX 2.04
411889 4 30.59 -96.36 COLLEGE STA EASTERWOOD AP TX 0.30
411903 2 32.40 -100.86 COLORADO CITY TX 0.16
411911 3 29.71 -96.54 COLUMBUS TX 4.05
411920 1 29.96 -98.89 COMFORT 2 TX 7.38
411934 3 31.55 -99.71 CONCHO PK IVIE RSRVR TX 0.63
411956 4 30.33 -95.48 CONROE TX 3.75
411974 3 31.53 -101.28 COPE RANCH TX 4.07
412011 4 27.78 -97.51 CORPUS CHRISTI NWS TX 0.24
412015 4 27.77 -97.51 CORPUS CHRISTI AP TX 0.27
412086 3 31.77 -97.83 CRANFILLS GAP TX 0.35
412088 2 31.53 -97.45 CRAWFORD TX 0.15
412096 4 32.53 -97.62 CRESSON TX 0.34
412114 4 31.31 -95.45 CROCKETT TX 2.02
412121 3 33.65 -101.24 CROSBYTON TX 2.53
412125 3 28.60 -98.55 CROSS TX 0.04
412242 5 32.90 -97.02 DAL-FTW INTL AP TX 0.29
412244 5 32.85 -96.86 DALLAS LOVE FIELD TX 0.67
412266 3 29.06 -96.23 DANEVANG 1 W TX 2.52
412334 2 33.27 -97.58 DECATUR TX 0.29
412360 3 29.38 -100.93 DEL RIO AP TX 0.03
412394 2 33.82 -96.57 DENISON DAM TX 0.10
412444 4 31.91 -95.26 DIALVILLE 2 W TX 1.00
412462 1 30.36 -96.85 DIME BOX TX 0.84
412598 4 32.10 -98.33 DUBLIN TX 0.46
412621 1 33.81 -100.52 DUMONT TX 3.65
412741 4 31.22 -99.85 EDEN TX 2.60
412770 3 29.06 -96.77 EDNA 7 NW TX 1.92
412786 2 29.20 -96.27 EL CAMPO TX 0.14
412815 2 31.04 -100.59 ELDORADO 12 N TX 2.40
412816 4 30.82 -100.75 ELDORADO 10W TX 7.04
412902 2 32.86 -95.77 EMORY TX 0.27
413047 1 31.73 -96.21 FAIRFIELD 3 W TX 0.23
413156 1 29.98 -98.26 FISCHERS STORE TX 2.70
413183 4 29.68 -97.11 FLATONIA TX 2.36
413214 2 33.99 -101.34 FLOYDADA TX 0.57
413215 1 33.88 -101.25 FLOYDADA 9 SE TX 2.05
413225 1 36.43 -100.14 FOLLETT TX 0.01
413247 4 33.47 -97.58 FORESTBURG 5 S TX 0.52
413257 4 30.83 -100.11 FT MCKAVETT TX 4.24
413284 5 32.82 -97.36 FORT WORTH MEACHAM FIELD TX 0.23
413289 5 32.85 -97.48 FORT WORTH NATURE CTR TX 0.27
413299 3 28.47 -98.82 FOWLERTON TX 0.18
413329 4 30.24 -98.91 FREDERICKSBURG TX 7.94
413340 4 28.98 -95.38 FREEPORT 2 NW TX 1.60
413370 2 33.15 -96.81 FRISCO TX 0.41
413430 4 29.33 -94.77 GALVESTON TX 0.79
413431 3 29.27 -94.87 GALVESTON WB AIRPORT TX 2.72
413507 5 30.68 -97.72 GEORGETOWN LAKE TX 0.64
413508 1 28.31 -98.12 GEORGE WEST 2 SSW TX 0.71
413579 2 31.88 -99.63 GLEN COVE 2 NE TX 1.26
413605 1 30.35 -98.69 GOLD TX 3.37
413618 3 28.66 -97.38 GOLIAD TX 2.25
413624 2 29.44 -97.52 GONZALES 10 SW TX 1.43
413639 2 32.54 -98.38 GORDON 1 SW TX 3.63
413668 1 33.10 -98.58 GRAHAM TX 0.04
413685 2 30.72 -97.45 GRANGER TX 0.54
413686 5 30.70 -97.35 GRANGER DAM TX 0.39
413691 3 32.95 -97.06 GRAPEVINE DAM TX 0.80
413734 3 33.17 -96.10 GREENVILLE KGVL RADIO TX 1.02
413828 3 33.62 -100.32 GUTHRIE TX 2.30
413877 3 32.51 -94.59 HALLSVILLE 1 W TX 0.01
413943 2 26.20 -97.67 HARLINGEN TX 0.05
413972 2 34.37 -102.09 HART TX 0.01
413992 2 33.16 -99.75 HASKELL TX 2.20
414077 3 31.41 -93.79 HEMPHILL 6 NE TX 0.69
414081 3 32.18 -94.80 HENDERSON TX 0.15
414098 1 34.82 -102.40 HEREFORD TX 0.17
414137 4 31.99 -98.03 HICO TX 0.62
414182 1 32.02 -97.11 HILLSBORO TX 0.16
414254 3 29.34 -99.14 HONDO TX 6.68
414256 2 29.36 -99.17 HONDO MUNI ARPT TX 5.02
414257 1 33.58 -95.90 HONEY GROVE TX 0.73
414300 4 29.98 -95.36 HOUSTON BUSH INTL AP TX 5.51
414307 3 29.64 -95.28 HOUSTON HOBBY AP TX 0.70
414321 4 29.79 -95.43 HOUSTON HEIGHTS TX 6.54
414325 3 29.66 -95.47 HOUSTON-WESTBURY TX 3.44
414326 2 29.73 -95.27 HOUSTON-PORT TX 2.73
414343 2 32.33 -98.30 HUCKABAY TX 2.49
414382 3 30.71 -95.54 HUNTSVILLE TX 0.85
414458 1 30.08 -99.24 INGRAM NO 2 TX 4.75
414517 3 33.24 -98.15 JACKSBORO TX 0.26
414525 2 31.96 -95.27 JACKSONVILLE TX 0.24
414531 3 29.20 -94.99 JAMAICA BEACH TX 1.97
414556 2 30.83 -97.61 JARRELL TX 0.46
414563 1 30.92 -94.01 JASPER TX 0.05
414570 3 33.25 -100.57 JAYTON TX 3.45
414577 1 32.77 -94.33 JEFFERSON TX 0.23
414597 4 32.63 -96.97 JOE POOL LAKE TX 1.36
414605 2 30.28 -98.42 JOHNSON CITY TX 3.93
414647 1 28.91 -98.54 JOURDANTON TX 0.39
414671 4 30.50 -99.77 JUNCTION FAA AIRPORT TX 2.99
414679 1 33.08 -97.30 JUSTIN TX 0.86
414704 3 29.80 -95.82 KATY CITY TX 3.38
414708 3 32.61 -96.14 KAUFMAN 13ENE TX 0.23
414757 1 29.97 -98.51 KENDALIA TX 5.11
414782 2 30.07 -99.11 KERRVILLE 3 NNE TX 5.88
414810 4 27.52 -97.86 KINGSVILLE TX 0.33
414866 1 32.13 -97.48 KOPPERL 5 NNE TX 0.09
414903 4 29.92 -96.88 LA GRANGE TX 1.52
414967 3 33.06 -101.05 LAKE ALAN HENRY TX 3.15
414972 2 33.23 -97.83 LAKE BRIDGEPORT DAM TX 0.19
415013 3 32.72 -101.95 LAMESA 1 SSE TX 0.55
415018 2 31.07 -98.18 LAMPASAS TX 0.04
415094 5 33.04 -96.49 LAVON DAM TX 0.13
415120 3 32.08 -101.48 LEES TX 3.06
415158 3 32.31 -101.88 LENORAH TX 0.97
415183 3 33.59 -102.38 LEVELLAND TX 0.04
415192 5 33.07 -97.01 LEWISVILLE DAM TX 0.19
415196 4 30.06 -94.79 LIBERTY TX 0.54
415229 3 33.02 -94.37 LINDEN TX 0.37
415243 2 32.51 -98.04 LIPAN TX 0.93
415271 1 30.74 -94.93 LIVINGSTON 2 NNE TX 0.77
415276 2 30.50 -98.75 LLANO 18S TX 2.61
415312 2 30.71 -99.57 LONDON 3N TX 3.15
415341 2 32.46 -94.73 LONGVIEW TX 0.01
415342 4 32.38 -94.71 LONGVIEW E TX RGNL AP TX 0.01
415411 3 33.67 -101.82 LUBBOCK INTL AP TX 0.14
415415 3 31.43 -94.89 LUFKIN 11 NW TX 0.01
415424 4 31.24 -94.75 LUFKIN ANGELINA CO AP TX 0.66
415427 2 31.38 -94.72 LUFKIN 2 TX 0.28
415430 3 29.84 -97.57 LULING 12 NE TX 1.90
415435 4 30.25 -94.18 LUMBERTON TX 0.62
415477 2 30.94 -95.92 MADISONVILLE TX 0.19
415611 4 31.33 -96.86 MARLIN 3 NE TX 0.02
415618 2 32.54 -94.35 MARSHALL TX 0.13
415650 4 30.74 -99.24 MASON TX 4.16
415658 3 34.02 -100.82 MATADOR TX 1.80
415659 3 28.68 -95.97 MATAGORDA 2 TX 4.14
415661 4 28.04 -97.87 MATHIS 4 SSW TX 0.14
415702 4 26.18 -98.25 MCALLEN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT TX 0.03
415707 1 31.13 -102.22 MCCAMEY TX 0.05
415742 2 29.81 -99.25 MEDINA 1NE TX 5.11
415821 4 34.73 -100.54 MEMPHIS TX 0.58
415822 3 30.91 -99.80 MENARD TX 0.30
415836 3 26.06 -97.90 MERCEDES 6 SSE TX 0.30
415852 4 32.32 -100.12 MERKEL 12 SW TX 8.20
415890 4 31.94 -102.19 MIDLAND INTL AP TX 0.43
415892 3 31.95 -102.12 MIDLAND 4SW TX 0.85
415897 2 32.48 -96.99 MIDLOTHIAN 2 TX 0.65
415954 4 32.68 -95.48 MINEOLA TX 0.65
415958 4 32.78 -98.06 MINERAL WELLS AP TX 0.53
415999 1 31.54 -102.91 MONAHANS TX 0.17
416060 2 32.38 -98.17 MORGAN MILL TX 1.38
416074 1 33.72 -102.76 MORTON TX 0.43
416135 1 34.22 -102.73 MULESHOE NO 1 TX 0.05
416137 1 33.95 -102.78 MULESHOE NTL WLR TX 0.08
416210 4 31.95 -96.70 NAVARRO MILLS DAM TX 1.60
416275 3 29.71 -98.05 NEW BRAUNFELS AIRPORT TX 1.55
416276 3 29.72 -98.12 NEW BRAUNFELS TX 3.47
416280 4 30.14 -95.18 NEW CANEY 2 E TX 1.35
416335 3 32.97 -95.30 NEW SUMMERFIELD 2W TX 0.28
416368 3 29.27 -97.76 NIXON TX 2.59
416433 1 34.26 -100.60 NORTHFIELD TX 0.28
416502 2 31.88 -102.36 ODESSA TX 0.27
416506 2 31.84 -102.36 ODESSA 1SE TX 0.18
416636 2 33.37 -98.77 OLNEY TX 0.05
416680 4 30.23 -93.74 ORANGE 9 N TX 3.29
416733 2 30.43 -101.04 OZONA 22SE TX 9.06
416734 4 30.69 -101.21 OZONA 1 SSW TX 2.05
416739 3 27.45 -97.30 PADRE ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE TX 2.06
416740 4 34.01 -100.30 PADUCAH TX 3.62
416742 3 33.82 -100.31 PADUCAH 15 S TX 3.91
416745 1 33.88 -100.38 PADUCAH 10S TX 2.93
416747 4 31.52 -99.93 PAINT ROCK TX 2.39
416750 3 28.72 -96.25 PALACIOS MUNICIPAL AP TX 4.15
416757 3 31.78 -95.60 PALESTINE 2 NE TX 0.80
416776 2 35.55 -100.97 PAMPA 2 TX 0.20
416780 1 30.17 -101.56 PANDALE 1 N TX 9.94
416932 2 31.74 -102.59 PENWELL TX 0.02
417060 1 33.60 -100.53 PITCHFORK RANCH TX 3.13
417079 2 34.19 -101.70 PLAINVIEW TX 0.11
417081 2 34.20 -101.75 PLAINVIEW WATER PRODUCTION TX 0.26
417111 4 28.96 -98.48 PLEASANTON TX 2.00
417140 2 28.66 -96.56 POINT COMFORT TX 0.01
417170 3 27.84 -97.05 PORT ARANSAS TX 2.01
417172 3 29.90 -93.97 PORT ARTHUR CITY TX 1.58
417174 4 29.95 -94.02 PORT ARTHUR AP TX 2.54
417179 4 26.09 -97.31 PORT ISABEL TX 0.96
417183 3 28.67 -96.71 PORT LAVACA 6 NW TX 3.25
417184 3 26.56 -97.43 PORT MANSFIELD TX 0.07
417206 3 33.19 -101.38 POST TX 4.00
417300 4 31.96 -98.49 PROCTOR RESERVOIR TX 1.60
417327 3 32.37 -99.19 PUTNAM TX 0.25
417336 4 34.28 -99.76 QUANAH 2 SW TX 4.00
417388 3 32.26 -97.71 RAINBOW TX 0.04
417480 2 31.22 -98.58 RED BLUFF CROSSING TX 0.57
417530 1 28.29 -97.33 REFUGIO 3 SW TX 0.40
417533 4 28.33 -97.29 REFUGIO 2 NW TX 1.09
417550 5 32.81 -97.58 REMUDA TX 0.85
417594 2 29.58 -95.76 RICHMOND TX 1.80
417659 3 33.00 -97.13 ROANOKE TX 2.15
417669 3 31.90 -100.50 ROBERT LEE TX 6.35
417677 4 27.79 -97.66 ROBSTOWN TX 0.21
417685 4 30.65 -97.03 ROCKDALE TX 0.62
417704 2 28.03 -97.06 ROCKPORT TX 1.45
417706 4 30.00 -100.21 ROCKSPRINGS 1S TX 1.41
417744 1 31.08 -96.97 ROSEBUD TX 0.17
417782 3 32.86 -100.46 ROTAN TX 5.14
417836 3 28.89 -97.70 RUNGE TX 1.75
417936 4 31.06 -94.10 SAM RAYBURN DAM TX 1.20
417943 4 31.35 -100.49 SAN ANGELO MATHIS AP TX 5.96
417944 4 31.37 -100.49 SAN ANGELO WFO TX 5.62
417945 3 29.53 -98.47 SAN ANTONIO INTL AP TX 5.79
417947 2 29.53 -98.45 SAN ANTONIO 8NNE TX 5.87
417951 2 31.51 -94.11 SAN AUGUSTINE TX 0.22
417994 4 31.28 -98.76 SAN SABA 7 NW TX 1.18
418059 1 26.27 -97.87 SANTA ROSA 3 WNW TX 0.46
418081 4 27.22 -97.70 SARITA 7 E TX 0.21
418126 2 29.68 -96.86 SCHULENBURG TX 2.13
418139 2 33.66 -98.47 SCOTLAND TX 0.04
418169 1 29.45 -98.70 SAN ANTONIO/SEAWORLD TX 0.35
418187 4 29.55 -97.97 SEGUIN 1 SSW TX 2.72
418201 3 32.71 -102.66 SEMINOLE TX 0.06
418236 4 35.22 -100.25 SHAMROCK 2 TX 2.18
418311 1 30.37 -94.20 SILSBEE 4 N TX 0.40
418323 3 34.47 -101.31 SILVERTON TX 0.69
418326 1 31.97 -99.56 SILVER VALLEY TX 1.27
418354 4 28.07 -97.58 SINTON 3 NW TX 0.18
418358 1 29.98 -98.73 SISTERDALE TX 10.70
418373 2 33.37 -101.60 SLATON 5 SE TX 1.31
418433 3 32.71 -100.91 SNYDER TX 4.39
418446 4 30.34 -96.54 SOMERVILLE DAM TX 0.97
418487 4 26.08 -97.17 SOUTH PADRE ISLAND TX 0.45
418519 3 29.27 -96.69 SPEAKS 2 TX 3.70
418566 3 33.48 -100.88 SPUR TX 4.07
418623 2 32.24 -98.20 STEPHENVILLE 1 N TX 1.96
418646 3 31.04 -97.53 STILLHOUSE HOLLOW DAM TX 0.09
418653 2 29.34 -98.47 SAN ANTONIO STINSON AP TX 9.62
418728 2 29.62 -95.64 SUGAR LAND TX 2.37
418818 3 33.17 -101.80 TAHOKA TX 0.91
418845 1 29.67 -99.29 TARPLEY TX 4.85
418862 5 30.58 -97.42 TAYLOR 1NW TX 0.47
418863 2 30.96 -98.94 TAYLOR RANCH TX 3.91
418929 4 32.77 -96.28 TERRELL TX 0.30
419001 1 30.62 -97.20 THORNDALE TX 0.61
419004 3 31.39 -96.57 THORNTON 1 SSE TX 0.04
419007 1 28.58 -98.14 THREE RIVERS 8 NE TX 2.50
419016 4 33.29 -99.10 THROCKMORTON 7 NE TX 0.24
419031 2 28.41 -98.53 TILDEN 4 SSE TX 0.35
419076 3 30.10 -95.61 TOMBALL TX 2.18
419099 3 30.88 -98.47 TOW TX 0.52
419101 4 30.80 -94.18 TOWN BLUFF DAM TX 1.21
419153 2 31.21 -97.30 TROY TX 0.13
419175 2 34.53 -101.76 TULIA TX 0.12
419191 3 34.40 -100.90 TURKEY TX 0.75
419207 2 32.31 -95.30 TYLER TX 0.24
419213 4 32.35 -95.40 TYLER POUNDS FIELD TX 0.17
419312 1 29.81 -99.57 VANDERPOOL 10 N TX 3.15
419346 2 34.16 -99.33 VERNON TX 0.09
419361 3 28.86 -97.02 VICTORIA FIRE DEPT #5 TX 1.23
419364 4 28.86 -96.93 VICTORIA ASOS TX 2.54
419367 3 28.84 -96.92 VICTORIA REGIONAL AP TX 0.80
419380 2 34.65 -101.50 VIGO PARK TX 0.14
419417 4 31.60 -97.22 WACO DAM TX 0.14
419419 4 31.62 -97.23 WACO REGIONAL AP TX 0.26
419491 3 30.32 -96.16 WASHINGTON STATE PARK TX 1.05
419499 4 31.67 -100.73 WATER VALLEY TX 3.68
419504 3 30.93 -98.02 WATSON TX 0.30
419532 4 32.75 -97.77 WEATHERFORD TX 0.35
419565 1 34.84 -100.21 WELLINGTON TX 1.35
419655 3 29.32 -96.08 WHARTON TX 3.51
419711 3 33.46 -101.09 WHITE RIVER RESERVOIR TX 2.98
419715 4 31.86 -97.38 WHITNEY DAM TX 0.15
419717 1 28.66 -98.26 WHITSETT TX 1.85
419727 2 33.91 -98.53 WICHITA FALLS 10TH ST TX 0.01
419729 4 33.98 -98.49 WICHITA FALLS MUNI AP TX 1.50
419754 4 30.52 -94.44 WILDWOOD TX 0.86
419800 1 32.70 -96.02 WILLS POINT TX 0.55
419815 2 30.00 -98.07 WIMBERLEY 1 NW TX 1.79
419830 2 31.78 -103.20 WINK FAA AIRPORT TX 0.03
419859 1 33.36 -96.07 WOLFE CITY TX 0.47
419893 3 33.02 -99.05 WOODSON TX 0.39
419952 4 29.27 -97.12 YOAKUM TX 2.85
419953 3 28.98 -97.52 YORKTOWN TX 1.15
| en |
markdown | 551483 | # Presentation: 551483
## Crash Profile Summary Report for all 50 states and the District of Columbia
- May 2003
## ALABAMA
## ALASKA
## ARIZONA
## ARKANSAS
## CALIFORNIA
## COLORADO
## CONNECTICUT
## DELAWARE
## DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
## FLORIDA
## GEORGIA
## HAWAII
## IDAHO
## ILLINOIS
## INDIANA
## IOWA
## KANSAS
## KENTUCKY
## LOUISIANA
## MAINE
## MARYLAND
## MASSACHUSETTS
## MICHIGAN
## MINNESOTA
## MISSISSIPPI
## MISSOURI
## MONTANA
## NEBRASKA
## NEVADA
## NEW HAMPSHIRE
## NEW JERSEY
## NEW MEXICO
## NEW YORK
## NORTH CAROLINA
## NORTH DAKOTA
## OHIO
## OKLAHOMA
## OREGON
## PENNSYLVANIA
## RHODE ISLAND
## SOUTH CAROLINA
## SOUTH DAKOTA
## TENNESSEE
## TEXAS
## UTAH
## VERMONT
## VIRGINIA
## WASHINGTON
## WEST VIRGINIA
## WISCONSIN
## WYOMING
| en |
converted_docs | 749201 | MonProc USOpr.doc 15 Mar 05
RVSM Monitoring Procedures for U.S. Operators
**[\*Document Updates.]{.underline}** This document was updated on
March10, 2005. Paragraphs containing clarifications or updates are
marked in the left margin.
**[\*Basic Guidance on RVSM Monitoring.]{.underline}** **(See page 2-3
for additional guidance).**
***\*1. Monitoring requirements do [NOT]{.underline} have to be
completed prior to the operator receiving RVSM authority (Letter of
Authorization (LOA) or Operations Specifications).***
***\*2. Operators have up to [six months after]{.underline} they receive
RVSM authority [or]{.underline} until six months after the start of RVSM
operations in an airspace, [whichever occurs later,]{.underline} to
complete RVSM monitoring requirements.***
***\*3. With only limited exceptions, operators must have FAA
authorization to cruise in RVSM airspace. This provision applies to
flights conducted for monitoring. FAA Notice GEN04009, paragraph j
discusses the exceptions for Non-RVSM aircraft. See page 2-3 for
additional detail.***
***\*4. The provision for ATC to accommodate operators/aircraft that do
not have RVSM authority in RVSM airspace for \"aircraft certification
and development\" purposes [is NOT intended to apply to flights
conducted for the specific purpose of accomplishing RVSM
monitoring.]{.underline}*** Guidance for monitoring conducted by
Aircraft Service Centers and Airplane Manufacturers is posted under
"Guidance For Conducting Monitoring Flights" on page 2.
***\*5. Operators are required to participate in the RVSM Monitoring
Program.***
**[Contacts and Responsibilities.]{.underline}** The Separation
Standards Group at the FAA Wm. J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic
City, New Jersey serves as the U.S. Operator/Aircraft RVSM Approvals
Database and Monitoring Coordinator. The group also provides staffing
and funding for the North American Approvals Registry and Monitoring
Organization (NAARMO) and the Asia/Pacific Approvals Registry and
Monitoring Organization (APARMO). The group coordinates monitoring
results and U.S. aircraft/operator RVSM approval information with
Regional Monitoring Agencies (RMA) in other regions such as the North
Atlantic and Europe.
Contacts in the Separation Standards Group are shown below. (+1
indicates the U.S. country code).
[U.S. Operator/Aircraft RVSM Approvals Database and Monitoring
Coordinator]{.underline}
> Phone: +1 609-485-5475
>
> Fax: +1 609-485-5078
>
> Email: wayne.smoot@faa.gov
>
> [RVSM Program Manager for Regulation & Certification
> (AVR)]{.underline}
>
> Phone: +1 202-385-4576
>
> Fax: +1 202-385-4653
>
> Email: <robert.swain@faa.gov>
[NAARMO/APARMO Operations Coordinator at FAA Technical
Center]{.underline}
Phone: +1 609-485-5678
Fax: +1 609-485-5078
Email: naarmo@faa.gov
**[\*Additional Guidance For Conducting Monitoring
Flights]{.underline}**
\*1. **[Aircraft Status For Monitoring.]{.underline} Aircraft must be
RVSM-compliant for monitoring to be conducted. [For in-service
aircraft,]{.underline}** aircraft modification and/or inspection
required by RVSM Service Bulletin, STC or other approved RVSM document
must be completed prior to the aircraft being monitored. **[For aircraft
manufactured RVSM-compliant,]{.underline}** the Airplane Flight Manual
and/or Type Certificate Data Sheet will show a statement of RVSM
compliance. **Any exception to this rule must be coordinated with
AFS-400.**
\*2. LOA\'s are issued to operators intending to conduct operations in a
Special Area of Operation (e.g., RVSM airspace). **[RVSM monitoring can
be conducted after the operator receives the LOA.]{.underline}**
\*3. Airplane manufacturers have authorization to fly RVSM-compliant
\"production\" airplanes in RVSM airspace as RVSM-compliant flights.
**[Monitoring can be accomplished on these flights when the aircraft is
in an RVSM-compliant configuration.]{.underline}**
\*4. **[Monitoring By Aircraft Service Centers, Repair Stations and
Designated Airworthiness Stations.]{.underline}** Monitoring flights are
often completed on behalf of operators by Aircraft Service Centers,
Certificated Repair Stations or Designated Airworthiness Stations.
(There are established provisions for these organizations to obtain FAA
RVSM authorization). STC or Service Bulletin work is completed to bring
an aircraft into RVSM-compliance and then, as part of the service,
monitoring is conducted. **In these circumstances, monitoring can be
conducted prior to the operator submitting aircraft RVSM documents to
the Flight Standards field office (FSDO or CMO).** Normally, however, it
is good practice to submit RVSM documents to the FSDO or CMO prior to
conducting monitoring.
\*5. **[Monitoring During RVSM STC or Service Bulletin (SB) Test
Flights.]{.underline}** Aircraft test flights flown for final STC or SB
sign off can be monitored as long as the aircraft is in an
RVSM-compliant condition and the FAA Tech Center is notified of the
circumstances on the "US Operator Application for RVSM Monitoring" form.
(See Appendix 1).
\*6. I**nstructions on use of trailing cone data to fulfill monitoring
requirements are posted on the minimum monitoring requirements charts.**
**[Monitoring Requirements Charts.]{.underline}** Monitoring
requirements charts are published on the RVSM Documentation Webpage
under "Monitoring Requirements and Procedures". They are used to
determine the number of airframes that operators are required to have
monitored. Instructions for using the monitoring requirements charts for
various regions are also posted on the Webpage. The first page of the
charts contains guidelines for monitoring and for using the charts.
**[Monitoring Not Required Prior to the Issue of Operational
Approval.]{.underline}** The "Minimum Monitoring Requirements" charts
are the source documents for monitoring requirements and deadlines. The
North American Minimum Monitoring Requirements Chart states that
monitoring requirements are **[not]{.underline}** required to be
completed until **"6 months after the issue of operational approval or
not later than 6 months after the start of North American RVSM
operations, [whichever occurs later.]{.underline}"** The Minimum
Monitoring Requirements Charts for other regions state that monitoring
requirements are **[not]{.underline}** required to be completed until
**"6 months after the issue of operational approval."** .
**[Required Participation.]{.underline}** Operators are required to
participate in the RVSM Monitoring Program. As stated in FAA Guidance
91-RVSM paragraph 11d (8), in its application for RVSM authority, the
operator should show its plan for completion of monitoring requirements.
Monitoring requirements are published on the FAA **"RVSM Documentation"
page.** This page can be accessed through the FAA RVSM Website homepage:
- <http://www.faa.gov/ats/ato/rvsm1.htm>
**[Application of Monitoring Results To and From Different Regional
Programs.]{.underline}** Monitoring data obtained to fulfill the
monitoring requirements for one region can be used to fulfill the
monitoring requirements for another region. Regional Monitoring Agencies
coordinate with each other to exchange database information on
monitoring results.
**[Options for Participation in Monitoring Programs.]{.underline}** The
following options for operator participation in RVSM monitoring programs
are discussed in this paper:
- Operators can fly a portable GPS-based Monitoring Unit (GMU) on
their aircraft. See Appendix 2.
- \*Operators can overfly the ground-based Height Monitoring Units
(HMU) near Strumble in the U.K. **The HMU near Gander in Canada has
been decommissioned.** See Appendix 3.
- Operators can overfly one of the three HMU's deployed in Europe. See
Appendix 4.
- **[\*Domestic U.S. RVSM Monitoring System.]{.underline}** The first
[Aircraft Geometric Height Measurement Element]{.underline} (AGHME)
constellation was operational in January 2005. See Appendix 5 for
details.
Procedures for successfully completing a monitoring flight using one of
these systems are discussed in detail in the Appendices.
**[Application for Monitoring.]{.underline}** All operators must
complete an "Application For Monitoring" form and fax it to the
organizations shown at the top of the form. This information will help
track and process operator monitoring efforts. **See Appendix 1.**
**[Appendices]{.underline}**
Appendix 1 Form: U.S Operator Application for RVSM
Monitoring.........................Page 4
Appendix 2 GPS-based Monitoring System (GMS)
Procedures..................\...\...\...\...\...\....Page 6
Appendix 3 Procedures for North Atlantic (Strumble) Height Monitoring
Unit...............Page 10
> (NAT HMU)
Appendix 4 Basic Monitoring Procedures for Europe: HMUs and
GMUs......\...\...\...\...\...\....Page 12
Appendix 5 \*Domestic U.S. AGHME GMS (Aircraft Geometric
Height..................\.....Page 15
> Measurement Element Ground-based Monitoring System)
## Appendix 1
## [U.S. OPERATOR APPLICATION FOR RVSM MONITORING]{.underline}
**[Instructions]{.underline}**
**1. All operators: fax completed form to +1 609-485-5078.**
**2. Operators planning GMS monitoring, [also]{.underline} fax copy to
the appropriate GMS Support Contractor.**
> **CSSI: +1 202-863-2398; ARINC: +1 410-573-3007**
**Operator
Name**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Operator's 3-letter ICAO Identifier
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
**(For IGA operator, enter IGA. If no ICAO identifier assigned, enter
"None".**
**Address**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Operator Primary Point of Contact**
Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Title:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Telephone Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Fax
Number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Email Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
# Operator Secondary Point of Contact
Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Title:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Telephone Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Fax
Number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Email Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
# Responsible Flight Standards Office (FSDO or CMO) Point of Contact
Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Title:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Address:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Telephone Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Fax
Number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Email Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**REGION WHERE RVSM OPERATIONS WILL BE CONDUCTED:**
(Check all that apply)
<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>North</p>
<p>America</p></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td>Pacific</td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>West</p>
<p>PAC/</p>
<p>SCS</p></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>Bay</p>
<p>Of</p>
<p>Bengal</p></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>North</p>
<p>Atlantic</p></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>Caribbean/</p>
<p>South</p>
<p>American</p></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td>European</td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>Other</p>
<p>(Please</p>
<p>Specify)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
**Information on HMU Flights**
Approximate date(s) of HMU flight: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
HMU(s) planned to be overflown: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(Requested Aircraft Information on next page)
**AIRCRAFT INFORMATION**
**(Please be sure to include data for the ENTIRE fleet)**
------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------------
Aircraft Model Registration Serial Number Mode S Address
Number
------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------------
Appendix 2
**[GPS-based Monitoring System (GMS) Procedures]{.underline}**
The NAARMO is responsible for all aircraft height monitoring activity
for North American RVSM operations (Domestic U.S., Southern Canadian
Domestic, and Mexico) and administers the GMU height-monitoring program.
CSSI Incorporated and ARINC, as GMS support contractors, will assist the
NAARMO with the monitoring program.
**GMS Description**
The GMS is composed of the equipment and procedures to collect and
process three required data elements: 1) GPS data; 2) pressure altitude
or Mode C data; and 3) meteorological data. The GPS-based Monitoring
Unit (GMU) is used to collect the GPS data during the monitoring flight.
The NAARMO will use information on the attached Flight Information Form
(FIF) to coordinate the collection of pressure altitude or Mode C data
from ATC facilities. Late transmittal of the FIF or illegible or blank
entries will delay post-flight processing of data and the dissemination
of results. Meteorological data will be obtained by the NAARMO without
operator involvement.
**GMS Contacts:**
U.S. GMS Coordinator at FAA Technical Center,
Atlantic City, N.J.
> Phone: +1 609-485-5102
Fax: +1 609-485-5078
Email: rvsm@faa.gov
CSSI Inc. GMS Support Contractor:
\*Phone: +1 866-468-8111 or +1 202-554-1051
Fax: +1 202-863-2398
Email: [monitor@cssiinc.com]{.underline}
> ARINC GMS Support Contractor:
>
> Phone: +1 410-266-4707
>
> Fax: +1 410-573-3007
>
> Email: <rvsmops@arinc.com>
**Forms**
The following forms are required to be completed:
- Application for Monitoring shown in Appendix 1
- Flight Information Form attached to Appendix 2 (this appendix)
**GMU Monitoring Flights**
Height monitoring can be conducted on scheduled flights, ferry flights,
or monitoring-specific flights. To ensure collection of sufficient
position data the aircraft must fly straight and level at any altitude
from FL290 to FL 410 for at least thirty minutes in duration. Monitoring
flights do not need to be conducted in North American airspace; however,
monitoring should be conducted in areas where Mode-C radar data can be
retrieved by the FAA Technical Center staff in a timely manner.
**GMU Description**
The GMU is a portable unit composed of a Global Positioning System (GPS)
receiver, two GPS antennas (temporarily mounted on interior windows with
suction cups), and a laptop computer to record the GPS performance data.
The GMU requires plug-in power from the aircraft (draws 2.0 to 4.0
amperes maximum) and accepts multiple types of power standard to most
aircraft. The GMU can be installed in the aircraft cockpit or cabin,
depending upon aircraft type. Installation time is approximately 15
minutes. For most transport aircraft, the GMU is best installed using
the aft cockpit windows. The GMS Support Contractor typically occupies a
jump seat to monitor GMU performance. GMU installation and operation
will not interfere with crew operations.
**[GMU Monitoring Process]{.underline}**
The monitoring sequence for the operator is illustrated in Figure 1
below. The operator will be kept informed as the FIF, GPS data file, and
pressure altitude data file move through the
post-flight processing steps.
**\*Aircraft Status For Monitoring.** **Aircraft must be RVSM-compliant
for monitoring to be conducted.** For in-service aircraft, aircraft
modification and/or inspection required by RVSM Service Bulletin, STC or
other approved RVSM document must be completed prior to the aircraft
being monitored.
Any exception to this rule must be coordinated with AFS-400.
The operator should contact a GMS Support Contractor to discuss
monitoring options, such as time, date, origin and destination airport
and routing for the GMU flight. The operator should submit the
Monitoring Application to the U.S. GMS Coordinator [and]{.underline} the
GMS Support Contractor by facsimile. The operator should list on the
Monitoring Application each aircraft that will be operated in RVSM
airspace [or]{.underline} attach a list to the application. The
collection of GPS data with the GMU can be accomplished by a GMS Support
Contractor or by an operator representative that has received GMU
training. Operator representatives should coordinate directly with the
GMS Support Contractor to develop a monitoring plan as described above.
To conduct the monitoring flight, the GMS Support Contractor or a
trained operator representative will perform the following tasks:
1\. Submit pre-flight FIF to the U.S. GMS Coordinator [and]{.underline}
the GMS Support Contractor
2\. Conduct the height monitoring flight with the GMU
3\. Submit post-flight FIF to the U.S. GMS Coordinator [and]{.underline}
the GMS Support Contractor
4\. Submit GPS data files to GMS Support Contractor
**FSDO OR CMO Action.** After determining that aircraft are
RVSM-compliant, the FSDO or CMO will forward operator and airframe
information to the U.S. Operator/Aircraft RVSM Approvals Database using
the Flight Standards Program Tracking and Reporting Subsystem (PTRS).
**Post-Flight Processing and Operator Notification**
After completion of the monitoring flight, the GPS data from the
monitoring flight will be processed by the GMS Support Contractor (CSSI
or ARINC) and forwarded to the U.S. GMS Coordinator for further
processing. The NAARMO will collect and merge Meteorological and Mode C
data with the GPS file to determine the aircraft's Altimetry System
Error (ASE). Final ASE results should be available from the NAARMO
within three weeks of the flight. The results will be sent to the
responsible FAA FSDO or CMO.
The operator can obtain a copy of the results from the FSDO or CMO.
Flight Information Form (FIF)
Please Fax to the U.S. GMS Coordinator at +1 609 485
5078[and]{.underline} the appropriate GMS Operations Coordinator
CSSI: +1 202-863-2398; ARINC: +1 410-573-3007
**\
Fax 24 hours prior to flight and within 6 hours of landing.**
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14">INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED PRIOR TO FLIGHT</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="6">Airline/Operator:</td>
<td colspan="6">GMU Container Number:</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14"><p>Point of Contact for Operator:</p>
<p>Name: Phone: Fax:</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="6">Aircraft Type/Series:</td>
<td colspan="8">Aircraft Registration Number:</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="6">Call Sign:</td>
<td colspan="8">Airframe Serial Number:</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="14">Planned: Origin: Departure Date (UTC): Departure Time
(UTC):</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14">Planned: Destination: Arrival Date (UTC): Arrival Time
(UTC):</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="7">Installer (Name/Org.):</td>
<td colspan="7">Retriever (Name/Org.):</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14">Mode S Equipped (Yes/No): Separation Between Mounted
Antennas (ft.):</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="14">Installer/Operator Comments:</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14">INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED BY FLIGHT CREW/GMU
OPERATOR</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Data Collection:</td>
<td colspan="5">Start Date (UTC):</td>
<td colspan="7">Start Time (UTC):</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14">GMU File Name:</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="7">Departure Time (UTC):</td>
<td colspan="5">Origin (ICAO ID):</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14"><p>Please record the requested information as soon as
practical when:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>Aircraft is first established in level flight at or above FL 290,
or</p></li>
<li><p>The ATC assigned transponder code is changed at or above FL 290,
or</p></li>
<li><p>There is a flight level change and aircraft remains at or above
FL 290, or</p></li>
<li><p>An autopilot change is initiated at or above FL 290, or</p></li>
<li><p>The ARTCC or FIR changes.</p></li>
</ol></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Time</td>
<td colspan="2">Assigned</td>
<td>Mach/Air</td>
<td>Xpndr</td>
<td colspan="4">Altimeter Reading</td>
<td colspan="2">Autopilot (L, R, C)</td>
<td colspan="2">FMS/PMS</td>
<td>ARTCC/FIR</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>(UTC)</td>
<td colspan="2">FL</td>
<td>Speed</td>
<td>Code/Source</td>
<td colspan="3">Pilot</td>
<td>Co-pilot</td>
<td>Pilot</td>
<td>Co-pilot</td>
<td colspan="2">(Y/N)</td>
<td>(ICAO ID)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Data Collection:</td>
<td colspan="5">End Date (UTC):</td>
<td colspan="7">End Time (UTC):</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="7">Arrival Time (UTC):</td>
<td colspan="5">Destination ICAO (ID):</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14">Comments on flight conditions affecting height keeping
performance, i.e. turb, and location</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Appendix 3
**[Procedures for North Atlantic (Strumble) Height Monitoring
Unit]{.underline}**
1\. [Options for Monitoring Flights.]{.underline} In the North Atlantic
Region, monitoring can be completed by overflying ground-based Height
Monitoring Units (HMUs) or utilizing the portable, airborne GPS-based
Monitoring System (GMS). Procedures for using the GMS are provided in
Appendix 2.
2\. [Monitoring Requirements.]{.underline} Monitoring requirements
charts for the North/West Atlantic are posted on the FAA RVSM
Documentation webpage
([www.faa.gov/ats/ato/rvsm1.htm](http://www.faa.gov/ats/ato/rvsm1.htm))
and on the North Atlantic Programme Coordination Office website
([www.nat-pco.org](http://www.nat-pco.org/)). As a general rule,
operators seeking RVSM approval will be required to have a number of
their aircraft monitored within 6 months of receiving RVSM approval.
3\. [Monitoring Using the HMU Method]{.underline}
a\. \*An HMU is located near the Strumble (STU) VOR below the centreline
of UG1. The horizontal coverage areas for the Strumble HMU is a 13.8 nm
radius circle centered on position N51 56' 00'' W004 40' 00''. In the
vertical dimension, the coverage is from FL 290 to FL 410 inclusive. The
site is unmanned and designed to operate continuously.
b\. \*The HMU near the Gander (YQX) VORTAC in Canada was decommissioned
on 1/20/05.
c\. While straight and level flight through the area of coverage should
normally result in successful monitoring, operators of aircraft making a
flight with the specific intention of getting monitored should, where
possible, plan to meet the requirements outlined in the ensuing
paragraphs:
d\. [Pre-Flight Procedures.]{.underline}
\(1\) Operators complete and fax a copy of the "Application for
Monitoring" form to the U.S. Operator/Aircraft RVSM Approvals Database
and Monitoring Coordinator. See Appendix 1.
\(2\) \*Operators proposing to divert from an optimum route in order to
fly over an HMU are strongly advised to call the Strumble HMU status
line on 44 (\*0) 189 542-3823 (\*0 not required from U.S. locations) for
HMU serviceability information. Every effort will be made to ensure that
the promulgated information is accurate; however, operators should note
that the equipment may become unserviceable at short notice.
\(3\) \*Aircraft for monitoring by an HMU should be flight planned to
route via STU. Dispatchers should ensure that Item 18 of the flight plan
(CA48) includes both aircraft registration (if it is not already
included in Item 7) and "RMK/HMU FLT STU".
d\. [In Flight Procedures.]{.underline} For overflights of the Strumble
HMU, crews should aim to fly straight and level while within the
coverage area of the respective HMU. Failure to do so may invalidate the
result. Prior to an overflight of the Strumble HMU, crews should
transmit **"\... for HMU Flight"** to London Control on initial contact.
Operational requirements permitting, the controller will endeavor to do
his/her best to allow the aircraft to route through the HMU coverage
area in straight and level flight.
- The HMU is capable of tracking many aircraft simultaneously. To that
end, provided the above procedures are followed, aircraft height
will be monitored and there will, therefore, be no necessity to
carry out a second consecutive overflight.
e\. [Post Flight Procedures.]{.underline} Operators wishing to ascertain
the result of the overflight may fax a request to the NAT Central
Monitoring Agency (CMA) on +44 (\*0) 189 542-3931. (\*0 not required
from U.S. locations). Any request for information regarding the result
of monitoring will be more speedily dealt with if the Mode S or Mode A
codes and approximate time of overflight are included in the enquiry.
Appendix 4
**[Basic Monitoring Procedures for Europe: HMU's and
GMU's]{.underline}**
**Introduction.** The information below was adopted for U.S. operators
from Monitoring Procedures on the Eurocontrol RVSM website. The full
document can be found under "Aircraft Operators" in the European RVSM
website. The address is:
[http://www.eur-rvsm.com](http://www.eur-rvsm.com/)
**Options for Monitoring Flights.** Operators have the option of
overflying an HMU or using the GMS. Basic GMS procedures are addressed
in Appendix 2. For operators based outside the U.S., a contact is
provided below for the ARINC European Division GMS monitoring program.
**[HMU Procedures]{.underline}**
**Pre-Flight Coordination with U.S. Operator/RVSM Approvals Database and
Monitoring Coordinator.** U.S. operators planning to complete monitoring
using an HMU located in Europe should complete the following steps:
1\. Operator obtains FAA Flight Standards field office RVSM
airworthiness and operational approval
> for the aircraft to be monitored in European airspace. (Airframe and
> operational approval information will be forwarded to the U.S. RVSM
> Approvals Database through the AFS Program Tracking and Reporting
> Subsystem (PTRS)).
2\. Operator completes the "Application for Monitoring" form shown in
Appendix 1 and faxes it to U.S. Operator/RVSM Approvals Database and
Monitoring Coordinator at +1 609-485-5078 and...
3\. If it has not already been accomplished, the U.S. Operator/RVSM
Approvals Database and Monitoring Coordinator will coordinate the
operator's FAA RVSM Approvals Database information with Eurocontrol.
4\. If not previously accomplished, the operator also faxes USC Form 2
(see below) to the AMN User Support Cell.
**Flight Procedures.** The **HMU** is a passive ground based system that
measures aircraft height keeping over an approximately circular area.
Each system consists of a set of ground stations arranged as a central
site with four additional receivers arranged in a square. Each site
receives aircraft SSR replies (Modes A, C and S) from which the 3D
position of the aircraft is derived. Using meteorological information
and the Mode C/S height data the altimetry system error is calculated.
The HMUs are operating at the following locations:
a) Linz in Austria \[centre 48°12'N, 014°18'E\]
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a) Nattenheim in Germany \[centre 49°57'N, 006°28'E\]
b) Geneva in Switzerland \[centre 46°22'N, 005°56'E\]
[HMU Range.]{.underline} ATS route segments within HMU coverage can be
determined by considering a circle with 45 NM radius around the center
coordinates given above. Up-to-date information can be obtained from the
RMA.
[Level Flight.]{.underline} For a successful measurement by an HMU, it
is required that the aircraft is in level flight for approximately 5
minutes, between FL290 and FL410 (inclusive) within the coverage of the
HMU.
**Monitoring Flight Results and Eurocontrol Database Information.**
Operators may consult the Eurocontrol RVSM Web Site
([www.eur-rvsm.com](http://www.eur-rvsm.com/)) or contact the User
Support Cell (see contact details below) to ascertain that the
information stored about the aircraft is correct and to identify whether
the aircraft have been monitored and acceptable performance has been
demonstrated.
**Contacts.**
Eurocontrol (currently acting as RMA for European RVSM):
> AMN User Support Cell (USC)
>
> Tel +32-2-729-3785
>
> Fax +32-2-729-4634
## Email <amn.user.support@eurocontrol.int>
##
ARINC European Division Programme/Logistics Manager
(European RVSM Programme)
Kevin Harling
Tel: +44 1293 763 342
Mbl: +44 7720 075 208
Fax: +44 1293 763 212
Email: kharling@arinc.com
{width="7.59375in" height="9.885416666666666in"}
Appendix 5
**[Domestic U.S. AGHME GMS (Aircraft Geometric Height]{.underline}**
**[Measurement Element Ground-based Monitoring System)]{.underline}**
\*For information on AGHME locations and procedures, please access the
AGHME Main Page at:
<http://www.tc.faa.gov/act-500/niaab/rvsm/AGHME_main.asp>
\*On the "AGHME Locations" Webpage, in the "[Flight Plan
Information]{.underline}" column, you can click on "[Location
Overview]{.underline}" and "[Optimal Coverage Area]{.underline}" for
details on location and coverage.
| en |
converted_docs | 374721 | Archived Information
I. CONTEXT/ENVIRONMENT
Parent Involvement in Educating Children with Disabilities: Theory and
Practice
Providing Access to the General Education Curriculum for Students with
Disabilities
######## Developing a Highly Trained Teacher Workforce
**[Parent Involvement in Educating Children with Disabilities: Theory
and Practice]{.smallcaps}**
Increasing the involvement of parents[^1] in the education of their
children is a national goal for policy makers in both general and
special education. One of the National Education Goals states that, "By
the year 2000, every school will promote partnerships that will increase
parental involvement and participation in promoting the social,
emotional, and academic growth of children" (National Education Goals
Panel, 1994). In the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Amendments of 1997 (IDEA), Congress emphasized the rights of parents to
participate in decisions about their children's education based on the
belief that "strengthening the role of parents and ensuring that
families of such children have meaningful opportunities to participate
in the education of their children at school and at home" can improve
the education of children with disabilities (Section 601(c)(5)(B)).
IDEA delineates several levels of parental rights regarding involvement
in special education programs for students ages 3 through 21: consent,
notification, participation in educational decisions about their
children, and participation in policy making. For example, before
conducting an initial evaluation to decide if a child qualifies for
special education services, local education agencies (LEAs) must obtain
*parental consent* for the evaluation. LEAs must *notify* a child's
parents of evaluation procedures that the district proposes to conduct.
LEAs must give parents an opportunity to *participate* in the
development of their child's individualized education program (IEP);
parents must also be involved in decisions about the child's educational
placement. When there is a disagreement about identification,
evaluation, or placement of their child, parents (or the LEA) may
request a due process hearing. As an example of parent involvement in
*policy making,* IDEA requires that each State establish an advisory
panel for providing policy guidance with respect to special education
and related services for children with disabilities, and the panel must
include parents of children with disabilities.
The Part C program for infants and toddlers has an especially strong
emphasis on family-centered service delivery, recognizing the need to
provide services for all members of the family, not just the child with
a disability, to promote child development. IDEA requires that each
infant or toddler with a disability and his or her family receive a
multidisciplinary assessment of the child's unique strengths and needs
and the services appropriate to meet those needs; a family-directed
assessment of the resources, priorities, and concerns of the family;
supports and services
necessary to enhance the family's capacity to meet the infant or
toddler's developmental needs; and a written individualized family
service plan.
Despite legislative intent, parent involvement may not always reach
desired levels, and at times, educators and parents may perceive the
interests of the child differently, leading to conflict. What factors
affect the decision of some parents to become involved in their
children's education and others to avoid involvement? What types of
parent involvement are most beneficial for students with disabilities?
Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1995) developed a five-level model to
describe the parent involvement process (see table I-1). The five levels
are: the decision to become involved in the child's education, the
decision to choose particular types of involvement, the mechanisms
through which involvement affects child-centered outcomes, the factors
mediating the benefits of involvement, and the outcomes of involvement
as they relate to the child.
This module summarizes literature on parent involvement in educating
children with disabilities. It uses Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's model
of the parent involvement process as an organizing structure, reviewing
research within each of the five levels described. While the module
focuses on parent involvement in educating children with disabilities,
literature from general education has also been incorporated for
comparison. Parent involvement for school-aged children with
disabilities is the module's primary emphasis, although some information
on involvement in early intervention is included. The module concludes
with a list of recommendations drawn from the review of literature.
Influences on a Parent's Basic Involvement Decision
How involved are parents in their children's education? The first step
in the parent involvement process is the general decision of parents to
become involved in their child's schooling. This decision may be either
explicit or implicit. That is, some parents may make a deliberate
decision to become involved, while others may simply respond to external
pressures for involvement without consciously considering their
decision. Furthermore, parents may, at any point, decide to withdraw
their participation.
Data from the 1996 National Household Education Survey indicate that 89
percent of families participated in some school-based activity related
to the education of their preschoolers with disabilities such as
volunteering at school or meeting with teachers. The decision to
participate in school-based activities was even more common for parents
of children ages 6 through 11 with disabilities; 96 percent reported
such involvement. These rates were very similar to those for parents of
Table I-1
Model of the Parent Involvement Process
Source: Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., & Sandler, H.M. (1995). Parental
involvement in children's education: Why does it make a difference?
*Teachers College Record, 95*, 310-331.
nondisabled children (Westat, 1998). But how do parents become involved
in their children's education?
Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1995) theorize that the decision for parents
to become involved in their children's education is influenced by a
number of factors, including their view of the parent role with regard
to involvement in education, their sense of efficacy in helping their
children succeed in school, and general invitations and demands for
involvement from either their child or the school. For example, some
parents may see involvement in schooling as central to their role, while
others may believe education is best left to school personnel. The
former are more likely to take an active part in their children's
education.
Special education offers many specific opportunities for parent
involvement, including participation in initial and subsequent
evaluations and annual IEP meetings. In fact, some studies document
differences in the level and types of involvement between parents of
students with and without disabilities, although this is inconsistent
across studies. One study found that mothers of children with
disabilities, regardless of the severity of the disability, were
"offered more opportunities to be involved \[in schooling\], were more
satisfied with their involvement, and felt more able to influence their
child's education" than mothers of children without disabilities
(Salisbury & Evans, 1988, p. 268).
Research suggests that school personnel's behavior may also influence
parent participation. This may be viewed as one form of what
Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler refer to as demands for involvement. Many
local programs have demonstrated success in increasing the percentage of
parents involved in the education of their children with disabilities.
For example, factors found to enhance parent involvement included
establishing ongoing relationships among parents and school personnel,
providing professional development to familiarize service providers with
the techniques for and importance of involving families, teaching
families about their rights under IDEA, and using specific strategies to
encourage active parent involvement (Cheney, Manning, & Upham, 1997;
Salembier & Furney, 1997; Turnbull & Turnbull, 1990). For example, after
participating in a year-long program of family support groups and
educational support teams, parents of middle school students with
emotional disturbance scored significantly higher on all three subscales
of the Family Empowerment Scale: attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors
(Cheney et al., 1997).
The behavior of school personnel may also inhibit parent involvement.
Salembier and Furney (1997) reported the following factors as inhibiting
parent participation: school personnel who did not appear to listen to
parents, failed to attend meetings, left meetings early, lacked relevant
information, failed to request parent input, did not express a clear
purpose for the meeting, or used overly technical language. School
personnel's behavior may be a particularly important influence on the
involvement of racial/ethnic minority parents. Kalyanpur and Rao (1991)
found that some educators exhibited disrespect for minority parents'
views, focused on racial/ethnic minority children's deficits, and
disregarded cultural differences that characterized parenting styles.
Harry, Allen, and McLaughlin (1995) reported diminishing levels of
involvement over time for African American parents with children in
early intervention programs. While these parents were initially
satisfied with preschool programs, they became increasingly concerned
about stigma, classroom environment, and curricular issues.
# Influences on a Parent's Choice of Involvement Forms
There are many different ways parents may participate in their
children's education once they make the decision to become involved. In
the broadest terms, parent involvement activities may be divided between
home-based activities, such as helping children with their homework,
reading to young children, discussing school events,
Table I-2
Types of Parent Involvement in Early Intervention Program
Source: Sontag, J.C., & Schacht, R. (1994). An ethnic comparison of
parent participation and information needs in early intervention.
*Exceptional Children, 60*, 422-433.
or talking with teachers by telephone, and school-based activities such
as chaperoning a field trip, volunteering at school, or attending
parent-teacher association (PTA) meetings.
Before discussing influences on parent's choices of involvement
activities, it is helpful to consider research findings on the extent to
which parents of children with disabilities participate in various
education-related functions. In one study, as shown in table I-2,
three-fourths of parents or more were involved in decisions about their
children's early intervention program, transported their children to
treatment, did some therapy for their children, and advocated for their
children's rights. More than half of all parents gave information and
support to other parents, coordinated their children's services, and
observed their children during therapy. Less common forms of parent
involvement included attending program planning meetings, volunteering,
fundraising, and serving on policy-making bodies (Sontag & Schacht,
1994).
In a similar study, Plunge and Kratochwill (1995) reported that parents
of children with disabilities in preschool through fourth grade also
exhibited high rates of participation. More than 85 percent of parents
were actively involved in the IEP meeting; that is, they understood the
purpose of the meeting, told school personnel about their child's
strengths and needs, listened to school personnel recommendations, told
school personnel what they wanted their children to learn, and signed
the IEP. More than 70 percent of parents indicated that they often
talked with the teacher about their child's progress in class, received
information about how to teach their child at home, and received
information about their legal rights. Fewer parents volunteered in class
(42 percent), had a home visit (30 percent), attended parent meetings
(22 percent), or helped evaluate the school's special education services
(19 percent). And, in a study of African American parents' involvement
in educating their children with disabilities, Harry and colleagues
(1995) reported high levels of participation in home-based activities,
including supervising homework and addressing behavioral issues
identified by the teacher.
Some evidence suggests that parents of children with and without
disabilities differ somewhat in the types of involvement activities they
engage in. Families of children ages 3 through 5 with disabilities were
more likely than families of children without disabilities to attend a
general school meeting or attend a meeting with a teacher. They were
less likely to attend class events, volunteer at school, or attend PTO
or PTA meetings. Families of children ages 6 through 11 with
disabilities were more likely to attend meetings with their children's
teacher but less likely than families of children without disabilities
to attend class events, volunteer at school, attend back-to-school
nights, or attend PTO or PTA meetings (see table I-3). These differences
may be explained by parent participation in meetings to determine
initial or ongoing special education eligibility or in annual IEP
meetings, which are special education activities parents are
specifically encouraged to attend. Families of children with
disabilities, however, were less likely than other families to
participate in general school functions such as back-to-school nights
and PTA meetings (Westat, 1998).
In general, these studies indicate that large percentages of parents of
children with disabilities are at least somewhat involved in their
children's education. In the past, some researchers have raised
concerns, however, about the depths of parent involvement, classifying
participation as primarily passive (Lynch & Stein, 1982; Turnbull,
1983). Fiedler (1986) identified seven levels of parent involvement,
from least to most active. They include: attendance and approval of
teacher priorities, sharing information, suggesting goals, negotiating
goals, collaboratively analyzing and monitoring implementation, joint
programming, and independent programming. In a study done in the 1980s,
71 percent of parents reported that they were involved in the
development of their children's IEP. However, only 48 percent of parents
reported making any suggestion at the IEP meeting (Lynch & Stein, 1982).
In a similar study, 25 percent of parents of children with learning
disabilities did not recall the IEP document, and few of those who
remembered it could recall its contents (McKinney & Hocutt, 1982).
Although these studies are quite old, and parent involvement may be
qualitatively different from what it was 15 years ago, these findings do
raise the question about the depth of parent involvement. Recent
research has not addressed this issue.
Table I-3
Percentage of Children Whose Adult Family Members Participated in
Different School Activities
Source: Westat. (1998). *Report on findings of significant issues and
trends.* Rockville, MD: Author.
Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1995) delineate several factors that affect
parents' decision of how to participate. These include the specific
domains of parents' skills and knowledge, other demands placed on parent
time and energy, and specific invitations and demands for involvement
from their child or school. For example, for parents who work full-time
during the day, volunteering at school may not be an option. Instead,
they may choose to be involved through activities that do not conflict
with their work schedules. In fact, of several types of involvement,
parents were, in general, most likely to participate in back-to-school
night or general school meetings (Westat, 1998).
It is widely believed that children's age and competence affect the
level of parent involvement perhaps because, based on Hoover-Dempsey and
Sandler's theory, parents' sense of efficacy in helping their children
succeed in school diminishes as invitations and demands for involvement
decline (Lareau, 1989; Mink & Nihira, 1986; Salisbury & Evans, 1988;
Stevenson & Baker, 1987; Yanok & Derubertis, 1989). In fact, one study
found that mothers of children without disabilities participated in
fewer school-related activities as their children aged, but mothers of
children with disabilities maintained a high level of participation as
their children grew older. However, the nature of the mother's
involvement did shift as children aged: Mothers primarily participated
in the IEP process when their children were younger but adopted an
advocacy role as children grew older (Salisbury & Evans, 1988).
In a study of parent involvement in early intervention programs,
Gavidia-Payne and Stoneman (1997) reported that maternal and paternal
perceptions of family functioning (problem solving, communication,
roles, affective involvement, and general functioning), marital
adjustment (consensus, satisfaction, cohesion, and affection), financial
security, level of education, and use of coping strategies (e.g., social
supports, religion) were positively associated with participation in
early intervention programs. Mothers who reported experiencing lower
levels of stress also exhibited higher levels of participation.
In a study of parents of children ages 7 and 8 with developmental
delays, informational resources (experience with child-related
professions, level of education, familiarity with school activities, and
amount of activity focused on how to help their child), beliefs about
schooling (definitions of educational activities and beliefs about the
responsibilities of schools), and a composite measure of resources
(time, social supports, and informational resources) were related to
both home-based and school-based parent involvement. The perceived
characteristics of the school (convenience of meeting times, value of
participation activities, and perception that parent's input was sought
and valued) were also related to home-based and school-based
involvement. Parent attitudes about school (confidence/comfort
participating at school, confidence in helping their children do well in
school, importance of school achievement) were correlated only with
school-based participation, and child status (IQ and impact on the
family due to behavioral, medical, or communication problems) was
related only to home-based levels of participation (Coots, 1998).
# Mechanisms Through Which Parent Involvement Influences Child Outcomes
Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1995) identified three mechanisms at work as
parents participate in their children's education. They point out that
parent involvement is best characterized as an enabling and enhancing
variable in school performance rather than a necessary or sufficient
condition for success. First, parents may model appropriate behavior or
values. Parent behavior may communicate to children that schooling is
important (e.g., parents ask questions about the school day, review
homework, attend school meetings). Modeling theory predicts that
children will imitate adult behaviors held in high regard; that regard
is demonstrated through attention to school issues. Second, parents may
reinforce instruction introduced at school. By rewarding behaviors
needed for school success, parents enhance the likelihood that their
children will replicate those behaviors. Third, parents may provide
direct instruction to enhance their children's knowledge and skills. For
example, when parents provide positive, at-home academic experiences for
their children, neither disengaging from challenging work nor completing
the work for them, children may learn to approach difficult tasks more
willingly (Switzer, 1990).
For families raising children with disabilities, the additional support
provided at home may be particularly important. Research suggests that
parent reinforcement of desired behaviors originally taught in school
helps children with disabilities generalize and maintain those behaviors
in other environments (Cordisco & Laus, 1993).
In a study of the effectiveness of parent involvement in the homework
performance of students with disabilities and students at-risk of school
failure, Callahan, Rademacher, and Hildreth (1998) trained parents to
implement a home-based program of self-management and reinforcement.
Parents and students were taught components of a self-management
program, including (1) self-monitoring (students monitored and recorded
homework start and end times, total time spent, and whether assignments
were completed at the designated time and location), (2) self-recording
(students recorded the number of correct math problems), (3)
self-reinforcement (students determined and recorded the number of
points earned for accuracy in their self-monitoring by matching their
results with the results of their parents), and (4) self-instruction and
goal setting (students evaluated their homework performance and decided
whether to complete a supplemental form of the same assignment). Parents
and students jointly selected a variety of rewards for points earned in
self-monitoring. During the intervention, both homework completion and
homework quality increased significantly. Furthermore, the amount and
quality of parent involvement was paramount to program effectiveness.
Extensive research supports the efficacy of parents as providers of
direct instruction. Mullin, Oulton, and James (1995) found that mothers
who had been trained in social learning theory reported substantial
reduction in their children's problem behavior. Parents were taught to
identify and clearly define their children's problem behaviors based on
antecedents and consequences. Following the training, parents reported
decreases in the number and intensity of such behaviors. Robbins and
Dunlap (1992) documented several successful programs in which parents
learned to teach functional skills to their young children with autism.
Involvement in family-focused intervention programs has also been shown
to increase family members' self-efficacy and perceived self-control
(Trivette, Dunst, Boyd, & Hamby, 1995).
In a study of young children with severe behavior problems, McNeil,
Eyberg, Eisenstadt, Newcomb, and Funderburk (1991) found that
improvements in some types of behavior generalized to school settings
following home-based parent-child interaction therapy, contradicting two
earlier studies. Parents were taught specific communication and behavior
management skills to encourage appropriate behavior and discourage
inappropriate behavior. The successful intervention in a home-based
setting generalized to school settings for certain conduct and
oppositional behaviors such as teasing, hitting, and breaking school
rules. Generalization to school settings was not achieved in behaviors
tied to hyperactivity/inattention or peer relationships; examples of
such behaviors were not provided.
The transition from secondary school to adult life can be extremely
challenging for students with disabilities and their families. When the
case management, educational, and related services provided through IDEA
are no longer available, families frequently face an expanded role in
supporting young adults with disabilities. One way to support families
in this transition is to teach them effective strategies for instructing
and communicating with their children or their nondisabled siblings
(Brotherson, Berdine, & Sartini, 1993). In a qualitative study of family
involvement in the transition of students with disabilities from
secondary school to postsecondary roles, family members were extremely
important as informal role models for career and lifestyle choices.
However, few students described a formal process of transition planning
that involved parents or school personnel (Morningstar, Turnbull, &
Turnbull, 1996).
# Tempering and Mediating Variables
Not all parent involvement activities lead to improved student outcomes.
Rather, different types of involvement, if well implemented, yield
different, important results for students, teachers, and parents
(Epstein & Hollifield, 1996). A number of factors may temper or mediate
the potential benefits of parent involvement. For example, to be
effective in enhancing educational outcomes, parent involvement must be
developmentally appropriate. Furthermore, a good fit between parents'
type and level of involvement and the expectations of school staff may
contribute to positive school outcomes. If, however, families and school
personnel are working at cross purposes, parents' involvement in their
children's education may be less effective.
Because learning disabilities are often difficult to detect, prior to
their identification, families may exhibit intolerance with children's
behavior. Even after learning disabilities are identified, deficits in
children's academic and behavioral skills and unsatisfactory school
experiences may contribute to increased levels of parental stress
(Dyson, 1996). An inadequate understanding of their children's learning
disability may lead parents to believe their children's failure is due
to lack of ability, stubbornness, willfulness, or lack of effort
(Chapman & Moersma, as cited in Walther-Thomas et al., 1991; Meier, as
cited in Walther-Thomas et al., 1991; Siegel, as cited in Walther-Thomas
et al., 1991). Consequently, parents may develop inappropriate
expectations or overprotective or indulgent behaviors that could have a
negative impact on the child's success.
If schools and families have inconsistent expectations for parent
involvement, children may be placed in the position of negotiating
different sets of demands at different times of the day. The poorer the
fit between school and parent expectations for involvement, the more
time, energy, and skill required of the children, limiting the positive
benefits of parent involvement (Hoover-Dempsey & Sandler, 1995).
# Child and Student Outcomes
A strong consensus has emerged that parent involvement in children's
education typically benefits learning and school performance even after
students' abilities and socioeconomic status are taken into account.
This finding is supported by numerous studies (Chavkin, 1993; Eccles &
Harold, 1993; Epstein, 1989, 1991, 1996; Henderson, 1987; Hess &
Halloway, 1984; Hobbs et al., 1984; U.S. Department of Education, 1994).
A recent study specifically documented the positive relationship between
the father's involvement and school success. Children were more likely
to get "As," to participate in extracurricular activities, to enjoy
school, and to be less likely to repeat a grade if their fathers were
involved in their schooling. This was true even after controlling for
the mother's involvement, parents' education, household income, and
race/ethnicity (National Center for Education Statistics, 1998).
Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1995) describe two primary benefits that may
result from parents' involvement in their children's education. First,
children may acquire skills and knowledge beyond those attainable
through school experiences alone. Second, children may develop an
enhanced sense of efficacy for doing well in school. A third benefit of
parental involvement may also exist. Parents who understand their
children's rights and participate in securing those rights may have
greater success than unprepared, uninformed, or uninvolved parents in
securing an appropriate education for their children (Herr, 1983). This
may be particularly important for students with disabilities.
In a study of children with learning disabilities, at-risk children, and
typically performing children, Ames (1992) found that, for children with
learning disabilities, parental support or involvement had significant,
positive effects on the children's concept of their own academic
ability. For all three groups of students, parents' attention to
teachers' communications had a strong positive effect on parents'
perceptions of their children's motivation. Another study also supports
the relationship between parent involvement and enhanced efficacy for
their children. Children whose parents participated in their education
tended to view learning and school with more positive attitudes and
developed regular patterns for studying and completing homework
(Mundschenk & Foley, 1994).
# Summary and Recommendations Drawn From the Literature
This module synthesizes literature on parent involvement in educating
their children with disabilities using Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's
(1995) model of the parent involvement process. The model includes five
levels\--the basic involvement decision, the form of involvement,
mechanisms for influencing children's outcomes, tempering or mediating
variables, and child-centered outcomes. Research indicates that the
overwhelming majority of parents of children with disabilities are
involved in their children's education through meetings with teachers,
volunteering at school, helping with homework, or other school- and
home-based activities. Educators may enhance levels of parent
involvement by establishing on-going relationships with parents,
teaching parents about their rights under IDEA, and using specific
strategies to promote involvement. Family-related factors, such as
children's age, parents' competence, and parents' access to resources
may also influence levels and types of parent involvement. By providing
direct instruction, reinforcing behaviors taught at school, and
improving homework performance, parents may improve children's skills
and knowledge and may enhance children's sense of self-efficacy for
doing well in school.
To support parent involvement, the U.S. Department of Education, Office
of Special Education Programs funds 76 Parent Training and Information
Centers and 10 Community Parent Resource Centers to provide training and
information to parents of infants, toddlers, children, and youth with
disabilities and to the individuals working with these parents. The
programs provide assistance and support to thousands of parents and
families every year. Their goal is to empower parents to become
effective advocates for their children with disabilities. In 1998,
Congress appropriated over \$18.5 million for these efforts.
In addition to the Parent Training and Information Centers and Community
Parent Resource Centers, OSEP funds a number of model demonstration
projects and research institutes in the parent involvement field. One
example is the Beyond the Barriers project at the University of New
Hampshire Institute on Disability. This project explores new models of
community-initiated and family-centered approaches to meeting the needs
of young children with disabilities. Another example of OSEP's
investment in this area is Partners Plus, a model demonstration project
in Williamsburg, Virginia. This project involves families in the design,
implementation and evaluation of respite care services and will serve
children with disabilities from ages birth through 8.
The research summarized in this module documents the benefits of parent
involvement. However, not all parents participate in their children's
education. Some participate only at a superficial level, and barriers
that impede successful parent-school partnerships continue to exist.
Many researchers and educators (Finders & Lewis, 1994; Harry, 1992;
Sontag & Schacht, 1994; Turnbull & Turnbull, 1996; U.S. Department of
Education, 1994; Ypsilanti Public Schools, 1998) have offered
recommendations and developed programs to help schools and teachers
address these barriers.
- ***Improve communication among parents, teachers, and
administrators.***
Researchers, advocates, parents, and educators make a number of
accommodations to enhance the extent and quality of interaction between
school personnel and parents of students with disabilities. In order to
maximize their level of involvement, parents may require more
information on the types of services that are available for their
children, their rights as parents, and school personnel's expectations
for parent involvement. Family resource centers and parent training
institutes may provide parents with information about special education,
community resources, parenting classes, and the like. Family resource
centers housed in school buildings may also provide parents with a
positive, nonthreatening school experience (U.S. Department of
Education, 1994). The Technical Assistance Alliance for Parent Centers'
webpage is another valuable resource for parents. The Alliance's page
provides information on legislative issues, a newsletter for parents, a
list of Parent Training and Information Centers and Community Resource
Centers in the United States with links to their websites, a database of
useful information for parents, and other useful links and resources. By
providing such information to parents, school personnel may alter
parents' perceptions of their role with regard to their children's
education.
As described in Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's model (1997), extending
invitations to parents may also be critical for securing participation.
Parents reportedly want more information about opportunities for
participation (Finders & Lewis, 1994; Sontag & Schacht, 1994). For
example, in Ypsilanti, Michigan, the school district instituted National
African American Parent Involvement Day. Each year, parents are invited
to attend school with their children on the second Monday in February
(Ypsilanti Public Schools, 1998).
A critical aspect of school-family communication is cultural
sensitivity. Minority families report dissatisfaction with educators'
ability to appreciate and understand cultural differences (Harry, 1992;
Sontag & Schacht, 1994). Through appropriate, ongoing, and intensive
professional development, teachers may learn about local cultures,
recognize their own cultural stereotypes, and understand how cultural
traditions and beliefs affect interactions between parents and school
personnel (Sileo & Prater, 1998; Turnbull & Turnbull, 1996). Through the
Alliance, discussed above, school personnel may access materials for
parents in languages other than English. Employing teachers from the
same racial/ethnic background as the school's parents and children may
also enhance communication.
- ***Tap parents' expertise.***
Parent participation and outcomes for children with disabilities may be
enhanced if teachers accept and acknowledge parents' familiarity with
their children's strengths and needs. The view of school personnel as
the sole source of knowledge of children's characteristics and
instructional needs diminishes the role that parents can play and
inhibits school-family communication, which is necessary for providing
appropriate services. School personnel who encourage dialogues with
parents provide a forum for expressing opinions and concerns (Harry,
1992; Sontag & Schacht, 1994).
Vermont has adopted a collaborative model designed to enhance
collaboration between parents and school personnel in the development of
IEPs. IEP meetings are driven by three questions. "What do we know about
this child?" "What are we going to do to help this child receive an
appropriate education?" "How will we know if we are succeeding?" This
approach is intended to involve families more completely in the IEP
process by using open-ended questions and avoiding jargon (Hock &
Boltax, 1995)
Parents possess knowledge and skills that are valuable to the education
of their children and their children's classmates, as well as to service
providers. In addition to knowledge related to their own children's
strengths and needs, parents often possess valuable expertise in
specific occupational skills, cultural norms and beliefs, languages
other than English, and hobbies. Such expertise can be incorporated into
the curriculum or tapped to enhance access to the curriculum (Finders &
Lewis, 1994).
- ***Involve families in community-based intervention/instruction.***
By inviting parents to participate in their children's education through
home-based intervention or instruction that is consistent with classroom
instruction, educators may empower parents and improve acquisition and
generalization of student skills.
Several States have adopted programs like Family Math and Family Science
to encourage parents to participate in their children's homework.
Programs that allow parents and their children to work collaboratively
on a project may extend the children's learning experiences and help
parents to model skills and instruct their children (U.S. Department of
Education, 1994).
In part, these recommendations reflect a changing conception of the
roles and relationships between parents of children with disabilities
and school personnel. Traditional concepts of school-based parent
involvement are being replaced by family-school partnerships, which
suggest individuals of equal standing working together to achieve common
goals.
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Providing Access to the General Education Curriculum for Students with
Disabilities
The passage of P.L. 94-142 in 1975 focused the attention of educators on
policy and practice related to the access of students with disabilities
to an education\--an individually designed, free appropriate public
education provided in the least restrictive environment. This focus on
access has provided a generation of children with disabilities with the
initial preparation needed for successful adult life in the community
and workforce.
However, for a growing number of students with disabilities, special
education today is not preparing them for increasingly rigorous
graduation requirements and career skills that are based on problem
solving, collaboration, and technology. Why is this? Special education
has typically been viewed as an intervention of remediation. As students
with disabilities demonstrate difficulty in academic skills, they are
provided intensive instruction on the basic foundation skills which are
considered to be prerequisites to higher level, abstract reasoning and
problem-solving skills. While they receive remediation intervention,
their peers without disabilities refine their foundation skills through
application in more complex activities (Gersten, 1998).
The gap between students with and without disabilities continues to
widen. Students in special education have lower school completion rates
than their nondisabled peers; as adults, they are the largest unemployed
group of Americans; they experience higher arrest rates; they are less
likely to live independently in the community (Blackorby & Wagner,
1996). As we approach the 21^st^ century, the challenge for educators is
to provide students with disabilities meaningful access to instruction
that is aligned with high-level standards and supported by special
education interventions. This module presents Federal legislation
related to providing access to the general education curriculum and
discusses difficulties involved in doing so. The module also presents
strategies for enhancing access to the general education curriculum for
students with disabilities.
# What Does It Mean To Access the General Education Curriculum?
Perhaps the first question to ask is: What is the general education
curriculum? On first glance, the answer is clear: It is the curriculum
designed to prepare students for adult life and, more specifically, for
the high school diploma. Frequently, the general education curriculum
contains both academic (e.g., literacy, science, math, social studies)
and nonacademic (e.g., career/vocational, arts, healthful living,
practical living skills, citizenship) domains; however, student
performance is assessed primarily in academics. As pressures mount for
teachers to cover the content of the assessed curriculum, less attention
and instructional time are devoted to the nonassessed areas. Thus, it is
not uncommon for portions of the general education curriculum to receive
limited attention\--or to not be addressed at all (Warren, 1997). The
result is a lack of consistency in how the general education curriculum
is defined and taught.
# Federal Legislation Relating To Providing Access to the General Education Curriculum
This lack of consistency is not limited to special education. In its
1983 report, *A Nation at Risk*, the National Commission on Excellence
in Education called for the adoption of "more rigorous and measurable
standards . . ." (p. 27) which will require ". . . more effective use of
the existing school day" (p. 29). This bold recommendation has resulted
in the current focus on standards-based education and more specifically
on issues of equity: ensuring that all students have equal access to
common standards, challenging assessments, and enhanced accountability
for student performance (McDonnell, McLaughlin, & Morison, 1997). Such
issues have been addressed in recent Federal legislation (e.g., the
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the Goals 2000: Educate America
Act, the Improving America's Schools Act, and the School-to-Work
Opportunities Act). Each of these laws contains provisions requiring the
development of challenging common standards and the reporting of *all*
students' performance on progress in meeting the standards. Together,
these are intended to satisfy the national need to produce highly
skilled graduates to maintain this country's place in a technological,
sophisticated, global market place.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendments of
1997 contain several provisions directed at providing students with
disabilities greater access to the general education curriculum. This
concept of access is addressed in several areas of the legislation via
policy, planning, student instruction, and evaluation.
## *State Performance Goals*
Each State wishing to receive IDEA Part B funds must identify goals for
the performance of students with disabilities. To the maximum extent
possible, State goals are to be consistent with other goals and
standards for all children established by the State, including those
established under other Federal programs.
## *State Improvement Plans*
Developed through broad-based stakeholder input, the State Improvement
Plan is to identify critical aspects of early intervention, general
education, and special education programs that must be improved to meet
the performance goals the State has identified for Part B. One of the
indicators that must be considered is the performance (including
performance on State assessment) and participation (including dropout
and graduation rates) of students with disabilities.
## *Program Funding*
Coordination between special education and other Federal resources
(e.g., schoolwide Title I projects) is encouraged. Additionally, Part B
special education funds and related services may be used in general
education classrooms to support children with disabilities while
providing nondisabled students with incidental benefits from these
supports. Funds can be used to increase the skills of general educators
to facilitate enhanced participation of students with disabilities in
general education classrooms.
## *Individualized Education Programs*
The general education curriculum is to be considered throughout the
development and implementation of the individualized education program
(IEP). Initial assessments and development of the student's Present
Level of Performance are to reflect the student's ability to access
instruction aligned with the general education curriculum and standards.
General educators are to participate in IEP meetings and provide
strategies for aligning IEP goals with standards. Aids and supports are
to be provided to facilitate instruction in the general education
environment. Parents are to receive regular reports on their child's
progress in meeting the IEP goals.
## *Assessing Student Performance*
All students with disabilities are to be included in State and district
assessment systems. To the greatest extent possible, students with
disabilities are to participate in the large-scale assessments that are
aligned with the general education curriculum and standards. Individual
accommodations are to be identified and implemented during instruction
and assessment activities. Alternate assessments are to be administered
to those students who cannot participate in state- and district-wide
assessment programs.
## *Reporting Student Performance*
The performance of students with disabilities is to be publicly reported
in the same frequency and detail as the performance of nondisabled
students. Such reporting is to reflect performance on large-scale
assessments as well as alternate assessments.
# Tensions Involved in Providing Access to the General Education Curriculum
Virtually every State has developed standards in at least one academic
content area; however, there is no "standard" for the State standards
(McDonnell et al., 1997). They differ in what they are called (e.g.,
goals, benchmarks, expectations, frameworks) as well as in subject areas
and levels of specificity. While there are variations in levels of
expectation for student demonstration of proficiency, there is an
increasing trend to assess the student's ability to apply or demonstrate
the use of skills in higher order thinking or problem-solving
activities. As noted earlier, academic standards are typically included
in large-scale assessments, while nonacademic standards are rarely
included.
Another tension involves the balance between academic and vocational
education. The National Longitudinal Transition Study (NLTS) suggests
that students with disabilities who had paid employment experience in
high school were more likely to stay in high school and graduate with an
employment outcome. How will the increased emphasis on academics balance
with effective vocational and other nonacademic educational strategies?
Special educators are rarely involved in the development of the general
education curricular standards. Instead, they are typically called upon
to identify instructional strategies or curriculum modifications (Goertz
& Friedman, 1996). However, these adaptations are typically focused on
groups of students and rarely on the specific needs of individual
students in the class (Vaughn & Schumm, as cited in Orkwis & McLane,
1998). This means that general and special educators are forced to
decide when to modify a standard, when to provide instructional
accommodations, how and when to plan collaboratively, and how to find
instructional time to cover the content (McLaughlin, Henderson, & Rhim,
1997). The need to develop curricular frameworks that are relevant to
all students and to identify effective strategies that support access to
the curriculum is common throughout elementary and secondary schools.
Our challenge is to strike a balance between emphasizing the potential
and performance of each individual student and ability to provide
individual resources to facilitate full participation of all students
(Benz & Kochhar, 1996). The concept of universal design is one strategy
that offers promising solutions to this dilemma.
# Universal Design of Curricular Frameworks
To increase access to the general education curriculum, needs of all
students must be considered when curricula and standards are developed.
This is known as universal design, which is based on the premise that
curricula and standards are flexible in order to include students with a
wide variety of cultural, linguistic, and learning styles\--including
students with disabilities (Orkwis & McLane, 1998). Ideally, effective
universal design does not result in lowered expectations or watered-down
instruction. Rather, it calls for multiple ways of expressing competency
in regard to a given standard.
Universal design also results in blending of different types of
standards. It allows students who are working toward mastery of the
basic or foundation skills to apply their existing knowledge across
multiple environments or to engage in complex applications. This
requires teachers to integrate standards from multiple grade levels in
order to facilitate access to a variety of educational opportunities.
Such experiences will enhance the participation of students who
typically are exempted from large-scale assessments that require
collaborative and/or higher level analysis.
Because most districts or States already have curricula in place, the
effectiveness and accessibility of those frameworks should be evaluated.
It is important to consider a number of questions when evaluating the
effectiveness of existing curricula:
1. Is a wide range of parents and other community members involved in
the review of the curriculum?
2. What is the approved curriculum? Does it include examples of
adaptations that may be used with students with disabilities,
including those with significant disabilities?
3. Are instructional methods and materials used that are responsive to
the needs of a heterogeneous student population? What types of
instructional priorities and goals have been established to support
the progress of all students in meeting the standards?
4. Are standards broad or do they reflect only academic outcomes?
5. Are performance standards appropriate for students with
disabilities? Can they be demonstrated in a variety of ways?
(Jorgensen, 1997)
While these are important considerations for curriculum developers at
district and State levels, most general and special educators are not
involved in curriculum development on a regular basis. However, they are
regularly involved in committees charged with the selection of curricula
for implementation throughout a district or school. Three considerations
can guide the selection of curricula:
- ***Does the curriculum provide multiple means of presentation of
content?*** A universally designed curriculum will offer a variety
of presentation modes, including text at multiple reading levels,
auditory versions, and digital formats (allowing transformation from
one presentation mode to another).
- ***Does the curriculum provide multiple and flexible means of
student engagement or participation?*** Aligning instruction with
student learning styles will facilitate understanding of the
content. Aspects to consider include finding the right balance
between supporting and challenging a student, basing instruction on
familiar versus novel concepts, and expanding concepts to reflect a
variety of developmental and cultural interests.
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- ***Does the curriculum provide multiple means of student
response?*** Students should be offered flexibility in their choice
of response modes. Such flexibility should be based on their
preferred communication mode and on technological supports needed
(Orkwis & McLane, 1998).
A curriculum that addresses each of these three areas is considered to
use the principles of universal design and will be accessible to
virtually all students.
# Strategies That Support Access to the Curriculum
Effective access to the general education curriculum requires more than
common standards and universal design. It is also dependent on
pedagogically skilled educators, instructional materials that are
accessible to students, and effective instructional strategies.
## *Pedagogically Skilled Educators*
All too often, students with disabilities receive their instruction in a
given academic content area from special educators who have not been
trained in that content area. If students are to have increased access,
then all of their teachers must possess content expertise and
pedagogically sound instructional skills. Preservice and professional
development for general and special educators need to address content
knowledge, universal design principles, and pedagogical skills to become
proficient in a given content area. Support for this is being provided
by the OSEP-funded project INTASC (Interstate New Teacher Assessment and
Support Consortium), which is developing standards for general and
special educators to promote cohesiveness in licensure and preparation,
clarifying distinctions in teacher responsibilities, and developing
common policies for licensing for general and special educators.
In addition, some OSEP-funded State Improvement Grants (SIGs) seek ways
to provide general and special educators with the competencies needed to
effectively address the educational needs of all students.
## *Instructional Materials*
Typically, instructional materials are aligned with curricular standards
and intended for use by students with corresponding reading and
comprehension skills. If a student lacks the requisite literacy skills,
the instructional materials will be inaccessible and so too the
curriculum. Once again, universal design is a critical factor in
accessibility. Similarly, instructional materials should be available in
a variety of formats. For example, video presentations need to be
supplemented by video description and captioning if they are to be
accessible to students with hearing impairments or to English-language
learners.
However, alternative presentation modes may not be sufficient for
students with cognitive impairments. For these students, multiple
presentation modes should be supplemented with alternative (i.e., less
abstract) descriptions, special instructions, or organizational tips for
approaching an activity or problem.
## *Instructional Strategies*
While universally designed curricula and instructional materials and
knowledgeable educators are critical to the successful access of a
curriculum, students with disabilities also require access to
instruction that is individually referenced, intense, frequent, and
explicit.
### *Individually Referenced Instruction*
Effective instruction is premised on instructional decision making that
is individually referenced. The IDEA Amendments of 1997 are clear in the
intent for IEP goals to be aligned with the general education
curriculum. At the same time, the amendments continue the commitment to
individually referenced planning and instruction. The thoughtful
identification and implementation of individually focused instructional
accommodations facilitate instruction that is both aligned with the
general education curriculum and relevant to the individual student's
needs.
### *Intense and Frequent Instruction*
Students with disabilities require intense and frequent instruction of
basic and higher level concepts. Although it may include one-on-one
instruction, intense instruction refers to a broader set of features,
including careful matching of instruction with student skill levels;
frequent opportunities for student responses; instructional cues,
prompts, and fading to facilitate correct responses; and detailed
task-focused feedback.
### *Explicit Instruction*
An increasing body of evidence supports the need for students with
disabilities to be directly taught the processes and concepts that
nondisabled children tend to learn naturally through experiences.
Gersten (1998) has identified five principles of explicit instruction:
1. Providing students with an adequate range of examples to exemplify a
concept or problem-solving strategy.
2. Providing models of proficient performance, including step-by-step
strategies (as needed) or broad, generic questions and guidelines
that focus attention and prompt deep processing.
3. Providing experiences where students explain how and why they make
decisions.
4. Providing frequent feedback on quality of performance and support so
that students persist in activities.
5. Providing adequate practice and activities that are interesting and
engaging.
While a variety of approaches to explicit instruction exist, they all
have a similar focus: directly teaching thinking and problem-solving
strategies to students who have difficulty acquiring such skills in a
seemingly natural manner. One of the most common strategies is the use
of scaffolding, which entails the teacher's presentation of a series of
frameworks (e.g., questions or outlines) that facilitate a student's
study of the instructional content (Harris & Pressley, 1991, as cited in
Gersten, 1998; MacArthur, Schwartz, Graham, Molloy, & Harris, as cited
in Gersten, 1998). As students become familiar with the frameworks, they
are encouraged to adapt the specific components to support their review
of the material.
Another example of explicit instruction is anchored instruction (Bottge
& Hasselbring, 1993; Hollingsworth & Woodward, 1993). In this practice,
students are taught key vocabulary, measurements, procedures, or
concepts prior to the introduction of a problem-solving activity. As a
result, their ability to participate in the analysis is enhanced through
the initial instruction, which serves as an anchor for the more complex
activities. Additional strategies that strengthen this approach include
decreases in writing demands (e.g., completing sentences rather than
writing short essays) and memory demands (e.g., following written
procedures rather than relying on memory) (Mastropieri, Scruggs, &
Chung, 1997).
Students appear to benefit from instruction in its component parts
(e.g., phonological awareness, word recognition, written expression)
when instruction is hierarchical with an initial focus on basic skills
as a prerequisite for higher order, problem-solving applications.
However, care must be taken to ensure that students are not placed in a
long-term status of "not yet ready" for higher order activities.
Instead, their educational experiences need to include a blend of
experiences so they are able to demonstrate knowledge in multiple ways
(Orkwis & McLane, 1998).
# Summary
Federal education policy is clear in its intent for all students to be
active participants in the general education curriculum. The IDEA
Amendments of 1997 call for a broader focus in educational planning. The
reference point for IEP development is now the student's participation
in the general education curriculum and the supports needed to
accomplish this goal.
Although this is unchartered territory, students can benefit from an
emerging body of research that emphasizes the importance of universal
design of curricula and instructional materials and of strategies that
support access to the general education curriculum. Special educators
must possess content knowledge necessary for delivering instruction;
students need access to instruction that is individually referenced,
intense, frequent, and explicit.
Enhancing access to the general education curriculum requires a new
approach to collaboration between general and special education. Joint
participation and leadership in curriculum and standards development,
professional development, resource allocation, and instruction are
critical factors in helping students with disabilities access the
general education curriculum and acquire skills that will better prepare
them for life after school.
# References
Benz, M., & Kochhar, C. (1996). School-to-work opportunities for all
students: A position statement of the Division on Career Development and
Transition. *Career Development for Exceptional Individuals*, *19*,
31-48.
Blackorby, J., & Wagner, M. (1996). Longitudinal postschool outcomes of
youth with disabilities: Findings from the National Longitudinal
Transition Study. *Exceptional Children, 62*, 399-413.
Bottge, B., & Hasselbring, T. (1993). A comparison of two approaches for
teaching complex, authentic mathematical problems to adolescents in
remedial math classes. *Exceptional Children*, *59*, 556-566.
Gersten, R. (1998). Recent advances in instructional research for
students with learning disabilities: An overview. *Learning Disabilities
Research and Practice, 13*, 162-170.
Goertz, M., & Friedman, D. (1996, March). *State education reform and
students with disabilities: A preliminary analysis* (Year 1 Technical
Report). Alexandria, VA: Center for Policy Research on the Impact of
General and Special Education Reform, National Association of State
Boards of Education.
Hollingsworth, M., & Woodward, J. (1993). Integrated learning: Explicit
strategies and their role in problem-solving instruction for students
with learning disabilities. *Exceptional Children*, *59*, 444-455.
Jorgensen, C. (1997, July)*. Curriculum and its impact on inclusion and
the achievement of students with disabilities.* Issue Brief 2(2).
Pittsburgh, PA: Consortium on Inclusive School Practices, Allegheny
University of the Health Sciences.
Mastropieri, M.A., Scruggs, T.E., & Chung, S. (1997, April).
*Qualitative and quantitative outcomes associated with inclusive science
teaching*. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
McDonnell, L., McLaughlin, M., & Morison, P. (1997). *Educating one and
all: Students with disabilities and standards-based reform.* Washington,
DC: National Research Council.
McLaughlin, M., Henderson, K., & Rhim, L. (1997, March). *Reform for
all? General and special education reforms in five local school
districts.* Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Education Research Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.
National Commission on Excellence in Education. (1983). *A nation at
risk: The imperative for educational reform*. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Education.
Orkwis, R., & McLane, K. (1998, Summer). *A curriculum every student can
use: Design principles for student access.* Reston, VA: ERIC/OSEP
Special Project, Council for Exceptional Children.
Warren, S. (1997, April). *Building school-based capacity to sustain
change in special education practices.* Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the American Education Research Association, San Diego, CA.
Developing a Highly Trained Teacher Workforce
#
# Introduction
> America's future depends now, as never before, on our ability to
> teach. If every citizen is to be prepared for a democratic society
> whose major product is knowledge, every teacher must know how to teach
> students in ways that help them reach high levels of intellectual and
> social competence. Every school must be organized to support powerful
> teaching and learning. Every school district must be able to find and
> keep good teachers. And every community must be focused on preparing
> students to become competent citizens and workers in a pluralistic,
> technological society (National Commission on Teaching & America's
> Future, 1996, p. 3).
This urgent call for effective teachers reflects lessons learned from
more than a decade of education reform efforts that have left the
preparation of teachers virtually unchanged. Although the
professionalization of teaching was added to the reform agenda in the
late 1980s (Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy, 1986), initial
attempts to improve the quality of teaching focused on structural and
organizational components, using approaches such as increased salaries,
career ladders, and merit pay (Hawley, 1988). Those failed attempts at
improving teaching and learning led to the inevitable conclusion that
improvements in the quality of America's schools would require changes
to existing systems for recruiting, preparing, and supporting America's
teachers (e.g., Association of Teacher Educators, 1991; Goodlad, 1994;
National Commission on Teaching & America's Future, 1996; Pugach,
Barnes, & Beckum, 1991; U.S. Department of Education, 1997). That
conclusion was bolstered by mounting research evidence that indicated
the critical link between teaching practice and student achievement
(e.g., Cohen, McLaughlin, & Talbert, 1993; Elmore, Peterson, &
McCarthey, 1996; Ferguson & Ladd, 1996). As noted by Terry Dozier,
former National Teacher of the Year and Special Advisor to the Secretary
of Education: "The highest standards in the world, the best facilities,
and the strongest accountability measures will do little good if we do
not have talented, dedicated, and well-prepared teachers in every
classroom. . . . Our Nation's goals in education will not be achieved
without the development of an excellent teacher workforce" (Dozier,
1997, p. 1).
The importance of workforce quality was given heightened priority by the
release of data indicating that, overall, about a quarter of newly hired
teachers lack the qualifications required for their jobs, with 75
percent of urban districts hiring teachers who lack proper credentials
(National Commission on Teaching & America's Future, 1996). Some
evidence suggests that inadequate teacher preparation is even more
common among special educators than in the general teacher workforce.
Boe, Cook, Bobbitt, and Terhanian (1998) report, for example, that in
1990-91, about 10 percent of special education teachers were not fully
certified in their primary teaching assignment, compared to 6 percent of
general education teachers who were not fully certified. More recent
data reported by States to the U.S. Department of Education's Office of
Special Education Programs (OSEP) shows that for the 1995-96 school
year, about 8.7 percent of special education teachers were not fully
certified (U.S. Department of Education, 1998c).
These research findings, as well as national efforts to raise awareness
of the importance of a highly trained workforce, most notably those of
the National Commission on Teaching & America's Future[^2], have
mobilized a variety of programs and strategies at the Federal, State,
and local levels for investing in the teaching profession. For example,
the Department of Education's Office of Educational Research and
Improvement (OERI) funds two research and development initiatives
focused on teaching and policy\--the National Center for the Study of
Teaching and Policy, housed at the University of Washington with the
collaboration of other major universities, and the National Partnership
for Excellence and Accountability in Teaching at the University of
Maryland, a collaboration among several major universities and
professional associations that work in partnership to engage in efforts
aimed at improving the quality of teaching.
As the ability to address teacher quality will rely on a commitment to
implement reforms at both State and local levels, the National
Commission on Teaching & America's Future is working in partnership with
governors, State education departments, legislators, and business
leaders in 12 States to design and implement improvement strategies that
respond to local needs. Further, the National Council for Accreditation
of Teacher Education, which sets standards for teacher education; the
Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC), which
addresses beginning teacher licensure issues; and the National Board for
Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS), which provides advanced
certification to qualified veteran teachers, have joined to develop a
coherent set of standards to guide preservice education of teachers,
entry into the field, and continued professional development (National
Commission on Teaching & America's Future, 1997).
In addition to these efforts, the Department of Education has made a
strong commitment to support States and local school districts in
efforts to improve the quality of the teacher workforce. This section of
the report outlines the activities of the Department, with a particular
focus on OSEP activities that are designed to address needs of personnel
who work with students with disabilities.
# Department of Education Professional Development Activities
"A talented and dedicated teacher in every classroom in America" is a
major objective of the Department of Education (U.S. Department of
Education, 1997). As set forth in the Department's *Strategic Plan for
1998-2002*, six core strategies are planned for meeting this objective:
- improving the quality and retention of new teachers;
- financial support and interagency coordination to implement
professional development strategies that will increase the skills of
current teachers;
- support of States' efforts to align licensing and certification
requirements with content and performance standards;
- teacher recognition and accountability through efforts such as the
NBPTS;
- research, development, evaluation, and dissemination of
research-based strategies for improving teacher quality; and
- a biennial national report card on teacher quality.
A variety of existing Federal programs both directly and indirectly
support these strategies, including the newly established Comprehensive
School Reform Demonstration program, the Goals 2000: Educate America
Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the Adult Education Act, the
Higher Education Act, the Perkins Vocational and Applied Technical
Education Act, and the School to Work Opportunities Act. Some of these
programs are intended to benefit special populations of students (e.g.,
students with disabilities, students who are limited-English
proficient). The use of Federal funds specifically to support
professional development activities that improve the quality of the
workforce must be consistent with the overall purposes and requirements
of each program. Goals 2000 funds, for example, can be used to support
professional development activities that familiarize teachers with State
standards and support teacher knowledge and skills that are aligned to
student expectations within the context of statewide standards. About 60
percent of Goals 2000 funds are used to support teacher preservice and
professional development activities (U.S. Department of Education,
1998a).
Two Federal programs, Title II of ESEA and Part D of IDEA, are designed
specifically to support the professional development of educators. The
Dwight D. Eisenhower Professional Development Program (Title II of
ESEA), with a fiscal year (FY) 1998 appropriation of \$335 million, is
the largest source of Federal funding for such activities. This formula
grant program provides funds to State education agencies (SEAs) and
State agencies of higher education (SAHEs) to support high-quality,
sustained, and intensive professional development activities in core
academic subjects, particularly math and science. The funds tend to
support teacher improvement efforts at the district and school levels
based on a comprehensive review of their professional development needs.
Funds also assist institutions of higher education (IHEs) and others to
develop their capacity to offer high-quality professional development
activities. Local education agencies (LEAs) apply to the State for
subgrants, with about 95 percent of all LEAs participating in the
program. Colleges and universities submit grant applications to the
SAHE. Three suggested uses of the Eisenhower funds include: (1)
professional development in the effective use of technology as a
classroom tool, (2) the formation of professional development networks
that allow educators to exchange information on advances in content and
pedagogy, and (3) peer training and mentoring programs for teachers and
administrators. The annual performance reports for the grants require
grantees to report on how Eisenhower funds are used to help meet the
needs of diverse groups of students, including students with
disabilities. Activities supported under Part D of IDEA to address the
professional development of educators who work with students with
disabilities are described in the following section, which discusses
more broadly OSEP's efforts to address the need for a highly trained
workforce.
# OSEP Professional Development Activities
It is a priority for OSEP to assemble a highly trained workforce to
provide services to students with disabilities. A major objective for
the use of discretionary funds available under the IDEA Amendments of
1997 is to "ensure an adequate supply of highly qualified personnel"
(U.S. Department of Education, 1998b). The five performance indicators
of this objective as delineated by OSEP include:
- ***Supply of qualified personnel*.** OSEP intends to obtain these
data from State reports to track whether an increasing number of
States are meeting their identified needs for qualified personnel.
- ***Research-validated effective practices*.** Beginning with FY
1999, OSEP plans to review funded award and institutional practices
to ensure that an increasing percentage of training programs will
incorporate research-validated practices into program curricula.
Grant selection criteria that promote the use of research-validated
effective program content and pedagogy and an identification of
research-validated effective practices are two strategies that will
support this indicator.
- ***Personnel employed with certification*.** State-reported data for
1996-97 reveal that across all funded positions for special
education teachers and related services personnel, 8.6 percent were
not fully certified. The range across categories was quite wide,
with a low of 1.2 percent for SEA supervisors and administrators to
a high of 15.7 percent for interpreters. Other categories with a
higher than average proportion of noncertified personnel include
teachers for 3- through 5-year-olds (10.7 percent), teacher aides
(14.1 percent), and recreation and therapeutic recreation
specialists (10.2 percent) (U.S. Department of Education, 1998a). In
the future, OSEP also will use data from the National Center for
Education Statistics (NCES) Schools and Staffing Survey to track its
goal of an increasing percentage of special education teachers and
related services personnel with appropriate certification.
- ***Special education training for regular education teachers*.**
Although, as noted above, the Department of Education provides a
variety of funding streams to support professional development of
teachers based on State and local needs, these programs do not
necessarily support activities that would increase the capacity of
regular education teachers to address the needs of students with
disabilities. New requirements resulting from the IDEA Amendments of
1997 will require general educators to become increasingly skilled
at meeting the needs of students with disabilities. These
requirements include, for example, that general educators be
included in individualized education program (IEP) meetings, that
students with disabilities be provided access to the general
education curriculum, and that students with disabilities
participate in State and local assessment programs. OSEP intends to
use data from the NCES Schools and Staffing Survey to determine if
an increasing percentage of general education teachers and community
service providers are receiving preservice and inservice training in
special education and developmentally appropriate practices. OSEP
will also support preparation programs for regular education
personnel to work with students with disabilities.
- ***Effective personnel*.** As one measure of personnel quality, OSEP
plans to conduct surveys of teachers, parents, and students
regarding personnel knowledge and skills as well as self-efficacy
surveys of personnel. These survey data will be used to determine if
an increasing percentage of special and regular education teachers
and early intervention personnel have the knowledge and skills to
improve educational results for children with disabilities.
Although these performance indicators are new to OSEP, the idea of
supporting personnel preparation activities for educators who work with
students with disabilities is not. Under Part D of IDEA, OSEP currently
administers more than \$83 million in grants to help address
State-identified needs for qualified personnel to work with students
with disabilities. During FY 1997, these funds supported over 600
preservice and inservice training programs for special education,
related services, early intervention, and leadership personnel. Grants
were awarded across 14 priorities to IHEs, SEAs, and other nonprofit
agencies. The personnel preparation priorities address a wide variety of
areas, not just teacher preparation. The 14 priority areas include the
preparation of personnel for careers in special education; preparation
of related services personnel; preparation of personnel to serve
infants, toddlers, and preschoolers; grants for preservice personnel
training; preparation of educational interpreters; leadership personnel;
special projects\--multiple topics; special projects\--national
initiatives; preparation of personnel to serve children with
low-incidence disabilities; preparation of personnel for careers in
special education\--emotional disturbance; early childhood model
inservice training projects; preparation of minority personnel; SEA
programs; and model standards for beginning teachers.
Addressing the priority area of preservice personnel training, for
example, 48 new and 50 continuation grants were awarded to support the
preservice preparation of personnel in three areas: special education
teachers, related services personnel, and early intervention and
preschool personnel. Under this priority, grantees can develop new
programs or improve existing programs that will increase the capacity
and quality of preservice programs in one, two, or all three of these
areas. Prior to FY 1996, these preservice priorities were funded under
separate competitions. Recently funded projects include, for example, a
Northern Illinois University training program for master's level
students who will become elementary teachers for students with emotional
disturbance, an interdisciplinary graduate program at Allegheny
University of the Health Sciences to prepare already licensed physical
therapists and occupational therapists to demonstrate competencies that
promote the full inclusion of students with disabilities in educational
settings, and a project at California State University, Northridge, to
promote the early completion of a new credential program for early
childhood special education teachers who reflect the increasing cultural
and linguistic diversity of the population to prepare them to support
students with disabilities in the general education classroom.
Under a special projects priority that addresses multiple topics, 18 new
and 45 continuation grants were awarded during FY 1997 to support
initiatives designed to develop and demonstrate new approaches for the
preservice and inservice training of personnel for careers in special
education and early intervention; to develop materials and approaches to
prepare personnel; and to develop other projects of national
significance for the preparation of personnel needed to serve infants,
toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities. One of the projects
funded under this priority is at the University of New Mexico at
Albuquerque, where project staff are developing and evaluating a new
personnel training model for regular educators, special educators,
parents, and related services personnel in the process of
individualizing educational programs for children with autism. The
special project at the National Resource Center for Paraprofessionals in
Education and Related Services at the City University of New York is
developing, evaluating, and producing competency-based instructional
materials to prepare paraeducators to work with children and youth with
disabilities and other special needs that place them at risk for school
failure. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a special
projects grant is supporting the identification and organization or
competencies needed by secondary-level teachers and rehabilitation
personnel relevant to planning and delivering transition services for
youth with disabilities. That project will also develop and evaluate a
conceptual model of transition-related competencies and disseminate the
model nationally.
During FY 1997, OSEP also funded two new special projects of national
significance focused on improving the quality of the teacher workforce.
At the University of Kansas in Lawrence, grant funds are being used to
develop an academy linking teacher education to advances in research,
particularly in the areas of improving reading instruction for students
with learning disabilities, the use of technology to enhance educational
results for students with disabilities, and the use of positive
behavioral supports to teach children with disabilities who exhibit
challenging behaviors. The goals of the project are to improve
instruction by infusing research-based interventions into the teacher
education curriculum and making these interventions available to
practicing teachers. A second project funded under this priority is at
the Council for Exceptional Children, where project staff are working
with a national advisory board and other key stakeholders to address
issues in the recruitment and preparation of personnel for teaching
students who have low vision or are blind.
OSEP also awarded a 2-year personnel preparation grant to the Council of
Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) to craft model State licensing
standards for all beginning teachers (both general and special
educators) to better reflect what teachers need to know and be able to
do to teach students with disabilities. This project, coordinated by
INTASC, will simultaneously develop and implement standards for general
and special education teachers that promise to promote complementary
preparation and licensure, clarify distinctions in responsibilities
among general and special educators, and allow States to collectively
agree upon a common policy for licensing general and special education
teachers. Currently, 31 SEAs and independent professional standards
boards are working with CCSSO on this project.
As described in the following historical overview of the personnel
preparation program, these types of activities have been funded for 40
years with relatively minor changes. A subsequent section of this module
discusses major changes to the OSEP-supported professional development
enterprise resulting from the IDEA Amendments of 1997, and some of
OSEP's plans for the future in response to those changes.
## *Historical Overview of OSEP Personnel Preparation*
Federal grant funds for the preparation of personnel to meet the needs
of students with disabilities have been available since 1958 when P.L.
85-926, the Education of Mentally Retarded Children Act, authorized
\$2,500 grants to IHEs for training leadership personnel in the program
area of mental retardation (Kleinhammer-Tramill, Gallagher, & Earley,
1998). By 1970, funding had increased to \$29.7 million to support a
highly categorical professional development program. "Funds for
personnel preparation were earmarked by category, and universities
submitted categorical grants to receive funding. . . ."
(Kleinhammer-Tramill et al., 1998, p. 3). Just prior to enactment of
P.L. 94-142 (the Education for All Handicapped Children Act) in 1976,
however, personnel preparation funds were awarded as Program Assistance
Grants (PAGs) or "block grants" to special education departments, which
allowed IHEs to develop noncategorical training programs with a great
deal of flexibility.
With the implementation of P.L. 94-142, a mandate to increase available
services to previously unserved and underserved populations resulted in
a need to focus on the preparation of teachers to meet the needs of
specific student populations, such as students with low-incidence
disabilities, students residing in rural areas, or students with
emotional disturbance. Consequently, by 1980, funding streams were again
awarded categorically. These programs provided less flexibility than the
PAGs and encouraged the use of stipend support for students, resulting
in few attempts to address program improvement, administration, or
infrastructure, all of which would enhance the quality of professional
development activities (Kleinhammer-Tramill et al., 1998).
This approach to Federal personnel preparation funding was relatively
consistent until 1995, when priorities for the grant program resulted in
a three-component application that combined funds for related services,
early childhood, and training personnel for careers in special education
into a single competition. Grants were intended to support training of
personnel for both low- and high-incidence disabilities. In making this
change, OSEP intended to encourage interprofessional, multidisciplinary
approaches to the education of students with disabilities. As detailed
in the following section, the IDEA Amendments of 1997 made several major
changes to OSEP's support of professional development activities.
## *Changes in Personnel Preparation Programs*
With enactment of the IDEA Amendments of 1997 came both a renewed focus
on and a shift in the approach to OSEP's support of professional
development programs. In amending IDEA, Congress recognized that "an
effective educational system now and in the future must promote
comprehensive programs of professional development to ensure that the
persons responsible for the education or transition of children with
disabilities possess the skills and knowledge necessary to address the
educational and related needs of those children." (§651(a)(6)(F))
The amendments combined the 14 discretionary projects previously
supported under Part D of IDEA, including the personnel preparation
grants to IHEs, into seven authorities under two subparts of Part D,
National Activities to Improve Education of Children with Disabilities.
Support for addressing professional development is now included under
both Subpart 1, State Program Improvement Grants for Children with
Disabilities, and Subpart 2, Coordinated Research, Personnel
Preparation, Technical Assistance, Support and Dissemination of Part D.
One of the major changes is that under Subpart 1, federally supported
personnel training activities that historically have been the domain of
IHEs now include SEAs. A competitive application process for the funds
is based on a State Improvement Plan (SIP) for special education, which
must be included in an application for a State Improvement Grant (SIG).
Awards are based on State population, State need, and available
resources (§655). The types of activities proposed by the State are also
a funding consideration.
SIGs are intended to promote systemic reforms that will improve results
for children with disabilities. They must be based on a four-pronged
needs analysis that considers "those critical aspects of early
intervention, general education, and special education programs
(including professional development, based on an assessment of State and
local needs) that must be improved to enable children with disabilities
to meet the goals established by the State under section 612(a)(16)."
(§653(b)(1)) The SIGs are to be implemented through a partnership that
must include the SEA, LEAs, and other State agencies providing services
to students with disabilities and include a variety of other
stakeholders such as parents of children with disabilities, professional
organizations, and IHEs.
A substantial proportion (50-75 percent) of the SIGs must be used to
support preservice and inservice professional development activities
based on identified needs of States as set forth in the SIP. The
Comprehensive System of Personnel Development (CSPD) also required under
IDEA must be implemented regardless of whether a SIG is awarded. As
required previously, the CSPD is to be designed to ensure an adequate
supply of qualified special education, regular education, related
services, and early intervention personnel; the CSPD can meet the
personnel development requirements of the SIG. In fact, "it may serve as
the framework for the State's personnel development part of a SIG grant
application" (U.S. Department of Education, 1998d).
Since the implementation of these grants with the IDEA Amendments of
1997, States have used SIG funds to:
- broker changes in IHE preservice and inservice offerings to ensure
that special education instruction aligns with new State standards
and educational reform efforts;
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- broker changes in IHE preservice and inservice offerings to ensure
that general and special education teachers learn to modify and
accommodate instructional practices to meet the needs of all
students;
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- assist IHEs to expand their capacity to produce special education
teachers and early intervention providers;
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- implement career ladders whereby paraprofessionals pursue special
education teacher certification;
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- provide stipends, with payback clauses, on a preservice and
inservice level to address personnel shortages in LEAs; and
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- develop training systems based on distance learning principles to
address personnel shortages.
As noted by Kleinhammer-Tramill et al. (1998), with these changes, there
has been a significant shift in the distribution of funding and locus of
control over professional development activities from IHEs to the
States. Under the IDEA Amendments of 1997, Part D, Subpart 2, IHEs are
still eligible to apply for personnel preparation grants similar to
those that have been funded in prior years. Still, significant changes
were made to this discretionary program. Personnel preparation grants to
IHEs are currently authorized to meet the training needs of: (1)
personnel to serve students with low-incidence disabilities, (2)
leadership personnel, and (3) personnel to serve students with
high-incidence disabilities. A fourth type of grant will address
projects of national significance, such as the use of technology to
enhance educational results for students with disabilities or the
establishment of personnel preparation standards. LEAs and other
entities are also eligible to apply for these grants, in addition to
IHEs, which now will be expected, based on OSEP priorities, to become
active partners with other entities in the delivery of professional
development services. In another major change, the IDEA Amendments of
1997 require that students receiving stipend support from a Part D
personnel preparation grant must agree to a 2-year service commitment
for every year for which assistance was received or repay all or part of
the assistance.
## *Future Directions and Prior Results*
The changes to the long-standing personnel preparation program as a
result of the IDEA Amendments of 1997 represent a new understanding of
the importance of how personnel are prepared to work with students with
disabilities and acknowledge the important roles played by entities
other than IHEs to ensure an adequate supply of quality teachers. In
recognition of this shift, OSEP is in the process of expanding its
planning and evaluation functions as they relate to personnel
preparation. OSEP is establishing a comprehensive planning process for
discretionary activities which will use a broad-based group of
stakeholders to develop program agendas, including an agenda for
professional development (Danielson, 1997). OSEP is also in the process
of preparing descriptive historical documentation of its support of
professional development activities which can help it shape that agenda.
Finally, OSEP will fund a study on unmet needs for high-quality
personnel to serve students with disabilities. It will address: (1)
shortages in the number and quality of personnel serving students with
disabilities, (2) variations in patterns of numerical shortages and
quality in the work force, and (3) factors that influence identified
variations.
These planned activities also represent a change in OSEP's approach to
professional development activities. Despite the fact that Federal
special education training grants have been available since 1958 as
discussed above, little information has been collected on the success of
the training programs in meeting the overall goals of increasing the
quantity and quality of the special education workforce. In prior years,
State-reported data on the supply and demand of special education
personnel represented one of the only sources of information on
personnel employed and needed to educate students with disabilities. In
addition, IHEs that received a Part D training grant were also required
to report the number of students "trained" under the grant. Neither data
source provided an indication of the adequacy with which individuals
were prepared or their quality in meeting the needs of students with
disabilities.
Only one recent study has evaluated the success of an OSEP-funded
personnel preparation endeavor. That study evaluated the use of
professional development partnership (PDP) projects awarded to five
sites as a strategy for reform of existing personnel preparation systems
(O'Reilly, 1998). Major findings indicated that the partnerships were
very successful in building personnel capacity and that specific types
of partnerships (i.e., collaborations) showed great promise of systems
change and sustainability of project impacts. Three elements necessary
for successful partnerships were identified, including broad stakeholder
involvement, a respected leader, and shared mission among partnership
participants. The partnerships required under the IDEA Amendments of
1997 for implementation of the SIPs are very similar to the partnerships
established by the five PDP projects.
# Conclusions
The Department of Education has focused considerable effort and
resources on improving the quality of our Nation's teacher workforce.
These efforts are supported and have been encouraged by Congress and by
researchers, policy makers, professional organizations, foundations,
parents, students, and community members in recognition that better
results for students depend on a better prepared teacher workforce.
During public meetings leading up to reauthorization of IDEA, personnel
development was a consistent high-priority concern of special education
stakeholders. OSEP has been involved in promoting professional
development of personnel who work with students with disabilities for
the past four decades. In the future, OSEP will continue to support such
activities with a slightly different focus that will result in greater
involvement of States and local communities in professional development
endeavors. This shift has resulted in part from the research-based
knowledge that has developed from the Federal government's substantial
investment into research on teachers and teaching (National Center for
the Study of Teaching and Policy, 1998) that indicates the critical role
of classroom practice in improving student achievement and in part from
recognition that IHEs were not always meeting State's personnel needs.
The ability of the Department of Education and OSEP to meet their
objectives of a highly trained teacher workforce for our schools will be
seriously challenged by a number of conditions. First, an anticipated
need to hire more than 2 million teachers over the next decade due to
increasing retirements of an aging workforce and a concomitant
enrollment surge will require a focus on policies that increase both the
quality and *quantity* of classroom recruits (National Commission on
Teaching & America's Future, 1997). Other challenges include an
increasing diversity of the student population that is not reflected in
the teacher workforce, a robust economy that attracts talented
individuals into higher paying employment sectors, an increased emphasis
on the use of technology in the provision of educational services, and
high-stakes accountability systems which are placing heavier demands on
teachers.
With most students with disabilities spending the majority of their
school day in a regular classroom (U.S. Department of Education, 1997),
issues of ensuring a quality workforce to meet the needs of students
with disabilities are compounded. Despite recent efforts to increase the
quality of the teacher workforce, general educators receive little or no
preparation in addressing the needs of students with disabilities.
OSEP-supported professional development activities are the only
federally funded activities that specifically acknowledge this need and
encourage grantees to address it.
As reflected in the Department of Education's strategies for developing
a highly trained workforce, addressing these challenges will require
changes in all stages of personnel preparation, including recruitment,
preservice and inservice training, and induction of new teachers into
schools. These challenges and the radical shifts in the support of
professional development activities resulting from the IDEA Amendments
of 1997 suggest that it will be more important than ever to evaluate the
effectiveness and impact of Federal efforts to address professional
development needs over the next few years.
# References
Association of Teacher Educators. (1991). *Restructuring the education
of teachers*. *Report of the Commission on the Education of Teachers
into the 21st Century*. Reston, VA: Author.
Boe, E.E., Cook, L.H., Bobbitt, S.A., & Terhanian, G. (1998). The
shortage of fully certified teachers in special and general education.
*Teacher Education and Special Education*, *21,* 1-21.
Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy. (1986). *A nation prepared:
Teachers for the 21st century*. New York: Carnegie Corporation.
Cohen, C.K., McLaughlin, M.W., & Talbert, J.T. (Eds.). (1993). *Teaching
for understanding: Challenges for policy and practice*. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Danielson, L. (July 2, 1997). *Letter to colleagues on discretionary
programs of IDEA*. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office
of Special Education Programs.
Dozier, T. (1997). *Statement by Terry Dozier, Special Advisor to the
Secretary, U.S. Department of Education before the House Committee on
Education and the Workforce Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education,
Training, and Lifelong Learning*. Washington, DC: Author.
Elmore, R.F., Peterson, P.L., & McCarthey, S.J. (1996). *Restructuring
in the classroom: Teaching, learning & school organization.* San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass*.*
Ferguson, R., & Ladd, H.F. (1996). How and why money matters: An
analysis of Alabama schools. In H. Ladd (Ed.), *Holding schools
accountable* (pp. 265-298*).* Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
Goodlad, J. (1994). *Educational renewal: Better teachers, better
schools*. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hawley, W. (1988). Missing pieces of the educational reform agenda: Or,
why the first and second waves may miss the boat. *Educational
Administration Quarterly, 24,* 416-437.
Kleinhammer-Tramill, P.J., Gallagher, K.S., & Earley, P. (1998).
*Changes in part D of IDEA: An initial analysis of benchmark policy
changes and their relationships to the 1997 reauthorization*.
Unpublished manuscript.
National Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy. (1998). *Federal
research investment and the improvement of teaching, 1980-1997.*
University of Washington: Author.
National Commission on Teaching & America's Future (1997). *Doing what
matters most: Investing in quality teaching*. New York: Author.
National Commission on Teaching & America's Future. (1996). *What
matters most: Teaching for America's future.* New York: Author.
O'Reilly, F. (1998). *Working together: Partnerships and collaborations
for systems change. An evaluation of professional development
partnerships*. Prepared for the Academy of Educational Development,
Washington, DC.
Pugach, M.C., Barnes, H.L., & Beckum, L.C. (1991). *Changing the
practice of teacher education: The role of the knowledge base*.
Washington, DC: Association of Colleges for Teacher Education.
U.S. Department of Education. (1998a). *FY 1999 annual plan, volume 2*.
Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Education. (1998b). *Goals 2000: Reforming education
to improve student achievement*. Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs.
(1998c). Data Analysis System. \[Integrated software system\].
Rockville, MD: Westat.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs.
(1998d). *OSEP memorandum 98-4: Guidance related to state program
improvement grants to improve education for children with disabilities*.
Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Education. (1997). *The seven priorities of the U.S.
Department of Education*. Washington, DC: Author.
[^1]: Although the contents of this module are relevant to both parents
and legal guardians of children with disabilities, for the sake of
brevity we will use the term "parents" throughout the module.
[^2]: The National Commission on Teaching & America's Future is a
bipartisan blue-ribbon panel of 26 public officials, business and
community leaders, and educators. The commission was formed in 1994
to develop an agenda for improving the quality of America's
teachers. It was funded originally through foundation grants, and it
continues to be supported by a variety of foundations. More
recently, OERI has supported some of the efforts of the commission.
| en |
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converted_docs | 431484 | ***[Tab 14:]{.underline}***
**Energy Assessment**
All §9006 grant applications for energy efficiency improvements must be
supported by either an Energy Audit or Energy Assessment. Projects
costing \$50,000 or less may submit a less extensive "energy
assessment", but applications with only an energy assessment receive
lower priority. Projects costing more than \$50,000 cannot use an energy
assessment and most instead submit an energy audit.
An energy assessment is a brief written report by an independent,
qualified party using a methodology that meets recognized industry
standards. The energy assessor should have experience and expertise in
energy efficiency improvements though no specific credentials are
mandated. Assessments typically involve analyzing energy bills and
briefly surveying the target building, machinery, or system. The report
identifies and provides a savings and cost analysis of low-cost/no-cost
measures.
Applicants cannot complete the energy assessment themselves; rather, it
is appended to the §9006 application as a supporting document. **[An
energy assessor should cover the all following points, so please have
your assessor use this outline.]{.underline}**
**(1) Situation report.**
Provide an assessment of current energy cost and efficiency by analyzing
energy bills and briefly surveying the target building, machinery, or
system.
**(2) Potential improvements.**
Identify and provide a savings-and-cost analysis of potential measures.
**(3) Summary of proposed energy efficiency improvements.**
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| a | Estimated **Cost of | **\$** | The source of this |
| \ | the Proposed Energy | | exact figure is . |
| . | Efficiency | | |
| | Improvements**: | | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| b | Average Local **Cost | **\$** per | The source of this |
| \ | of Unit of Energy** | | exact figure is . |
| . | (\$/Unit of Energy): | kWh Therms BTUs | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| c | Current Average | kWh Therms BTUs | The source of this |
| \ | Annual **Energy Use | | exact figure is . |
| . | *[Be | | |
| | fore]{.underline}*** | | |
| | Energy Efficiency | | |
| | Measures: | | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| d | Expected Average | kWh Therms BTUs | The source of this |
| \ | Annual **Energy Use | | exact figure is . |
| . | *[A | | |
| | fter]{.underline}*** | | |
| | Energy Efficiency | | |
| | Measures: | | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| e | Expected Average | kWh Therms BTUs | = c - d |
| \ | Annual **Energy | | |
| . | Savings**: | | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
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| \ | Annual **Energy | | |
| . | Savings (as a | | |
| | percentage** of | | |
| | current use): | | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| g | Estimated Average | **\$** | = a x e |
| \ | Annual **Energy | | |
| . | Savings (\$)**: | | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| h | **Simple payback** | **years** | = a ÷ g |
| \ | period in years | | |
| . | (without regard to | | |
| | incentives) | | |
+---+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| en |