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One high-profile response to the need to revise the economics curriculum, is the CORE project financially supported by the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) and based at INET at the Oxford Martin School. We look at the background and progress of the project. Other items related to this theme, published in the Newsletter, include: Necessary pluralism in economics: the case for heterodoxy (October) Firstly, some background. CORE is funded by the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) which was founded in 2009 as a reaction to the crisis. Sciences-Po and Azim Premji University in Bangalore have also contributed. Leading figures in the early development of INET included Joseph Stiglitz, Robert Johnson, John Kay and George Soros (whose foundation provided financial support).1 It is clear from its inaugural report that INET felt the economics profession had suffered severe damage to its credibility as a result of the crisis and that INET’s mission should be to ‘...create conditions for a younger generation of economists to step forward and examine the world freely.’ (INET 2011, p.2). In late 2013 INET launched an international project, to run for three years, to produce a new core economics curriculum. The first major report on progress was a workshop at HM Treasury in November 2013 but much of what follows reflects further work undertaken since then. The project is led by Prof Wendy Carlin at UCL, and draws on the expertise of more than 25 academics from universities across the world, together with web designers and developers in Bangalore, and panels of students, teachers and employers to give feedback (a list of participants can be found on the website: www. core-econ.org). What is the CORE project? Above all, the CORE project is producing an interactive on-line resource for a first course in economics. The nearest widely-available parallels are the ‘virtual learning environment’ materials produced by the UK’s Open University. Although there is a certain amount of on-screen text that students are expected to read, the emphasis is upon ‘interaction’. The various activities in which students can engage (for each part of the course) are: • Self-testing of understanding • Help with concepts and maths, optionally including calculus • Step-by-step model-building and interactive charts • Simulations and games • Videos of economists in action Illustrating this material on a printed page (the very medium which it is intended to repudiate!) is difficult and can scarcely do it justice. But we shall endeavour to convey something of the flavour to readers with strong powers of imagination. Wendy Carlin has described the purpose of the material as closing a number of gaps: • Between what we know and what we teach undergraduates; • Between the questions we are being pressed to answer by the public (including our students) and the often unrelated content of our curriculum; and • Between conventional text-and-lecture methods and the now available low cost individualized and interactive learning technologies In doing this, the approach taken by CORE differs from the ‘conventional’ approach in a number of ways: Organising the material Wendy Carlin describes the logic of the course. The CORE course is divided into 21 units and begins with ‘the capitalist revolution’ introducing the student to what the economy is (rather than, as is more common, what economics is). This starting point focuses attention on a series of pressing problems today — including economic prosperity, environmental challenges and inequality. And it underlines the fact that the economy is embedded in its social and environmental context. Knowledge that comes from other disciplines — from history, political science, climate science, demography, and psychology — is part of the formation of an economist. In each unit the kinds of problem to be addressed are signalled with an opening vignette whether it be Apple’s global system of production, the South African government’s suit against pharmaceutical companies to permit use of generic retrovirals, or the global price and quantity ramifications of the cessation of U.S. cotton exports during the American Civil War. Through the presentation of a series of long-run data sets, the first unit draws attention to the recent origin of consistently rising living standards and of the divergence in economic fortunes of regions of the world. The scene is set for the second unit which asks how some economies escaped the Malthusian poverty trap — why this happened first in England and why in the 18th century. Here we embark on systematic model-building and, as throughout, this is motivated by a real world question, knowing that empirical relevance and application are among the keys to effective teaching of conceptual material. A model of the choice of technique allows the student to learn about relative factor costs, production isoquants, iso-cost functions, and Schumpeterian rents (see below). The vast increases in productivity made possible by technical progress then poses the question motivating our next model building task, taken up in Unit 3: how can a model of individual optimization subject to constraint illuminate an individual’s choice of work hours in the process of technical progress. Students will however realize that there are two things missing from this Robinson Crusoe-like picture: strategic interaction with others, and preferences that may value the outcomes experienced by these others. So in Unit 4 we introduce the elements of game theory, social dilemmas, and non-self-regarding preferences, taught using real world examples of cooperation in social dilemmas and behavioural experiments. At this early stage in learning economics, students come to see that the subject encompasses a rich set of behaviour and that there are tools they can master to make sense of it. They also see that the experimental method, which they will have encountered in science courses, can enlighten economics. Unit 5 extends the problem of strategic interaction to study the mutual gains from trade and how these are implemented and then shared among participants as the result of the individual endowments and economic institutions. By introducing interaction and conflict over the gains from trade early, students will learn that markets are just one way that economic institutions implement outcomes by influencing who does what and who gets what. The habit of thinking of evaluating outcomes and policies from the dual perspectives of efficiency and fairness is established at this stage and is used in a wide variety of settings down the line in the course. Welfare economics is not hived off into a separate box. This is the reason for developing the intuition and modelling of the gains from exchange and conflict over their distribution before turning to markets. In Unit 6, for the same reason, we introduce price-setting firms before competitive markets. Students get to think in terms of asking questions about who is making decisions in the economy, about the rules of the game and how to evaluate the outcome in terms of efficiency and fairness. Rents, opportunity costs and trade-offs are the fundamental concepts which allow beginning students to build an understanding of the economy as an inherently dynamic social system characterized by conflicts as well as mutual gains. In Unit 6 incomplete contracts arise naturally by asking how firms hire workers, set wages, and seek to induce workers to provide high quality effort. This topic is often left to a late chapter on information economics or as part of the motivation for intermediate level macroeconomics. Here it follows directly from having established the role of large firms and wage labour in historical context in Unit 1 and then introducing the firm as both an actor in the economy and a stage upon which employees owners, managers and other actors play a part. (Incomplete contracts arise throughout the course, for example, in our treatment of credit markets in Unit 11). Having laid these foundations and illustrated the concepts with a diverse range of empirical examples, markets are introduced in Units 7 (limited competition) and 8 (competitive markets). Given the dynamic nature of the concepts and examples used, students will be curious about how prices change and what they measure. Unit 9 addresses this question, building on the Hayekian insight of prices as messages that allow a decentralized economy to adapt to change. Unit 10 draws together the themes of the preceding units to address the question of market failures and successes. When we turn to remedies for market failures, the concepts thus far developed allow for both a Coasean private bargaining perspective and a Pigouvian tax and subsidy public policy approach. Units 11-21 Unit 11 introduces the credit market and intertemporal trade offs, and makes the connection to the aggregate monetary economy with money and banks. Units 12-16 will teach a set of facts about the aggregate economy and a simple framework for understanding how it works so that students move seamlessly to macro from the empirically based microeconomic theories of markets in labour and credit. The unit on credit markets and money is followed by the one on economic fluctuations. We take the household’s eye view of the macro economy, for example the problem of consumption smoothing in the face of employment shocks, before introducing macroeconomic aggregates and accounting. Using the idea from Unit 9 that prices can send the wrong messages, bubbles are introduced along with leverage cycles in the discussion of the global financial crisis. The macro sections give equal emphasis to long run supply side determinants of macro performance (productivity including capital stock and its other determinants, wage-setting institutions and market structure) and to aggregate demand’s role in cyclical behaviour. They provide a simple and institutionally realistic model of macroeconomic policy-making consistent with both long and short run aspects of performance. The remaining units address the international economy, the economy and the environment, economic inequality, innovation and the knowledge based economy, and the economics and politics of the public sector. Course materials The course is divided into twenty-one units.2 1.The capitalist revolution 2.Innovation and the escape from the poverty trap Great Depression, the golden age and the financial crisis 17.The nation in the world economy 18.The economy of the earth 19. Inequality and economic justice 20. Innovation, information and property 21.Political economy of government successes and failures Each unit offers the interactive facilities that we referred to earlier. For example, the familiar process of model building by the use of diagrams is enlivened by the use of animated (sometimes interactive) diagrams. Unit 1 takes the long view of history by showing the imperceptible increase in GDP per capita for major economies from 1000 to 1800AD before focusing on the ‘take-off’ thereafter, beginning with the UK. Described as the ‘hockey-stick’ chart, the major issue here is the mechanisation of production, the lowering of costs and the increase in output. To understand this students are introduced to isoquants. (Readers will have to imagine the following diagram, animated so as to appear on screen, step-by-step). Further animation reveals the effect of new technology: ‘Help with concepts and maths’ is provided by two types of ‘pop-ups’, the ‘Einsteins’ and the Leibniz. The following example deals with the work/leisure choice in the face of a change in wage. The Liebniz ‘pop-ups’ are being developed to allow course materials to be used in both calculus-based and non-calculus-based coursces. Another set of ‘pop-ups’ is called ‘surprise me’s and relate some curiosity linked to the topic of study. These are intended to entertain but also, by their unusual nature, should help students to remember some aspect of the topic. For example, Unit 1 understandably makes references to Adam Smith as the first of CORE’s ‘Past economist’ series, and contains the following: A recent introduction, at the request of the instructors and students who reviewed the draft material, is a series of ‘Debates among Economists’ that stresses the unsettled nature of much of economic knowledge, and how economists sometimes do manage to settle their differences. The text and links to further reading offers evidence and arguments on both sides of the debated topic. Included will be ‘Discounting the environmental costs to future generations,’ ‘Homo economicus in question: altruism, reciprocity and self interest’, ‘How big is the multiplier?’ and ‘The minimum wage: effects on jobs and incomes of the poor.’ Although the package will be an open-access on-line resource available to any student or indeed anyone at all with an interest in economics, it is designed to complement the instructor’s classroom teaching and additional written materials. It is not an on-line course (MOOC). The CORE project will also develop a series of guides to help teachers/instructors to make best use of the material. The box below is an example of the first page of a teacher’s unit outline (to unit 4) and shows, inter alia, how recent developments in behavioural economics and recognition of institutional realities are built into the course from an early stage. An aim of the project is to convey to students the excitement that economists feel about their research and policy engagement. The first two ‘Economist in Action’ videos feature economic historians: Suresh Naidu from Columbia University and Bob Allen from Oxford. Others lined up for the series include Olivier Blanchard, Richard Freeman, Kathryn Graddy, Jim Heckman, Thomas Piketty and Juliet Schor. The current state of play Wendy Carlin reports that at the recent project workshop in Oxford in June, Juan Camilo Cardenas from Universidad de los Andes in Colombia presented progress on developing in-class and e-games to fit the curriculum. Rob Axtell from George Mason University is building simple simulation models for use in a number of units. Feedback from reviewers on thirteen of the units was presented to the June workshop by Alvin Birdi of the Economics Network and is being used to prepare the beta version of the eBook for the Introduction to Economics course. The course materials will be tested in the autumn at UCL, UMass Boston and Warwick University. From early 2015, they will be tested at Sciences Po, Sydney University, Azim Premji University Bangalore and the University of Chile, Santiago. Notes: 1. For more on INET see INET (2011a). 2. More examples of the CORE material can be found at References: INET (2011a) ‘The history behind the institute’ INET (2011b) ‘Building a Global Community of New Economic Thinkers: Inaugural Annual Report 2010-2011’, New York: IN

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- Editorial Board Freedom of Speech “At the stroke of midnight, when the world sleeps, India will awake to its freedom.” I have been hearing this ceremonial speech for so many years, but I am still waiting for 1947. Welcome to the free world. The world where you get something for free only when you buy something else before. (skipping directly to the topic). Now for all the outspoken people, you get free speech only when you agree to buy the bullshit sold by the Party in the majority. Hello Mr. Prime Minister. Me here. People say you have made a lot of promises, I am sorry I didn’t keep a count of those, but I think it is your fault that you made a lot of them. People also say you have lied a lot, I am sorry I didn’t keep a count of those, but I again think it is your fault for you made a lot of them. But before you, and all the ones before you, a constitution was drafted which promised us five basic rights. I had mugged them up for my 4th standard examination, I had given each finger of my left hand a right. To my thumb, I gave the right to life, to the index finger I gave equality, to the middle finger a fair trial, to the ring finger freedom from slavery and torture, and to my little finger, freedom of thought and expression. 5 years ago I lost my little finger and I miss it. Hence I would like you to call me Viklang (disabled), or as you like to call us under your nomenclature, Divyang. I am okay with either of the names. Anyway, who am I to choose or say? I've never been a Shah or Ambani. Dear Mister Prime Minister, could you return my little finger to me? I know these rights were offered to us by your opposition, but you seem to be rejecting and then bringing their proposals back with increased rates. Can you give me my finger back after charging me a higher rate or something? You are a strong man, I don’t understand why you want my little finger. All that I used it for was to make a silent indication to use the loo anyway. I guess that’s an expression you don’t like, along with any expression against your government. Expression in our county is limited to acceptance of suppression. All we can do is talk in the tune presented to us and if questions are asked then cases are filed. You are invited to be the guests of the five-star services of the Central Jail of India (how lucrative) and if you manage to keep yourself from court or jail, you will be bestowed with a generous reception of artistically violent and obscene messages. The C.M of U.P, a person who respects all religion (a mastermind of the anti-Romeo squad which protects helpless Hindu girls from being trapped by vicious Muslim men, the astute members of a violent group which has been coined by a fashionable name “Love Jihad” where they aim to expand the population of Muslim in India), a person whose love for dietary products knows no bound (his love for it is so intense that it extends towards providing support to the Gau rakshak, a cult of honorable men who wish to protect cows at the cost of collateral damage to Muslim, Dalit people and at times policemen), a man who stands at the altar of humanity and condones violence of any form (But his hatred towards criminals is so immense that an entire row of encounters has taken place in the state, killing several apparently deadly men. These apparently dangerous men mostly consist of thieves or loan defaulters. The vision of the C.M. is to stop these men from committing more heinous crimes, but a pattern emerges showing us that most of them happen to be Muslim.) ABP News, discovered a lie shared by P.M. on his Mann Ki Baat (This show certainly proved that any Mann Ki Baat is better off left in our minds) when a village lady claimed that her income has increased by 4 times because of the efforts made by our Prime Minister. But, when the reporters went to that particular village and asked her again about her income, she confessed that she was forced to lie about the increase. When this story aired, it was challenged by BJP ministers and the Government. This row went on for a while and soon the prime time of the channel was suffering frequent blackouts on various cable operators as a result the anchor of the prime time resigned. As the matter goes, it is a known fact that the Information and Broadcast Ministry has employed two hundred employees to check into the operations of every medium of information circulation. If they find any organization, going against the principles of the government they send a directive warning them and an entire note of instruction. Every media house today is scared of going against the ruling power as they fear the repercussions of it. BJP has stopped sending their representatives to NDTV, as they ask the right questions. New terminology has been developed for those who think in the right and democratic lines 'urban Naxals’. Today if you project your opinion, you can be banned (like more than 8 movies from the International Film Festival of India were banned for being anti-national) , you can be trolled (let's keep it as “all that are not BJP supporters”), you can be killed (Gauri Lankesh, does that strike any bell) you can be sacked from your job (so stop searching for Govt. jobs, if you cannot keep you ‘mouth shut’(in this case figuratively ), they no more provide security even if you are the director of the Crime Bureau of Investigation. This is on how efforts are made to shut the voices of the ones who know what to speak. Discrimination exists for sure. If you want to know whether you have been discriminated against or not then search for the little finger. If you still have it, sorry the entire article is a typographical error and I believe the series of these errors will continue for the length of the article, it is not worth your time you can stop. But again, there is a place where no discrimination took place. Yeah, they finally did something right. We all have been unjustly treated, They have cut the little finger of some, but have chopped the head of all. There is a lot of information that has been kept privy, despite their right to be on the public forums. This has been done by overshadowing them with bulky overloaded, not needed information. For instance, misleading information, like how 2000 notes have GPS in them, etc, etc. And by exaggeration of some news, example: China on Doklam region being covered 24x7 for a long long time, every other day Kim Jong might kill you, then the following day Pakistan is bad, then the next day China’s Armed force going through a crisis this goes on and on and on. Media is bought, (accept it please) for we all know, everything on this planet is owned by someone or the other. These media houses are not owned by people like you and me (I am taking the liberty to assume that a media house owner is not reading it, and if he/she is reading this a then ”HI, I need a job, I wasn’t paid to write any of this, will surely like to earn. I am willing to write whatever you ask me too. Of course, Modi is Great.”) They are owned by ones who have a lot of money and many other businesses, and every big businessman has a political friend, who provides him with money he has saved by not giving tax. (Now in case you don’t know a parliamentary bill was passed that could filter black money and make it legitimate political funding money). And these political friends they are from some party or the other so indirectly these political friends make their business friends telecast the news that favors them (If you still don’t understand, check Zee News, it is owned by Subhas Chandra he is now a member of Rajya Sabha, coincidently was appointed to be a Rajya Sabha member after 2014). So, whatever you see on television is decided by a politician. Accept it, you don’t make opinions. You are given one. You are allowed to know that the farmers are earning ten times than earlier, not, that these farmers walked miles to protest against the government. You are told time and again the bullet train is coming right at your doorstep, but no one is willing to inform that the plan is being delayed, time and again because the very politicians who sing the ballad of it, has made it difficult for the IRCTC to acquire the line, just to rig and inflate the price of the land. New senseless information is created to fill you with a hollow sense of patriotism and pride by showcasing a long list of military achievements of the past, but when these military men question the quality of food served to them via twitter they are laid off. The attention is diverted by creating controversies where charge sheets are filed against students after 2 years of false accusations. This is not limited to Television, Films, or Newspapers. Social Media is playing a major part now, communal messages have become innumerable, an entire network has been established of people who are very likely to buy all the communal hatred without question. All such men are being given a common goal, a religious or communal goal. The identity of every person is being narrowed down to some common ground then it's being used as a weapon, a series of messages are created to play with emotional sentiments and hence, to incite violence. The opinion is also being curbed at the Radio. For decades All India Radio, a radio channel, held the premium rights for broadcasting and covering news. Private players were never given the license to broadcast any news. Recently the rule has changed the Private Players will be allowed to Provide news, but then they cannot go about doing their coverage, they also don’t have the liberty to repackage the news all they can do is replay the news that has already been broadcasted by All India Radio( now as established earlier everything is owned by someone or the other, AIR happens to be owned by Govt. and we all know that Govt. is expert in doing Mann ki Baat and I hope someday some Divine entity will infuse some logic in this ‘Mann’). Textbooks, the first thing that any govt. beliefs in meddling with. They have been used time and again to mold your thoughts at a young age... An example of it could be seen in a chapter from the Hindi book of 3rd standard of Rajasthan with the title “Ajmer ki Sair” It is a story of two boys, Gurmeet and Razzak, sightseeing in the city of Ajmer and seeing the festival of Urs and visiting the memorial to the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan. In 2016, the state introduced new textbooks for all classes, most of the story remained the same, except they changed the name to “Ajmer ki Yatra” and the urs was no longer described in detail, and Prithviraj Chauhan is called the king “who defeated Bharat’s invader, Mohammad Ghori several times” and spills over into the Hindu pilgrimage town of Pushkar, where Razzak shows Gurmeet the “world-famous” Brahma temple and the Panch Kund or five reservoirs “that the five Pandavas had built”- referring to the great Mahabharata. Now, why is this a problem you ask? Since this was the one chapter that positively represented the Muslim community. This is one instance in the larger trend of textbook revisions made under the BJP, there are multiple instances of the BJP trying to manipulate young minds by glorifying government initiatives, reinforcing the majoritarian Hinduism and erasing the minorities by including Vedic maths and explaining science through stories of Indian mythology. Though, I must say it's a very smart move, if a person doesn't learn about it, how can he question it. Well not a single medium, has been spared from changing our vision and making it more right-wing in these last 5 years. We have been deprived of our right to speech which against the popular opinion again created by the high ranked politician, is limitless and to top it all our opinions is at their mercy. The opinion is more important than speech as it is what frames it and if these new Lords, the newly crowned princes of our so-called Democracy can create opinions that are not only questionable but also against the lines humanity, beware who knows tomorrow the international media might begin calling us terrorist whereas we will keep ourselves in bubbles of Denial by calling ourselves the chosen “Bhakts”. Written by Umang

Electronic library read the book eBooksRead.com books search new books Henry Allen Hazen . History of Billerica, Massachusetts, with a Genealogical register . (page 42 of 64) - Font size + some of her children, after his death, whicli occurred prior to 1669. It appears from original papers, that she was sister to Rev. Thomas Mustou. of Wykin. and afterwards, of Brinklow. in England. She m. Mr. Thomas Wis wall, whence she acquired the name.'" Mr. AViswall was ordained ruling elder, with John Eliot, jun., teacher of the church in Newton, at its organization. 1604, July 20 ; d. 1683. Dec. 6. Mr. Farmer came to Billerica prob. in 1671. as the birth of his son, John, is recorded Aug. 19. of that year. The eminent antiquar}^ doubts this inference, but if lie is correct in affirming an older sister Sarah, it Avould seem that Danforth would have been as likely to record her birth, as that of John, if the latter did not occur in the town. Mr. Farmer was accepted as a citizen and granted a five acre privilege, 1672-3. March 24. (See Records. Vol. I, p. 107). His house-lot was cm the east side of Long street, extending north to tlie ■'corner,'" and remained in possession of the family until a recent date. The house was a garrison, and an interesting incident is recorded in the chapter on Indian experiences. Mr. Farmer cl. 1727. Mav 27, aged about 87; his wife, Mary, d. 1719, March 26, aged 77. Ch. Saralu b. about 1669; m. Thomas Pollard. 1. John, 2, b. 1671. Aug. 19. Edward, 3, b. 1673-4. March 22. Mary, b. 1675. Xov. 3 ; m. John Dean, of Woburn. Barbery, b. in AVoburn, 1677-8, Jan. 26; d. 1680-1, Feb. 1. Elizabeth, b. 1680, May 17; m. 1707, May 29. William Green, of Maiden, the son of William, who had m. 2d, Isabel, the sister of Edward Farmer, who m. 1st, David Wyman, of Woburn; and 2d. James Blood, of Concord; d. 1736-7, March 3. aged 85. Thomas, 4, b. 1683, June 8. Oliver, 5, b. 1685-6, Feb. 2. 2. John, son of Edward. 1, b. 1671, Aug. 19; m. Abigail , prob. dau. of Daniel Shed, 2. He d. 1736. Sept. 9, and his widow d. in Tewksbury. 1754, March 20. aged 75. Ch. Dority, b. 1700. Dec. 7; m. Nathaniel Richardson, {see 5). Barhani, b. 1701. Dec. 20. John, 6, b. 1703, Sept. 18. Daniel, b. 1705, Oct. 30; lived in Groton. 1733-40. Richard, 7, b. 1706-7, Feb. 2. Edward, b. 1710, Nov. 10. Jacob, b. 1713-4, Jan. 16. William, b. 1719, Nov. 15. 3. Edward, son of Edward, i; b. 1673-4. March 22; m. Mary Richardson, dau. of Thomas, 1. She d. 1746, Mav 15; he d. 1752. Dec. 12. Ch. Marii, b. 1706, Dec. 27; m. William Shed, ll. Andrew, 8, b. 1709, March 27. Elizabeth, b. 1712. March 27. 4. Thomas, son of Edward. 1, b. 1683. June 8; m. Elizabeth Hunt, dau. of Samuel. 1. They d. in HoUis about 1767, and were buried in the same grave. Ch. Thomas, b. 1712. July 15. Joseph, b. 1713, Nov. 6. Joseph, (date not given, and prob. the i-epeated name is an error). Susanna. Jonas, h. 1719, May 10. Elizabeth, h. 1722. Aug. 29. Joshua, b. 1723, Dec. 18. Samuel, b. 1725, April 10; was in Louisburg expedition. 5. Oliver, son of Edward. 1, b. 1685-6, Feb. 2; m. 1716-7, Jan. 24. Abigail Johnson, dau. of Hon. William, of W^oburn; son of Capt. Edward Jolmson. Mr. Farmer lived on his father's farm, where he d. 1761, Feb. 23. His widow m. 1766, May 27, Capt. James Lane, of Bedford; d. 1773, Feb. 25. aged 75. Ch. Abigail, b. 1717, Dec. 22; d. Jan. 11. Abigail, b. 1718-9, Jan. 14; in. Jonathan Richardson, 12. 3fary,h. 1721. Aug. 26; m. William Baldwin. 6. Sarah, b. 1723, Dec. 14; m. Edward Jewett, of Rowley; d. at Berlin, Mass.. 1790. Dec. 20. She had 10 ch. Betty and Rpberca, b. 1726, May 31. Betty in. Zebadiah Rogers, 10. Rebecca m. his brother. Samuel, 11. O/i're?-, 9, b. 1728, July 31. Isabell, b. 1731. March 2; m. Benjamin Warren; d. in Hollis. 1793. Dec. 26. They had ch. Edward. 10, b. 1733-4. Feb. 24. John. 11, b. 1736. Dec. 7. 6. John, son of Jolm. 2, b. 1703. Sept. 18 ; in. 1725, April 27, Hannah Woods, of Groton. Cli. Nathaniel, b. 1725-6, Jan. 29; was in Lexington. 50 FARMER. 1748 ; 111. ITo"). Maj' 28, Hannah Fessenden. dau of Thomas ; had 9 eh. ; was ■wounded. 1!) April. 1775. John. h. 1727-8. Jan. 22. 7. Richard, son of John. 2, b. 170G-7.'Feb. 2; ni. Martha . He lived in Tewksliurv after 1740. llis* wife d. 17.o9. April 20. Ch. Dorothy. b. 17:^7. Ainil 27. 'John. b. 1740. May 2. David, b. 1746, Dee. 4. Martha. b. 1748. June 10. lUchard. 1). 1750, July 30. Ahnjuil. b. 1752. Aug. 4; d. Dornthij. b. 175(). Avig. 29. Dolly, b. 175*8. Aug. 31. 8. Andrew, sou of EdA\ard. 3, b. 1709. March 27; in. I>iuey . She d. 1747. Aug. 17; he in. Kebeeea . He d. 1758. Aug. 4. Shed. 1802. Sept. 28. Ch. Liiry. h. 17.36. Sei)t. 8; in. Jolni Whiting. 9. Maru. h. 1738. Get. 8; m. 1768, April 21. Nathaniel Jaquith. of "Wiliningtoii. Dorothy. 1). 1740. July 27; m. Simon Crosby. 19. Andrew, b. 1742, Aug. 15. Abii/ail. b. 1744. May 1. John. h. 1746. April 30. Elisabeth, b. 1747. Aug. 10; d. 1773. :\[ay 30. Joseph. 12, b. 1752. Julv 20. Edward. 13, 1). 1855. Dee. 14. 9. Oliver, son of Oliver. 5, b. 1728. July 31 ; m. 1757. April 5. Kachel Shed, dau. of .John, of Tepjierell. She d. 1764. Sept. 23. aged 38. He m. 1766, July 3, Hannah Abbot, dau. of Jeremiah. 5. He d. 1814. Feb. 24; she d. 1819, Sept. 13. Ch. Bachtl. b. 1758, April 29; m. 1779. Sept. 28. Nicholas French, who d. at Merriniac. 1823. July 21. Oliver. 14, b. 1760, June 12. John^ b. 1762, Dec. 1 ; m. 1788. Jan. 24, Lydia Richardson, dau. of Josiah. of Chelmsford, whei-e he lived till 1803; all his ch. were b. there. He then lived, 1803-6. in Lyndeboro. and after, in Merrimack, till his death. 1814. Nov. 7. Of his five ch.. the oldest was John. b. 1769, June 12; d. at Concord. N. H.. 1838. Aug. 13. He was the eminent New England Genealogist and author of the ••Historical Memoir of Bill erica." published in 1816. Hannah, b. 1767. Sept. 17; m. William Rogers, 1(>, her cousin. Rebecca, b. 1768, Nov. 19; d. 1792, Jan. 8. A poem, on her death, was written by Dr. Timothy Danforth. Jeremiah. 15, b. 1771, Aj^ril 10. 10. Edward, son of Oliver. 5, b. 173.3-4. Feb. 24; in. 1759, Nov. 29, Sarah Brown, dau. of Sanmel, 7. He d. 1804, Aug. 4; his widow. 1811, Aug. 19. He was a Representative and a soldier in the Revolution, connnanding a partv of militia at the capture of Burgoyne. Ch. Edward. 16, b. 1760, Dec. 1. Sarah b. 1763. March 6; d. 1766. Jan. 28. Jonathan. 17, b. 1765, May 28. Sarah, b. 1767, Oct. 31 ; m. Reuben Baldwin. 18. Jesse, b. 1770, Oct. 18; m. 1803. July 26, Margaret Franksford; d. in Boston, 1815, Feb. 6. He had ch. Margaret, Harriet, Henry, Jesse, b. 1809. Nov. 9, now in business on Merrimack street, Boston; William S.. George W. and Catlierine S. 11. Jolin, son of Oliver. 5, b. 1736, Dec. 7; m. 1764, Jan. 5, Hannah Davis, dau. of Dea. Joshua, 2. She d. 1787, Feb. 12, and he m. 1789, March 18, Mrs. Sarah (Russell) Adams, of Dracut. Lieut. John Farmer, d. 1806, Jan. 9. Ch. Hannah, b. 1764. Sept. 26; m. Samuel Hopkins, of Wilmington, (seeS). Rebecca, b. 1766, Dec. 2; d. 1788. May 29. Abigail, b. 1768, Dec. 22; m. Reuben French. 27. Pally, b. 1775, Jan. 14; m. 1798, March 8, David Rogers, of Tewksbury. John, b. 1776, Dec. 4; d. 1778, Sept. 1. lAicy. b. 1780, Oct. 4; m. Jeremiah Allen, 7. John^ b. 1791, Dee. 11; m. Susan Gerrish. dau. of Dea. Moses, of Boscawen, N. H., and lived in that town; was Lieut .-Colonel, of New Hampshire Militia. Hannah, bap. 1794. Dec. 7. 12. Josepli, son of Andrew, 8, b, 1752. July 20; in. 1778, Jan. 8, Elizabeth Baklwin, dau. of Samuel. 11. She d. 1781. March 12 ; he m. 1782, April 30, Dorcas Frencli. Ch. Samuel Baldicin. b. 1778, Nov. 10. Joseph. b. 1781, March 2. John, b. 1782, Nov. 27. 13. Edward, son of Andrew, 8, b. 17.55, Dec. 14; m. 1783. March 25, Hannah Shed, dau. of Samuel, 14. Ch. Cyrns. b. 1791. Jan. 31; m. 1813, Dec. 5, Margaret Tufts Richardson, dau. of Asa, 19, and d. 1814, April 14. His widow in. Michael Crosby, 38. 14. Oliver, son of Oliver, 9, b. 1760. June 12; in. 1786. Nov. 30, Hannah Sprake, dau. of Nicholas, 5. He d. 1839. May 9. Ch. Oliver, FARMER— FASSETT. 51 b. 1788, May 12 ; in. Mary Emerson, and lived in Milford, N. H. Had ch. Oliver, Mary and Joseph, and d. 1868, May 16. in Billerica. Asa, 18, lb. 1793, Dec. IS. Hannah, b. 1795. May 17; m.' Nathan Abbot, 10. Zadock, b. 1796. Oct. 28 ; lived in Pelhani, Hudson, Merriniac, and Amherst, N. H. ; m. widow Allen Wilson, bv whom he had 10 ch. He d. 1877, July 18. Rebecca, b. 1798. March 30'; d, 1850, Jan. 25. Rachel, b. 1804, Sept. 13; m. Israel A. Colson. 15. Jeremiah, son of Oliver, 9,.b. 1771. April 10; ni. 1816, Oct. 13, Clarissa Foster, dan. of Timothy, 11. He d. 1836, March 2. and she d. 1873, Feb. 20. Ch. Sarah Clarissa, b. 1818, Feb. 27; m. Dr. Henry Blanehard. {see H). Timothy Foster. 19, b. 1821, Aug. 10. 16. Edward, son of Edward, 10, b. 1760, Dec. 1 ; m. 1781, March 25, Rizpah Baldwin, dan. of Benjamin, 12. She d. 1791, July 29, and he m. 1793, Sept. 8. Elizabeth Brown, of Concord. He d. 1802, Aug. 23. Ch. John, b. 1786, July 27; d. 1808, March 6. Bettif, b.. 1795, June 20. Edward and Rizpah, h. 1795, Sept. 26. [So the Record, perhaps the previous year, is wrong]. Edward m., but no record of family; he d. 1851, March ll". Jacob Brown, b. 1801, Oct. 30. 17. Jonathan, son ot Edward. 10, b. 1765. May 28; m. Betty . He d. at Bow, N. H., 1798. Oct. 11. Ch. Jonathan, b. 1788, May 5 ; m. 1821, Aug. 12, Caroline Leach, of Charlestown. Betty, b. 1790, May 21 ; m. 1811, Aug. 11, Caleb Pearson, of Tyngsboro". Susanna, b. 1792. Aug. 26. Thomas Mears. b. 1794. Dec. 4. 18. Asa, son of Oliver. 14, b. 1793, Dec. 13 ; m. Lydia Wilson. He d. 1865, Oct. 14. Ch. Asa, Lyclia. 19. Timothy Foster, son of Jeremiah, 15, b. 1824, Aug. 10; m. 1862, Julj^ 24. Jane Leavitt, who was b. in Clinton. Me.. 1838, Feb. 2. He d. 1871. May 27. Ch. Nelly Jane, b. 1863, July 28. Mary Eliza, b. 1864, Nov. 21. John Edward, b. 1867, Nov. 7. 20. Jotham, son of Simeon, (or ? Elijah.) of Chelmsford, m. 1794, June 24, Polly Gloyd, H(^ d. 1846, Feb. 24. aged 76. Ch. Benjamin, b. 1795, Oct. 16; m. 1827. Nov. 8, Lydia Richardson Mears; no ch. They live at the Davis place, north of Fox hill. Mary m. Aaron Maynard. John went to Vermont. Joseph, 21. William m. 1841. Dec. 19, Abigail W. Lyman. He was Idlled by a horse. Sarah m. Thomas Fasho. Phebe. unmarried. Eliza m. 1826, May 28, Paul Holt. Roxana m. Reed, of Burlington. 21. Joseph, son of Jotham, 20, m. 1830, Dec. 25, Mary Ann Champney. Ch. George, b. 1833. Dec. 5. Adelaide, b. 1839, Sept. 15. Albert Edwin, h. 1841, Sept. 30. Frederic Eugene, b. 1843, July 16. 22. Hannah m. 1786, July 17, Samuel Hopkins, of Wilmington; to Avhat familv she belonged does not appear. FARNSWORTH, Silas, of Harvard, m. 1754, Sept. 17, Elizabeth Bowers. FARNHAM, Deborah, dau. of Abigail, was bap. 1771, Feb. 10. FASSETT. 1. Patrick, was from Maiden, '"accepted inhabitant •in our towne," 1679, June 2. He bought of Timothy Brooks, part of the Oakes' farm, near old Concord line and Shawshin river. He m. Sai-ali ; d. 1713, Nov. 7, and his widow m. 1716. April 23, Thomas Bateman, of Concord. Ch. Joseph, b. (in Maiden.) 1672, Oct. Probably John, who m. 1697. March 31. Mary Hill, dau. of Jonathan. 4, and was the lirst treasurer of Bedford. He lived in the Concord part of Bedford. Will proved. 1736, May 23. Samuel, b. 1679, May 7. The lirst town treasurer of Westford. He m. 1705-6. Jan. 1, Lydia Parker, Deborah, b. 1680-1, Feb. 15. 3Iary, b. 1683, March 31; m. Job Lane. 6. Peter. '2, h. 1685, Aug. 25. Josia, 3, b. 1687. Dec. 1. Benjamin, b. 1690. Julv 7. "2. Peter, son of Patrick, 1, b. 1685, Aug. 25; m. 1710-1, Feb. 1, Elizabeth Manning, dau. of Sanuiel. 1. He d. the next May, 16, and she m. Jonathan Danforth, 5. Ch. Peter, b. 1711, Nov. 11. 62 FAULKNER— FISHER. 3. Josiah, son of Patrick. 1, b. 1687, Dec. 1; ni, Sarah . His widow's name was Esther. He lived east of Kev. N. Bowes, on Lexington street. His son. Josiah. gave bonds, as administrator of estate, 1740, March IG. Ch. Josinh, b. 1714. July 11. Sarah, b. 1716, April 26. Mary, b. 1718, Sept. 5; d. 1720, May 8. John, b. 1720. April 1. He settled in Hardwick, and became a member of the Separatist Church. This church was practically the nucleus of the settlement of Bennington, Vt., in 1761, and John Fassett, clerk and deacon, was a leading man in that company of wise and brave pioneers who resisted the encroachments of New York, and laid the foundations of Vermont, making the name of ''Green Mountain Boys," famous. The early town nieetino's were held at his tavern. He was Captain of the first militia company ni 1764; one of the flrst town Kepresentatives. He d. 1794, Aug. 12. His dau. Sarah m. Dr. Jonas Fay, one of the Vermont leaders ; his son, John, was Captain. Representative, from Arlington, member of the Council, and Judge of the Supreme Court, 1778-86. Benjamin, b. 1721-2, Jan. 11. Mary, b. 1723, Oct. 17. Susanna, b. 1725. March 29. Bette, b. 1727, May 3. Amos, b. 1728. Aug. 8. Benjamin. John, Josiah and Peter Fassett were on Bedford tax-list in 1748. • FAULKNER. 1. Francis, was the son of Col. Francis, of Acton, a leading citizen there and a good soldier in the Revolution. He was a descendant of Francis, son of Edmund, one of the tirst settlers of Andover. Our Francis, 1, came to Billerica. 1811. April 10, and began the manufacture of woolen goods, and carding, coloring, and dressing cloths. He m. Elizabeth Jones, of Concord, and Ann Robbins, of Watertown; d. 1843, Feb. 12, aged 82. Ch. Charlps, b. 1785, Sept. 8; d. 1809, Aug. 15. Francis, b. 1788, Feb. 28; d. 1842. Nov. 29. Ann. b. 1799. Sept. 23; m. Calvin Rogers. 21. James Bobbins, 2, b. 1801. April 14. Dici(iht F., b. 1803, Jan. 21; a merchant in Boston. William E., b. 1805, April 7; d. 1861, Sept. 1. Lois. b. 1807. Julv 22. Li/dia H.. b. 1809. May 10; d. 1867, June 20. Charhs, b. 1811, Oct. 10; of the firm of Faulkner,' Page & Co., merchants in Boston. Luther Winthrop, 3, b. 1815, April 2. IViiithrop, b. 1817. June 5 ; is a merchant in Grafton. Georqe, b. 1819. Julv 14 ; grad. H. C, 1844, and Medical College. 1847; m. 1847. Aug. 25, 'Mary Ann Spalding, dau. of Dea. Amos, 7, and resides at Jamaica Plain. Boston. 2. James Robbins, son of Francis, 1, b. 1801, April 14; m. 1825, Nov. 22, Catherine Rogers, dau. of Josiah, 14. He continued the manufacturing business at North Billerica ; was long a Trustee and Treasurer of the Howe school; d. 1877, Jan. 7. Ch. Catherine Rogers, b. 1827, July 28; m. George H. Preston. Ann Bobbins, b. 1829. Julv 21. James, 4, b. 1831. April 18. Francis, b. 1833, Oct. 8; d. 1834, Sept. 19. Emily Francis, b. 1835. Mav 30. Abba Louisa, b. 1837, March 5. Henrii, b. 1839. Sept. 19; m. 1863, Oct. 29. Victoria G. Wheat: d. in Boston 1868. June 12. She d. 1876, Feb. 15. Mam Elizabeth, b. 1844. Julv 3. 3. Luther Winthrop, son of Francis. 1, b. 1815, April 2; m. 1842. Oct. 13, Martha P. Merriam, of Concord. He lives on the north corner of Andover and Long streets, and is proprietor of the Faulkner mills in Lowell. Ch. Francis S., b. 1843, July 8 ; d. Sept. 11. Frederic, b. 1844, July 29; m. 1871. Oct. 26, Enuna S. Wheeler, of Lowell, where he lives. Horace William, b. 1847, Dec. 28. L^abella, b. 1850. April 21 ; m. Capt. Charles A. Ranlett. Bichard IL, b. 1851, June 21; Supt. Faulkner mills. North Billerica. John, b. in Concord. N. H., 1855, March 14; m. 1880, Feb. 3, Evelyn Atwood, of Lowell. Amy Frescott, b. 1858. July 5. Harry Winthrop, b."l860. Oct. 3; a medical student in Boston. 4. James, son of James R.. 2, b. 1831. April 18; m. 1852. Aug. 10, Frances A. Wilson, dau. of Daniel. 9. He d. 1865. Nov. 13; she m. 1879, Edwin Howard, of Boston. Ch. James N., b. 1853, Aug. 15. FISHER, -'Old Stephen, dyed 26. 10">, 82." The town was charged, 1668, Nov. 19, £5 for his "dyet." and he was, perhaps, the earliest recipient of the town's care. Of his history and claim, nothing is known. There was a Stephen Fisher early at Reading. FITCH— FLETCHER. 53 FITCH. 1. ^inuel, wa? ihe only son of Samuel, of Eeading. His father was son of Zethary. and b. 1645. Marvh 6. Zetharr's A\-ilT. 1662. names other eh.. Joseph. Benjamin. John. Jeremiah. Thomas and Sarah. wife ot John Wesson, of Salem. Samuel m. Sarah Lane. dau. of Job. 1. She d. 1679. Oet. 2. His will bears date. 16S4. May 10. and names wife Rebecca and son Samuel. The latter received from his grandfather. Job Lane, ont^fourth part of the Winthrop farm. His portion was in two parts : one in the nonh-east. comer of the farm, where his house stood, on tlie west side of the road, a half mile south of the present Bedford line. and the other, a strip extending from Concord river, eastward, nearly to Bedford villaire. along Concord old line. He ni. 1695-6. March 20. Elizabeth Walker, dau. of Joseph. 1. She d. 1716. Xov. 26: he m. Eunice . who survivetl him. He was the first town-clerk, and one of the first selectmen of Bedford. 1729. He d. 1742. April 4. Ch. Sarah. b. 1696. Dec. 2o: d. Feb. 4. Sarah, b. 169S. May 4: m. Hmson. Stmuel. b. 1699-1700. Feb. 14; in. 1732. April 24. Joanna Keyes. the widow of iliomas Kidder, of Westford. where he lived :ind d. 1775. Jan. 9. They had ch. Samuel.^ b. 1733. Aug. 2S. Joanna.- b. 1735. Jan. 29. Lvdia," b. 1737. Manh 13. Joseph, i, b. 1702. Oct. 22. Bent':inun. 3, b. 1703. July 30. John. b. 1707-S. Feb. 12. JeremiaA. 4, ^birth not recorded, but named in his father's will, and had the homestead^. Zechariah. 5. b. 1712. Feb. 13. Elizabeth, h. 171S. Sept. 22: ra. Mead. 2. Joseph, son of Samuel. 1, b. 1702. Ocfc 22: m. 1731. Jan. 31. Sarah Grimes. She d. 1749-50. Jan. 22: he m. Eachel . He d. 1769. Feb. 7. and his widow m. John Paige. The Fitch family were all in the Bedford part of the towii. Ch. SaraA. b. 1732. March 25: m. Josiah Crosby, {^see li). Joseph, b. 1734. July 14: d. 1736. Sept. 21. JHuUv. b. 1737. Oct. i6. Susanna, b. 1743. Julv 26. Ji^sep^h. b. 1746. Oct. 2. Buth. b. 1749. Oct. 2. Thaddeus. h. 175o. March 23. 3. Benjamin, son of Samuel. 1, b. 1703. July 30: m. Meriam . He owned the mill on Shawshin river, near the falls. Ch. Hannah, b. 1733. Jan. 10. Mfham. b. 1734-5. Jan. 23: m. Timothv Jaquith. o. Bcntamin. b. 1736-7. Jan. 6. Loir^.i. b. 1740. Oi^t. 31. Darid^ b. 1743. Mav 20. Ladia. b. 1745. Manh 21. Eunice, b. 1747. July 26. Xathon, b. 174^. Jan. 27. Jsaac. b. 1752. May IS. Xalhan. b. 1755." May 13. 4. Jeremiah, son of Samuel. 1, m. 173o-6. Feb. 3. Elizabeth, dau. of Job Line. 6. Ch. 5a»n/f7. b. 1736. Xov. 9. :E}izabeth.h. 17SS. J>ec. '24. Jeremiah, b. 1742. Sept. 25. John. b. 1745. Auff. 14. Elisabeth, b. 1747-S. Feb. 29 : d. 1750. Oct. S. Patie. b. .

This year I decided to try a couple holiday swaps. It's so much fun to create for others and to see what such talented people create and send you! I must say on Christmas morning Tracy made me feel a bit inadequate. Here are the lovely items she sent me (the rules of the swap were something chocolate, some fabric bits, something heartfelt/homemade and something unexpected): I loved everything but this little planner/calendar book was my absolute favorite! It is beautiful! I could never be this creative with paper (so I appreciate all the more). I have already started using it as a little planner to keep me organized this coming year! Here were some other handmade items. The fabric basket is so cute and a new charm pack is always loved and cherished here. Look - my makeup bag even came well stocked! Then these pretty dishes (and handmade card) - what can I say? Other than how does Tracy know I have an obsession for pretty dish ware? Some pretty blank cards. A cute little friend book. And candy wrapped so prettily and a holiday planner for next year! All I can say is THANK YOU so very much Tracy! The gifts were lovely, beautiful, awesome. My new 2011 planner keeps getting looked at repeatedly (hopefully I don't fawn over it too much). I hope to use it as a very special planner this coming year but will share with you all what that may be later in January. This is what I sent to Tracy: A little homemade pocketbook full of Burt's Bees mini's. (Tutorial found at Noodlhead) This little lamb - hope he found a good home! He was a Little House Needlework ornament. Some yummy chocolate - Chocolaterie Stam is a big deal in this part of the state. They make amazing chocolates (they also sponsor a candy division in the Food Department at the Iowa State Fair). And some fabric tidbits. Some vintage and some Christmas (modern and more traditional). I really hope my swap partner liked her gifts - she really went above and beyond with such sweet, lovely little gifts. Also - I participated in the HoHo Holiday Swap by GenX (&Y) Quilters. Here is the ornament I sent my partner: And my little ornament that was waiting in my mailbox when I returned from New York: Clark has confiscated it for his tree. Hope you all had some nice little surprises as well! Monday, December 27, 2010 Saturday, December 25, 2010 Merry Christmas! Thursday, December 16, 2010 Test Kitchen Thursday - Stollen As promised here is my Christmas Stollen recipe. Sorry - it's been a busy week around here (leaving for NYC tomorrow)! Technically it is still Thursday (although not for much longer). Andrea's Christmas Stollen Ingredients: 1 C mixed candied fruit 1 C dried cranberries (or craisins) 3 T dark rum Sponge: 1 pkg active dry yeast 1/4 C warm water (about 110 degrees) 2/3 C milk 1 t honey 1 C unbleached all-purpose flour (I use King Arthur) Dough: 1/3 C honey 1 large egg, beaten 1 t pure vanilla extract 1 t pure almond extract 1/4 t Fiori Di Sicilia (optional - available from King Arthur flour, if you use this reduce vanilla to 1/2 t) 1/2 C unsalted butter, softened 1/2 T finely grated lemon zest 1/2 T finely grated orange zest 1 t salt 1/2 t ground mace (if you can't find mace you can substitute nutmeg) 1/2 C slivered almonds, toasted 3 - 4 C unbleached all-purpose flour Filling: 2 T unsalted butter, melted 2 t ground cinnamon 3 T granulated sugar Topping: 2 T butter, softened 1/2 C powdered sugar Red and Green candied cherries for garnish (optional) Prepare the fruit: Combine the mixed fruit, raisins, and rum. Cover, shake and set aside. Shake or stir the mixture every so often to coat the fruit with the rum. I sometimes do this the night before and let it soak all night. Make sure you have a container with a good sealing lid - especially if you let the little ones help shake! I toast the almonds right away too and then let them sit. Don't skip the toasting step for nuts. Prepare the sponge. In a large bowl, sprinkle the yeast in the water to soften. Heat the milk to 110 degrees F and add it to the yeast along with the honey and 1 C flour. Cover the sponge with plastic wrap and let rise until light and full of bubbles (about 30 minutes). I like to make sure my liquid temperatures are just right. To avoid guessing I stick a thermometer in to check. Clark likes adding ingredients. Here's what the sponge looks like right away: And the after (when it's ready): Meanwhile prep the rest of the ingredients: And have them all ready to go when the sponge is ready: If you have followed my bread recipes you know I like to use my bread machine whenever possible - here are directions for machine: Scrape sponge into bowl (you could just make the sponge in the bowl of the machine). Add the fruit mixture (don't add this at the add in timer - it won't be able to handle the liquid amount that late in the mixing - trust me on this) - treat fruit mixture as a liquid. Add honey, egg, butter, zests, salt, mace, almonds and 3 cups of the flour. Allow machine to do it's thing - after about 7 minutes add additional flour as needed. As requested by my sister - the mixer method: In the mixer bowl, add the fruit mixture to sponge, honey, egg, butter, zests, salt, mace, almonds and 2 cups of the flour to the sponge. Using the paddle, beat the mixture on medium low speed for 2 minutes. Gradually add the remaining flour 1/3 cup at a time until the dough begins to pull away from the side of the bowl. Knead 4 to 5 minutes on medium-low. First rise: Put the dough in an oiled bowl and turn to coat the entire ball of dough with oil. Cover with a tightly woven towel and let rise until doubled - about 1 hour. Don't worry if it's not completely doubled - this is a heavy bread; however, it should pass the poke test (poke finger in if finger mark stays it's ready). Turn the dough out onto a lightly oiled work surface. Makes two loaves. Divide the dough in half and roll each half into a 7 x 9 inch oval. Brush the melted butter over th top of the ovals. Combine the cinnamon and sugar and sprinkle over one lengthwise half of the ovals. Fold the dough in half lengthwise and carefully lift the breads onto a parchment lined baking sheet. Press lightly on the folded side to help the loaf keep its shape during rising and baking. Cover with a tightly woven towel and let rise for 45 minutes. One thing I use to help bread rise when my kitchen isn't very warm is a seedling warming mat (found at most nursery/garden centers). Set pans/bowls on top and it's just the right amount of heat. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. Bake for 25 minutes or until the internal temperature of the bread reaches 190 degrees F. I really believe in the temperature method to check bread for doneness. Since the stollen top will be covered later I don't mind the probe in the top. Immediately remove from the baking sheet and place on a rack to cool. Brush loaves with softened butter). Sprinkle heavily with powdered sugar once loaves are cool. You can also decorate with left over candied fruit. At our house we eat one once it is cool. The second is still covered in powder sugar and wrapped tightly in aluminum foil. This second loaf is stored in a cool, dark place to wait for Christmas. Traditionally, stollen is made 2 - 6 weeks in advance. Trust me - letting it sit even for a few days will help add to the flavor. We eat the stollen on Christmas Eve and have cinnamon rolls on Christmas morning. Monday, December 13, 2010 Winter Blooms Our Christmas cactus is in bloom - hurray! I wasn't sure it would want to one year later but it decided to put out buds (that should be open by Christmas). Awesome - in all my years of house plant care I've never had a Christmas cactus actually decide to open for Christmas (usually they like Easter better). When all is white and put to bed outside lovely indoor flowers are a special treat! My violets are in bloom too and when the amaryllis bulbs go on deep sale I'll pick up a couple for next to nothing and have some Valentine blooms. Sunday, December 12, 2010 Froehliche Wiehnachten! Merry Christmas (auf Deutsch - in German)! Decided to get in touch with my German heritage this weekend. Yesterday during the Iowa blizzard I decided to make stollen (not to be undertaken lightly as it takes a large part of the day). Stollen = a fabulous German Christmas bread. Women in my family (and some men) have been making stollen for a very long time. Unfortunately, many American recipes end up dry which gives it a bad name - but not my recipe (which will be the Thursday recipe feature). Making stollen made me reminiscent. My junior year of high school I spent as a foreign exchange student in Germany (June 1991 - June 1992). My host family lived in Heppenheim Ober-Hambach (near the Black Forest region). It was through the National FFA/Congress Bundestag exchange program. This meant it was more of work study rather than your typical exchange. I actually attended an Agricultural Career Based school (Berufschule) once per week and interned with my host father (a Master Farmer) the rest of the week. Below is my host mom rolling hundreds of little rum balls. I was busy helping too but took time for a photo. And yes, I was only 16 but I was taught to make lots of items utilizing alcohol. Which is why for many of the traditional bread and cake recipes baked during Christmas and Easter involves finding the dusty bottle of rum or Cherry liquor in the basement. The next two photos show the room where all of the Christmas cookies were stored. Cookies weren't really common except for Christmas time. I should add the vast quantities made were because my farm family had a stand at the local Farmer's Market and the Weihnacht's Markt was one that everyone helped with. Below my host sister and mother are making fresh Advent wreaths for the market. Note the radio - I listened to loads of Polka music! My host mom always had the radio on and almost always set to polka. The next photo is the cellar between the house and the barn where all of breads, wreaths, eggs, etc were stored. Don't get my mom started on the food safety issues! Closer look at the advent wreaths. I was allowed to choose one and it stayed in my room all advent season. It really made it feel more like home to light my candles. My host mom and sister even made me my very own advent calendar. I still have it. I think I still have many of the little gifts that were tucked inside too (other than the chocolate of course). Here is my host father - he would mix the large tubs of dough for the various breads we would make for market. Each week I helped my host family make over 100 different baked goods (mainly breads and cheesecakes) for the weekly market. That was in addition to helping milk and care for the cattle. Here is the German Stollen ready for the Weihnacht's market. I didn't get to go to very many of the markets (I was usually left at home with my host brother, Heinz, to care for the livestock and do the milking) but I did get to go the Weihnacht's market. Below is the stand set up during the day. Another specialty for the Christmas market was Gluhwein (I think that's right). Basically spiced red wine served warm. This was my host sister's responsibility. Note all the little jars of jam - I helped make most of those. My main job usually for each market though was to make the various liquors that were sold. Yes, homemade liquors. The two I remember most were Eier liquor (egg liquor - yes, main ingredient raw eggs) and Schokoladen liquor (Chocolate Cream liquor - yes, I can still make this one) Here was the Christmas Market at night. So beautiful. Hope you had fun going back in time with me! May your Christmas season wherever it is spent be a merry one!

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, 4:45 PM EST) -- Digital transformation is the future. Going digital creates operational efficiencies, automating slow and error-prone manual processes while streamlining and simplifying workflows. But beyond that, it also allows organizations to tap into the rich information hiding within their data, mining it for insights. In the legal industry, that has enormous potential value, not just to reveal how a law firm can improve its inner workings but also to shed light on its customers' needs and concerns. Yet, for years, the legal industry dragged its feet, sticking to tried-and-true methods and resisting many forms of technology. Then along came 2020. The coronavirus crisis forced the legal profession to have a digital reckoning that most industries had already weathered. As scholar Richard Susskind put it in a September 2020 Financial Times report, "The first 60 years of legal technology [were] devoted to automation rather than transformation … It [was] not about changing, [but] about grafting technology on to traditional legal practice."[1] And the legal industry rose to the challenge. Practically overnight, law offices transitioned from primarily in-person operations to entirely remote workforces. Lawyers and courts learned how to use videoconferencing technology, switched to paperless workflows and mastered digital signatures. Information technology departments worked around the clock to provide hardware for everyone and to transfer locally held data and program access to cloud-based options. Through it all, legal professionals showed up to guide their clients through unprecedented challenges with poise, grace and confidence, allowing clients to maintain a semblance of normalcy in an increasingly uncertain world. At this point, there is no going back. There is no "normal" to return to; the old ways of doing business have been permanently left behind. Remote work is here to stay, as are many technological innovations. Now is the time to prepare for whatever the next phase may bring, using the momentum that we have found through a year of ever-shifting crisis to springboard into the future. Regardless of whether your law firm or corporate legal department was a technological leader before COVID-19, you can emerge from this dark period as a digital innovator. There are three things that will guide you along the journey: - A constant focus on the client and the client's goals and needs; - A culture of agility, experimentation and continuous growth; and - A plan for systematic, purposeful growth in an intentional direction. This article points out the journey we have already undertaken in 2020 and shines a light on the path ahead. The Remarkable Digital Transformation Launched in Early 2020 Looking back, we should all be impressed — even a bit awestruck — at how successfully organizations transitioned to remote work, despite many challenges and uncertainties. An October 2020 McKinsey & Co. global survey of executives across a range of industries found that customers had "accelerated the digitization of their customer ... interactions and of their internal operations by three to four years."[2] Companies transitioned to remote working a shocking "40 times more quickly than [respondents] thought possible," adopting workable solutions in an average of 11 days instead of over a year, as would have been expected under ordinary circumstances. The legal industry was no exception. In 2020, law leaders embraced massive changes, including: - Widespread remote work; - Transition to cloud computing; - Videoconferencing with clients and courts; - Adoption of secure digital client portals; and - Digital signatures and digitally managed transactions. Individual practices took this even further. At a recent legal industry conference held by my firm, one presenter described how their organization had — thanks to digitized contracts — quickly developed scripts to search 24,000 contracts for terms related to force majeure, partial shipments and other concerns.[3] The law department was able to complete the process in a short period by using automation to narrow the document field tremendously. The COVID-19 crisis proved that speed and agility are possible. What did it take to unlock the wheels of change? First, we were, as an industry, highly motivated. Remote work was not optional in the early days of the pandemic, when state and local leaders implemented strict workplace limitations. Second, we were, in a very real sense, all in this together. This was not a single law firm trying to buck the system; this was everyone adapting to abrupt change. Law firms' clients were on the same journey, leading to widespread acceptance of new tools and approaches. Third, that solidarity allowed everyone involved in legal practice to give these changes their full focus and attention. It is, quite simply, astonishing what we can achieve when we put the full force of our collective minds to it. Of course, if the last year has taught us anything, it is that the only constant is change. How can we harness the momentum we have acquired over the last year to get ahead of the curve so we are ready for whatever comes next? Emerging From the Pandemic as a Digital Innovator No one can say with certainty where we are headed next. The pandemic will almost certainly continue to worsen before it improves; a lingering economic downturn and a bumpy recovery both seem likely. Yet, the crises we have weathered thus far have created novel opportunities to reinvent the way we deliver legal services. We have mastered working remotely and meeting with clients without traveling. The next level might involve reworking fee structures to include approaches like alternative fee arrangements, deciphering the inner workings of clients' businesses without being there in person, and designing creative new solutions around service delivery. We are heading into a world when organizations rethink everything they do from the ground up. That starts with remembering the core purpose of the legal group: serving its clients or, in the case of a corporate law department, client. An Unwavering Focus on the Client's Needs Clients are also navigating uncharted territory and undergoing their own transformations. They need their lawyers to think fast and move fast — to see what is headed their way and help them prepare before it arrives. This demands that lawyers understand their clients' worldview and align themselves with their current circumstances. Legal professionals who wish to lead the way as digital innovators should always be asking what their clients need. What are their goals? How can you help them meet those goals? Expand your focus — and theirs — beyond the legal box. Your role is not merely to keep them out of trouble or make deals happen; you can further their business goals as well. After all, lawyers are skilled at identifying ways around problems. You may find it worthwhile to ally yourself with a liaison or a business leader who can help you understand the day-to-day pressures of the business and to translate your legal advice into actionable business plans. If legal professionals are to stay one step ahead of their clients' evolving needs, they need to strategically use data. What data do you have about your organization or clientele? How can that data be deployed to measure results, detect patterns or identify coming trends? What lessons are lurking within that data, waiting to be unpacked? But seeing the future only helps if you are then prepared to move forward to greet it. Lawyers also need to innovate proactively and fearlessly — which typically requires a cultural shift. A Culture of Change, Growth and Experimentation Companies that were willing to experiment and take swift action had a stark advantage in adapting to the changes of early 2020, according to the McKinsey survey.[4] Nearly three-quarters — 72% — of those that were "first in their industries to experiment with new technologies" reported that their COVID-19 responses had been "very effective," as opposed to 33% of later adopters. The legal industry needs to adopt that same culture of agility and continuous improvement if it is to keep up with the challenges to come. But agility and the traditional practice of law call for completely different sets of skills. Agile individuals are willing to act with incomplete information, test out different approaches, learn from their mistakes and adjust their approach iteratively. Lawyers generally engage in painstaking research, careful thought and in-depth analysis. The practice of law is more akin to a game of chess: searching thoroughly for both text and context, choosing moves carefully and assessing which options will remain open and which will be closed off. Lawyers also need to, as the saying goes, get comfortable being uncomfortable. Working through the discomfort of change — and the change fatigue that follows constant adaptation — is a new muscle that lawyers should intentionally develop and learn to flex. Fortunately, a culture of experimentation can be built with small steps. Legal leaders should not hesitate to test out small changes and pilot projects. Rather than making huge investments of money or time, these incremental test runs can build into quick wins that add up over time, while the unsuccessful projects can be abandoned or retooled with a minimal loss. Agile law firms and law departments are the ones that will lead the next phase of digital transformation — but only if they also keep their eyes on the end goal of all this innovation. Systematic Change Toward a Purposefully Chosen Destination With the rapid-fire twists and turns of 2020, law leaders have done their best to adapt quickly. When my firm surveyed legal leaders in April last year about their most pressing priorities, people and talent took the top spot. Just two months later, costs were the first concern,[5] while talent had fallen to fourth. Keeping up with those shifting needs and priorities has often meant onboarding tools and technology quickly to enable vital, time-sensitive work to continue. Now that some of the dust has settled, it is worth taking a step back to ask whether those stopgap solutions are serving your long-term goals. Instead of blindly grasping for change or following disparate threads wherever they may lead, legal professionals should ensure that they are following a systematic process that will lead to sustainable change. This means taking care not to optimize processes that lawyers should discontinue entirely. Writer and theologian Thomas Merton famously said, "People may spend their whole lives climbing the ladder of success only to find, once they reach the top, that the ladder is leaning against the wrong wall." Where is your ladder leaning? What is the destination for the incremental changes you have implemented thus far? Ask yourself what you see as the law department or law firm of the future.[6] Are you on a path to reach that goal? Are you value-centric — guided by the highest-value work? Are you using metrics and data to identify and drill down on that high-value work? Are you deploying automation to expedite and streamline low-value work? How are you leveraging technology to maximize your operational efficiency? Ending up where you want to, with sustainable change that serves your practice and your clients well, requires that you periodically adopt a 50,000-foot view of your operations, your goals and your processes. We have weathered the first crises, but we cannot afford to be lulled back into complacency as we see light at the end of the pandemic tunnel. Now is the time to keep the momentum we have built rather than squandering it. To lead the way as digital innovators, law leaders need to maintain a relentless focus on their clients' needs, develop a culture of agility and experimentation, and design a strategy for sustainable, purposeful change. Kevin Clem is chief commercial officer at HBR Consulting]. For a reprint of this article, please contact reprints@law360.com.

From the Publisher"Michael Korthals provides some interesting thoughts on the relationships of seven ethical problems and four major constituents of biotechnology including 'governments, markets, civil societies and (bio)science.' - Darlene Southworth, Plant Science Bulletin More About This Textbook Overview Editorial Reviews From the Publisher"Michael Korthals provides some interesting thoughts on the relationships of seven ethical problems and four major constituents of biotechnology including 'governments, markets, civil societies and (bio)science.' - Darlene Southworth, Plant Science Bulletin Product Details Related Subjects Meet the Author Dr Roland W. S. Weber (B.Sc., Ph.D., University of Exeter, UK) has an exceptionally broad university-based research and teaching experience spanning all areas of mycology as well as most groups of fungi. He is currently working at the Fruit Experiment Station (OVB) in Jork, Northern Germany, where he is establishing a mycology laboratory and research group. Current research activities include the biology of new and uncommon fungal pathogens, notably Fusarium avenaceum cane blight of raspberries, sooty-blotch disease and Gloeosporium-type storage rots of apples. He is also concerned with the effects of climate change on apple pests and diseases. From July 1999 until November 2006 Dr Weber was a lecturer in fungal biotechnology at the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. As a research fellow at the University of Exeter (1996–1999), Dr Weber worked with Professor John Webster on the ecology of coprophilous fungi and on the rust fungus Puccinia distincta, a new arrival in Europe which has now established itself across the Continent. The extensive collaboration between both mycologists has culminated in their recently published textbook Introduction to Fungi (third edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007). Dr Weber has authored some 90 scientific publications in a wide range of journals, as well as several book chapters. He is a current editorial board member of Mycological Research and a member of the British Mycological Society, Royal Horticultural Society and German Mycological Society. Read an Excerpt Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80739-5 - Introduction to Fungi - by John Webster and Roland Weber Excerpt 1 Introduction 1.1 What are fungi? About 80 000 to 120 000 species of fungi have been described to date, although the total number of species is estimated at around 1.5 million (Hawksworth, 2001; Kirk et al., 2001). This would render fungi one of the least-explored biodiversity resources of our planet. It is notoriously difficult to delimit fungi as a group against other eukaryotes, and debates over the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups have been going on for well over a century. In recent years, the main arguments have been between taxonomists striving towards a phylogenetic definition based especially on the similarity of relevant DNA sequences, and others who take a biological approach to the subject and regard fungi as organisms sharing all or many key ecological or physiological characteristics – the ‘union of fungi’ (Barr, 1992). Being interested mainly in the way fungi function in nature and in the laboratory, we take the latter approach and include several groups in this book which are now known to have arisen independently of the monophyletic ‘true fungi’ (Eumycota) and have been placed outside them in recent classification schemes (see Fig. 1.25). The most important of these ‘pseudofungi’ are the Oomycota (see Chapter 5). Based on their lifestyle, fungi may be circumscribed by the following set ofcharacteristics (modified from Ainsworth, 1973): Nutrition. Heterotrophic (lacking photosynthesis), feeding by absorption rather than ingestion. Vegetative state. On or in the substratum, typically as a non-motile mycelium of hyphae showing internal protoplasmic streaming. Motile reproductive states may occur. Cell wall. Typically present, usually based on glucans and chitin, rarely on glucans and cellulose (Oomycota). Nuclear status. Eukaryotic, uni- or multi-nucleate, the thallus being homo- or heterokaryotic, haploid, dikaryotic or diploid, the latter usually of short duration (but exceptions are known from several taxonomic groups). Life cycle. Simple or, more usually, complex. Reproduction. The following reproductive events may occur: sexual (i.e. nuclear fusion and meiosis) and/or parasexual (i.e. involving nuclear fusion followed by gradual de-diploidization) and/or asexual (i.e. purely mitotic nuclear division). Propagules. These are typically microscopically small spores produced in high numbers. Motile spores are confined to certain groups. Sporocarps. Microscopic or macroscopic and showing characteristic shapes but only limited tissue differentiation. Habitat. Ubiquitous in terrestrial and freshwater habitats, less so in the marine environment. Ecology. Important ecological roles as saprotrophs, mutualistic symbionts, parasites, or hyperparasites. Distribution. Cosmopolitan. With photosynthetic pigments being absent, fungi have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition. In contrast to animals which typically feed by ingestion, fungi obtain their nutrients by extracellular digestion due to the activity of secreted enzymes, followed by absorption of the solubilized breakdown products. The combination of extracellular digestion and absorption can be seen as the ultimate determinant of the fungal lifestyle. In the course of evolution, fungi have conquered an astonishingly wide range of habitats, fulfilling important roles in diverse ecosystems (Dix & Webster, 1995). The conquest of new, often patchy resources is greatly facilitated by the production of numerous small spores rather than a few large propagules, whereas the colonization of a food source, once reached, is achieved most efficiently by growth as a system of branching tubes, the hyphae (Figs. 1.1a,b), which together make up the mycelium. Hyphae are generally quite uniform in different taxonomic groups of fungi. One of the few features of distinction that they do offer is the presence or absence of cross-walls or septa. The Oomycota and Zygomycota generally have aseptate hyphae in which the nuclei lie in a common mass of cytoplasm (Fig. 1.1a). Such a condition is described as coenocytic (Gr. koinos = shared, in common; kytos = a hollow vessel, here meaning cell). In contrast, Asco- and Basidiomycota and their associated asexual states generally have septate hyphae (Fig. 1.1b) in which each segment contains one, two or more nuclei. If the nuclei are genetically identical, as in a mycelium derived from a single uninucleate spore, the mycelium is said to be homokaryotic, but where a cell or mycelium contains nuclei of different genotype, e.g. as a result of fusion (anastomosis) of genetically different hyphae, it is said to be heterokaryotic. A special condition is found in the mycelium of many Basidiomycota in which each cell contains two genetically distinct nuclei. This condition is dikaryotic, to distinguish it from mycelia which are monokaryotic. It should be noted that septa, where present, are usually perforated and allow for the exchange of cytoplasm or organelles. Not all fungi grow as hyphae. Some grow as discrete yeast cells which divide by fission (Fig. 1.1c) or, more frequently, budding (Fig. 1.1d). Yeasts are common, especially in situations where efficient penetration of the substratum is not required, e.g. on plant surfaces or in the digestive tracts of animals (Carlile, 1995). A few species, including certain pathogens of humans and animals, are dimorphic, i.e. capable of switching between hyphal and yeast-like growth forms (Gow, 1995). Intermediate stages between yeast cells and true hyphae also occur and are termed pseudohyphae (Fig. 1.1e). Some lower fungi grow as a thallus, i.e. a walled structure in which the protoplasm is concentrated in one or more centres from which root-like branches (rhizoids) ramify (Fig. 1.1f). Certain obligately plant-pathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms grow as a naked plasmodium (Fig. 1.1g), a uni- or multinucleate mass of protoplasm not surrounded by a cell wall of its own, or as a pseudoplasmodium of amoeboid cells which retain their individual plasma membranes. However, by far the most important device which accounts for the typical biological features of fungi is the hypha (Bartnicki-Garcia, 1996), which therefore seems an appropriate starting point for an exploration of these organisms. 1.2 Physiology of the growing hypha 1.2.1 Polarity of the hypha By placing microscopic markers such as small glass beads beside a growing hypha, Reinhardt (1892) was able to show that cell wall extension, measured as an increase in the distance between two adjacent markers, occurred only at the extreme apex. Four years earlier, H. M. Ward (1888), in an equally simple experiment, had collected liquid droplets from the apex of hyphae of Botrytis cinerea and found that these ‘ferment-drops’ were capable of degrading plant cell walls. Thus, the two fundamental properties of the vegetative fungal hypha – the polarity of both growth and secretion of degradative enzymes – have been known for over a century. Numerous studies have subsequently confirmed that ‘the key to the fungal hypha lies in the apex’ (Robertson, 1965), although the detailed mechanisms determining hyphal polarity are still obscure. Ultrastructural studies have shown that many organelles within the growing hyphal tip are distributed in steep gradients, as would be expected of a cell growing in a polarized mode (Girbardt, 1969; Howard, 1981). This is visible even with the light microscope by careful observation of an unstained hypha using phase-contrast optics (Reynaga-Peña et al., 1997), and more so with the aid of simple staining techniques (Figs. 1.2a–d). The cytoplasm of the extreme apex is occupied almost exclusively by secretory vesicles and microvesicles (Figs. 1.2a, 1.3). In the higher fungi (Asco- and Basidiomycota), the former are arranged as a spherical shell around the latter, and the entire formation is called the Spitzenkörper or ‘apical body’ (Fig. 1.4c; Bartnicki-Garcia, 1996). The Spitzenkörper may be seen in growing hyphae even with the light microscope. Hyphae of the Oomycota and some lower Eumycota (notably the Zygomycota) do not contain a recognizable Spitzenkörper, and the vesicles are instead distributed more loosely in the apical dome (Fig. 1.4a,b). Hyphal growth can be simulated by means of computer models based on the assumption that the emission of secretory vesicles is coordinated by a ‘vesicle supply centre’, regarded as the mathematical equivalent of the Spitzenkörper in higher fungi. By modifying certain parameters, it is even possible to generate the somewhat more pointed apex often found in hyphae of Oomycota and Zygomycota (Figs. 1.4a,b; Diéguez-Uribeondo et al., 2004). A little behind the apical dome, a region of intense biosynthetic activity and energy generation is indicated by parallel sheets of endoplasmic reticulum and an abundance of mitochondria (Figs. 1.2b, 1.3). The first nuclei usually appear just behind the biosynthetic zone (Fig. 1.2c), followed ultimately by a system of ever-enlarging vacuoles (Fig. 1.2d). These may fill almost the entire volume of mature hyphal regions, making them appear empty when viewed with the light microscope. 1.2.2 Architecture of the fungal cell wall Although the chemical composition of cell walls can vary considerably between and within different groups of fungi (Table 1.1), the basic design seems to be universal. It consists of a structural scaffold of fibres which are cross-linked, and a matrix of gel-like or crystalline material (Hunsley & Burnett, 1970; Ruiz-Herrera, 1992; Sentandreu et al., 1994). The degree of cross-linking will determine the plasticity (extensibility) of the wall, whereas the pore size (permeability) is a property of the wall matrix. The scaffold forms the inner layer of the wall and the matrix is found predominantly in the outer layer (de Nobel et al., 2001). In the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, the fibres are chitin microfibrils, i.e. bundles of linear β-(1,4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine chains (Fig. 1.5), which are synthesized at the plasma membrane and extruded into the growing (‘nascent’) cell wall around the apical dome. The cell wall becomes rigid only after the microfibrils have been fixed in place by cross-linking. These cross-links consist of highly branched glucans (glucose polymers), especially those in which the glucose moieties are linked by β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-bonds (Suarit et al., 1988; Wessels et al., 1990; Sietsma & Wessels, 1994). Such β-glucans are typically insoluble in alkaline solutions (1 M KOH). In contrast, the alkali-soluble glucan fraction contains mainly α-(1,3)- and/or α-(1,4)-linked branched or unbranched chains (Wessels et al., 1972; Bobbitt & Nordin, 1982) and does not perform a structural role but instead contributes significantly to the cell wall matrix (Sietsma & Wessels, 1994). Proteins represent the third important chemical Table 1.1. The chemical composition of cell walls of selected groups of fungi (dry weight of total cell wall fraction, in per cent). Data adapted from Ruiz-Herrera (1992) and Griffin (1994). *Mainly chitosan. constituent of fungal cell walls. In addition to enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis or lysis, or in extracellular digestion, there are also structural proteins. Many cell wall proteins are modified by glycosylation, i.e. the attachment of oligosaccharide chains to the polypeptide. The degree of glycosylation can be very high, especially in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where up to 90% of the molecular weight of an extracellular protein may be contributed by its glycosylation chains (van Rinsum et al., 1991). Since mannose is the main component, such proteins are often called mannoproteins or mannans. In S. cerevisiae, the pore size of the cell wall is determined not by matrix glucans but by mannoproteins located close to the external wall surface (Zlotnik et al., 1984). Proteins exposed at the cell wall surface can also determine surface properties such as adhesion and recognition (Cormack et al., 1999). Structural proteins often contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor by which they are attached to the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and later to the external plasma membrane surface, or a modified anchor which covalently binds them to the β-(1,6)-glucan fraction of the cell wall (Kollár et al., 1997; de Nobel et al., 2001). In the Zygomycota, the chitin fibres are modified after their synthesis by partial or complete deacetylation to produce poly-β-(1,4)-glucosamine, which is called chitosan (Fig. 1.5) (Calvo-Mendez & Ruiz-Herrera, 1987). Chitosan fibres are cross-linked by polysaccharides containing glucuronic acid and various neutral sugars (Datema et al., 1977). The cell wall matrix comprises glucans and proteins, as it does in members of the other fungal groups. One traditional feature to distinguish the Oomycota from the ‘true fungi’ (Eumycota) has been the absence of chitin from their cell walls (Wessels & Sietsma, 1981), even though chitin is now known to be produced by certain species of Oomycota under certain conditions (Gay et al., 1993). By and large, however, in Oomycota, the structural role of chitin is filled by cellulose, an aggregate of linear β-(1,4)-glucan chains (Fig. 1.5). As in many other fungi, the fibres thus produced are cross-linked by an alkali-insoluble glucan containing β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-linkages. In addition to proteins, the main matrix component appears to be an alkali-soluble β-(1,3)-glucan (Wessels & Sietsma, 1981). 1.2.3 Synthesis of the cell wall The synthesis of chitin is mediated by specialized organelles termed chitosomes (Bartnicki-Garcia et al., 1979; Sentandreu et al., 1994) in which inactive chitin synthases are delivered to the apical plasma membrane and become activated upon contact with the lipid bilayer (Montgomery & Gooday, 1985). Microvesicles, visible especially in the core region of the Spitzenkörper, are likely to be the ultrastructural manifestation of chitosomes (Fig. 1.6). In contrast, structural proteins and enzymes travel together in the larger secretory vesicles and are discharged into the environment when the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane (Fig. 1.6). Whereas most proteins are fully functional by the time they traverse the plasma membrane (see p. 10), the glucans are secreted by secretory vesicles as partly formed precursors (Wessels, 1993a) and undergo further polymerization in the nascent cell wall, or they are synthesized entirely at the plasma membrane (Sentandreu et al., 1994; de Nobel et al., 2001). Cross-linking of glucans with other components of the cell wall takes place after extrusion into the cell wall (Kollár et al., 1997; de Nobel et al., 2001). Wessels et al. (1990) have provided experimental evidence to support a model for cell wall synthesis in Schizophyllum commune (Basidiomycota). The individual linear β-(1,4)-N-acetylglucosamine chains extruded from the plasma membrane are capable of undergoing self-assembly into chitin microfibrils, but this is subject to a certain delay during which cross-linking with glucans must occur. The glucans, in turn, become alkali-insoluble only after they have become covalently linked to chitin. Once the structural scaffold is in place, the wall matrix can be assembled. Wessels (1997) suggested that hyphal growth occurs as the result of a continuously replenished supply of soft wall material at the apex, but there is good evidence that the softness of the apical cell wall is also influenced by the activity of wall-lytic enzymes such as chitinases or glucanases (Fontaine et al., 1997; Horsch et al., 1997). Further, when certain Oomycota grow under conditions of hyperosmotic stress, their cell wall is measurably softer due to the secretion of an endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase, thus permitting continued growth when the turgor pressure is reduced or even absent (Money, 1994; Money & Hill, 1997). Since, in higher Eumycota, both cell wall material and synthetic as well as lytic enzymes are secreted together by the vesicles of the Spitzenkörper, the appearance, position and movement of this structure should influence the direction and speed of apical growth directly. This has indeed been shown to be the case (López-Franco et al., 1995; Bartnicki-Garcia, 1996; Riquelme et al., 1998). Of course, cell wall-lytic enzymes are also necessary for the formation of hyphal branches, which usually arise by a localized weakening of the mature, fully polymerized cell wall. An endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase has also been shown to be involved in softening the mature regions of hyphae in the growing stipes of Coprinus fruit bodies, thus permitting intercalary hyphal extension (Kamada, 1994). Indeed, the expansion of mushroom-type fruit bodies in general seems to be based mainly on non-apical extension of existing hyphae (see p. 22), which is a rare exception to the rule of apical growth in fungi. The properties of the cell wall depend in many ways on the environment in which the hypha grows. Thus, when Schizophyllum commune is grown in liquid submerged culture, a significant part of the β-glucan fraction may diffuse into the liquid medium before it is captured by the cell wall, giving rise to mucilage (Sietsma et al., 1977). In addition to causing problems when growing fungi in liquid culture for experimental purposes, mucilage may cause economic losses when released by Botrytis cinerea in grapes to be used for wine production (Dubourdieu et al., 1978a). On the other hand, secreted polysaccharides, especially of Basidiomycota, may have interesting medicinal properties and are being promoted as anti-tumour medication both in conventional and in alternative medicine (Wasser, 2002). Another difference between submerged and aerial hyphae is caused by the hydrophobins, which are structural cell wall proteins with specialized functions in physiology, morphogenesis and pathology (Wessels, 2000). Some hydrophobins are constitutively secreted by the hyphal apex. In submerged culture, they diffuse into the medium as monomers, whereas they polymerize by hydrophobic interactions on the surface of hyphae exposed to air, thereby effectively impregnating them and rendering them hydrophobic (Wessels, 1997, 2000). When freeze-fractured hydrophobic surfaces of hyphae or spores are viewed with the transmission electron microscope, polymerized hydrophobins may be visible as patches of rodlets running in parallel to each other. Other hydrophobins are produced only at particular developmental stages and are involved in inducing morphogenetic changes of the hypha, leading, for example, to the formation of spores or infection structures, or aggregation of hyphae into fruit bodies (Stringer et al., 1991; Wessels, 1997). Some fungi are wall-less during the assimilative stage of their life cycle. This is true especially of certain plant pathogens such as the Plasmodiophoromycota (Chapter 3), insect pathogens (Entomophthorales; p. 202) and some members of the Chytridiomycota (Chapter 6). Since their protoplasts are in direct contact with the host cytoplasm, they are buffered against osmotic fluctuations. The motile spores (zoospores) of certain groups of fungi swim freely in water, and bursting due to osmotic inward movement of water is prevented by the constant activity of water-expulsion vacuoles. 1.2.4 The cytoskeleton In contrast to the hyphae of certain Oomycota, which seem to grow even in the absence of measurable turgor pressure (Money & Hill, 1997), the hyphae of most fungi extend only when a threshold turgor pressure is exceeded. This can be generated even at a reduced external water potential by the accumulation of compatible solutes such as glycerol, mannitol or trehalose inside the hypha (Jennings, 1995). The correlation between turgor pressure and hyphal growth might be interpreted such that the former drives the latter, but this crude mechanism would lead to uncontrolled tip extension or even tip bursting. Further, when hyphal tips are made to burst by experimental manipulation, they often do so not at the extreme apex, but a little further behind (Sietsma & Wessels, 1994). It seems, therefore, that the soft wall at the apex is protected internally, and there is now good evidence that this is mediated by the cytoskeleton. Both main elements of the cytoskeleton, i.e. microtobules (Figs. 1.7a,b) and actin filaments (Fig. 1.7c), are abundant in filamentous fungi and yeasts (Heath, 1994, 1995a). Intermediate filaments, which fulfil skeletal roles in animal cells, are probably of lesser significance in fungi. Microtubules are typically orientated longitudinally relative to the hypha (Fig. 1.7a) and are involved in long-distance transport of organelles such as secretory vesicles (Fig. 1.7b; Seiler et al., 1997) or nuclei (Steinberg, 1998), and in the positioning of mitochondria, nuclei or vacuoles (Howard & Aist, 1977; Steinberg et al., 1998). They therefore maintain the polarized distribution of many organelles in the hyphal tip. Actin filaments are found in the centre of the Spitzenkörper, as discrete subapical patches, and as a cap lining the inside of the extreme hyphal apex (Heath, 1995a; Czymmek et al., 1996; Srinivasan et al., 1996). The apical actin cap is particularly pronounced in Oomycota such as Saprolegnia (Fig. 1.7c), and it now seems that the soft wall at the hyphal apex is actually being assembled on an internal scaffold consisting of actin and other structural proteins, such as spectrin (Heath, 1995b; Degousée et al., 2000). The rate of hyphal extension might be controlled, and bursting prevented, by the actin/spectrin cap being anchored to the rigid, subapical wall via rivet-like integrin attachments which traverse the membrane and might bind to wall matrix proteins (Fig. 1.8; Kaminskyj & Heath, 1996; Heath, 2001). Indeed, in Saprolegnia the cytoskeleton is probably responsible for pushing the hyphal tip forward, at least in the absence of turgor (Money, 1997), although it probably has a restraining function under normal physiological conditions. Heath (1995b) has proposed an ingenious if speculative model to explain how the actin cap might regulate the rate of hyphal tip extension in the Oomycota. Stretch-activated channels selective for Ca2+ ions are known to be concentrated in the apical plasma membrane of Saprolegnia (Garrill et al., 1993), and the fact that Ca2+ ions cause contractions of actin filaments is also well known. A stretched plasma membrane will admit Ca2+ ions into the apical cytoplasm where they cause localized contractions of the actin cap, thereby reducing the rate of apical growth which leads to closure of the stretch-activated Ca2+ channels. Sequestration of Ca2+ by various subapical organelles such as the ER or vacuoles lowers the concentration of free cytoplasmic Ca2+, leading to a relaxation of the actin cap and of its restrictive effect on hyphal growth. In the Eumycota, there is only indirect evidence for a similar role of actin, integrin and other structural proteins in protecting the apex and restraining its extension (Degousée et al., 2000; Heath, 2001), and the details of regulation are likely to be different. Whereas a tip-high Ca2+ gradient is present and is required for growth, stretch-activated Ca2+ channels are not, and the apical Ca2+ seems to be of endogenous origin. Silverman-Gavrila and Lew (2001, 2002) have proposed that the signal molecule inositol-(1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP3), released by the action of a stretch-activated phospholipase C in the apical plasma membrane, acts on Ca2+-rich secretory vesicles in the Spitzenkörper region. These would release Ca2+ from their lumen, leading to a contraction of the apical scaffold. As in the Oomycota, sequestration of Ca2+ occurs subapically by the ER from which secretory vesicles are formed. These therefore act as Ca2+ shuttles in the Eumycota (Torralba et al., 2001). Although hyphal tip growth appears to be a straightforward affair, none of the conflicting models accounts for all aspects of it. A good essay in hyphal tip diplomacy has been written by Bartnicki-Garcia (2002). Numerous inhibitor studies have hinted at a role of the cytoskeleton in the transport of vesicles to the apex. Depolymerization of microtubules results in a disappearance of the Spitzenkörper, termination or at least severe reduction of apical growth and enzyme secretion, and an even redistribution of secretory vesicles and other organelles throughout the hypha (Howard & Aist, 1977; Rupeš et al., 1995; Horio & Oakley, 2005). In contrast, actin depolymerization leads to uncontrolled tip extension to form giant spheres (Srinivasan et al., 1996). Long-distance transport of secretory vesicles therefore seems to be brought about by microtubules, whereas the fine-tuning of vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane is controlled by actin (Fig. 1.8; Torralba et al., 1998). The integrity of the Spitzenkörper is maintained by an interplay between actin and tubulin. Not surprisingly, the yeast S. cerevisiae, which has a very short vesicle transport distance between the mother cell and the extending bud, reacts more sensitively to disruptions of the actin component than the microtubule component of its cytoskeleton; continued growth in the absence of the latter can be explained by Brownian motion of secretory vesicles (Govindan et al., 1995; Steinberg, 1998). 1.2.5 Secretion and membrane traffic One of the most important ecological roles of fungi, that of decomposing dead plant matter, requires the secretion of large quantities of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes into the environment. In liquid culture under optimized experimental conditions, certain fungi are capable of secreting more than 20 g of a single enzyme or enzyme group per litre culture broth within a few days’ growth (Sprey, 1988; Peberdy, 1994). Clearly, this aspect of fungal physiology holds considerable potential for biotechnological or pharmaceutical applications. However, for reasons not yet entirely understood, fungi often fail to secrete the heterologous proteins of introduced genes of commercial interest to the same high level as their own proteins (Gwynne, 1992). There are still great deficits in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the secretory route in filamentous fungi, although much is known in the yeast S. cerevisiae. An overview is given in Fig. 1.10. © Cambridge University Press Table of Contents

Select or elect school superintendent? The process for selecting an Escambia County School District superintendent has long been a point of contention in the community and it’s back on the minds of local voters. Despite five failed referendums going back to 1967, advocates of an appointed superintendent believe the time is right to bring the issue back to voters. However, getting the referendum on the November 2016 ballot will require a lot of work before the late summer 2016 filing deadline. Escambia County Schools Superintendent Malcolm Thomas as well as Santa Rosa School Superintendent Tim Wyrosdick both are seeking third terms and have already pre-filed for the 2016 election. “There needs to a concerted push to educate voters so they will know what the issues are,” said Dr. Paula Montgomery, the League of Women Voters of the Pensacola Bay Area’s education chairman. The nonpartisan political organization supports appointed superintendents, and would like the elected members of the Escambia County School Board to be tasked with selecting a superintendent from a nationwide pool. Montgomery stressed she was not criticizing Thomas’ performance, but believes a national search would attract more experienced candidates. Currently, being a registered voter is the only qualification required to run for the post. That’s not to say Thomas, 62, and Wyrosdick, 52, are not experienced — both attended schools and worked in their respective districts, starting in the classroom and moving into administrative positions. “The schools in our district and state are in crises and we really need the best qualified people to get the best bang for our buck,” said Montgomery, a family medical practitioner. “Right now there are no credentials, no educational background or qualifications. If it is an appointed position, we already elect the school board and they could cast a wider net and set the requirements for the position. The person would be chosen due to their qualifications, they would need to have a certain level of education and skills in management.” An experienced professional is a necessity for the position. For fiscal year 2015-16, Thomas is responsible for a proposed $594.1 million budget and manages the district’s 5,500 employees at more than 50 schools and centers. In Santa Rosa County, Wyrosdick oversees a proposed $291.1 million budget and more than 2,700 employees at more than 30 schools and centers. School districts fiscal years run July 1-June 30. Nationwide comparison Florida is one of only three states, Alabama and Mississippi being the other two, where voters still elect superintendents. Forty-one of the Florida’s 67 superintendents are elected. In Mississippi, the majority of the state’s nearly 150 superintendents and 37 of Alabama’s 136 superintendents are chosen by voters. Nationwide, there are about 14,500 school districts. In 99 percent of those districts, the local school board hires the superintendent. In Florida, school districts with appointed superintendents educate 2.2 million of the state’s 2.7 million students. Referendums to change to an appointed superintendent already have been presented to Escambia County voters five times — most recently in 1994 when it failed 19,396 to 10,709. The measure came closest to passing when it was first considered in 1967. It failed by one vote — 9,651 to 9,650. The referendum also failed 23,711 to 10,974 in 1970; 9,783 to 8,320 in 1976; and 32,859 to 15,850 in 1988, according to Escambia County Elections Office records. Santa Rosa County has never voted on the issue. Most Floridians like the status quo. Since 2004, only three counties — Lake, Monroe and Polk — have made the switch to appointed superintendents. Last year, Clay, Franklin, Putnam and Walton counties held referendums to appoint superintendents. All four failed. Pensacola businessman Robert de Varona has lead a push to bring the issue back to voters. On Saturday, de Varona along with Lou Ray, a former Escambia County School Board attorney, will discuss the possible referendum at a forum presented by the League of Women Voters at Tryon Branch Library. “Timing is very important because there are certain elections such as the presidential election next November that will draw more voters than the regional elections,” de Varona said. “If we can get this on the ballot, we would see a big turnout for this election.” In order to get the referendum on the November 2016 ballot, a majority of Escambia County School Board members would have to support the measure. After the board adopts a resolution by majority vote, it would then be presented to the Escambia County Board of County Commissioners for approval. If approved by the commissioners, the referendum would go on the ballot. De Varona said proponents of an appointed superintendent don’t see this as a solution to all of the school district’s problems, but a step in the right direction. “The economics and education of a community go hand-in-hand and unless we solve the problems of education in Escambia County, we are not going to be able to make that forward leap economically,” he said. “Among the developed countries of the world, the U.S. is not at the top when it comes to education. Florida is toward the bottom in the U.S. Escambia County is at the bottom in Florida, we have a long way to go here.” Issues with change In the past, Escambia School Board Chairwoman Patty Hightower has supported switching to an appointed superintendent, but said she wants community input before bringing anything before the school board. She, too, plans to attend the League of Women Voters forum in order to gauge public response. “There are a lot of issues that come up when you talk about changing — the cost, for one. Most districts in the U.S. have fewer than 2,000 students and the superintendents in some of these districts earn more than our superintendent,” said Hightower who added about 75 percent of school districts in the U.S. have 2,000 or fewer students. The Escambia County district has about 40,000 students. The Santa Rosa district has more than 26,000 students. In Florida, elected school superintendents’ salaries are set by state statute. During the 2014-15 school year, Thomas earned $135,234, while Wyrosdick’s salary was $123,685. Ruth Melton, director of government relations at the Florida School Board Association, said appointed superintendents’ salaries also are contractual agreements and not influenced by the state formula. “Generally the salaries of appointed superintendents (in Florida) are higher than elected superintendents, but they are competitive and comparable with the salaries of appointed superintendents nationwide,” she said. “We’re the third-largest school system in the country, and with only 67 districts that are geographically the same as the county they are in. When compared to other states, Texas has more than a 1,000 school districts, and California has nearly 1,000. The smallest school district in Florida is generally larger than the largest school district in other states.” Why appoint a superintendent? A superintendent’s salary won’t be the only issue voters will have to consider. Hightower said proponents of an appointed superintendent also would have to build a case as to why “appointed” is better. “In most districts where there are appointed superintendents, there have been issues. Escambia County has been lucky to have had some quality superintendents,” she said. She added the position’s duties would remain the same whether a superintendent is appointed or elected. The only difference would be the evaluation process. “An appointed superintendent would be evaluated by the school board, while an elected superintendent’s future is in the hands of the voters who will decide whether that person has done a good job or not,” Hightower said, who also mentioned the time it would take to conduct a search. “Timing is the issue, you can’t find a superintendent in two days, it is a lengthy process. Most districts hire an outside agency, where the school board along with community help develops a job description, I’m thinking six months to a year. It could be done in less time, but I would think the first time around you would want to put the time into the process.” Both Thomas and Wyrosdick say they don’t have a problem with appointed superintendents, but support allowing voters to choose who leads their local schools. “I’ve seen both sides — elected superintendents who are weak and appointed superintendents who are strong — as well as the opposite,” said Thomas. “But I think the biggest question is can the person do the job and work with the stakeholders? The school board, administrators, parents?” However, Thomas thinks the referendum should be brought before the voters in 2018. “I don’t think it needs to be on the ballot in 2016 because we will elect a superintendent who will serve four years. It’s logical to do it in 2018,” he said. Wyrosdick echoed Thomas’ sentiments. “There are many appointed superintendents in districts with high-performing students and schools, and the same can be said for some elected superintendents,” he said. “But both (elected or appointed) can work. It really comes down to what the citizens want. I believe it is what the people want.” If you go The League of Women Voters of the Pensacola Bay Area will hold a meeting at 10:15 a.m. Saturday at the Tryon Branch Library where Robert de Varona, a proponent of appointed superintendents, and Lou Ray, a former Escambia County School District attorney, will discuss the selection process for local school superintendents. The library is at 1200 Langley Ave. and the public is invited. By the numbers States that elect superintendents: 3 Florida districts that elect superintendents: 41 of 67 Nationwide school districts: 14,500 Percent nationwide that appoint superintendent: 99

UK Air Dates for US & UK Shows in 2017 UK Air Dates for US & Cult Shows in 2017 Autumn 2017 Seth McFarlane’s cartoon about the Smith family. Each week Micky Flanagan’s Detours will see Micky delve into the past and the present with episodes focusing on a variety of diverse subjects. Stephen Mangan, Tamsin Greig and Matt LeBlanc return for the final 5th season of this brilliant comedy.. Spinoff from The Closer, and performing well. Usually airs a couple of months after the US. Samuel Barnett & Elijah Wood stars in this new BBC America adaptation of the Douglas Adams story. Another time-traveling TV series, this one starring Eric McCormack. Dawn French stars in a story of love, heartbreak, food and female friendship. Sky’s big Christmas 2017 drama will be an adaptation of David Walliams’ Ratburger. Charlie Brooker’s futuristic satire has moved to Netflix… The show tells the story of a brash new maestro Rodrigo (Gael Garcia Bernal) who stirring things up when he joins a NYC symphony orchestra, and a young oboist Hailey (Lola Kirke) who hopes for her big chance.izibeth II’s life, from her wedding in 1947 to the present day. Netflix bought it as 6 seasons of 10 episodes.. Continuation of US sitcom Full House, which sees the Tanner family arrive on Netflix for 13 episodes. Peter Capaldi and Steven Moffat are leaving this year – Moffat’s final episode will be the 2017 Christmas Special, with Torchwood & Broadchurch writer Chris Chibnall taking over in 2018 for series 11 with THE 13TH DOCTOR. Winter 2017/2018. Another season for the California spinoff. Sky’s popular supermarket sitcom returns for a new series. Four-part drama explores the spiraling repercussions surrounding the fatal shooting of a pizza delivery man starring Carey Mulligan, John Simm, Billie Piper & Nicola Walker. British crime noir detective series starring Anna Friel. The popular remake with the classic theme tune is back for a new season. Returning for 3 specials to celebrate 20 years since The League Of Gentlemen first appeared on the radio. Steve Coogan’s alter-ego returns to the BBC for a 1 hour special on BBC Two, which will be followed by a new series on BBC One in 2018. Early 2018 Animation about a family running a burger joint. Bull stars Michael Weatherly as Dr. Jason Bull in a drama inspired by the early career of ‘Dr. Phil’ McGraw. Sherlock in New York. Airing as a mid-season replacement this year in the US, so won’t be back till 2018. Machiavellian politics & finance drama starring Damian Lewis as a brilliant but cut-throat hedge fund boss, and Paul Giamatti as a U.S. Attorney. From the creator of Shameless, this comedy drama follows a police station in a rough part of Manchester. Based on the Marvel X-Men character, the show tells the story of a diagnosed schizophrenic who discovers that it’s possible the voices he hears and visions he sees may not all be in his head. Starring Claire Danes, the American remake of Israeli “Prisoners of War”. The excellent James Spader returns as Raymond ‘Red’ Reddington for a new season of Blacklisty goodness (or badness… yep, probably badness if Red is involved)… Sky have moved it to early 2018 to remove some of the annoying US scheduling gaps that plagued the run last season. US sitcom set in the 1980’s, based on a fictionalised version of the childhood of the writer, Adam F. Goldberg. Lucky Man is the story of DI Harry Clayton (James Nesbitt), a cop from Central London’s notorious Murder Squad, who is given a charm that seems to confer upon the wearer the ability to control luck. Series by Showtime starring Dominic West about, as the title suggests, an affair! Patrick Warburton stars as Lemony Snicket in Netflix’s adaptation of the Lemony Snicket novels, with Neil Patrick Harris playing Count Olaf. Sitcom about an upper-middle-class African-American family starring Anthony Anderson and Tracee Ellis Ross. American musical drama starring Connie Britton (Friday Night Lights, Spin City) and Hayden Panettiere (Heroes). Season 4 moves from More4 to Sky Living. More fun to come with the Winchester boys, thanks to E4. We’re expecting Season 13 to come in early 2018, but that’s not confirmed! Holden Matthews (Burkely Duffield) wakes from a 12-year coma and discovers new abilities that propel him into the middle of a dangerous conspiracy. Krysten Ritter stars as Jessica Jones, the ex-superhero turned private detective. Remake of the classic 80’s series. Lucas Till takes the Richard Dean Anderson role. Support comes in the form of ex-CSI George Eads and bald, male Pete Thornton has become a woman played by Sandrine Holt. Show about a con-man (Giovanni Ribisi) who steals the identity of his ex-cellmate as a way to avoid the wrath of a furious mob boss (Bryan Cranston). It may sound like a health show, but it’s actually a comedy-horror about realtor Sheila (Drew Barrymore) who becomes a zombie, and wants to eat everyone except her husband Joel (Timothy Olyphant)! Spin off from the awesome Breaking Bad, starring Bob Odenkirk reprising his role as lawyer Saul Goodman. Airing on Netflix UK just hours after the US. Some people were born on the same day as each other in this drama starring Milo Ventimiglia (Heroes, Gilmore Girls), Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan and Ron Cephas Jones. Big Bang Theory spin-off following the exploits of a young Sheldon Cooper, growing up in Galveston, Texas. Comedy about the goings on behind the scenes on an American dating show. Premieres on Amazon Prime Video, with Lifetime airing the linear broadcast later. Season 3 delayed in the US until Q1 of 2018. Anthology series from Ryan Murphy. The 2nd series is based around the Versace murder and the 3rd about Hurricane Katrina. Season 2 with premiere first on BBC2, then air on Netflix. Factual crime series investigating historical murders where the convicted went to the gallows pleading their innocence. The clever lawyers are back on our television for a new season. Now premiering on Netflix weekly. January 2018 Marvel Universe series continues. Now with added Ghost Rider! Looks like they are planning to wait till the new year so they can remove the mid-season break this time around. The popular historical medical drama returns to the BBC. A little known cartoon… Still going strong. Murder mystery set in… well… guess where, starring Douglas Henshall (Primeval). Forensic pathologists help police solve murders in Manchester. Naval Criminal Investigative Service return as the veteran police procedural continues. Another tv series based on a film, this time the Mel Gibson vehicle which spawned three sequels. Canadian tv cop show set in the 1890’s following William Murdoch as he solves crime in Toronto using cutting edge (for 1890!) forensic science. After being dropped by Comedy Central, it’s back… on Comedy Central! Same show, but with a new host – Trevor Noah. Another American police show. This time however, it is a comedy making fun of all the other American police shows. More light-hearted murder investigation in the Caribbean. The greatest moustache in the world returns for another outing.’? Netflix goes where almost everyone has been before and brings us the new Star Trek series within a day of its US date. Not Yet Scheduled TV Shows 2017 These are shows which we've been told have a UK channel, but there is not enough info out there to predict an air date. Spoof police procedural in the vein of Police Squad. Stephen Mangan stars as a man with 2 wives, who are Heather Graham and This Is England’s Jo Hartley. Children go missing across time, leading to the unearthing of a small town’s secrets. German drama Another Ryan Murphy anthology series, this one focused on famous rivalries. Season 1 centres around the backstage battle between Joan Crawford and Bette Davis. English language intrigue miniseries from France set in Africa, the Middle East and Europe New series from Continuum’s Simon Barry about a remote Alaskan town that has been overrun by paranormal forces. New drama created by The Walking Dead’s Lenny James about a ‘unique and unlikely hero’ accused of a terrible crime. Netflix’s Emmy winning documentary series about the life and convictions of Steven Avery and his nephew Brendan Dassey. Adaptation of the ‘Patrick Melrose’ series of semi-autobiographical novels written by Edward St. Aubyn starring Benedict Cumberbatch. Tv adaptation of the Scream movie series. Airs on MTV in the US and Netflix in the UK. Renewed for a 6 episode 3rd season. Sir David Jason returns to the classic sitcom. Marky Mark takes a break from playing with big robots, and Donnie stops chasing down criminals, to help his brother and mum with their burger business.! Procedural drama from Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk about the lives and careers of first responders – cops, paramedics, firefighters. Family comedy about a man living in an apartment, sandwiched between his doting parents on one side, and his brother, sister-in-law, and baby on the other. Norwegian drama about a man who leaves Norway for Asia after been acquitted of the murder of his girlfriend, and returns 20 years later as a successful businessman to save the main employer in his small town from bankruptcy. New comedy series from Scrub’s Zach Braff about a man who sets out to start up his own business... A Dutch drama about a man falsely accused of a hit and run Richard Armitage stars in this CIA spy series set in the German capital comedy series created by Pamela Adlon and Louis C.K. Stars Adlon as Sam Fox, an L.A. based actress and single mother to 3 daughters trying to juggle life, mothering, and getting her big break. Jefferson Pierce (Cress Williams), is a retired superhero who is forced back into the criminal bashing game, when his daughter and a star student get caught up with a local gang. Comedy about modern-day man who, at a crossroads in his life, decides to live according to the Bible. Psychological horror series set in the Stephen King multiverse. Howard Silk (JK Simmons) is a cog in a seemingly innocuous UN agency, who discovers that they are actually guarding a path into a parallel dimension… Already has a 2 season order of 10 episodes each. Following in the footsteps of Hannibal, Bates Motel and countless others, here’s another TV version of a film series, this time about the young antichrist. An epic saga about the secret history of the 1930’s American heartland, Damnation centres on the mythic conflict and bloody struggle between big money and the downtrodden, God and greed, charlatans, and prophets. When his career is ruined by scandal, superstar magician Cameron Black (Jack Cutmore-Scott) has only one place to turn to practice his art of deception, influence, and illusion – the FBI. A timely reminder of problems created by splitting a country in two, this highly-rated German drama, centred on a spy for the East German Stasi, kicks off Channel 4’s new foreign language project – Walter Presents, available initially on Channel 4. Allison Tolman (Fargo) stars as struggling millennial Nan, with her life told from the point of view of her lonely and philosophical dog, Martin. New BBC sitcom starring John Cleese, Alison Steadman (Orphan Black, Gavin & Stacey) and Jason Watkins (Taboo, Trollied, W1A, Being Human), about an pair of retirees, whose plans of marrying and moving abroad together are ruined by the return of Edith’s 50yr old, newly divorced, son. Crime thriller set in Paris Drama from Pretty Little Liar’s I. Marlene King about a college girl who has to balance life as a college student whilst also landing her big break as a movie star. Adapted from the book by Rebecca Serle, and starring Bella Thorne. Airs in the US in 2017. New courtroom drama from ShondaLand, the people that brought you Grey’s Anatomy, How to Get Away with Murder and Scandal. Fantasy/Fairy tale themed musical comedy from Dan Fogelman with songs from Alan Menken & Glenn Slater. TV series based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Elmore Leonard. The picturesque but drug-ridden towns of Calderdale return for a third series, once again starring Sarah Lancashire. It won’t be soon though, most likely in 2018 Follows the story of a corrupt, intoxicated ex-cop turned hit-man, who is injured when a hit goes bad, only to have his life changed forever by a relentlessly positive, imaginary tiny blue winged horse named Happy! Due back in 2014 for the third season which begins in October in the US Anthology series based on the cult classic 80’s movie. A Live-action/CGI show starring Jenna Elfman as a woman and her unhinged imaginary friend. Former CIA operative turned professor is lured back to his old life to help stop a serial killer. Stars Alan Cumming. Tom Clancy’s Jack Ryan comes to the small screen starring John Krasinski (The Office US), courtesy of Amazon. Jason Ritter stars as a man visited by a ‘celestial being’, who gives him the task of saving the world… Drama series about The Knights Templar, the legendary brotherhood of warrior monks, starring Tom Cullen. Prequel to the story of Superman, set on his doomed home planet, and following his grandfather Seg-El. Comedy set on the weekend flights from LA To Vegas. From the guys that brought Anchorman and Talladega Nights. Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid are in their seventies and rediscovering love in this romantic comedy PLL’s Lucy Hale stars as a young woman who is diagnosed with terminal cancer, but finds out she’ll actually live, so has to deal with the choices she made when she was live life like she was dying. Series based on the Walt Longmire books where the titular character, a small town sheriff, is investigating serious crimes, returning to work following his wife’s death, and battling his deputy for re-election to the job. Cancelled by its US network, but saved by Netflix. Adam Pally (Happy Endings) stars as a student who drags his history professor (Yassir Lester, Girls), into the past using his time machine… made out of a giant duffle bag. Matt LeBlanc plays a stay-at-home dad after his wife goes back to work, and learns parenting is not as easy as it seems. TV show based on the Marvel comic books about 2 teenagers from very different backgrounds, who find themselves burdened and awakened to newly acquired superpowers while falling in love. New Marvel live action superhero comedy series, about a young adult super team lead by Squirrel Girl. Marvel superhero drama about 6 diverse teenagers who can barely stand one another, but who must unite against a common foe… their parents. Created by Brian K. Vaughan and Adrian Alphona. Brit Michael Sheen stars in this drama based on real research into sexual dysfunction in the latter half of the twentieth century. No longer airing on More4 or Channel 4, so currently without a UK broadcaster. Comedy examining one man’s life over a 50-year span. Workplace anthology comedy series set in heaven. Season 1 stars Daniel Radcliffe & Owen Wilson. Anna Faris stars in this sitcom about a dysfunctional mum and daughter. Brendan Gleeson and Harry Treadaway star in this adaptation of the Stephen King novel by David E. Kelley. A doctor becomes a therapist for an American football team. Three seasons exist. Comedy/drama about a woman who falls for a claims the world will end soon, so creates a ‘bucket list’ of things to do before the apocalypse. Cross between ‘Extras’ and ‘Episodes’, it’s a comedy about 3 actor/comedians still waiting for their big break, who try to trade on the names of their more famous friends to get ahead.. Dutch drama about a widow who has to run her late husband’s criminal empire New Ryan Murphy ongoing drama, set in 1980’s New York. Due in 2018 in the US. Vanessa Hudgens & Alan Tudyk stars in a new comedy set in the DC universe. Jennifer Beals stars as a cardiothoracic surgeon who is is paid by a terminally ill billionaire (Matthew Modine) it investigate what happens after death… Hourlong sci-fi, family drama about an African-American single mother who discovers her young son has multiple, constantly changing abilities. Fresh from her battles with computer programmes in Person of Interest, Sarah Shahi battles with a virtual reality programmes in this new drama. Also starring Dennis Haysbert (24- arguably the President the US could currently do with). Matthew Senreich & Seth Green’s wonderfully ludicrous Robot Chicken returns for a 9th season. The classic 90’s sitcom returns! Inspired by the Samuel L. Jackson/Colin Farrell, the drama follows the sergeant of a Los Angeles SWAT unit who is torn between his loyalty to his team and the streets. A genius computer type, eccentric of course, and some other young geniuses team up to save the world weekly via computers. Robert Patrick is also present. Season 3 continues with episode 10. Drama about the lives of a SEAL team starring David Boreanaz. Stars Burn Notice’s Jeffrey Donovan as a failed magician Charlie Haverford, who now works as a psychic. Drama series about US Navy SEAL Team Six, inspired by real-life missions. Sitcom starring Minnie Driver as Maya DiMeo, mother of 3 kids, including her eldest boy JJ (Micah Fowler), who has cerebral palsy. The story of a couple whose marriage is reignited by their divorce. John C. McGinley (Scrubs) stars as Stan, a small town disgruntled former sheriff who finds himself battling demons! Prequel to the Stargate series, releasing online at Stargate Command.… Set in Memphis during the tumultuous early days of the civil rights movement, Sun Records tells the untold story of nothing less than the birth of rock ‘n’ roll. America Ferrera (Ugly Betty) and Ben Feldman (Mad Men) star in a workplace comedy about a unique family of employees at a supersized megastore. During WWII, British experts trained Norwegians to sabotage the Nazi nuclear programme An overworked television producer and single mother in the middle of a separation has her life is turned upside down when her young daughter goes missing in the middle of the night. A tv actress is paid $10m to marry a film star. Military drama starring Anne Heche and Mike Vogel. Story of a group of refugees who turn up in a small American fishing town claiming to be fleeing from a war-torn country… Only that country IS America, and the war hasn’t happened yet! The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance returns to the world of Thra with an all new adventure. New period drama from Julian Fellowes (Downton Abbey) set in 1880s New York, a period dubbed the “gilded age” as vast amounts of new money exchanged hands and fortunes were made. New cop dramedy from the creator of ‘Monk’, starring Tony Danza, about a father and son. Dad is a rule-bending retired NYPD officer, whilst his son is a straight-shooting detective. A young rapper who is looking for a big publicity stunt to kick-start his career, runs for mayor of his hometown in California… and wins. Comedy about a successful doctor with an iffy personal life. Cancelled by its US network but saved by Hulu and given a fourth season. New drama coming to Netflix created by indie film makers Brit Marling and Zal Batmanglij, with Marling also starring. A powerful, mind-bending tale about identity, human connection and the borders between life and death. Polish drama about border guards on the Poland-Ukraine border A three part series about the rise and fall of a Dutch banker Medical drama starring Matt Czuchry (The Good Wife, Gilmore Girls) as a tough, brilliant senior resident who takes a new doctor (Manish Dayal – Halt and Catch Fire) under his wing. Nathan Fillion stars as the oldest rookie in the LAPD. A fictionalised Royal Family drama, with Liz Hurley as the Queen. Let that sink in for a moment. Liz Hurley as the Queen. Horror TV show from Guillermo del Toro, about a vampiric virus that breaks out in NYC. Based on the Chuck Hogan novels. Dropped by W… The Underground Railroad chronicles young Cora’s journey as she makes a desperate bid for freedom in the antebellum South. Drama series based on the globally popular fantasy saga from Polish writer Andrzej Sapkowski, which also spawned some hugely popular video games! Demark’s turn again for the remake honours – this time of the serial killer drama. H.G. Wells in modern times chasing Jack the Ripper. Another comic book series from Greg Berlanti. This one based around the Dick Grayson (Nightwing) led team of ‘Titans’. Another film adapted for TV. This time Bill Paxton takes the Denzel Washington role in this series produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Nicola Walker (Spooks) leads a strong cast in this cold-case murder mystery. The drama follow an elite unit of helicopter pilots trained to perform clandestine international and domestic missions. Netflix had said it would air 01 November… Then it didn’t appear, so we’re still waiting… Will and Grace (along with Karen and Jack) are back for the first time in ten years. Perhaps that Friends revival ain’t so far fetched now…. Returns to the US 2017-18 with UK info currently unknown. Jeremy Piven stars as a genius tech innovator who creates a cutting-edge crowdsourcing app to solve his daughter’s murder. 40yr old tries to reboot her career by pretending to be 26. Dropped by Sony Channel. Series 2 of Babylon Berlin premieres on Sunday 3rd December 2017 at 9pm on Sky Atlantic. Info from TV Wise. Obviously no firm confirmation of date, but it looks like we’ll be getting X Files fairly close to it airing in the US. Ju Whoops hit send too soon. Anyway I was just about you say that Channel 5 have already started airing Coming in 2018 tv ads for it so looks like we’ll be close to the US I suspect it will be, but I’m leaving it as ‘Unknown 2018’ for now, as Channel 5 haven’t released the date yet, and I don’t want to get peoples hopes up just in case! They were only a few weeks behind with it for Season 1 though. Digiguide has the final season of The Tunnel starting Thu 14/12 @ 9pm on Sky Atlantic Do we know date when walking dead and all legands programs go on a break yet Gonna be gutted as know it always happens So disappointed with UK this year with how they scedulled programs Living messed us right up with all charcgos programs Now looks look sky 1 doing the same Still don’t get why they put on a Sunday strike back repeat. That’s what sky 2 for they do with all other shows The Walking Dead split their seasons into episodes 1-8 and 9-16. Did wonder if we’re doing after 8 Just now wondering with others UK if there’s a date When does the new series of Trollied start on Sky One? Sure its normally around november in previous years It’s “around Christmas” this year apparently. It’s not in any of the Sky press schedules yet, and they go up to mid-Dec. I suspect they maybe launching it with the Christmas special first, then the new series in Jan. Yeah just like blacklist I know it’s an american site but absentia has been picked up by amazon in the uk according to the article Thanks Howard, I was actually just writing that up for the front page. 🙂 You’re listing Luke Cage as the next Netflix Marvel release after the Punisher, however I thought the actual release order for next year is:- Jessica Jones S2 Luke Cage S2 Daredevil S3 Can you confirm this? Hi Slick, Netflix hasn’t released dates yet, so no one actually knows. That is the order they were shot in, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that’s the release order. The general consensus does seem to be Jessica Jones will come first, but we won’t know till Netflix release something more concrete. Does anyone know when Kevin Can Wait Season 2 starts in the UK Looks .ike the curse of Channel 5 has struck again on NCIS New Orleans. After waiting ages for it, it’s finally back on 5 but with a flexible time slot it seems. Last week it was 7:45, this week it’s 10pm? Add to that, th3 fact that it’s being “ double billed” like 5 walnuts to get it out the way, I’m wondering if we’ll see a season 4? Sorry about the typos .. for “ walnuts” it should say “wants”. I blame my keyboard 😀 excellent typo! I would expect to see less and less of those big 20+ episode US seasons coming to 5, as I really don’t think they work well for them. So, yes, I wouldn’t count on season 4 coming to 5 (I don’t know anything, that is just a guess.) If that does happen, it’s possible someone else like Universal or one of the other channels that runs some of the NCIS things may take it though. I’d love it if Universal took Chicago PD too… and as for Gotham…..well god bless Netflix I say. The Chicago Med page shows series 3 starting 26/11/17 on universal but it does not appear on the UK air date page nor my TV listing. It is in the list, and there has been some discussion about it below. I think, if you’re on Virgin, they’ve not updated the EPG, but Universal are saying 26th is correct. Yes I’m on virgin thank you Il keep checking x Virgin now Upton date this now shows Any chance of Marvels Runaways being shown in the UK? I would say yes, I suspect it will show up, but it hasn’t been picked up yet. Fuller House Season 3 Part 2 starts on Friday 22nd December 2017 on Netflix UK and Worldwide. Info From Fuller House Official Facebook Page. Hi, does anyone know when Outlander series 2 will be shown in the UK. Series 1 was on More4. It’ll probably be June-ish again next year for More4. It premieres on Amazon Prime in the UK, so they have to wait a certain length of time before they can air it on normal broadcast TV. If you want to see it sooner, Seasons 1 & 2 are on Amazon Prime right now, with Season 3 currently airing. 🙂 I have just checked universal and on 26th they got law and order on a 9 Has med changed Humm… yes, it looks like it’s moved. It could be they’ve bumped it by a week, but we won’t know that till they send us the Dec listings. I’ve stuck it in Winter 2017 for now. Its been confirmed on twitter and facebook that chicago med does start on sunday 26th november 2017 on universal channel a few days ago. Humm… now I’m confused, as the last listing update we got from Universal doesn’t have it in there, but that does date from before a few days ago… I’ve put it back, if that’s what they’re saying on on the universal twitter, I’d assume it’s correct! I looked at the comments on facebook apparently there is a mistake on virgin media tivo epg they have put major crimes in that chicago med slot. Sky Q EPG Guide is 7 Days Virgin Media Tivo EPG Guide is 14 Days. With Sky Q they always Update There listings all the time where virgin media don’t. still showing as 26th Nov on there website Hi guys, do you know if there is a UK release date for season 3 of Gamorrah! Thanks Nothing from Sky about it yet. My *guess* is it’ll be in 2018, as they’re running Babylon Berlin at the moment, and they may not be keen to have 2 foreign language shows running in primetime. I know it’s highly unlikely but is there anything out there about CW’s ‘Valor’ getting a run over here? It might not be the best of shows (although it has a very pretty cast) but it’s hugely popular on Instagram, haha. Also, is there really no news on a Will & Grace pick up? I thought for sure that would get a UK broadcaster? Thanks 🙂 Well, Valor did show up on November’s Netflix list, then didn’t appear on the system when they said it would, so not sure what happened. One possibility is that, now it’s looking likely for cancellation, they changed their minds, or they’re waiting for it to end to put it on in one go… Or it was a mistake on the list. I’m also surprised we haven’t heard about a Will & Grace pick up yet. I think it will come, but it’s likely to be the new year now I would have thought. Does anyone know whether Occupied season 2 is coming to Sky Arts? Any information available on next series of Professor T? According to last Friday’s edition of the Irish Daily Mail More4 are supposedly showing Professor T series 2 sometime in 2018. That’s curious. Just heard back from Channel 4. They say no plans to show it at present. I wonder where the paper got it from The fourth season of TNT’s drama series The Librarians will receive its UK premiere on SYFY UK on Thursday December 14th at 8pm, it has been announced. Does anyone know about teen mom og as they r now halfway thru season season 8 over in the us but we still waiting on season seven and nothing on the MTV website Maybe when tean mum 2 finishes in UK we might know more I’m now started to put it on Tuesdays and Wednesdays so may wanna finish it quick Just to let people know that Universal Channel have Moved Season 2 of Chance to Sunday Nights at 11pm. Info From Universal Channel’s Official Facebook Page. When is Hell’s Kitchen coming on U.K. tv Your alpha listing does not show The A Word and Versailes’ listing says status is unknown. Versailles has been renewed for a third and final season; pictures of filming on the set have been released Apologies, while they have started filming season 3 there is no mention of whether or not this is the final season. The German series ‘Dark’ appears to have a Netflix date of December 1st. The Good Place returns to Netflix Fri 5th Jan accordingly to their app Does anyone know when season 5 of The Curse of Oak Island starts in the UK? It starts on 7th Nov on History in the US but cannot find the UK airdate anywhere! Please help. Nathan For You starts on Comedy Central on Wednesday 8th November at 11pm 🙂 The Librarians has been pushed back to 13 December in the US so won’t now air in November here. SyFy are also now advertising it as December (tv ads) Brand New Season 4 of Madam Secretary Starts on Thursday 23rd November 2017 on Sky Living no Time was given. Info From Sky Living’s Official Facebook Page. Hi, any news on when the Australian series Love Child is back? Thanks Hello can you tell me what happened to code black and why is it saying final season for Major crimes Code Black has moved to mid-season (early 2018) in the US, so not sure exactly when it’ll return over here – hopefully it’ll be close to the US. It says Final Season next to Major Crimes as season 6 is, unfortunately for fans, it’s final season. I read that NBC have cancelled Code Black after 4 seasons, which is the series the UK is currently watching. Shame. I think you’re getting your medical dramas mixed up… Code Black runs on CBS and is NOT cancelled. Its only on Season 3, which doesn’t air in the US until next year. NBC did cancel ‘The Night Shift’ after 4 seasons though. I suspect that’s what you’re thinking of. I just realised that, sorry! Will S.W.A.T be showing over here? No sign of a pick up yet, and it’s getting pretty average reviews, so we’ll see… Any Idea When The Goldbergs will be back Its likely to be January 2018 next year because season 3 aired in January 2016 and Season 4 aired in January 2017 on E4. I have a feeling E4 might pair The Goldbergs with Young Sheldon (The Big Bang Theory Prequel spin off). Season 1 & 2 of The Goldbergs aired in Summer 2015 on E4. Yes, but we were already 2 seasons behind with seasons 1 & 2 so they ran them back-to-back. Jan seems to be the regular slot since we caught up. 🙂 Read on another site that salavtion was added to netflix uk recently can anyone confirm this as i don’t have netflix so cannot confirm myself? Oh yes! Good catch Howard. Looks like it was only added today, and it wasn’t on the preview list from Netflix, but it is there! Any idea when Valor will appear on netflix, meant to be the 1st, however it has not appeared yet. Humm… you are correct… It was definitely on their list, although they are subject to change. I’ll see if I can find out what happened. Wonder if it’s a case that the contract started yesterday but maybe small print says it has to wait to be added on Tuesday when an episode has aired in the US. Adding on a Wednesday when that’s not the day directly after US transmission sounded strange in the first place. Possible. Or it could be they’ve decided to wait till the whole thing has aired so they can add it as a boxset… We’ll have to keep an eye on it. The good doctor starts on fri on sky1, I’m pretty sure I watched the trailer on you’re website so thought you might like to include it ? It actually started last week… That’s why it’s not on the list, as October is now archived. 🙂 Oh no sorry! must have misheard the trailer! thanks The Grand Tour Season 2 Releases on Amazon Prime December 8th. Source: Official Trailer In the list (and on the front page) already. 🙂 The Orville Starts on 14th of December on Fox Channel 4 have picked up Marvel’s Runaways. the U.S. have it on 21st November so hopefully we we get around the same time or soon after Where did you hear that? Because Channel 4 are saying the haven’t picked it up… It says on this page it will air on Ch4 in 2018: No that’s a show called ‘The First’, which is a co-production with Channel 4, not Marvel’s Runaways… Den of Geek also have it down for Channel 4: Does anyone know what happened with Private Eyes season 2 on Universal? It got given 18 episode series with episode 9 airing last night but now there series isn’t on next week? Did something happen? Private Eyes season 2 only aired 9 episodes in its home country of Canada too. I don’t know if they are doing a split season or just changed their mind and those other 9 episodes are now next summer’s season 3, but that’s all that’s aired so far. According to IMDB the remaining 9 episodes are likely to air in the summer of 2018, although they still refer to it as Season 2. The good news is that a third season of 12 episodes has already been ordered. I’m concerned about blacklist pleas retell me UK haven’t lost it This is normally back by now or we would have a break as takes break with arrow and flash Or could this be sky decided not to have break this year as last year was to many I think because it’s moved to Sky One that it will air late this year/early next year with Hawaii Five O, NCIS Los Angeles and Macgyer or maybe they will air it sooner. I think it’s most likely to take out the breaks as it was SO split up last year. The Orville Starts on Thursday 14th December 2017 at 9pm on FOX UK. Info From FOX UK Official Facebook Page. Thanks Eddie, that’s updated. 🙂 The A Word Series 2 Confirmed Tuesday 7th November 2017 BBC One From TVWise Did E4 loose the rights for Empire is that why 5* is showing it? Lost them, or decided not to renew. But yes, that’s why it’s on 5STAR. Does anyone know what happened to Chasing Life? It was due to start on Sony a couple of weeks back and then suddenly vanished from the listings without explanation at the last minute. I was wondering that as well actually as it was just showing in scheduled shows but not anywhere else. Very weird One called Heartless starting on channel 4 on the 30th October, danish supernatural show I thought ITV2 aired Mom, have they been dropped because I see that they have no UK broadcaster… Yes, sadly they dropped both Mom and Scorpion. BBC are saying Vikings season 5 Premieres 29 November on History and 30 November on Amazon Prime Video. Please confirm. It airs in the US on 29 November but the UK get it the 30 November on Amazon Hi, can someone answer my potentially naive question. I own season 1-12 of supernatural via iTunes. I am concerned season 13 is airing in the US and you can buy it in the US store, should I not be able to pre order by now? Is this normal because I’m worried I won’t be able to own it on my devices via iTunes (example I own the strain seasons 1-3 and season 4 was never released in the UK). Thank you. The UK will have to wait until January 2018 for Supernatural to come to iTunes as it will be airing on E4 as they have a catch up with the episodes, as they didn’t want a 4-week break from Christmas or the Superbowl or the World Series which are all American sporting events and by showing the entire series. At the moment E4 will show the comedies first with The Goldbergs, The Big Bang Theory, 2 Broke Girls, and Brooklyn Nine Nine as they’re all making impact on iTunes in the U.K. The A Word Series 2 Tuesday 7th November 2017 9pm BBC One From TVWise does anyone know about a uk date for Hulu’s future man? I know it might be unlikely but since C4 got A Handmaids Tale I have a little bit of hope. It drops on the 14th November in America Borderline will start on Channel 5 on Thursday October 26th at 11.05pm with a double bill. (from Radio Times). Strike back sky1 are 5 Nov 9.00 but it’s a repeat from 31st Oct. Do u know if they doing this every week. Or from 11th Nov it will be back to Sundays and not Tuesdays.im thinking maybe if this is case then blacklist could start the Tuesday 13th Do we know what’s on after our girl Bbc been great with Tuesdays on dramas but seen nothing for after our girl A Word Series 2 possibly as its going to be on the 14th of November 2017 as next Tuesday after Our Girl would be a repeat of Death In Paradise or New Tricks or if they push it forward also Kay Mellors drama Love Lies And Records is happening around the same time and Peaky Blinders on BBC Two And Howard’s End on BBC One on Sunday nights after The Last Post finishes. I’d think it’s the week before ITV’s IAC that these dramas will be happening. I don’t see anything for next weeks TV Choice on rememberance week only Motherland on BBC Two Please help How may ep is last ship I thought 10 and 10 is this Sunday so why is 5/11 showing last ship This now wrong don’t worry Blue Planet 2 29th October BBC1 8pm The BBC Press Centre didn’t confirm The A Word on week 46 and i’d saw the trailer for the second series, it looks like it will be Our Girl’s replacement on Tuesday evenings for the next six weeks from the 7th of November 2017 at 9pm, it’ll be the breakthrough record of a seventh drama on Tuesday evenings and it looks like Peaky Blinders and Motherland will be on that same week. I’d just seen Lee Ingelby, Christopher Eccleston, and Morven Christie in the trailer, as the first series was a great success. If it is confirmed for the 7th of November 2017, TVWise will be the first to know as with Our Girl finishing on Halloween night, The A Word will be the following week in the steadily confirmation in next weeks TV Times and other TV listings at the end of the page. The final final part of Inspector George Gently is on BBC1 on Monday 30 October at 9pm. Source: TV Wise. Minnie Driver has just tweeted that channel 5 have got Speechless. I presume it may end up on 5* like Fresh off the Boat given 5 itself doesn’t really show comedy Anyone any news on if “The crossing ” has been picked up for the UK as the trailer looks really good. The second and third episodes of Gunpowder will be available on iPlayer when episode one finishes. Comedy Central UK has picked up Season 1 of Life in Pieces Any idea when Vikings season 4 part 2 is on History? Part 2 of The Ranch Season 2 starts on 15th December 2017 on Netflix UK & Worldwide. Info from Spoilertv.com 5Star has picked up the rights to Fresh Off the Boat and will premiere Wednesday 1st November at 8pm with a double-bill. From TVWise. Seeing as ghosted has been picked up (thanks for the info btw) does that mean we may hear other pick ups soon? also would love to know if ye have heard any rumours for acquistions for programs? Channel 4/E4 are rumoured to be interested in Will & Grace Revival and Roseanne Revival. Ice Road Truckers Series 11 is back on History on Monday 23 October 2017 at 8pm Source Sky Never Miss email And they’re showing it nightly! Interesting!!! Belgium Netflix has Arrow season 6 episode 1 available now, you have it listed as showing on Sky1 on 19/10? I presume that it must also be available on UK Netflix, as the UK it updated more often that Belgium. They also have season 4, episode 1 of The Flash. Both arrow and the flash are not on Netflix UK Because Sky One has exclusive First Run Rights to Arrow and The Flash here in the UK. Amazon Prime UK have 2nd Run Rights to Arrow and The Flash normally appears on Sky Box Sets a year later alongside supergirl and DC’s LOT. Sky One also Have First Run Rights To Supergirl & DC’s LOT. The UK Are 1 Episode Behind America on Arrow, The Flash, Supergirl and DC’s LOT. So, bloody hell, Belgium do do something for its people:) Doubt anyone is interested but second season of leah remini Scientology and the aftermath is beginning this saturday on history at 9pm when i checked new shows beginning in next week on sky box made an error about leah remini program its on crime+inv not history my mistake I don’t know if anyone has mentioned it yet but there’s going to be a Christmas episode of Victoria. That’s all I know at the moment. I don’t know when around December it will air Just to let you know ‘THE SINNER’ which you have as ‘no UK broadcaster’, is appearing in NETFLIX now, and you can add it to your list etc, so it must be coming soon. Do you guys have any info on DAMNATION? It starts in the US on November 7 and is going to be on Netflix elsewhere but I’m trying to find out how/when it will air on Netflix? 1 per week or all at once etc. Hi Tariq, Thanks for ‘The Sinner’ info. Nothing on ‘Damnation’ yet, but we haven’t had the Nov preview list from Netflix yet, so it maybe on there. We’ll let you know when we have something. Thanks man. I’ll look out for the November preview list. BBC4 have picked up the rights to Danish crime drama Below the Surface. Will air next year Any news on S.W.A.T being picked up? No, nothing on SWAT yet. Why won’t channel 5 air NCIS new orleans series 3? We’ve been waiting ages! When you see C5 have bought a program you might as well expect it to never get shown, its as if they are buying them so no other channel can show them, by the time its shown in 2018 it will be 18 months since it was premiered in the U.S.A. I still have a crossover episode from NCIS still to watch thanks to C5 C5 have delayed NCIS New Orleans Series 3 yet again, due to their schedule has now been dominated by documentaries and movie premieres and football highlights, it’s promising they would have to put it in a prime-time 8pm slot, the certain date is now going to be in November, otherwise it will be 5USA showing it after the series 4 of NCIS LA ends on the Monday night in 5 weeks time, same now happening with CSI Cyber Season 2 and Gotham Season 3, which has just finished in the U.S. and now on Netflix and retail. However C5 may still have the rights to the 14th series of NCIS when it comes to showing it in January 2018 and at the moment New Orleans, the third NCIS spinoff is a bit delayed through their schedule and as with Celebrity Big Brother returning in the same month and they still keep a low profile to their 8pm slot, otherwise it’ll will be a double NCIS in January at 7pm on Saturday evenings, at the moment they only seem to show repeats during the daytime. Universal Channel Facebook page say Ransom returning for season 2, no date but says to keep an eye out for more details. Does anybody know if the odd couple starring Matthew Perry has been picked up n the uk yet? Oddly, no. It never did get picked up. Now it’s been cancelled, someone may decide to buy all the seasons as filler at some point, but we’ve not heard anything. Afternoon all,, I was wondering if anyone knew if ‘How to get away with murder’ season 4 was going to start straight after season 3 finishes on thursday or if there would be a break? thanks Some one asked this further down in the comments. There’s definately a break, but we’re not sure for how long yet. 🙂 Any news as to when Elementary season 5 will be shown? Elementary is being used as mid-season replacement this year (on CBS), so may not surface until 2018. Source: Den of Geek Is SkyLiving not taking up Elementary for new & subsequent seasons then?? When did this news happen? No, not at all. Elementary should still be coming to Sky Living (as far as we know!). They haven’t said otherwise. It’s just CBS, the US network, aren’t airing it till 2018, so I won’t land in the UK on Sky Living till 2018. 🙂 You have Dangermouse above as unknown whereas it appears to have been broadcast last month. Several episodes are still available on the BBC catch-up (as Danger Mouse). Users who have LIKED this comment: Thanks Paul, well spotted! Totally missed that! It’s now updated. Does seem to have crept in under the radar. A couple of sites have The End of the F***king World down for October 24th: Users who have LIKED this comment: BBC4’s picked up the rights to French sci-fi drama Missions and will be broadcasting it sometime next year: Im aware season 3 is showing at the moment on sky living, but how soon after current season ends do you guys expect next season of how to get away with murder be shown given that season 4 started a few weeks ago in the us? Hard to say as it’s a new show for them… They aren’t running straight into it, we know that, but they’ve not put anything other than repeats in the 10pm Thursday night slot either. It’s not appeared on the press preview package from Sky for November, but that was mainly focused on new shows, so that might not mean anything. So it could be they’re waiting to take out some of the US scheduling gaps. Or it could be they’ll hold it till next year. We’ll post something as soon as we have it. Is there any word on if/when they’ll add seasons 1 and 2 on boxsets? No, that maybe a problem for them as they didn’t air the first 2 seasons, and Netflix have the streaming right, so they may not be able to. The first 2 seasons are on Netflix though. Last Man On Earth Season 3 Starts on Sunday 29th October 2017 at 11pm on Dave Starting with a Double Bill. Info From TVWISE Do we know who updates a to z section Just looked at hawi 5 o Said only 6 seasons last airs Dec 2015 is this correct as then says next season 9 Wasn’t 7 on last year 2016 and we waiting for 8 and us defo on 8 Sorry, I forgot to add Season 7. That was 1st Jan 2017. I’d expect Season 8 to be very late Dec/very early Jan. Do we know if homeland started in us yet I know iv asked when UK and it looks Jan like last year. But for 4 before that it started in Oct so wondering if could be back before jan No, it’s not aired in the US yet. It’s usually close to the US air date, which, we think, is going to be early 2018. Thank you Stella finished on 18th what’s likely good blacklist been back 25th Unlikely. Legends of Tomorrow is on at 8pm, Inhumans is on at 9pm then Bounty Hunters at 10pm Ok thank you my virgin wasnt telling me whats on Maybe it maybe back on Fridays then You can’t trust virgins. Too inexperienced. I flog mine regularly….. Don’t normally have problems with them some channels I can get 2 weeks worth tv whats onbut some can’t See really surprised sky not said yet as all 4 seasons started Oct Nov depending what channel I know last season was 3 parts and that’s why if redemption was back they would hold of maybe but it’s not so strange There again they did wait till last minute for dates on hero programs If I hadn’t seen advert for it I would be worried sky dropped it It could be that they’ve pushed it to the new year to try and remove some of gaps. Not seeing any sign of it on the advanced listings yet, but they only go up to the end of Oct/Early Nov at the moment. It also wasn’t in their November press release, but that was mainly new shows, not returning ones. I’m sure it’ll show up in due course. Yeah I’m guessing gonna be soon as sky wouldn’t show clips. And I see the reapets finish on 23rd Any word on Grey’s Anatomy starting?? Or Scandal?? Scandal is coming in November – no exact date yet. No date on Grey’s Anatomy yet, but we think it’s coming in the Autumn. It’s been Nov and Dec the last few seasons. Chicago Med Season 3 Starts on Sunday 26th November 2017 at 9pm on Universal Channel. Info From TVWISE. Users who have LIKED this comment: Empire Season 4 Starts on Wednesday 25th October 2017 at 10pm on 5Star. Info From 5Star’s Official Facebook Page. Still nothing about Mr Mercedes? 🙁 Sadly no, but it has just been picked up for a 2nd season, so that might inspire a UK broadcaster to buy it. Comedy Central have picked up 2nd run rights to CBS Sitcom Life In Pieces Season 1 starts Next Tuesday 17th October 2017 at 9:30pm on Comedy Central. Info From my Sky Q Box EPG Users who have LIKED this comment: Thanks Eddie. ‘Life In Pieces’ actually premieres on Amazon Prime, but it’s nice to see it coming to broadcast tv. Very funny show! 🙂 The Librarians will start in America on TNT on Wednesday December 20th at 8pm so hopefully Syfy UK will air it on December 21st at 8pm. Also from Channel 5 FAQ Page “We have the rights to show Series 3 of NCIS: New Orleans and it is likely to be shown in the New Year”. Users who have LIKED this comment: Any news on Episodes final season when that will be airing here? It’s just finished in US. Normally on BBC2 here Nothing yet, but the BBC usually only announce things a couple of weeks before airing. Hopefully, we’ll hear something soon. As a guide, it usually comes 2 months after it finishes in the US, so that *may* place it in December. Series O of QI is showing in TV & Satellite Week as starting at 10.00 on Friday 20th October on BBC2 Users who have LIKED this comment: ‘Dark’ launches on Netflix on December 1st. Users who have LIKED this comment: Bounty Hunters Season 1 starts Wednesday 25 October 2017 on Sky One. No time has been given yet Users who have LIKED this comment: Strike Back Season 6 starts Tuesday 31 October 2017 on Sky One at 9pm Users who have LIKED this comment: Further to Katie T’s post (below), Jordskott (season 2) has now been confirmed as starting at 10:00PM on 19th October on ITV Encore. Source: Users who have LIKED this comment: Should I be concerned yet that nobody has picked up The new series of Will & Grace? Given the publicity it had on its USA return I was hoping a UK announcement would have followed. No, I’m sure it will come. I suspect there are some lengthy negotiations going on behind the scenes. Season 2 of Frankenstein Chronicles is on ITV Encore sometime in November according to adverts ITV have started airing. Users who have LIKED this comment: Anyone know when Below Deck season4 and 5 are being broadcast on ITV2? Most haunted New series starts on Friday 27th October on Really Channel at 10pm!! AMC UK have Preacher starting Mon 23/10 @ 9pm Broad City S4 now showing in my EPG as starting on Tue 17 October at 23:00 on Comedy Central .. Any news yet on the final (ever) part of Inspector George Gently? They showed Part 1 and nothing since then. Has anyone heard anything new about Empire season 4? ITV now airing ads confirming Jordskott starts on Thursday 19th October on Encore. No time confirmed yet Please change the start time for The Middle because according to TVWISE Season 9 of The Middle starts at 9pm on Comedy Central from October 17th 2017. For some reason you have it on at 8pm. Info From TVWISE Hi, according to TVWise, the schedule for the following DC superhero shows on Sky are as follows: Sky1, DC’S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW, Wednesday October 18th, 8pm; Sky1, ARROW, Thursday October 19th, 8pm. You have their dates the other way around, so can you confirm which is correct please? Thanks. Sorry, typo on my part. We had it correct on the homepage, just wrong way around in the list. Interestingly, the SkyHelpTeam Twitter is now saying Arrow/Legends are the other way around (how we originally had them), but that puts them in the wrong order compared to The CW… And is different to the Sky press site… I’ve asked them to re-check! The Final 6th Season of Major Crimes Starts on Monday 13th November 2017 at 9pm on Universal Channel. Info From Universal Channel Official Facebook Page. Users who have LIKED this comment: Red Oaks Season 3 will hit Amazon on October 20th. Users who have LIKED this comment: NCIS: New Orleans Season 3 starts on channel 5 on the 14th October @ 10.15pm Info From Radio Times That’s interesting. You are correct, RT does have it in there, but according to Channel 5’s latest press listings, it’s wrong… So possible Channel 5 have moved it, but it’s not in the official list at the moment. Just spotted that the Channel 5 FAQ section on NCIS New Orleans has been updated to say that they have the rights to season 3, but now likely to be shown in the New Year!!!!!!! Were they thinking of showing it soon but now decided to leave it for a while???? I really do hope this show is not going the way of Gotham…… yes trust us, we do have the rights and we’ll maybe show it one day!!!!! Seems like we may have a wait until S3 is now shown. That’s incredibly irritating. Probably decided, as they’ve waited so long already, to air it to line up with their 2nd run rights of NCIS (assuming they have still been showing that this year). I was worried they’d do that when they bought it, but after 2 seasons & even airing Fox’s NCIS episode for the crossover in S2 I’d hoped I was wrong. Any news on homeland Also that new series sorry can’t spell all that aired mtv in us and 5 star UK was first season on mtv UK as I have seen something like this on there Officially no air date yet for Homeland Season 7, but it’s likely to be early 2018 as it’s currently shooting. No idea on the MTV show though… Tracey – are you talking about Shannara Chronicles? The 1st seasson was shown on MTV in the States and 5Star over here. Season 2 has been moved to Spike over in the States but should still be on 5Star over here. Their air date is 11 October, but we haven’t got one yet. Probably early next year though, unless they bring it forward. Ah okay. If it is the Shannara Chronicles, it’s in the list. Back on the 17th Oct. 🙂 that’s good news:) gonna have to check your list again now, see if there are any others i have missed. Yes that’s the one. It most been different program I watch the as first season was defo on mtv here lol But above does say this program start 17th of this month Shannara first season was on 5star first and mtv showed it later. That should clear this up. Actually, they’ve just moved it by a couple of days in todays release, so it’ll be the 19th Oct now for Shannara Chronicles. 🙂 Season 2 of Greenleaf Starts on Wednesday 1st November 2017 on Netflix UK. Info From Netflix UK App When does ITV2 start showing new Family Guy. I would expect it to be this month or next Does anyone know when Kevin Can Wait Season 2 Airs in the UK. Will it be 2018 or sometime this month Anyone know when and if e4 are going to show season 4 of Black-ish? I think it starts back in the U.S. this week X-Company, a second world war resistance drama from Canada starts on History Channel on Tuesday 10th October at 9pm. (Info from next weeks programme magazines) End of the F****** world coming to all4 as a complete boxset this month, rather that E4. Its in the below link The Final 9th Season of The Middle Starts at 9pm not 8pm on Tuesday 17th October 2017 on Comedy Central UK. Info From TVWISE UKTV Drama Picks Up The White Queen & The White Princess. Info From TVWISE The White Princess starts on Saturday 11th November 2017 on UKTV’s Drama at 9pm starting with a Double Bill. Info From digitalspy.com The Final 9th Season of The Middle Starts on Tuesday 17th October 2017 at 9pm on Comedy Central UK. Info From TVWISE Bellicher Cel from Walter Presents that’s listed as ‘unknown’ – available in U.K. on the All4 app (iOS, not sure re. Android) – so may be worth checking associated TV channels E4 & More4 Something keeps happening when my mum tries to record The Little Couple series 9. It keeps getting knocked out by the Sky planner. Is there something wrong with this programme? Oh and almost forgot to mention we cant find them on catch up afterwards. Hi Sarah, The TLC UK Twitter feed says there are ‘technical issues’ with the show and they are unable to show the series at present. They are working on it. Not sure if its a series you guys would keep track of or not but does anyone have any idea if Leah remini Scientology and the aftermath will be showing it’s second season over here at all? Season 5 of Dave Gorman’s Modern Life is Goodish starts on 31st October at 10pm. Just received the start details in a Freesat email. Any news on Great News being picked up, now season 2 in US Does anyone know when the next non celeb series of hunted is going to be on? Yes, it’s coming in the new year. 🙂 ITV are now airing ads announcing Jordskott series 2 will start on ITV Encore in October

Michael Morse Traded Back to Mid-Atlantic Region The. I am happy Morse is gone – but I have to agree with both what Ivan said in the previous game thread and with what Marc says here. Morse seems like a good enough guy, and I wish him the best. Yes he was a bad fit for this team; but that’s not really his fault (which, incidentally, is basically how I feel about Raul as well). Can someone summarize Xavier Avery? Dave Cameron says he’s not a major leaguer because he can’t him. Other source say he’s a top 10 Orioles prospect. Seems like a better return than I’d expect for Morse. Salary relief is a fine return in my mind. Ha ha ha… Orioles. You paid for a giant bag of broken parts from a 1974 Yugo. Of course, the M’s DID pay more for said bag. So…. Mariners. Xavier Avery, per Marc’s link, has a .237/.312/.312 line playing outfield in AAA this year. That’s not major league talent, in other words. Honestly, that’s a better return than I expected (a bag of baseballs). Avery was Orioles #8 prospect preseason per Fangraphs, , though currently he does look like a bad minor league version of Corey Patterson. The “X Man” cometh…Avery has tremendous physical skills, but is still a raw talent who strikes out too much. A young Endy Chavez? It is a small sample size, but he has been hot in August, particularly in his last ten games. I made the mistake with Morse of thinking that his bad defense wouldn’t hurt TOO much. I mean, so he’s a bit slower to the ball … but Tuesday he was there to catch a key ball and dropped it, cost the Mariners at least one run, probably two, and the game. You can accept such muffs if he hits, but he doesn’t. Another example of how Jack Z doesn’t evaluate or understand veteran talent. Kids? OK, fine, he has restocked the affiliates. But veterans? That’s a different story. Goodbye sweet #WARMORSE. We’ll always have the first two weeks of April 2013. “…begins to taper off quickly after the Top 4…” Xavier Avery was #8…. This is just basically the same as Trayvonn Robinson, right? A blah prospect with blah potential. Oh well. Who cares, we get to watch Tai Walker tonight! Silver linings Avery is a more intriguing prospect than Robinson was. Meanwhile, Almonte has been called up. It will be interesting to see if Wedge plays him. Xavier Avery has more of a chance of being a big-leaguer than what Trayvon Robinson did, but it’s not by a whopping amount. Still, he represents a bigger lottery ticket than what I was expecting to get from Baltimore, and this is the guy from the Baltimore farm I was hoping to get. He hasn’t put it all together, but he’s a toolbox with a chance to be more. A chance. He very well may not. Still, in an organization screaming for young outfield options in the higher minors, he’s a welcome addition for my money. ‘ “…begins to taper off quickly after the Top 4…” Xavier Avery was #8…’ but: “a better return than I expected (a bag of baseballs)” Yeah, that’s pretty much my take too, SoZ. Well said. “Yes he was a bad fit for this team; but that’s not really his fault (which, incidentally, is basically how I feel about Raul as well).” Yes, I don’t think the vitriol is aimed at Morse so much as it’s aimed at the dumb decision-makers who acquired him. Heathcliff Slocumb might be a wonderful dude for all we know, but he can never overcome being the centerpiece of that catastrophic trade. The feeling of dread that I have is not over Morse but that the Mariners are probably trying to work out a 2-year multi-million dollar contract to offer to Raul Ibanez. Morse seems to be at worst of average likeability; Ibanez seems way above that in interviews and articles, a wise, diligent, hard-working player. I was glad that he came back to the Mariners (the first time). But my guess is that the Mariners are currently plotting their next titanically stupid move, re-signing Ibanez to a multi-year contract when he shouldn’t have even been given this year’s contract. They lucked out by getting an extraordinarily good first half-season from him, just as they lucked out by getting a halfway decent 2009 season from Junior. Which caused them to double down on their original bad decision by bringing Griffey back for 2010. Smart teams follow Branch Rickey’s observation that it’s better to get rid of a talented player one year too early than one year too late. Not so smart teams do what the Mariners do, and go out and acquire those players that other teams got rid of one year too late. Almonte CF, Saunders RF, and Ackly LF. That’s an outfield that can chase down some flies. P.S. give Almonte time. He hit in AAA but as we all know TOOO well that is not MLB P.P.S. It’s better to get rid of your wife too early rather than too late Trayvon Robinson at least hit HRs in the PCL. This guy has no power that is reflected in any stats. The Orioles had him up in 2012 and I got to see him play some. Runs well but otherwise didn’t pique my interest. “Almonte CF, Saunders RF, and Ackly LF. That’s an outfield that can chase down some flies.” Well tonight you’re seeing Ackley CF, Almonte RF, and Ibañez LF. I swear Wedge goes out of his way to lose games. I am just happy it’s Sept and I can stop being tempted by the Mariners. Another miserable season almost in the books. Here’s to getting a top 10 draft pick! The usual routine, at this time of year, is to ignore the M’s and turn to the Seahawks and Canucks. Having said all that, I don’t blame Jack Z for taking a shot with Morse. At the time, Montero and Zunino were in a crowded C picture. Dealing Jaso wasn’t the worst move. Jack made a risky move but the negatives were limited. Not a huge deal in my opinion. Good like, Mike! I didn’t like him as a player; like many said, he’s a one-dimensional player. I really don’t care about steroids, but I think when summing up Michael Morse, you have to mention it. The media is hypocritical about it, howling when they want to, falling silent when it’s a good guy. So the media with Morse is forgiving, or at least they mostly never bring it up. I wonder how many Seattle fans know. When Morse was first in Seattle he never figured it out. When I heard the news that Morse was coming back, I had a feeling he wouldn’t figure it out again. I guess I was correct. scraps, if Morse is still using then he’d be suspended. As for his one-time suspension, that’s old news. I was a big fan of the trade to get Morse, but he has looked lost at the plate and on the field most of the season. Playing him in the outfield never made sense to me anyway — at best, he’s a competent first baseman when not playing DH. I had hoped he would hit here like he hit in Washington for the past several years, but that didn’t happen. Why not? Who knows. But I can just about predict with certainty that he’s about to get hot again and about mid-season next year we’ll be sitting around with our mouths open wondering why “it” happened again. And by “it”, I mean whatever it is that causes people like Cirillo, Spezio, Aurila, et al., to start hitting again as soon as they leave the Seattle city limits. Yay! Another second rate fourth outfielder! So we turned a very useful hitter (Jaso) into an injury prone Dave Kingman-lite who *gasp* was injured most of the year and then turned him into another misfit toy for the Tacoma outfield of misfit toys. I feel more pity for Michael Morse on the steroids thing than anything else. The guy was punished THREE times for the exact same infraction- the PEDs he took stayed inside his system for years, long past the point where they would give him any competitive advantage. But when they kept detecting the same doses inside him, they got all Draconian about it and suspended him again and again anyway. It set his career back a lot, and all of it was something that he owned up to in full from when he was caught the first time. He was a 21-year-old kid who saw the shortstop depth the ChiSox had in the minor leagues and subsequently made the biggest mistake of his professional life. I don’t blame a 31-year-old man for mistakes he made when he wasn’t much more than a boy and especially not when he’s always shown open regret over it. BremenGuy, if people wanted to care about it, especially the media, they would care, old news or new. Sammy Sosa is old news, but everybody knows. If Michael Morse hit 30 home runs, do you think Seattle fans would wonder? If it’s “old news”, is it possible to wonder? SonOfZavaras, I agree, except the last paragraph. (I don’t care about steroids, and I don’t care about Morse’s steroid use.) I just think if we care about steroid use, we ought to care about everybody’s; we don’t know enough to get judgemental about one guy and forgiving about another, just because of the stories we read. I’m glad Morse’s gone, I hated the trade that brought him here and thought he would be exactley what he was. A fragile powerhitter that couldn’t do anything but DH. I’m amazed that the media gave him a free pass on the sports drug issue. I personaly think sports drugs have zero to no effect on performace but to see Morse never get question while Braun and A-Rod get the worse person in the world treatment always seemed odd. That said Morse seemed like a good guy and I wish him the best. I hope as the O’s DH he gets on a hot streak and gets himself another multi million dollar deal (assuming its not with the M’s) X. Avery Is a far better talent than is being said by many here. .300/.391/.406 line in 186 Double-A plate appearances to the start of this season before being promoted to Trip-A. He has gone from a high strike out guy to a lower strike out guy. His doubles and steal are respectable he is a 4th OF at least. The m’s have a possibility to have an all new OF next year. Ackley maybe the only hold over for next year. A. Almonte could be a lock for one of the OF positions. The M’s need to add HR’s in the OF or they may go for a OF full of center fielders. Ackley, Almonte, Ellsbury with Avery and Saunders as 4th and 5th OF. Good guy, schmood guy… Enough already. Say sayonara to a Hail Mary lame bat and way too many more than just missed, but seriously facepalm muffed, plays. Morse, as a professional athlete, shouldn’t be in MLB. A more realistic move (for him) would have been sending him, for cash, to the Seahawks as a backup defensive lineman prospect. As for us: anything we’re getting in return for him above mediocre is an improvement.

I started working in the financial field in 1996. I knew that I wanted to help people, and I also wanted to make money. Getting out of college there was no option to move back in with my parents, so I had to get out there and look for things, but I really didn't make any money for a long time. I made about $22,000 a year at that time, and five years later I had clawed and climbed my way up to about $26,000.. There's a great book out called Your Money and Your Brain by Jason Zweig. If your goal is to make a lot of money, I really recommend reading this. It's an unbelievable book that shows that the anticipation of getting something is overwhelmingly more exciting than actually getting it. And if this is true, what would it mean for us if we knew that the anticipation of winning the lottery or hitting the jackpot in any literal or metaphorical way is actually more exciting than winning it? Most addicts will say that the anticipation of a high is in fact much more exciting than the actual high itself. So what does this mean for us? We tell ourselves that if we get a college degree we'll be fine. Then we get the degree but we still don't feel great, so now we've got to get something else; the money and the job. But then we get the good job and we still don?t feel like we thought we would. We all know people who have a lot of stuff--a lot of money and a great job. Many of these people are focused on what they want to get and getting as much as they can--but things still aren't working so well. People are still starving, there's still hatred in the world; there are still companies going under because of massive amounts of greed. I'm now a successful financial advisor, so I often get invited to other companies to speak to their advisors. And I'm usually expected to tell them how they too can get more, but when I show up I tell them the same thing I'm telling you today. The question I'll always ask is, How many of you remember thinking that if you could make $100,000 a year, you'd have everything you thought you'd ever want and need?? I then ask them to go back 15 or 20 years, when they were just starting out, making $15,000 a year and thinking, if I could just make that $100,000, I'd be happy, life would be smooth sailing and everything would be perfect. More often than not, every single person in the room raises their hand and says they remember thinking that. My next question is: How many people feel today the way they thought they would feel when they got the $100,000?? It's very rare that I look out and see someone with his or her hand raised. I had a radio show for a number of years called Beyond Success: Redefining the Meaning of Prosperity. In doing research for the show, I'd talk to people all over the country who made millions of dollars a year, many of whom were also really miserable. But, somewhat to my surprise, there was one group of people I found that were happy and successful--and it had very little to do with how much money they made. These were the people who were doing what they truly loved to do. I had a guy on the show who was a ski instructor for handicapped children. He got to ski all year round and made about $30,000 a year. He was by far the happiest person I'd ever met. And what I learned from him was that the only way to really generate long term happiness is to wake up every day looking forward to what it is you're going to do. If this is in fact true, then this means you have to have some idea of what you want to do with your life, because being is way more important than getting. Getting doesn't mean anything. I'm sure I won't convince everyone reading this article that this is true. But I'm willing to bet that you'll figure it out on your own when you keep getting and getting and getting and finally realize you're miserable anyway--because it will never be enough. The most critical thing for any human being is to know what they want to be in life. There is no other thing.. So it's critical that you figure out what you want to be. There's an old story about a Zen master who goes to a town and all the villagers run out to meet him because they want to become enlightened. And the Zen master says, If you give me your complete undivided attention for 24 hours, I'll grant you enlightenment. You can probably guess how many people were enlightened by the end of the day. When we think or read books about happiness or enlightenment, we get many images of the mind and how it works. Many say that our minds seem like a busy intersection, a gerbil running on a wheel, or a huge orchestra without a conductor. Only you know what your mind looks like, but how many of you would say you are in control of it and what you're thinking about? Let's try an exercise. I'd like to ask you to stop thinking any thoughts for the next minute. You can close your eyes. In fact, I'll just ask for 15 seconds. And if even one tiny word pops into your head, you have to open your eyes and say stop. No pictures, no thoughts, no words. Try it for 15 seconds. Create a complete blank without any thoughts in your head. Ready? Go. How'd it go? I see you smiling. Because it's impossible to do. I've recently written a book also called Beyond Success; Redefining the Meaning of Prosperity, that was just published by the American Management Association (AMACOM). In it, I talk about four CORE values, or what I refer to as the Four Pillars of Success. PILLAR ONE is that we have to have some practice rooted in silence. I don't care what it is. I stand for all religions and spiritual practices: whatever it is that allows you to get in touch with your Source. Because in my mind and on an energetic level, it's almost like we're an electrical appliance, or a hybrid car; one of the old ones that you had to plug in. At some point in the day we've got to plug in. I recommend at least 5 to 15 minutes every day. I don't care if it's sitting in the shower if that's the only place you can find any quiet, because that's actually where I get mine. Fifteen minutes every morning in the shower with the water running, in the quiet, because I have an autistic child that starts talking at 6 AM when he wakes up and doesn't stop until 10 PM when he goes to sleep, and that's about the only 15 minutes of silence I can find. So we have to have a practice rooted in silence, and from a scientific measure, we're just recharging our energy. Otherwise we go out in the world and have nothing to share. I don't think it's an accident that the words "silent" and "listen" are made from the same letters. To truly be able to listen to others you've got to learn to be silent. PILLAR TWO is that we have to have an idea of what our unique creative expression is in the world: i.e. what each of us feels we've been placed on this earth to do. And it doesn't have to be right. Because as Norman Schwarzkopf once said in a seminar I saw him give, was that the worst thing he saw in the army was that no one was making any decisions. The only way to know that anything is right is to make a decision, and if it's wrong, correct it. I would say the same thing with respect to this, because most of us spend our entire lifetime waiting for someone else to tell us what our unique expression is, or kind of knowing what it is but waiting for someone to come and reinforce it. So pick something, literally, that you sense is your unique expression, and seek to build a life around it that offers something to the world. PILLAR THREE is that you have to have a forward vision, three to five years out, of what your unique creative expression looks like in the world. The way I teach people to do this is to have a two to three minute movie that you can play in your head all day long, especially as you go to bed at night. A two-minute movie of you and what a day in the life of you looks like. Are you singing to an audience? Are you the best plumber in the world? Are you the best insurance salesman, doctor, accountant or basketball player?. PILLAR FOUR is that what we do has to be grounded in service. There is nothing to get. If I can leave you with any message, it's that. There is nothing to get. There's no money to get; no love to get; no sex to get; no happiness to get. There's nothing to get that isn't already in us. The world shows up and reflects what we are. If we have lack in our life, it's because we're holding on to lack within ourselves. If we?re seeing things we don't like, it's because we're seeing things within ourselves that we don't like. There is nothing outside in the world that we could possibly get that could fulfill us except to fulfill our own dreams of who we are. So what is success? If I had to give a definition, I would say success is to be aligned with our unique creative expression in service to the world as much as possible. I'm going to say that one more time. To be successful is to be aligned with our unique creative expression as much as possible in service to the world. I'm not saying we shouldn't get out there and vote, or speak out against things that aren't appropriate, but if we're not aligned with our unique creative expression and bringing that to the world in service, then we're not transforming the world. The world is literally a reflection of us, and if we don't know what we're doing, and feel filled with void and lack, is it any wonder that the world shows up like that as a reflection? It is my hope that these ideas will leave you thinking about you, what you're doing here and how you're aligned with your energy. It's my sincere belief that this is what will truly change the world. --------------------------------- Jeffrey Gitterman is an award winning financial advisor and the founder and CEO of Gitterman & Associates Wealth management, LLC.. In these challenging economic times, Jeff recently co-founded Beyond Success,, a consulting firm that brings more holistic and spiritual values to the world of business and wealth management. His first book, Beyond Success: Redefining the Meaning of Prosperity, was recently published by AMACOM, the publishing house of the American Management Association. Over the past several years, Jeff has been featured and interviewed in several national and local print, TV, and radio programs, including Money, CNN, Financial Advisor, New Jersey Business Journal, and News 12 New Jersey.. ---------------------------------- For more information about Jeffrey Gitterman and Beyond Success Consulting please see: Beyond Success Consulting Gitterman & Associates Wealth Management, LLC Adapted from Beyond Success: Redefining the Meaning of Prosperity Jeffrey L. Gitterman (c) 2009 Jeffrey L. Gitterman Published by AMACOM Books A Division of the American Management Association

How behavioral ‘nudges’ can reduce burnout among 911 dispatchers Cities across the United States are struggling with a growing public safety problem that’s largely invisible to the public: a shortage of people willing to work high-stress jobs answering 911 emergency calls. The problem is taking a toll on emergency operations, as short-staffed teams work overtime shifts in a scramble to make sure there’s enough dispatchers to answer calls. The turnover costs cities tens of thousands of dollars to recruit and train new people. It also comes at a high emotional cost for dispatchers, who handle traumatic situations every day without the widespread recognition — and often, better pay and benefits — given to police officers or firefighters. Now there’s new research based on behavioral “nudging” that may help cities improve morale, and perhaps even reduce turnover, in their 911 centers. The Behavioral Insights Team partnered with nine U.S. cities to study a low-cost way of building camaraderie among 911 call operators. For six weeks, more than 200 dispatchers were asked to write down stories about their work experiences, as well as advice for new operators — and share those stories with each other. The experiment worked: Four months after the study, dispatchers who participated reported feeling less burned out, and the number of resignations dropped by more than half. The nine cities that partnered on the study were: Albuquerque, N.M., Cambridge, Mass., Glendale, Ariz., Greensboro, N.C., Mesa, Ariz., Portland, Ore., Salt Lake City, Utah, Tempe, Ariz., and West Palm Beach, Fla. It built off of work these cities were doing with What Works Cities, a Bloomberg Philanthropies initiative to build the cities’ capacity to use data and evidence in decision making. To find out more about the study and what it means for urban practitioners, Bloomberg Cities caught up with lead researcher and behavioral economist Elizabeth Linos. At the time of the study design, Linos worked with the Behavioral Insights Team; she’s now an assistant professor of public policy at the University of California at Berkeley, where she researches how the public sector can recruit a more diverse workforce, reduce burnout at work, and motivate employees. [Get the latest innovation news from Bloomberg Cities! Subscribe to SPARK.] Bloomberg Cities: Why was 911 operator burnout an issue you wanted to look at? Elizabeth Linos: I had gotten calls from cities that were having an absenteeism problem among employees who run 911 dispatch or call centers. These are jobs that need to be manned 24/7. If you have high absenteeism, it essentially creates a vicious cycle where one person doesn’t show up, and then another person has to do mandatory overtime. So they’re working really long hours, which creates frustration, burnout, and ultimately turnover as people quit. It turns out this is a much bigger challenge in the public sector than just at 911 dispatch centers. It’s an issue across-the-board for frontline workers that are in positions that face high levels of trauma — think of social workers or correctional officers. The turnover rates in the first couple of years of service are really high. A lot of cities are trying to fix morale and trying to improve the work experience for 911 dispatchers. What they don’t have is an evidence base to help them. That’s what we’re hoping to create together. What was the intervention you tested? We put together a randomized control trial to try to test a potential intervention or potential program that would reduce burnout. It turned into a large collaboration of nine cities, all working together to try to answer this problem that seems to be widespread across the country. The intervention was actually very low-cost and low-tech. We put together a series of emails that dispatchers would receive from their supervisors every week for six weeks. And the emails essentially asked people to do two things. They asked dispatchers to write out some advice to new rookies from their own experience — how they think about the job, how they think about what it means to be a good dispatcher or mentor. It also gave them an opportunity to read the advice other dispatchers across the nine cities were writing. The responses were completely confidential and anonymous. Because we are behavioral scientists, the content of those emails and the language used to prompt people to participate was very specific. What we were trying to build is a sense that people who work in 911 dispatch centers have, and should have, a really strong sense of professional identity in the same way that cops or firefighters or nurses do. They can support each other to strengthen social connectedness between the dispatchers themselves. This is based on a lot of psychological evidence that suggests that if you feel like you belong and if you feel like you have social support, you’re less likely to be burned out and do well in your work. What is the behavioral ‘nudge’ in this case? The nudge intervention is everything that we put in the email. It was doing a couple of things. It was nudging people to write and reflect on their experience, and think of themselves as advice givers — which has some connotations about social status and importance. We were also nudging them to read other people’s stories. [Read our explainer: What is a behavioral ‘nudge’?] What stories did the dispatchers tell that jumped out at you and why? We asked people to talk about an experience that really exemplified what it’s like to be a 911 dispatcher and do the job well. And someone sent in a story about one of their colleagues who handled a case where someone had called in but the sound was muffled and they couldn’t hear anything. As the call went on, they were able to figure out not only that this actually was a critical domestic violence situation, but also where it was happening. They dispatched a police vehicle, and the police officer showed up right in time: The abuser was right on top of this woman and was about to hit her. The dispatcher did all that based on very limited information and probably saved this woman’s life. To me that was really striking. Not because I didn’t know that that’s what dispatchers do. But the clarity of mind you need — these are life and death situations. It was also amazing how open and generous this community is. When we ask people what advice they’d give a rookie, they’d often write things like: “we’re here for you,” “you don’t have to suffer alone,” “we know what you’re going through,” “you belong here,” and “we can support you.” Elevating that generosity and inclusion and building it out is what this intervention was all about. What was the result of these emails from supervisors and all this writing and reading by dispatchers? We measured a couple of different things. First, we measured burnout in dispatchers using a validated scale, the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. We measured it before the intervention, then immediately after the six weeks were done, and again four months later. So we have these three points. What we find — and I have to say I was surprised by this — is that the largest effects are four months after the end of the intervention: We see an eight-point reduction in the burnout score. It’s difficult to put what that means into context, but suffice it to say that it’s a pretty significant change. We also looked at the administrative records, to see how this translates into organizational outcomes. Four months after the intervention ended, we see a reduction by more than half in resignations — which is huge if you think about how much time we spend worrying about turnover. We had a group that got these emails and a statistically identical group that didn’t. That helps us feel confident that what we see in terms of the outcomes we measured is due to this pilot program, and not due to any other factors. What excites you about what you found here? I’m really excited to learn more about how we can support public servants. This is an area in behavioral science, but also more broadly, that hasn’t gotten enough attention. Employee burnout isn’t just a 911 dispatcher problem, it applies across a whole host of frontline services. We know from previous research that people who are burned out are also less able to do their job well — so there are lots of potential linkages here to service delivery. This is one of potentially many studies that are going to start chipping away at finding solutions to these challenges. What do you do about it when you can’t double people’s salary or decrease their job demands or take away the stress? The very nature of frontline work is stressful and traumatic and so there’s only so much you can do to change the nature of the job itself. What this study finds is that you can change the work environment in ways that are meaningful. But we should be very careful about scaling up without some additional testing.This is the first study of its kind and we need a lot more research to really know what works. So if I run a 911 dispatch center, what can I be doing with these insights right now? If I were running a 911 dispatch center, I would read this research and I would think much more seriously about how I’m building social connectedness, belonging and inclusion at work. We haven’t really thought about burnout as an inclusion issue before. Oftentimes when you run a center, what people are asking for is more days off or more clarity about their work schedules or better equipment. All of that stuff is really important — it’s also very costly. And so this is one more potential lever to pull that people might not know to ask for, but seems to be incredibly important. [Read: Reducing 911 dispatcher burnout through behavioral insights] The second part has to do with being undervalued, and how the rest of law enforcement sees 911 dispatchers. What I find in my research is that if you feel like the community doesn’t really understand what you do, and you feel that police officers don’t really understand what you do, you’re likely to have much higher levels of burnout. That suggests a whole host of potential solutions that have to do with elevating people’s understanding and value of the 911 dispatcher. And of course, you should work with either academics or the Behavioral Insights Team to run more studies, in order to figure out what works in a given center. We’re really early on in understanding human behavior and understanding workplace dynamics at this level. What’s around the corner in behavioral research in this area? I now run a lab called the People Lab — its purpose is to work with government partners to understand how to recruit, retain, and motivate public servants. All the work that we do is thinking about these questions more broadly. So anything from how do you make people feel like they belong at work to what does that do for service delivery? That’s the big question that we don’t know the answer to: How does employee engagement translate into better service for customers? A lot of this is just chipping away at a broader challenge, which is focusing on the people who are called upon to deliver all these government services and innovations. We have a lot of smart people thinking about policy innovation and transforming government. My work really focuses on how do we support the people that are called to do all that stuff on the front lines? If we can show that interventions aimed at supporting staff also impact how they make decisions about whether or not to remove a child from a home, or whether or not an inmate gets medical care fast enough, or whether or not someone has a good experience at the Department of Motor Vehicles — if we can make that link more clear, that really opens up a new frontier for understanding how to improve government.

US5995256A - Method and system for managing optical subcarrier reception - Google PatentsMethod and system for managing optical subcarrier reception Download PDF Info - Publication number - US5995256AUS5995256A US08/941,546 US94154697A US5995256A US 5995256 A US5995256 A US 5995256A US 94154697 A US94154697 A US 94154697A US 5995256 A US5995256 A US 5995256A - Authority - US - United States - Prior art keywords - subcarrier - signal - wavelength - modulation signal - multi - Prior art date - Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) - Expired - Lifetime Links - 239000000969 carrier Substances 0 claims abstract description 36 - 230000000051 modifying Effects 0 claims description 299 - 239000002131 composite material Substances 0 claims description 38 - 239000000835 fiber Substances 0 claims description 31 - 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0 claims description 20 - 230000001702 transmitter Effects 0 claims description 16 - 238000000034 methods Methods 0 description 2 - 230000001276 controlling effects Effects 0 description 1 - 230000000694 effects Effects 0 description 1 - 230000001902 propagating Effects 0 description 1J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION - H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems - H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems - H04J14/0287—Protection in WDM systems - H04J14/0293—Optical channel protection Abstract Description This patent application is related to the following commonly owned, currently pending applications, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference: 1. "Method and System for Detecting Link Failure in All Optical Communication Network," Ser. No. 08/582,845, by John A. Fee, filed on Dec. 29, 1995; 2. "All Optical Network with Low Level Subcarrier for Ancillary Data," Ser. No. 08/673,651, by John A. Fee, filed on Jun. 28, 1996; 3. "System and Method for Photonic Facility and Line Protection Switching," Ser. No. 08/577,663, by John A. Fee, filed on Dec. 22, 1995; and 4. "System and Method for Photonic Facility and Line Protection Using Wavelength Switching," Ser. No. 08/672,808, by John A. Fee, filed on Jun. 28, 1996. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to optical communication network management and services. Specifically, this invention relates to simultaneously applying a low-level subcarrier modulation signal to multiple high-bit-rate modulated optical data signals propagating through the same fiber or similar path. A slow response-time summing amplifier is utilized at a reception point in the optical communication network to sum individual subcarrier components and thereby create a high signal-to-noise ratio of subcarrier modulation signals within the subcarrier channel of the communication network. 2. Related Art A typical communication network, serving to transport information among a number of locations, consists of various physical sites, called nodes, interconnected by information conduits, called "links." Each link serves to carry information from one site to another site. Individual sites contain equipment for combining, separating, transforming, conditioning, and/or routing data. Optical networks that include a plurality of optical transmission lines or links permit high bandwidth data communications, and may be used in telephone and other data network systems. High speed data can be modulated on light waves which are transmitted through the optical network. The optical transmission line, connecting an optical transmitter and receiver, can propagate many light wave signals of different frequencies simultaneously. One type of multi-frequency (or multi-wavelength) communication is found in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) networks. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,821,255, issued Apr. 11, 1989 to Kobrinski, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thus, fiber optic communications links carry vast amounts of information among distant sites to accomplish data, voice and image connectivity over a large geographical area. Optical networks carry high-data rate traffic supporting an ever-increasing variety and range of interconnected data networks, lower-level networks, distributed systems, consumer communication products and services, and remote units. As the proliferation and diversity of network elements and signals becomes greater, network management becomes even more critical. Thus, a primary concern for network providers is accurately tracking the flow of data signals that traverse the communication network through various nodes, switching sites, and links. One method of tracking information without affecting the high data rate modulation signal is by providing ancillary network data as a rider on a high data rate modulated optical signal, as disclosed in the present inventor's related applications entitled "Method and System for Detecting LMink Failure in All Optical Communication Network," Ser. No. 08/582,845, and "All Optical Network with Low Level Subcarrier for Ancillary Data," Ser. No. 08/673,651. This subcarrier modulated signal can be used to monitor the status of the data signals, without having to alter the high data rate modulation signal itself. For example, a low-level subcarrier signal can have a peak-to-peak intensity modulation that is a fraction of that of the high data rate modulated signal. A single period of the low-level subcarrier signal is then spread over thousands of high-rate bits and is readily separable by inexpensive optical detectors. However, a problem can arise in detecting the subcarrier modulation signal as a result of a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Typical sources of noise within a communication network include: signal-spontaneous beat noise created from the subcarrier signal and the amplified stimulated emission (ASE) of optical amplifiers and regenerators; the spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise created by the ASE itself; shot noise created from the subcarrier signal and ASE; and thermal noise. For a discussion on the types of noise found in optical communication systems, see Murakami, et al., "A Remote Supervisory System Based on Subcarrier Overmodulation for Submarine Optical Amplifier Systems," Jour. of Lightwave Tech., Vol. 14, No. 5, 671-677 (May 1996), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Because the subcarrier modulation signal must have a low amplitude as compared to the high data rate modulation signal (i.e., low enough to not interfere with reliable reception of the high-bit-rate signal), detection of the subcarrier signal is especially vulnerable to noise problems leading to a low SNR. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) optical subcarrier management and reception in a communication network. According to a first embodiment of the present invention, a subcarrier modulation signal carrying ancillary network data is generated by a subcarrier modulation signal generator at the first site. This subcarrier modulation signal has a lower frequency and lower amplitude than high data rate modulation signals transported by the network. The subcarrier modulation signal generator is part of a subcarrier channel of the communication network. The subcarrier channel is supported by network equipment that generates, propagates and receives subcarrier modulation signals. In addition, this subcarrier channel can be accessed by a network management system to monitor the status of data traveling throughout the network. The subcarrier modulation signal generated at a first site is superimposed upon both a first high data rate modulation signal and onto a second high data rate modulation signal. These high data rate modulation signals are then separately converted into optical carrier signals of different corresponding wavelengths by optical sources located in the transmitter of the first site. Next, the separate optical signals of different wavelengths are passed through a wavelength division multiplexer which converges the signals such that they may propagate together in the same direction through a single optical fiber. This wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) modulated optical data signal is transmitted from the first site along a fiber link to the second site. Along this fiber link, each of the optical carriers bears a common subcarrier modulation in addition to their respective high data rate signals. The WDM modulated optical data signal is then de-multiplexed at the second site into its separate wavelength components, each of which still contains the subcarrier modulation signal rider superimposed onto the separate optical carrier signals at the first site. These wavelength components are separately detected by a set of photodetectors. The photodetectors generate electrical signals that correspond to each wavelength component and the subcarrier modulation signal. The subcarrier components of each of the electrical signals generated by the photodetectors arc received and combined in a summing amplifier located at the second site and in the subcarrier channel of the communication network. The high data rate outputs of the photodetectors are directed to further network equipment, such as signal demodulators or digital switching sites. Because the same subcarrier modulation signal was applied to the separate optical carriers at the first site, each recovered subcarrier component that emerges from the separate photodetectors corresponds to the subcarrier modulation signal generated at the first site. The summing amplifier strengthens the subcarrier modulation signal retrieved by the photodetectors and subtracts out the low frequency noise picked up by the WDM modulated optical data signal that can occur, for example, during transport along the fiber link. The resulting signal generated by the summing amplifier is called a composite subcarrier modulation signal, which has a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the individual subcarrier components obtained from each photodetector at the reception point of the second site. The composite subcarrier modulation signal can be sent to a subcarrier receiver, also located in the subcarrier channel of the network. A network management system can monitor the subcarrier modulation signal to determine if, for example, sites in the network are communicating properly. In addition, the subcarrier receiver can send the composite subcarrier modulation signal to a subcarrier modulation signal generator located in the subcarrier channel of the second site, where the composite subcarrier modulation signal can be applied to a transmitter site also located at the second site, to provide further network communication. According to a second embodiment of the present invention, a second summing amplifier can be placed in the subcarrier channel at the second site. The second summing amplifier is connected to the outputs of photodetectors at the second site to allow further subcarrier modulation signal assignments to other network equipment in the subcarrier channel. The present invention provides for the tracking of data signals in a communication network by employing a method of managing low-level intensity-modulated subcarrier signals containing ancillary network data. This ancillary network management information can be communicated regardless of the quality or loss of the high data rate modulation signal. is a block diagram of an example communications network; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the electrical and optical components employed in an optical data communications span; FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of an optical network showing the role of an intermediate optical cross-connect switch; FIG. 4 illustrates one approach to generating a modulated optical data signal containing high data rate modulation signal and subcarrier modulation signal components; FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an optical communication network utilizing a subcarrier channel according to the present invention; and FIG. 6A is a block diagram of a point of reception according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6B is a block diagram of a point of reception with multiple summing amplifiers according to a further embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 6C is a block diagram of a point of reception with a feedback controlled variable filter according to a further embodiment of the present invention. 1. Overview and Discussion of the Invention The present invention provides for the tracking of data signals in a communication network using low-level intensity-modulated subcarrier signals containing ancillary network data. This ancillary network management information can be communicated regardless of the quality or loss of the high data rate modulation signal. The manner in which this is accomplished is described in detail below. 2. Terminology According to the present invention, a subcarrier modulation signal can be generated, carried, and received in a "subcarrier channel." The subcarrier channel is carried by all network equipment that generates, propagates, receives, and processes subcarrier modulation signals. In one preferred example, a subcarrier modulation signal is a low frequency modulation signal, including but not limited to the range of approximately 10 KHz to 10 MHz. The subcarrier modulation signal includes ancillary network data that provides network management with the ability to monitor the status of a data signal traveling through the network. The present invention is not so limited, however, as any type of data can be carried in the subcarrier modulation signal. Further, the term "multi-wavelength modulated optical data signal" refers to the optical data signal that is transported between WDM sites in an optical network. According to the present invention, in a WDM environment, the multi-wavelength modulated optical data signal includes several individual "optical carrier" signals that have been multiplexed at a transmission site. Each "optical carrier" signal has a corresponding wavelength and can be generated by Line Terminating Equipment (LTEs) that include optical sources, such as laser diodes. According to the present invention, each optical carrier signal includes a "high-bit-rate" (or "high data rate") modulation signal that is the optical counterpart to a high data rate electrical signal, such as a SONET compliant STS-N signal, modulated at high frequency (e.g, 1 to 40 GHz). The high data rate component of the optical carrier signal is also referred to as a "high data rate modulated optical data signal." According to the present invention, each optical carrier also includes the optical counterpart to the subcarrier modulation signal described above. Thus, one advantage of the present invention is that ancillary network data can be communicated regardless of the quality or loss of the high data rate modulation signal as long as the optical carrier persists. The manner in which this is accomplished is described in detail below. 3. Example Environment The present invention can be implemented in any optical communication network that utilizes subcarrier modulation signals to transport ancillary network data. The present invention is described in terms of an example optical communication network management environment for convenience only. It is not intended that the invention be limited to application in this example environment. In fact, after reading the following description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement the invention in alternative environments. FIG. 1 shows an example typical communications network 100 comprising sites 101-105 connected by links. Links are generally implemented using electrical cables, satellites, radio or microwave signals, or optical connections and can stretch for tens or hundreds of miles between sites. Through these links, the communications system 100 carries data signals among the sites 101-105 to effectively interconnect data remote equipment 111-115, i.e., computers, remote terminals, servers, etc. One or more links 120 and 121 that connect two sites are collectively referred to as a span 130. These sites 101-105 normally contain at least one cross-connect switch (either electrical or optical) and are in constant communication with a central network management system facility 140 which monitors and/or controls the flow of traffic throughout the network. Example implementations of high data rate optical spans are depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3. In FIG. 2, a given site A is connected to another site B by a span comprising three optical fibers 230, 232, and 234. Two electrical data signals are presented at Site A via inputs 202 and 204. These signals are carried through the network span and recovered at Site B as electrical signal outputs 262 and 264, respectively. For example, these data signals can be STS-48 synchronous data signals each bearing digital data at about 2.5 Gbps or the equivalent of 32 thousand telephone-quality voice channels. At Site A, a signal enters a digital cross-connect switch (DCS) 210, and under normal conditions appears as an electrical signal. The signal enters optical Lightwave or Line Terminal Equipment (LTE) 220 shown to include an optical transmitter 221, such as a semiconductor laser. Light emitted by the transmitter 221 is intensity-modulated by the electrical data signal that enters along connection 212 to deliver a modulated optical output signal over optical fiber 230. LTE 220 further includes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) equipment, such as a wavelength division multiplexer, which allows for further bandwidth improvement by modulating different electrical data signals on distinct light wave carriers having different frequencies. Optical systems using WDM require optical transmitters and receivers that operate at different light wave frequencies. The optical transmission line, such as optical fiber 230, connecting an optical transmitter and receiver, can propagate many light wave signals of different frequencies simultaneously. While traversing optical fiber 230, an optical signal can encounter a series of signal amplifying equipment, such as an optical amplifier (not shown) and/or an optical regenerator 237. Signal amplifying equipment are necessary to maintain signal strength over long fiber distances. Multiple optical amplifiers and/or regenerators can be spaced along a fiber link to increase range. After traversing the length of fiber 230, the optical signal arrives at Site B and enters a receiver 241, such as a photodiode. The receiver 241 is shown to be a part of an LTE 240 that amplifies and conditions the signal to render a faithful electrical reproduction at output port 252 of the original electrical data signal provided at input 202. In a similar manner, an electrical data signal presented at input 204 is transported by LTE 222, fiber 232, and LTE 242 to output port 254. When the network uses WDM, LTE 240 contains WDM equipment that demultiplexes the multiple wavelength high data rate optical signal that travels over optical fiber 230. Under normal circumstances, digital cross-connect switch DCS 260 connects port 252 to output port 262 to complete the end-to-end connection of input 202 to output 262. Likewise, DCS 260 normally connects line 254 to output 264 to complete the end-to-end connection of input 204 to output 264. Span B-C connects site B to site C. Electrical DCS switches 210, 290 are provided at respective endpoint sites A, C. Traffic between sites A and C travels through an intermediate optical/electronic site B. Spans A-B and B-C interconnect the sites as shown. Thus, FIG. 2 illustrates the practice of performing optical-electrical-optical conversion at each site. Typically, controllers 280, 282, 284, coordinated with each other over a separate communications link 286, direct the switching action of DCSs 210, 260, 290 via control connections 275, 276, 277. Each controller is typically an imbedded microprocessor, computer, workstation, or other type of processor for controlling the switching of lightwave terminal equipment, digital cross-connect switches, and optical cross-connect switches. For example, status messages can be sent to indicate, acknowledge, or confirm a link or node state such as an idle, active, inactive, or detected fault state. Any digital signaling protocol can be used including, but not limited to, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, B-ISDN or Common Channel Signaling 7 protocols. Alternatively, controllers can communicate status messages using overhead bits or bytes within the data protocol that traverses the optical fibers. Restoration algorithms and protocols applied within the controllers to restore end-to-end connectivity in response to a fault detection are well known to those skilled in the art. FIG. 3 shows an example link where data signal switching is performed in the optical domain. Compared to optical-electronic switching as described with respect to FIG. 2, spans A-B and B-C are optically interconnected at site B. FIG. 3 shows that an entire set of LTEs and a DCS at site B have been replaced by an optical cross-connect switch (OCCS) 350 and several optical amplifiers 340-342 and 360-362. Optical switch 350 is controlled by a controller or network management system in the same way as digital cross-connects 210, 260, 290. An electrical control signal (or an optical control signal) drives the optical switch to selectively form optical connections among various input and output ports facing working and protect optical fibers 330-334, 370-374. For example, internal connections 352 and 354 within OCCS 350 optically couple respective working fibers 330, 332, 370, 372 in both spans A-B, B-C under normal network conditions as shown in FIG.3. The optical amplifiers 340-342, 360-362 intensify the lightwave signal and compensate for losses introduced by working fibers 330, 332, 370, 372 and OCCS 350. Optical switching introduces additional difficulties in network management. For example, conventional fault detection and isolation cannot be performed because signal integrity checks inherent in the electrical domain, such as cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and framing, are not performed in the optical domain. One method of introducing a checking or monitoring mechanism is to add a low level subcarrier to the optical carrier at a transmission site (e.g. site A in FIG. 3) and detect it at an optical switching node (e.g., site B, in FIG. 3). To better utilize the subcarrier modulation signal, especially in the event of a fiber outage, ancillary data is tagged onto the subcarrier modulation signal. The ancillary data can include network management information. For example, a subcarrier modulation signal can contain important network status information (e.g., information about the integrity or performance of a data signal). The subcarrier modulation signal is modulated at or about 1 to 10 MHz and can be linearly added to an incident high data rate modulation signal, such as a SONET signal modulated at approximately 10 GHz. By demodulating the subcarrier modulation signal, the ancillary network data can be recovered at any point along an optical network link. The recovered ancillary network data is useful for a myriad of network applications including tracing network timing references, cumulative link identification, wavelength remapping and re-use, telemetry and transmission performance evaluation, customer data payload identification, operational status indication, and/or other network management operations. 4. Subcarrier Modulation Signal Management a. Subcarrier Modulation Signal Generation FIG. 4 displays one approach to generating a modulated optical data signal containing high data rate modulation signal and subcarrier modulation signal components. See, "All Optical Network with Low Level Subcarrier for Ancillary Data," Ser. No. 08/673,651. At site A 301, a high data rate modulation signal 401 (e.g a 1-10 GHz data signal) is presented at an input to a signal combiner 410. In addition, a monitoring subcarrier modulation signal 402 is incident at a second input to combiner 410. Composite signal 415, representing the linear summation of signals 401 and 402, appears at the output of combiner 410. Composite signal 415 is used to intensity modulate laser diode 420 to produce an intensity modulated optical data signal 423 (also called an optical carrier signal), e.g., an Optical Carrier OC-192 signal. Alternative means of externally modulating the gain of a signal transmitter or using coherent techniques known in the art may also be used to create an intensity modulated optical carrier signal that is modulated with a high data rate modulation signal and a superimposed low-level, subcarrier modulation signal 402. In general, any type of high data rate modulated optical source can be used, such as an integrated-type of direct modulated laser or an externally modulated laser, depending upon the required performance, cost, and other known design considerations. The subcarrier modulation signal 402 has a lower frequency and/or amplitude than the high data rate modulation signal 401. In a preferred embodiment, the frequency of the superimposed subcarrier modulation signal 402 is several orders of magnitude less than that of the high data rate modulation signal 401. For example, if high data rate modulation signal 401 is on the order of 1 to 10 GHz, i.e. a SONET-compliant STS-48 digital signal (approx. 2.5 GHz) or an STS-192 signal (approx. 9.9 GHz), a subcarrier modulation signal 402 can range from 1 KHz to 10 MHz, depending on the response bandwidth of detection equipment used at a point of signal reception. Further, the subcarrier modulation signal 402 has a fraction, i.e. one-tenth, of the amplitude of the high data rate modulation signal 401. These example frequencies and amplitudes are illustrative only, and not intended to limit the present invention. Other ranges of amplitudes and frequencies for the subcarrier modulation signal 402 and the high data rate modulation signal 401 can be selected. The modulated optical signal is eventually transported over fiber link 424 to site B (such as shown in either FIGS. 2 or 3). b. Subcarrier Modulation Signal Generation in a WDM Network According to a further feature of the present invention, a high signal quality subcarrier channel is managed in a WDM network. FIG. 5 displays the present invention in an example WDM network implementation. A high data rate modulation signal 501a is presented at site A at an input 505 to a WDM LTE 520, which includes a series of optical transmitters 510a-510d. Other high data rate modulation signals 501b-501d are presented at further respective inputs 506-508 to LTE 520. High data rate modulation signals 501a-501d can originate from path terminating equipment located at various local user sites or enter LTE 520 directly from an adjacent digital cross-connect switch (not shown). It should also be noted that LTE 520 may also comprise signal receiving equipment. For simplicity, only transmitting equipment is shown at LTE 520 in FIG. 5. For example, in this embodiment of the present invention, each high data rate modulation signal 501a-501d comprises a 1-10 GHz data signal, such as a SONET rate STS-N electrical signal. These high data rate modulation signals 501a-501d are used to modulate laser diodes 510a-510d, which convert the electrical data signals into corresponding optical carrier signals, referred to as SONET OC-N type signals. Additionally, in a preferred embodiment, optical transmitters 510a-510d are directly modulated semiconductor laser diodes, which can either operate at a fixed wavelength or operate as tunable devices. Other types of optical transmitters and modulators can be used. In this embodiment of the present invention, the high data rate modulation signals 501a-501d are used to modulate drivers 511a-511d, which drive laser diodes 510a-501d, respectively, to create modulated optical data signals. In order to permit wavelength agility in an optical communications network, a tunable optical transmitter can be used to transmit modulated optical data signals. This tunable source can be either a tunable laser (such as a semiconductor diode laser) or a fixed source coupled to a frequency translator. See, commonly owned applications Ser. Nos. 08/577,663 and 08/672,808, incorporated herein by reference above. An electrical subcarrier modulation signal 502 containing ancillary network information is generated by subcarrier modulation signal generator 504. As mentioned above, subcarrier modulation signal 502 can be used in a communication network to convey network information to and from the network management system 580 at various nodes throughout the communication network. Subcarrier modulation signal 502 has a lower amplitude than the high data rate modulation signal (approximately one-tenth of the high data rate modulation signal amplitude). Also, subcarrier modulation signal 502 has a lower frequency (10 KHz-10 MHz) than the high data rate modulation signal (1-10 GHz). According to the present invention, the same subcarrier modulation signal 502 is applied to the multiple high data rate modulation signals which will propagate along a common optical path. In one example embodiment shown in FIG. 5, subcarrier signal generator 504 simultaneously presents subcarrier modulation signal 502 at each laser diode driver 511a-511d via electrical conduit 509. Subcarrier modulation signal 502 and high data rate modulation signal 501a form the bias current driving laser diode 510a and are thus superimposed onto the modulated optical data signal that is emitted along fiber 512. Alternatively, a method utilizing a signal combiner, as discussed above, can be used to create modulated optical data signals, which contain high data rate modulation signal 501a-501d and subcarrier modulation signal 502 components. In WDM communication, each laser diode 510a-510d at LTE 520 operates at a different optical wavelength. For example, laser diode 510a generates an optical carrier signal with an operating wavelength λ1. Laser diodes 510b-510d generate optical carrier signals of wavelengths λ2 -λ4, respectively. These multiple wavelength optical signals propagate along respective fibers 512-515 and enter optical multiplexer 517. Optical multiplexer 517 forms a single, multiplexed, modulated optical data signal 503. Multiplexed, modulated optical data signal 503 propagates along outbound fiber link 530 to some other node located in the communication network. Multiplexer 517 may be a star coupler, grating-type multiplexer, or other wavelength combining device that is well known in the art. Modulated optical data signal 503 has four wavelength components (λ1 -λ4) in this example. In general, any number of separate wavelength signals can be contained in modulated optical data signal 503, depending on the type of WDM equipment utilized at LTE 520. c. Subcarrier Modulation Signal Reception After traveling a given distance over optical fiber 530, the WDM modulated optical data signal 503 encounters a signal reception point. The signal reception point can be, for example, a LTE receiver, such as LTE 540, or, in the case of a long distance fiber link, some type of section terminating equipment (STE), such as optical regenerator 535, which is utilized to maintain signal strength. According to the present invention, at any point of reception, the modulated optical data signal can be de-multiplexed in order to separate out the various wavelength components of the carrier signal, and the ancillary network information can be simultaneously received with an improved SNR within subcarrier channel 525. According to the present invention, subcarrier channel 525 is supported by subcarrier modulation signal generating and receiving equipment located in the communication network. For example, FIG. 5 displays a signal reception point at site B, wherein LTE 540 can demultiplex the multiple wavelength components of modulated optical data signal 503 through the use of optical signal de-multiplexer 542. Optical signal de-multiplexer 542 can include a single block WDM grating device, as shown here in FIG. 5, or an optical signal splitter and a series of optical filters, as shown in FIG. 6A (described further below). A series of photodetectors 541a-541d, respectively detect the separate wavelength components of the de-multiplexed optical signal and generate electrical signals 542a-542d representative of the respective optical signals. According to the present invention, a composite subcarrier modulation signal with an improved SNR is recovered in subcarrier channel 525 by summing amplifier 560. Summing amplifier 560 sums the subcarrier modulation signals contained in each separate electrical representative. Portions of the electrical signals 542a-542d are tapped off by electrical conduits 547 into a summing amplifier 560. Preferably, the input impedance of summing amplifier 550 is chosen to be high enough to prevent the loss of signal strength of electrical signals 542a-542d, which continue on to channel outputs 552-555. One advantage of the present invention is that summing amplifier 560 can be any known, slow-response time, multi-channel electrical signal amplifier. See, The Art of Electronics, by P. Horowitz and W. Hill, Cambridge University Press, p. 185 (1994), incorporated herein by reference. Summing amplifier 560 functions similar to an Amplitude Modulation (AM) detector. the high frequency component of the electrical representative signals 542a-542d (i.e., the SONET rate data signals corresponding to high data rate modulation signals 501a-501d) are of such a high frequency as to be outside of the response band of summing amplifier 560. Thus, according to the present invention, at a point of reception for the subcarrier modulation signal, the electrical outputs of all the optical detectors are summed to take advantage of the multiple reception channels. By summing the electrical outputs, the subcarrier components will add, whereas the noise will tend to cancel, yielding an improved SNR within the subcarrier channel 525. This effect can also be employed to allow for lower modulation levels of the subcarrier modulation signals while preserving the same SNR. Moreover, the present invention can be used to assure robust transmission of subcarrier data along a WDM path even if some of the optical carriers fail. Electrical signals 542a-542d, e.g., STS-N electrical signals, are available at channel outputs 552-555. These signals 542a-542d travel to network equipment capable of demultiplexing the high data rate SONET rate signal to its constituent DS-3 signal. Alternatively, this point of reception can be located at a node that will regroom the content of the optical signals and switch them onto different outgoing links. For example, channel outputs 552 and 553 can be switched to north-bound links and channel outputs 554 and 555 can be switched to east-bound links. Thereafter, these high data rate modulation signals 542a-542d travel to other outbound LTEs for remodulation before they are sent out in their intended directions. The output of summing amplifier 560 is referred to as a composite subcarrier modulation signal 561 which travels to a subcarrier receiver 562. Subcarrier generator, summing amplifier 560, and subcarrier receiver 562 support subcarrier channel 525. Subcarrier receiver 562, in turn, can send composite subcarrier modulation signal 561 to another subcarrier modulation signal generator (not shown) located in subcarrier channel 525. Further, subcarrier receiver 562 provides an access point for network management system 580 to monitor the status of subcarrier channel 525. Thus, subcarrier channel 525 provides the communication network with an adjunct, indication channel that contains, for example, line code information, modulation scheme information, and/or signal rate information. As explained above, the type of network information available on subcarrier channel 525 is highly useful for a communication network. For example, composite subcarrier modulation signal 561 can provide network management with fault detection information, such as a fiber break, equipment failure, or signal status information. It should also be noted that the point of reception can also occur at an optical regenerator, such as optical regenerator 535. In addition, the present invention is compatible with a communication network using optical cross-connect switches (OCCSs), such as OCCS 350 shown in FIG. 3. When performing a switching function, OCCS 350 leaves all wavelengths of a WDM modulated optical data signal intact (i.e., it does not convert the WDM modulated optical data signal back into the electrical domain). Therefore, the subcarrier modulation signal component of the WDM modulated optical data signal, such as subcarrier modulation signal 502, need not be regenerated at an optical switching site. As mentioned above, the point of reception for a modulated optical data signal can comprise an optical signal splitter and a series of optical filters, which act to de-multiplex the modulated optical data signal. FIG. 6A schematically illustrates this alternate embodiment of the present invention. A modulated optical data signal 603 is generated and propagated along a fiber link 630 by WDM equipment in a similar manner as described above in connection with FIG. 5. Modulated optical data signal 603 comprises both high data rate and subcarrier modulation signal components, such as signals 501a -501d and signal 502 from FIG. 5. In this example, optical signal splitter 610 separates the incoming modulated optical data signal into five separate signals, corresponding to the number of multiple wavelength carriers, which in this example consists of five different wavelength carriers (λ1 -λ5). Optical signal splitter 610 can be any type of known optical splitter. Optical filters 615a-615e operate as band-pass filters and pass respective wavelength components of the split optical signal along optical fibers 631a-631e to a series of photodetectors 641a-641e. For example, optical filter 615a passes only the λ1 component of the WDM modulated optical data signal onto photodetector 641a, whereas optical filter 615b passes only the λ2 component of the WDM modulated optical data signal onto photodetector 641b, etc. Photodetectors 641a-641e generate electrical signals corresponding to the separate wavelength components of the WDM modulated optical data signal in a similar manner as described above in connection with FIG. 5. The subcarrier components of the electrical signals emerging from photodetectors 641a-641e are tapped-off into the slow-response summing amplifier 660 of the subcarrier channel 625. As mentioned above, a high impedance amplifier can be used for amplifier 660 in order to avoid reducing the signal strength of the electrical signals. The electrical signals are amplified by a series of electrical signal amplifiers 651a-651e and are sent to channel outputs 652-656, respectively. In addition to having a single summing amplifier at a point of reception, a further embodiment of the present invention provides for additional summing amplifiers to be utilized in the subcarrier channel. FIG. 6B schematically illustrates this alternate embodiment of the present invention. For example, the low frequency components of the electrical signals generated by photodetectors 641a-641e can be directed into a multi-channel switch 665. Switch 665 can be activated by network management (such as network management system 580 in FIG. 5) to switch a portion or all of the electrical signals along electrical conduits 667 towards summing amplifier 660. Additionally, the remaining signals can be directed along electrical conduits 677 towards a second summing amplifier 670 also located at this point of reception. Summing amplifiers 660 and 670 generate composite subcarrier signals 661 and 671, respectively. Composite subcarrier signals 661 and 671 can be used for a variety of network applications, as explained above. For example, when this point of reception according to the present invention is located at a switching node, composite subcarrier signal 661 can be used as a rider on modulated optical data signals traveling in the eastbound direction. Similarly, composite subcarrier signal 671 can be used as a rider on modulated optical data signals traveling in the southbound direction. Even when only two of the electrical signals are directed towards either summing amplifier 660 or summing amplifier 670, the composite subcarrier signals 661 and 671, respectively, have an increased SNR, as explained above. Thus, the present invention provides a switching arrangement that facilitates recovery from network failures by regrouping the photodetector signals into additional summing amplifiers. In addition, this embodiment of the present invention allows flexible subcarrier modulation signal assignments. In addition, the present invention can further improve the SNR of the subcarrier channel by optimizing the composite subcarrier signal. This optimization is achieved by implementing a controller-based filtering system illustrated in FIG. 6C. At a point of reception, such as illustrated in FIG. 6A, the signals from photodetectors 641a-641e are respectively sent along conduits 681a-681e to summing amplifier 660. In this embodiment of the present invention, the electrical signals are sent to a variable filter 682 that includes a series of variable filters corresponding to the number of photodetectors. As shown in FIG. 6C, variable filter 682 is placed on the input side of summing amplifier 660 to initially filter the electrical signal representatives of the subcarrier signal. A feedback signal is utilized to fine tune variable filter 682. A small portion of composite subcarrier signal 661 is tapped off along conduit 684 and sent to a detector 685. Detector 685 gauges the purity of composite subcarrier signal 661 to maximize the SNR. Detector 685 sends a control signal (not shown) to controller 686. Controller 686 adjusts the individual filters of variable filter 682 to optimize composite subcarrier signal 661. Detector 685, controller 686, and variable filter 682 can each comprise conventional electronic devices well known in the art. Overall, the present invention offers several advantages to a communications network environment. First, use of a subcarrier modulation signal containing ancillary network data reduces invasiveness into the high-rate signal. Second, the composite subcarrier modulation signal, such as signal 561 from FIG. 5, has a much improved SNR over a single subcarrier modulation signal since the summing amplifier 560 acts to cancel out the low frequency line noise picked up in a modulated optical data signal that has been propagated over a long distance. Third, the presence of a stronger composite subcarrier modulation signal in the subcarrier channel provides for faster error detection. Finally, the composite subcarrier modulation signal provides for a fail-safe conduction of subcarrier data: if the signal strength of single subcarrier modulation signal component of an optical carrier is somehow reduced over a long distance fiber link, the summation of the other subcarrier components will still result in an adequate composite subcarrier modulation signal. Thus, the present invention enables all-optical fault detection and subcarrier network communications for wavelength routing, restoration, and quality monitoring in a communication network. (29) Priority Applications (1) Applications Claiming Priority (3) Publications (1) Family ID=25476672 Family Applications (1) Country Status (3) Cited By (55) Citations (2) - 1997 - 1997-09-30 US US08/941,546 patent/US5995256A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime - 1998 - 1998-09-29 AU AU10645/99A patent/AU1064599A/en not_active Abandoned - 1998-09-29 WO PCT/US1998/020604 patent/WO1999017484A1/en active Application Filing

The Art & Business of High-End Retouching Lesson 3 of 32 Shooting for Retouching: Beauty Continued The Art & Business of High-End Retouching Lesson 3 of 32 Shooting for Retouching: Beauty Continued Lesson Info Shooting for Retouching: Beauty Continued We're using have to look at the side of this to tell you we're using a phase one body with the two fifty back. I think that's the new one. Megapixel back. Fifty fifty mega pixel. More a little bit of both the d a hundred feet. A little bit of love within eighty millimeter lens on the front. I would actually like to go a little bit longer, but that's what I have and that's what happens in your kit bag anyway? When you're like that to make it work on on dh this particular models to six, four five d f plus focus on dh amusing and pocket wizard to trigger the ellen chrome digital packs. John, wait. Just show the pack. Yeah, positive on dh pocket. Was it yellow for conspicuous segments? Being conspicuous. This is my ellen chrome packed. So this is the capacitor that powers the flash every time the flash fires, a lot of stuff happens in there, and it recharges, and it goes quite fast, right? Like, uh, no, we have on speed, man. It is on here. We can take it beep when it's ready. So this isn'... t a crazy, expensive pack. This is, you know, I could like fire like that if I was buying a some other pack like that and that's the main advanced again I'm going to get good color consistency out of this if you're setting up a home studio or wanted to shoot some basic stuff and that's what I use I don't use this crazy equipment it's not that don't you know it was anything basically using cameras you could just as we did on suz class you could do it with speed like yeah long as you get it diffused along the principles are the same exactly understanding principals you're setting matter what use yeah I'll give you that back in and we're losing an extra small camera soft books these are great for beauty just wonderful yeah let's try change the light around I actually like what's coming off the screen here we have enough is enough and I can just also go in and check here if the highlights I may be too light but they're not so that'll work for retouching plus you're history graham will also be able to give you indication right there exactly as you have one of your highlight details there so it's and I expect a little bit of shadow here that's fine let's complete words completely falling off and that's what's reading in there really deepened and that history is so important because what happens when you look at the camera or the screen sometimes just clean out may not be calibrated so it may look blown out when you go into history damn, it may show that you have your details there that's why you see I'm still really important to check and the other thing I can do is there's a lot of spread of light on her here so I'm gonna actually take this light source away a little bit and that's going to give me more contract that's going to give me a more focus light so I'm gonna bring it up and up in a way that's a song, isn't it for everyone's benefit? Trust me, let's try that so we should get a little bit more focused now. I've taken that way a little bit, so I'm gonna ask john already just turn it up a third of a stop to start, we'll try where we are and yes, I could go back to my meter, but I am no, I'm in range, so as long as it kind of looks similar to that, I'll be all right. Can I ask wolf heart and a couple other people are wondering about hot spots and how much min issued those are for you. Is there any suggestions that you have, like how how bad is too bad for you to deal with? I'm so this I'm really glad you I'm glad you asked because what happens with hot spots is they, I guess, are prone to having blown out here? Is that the skin? Now what I recommend is this is why it's important to make sure make a parcel sunset because she can powder the mit model up and reduce that glare so there's less of an issue there. Secondly, what can happen is you can change the lighting to be more diffuse, so you don't have the contrast that bounces off, you know, the angular parts of the head and stuff like that. So in post production, it's sometimes very difficult to get a hot parts if you don't know what you're doing, it can look awful like because hot pots also contrasts the mount of shadow and contrast tears on face. So number one, make sure make apart is there keep checking through the shoot that you know is it is it? Is it gonna be a problem if it is talk to make a parson say, please part of area up? Do some camera tests and lighting test make sure follows a good prior to because you don't want those hot spots showing up later, especially when you have a really good file, but you can't rescue something that you wish you would have done part two and I'll come to that actually it's well, contrary to my own rules, I said seize workshop this light if anyone watched it don't know what I'm talking about I said try to find light sources that don't point the bulb directly at do you mind if we show this real quick I think people want to see this that's a good point yeah this one I think just take it off you take this off me one's better at this than I am on the light coming through and pointing at the person is gonna if you don't defuse it properly is going to give you hot spots we have makeup we have beautiful skin on this model's that's great if I was being photographed don't think it would look like that so are you having trouble trying to lower a bit? Don't worry if it's just uh I gotta go so this camera has one second you can see that light source goes into the back of here like this it's got an inside baffle on an external bathroom that's diffused twice so that's why we kind of get away with it being a little bit soft you khun get modify us where and we may use one later where the light points into the modifier and then bounces around in the back and comes back out and that's going to give you the best the most soft the softest light here we can kind of get away with it because I want kind of a strong contrast to light just what we're achieving now, and I moved the light back, john, I'll give that thank you. So you see, it mounts onto their and that bulb is pushing in that I wanted to show you one other thing about the ball, but I don't know if you can see it. This is called the head if you can see that, where am I? Over here and there's a little tuggle on the side, little tile that moves the bulb in and out, and what that does is a little reflector dish. And when you put it out like this, it's further forward the light spilling out when I move it back. It's more focused because it's behind this reflector and that's going to give you a little bit more of a focus like so that's what we've done put it into the back of this device, and I'm actually gonna move the ball forward in this and get it to spill more into soft box right now, it's pointing forward and just see it should make a subtle difference. Let me help you with this here, huh? So good to have a good assistant on so I can tell you seriously, right, they make a world difference, and they what they do also is they go right? You're doing this all wrong say it nicely on then you go oh yeah I remember that basic training I when you're shooting you're so focused on model sometimes you overlook the little details assistant so valuable I mean everyone on set yes that role and that's what's great if I had something in the retouching for teak wood go look can we just get that shadow filled in yeah it really helps to see what you're doing when you're shooting yeah on the top the top of the range photographers they have re touches on set yes a couple questions first of all an easy one a pretty we're using capture one right now with the rest of the workshop or we're gonna be focused on photo shop what software are we going to be using during the the work related questions so we're demo in capture one to kind of explain what felix typically uses in a process where we're shooting tethered through our workforce its most people use camera raw I believe at the moment from this point forward after we talk about our one on one discussion later on we're going to be using camera raw to kind of process the raw files on dh explain what I do just from the beginning to the end so I'm gonna be using camera off or a lot of processing and then using photoshopped actually the retouching portion of the workshop with the file itself beautiful on dh then we talk a little bit about sharpness there were a lot of questions coming in about how sharp do you need it to be how much can you fix good good best practices for making sure that you have the right sharpness in studio okay but a little bit perfect this is also why it's really critical to shoot heather because when you shooting on the back here camera he sometimes won't be doing double checks to see if it's sharp um here we can see how sharp it is so that we're not missing the mark now if a father's completely out of focus just forget you're going to get it back I know dobie first has released some you know type of recent feature you can kind of rescue the sharpness from images calm blurred but still the reality is you can't rescue image that's out of focus so get the focus right and then you can have leverage to sharpen on top of that but you can't rescue enemies that's gone perfect skip gone how you feeling with the temperature is a little bit called a short because there's one little thing it's more important the model is not called on me because of goose bumps yeah you can uh uh I just I'm going to give you my jacket you sure you can like where around yeah just just your forearms yeah, there we go well you gotta make enough yeah, first the one that made all the sacrifices on set I say that because I'm a photographer but really pays also because when she's comfortable shots look much better always think we go up a little bit here back in position we moved everything around good so now we're gonna have a little bit more of a focus light let's see how that looks and we'll do a bunch of shots while we do that see the beautiful good and let me get like a lot of we see where we are with the shadows on that pretty that's coming in beautifully I think that I can already envisioned that on it's photoshopped looking really nice yeah on balance I think is perfect from the highlights the shadows it looks like a really beautifully balanced image good so I want to I'm going to cheat and find ways to get more of that hair and then yeah, so could you just kind of juice it up? Yeah, just just do this and then we'll just we'll bring it forward a bit like this is good because it gives me leverage leeway to mess it up because it's already a mess to start with that perfect good, beautiful good and I'm going to ask you to just tense everything up I want to get like a really strong hose like yeah beautiful good. And then you get eye contact on the cameras. Catholic good. And just dip your chin towards me a little bit. Good. Good. And can you focus your eyes a little bit? That kind of like, yeah, beautiful. Just relax a little bit. Perfect. Particularly check that they're coming in shop. The main thing is you want to check for motion? Blur is not really a problem. It's shot very. Yeah, yeah. Typically always check the eyes for sharpness because that's where the emotion lies with the photo so that's mine and sharpness. That's fine. Yeah, good. All right. Should we should show what happens if you turn your face this way just to kind of how let's try it without I just want to show it's not. I don't predict this is going to be a beautiful picture, but see, you see how it kind of becomes like ooh, this is lighting for specific angle, right? Let's, try it with philip with phil and I'm using this tripod really well. Good. So that's a little bit better, but I still wouldn't use that. The eyes, everything kind of guys, you don't get to see their hair. This is we've done the makeup, everything to work from the other side, so let's, go back around and I'm going to show one other thing I'm goingto on leash this myself, you know, this happens on every shoot I do, they set it up on a tripod and then I got now let's do this because I want to get this frame right, so find move and killer just give me that. Yeah, but not this much. Just put the difference good and just, you know, the thing is we want to get you to be like to be a little bit authority. Yeah, exactly a little bit of attitude. Perfect. They're so kayla can take this direction because she's an actress as well. So I have lost a lot of that shadow now, because I'm closer to my light source. I'm going to get that hair and as well, perfect and john, you can just drop the reflector for a second. Thank you, good. And kayla, just bring this shoulder up for me. Yes, good. And essentially that even more. I want to get into. Yes, there is beautiful. And I'm getting a flatter image here and I'm still cropping up there good. And if I come around to here this is going to be I'm losing the backdrop but I wanted to show you how it becomes much flatter you see I'm getting the shadow now on the other side stay in exactly the same post yeah perfect and you can look off camera here just by moving myself around I'm getting that contrast back in if you bring your face to me you can show that probably better so now I've got that contrast back in you see the difference between particles you show the difference between that just go back to images there can't go back and there it doesn't it doesn't show too much I'm not moving that far if I was here I'm going to get it I should go there you go huge difference goodwin something actually works out good or not work as predicted so let's I think if we predict what do you think as we're building up kind of something for you to retouch that's the main purpose here sure absolutely I'd really like the fact that you know we have this beautiful lighting coming in this angle it's more balance and obviously this time we want but perhaps something a little bit more in the chateau region get a little bit of light coming maybe bring affecting closer perhaps from below yeah do you think yeah absolutely let's see yeah this is the clamshell lighting that I that I do good kayla good luck let's get a lot of attitude in there like think of something that makes you mad they got like me hold on just a second um you notice how how much it opened up the lighting's we try one off the same set up without with really quick okay john just hold the reflector leader effect out good and kayla don't move and don't bring the reflector you can compare these two so you see how much of a difference is and the fact is you actually won some shadow there yes you really do like you knowing that like please do not make me use everything that the amazing yeah I'm going to kill the contrast by putting another light on the other side just and I can so I think you know from personal basis I think this is fantastic maybe just get more of the face yeah exactly I just I'm thinking well that we need a little bit of detail in the head that's the only reason I have the effect that definitely so what would you do if you want to just a detail in the hair I would ask john higher up well this hedge on on the side here on deny khun kill her o c not touched it before just get a little bit maybe she could even you know like cheated by getting her to do this yeah to put it forward a little bit and exactly jonah's coming now just from behind so the light's gonna come in bounce off this is not really hitting may be the tip of her nose might get a little bit reflect I'm not too worried about that. Yeah, perfect. Good. And then I'm actually gonna do a little bit of a wider framed because I want to get her so kind of what I'm seeing in the frame and how I would get a little bit of that interest going there that I think that makes a difference. You see the hair coming in a little bit lighter now, which is exactly what the intention was. Yeah, so this is kind of a frame exactly, john sliding up the hair, we could do something. Just give me a little bit more that condescending chin perfect that's maria better way, way catch that smart. I can't not catch us pilot shooting perfect. Good. Yeah, and your child is there on like, who is good? And I even get my jacket in on the floor. Interesting question for you is when you're shooting, do you care about cropping the top of the head and things like that? Like, I think when something like this, I think it works, I'll give you the space yeah that's why I just started to move by like you actually look, you just gave me there you were kind of you had your hand down yeah, perfect there it is let's see, am I? This is gonna be tricky because her head is dipped for the light. But this is also something that we can show you guys in retouching if this happens, the client might pick this especially if they don't set they might go I want this one. Yeah it's weird sometimes their tastes are so different than yours, right? Like you have to abide by what they want biggest frustration it's this is so beautiful models like all right let's, go let's try the same with yes, good catching that light good and john's in the frame that doesn't really bother me that much. It is also important that you noted that when the chin is higher you can see much relying nice. Yeah, I think that's much better for postproduction because with postproduction you want to be rescuing shadows in the eyes is to illuminate you want to do it now? Because what happens sometimes in the post if you just blew the meeting just the eyes what happens in the rest of the body and face of very rare because the rest of it's also in shadow do it now what do you think about like a fake catch lights and people like highlighting the eyes I know when I started out yeah certain people would tease touchy subject gave me a lot of trouble however let's get you I think that whenever you do post production first thing is just like with white bones there's no wrong or right to an extent okay there's some things that obviously very wrong like blurring skin never blur skin period a number one never no don't do that please don't what even if you want to save time no never if you want to save time get another profession or hobby because that's really something that it looks horrible and I only had to spend on this image I'm today or in general general how long would you spend on a beauty? Well because you're shooting right I spent a lot less like I could spend half or you know much less than I would if things were wrong that's why I love working felix because he does so much to get things right that he's takes extra time that I would construction does it on set so typically for me now I've gone to a point where I can do it beauty image between an hour and a half or so two tours but when I started it was like six hours because I didn't have the right work for principle I dont have right what is the word work for going through with the consistency but when you have a good mentality of how to process an image and what to spend time on would not to spend time when you become more efficient and that's. My goal today in general is how that efficiency if you work for and you knew exactly when to do what you know, just haphazardly just doing everything and there's you. I know I spoken to you have a lot of tips for that kind of I have so many tips changed. So are we? Not again? Critics like to do this one little thing. Yeah, just like over shoulders. I'm telling you to do one little thing and oh, yeah, okay, I never thought of that, so they'll be great. But going back to my original point, it's felix too, so good at making sure the shadows are gone from the ice because you don't do that in post production. You do at least as possible right now. So now I'm gonna ask you what would you be looking for us? Your final shot? Do you know when you get it? I am moving through this and starting to see where I want to be. We've changed the light around. We've made little changes now, people, I will do this in the light test the day before. And then when I get that it's still change is how you communicate to the client or how if you have the client on set if you don't you can do what you like how you communicate all of these things makes the difference because I will absolutely make changes you know, little phrases like I'm just going to change because I think it could be more beautiful you know and the clients like brilliant yeah but it's okay to try these things and it's okay to fail and I'm you know I'm cropping off just as you said it like I'm dropping off the hair and you know like you need one perfect image yeah so I'm going to it's going really one image of the horse shoots and so one day when I'm really good at this inn in an ultimate universal come in click and leave it's good that you mentioned because a lot of photographers think that you know I should have every shot that's a keeper but the reality is when you're going through a shoot and you see the selective photographer it's usually just you know a few frames that's good it's not a whole thing so don't feel that your failure just because you have one shot that you really love it's such a huge deep issue this years of that and I'm always telling people like you if you think about the old genius is the old legends you only ever see twenty images hot and your country person same with abadan and then you buy a book and you see and you're like not as good as stand up images if imagine if you could be considered a genius with just twenty images the amazing right and then there's this pressure of course you have to deliver the client, but if you take the pressure off yourself I think it makes it much easier to go through it, right? Okay, phil and I have I'm going to go back to landscape and I'm gonna ask you to see if you turn your body around this way try something and really yeah, exactly and I wantto get this yeah and maybe bring your torso towards me sorry. So twist yourself around to me a little bit more good and I want to see how I can get like an image like maybe you know, in this frame like this way around let's see let's see what we can work into. Don't lean towards me a little bit with yeah, good see what we're catching I don't know if this is working yeah can you let's try if you twist your head up towards the light yeah, beautiful and then I'm just going to make you see what we can do with hair yeah, if you get in from below like a woman that's making you laugh let's see, could I get an apple box to stand on just gonna try that get up a little bit higher because I want to get more of the face in there I think you see what I'm what I have in mind here like so that more frame thank you so much right on apologised everyone in england for my terrible, terrible imitation accent let's see, just let let let that handlers and bring me the shoulder yeah, good I'm getting here that's much better change the whole dynamic yeah, you get in okay and just make it your own that beautiful that when you came down you have a beautiful there this great and just close your eyes and like you're in a dream good yeah, I just think the body position is the issue here. Let's see, what if you did this, try it on with the sum does that feel kind of there? I think they're getting better. See what? Bring your shoulder back a little bit. Yeah, I think I'm going to abandon this concept just because of the neckline as well. Let's just do the same twisted body back around the other side so you see, I tried it, I don't think it worked very well just go to the next thing good let's um let's catch the light again with this way and I think we're just going to nail this shot where were we now have short term memory loss I'm just going to go back to see what the last poses that worked when we did the think that's actually quite nice we can work through but what do you think like of a straight up that's what this is yeah well the framing the bounce out here and show this to the model we just go back to that yeah okay good so yeah it's a little bit of a dreamy yeah not as much you don't anyone yeah they're beautiful and then we had your arm in the frame good yes and she's moving it around and you can change your expression give me from emotion yeah beautiful and maybe a little bit more seductive good on just let's try various chin position so you can move around there and I'll just keep shooting I don't think that was can you just check focus for me between the framing is coming in fantastic yeah and it's sharp too wow and that like that's the creative light a creative life effective yeah when I was on with sue everything just worked that surprised never done ok and then let's bring that I'm back a little bit it's a beautiful frame yeah that's gonna be great it is beautiful killer good and just give me a little bit off camera off camera eyes yeah beautiful good just to close my good and then just give me the eyes right there good that's that's a good character shot good what do you think do we have something here that we can work with I'll just do a couple closer someone a white frame see and I went up on this apple box and I think that actually changed my dynamic made it made it better because also light's winning more closer here makes it not more natural for a swell to bring a head up good so I'm going to just do the face good and I want to get the head detail and then let's try a different hand positions let's make it kind of maybe just a soft hand yeah maybe on the side more yeah beautiful there it is good how's that hand look there how about we just it's a bit hard if you turn your torso towards me a little bit good and maybe the other hand let's try the other hand they're just a beautiful yeah let's try that we just want variety here in these sorts also another interesting point is whenever you have the model like this and you have your hands incorporated as a makeup artist is a really good idea to also put foundation on the hands that mass the face because it's such a hard thing to do in postproduction you're trying to match all this color because with me and for what you're getting so much more color detail so it's critical to think about that few thine hand shooter and he'll shoot yeah definitely I mean she didn't I should've asked for manic frenchman airfield but we didn't do what you never know because you don't you never think that you're in corporate hand sometimes so it happens but you know if you know you're going to do a jewelry campaign citing the nails yeah sometimes they do makeup on the hands and the body you know had anybody good and I have a time like this again to catch that's what this has gone on second let's see there we are good and I'm going to just come and really close and just let's bury that chin a bit and I'm going to just get various frame good and with your head yes beautiful that's that might work frame to frame okay I see ok we're going to come up we've got to get that catch that light come over yes there beautiful and just bring this shoulder into maybe yeah good that's great looks the way it looks here is that better yeah so we have a look and see if you wanna have a look and see give me feedback on kind of what look you might think works I realize what happens if the plan goes so I'll pretend to be the client and I will grill you on everything not that one go back the other hand is a little bit awkward, isn't it? Yeah. This family could use one of those yeah, I really love this train me because you could tell it all our expression sometimes you know you can tell how comfortable she feels with you and you working it shows in the photos and there you have some skin to retouch on the arms and yuk unnatural of that so thank the sake of this workshop I'll reach us this one this has that's going to be beautiful I mean it's rolls so you can get a little we'll see what we can do thanks that's a good go back to that frame the black one way so because this is the flash didn't hire and I know I have no ambient light spilling into my frame it'll mean because it's completely black failed feeling it is studio lights aren't affecting what we're doing is told that all of my mistakes that teaching moment back tio go back to that this one here I love it. Yeah. Okay. Do you think we have something that we can use so that's another question for you is when you're going through selects you just say I love it automatically set by instinct or is just well this poses like perfectly, you know, geometric figure like how do you how do you look at the angles I like someone was like, oh, I leave a bit see the photographer that poses everyone and squares in irons and triangles. Like what? I guess so, yeah, I don't think that's how she would describe herself the yes, it is that instantaneous reaction if you go through and you go out and you know it from the client and you know it for yourself on people, when they put it on their facebook or when they put it on the website or it's in a magazine that's, the same reaction everyone will have and the mistake of legs go right well over, I don't think that shadow and like none of that matters, how many times do you go on your facebook feeding a whole bunch of images, right? And you just scrolling through and you stop because that instant reaction if your instant reactions beautiful or it's good when you see the image here, chancellor, if you're going to love it, sometimes the you know, the technical details don't matter honestly speaking, because when you look at magazines, sometimes images, they're like, blown out or there's kind blurry and what are they thinking? But sometimes it's all about that initial reaction in motion photography is about the emotion, so when you have that emotion, you know you have a good shot that's why they hire top models as well I know when I was young and kate moss was plastered all over england you just made you look every time you know you just get that instant the same thing so warm fuzzy feeling like you said that one feeling so I was up here I like that one I think you can retouch it on the client will like it too and one of the little tricks that uses we always want to carry on shooting but I think we have something with the client I have a certain amount of looks I have to do and I can say right think we have something let's move on to the next look and it's more about the time than we've achieved genius you know and have you ever been on a chute you just shoot five frames a classic I love it when it's usually towards the end of the shoot when you know your flow you know everything's going actually that reminds me we have five minutes do we have a little softer card for air like or something? Yeah like a small pieces we had at last time there's no piece of foam court if we have it maybe to add some interest we could do a little bit of wind and and psychologically I've noticed sometimes models love it when you put the ring in there yeah, yeah I can't sing but the song you know, e I remember I had a fashion shoot in copenhagen and I had like, wind on the girl and she's standing like this yeah on dh doesn't it? It wasn't a cheesy is making way put the music on so loud and she was like in this moment and it's just like you know, when you just feel that rush and everything just explodes and you'd be good in broadway they could see you I live in new york but not quite all right thank you so much particular you do the honors come from this yeah you're gonna be a big fan here oh, good term let's do this pose here I'm going to leave this for the model to see on we try that. Yeah, your shoulder was towards me so yeah, and make your legs follow and all of these beautiful, perfect good and john you're in the frame a little bit good and pretty with a bit more bigger please more enthusiasm that beautiful good and just tilt your chin forward a little bit good see how that comes out beautiful. You see, we have worked into this shot and now everything's just working so much but I'm really happy here good and I'm just going to get this frame right come back a little bit I could have just put on a low stool but that would be too easy right on I'm going to get critiquing somebody strange because he's so close a little bit more bigger if you can do in your worker because also this is great for if you want to show the hearing so let's there I'm going to try catch it when the particular it more timing issue okay this is not going to happen but it's going sometimes hair reveals the hearing okay please make this worth you gotta you gotta walk really hard really hard if you concede and that getting captured uh okay come around to me a little bit I'm, um I'm on this path now I'm just okay you know you're just gonna shoot it they're just doing it for such a split second did we get any with the hearing any way you can use the wind to reveal the lettering works though you can tell yeah exactly and if you have like, a big diamond or something it'll it'll catch the light you know and for this we're just gonna cheat and killers can't just do that and yeah beautiful good and I have it come on is this some kind of joke all right one more time there we got it the hearing well yes and critique will bring it out thanks. Yeah, good, beautiful I think that that thing for the hearing oh, it has one on the other side of that beautiful smile. So lovely lady that's. Great. Okay, we're going to do the same thing just a little bit. Chin up good and just bring your faith around a tiny bit good. And I have a hearing with all the hair that particular that good just so you could see kind of what the open lola. But I think that other shot where we on the other side with the wind and the figures, right, it adds that psychological difference just like me standing on an apple box makes me feel so much great and tall it's extra here. You fixed her hair on which side on that? No, it's fine. I don't think we'll use this shot, but we'll never know. We'll never know. We'll never know touch her, so it was very touching. They're beautiful and I'm gonna yeah, I just bring you that way. Are good. Yeah calling has not done for the side, but

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A trace of weird smile hung on Qin Wushuang’s face. Of course, it was not because they were not here. Instead, they were hiding themselves among the corners and formed a circle. He threw a glance to Tong Yan. Immediately, he understood tacitly: "He, you must be careful. Those bastards from the Great Wu loved to hide the head and show the tail. You think they were not here, perhaps they were here a long time ago. Now, they are hiding to be an ostrich in the corners." Inwardly, Qin Wushuang praised him highly and though that indeed, this Tong Yan was smart. It would be strange if those martial arts students from the Great Wu would tolerate from these accusing. Indeed, after a few strange calling, a group of martial arts students scrambled out from the deep parts of the grasslands. They circled around Qin Wushuang and his people. After calculating the heads, there were only twelve people. Qin Wushuang glanced across and knew that for sure, there was no Qi Yinfeng and the so-called Stage Nine of the Genuine Force. When these martial arts students from the Great Wu appeared, the disadvantage of the number of martial arts students from the Bai Yue had immediately showed. However, even though, this group of young teenagers did not show a trace of fear on their face. When two countries were against each other, even young teenagers did not lack hot-blood and courage. Before their enemies, they had not choice but to fight to death. Been scared? In the blood of martial artists, these words never existed. Six martial arts students went closer to Qin Wushuang subconsciously and formed a defense circle with him at the centre. "Young Master Xing, who had injured you?" Qin Wushuang asked lightly. Xi Men Xing glanced around and pointed forward: "Those two dressed in yellow. They were twins. Two of them were fighting against me. Shame on them. If it was a one on one duel, how could I have lost to these scoundrels from the Great Wu?" "Nicely said. Fighting with numbers were worse than scoundrels!" Qin Wushuang lightly berated. Suddenly, he glared, "There was one more person, why are you hiding? Could it be, you could not show yourself?" Qin Wushuang had yelled towards that lush forest on the west side. Apparently, he had target one of the person in hiding. Xi Men Xing and the rest of the people were stunned and looked at that forest surpringsly. Even those twelve people from the Great Wu were somewhat surprised. Of course, they knew who was hiding. They had made a promise that if they were able to suppress the scene, then Qi Yinfeng would not show his face. Only in the situation where they could not hold the scene, Qi Yinfeng would rush out to kill. Unexpectedly, before the start of the fight, Qi Yinfeng’s trace had got exposed. This way, their plan of having troops appearing suddenly had failed. With a light sneer, Qi Yinfeng rushed out leisurely. Wearing a long robe, he had appeared especially cold under the moonlight. His entire temperament had revealed an arrogant feeling. It was no wonder that he was the grandson to the Martial Saint of the Great Wu. From his looks, he would lose to the Honored Warriors from the Bai Yue country. "Indeed, this Qi Yinfeng had some moves. I am afraid that among the Stage Nine in the Bai Yue, only the Purple Robed Great Honored Warrior would suppress him. And it would only be temporary. In three years, perhaps the purple robed Great Honored Warrior would concede defeat!" Qin Wushuang had given a high compliment for the first time he was seeing this Qi Yinfeng. If his feeling was correct, this Qi Yinfeng should have already touching the so-called "Dao". Initially, Qin Wushuang could not quiet grasp the precise meaning of the "Dao" when the purple-robed great Honored Warrior had explained it to him. And this Qi Yinfeng should have gotten influenced by his grandfather, who was the Martial Saint. Indeed, he had much more knowledge regarding the understanding of the "Dao". Perhaps, if this guy received some fortuitious opportunity, it would not be far for him to enter the Upper Sky! After one glance, Qin Wushuang did not look at him anymore. Instead, he said: "The two who fought against one person, if you had the gut to beat people, then step forward." Those two brothers from the Great Wu had always been courageous. They were not scared and stepped out boldly: "What?" "It’s you guys, right?" Qin Wushuang asked coldly. "So what, if it’s us? That kid had a sharp tongue and asked for it. Tonight, not only would we beat him, all of you here would not escape from some suffering." Qin Wushuang nodded: "Good, it seems you guys got hard punches." As he said, he took a few steps forward and pointed at Xi Men Xing: "He is the aristocratic offspring from my Royal Territory. Since you guys beat him at the Stargaze Palace, then it’s equivalent in hitting the face of my Royal family. Today, I will let you guys hit me. And I would like to see how hard your punches are, how about it?" "Asking for a beating? Isn’t that simple?" Those two brothers looked at each other and walked forward with a evil grinning. They clenched their fists and fried bean like crispy sound emerged from the joints. "We never heard about such requests in our life. We will fulfill your wish!" With mutual understanding, the two brothers crammed in after looking at each other. Charging from left and right, they had blocked all Qin Wushuang’s escape paths. They emerged tiger-like yells and approached with their fists. Although the momentum of these fists could not get compared with those elite upper ranking Genuine Force warriors, but it had the advantage of good combination and showcased crafty angles. Four fists hit forward and revealed shadows of punches in the mid sky. For a time, it seemed a dozen of fists were moving towards Qin Wushuang. Qin Wushuang shook his head with disdain. He did not even look at it and only raised his arm lightly. Almost in unison, one only heard four sounds of "Pa pa pa pa". Next, it was two unified miserable cries. As if someone had stripped their four arms, those four limbs hung softly on the shoulder and was broken all the way from the joints to the bones Revealing a light smile, Qin Wushuang stood casually under the moonlight. It was as if he had never made a move, and stood at the same place without moving an inch. He Zichong and the others also felt this scene before them as freakish. They knew that Qin Wushuang was powerful. However, they never thought that he had rid their combat abilities with such ease. On the side of the Great Wu country, all of them lost colors on their face when they saw their comrades had lost the mobility of the arms in one move. Next, each of them become furious and moved up. Qin Wushuang still remained calm and collected. In his eyes, even one hundred of these martial arts students would appear the same as strawmen. They were equivalent as moving targets. If he were to make a move, he could at least destroy two digits of their number in one move. Suddenly, Qi Yinfeng yelled: "Hold on!" Hearing the shout to stop from Qi Yinfeng, those people from the Great Wu all made a path and allowed him to enter the circle. That Qi Yinfeng sized Qin Wushuang from head to toe and said: "You are an offspring from the Bai Yue?" Qin Wushuang did not answer him. Instead, with a trace of undisguised mocking, he looked at Qi Yinfeng with something that was not yet like a smile. Qin Wushuang was not showing off. However, he was intentionally looking down at Qi Yinfeng to break the momentum of the people from the Great Wu. He knew that these people had a sense of superiority. Especially, since they had more than twice of the qualifying spots than the Bai Yue in this martial arts student selection, it had further increased their sense of supremacy. And what Qin Wushuang was doing was to pull down their sense of superiority. He would make it fall on the ground. Then, he would step on it and spit a few times. "Boss Qi, this guy looked unfamiliar! He should not be from the Bai Yue." "In that selection, only six got selected from the Bai Yue. We don’t know where this kid had come from." On the other hand, Qi Yinfeng frowned: "Before, you said that I was hiding my head and showing my tail. Now, who’s doing the exactly same thing?" Qin Wushuang smiled lightly: "I am thinking, if you got killed at the Stargaze Palace, would that old man Qi Shengnan have a heart break and die?" Qi Yinfeng’s expression dropped: "Just with you?" Qin Wushuang smiled strangely and shook his head: "If I killed you, then I would get a crime for killing students from the same sect. I heard that you lot from the Great Wu wanted to end it all tonight with us from the Bai Yue. Regarding the exact process, as the grandson of the Martial Saint from the Great Wu, why don’t you tell us the details?" Inwardly, Qi Yinfeng was shocked and thoughts moved quickly in his head. The other party had known his true identity and still spoke with such ridiculous tone. It seemed that he was not a simple person. Among the flint of flash, he remembered a name. "You are Qin Wushuang?" When Qi Yinfeng had yelled out these words, he looked at Qin Wushuang alarmingly. Before departing from the Great Wu, he had already heard about this name. After he had formally been accepted as the student to the Third Palace Master, he had always paid attention to the name of Qin Wushuang even before he had a chance of getting to hear the inside stories. He also heard that the Bai Yue Country was able to advance to Upper Subordinate Country all thanks to Qin Wushuang. Unfortunately, with a strong personality, the Third Palace Master did not tell the story of Qin Wushuang to his new student. One of the reason was his arrogance, and the other reason was because he did not want to destroy his motivation. "Let’s not talk nonsense." Qin Wushuang spoke leisurely, "I will just ask one question, how do you want to end it!" Naturally, Qi Yinfeng did not show his weak temperament when he heard the forceful tone of Qin Wushuang. He initiated the temperament and wanted to suppress Qin Wushuang. Then, he said lightly: "In the world of martial artists, of course we would solve it with martial arts." "Nicely said." Qin Wushuang said lightly, "Then what happens when one side win? And when one loses?" Suddenly, Tong Yan spoke up: "Earlier, someone had said that the loser team would get out of the Stargaze Palace?" "Yes, losers would get lost immediately! We, who from the Bai Yue is able to win, and to lose!" Xi Men Xing also followed to speak in agreement. Since these two knew Qin Wushuang’s true strength, they had no fear and yelled out. Apparently, they wanted to lure the people from the Great Wu in the trap. On the other hand, He Zichong and Wan Jinpeng frowned deeply. They never expected that this Tong Yan and Xi Men Xing would speak up to offer such deal. From their viewpoint, the Bai Yue country was still at a disadvantage right now. Weren’t Tong Yan and Xi Men Xing hooting to break their own escape path? Qin Wushuang smiled lightly: "The one with the surname Qi, it was your people that had spoken about the loser get lost, right? You people would not deny of speaking such words, correct?" Before Qi Yinfeng answered him, one of the Royal offspring behind him said angrily: "Let’s bet. Could it be our Great Wu fears you little Bai Yue?" "Yes, Boss Qi, let’s bet with them! These cowards from the Bai Yue, how could we fear them?" "Bet, bet! The loser would get lost immediately!" Apparently, those people from the Great Wu had put in great confidence to Qi Yinfeng. And from the current situation, they had two injured people. However, the other side also had a wounded person. With eleven against six, they still had total advantage over the numbers. Why hesitate with such situation?

By Carlos Aguilar | SydneysBuzz June 11, 2014 at 2:00PM There is a scene in Amat Escalante's Heli that encompasses with artistic subtlety the immense frustration and agony that afflicts Mexico today. As his protagonist takes murderous revenge on one of his sister's captors, the contrasting audio of a man preaching religious verses scores the scene. Just as violently liberating as such a sequence, the entire film speaks loudly of the terrible bloodshed - the product of the ongoing drug war. Focusing on the horrors that a single family has to undergo, Heli is a bold statement that confronts the subject fearlessly and avoids sentimentalism. Winner of the Best Director award at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, and chosen as Mexico's Official Submission to compete for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar last year, Escalante's latest is a movie of its time that is interested in the human side of deplorable circumstances. The director spoke to us from Mexico City a few days before the Academy announced the shortlist in the category. The film will open in Los Angeles and New York on June 13th, 2014 from Outsider Pictures Read the Review for 'Heli' HERE Carlos Aguilar: Your film is a powerful, and fearless statement about Mexico today. How did you develop the screenplay to encompass all its thematic elements? Amat Escalante: I started writing the script about five years ago. I get my ideas through images, so the first image I had was of a young man looking for his father in the countryside. From that point on the story developed, and I wanted to do something around the General Motors plant in Guanajuato, which is close to where I live. I wanted to portray the environment that has surged in the 25 years the plant has been there, lots of families have moved here and small towns have been created around it. I wanted to create a story about one of these families. That’s how I went about developing the story. There wasn’t really a lot of investigative research on the subject. I felt like I didn’t have to do a lot of research because everything that is in the movie are things that everyone knows about. What I did was construct a story to tell these things that happen but giving them a face, some characters, a family. To see how these issues affected this specific family. I was hopeful that through these characters I was going to tell a story that grabbed the audience’s attention. Aguilar: Do you believe cinema can be a tool to create conscience about these issues? Escalanate: Yes, I don’t know if it’s conscience or more of a catharsis. When one lives and sees the things that happen in Mexico, or you hear of what happens to other citizens, it is anguishing and you don’t really know what to do. I have the the possibility to make movies, and I try to put in them my preoccupation regarding what happens in the country. It is important to do this. It doesn’t mean all movies have to be that way, or talk about the reality or about what is happening, but I do feel there is a void. There is a lot of information on the drug war and about all the violence that comes with it. What’s missing is a more personal vision, a more profound vision about the people not only about the events, in which it seems that ghosts or monsters are the ones killing people, the ones who behead them or hang them. I wanted to show the human side of these tragic events that have been happening. I consider it important. There are many movies of other kinds in Mexico and around the world, but about these events happening in Mexico I believe too little has been done artistically. There are always two other films that are mentioned on the subject Miss Bala and El Infierno, but for 8 years of intense war against the drug dealers I think it’s too few. I know it is a topic that leaks into other films but few have approached it in such a deep or interesting manner. Aguilar: Much has been said about the violence depicted in the film. Why did you feel it was necessary to show it in that manner? Escalante: If it weren’t for these things that are happening, all this violence, and the people perpetrating these acts, the problem wouldn’t be so serious. But the reason why this worries me so much is because of this level of violence, of dehumanization, of lack of values within our society. I wanted to show the real problem at hand. Using drugs or selling drugs I don’t consider it to be bad in my opinion, what is really bad is to torture, to kill, punish other people inhumanely. That’s what I think is the worst. I believed that in order to be honest to what I felt I had to show those scenes. At the end of the day, they are brief scenes; the movie is more than that. However, those parts had to have their weight, their importance. It’s interesting to see the entanglements of drug distribution or corruption, but in the end, for me, the core of the situation are those scenes. We see young men committing such acts, torturing, and I felt they needed to be significant. Aguilar: In a sense, the fact that you chose to include young men and children in some the most violent scenes speaks of the social corrosion the country is living. Kids want to grow up to be drug dealers. Why did you choose to include them? Escalante. Yes. I needed to highlight this with strong visuals. The fact that they are young men and children emphasizes the problem that exists. Since people in Mexico are so used to this already, if in that scene there were 40-year-old men or a man with a hat and a mustache torturing the boys, it would be much different than seeing these young men, who are the future of Mexico, doing this. In a certain way, they are what I think is the most delicate part of this situation, and they are also the only hope. That’s the reason why children are the ones witnessing these acts in the film, because I wanted to show the spectator that they are the most vulnerable part and the ones we should care for. Aguilar: How did you work with cast? I understand that for many of them this was their first time in front of the camera. Was this more difficult given their inexperience? Escalante: It was difficult, but I think it is difficult with actors and non-actors. To elicit touching performances and hook the audience with them is hard and delicate. When I write, part of my writing process is the casting. I write while we are trying to get the money to make the film, and at the same I do the casting. Everything blends together. When I’m doing the casting I meet lots on interesting people. Also, sometimes as I walk down the street I see people that inspire me, and even if they are not actors, instead of just using them as inspiration and casting someone else to play them, I like to cast them and put them in the film. It is difficult at times because they get nervous in front of the camera, so you have to be very subtle and not lose control of the situation. You have to be aware that it is going to be hard to make the scenes believable, and there are going to be limits with non-actors, but what they bring sometimes is more than what a trained actor could. There are actors who can contribute important things, but in general I have a hard time finding actors that convince me. Therefore sometimes I prefer to go directly to real people. The protagonist in HELI, Armando Espitia, he wants to be an actor, and I worked with him almost the same way I worked with the rest. Any director whether he directs actors or non-actors would say that it is a joined effort, and that you have to be careful. For example, in the torture scenes, those were people who had never been on screen and it was really difficult, because even though they didn’t have to do much those were complex sequences. I tried to do my best. Since I’m now filming on digital format I have the luxury to shoot many takes and experiment and improvise, I think has helped with actors. Aguilar: Despite everything that Heli’s family endures throughout the film, there is a sense of hope at the end. They subconsciously have to move on. Was that your intention? Escalante: That’s the feeling I think exists here in Mexico. Life goes on regardless of everything, and that’s how it is all over the world. Whatever happens to you this [life] goes on and one has to try to figure out how to keep going. The cycle of life, the hope that exists every time a new life begins is what pushes human beings to continue. We try to fix our mistakes via the new generation, that’s the sentiment I wanted to convey. Aguilar: After winning Best Director in Cannes, and now that film is representing Mexico at the Academy Awards, is there any pressure or expectations? Escalante: What takes a bit of the pressure off is the fact that the selection process here in Mexico was very democratic. We didn’t do any type of lobbying or anything of the sort, they trusted the film enough to send it. There is a sense of responsibility because we know there is work to do in the U.S to give the film the chance to get a nomination. We have put effort in whatever we can, but we know the rest is out of our control. We just have to wait and see. The film speaks for itself, we don’t have thousands of dollars to promote it, so we will see what happens. Aguilar: What do you think the reaction of the Mexican community abroad, specifically in the U.S will be? Do you think they might be unaffected or disconnected because of the distance? Escalante: My experience has been the opposite. When one is abroad, as a Mexican, you begin to idealize the country. You tell your friends there “When you have a chance we should visit my country. Yes there is violence but is not that bad” That’s also real. Sometimes when a Mexican outside of Mexico sees these types of films, they might feel sadness and anguish, perhaps more than those here. In Mexico the movie did really good, many people went to see it. They thought it was an important film that needed to be seen, and a film that tackles what Mexico is suffering right now. In that regard, I feel that outside of Mexico it could be touchier, but I think people are interested. I feel like any Mexican in any part of the world will understand.

United States Patent: 4594835 ( 1 of 1 ) United States Patent 4,594,835 Gray June 17, 1986 Method for making sachets Abstract A sachet which comprises a sealed bag containing a compressible and porous carrier which is held under compression within the sachet by pressure exerted by the walls of the sachet onto the carrier, the carrier being thoroughly impregnated with liquid suitably an antiseptic. Methods are provided for manufacture of the sachets. The carriers in such sachets containing antiseptic liquid have reduced tendency to harbor bacteria, and are preferably open or reticulated cell foam sponges. Inventors: Gray; Roy F. (Macclesfield, GB) Assignee: Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (London, GB2) Appl. No.: 06/536,450 Filed: September 28, 1983 Related U.S. Patent Documents Application NumberFiling DatePatent NumberIssue Date 287809Jul., 1981 Foreign Application Priority Data Aug 11, 1980 [GB] 8026059 Current U.S. Class: 53/433 ; 53/436; 53/453; 53/474 Current International Class: A61F 15/00 (20060101); B65B 9/04 (20060101); B65D 75/32 (20060101); B65D 75/28 (20060101); B65B 9/00 (20060101); B65B 031/02 () Field of Search: 53/239,432,433,434,436,453,471,474,527 References Cited [Referenced By] U.S. Patent Documents 2232783 February 1941 Hausheer 2613862 October 1952 Vaughn 3035300 May 1962 Wattles 3082468 March 1963 Wattles 3174654 March 1965 Reiner 3429096 February 1969 Griese 3537226 November 1970 Le Van et al. 3618283 November 1971 Moore et al. 4157787 June 1979 Schwartz 4229927 October 1980 Day 4372098 February 1983 Mason 4424659 January 1984 Perigo et al. Foreign Patent Documents 2436504 Jul., 1974 DE Primary Examiner: Spruill; Robert L. Assistant Examiner: Folkerts; Michael D. Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cushman, Darby & Cushman Parent Case Text This is a division, of application Ser. No. 287,809, filed July 28, 1981. Claims I claim: 1. A method for making a sachet which comprises forming a dish-like pocket in a sheet of film or foil, placing a measured amount of liquid into the pocket, placing a carrier comprised of compressible porous material into the pocket, absorbing a first part of said measured amount of liquid into said carrier which is placed into said pocket, placing a second film or foil over the pocket which pocket contains the liquid and piece of carrier to form an assembly, evacuating the pocket and around the assembly below atmospheric pressure, sealing the second film or foil around the edge of the pocket to form a sachet, and decreasing the volume of the carrier, compressing the carrier and forcing an additional quantity of liquid into the carrier by releasing the vacuum around the sachet. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 which is an essentially continuous process comprising forming pockets from a continuous web of film or foil, placing measured amounts of liquid and carriers into the pockets at stations along the web as the web passes those stations, placing a second web of film or foil over the web containing the pockets to form a local assembly, evacuating the assembly, forming a sachet by sealing the two webs around the pocket, releasing the vacuum and separating the sachets. 3. A process as claimed in claim 1 in which the carrier has height greater than the depth of the pocket and is partially compressed before forming the sachet by pressure applied onto the carrier. 4. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the sealing is achieved by heat. Description This invention relates to sachets and in particular to sachets which contain an impregnated substrate. Sachets which are small sealed bags made from impermeable plastic film or metal foil have been known for many years. Such sachets have a variety of uses such as for example in the food industry for dispensing of individual portions of liquids and pastes, e.g. mayonaise, ketchup, and of solid materials such as cheese and butter; also in the cosmetic and toiletry industries for containing small volumes of shampoo, skin conditioners and refresher wipes which comprise generally non-woven fabric impregnated with small quantities of liquid containing a mild detergent and a perfume. There has however been a need in the medical, and in particular surgical art for a sachet containing a wipe which will not harbour bacteria and which contains a larger quantity of liquid than hitherto such as an antiseptic liquid for hand washing of staff prior to surgery. According to the present invention a sachet is provided which comprises a sealed bag containing a compressible and porous carrier which is held under compression within the sachet by pressure exerted by the walls of the sachet onto the carrier, the carrier being thoroughly impregnated with liquid, suitably an antiseptic liquid. The carrier is made from compressible porous material such as for example, felt, cotton wool, layers of bandage, melded fabric, pile or fleece surfaced material, entangled, knitted or needle-punch material but is preferably a sponge having an open or reticulated cell structure. Such structures are well known in the art. Hitherto an open cell foam has generally not been found suitable for such an antiseptic sponge because it generally has too slow an uptake of liquid for satisfactory impregnation during manufacture and distribution of the liquid throughout the foam is not thorough; indeed parts may be dry and hence harbour bacteria. However reticulated foam may be used but is less desirable on cost grounds. Suitable foam may be made from polyester and preferably polyether polyurethane. One face of the carrier may be provided with other cleaning aids such as a moulded brush or scouring or scrub foam pad if desired. Sachets are generally made from plastic film or metal foil preferably having thickness between 50 .mu.m and 300 .mu.m which are capable of being sealed by heat sealing or less desirably an adhesive, radio-frequency or ultrasonic means to form the sachet bag. Very often laminates are used to combine desirable properties of the films and foils. For example polyethylene terephthalate/low density polyethylene laminate, nylon/low density polyethylene are conventional laminates; the polyethylene is used principally to effect a good heat seal between two adjacent pieces of laminate which form the walls of the sachet. A metal foil laminate may be used in place of a film to provide, e.g. low permeability, good decorative effect but such foil laminates are less easy to pre-form. The sachet of the present invention may be made by forming a dish-like pocket in a sheet of film or foil, placing a measured amount of liquid, suitably an antiseptic into the pocket, placing a piece of carrier having base area smaller than the base area of the pocket into the pocket, placing a second film or foil over the pocket which contains the liquid and piece of carrier to form an assembly, evacuating the pocket and around the assembly below atmospheric pressure, heat sealing the second film or foil around the edge of the pocket to form a sachet and releasing the vacuum around the sachet. Atmospheric pressure will cause the pocket to decrease in volume, and compress the carrier. The carrier takes up further quantities of antiseptic liquid in the sachet and expands on withdrawal from the open sachet. Penetration of liquid into the carrier may be assisted by manipulation, for example compression through nip rolls, of the sachet or pressure cycling. Suitably the vacuum will be in the range 50 to 650 mm of mercury, preferably 150 to 450 mm of mercury, although the vacuum may eventually be chosen according to the desired degree of compression. In an alternative embodiment the piece of carrier may have height greater than the depth of the pocket whilst its base area is less than that of the pocket. In manufacturing such a sachet the carrier is compressed by pressure applied preferably to the second or upper film or foil before evacuation and sealing steps. Such a sachet generally has an improved appearance. It is envisaged for such commercial production of the present sachet, a continuous process would be carried out in which pockets are produced as parts of a continuous web of film or foil, and measured amounts of antiseptic solution and carriers are placed into the pockets at stations along the web as the web passes the stations. Thereafter a second web, possibly printed would be placed over the web containing the pockets, followed by the evacuation stage, the sachet formed by heat sealing the two webs around each pocket, releasing the vacuum and separating the sachets as required by cross and/or longitudinal cutting between adjacent sachets. The present invention has an advantage therefore over an alternative sachet produced by impregnating a reticulated foam sponge by squeezing and dipping the squeezed sponge into antiseptic solution and releasing the sponge followed by wrapping or forming a sachet around that impregnated sponge in that voids containing no antiseptic are formed in such a sponge so leading to a possibility of spread of infection in use. A suitable antiseptic solution contains chlorhexidine gluconate in water at a concentration of about 4% by weight. Such a solution is available as `Hibiscrub` (Imperial Chemical Industries PLC). The invention is illustrated with reference to the accompanying figures in which FIG. 1 is a top plan of a sachet according to the invention and FIG. 2 is a section on the line I--I of FIG. 1. The sachet was produced as follows. A pocket having depth 25 mm., length 90 mm., and width 60 mm., was formed with a surrounding shoulder by evacuating a sheet of laminate into similar sized mould. Antiseptic solution (20 cm..sup.3 ; `Hibiscrub` (Imperial Chemical Industries PLC) was placed into the pocket. A piece of reticulated cell polyether polyurethane foam (30 pores per linear cm., density 0.0015 g/cm..sup.3) having length and width slightly smaller than those of the pocket but similar height to pocket depth was placed into the pocket containing antiseptic solution. A top film or foil was placed above the pocket so as to overlap onto the surrounding shoulder to form an assembly. The chamber containing the assembly was evacuated to a pressure of 350 mm mercury substantially retaining the original dimensions; then the top film or foil was heat-sealed to the surrounding shoulder. After heat-sealing, the vacuum was released and the sachet pocket reduced in volume by half its original volume so compressing the foam sponge. On opening the sachet, the foam resumed its original size and contained almost all the liquid; examination of the foam showed that it had been thoroughly wetted with the liquid. With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the sachet comprises a top foil (1) which is a laminate of two films (2, 3) of which (2) is made from biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (thickness 12 .mu.m; draw ratio 3.3:1 in both directions) and film (3) is made from low density polyethylene (thickness 50 .mu.m). The bottom foil (4) is provided with a pocket (5) and surrounding shoulder (6) and also a laminate of two films (7, 8) of which film (7) is made from low density polyethylene (thickness 70 .mu.m) and film (8) is made from nylon (thickness 30 .mu.m). The top and bottom foils are sealed together through heat seals (9) on the shoulder. Impregnated sponge (10) is located within the pocket and held under compression mainly by the top foil (1) and the base of pocket (5). A V-notch (11) is provided to facilitate opening of the sachet and removal of the impregnated sponge (10). It will be appreciated that the present sachet will have some ridges or loose folds in the walls, base and top as they concertina from the effect of atmospheric pressure after releasing the vacuum. * * * * *

When you study the etiology of industries which got surprisingly big they all share one thing in common: they had insipid beginnings. At their birth the businesses and their customers were not taken seriously, either ignored or viewed as oddball cranks that take their hobbies to extremes. But the awkwardness of the products creates a unique appeal that catches the eye of people on the fringe of their customer base. The openness of their community and its uninhabited niche creates a self-perpetuating growth cycle that maintains its goofy nature until it suddenly gets really, really big. And then everyone wonders how it got to that point. When we think of such industries examples from tech are usually the first to come to mind. The internet grew out of a research project at the Department of Defense (Arpanet). The PC industry was commercialized under the auspices of two nerds (Bill Gates and Paul Allen) who made over 50 billion dollars by building a software language called Altair BASIC for the world’s first microcomputer assembly kit. When it was released it was projected to sell 200 copies. While the natural products industry doesn’t have the economics to allows its founders to amass the wealth found in tech, it does provide them an outlet for idiosyncratic expression. The supplement business has quirkiness in its DNA, and its biggest successes were built on the backs of homeopathic quacks that were too busy fiddling with their tinctures to make an actual living. No product category demonstrates this effect better than whole food supplements. Back when the national BMI was on the right side of 25 the idea of freeze drying fruits and vegetables to mix with water seemed a little odd. But in the last 30 years our free time and disposable income has shriveled up, but the need to eat healthy has not. So as a response the greens powder industry has exploded. The manufacturer that produces Incredible Greens was opened about 30 years ago by an Indian pharmacist, a capsule machine, and a staff of 4 people. Now they have over 100 employees and do more than 1 billion in sales and 3 million kilos of vegetable powders a year. And in the larger context of the industry, that’s just a drop in the bucket. …….Which brings us to today’s review. Folks, meet Mobius Nutrition. A new company in the Meal Replacement space that sprang into existence with a successful IndieGoGo campaign which you can view here: Today we’re going to pick it apart and discover what it should be used for and what kinds of people ought to be slurping it down their shaker bottles every morning. Let the games begin! The Skinny Here’s a condensed run down of Mobius Breakfast’s most important qualities. What it is: A paleo-ish meal replacement powder that emphasizes healthy fats, a robust vitamin stack, and a variety of stimulants that’ll serve as an adequate replacement for your first meal of the day. Its Most Unique Features: - The first meal replacement powder to use coconut milk powder as its primary ingredient, which makes it unusually creamy and filling. - Has a complete vitamin stack. - Contains 7-11 g’s of medium chain tri-glycerides (MCT’s), which have unique health benefits. - Contains nootropics, which gives long-term use of Mobius some unique properties, which I’ll get to later. - Your package comes with a shaker bottle and wrapped up in packaging that has an unusually high aesthetic appeal. - Each packet contains 71g of breakfast powder, which is almost 3x as large as some other competitors. What One Might Be Cautious About: - Outside of three herbs (ashwagandha, rhodiola and gotu kola) it does not contain any plant foods. - At $135 for a month’s supply it’s not the cheapest option out there. - The combination of nootropics + caffeine could be a little taxing for some people’s systems. - They use subpar forms of certain vitamins and minerals. Not a big deal normally, but for the price being charged it’s a genuine nit to pick. So with all that being said, what kind of experience can one expect if they take Mobius for 30 days? First Impressions If you order a box of Incredible Greens you’re not greeted with anything special when it arrives in the mail. A cardboard box with an Amazon emblem is all you get. (What can I say, I’m a simpleton). However, a Mobius customer is treated to a product package that’s uniquely high class and convenient. You get a branded cardboard box with your individual sachets, as well as a shaker bottle to take it with you wherever you go: Mobius Breakfast Haul My 30 day supply came in a dark chocolate flavor and it was unusually delicious. The coconut milk gives it a very thick, creamy flavor that blends well and isn’t too sweet. After a few days I found myself craving it in the morning and it quickly became my go-to morning snack if I found myself having a pang of hunger. The heavy use of coconut really comes through here because it allows a product to both be creamy and filling without having to add a lot of cheap calories. So Mobius is particularly useful for people looking for taste and satiety. This observation is true both in the short and long run……….two weeks in and I was still finding it satisfying. Nutrient Breakdown Like any physical product, the cost and quality of a physical supplement comes down to how much attention is paid to its physical components and whether or not they fit well together. A meal replacement powder is only as good as its individual ingredients, and how they add up to provide 3-dimensional nutrition. How does Mobius do on this front? Let’s break it down. MCTs Coconut is unique in that a lot of its fat comes in the form of medium chain tri-glycerides (MCTs). What makes them “special” is that they’re the only fatty acid that gets turned directly into ketone bodies, which is the fuel source your body derives from fat. Most oils take a slllloooooowwwww time to make it to your liver, where they’re ultimately used for a variety of processes besides energy utilization. But MCT’s go right into your body’s metabolic express lane, which makes them a unique source of fatty energy. Ketone bodies burn much slower than glucose, so for many MCTs are a convenient way to stay fuller longer on the same amount of calories. For someone looking to make themselves “keto adapted” in a hurry then a heavy dose of MCTs is the way to go. They also help your body burn more heat, which is good for losing weight. You can buy distilled MCT as a supplement from companies like Bulletproof, but coconut oil is the best natural source of MCTs in the diet. Mark’s Daily Apple has a good write up on the use of coconut oil vs. concentrated MCT oil for sustained energy. (Hint: coconut oils MCTs are more mild since they’re not as concentrated). The specific amount of MCTs are not listed, but most coconut oil is about 65% MCT by weight. Of that, about 1/2 is able to be turned directly into ketone bodies for energy, so it’s a safe bet that each packet of Mobius has about 8-12g of MCT per serving.1 This is on the low end of what would be considered clinically relevant. Nootropics Mobius Breakfast is the only meal replacement powder I’m aware of that contains nootropics in its formula. 2 On its website Mobius lists its Nootropic stack as consisting of Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Rhodiola Rosea, Ashwagandha, and Gotu Kola. In my opinion that’s not quite accurate since the last three exert the majority of their benefits outside the brain. It’d be more appropriate if they were labeled as adaptogens, since their primary benefit is that they allow your body to adapt to the stress response. Their mechanisms of action work throughout the entire body and generally don’t do much to the brain itself. Acetyl-L-Carnitine however, is deserving of the term and it’s important to understand how it works. It’s responsible for some of the best and worst qualities of Mobius. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Mobius Breakfast contains 1,000 mg of Acetyl-L-Carnitine, which is a modified version of L-Carnitine, an amino acid that’s made from lysine and methionine and is used in the body to metabolize fat. L-carnitine doesn’t really dance with the brain too much. However, Acetyl-L-Carnitine passes the blood brain barrier rather easily and once there it takes part in a variety of biological processes that aid cognition. Including: - Increasing mitochondrial count, which improves oxidation status within the brain - Increasing the production of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter - Improving the balance of biogenic amines such as dopamine and serotonin Acetyl-L-Carnitine’s effects are fairly modest, and if taken regularly have a decent track record for improving cognitive function, particularly among the elderly. However, Acetyl-L-Carnitine isn’t without its side effects. For unknown reasons it can give you the jitters with regular use, which brings me to my biggest complaint about Mobius: whenever I took it I felt slightly over stimulated. After I gulped downs my first shaker bottle I had this unique sensation that my brain was swelling inside my head, and I couldn’t tell if I felt smarter or sketched out. I thought the effect might subside after a week of use but this was not the case. My guess is the combination of caffeine + acetyl-l-carnitine is what did the trick. Outside of completely removing it from the formula, a way around the problem might be to use a form besides Acetyl-L-Carnitine L-tartrate. The L-tartrate salt causes ALCAR to enter your system more quickly, and using a more slowly absorbed form might stem the jitters after taking it. Vitamin Stack What forms are used for various vitamins can have important effects for how they’re absorbed. Unfortunately, in the supplement industry these details are not always well executed. For this reason it’s my favorite way to judge a product. It’s the best window into the company’s mind and heart. Most people don’t know the difference so you won’t be penalized if you take shortcuts, so long as you still get the 100% DV on the label. So you can easily give the appearance of being thorough without actually having to cover your bases. But the forms don’t lie, so going through the list tells you where they were naughty and where they were nice. So how did Mobius do on this front? Minerals The chief determinant for how well a mineral is absorbed is the carrying molecule that accompanies it. Minerals have to disassociate inside the stomach so they can travel into the bloodstream. The best minerals are light and fluffy, easily dissolving in stomach acid to free the mineral to do its thing. Here’s what Mobius used in its product: The Good: phosphate (calcium, potassium), aspartate (magnesium), citrate (selenium, molybenum), chloride, glycinate(zinc, copper). Phosphate was used to deliver calcium and potassium and this is a fine choice, since calcium phosphate is the form that’s assembled into your bones and phosphate is easily absorbed into the bloodstream. Citrate and aspartate are two of the more commonly used salts to deliver minerals and they’re usually adequate since they have low solubility constants. Glycinate is a term you use when you attach the amino acid glycine as a salt. It’s the most common amino acid used in chelates because it’s the smallest, which makes the glycine:mineral complex likely to make it to the brush border membrane, where it can dissociate when it’s about to be adsorbed out of the small intestine. The Not So Good: carbonate (calcium), oxide (magnesium), sulfate (manganese) They used magnesium aspartate as the dominant form in the mixture so they get a bit of a pass here, but a $135/month supplement should not be using an oxide to deliver its minerals. They are dense, making it easier to make label claims with a minimal amount of space, but they are also dense, making good absorption all but impossible. I say this all the time, but magnesium oxide is one of the only minerals that’s clinically proven…..to not be absorbed. Carbonate is another problematic carrier molecule. If you’re wondering why it’s not particularly well absorbed, you’ll probably understand once we call it by its colloquial name: chalk. The sulfates are easy to use, but the coordination bonds found in sulfate complexes are not easily broken up by the chemical and physical pressures that occur in the GI tract. These three ought to be replaced with something more becoming of the product. The Vitamins Here’s what they used for the vitamins: B1: Thiamin. This is standard and basically fine. B2: Riboflavin. This is standard and basically fine. B3: Niacin. You can also use niacinamide here, which has the benefit of not providing a tingling sensation at high doses, but you need a good amount more than what’s contained here for that to kick in so this is also fine. B5: Calcium pantothenate. They used calcium to complex with the pantothenic acid, which has the benefit of increased stability……this is fine. B6: Pyridoxine HCL. Standard. B9: They list it as “folate.” This is a bit confusing, since folate itself is not an actual molecule, but instead refers to a variety of compounds which share the same folate backbone. Synthetic folate comes as folic acid, which is what I’m going to guess is being used here. Circulating folate occurs as 5-MTHF (which can also be made synthetically), and the folate you find in plants is called 7,8 – DHF. Lots of companies are using the generic folate term, but it ultimately confuses more than clarifies. To learn more about folate read my previous article on the topic. B12: Again, they simply say “Vitamin B12”, which doesn’t distinguish between cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, and hydroxycobalamin. See my article on taking B12 for further details. Dollars to doughnuts cyanocobalamin is being used here. Vitamin A: beta carotene/retinyl acetate. They use a hybrid of the plant (beta carotene) and animal (retinol) here, and that’s basically fine. Both are good. Vitamin K: Again they get all generic on us and simply coin the ingredient as “Vitamin K”, neglecting the curiosity of their more informed customers who’d like to know which of the 13 different vitamin K molecules they decided to use. I’m going to guess it’s phytonadione (aka K1). Vitamin D: Same as vitamin K. The good news is that this time the choices are narrowed to 2: cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol. In this case the difference is huge since ergocalciferol only exhibits vitamin D like activity at deficiency levels but has none of the higher level regulatory effects that normal vitamin D has. Vitamin E: dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. When it comes to vitamin E you can use full stack mixed tocopherol, d-alpha, and dl-alpha tocopherol. Alpha tocopherol is what your body uses, but there’s only 1 geometry that your body accepts, which is D-alpha, which is what you want. DL-alpha signifies a synthetic mixture which contains all 8 possible geometries. The other 7 are inert within your body. There’s no evidence to suggest that DL-alpha is bad (lab rats do just fine on it), but it’s not hard to source natural vitamin E from sunflower or soybean oil. Vitamin C: All vitamin C is basically the same. It’s ascorbic acid. Here they included 1,767% of the DV of vitamin C. That amounts to about 1,000 mg. There’s nothing wrong with including 1,000 mg of vitamin C in a formula, but it’s likely done out of naivete or marketing zest since your body stops absorbing it at about 300-400 mg. Overall, these infringements on quality are modest. The vitamin stack for the most part is pretty good, and the difference between what’s best and what’s used here is slight and not something that’ll make-or-break the product for the people that want to try it. But I always like to pass over this ingredient list with a fine toothed comb to separate the men from the boys. You can read more about what forms of vitamins are found in food and supplements here. Overall As a whole I liked Mobius Breakfast quite a bit, and think the current version is a good choice for someone looking for a low-glycemic, paleoish meal replacement powder. The combination of nootropics and heavy use of coconut make it a nice alternative to Primal Fuel, which is a similar product but with a much more pared down ingredient list. You’ll have to decide for yourself whether or not it’s worth paying the $5/meal price compared to other products out there, but Mobius Breakfast definitely has its own spot in the meal replacement space. Informative blog. Very interesting, thanks again Jonathan Good review Jonathan, seems fair, showing some benefits & highlighting some of the issues. But how can they claim its Paleo-ish? Its not, looks like its just made with cheap synthetic vitamins & mineral, & using ingredients like maltodextrin that has a higher GI than sugar, plus the sugar is very high too. I would prefer to get a better, nutritionally complete ketogenic soylent for much less. Jonathan, would be great if you can do a review of a ketogenic soylent too? Well I’m the one claiming it’s Paleoish, not them, although I think it’s subtlely advertised that way. Do you know of these ketogenic soylent products that I ought to review? I’m sure there are any besides this one and Primal Fuel. There are many, see blendrunner.com for a list of brands & reddit.com/r/soylent/ for more info. Can sort the Fat % by High to Low, to find the Keto versions.

Top 30 Doctor insights on: What Does An Mri Of The Brain Show That A Ct Scan Doesn T 1 If a brain MRI shows no acute process but only a nonspecific signal change in left parietal, is it advisable to do a CT scan considering its risk? Would a Brain MRI W/O Contrast & a CT Scan with and W/O Contrast show a brain tumor causing symptoms? Worried that it could have been missed. MRI: A MRI with contrast is sufficient to detect evidence of a brain tumor. If there is any question as to whether a brain tumor is present or not, one can opt to repeat the MRI of the brain with contrast three months after the last MRI brain was obtained. ...Read more 3 Would a Brain MRI without Contrast & a CT Scan with and without Contrast show a brain tumor causing symptoms? Worried that it could have been missed. No symptomatic tumor: It is a pretty safe bet that MRI together with contrast CT can exclude a symptomatic tumor (mass) in the head. That does not mean all causes of headache or neurologic complaint are seen. Only your practitioner can give more advice to "put your mind at ease" and further direct your diagnostic journey. ...Read more 4 What can a CT scan of the brain catch that a brain MRI scan cannot? Also, very fast!: Agree with excellent answer above. Additionally, ct scans have the advantage of being much faster than MRI scans, and they are much more widely available- if you come into a small hospital's er at 3 in the morning, they will likely be able to do a ct immediately, while an MRI might wait until the next morning (if it is available at all!). ...Read more 5 CT scan showed spot on brain! MRI showed nothing why? Which one is right? Discuss with Doctors: We can not comment on the results of the MRI and CAT SCAN. We don't know why the tests were ordered and what does the spot mean and it's location and interpretation by the Radiologist. You have to discuss these findinngs as they apply to you based on your clinical status ...Read more 6 I suffered of anxiety during a brain MRI evaluation, and it can not be completed. What others procedures (b.Map, CT scan) are useful for the brain? >>IMAGE 8 Does a radiologist look for regional brain atrophy in a routine brain mri/ct scan? Yes: The radiologist looks for any abnormal anatomical variation whether it be atrophy, malformation, infarction, hemorrhage, tumor or mass effect. Thanks. ...Read more 9 I got infraorbital neuralgia, Brain MRI=good, CT scan = chronic maxillary sinus issue on side of the neuralgia. Could there be a relation? Yes: Yes. Strong chance of relationship. See ENT doc with special expertise in sinus problems for management of chronic sinusitis. Resolve chronic sinusitis and see what happens to infraorbital pain. "Burning" pain is difficult to treat. If no resolution, see orofacial-TMJ doc. ...Read more 10 3 nodules 5 3 and 2 mm. Colonoscopy endoscopy brain MRI ab pelvis CT scan all normal. I was born with a blocked ivc....What are these nodules from? Detail: Where are these nodules?Get a more detailed answer › 11 Ordered CT scan brain MRI for lumbar spine after fall stairs lft leg has been numb 3yr prior to stairs spine not bad brain chronic microvascular ishemic white matter disease ms? Autoimmune? 12 Leg/trunk lethargy for 4 weeks & hypoglycemic spells. Clean : echo, lung CT scan, brain MRI. ER visit findings : potassium 3.2, d-dimer 270, A1c 4.6? Hypokalemia: I specialize in low blood K. If BP is high or taking BP diuretics need to be checked for Conn's syndrome an adrenal gland problem that makes too much aldosterone. On BCP? Mention this to Dr. And if no good explanation for low K you need to be tested for this. ...Read more 13 Safe for someone who has shunt for normal pressure hydrocephalus to get brain MRI for suspected pituitary adenoma? If no, is cat scan used instead? 14 15 3 MRIs in 3 mos show a growth on brain stem medulla. CT Scan with contrast 2 wks after last MRI shows no enhancement. Why is that? No enhancement: Due to they type of tumor you have. Need more details. ...Read more 16 If I had a MRI oct2012 & cat scan in dec 2012 & both where normal should I b worried bout a brain tumor? Can a CT scan show a brain tumor n the brain No worry: Very unlikely you would have a brain tumor, and not have it show up on the tests you mention. Very unlikely it would develop since then. ...Read more 17 I am getting a MRI of brain with and without dye. What can the dye show that no dye will not show? I'm afraid of the dye. Last CT scan dye caused tremors. MRI/Contrast: Mri of the brain demonstrates very detailed pictures of the brain. Under certain conditions, such as tumors or recent stroke or infection, contrast will show breakdown of the blood/brain barrier. The contrast used in MRI is completely different from ct contrast. ...Read more 18 Can MRI or CT scan show brain damage from stimulants? 19 I am super paranoid that im not gettin enough oxygen to my brain, does a MRI CT scan show that? Dizzy/off balance for months, both came back normal Just paranoid: Unless you are severely anemic, in severe heart failure or have severe occlusion of the blood vessels in the neck your brain is getting all the oxygen it needs. You can get more oxygen to your brain by exercising. 20 Why is it my CT scan of brain is normal but MRI shows a brain lesion and white matter changes? I have Sjögren's syndrome. Been having tremor and weak MRI more sensitive: The MRI is a more sensitive test than a CT scan. ...Read more 21 I had a ct scan and MRI of brain. Would that show an aneurysm? The scans were clear. One sided eye socket and temporal region pain. See this morning: I answered this question for you this morning ...Read more 22 Ct scan (can't have an MRI) shows white matter abnormality in right temporal occipital region. I have CVID and masssive migraines lately in right occi? White matter CT: You most likely have microvascular damage to small vessels in brain due to long standing hypertension. I specialize in this issue. ...Read more 23 If I had verry slight damage to cerebellum, its possiblle that after some time the symtoms will gone? Like a little inmbalance or dizzy, ct scan show that I had damage but MRI doesn't showing that I have, but still I have symptoms like about few months and th Head injury: You state damage to your Cerebellum so I am assuming you had a head injury. Although most people will have symptoms which resolve in a few weeks after a head injury, some people will take longer. This can be up to a year. This is known as a post concussion syndrome. ...Read more 24 Tried again to do a brain MRI mild sedation still could not do it, clusraphobia no stand up MRI in aus, please what alliterative scan is there had a ct. Depends: Depends on why the test is being done. But if you need a MRI and mild sedation doesn't work, many radiology centers do conscious sedation. An alternative test is ct head with contrast but is often not as sensitive as a MRI but again it really depends on why the test is being ordered. Please speak with your ordering physician. ...Read more 25 Liver CT shows growth of hemangioma 4.6cm & 3 new lesions. Onc didn't agree with it so ordered mri. Brain MRI added d/t nausea. Could this be mets? Possible: Although benign etiology like hemangioma is possible, however, due to your history of breast cancer 2-3 years ago- I think an MRI of the liver should be done to really rule out possibility of metastatic disease- especially with reported- " new lesions" on ct scan. Or other options is to get a pet scan. Having said that, I really do hope that it turns out to be nothing serious. ...Read more 26 Which has less side effects on body especially brain, CT scan or mri? Both very safe: However, MRI is likely safer because it does not use ionizing radiation like ct. Mri is essentially a very fancy radio, and ct is a very fancy x-ray machine, taking images from multiple directions to make a picture. Contrast agents, usually injected into a vein as part of both MRI and ct, have risks as well, however they are very low, well known and easily avoided or managed. ...Read more 27 28 Will a MRI or CT scan of the brain so symptoms of a stroke days after a stroke? Think I may have had one I'm not sure. Yes: Both scans can show signs of strokes as they evolve over time however the key for you is to be evaluated by your personal or an ER physician. Additionally, small strokes that have symptoms completely resolve called TIA's may not show on imagining but are still very important to be evaluated. ...Read more 29 I had a CT scan of my brain and they found a lesion, my dr. Said it could be meningioma. Going 4 mri. What else could it be? Falx calcification: This is likely to be a benign tumor. But MRI will see the tumor more clearly. It will also see the dura and the meninges if they are involved. In general ct scans always lead to another test and therefore are less useful. If you have a choice always choose the mri. You will save yourself radiation and money. ...Read more 30 Could a mri/ct scan detect all brain injurys? Ct Scan (Definition) Computed tomography (ct scan) or computed axial tomography (cat scan), is a medical imaging procedure that utilizes computer-processed x-rays to produce tomographic images or 'slices' of specific ...Read more - Talk to a doctor online - What does a brain ct scan show? - Does a ct scan show brain tumors? - What does a mri of the brain show? - What does ct scan of head show? - What does a chest ct scan show? - What does a sinus ct scan show? - What does an abdominal ct scan with contrast show? - What does a ct scan without contrast show? - Does an mri or ct scan show dementia?

Player race is a well, a race, that players can choose in the Race Guild. The race determines for instance maximum stats, stat costs, carry ratio, and seeing level or a player. Race Guild is located east from Temple Yard. Players can freely choose a race, until they hit level 6. If race choice is bad, you can still go and buy a new race or stat reset from Doctor Mengele in the player hospital. This is located just south of the Market Square in Tristeza. Each race has different characteristics. They're easiest to describe with different set of stats. Goblinous trolog Trolls are sinewy, large omnivores with green skin and black porcine hair growing all over their body. They also tend to have many warts covering their scale like skin. Trolls are the largest race yet discovered, and have enormous strength. They also tend to have a nasty disposition and must be chopped into little bits before they will be kind enough to die. Trolls are extremely sensitive to light, being blinded under even weak sunlight. Trolls heal rather fast, and are immune to almost all diseases. This category does not really apply to trolls. Let's just say their big, dumb, and will bash you if you say anything too intellectual. The use of magic never really crossed the few thoughts they have. Trolls are a clannish lot, preferring to converse only with their own kind. They do not appear on a general who list, and have a hard time communicating with hominid races. Trolls are extremely dumb, being unable to wield any complicated weapon. They are very adept with blunt weapons however, and are much stronger than any other race. Trolls large size prevents them from wearing most body armour, but their naturally scaly skin acts as armour for them. Trolls have voracious appetites and will eat almost anything they can fit in their mouths. Trolls have even been observed to devour corpses of slain victims during a fight. Ogrok sapiens Ogres are physically very strong and tough, only second to trolls. They heal rather fast, and are not limited to dwell in the darkest places known to mankind (or ogrekind). Quite the opposite, ogres depend on the light of day for their everyday activities. Since ogres are not scaly or sinewy like the trolls, they can wear armours with more ease. While the ogres are not the brightest creatures to have graced the ground they walk on, they are not quite as stupid as their darker cousins, the trolls. While this makes them a bit more cut out for magic use, they are by far not the best suited race for any kind of magic. Ogres tend to be loners. Not many ogres choose the life of adventuring, but those who do, tend to be friendly enough to converse with members of the other races when needed. Unlike trolls, ogres are smart enough to wield all weapons, not just simple bludgeoning ones. They can also wear most body armor, and by all means should, because they don't quite have the same kind of tough skin as trolls have. They can devour corpses of their fallen foes, but are not quite savage or brutal enough to do that while engaged to combat. Homo petrous (sps. khazad or naugrim also exist) Dwarves are short, stocky hominids with a racially characteristic beard (both male and female). They have the best night vision of any race, and are among the hardiest of races known. Dwarves are very strong and somewhat dexterous. They have extremely well developed musculature. They are susceptible to most human diseases. Dwarves are comfortable in the darkness, but also in daylight. They can see perfectly in both! This is an unique advantage which only the dwarves have (the poor bearded guys can't even have the stomach to devour corpses you know). Dwarves are much smarter than the goblinoid races, but lack intelligence in comparison to the other hominids. They are be no means dumb however. The use of tools and weapons come naturally to all dwarves, and they are very adept at caring for their own weapons. All dwarves are born with the instinctual ability to work metal and sharpen (use command 'fix' now!) their own weapons. Dwarves are clannish and prefer the company of other dwarves. They generally converse in the dwarven language, but are adept with the human tongue as well. Dwarves are polite and courteous to other races, but do not go out of their way to be friendly. Dwarves are tough and hardy. They can carry more than any race but trolls. Very skilled with weapons, dwarves tire much less easily than other races, and are extraordinary melee fighters. They like to drink and do not get drunk as easily as other hominids. Goblinous psuedosapiens The result of perverse interbreeding between humans and orcs, half-orcs retain many of the best (or worst) qualities of both species. Half-orcs are very powerful creatures, with great strength and moderate speed. They are generally healthy, although do fall prey to several common diseases. They can see in the dark to some extent. Half-orcs are considered unattractive by most other races, but they do occasionally practice some form of personal hygiene. Half-orcs do heal quickly, although any mental effort tires them considerably. Half-orcs did inherit about half the intelligence of their human ancestors. They are marginal magic users, but better than the other goblinoids. Half-orcs are capable of learning to use the most complicated weapons if given enough time to practice. Half-orcs have retained the tribe system of their orcish relatives, and are able to speak in the orcish tongue. They do associate with other races, and have become civilized to the point of living in houses and towns. Half-orcs have a deep rooted racial hatred of the elves. Half-orcs are not very dexterous, and are somewhat slow intellectually. They can carry rather large loads due to their strength. They have a custom of devouring the corpses of their slain enemies after battle, but are at least civilized enough to wait until the fight is over, unlike trolls. Half-orcs are tough fighters who can take a great deal of damage and still fight. Testimony from a local half-orc on the race, advantages and disadvantages: HALF-ORCS IS VERY KLEVER AND KWIK AND SCARRRD AND UGGGLY AND STINKY AND STRRONG! HALF-ORCS LIKE PAIN! HALF-ORCS IS TAF! HALF-ORCS NOT READ NOT WRRITE! ZAT IS FOR WIMPS ELVES! HALF-ORCS IS KILLER FIGGTER! HALF-ORCS SEES IN DARRK! HALF-ORRCS SMELL ELF WIMPS FRROM ORCSPISS AWAY! + HALF-ORCS HAS BIG HIT POINT! HALF-ORCS FIGHT BEST! HALF-ORCS SPEAK ORCS! HALF-ORCS HAS BIG MUSCLE! HALF-ORCS CARRRY MOST WEGHT! HALF-ORCS EAT DEVOUR WIMPS ELVES CORPSES - HALF-ORCS NO CAST STINKIN SPELLS! SPELLS IS FOR WIMPS! HALF-ORCS IS IN NO HURRRY, HALF-ORCS ALWAIS CAN CATCH WIMPS ELVES LATE! Homo sapiens Physically, humans are unimpressive when compared to goblinoids, but are the tallest of the hominids. Humans have varying pigmentation and skin color, but all exhibit a moderate to heavy musculature and are generally agile. Humans have average strength and a moderate tolerance for alcohol. Humans are prone to disease, but do live between 75 and 100 years. Humans are extremely intelligent, the smartest of all hominid races. They are very adept at the use of magic. Humans are also intelligent enough to become very skilled in weapons handling with practice. Humans are definitely social creatures. The use of their language having become the accepted standard between all races. Humans can detect all races but trolls in a general who listing, and tend to congregate and talk at any opportunity. Humans, while exceptional at nothing, are perhaps the most balanced of all races. They can carry a moderate amount of gear, and are good fighters or magic users. They are dexterous and quick for their size. Goblinous periannath Goblins are, as their name implies, a goblinoid race that actually started the whole "goblinoid thing". Compared to other goblinoids, they are considered runts, but they are by no means weak. Even though they are somewhat smaller than humans, their physical prowess is only slightly lower, and they are extremely quick and agile, only second to hobbits. For a goblinoid race, goblins are actually rather smart. This, however, does not mean they would be exceptionally intelligent compared to humans or fey races. They are usually not cut out to be powerful wielders of the arcane powers, but are smart enough to have dumber goblinoids do their bidding, even if they lack the physical strength to boss them around by force. Goblins are somewhat tribal, but organized as a whole. They have close-knitted tribes and clans, out of which elders are chosen to form a council to rule the goblin lands. They often seem more savage and brutal than they actually are, because many often wear war masks, paint themselves, or sharpen their teeth to look more ferocious. Goblins are extremely quick and agile, making them good thieves and ninjas. Their adequate physical prowess grants them ability to hold their own in melee combat, and their moderate intelligence gives them somewhat better edge in situations where common sense counts as much as brute strength. Quendi sapiens Half elf, half human, the half-elves have a mixture of abilities derived from their two parent races. Tall and lithe like the elves, the half-elves are a bit stronger and tougher than elves, while they can't quite compete with humans in these areas. They are somewhat faster than humans, though. They are not, however, immune to diseases like their elven predecessors. Half-elves are very skilled in the art of magic. Their mental capabilities are somewhere in between humans and elves, making them excellent wizards or clerics. Half-elves do not have culture of their own. Depending on where they are raised, at the human parent's or at the elf parent's, they adapt to these cultures. Many half-elves are somewhat loners, not fully accepted into human or elf settlements, because in elf perspective they grow up quickly and do not live long enough, and in human perspective they grow up slow. Like elves, the half-elves are intelligent and dextrous and make excellent magic users. They are not quite as frail as elves though, so they are a bit more suitable for physical rigors such as melee combat. They have bright minds and recover from mental strain more easily than most races. Moreldar quendi (Homo nyx quentis, rarely accepted) Dark elves are a fairy race, beautiful but alien by human standards. Tall and lithe, they appear weak and fragile to mortal hominids or goblinoids. Elves are extremely healthy, being immune to all known diseases. Elves are also immortal for all practical arguments. They can see perfectly in darkness, but hate the light of the Sun. Their pointed ears hear better than of any race, except perhaps hobbits. Elves heal moderately when injured, but do not fatigue mentally to any noticeable effect. They are considerable weaker than other races. Elves have little tolerance for alcohol. Even the most skilled of human magic users consider dark elves to be extraordinary magicians. Dark elves have intellectual powers far beyond that of other races and make the best magic users. Dark elves learn to handle even the most complicated weapons and tools quickly and easily. Dark elves are evil, sadistic monsters of the Underworld. They hate almost all other races, but especially elves. They are greatly feared by other races save trolls, which are almost allies, though not their friends. Extraordinarily intelligent and very dexterous dark elves make excellent magic users. They are a bit weak and frail for melee combat, but are extremely ferocious and skillful when required. Dark elves are unable or unwilling to carry large loads, but do require less nourishment than other races. They also rebound from mental exertions much more quickly than other races. Eldar quendi (Homo quentis, rarely accepted) Elves are a fairy race, extremely beautiful by human standards. Tall and lithe, they appear weak and fragile to mortal hominids or goblinoids. Elves are extremely healthy, being immune to all known diseases. Elves are also immortal for all practical arguments. They have exceptional eyesight, and their pointed ears hear better than any race, except perhaps hobbits. Elves heal moderately when injured, but do not fatigue mentally to any noticeable effect. They are considerable weaker than other races. Elves have little tolerance for alcohol. Even the most skilled of human magic users consider elves to be extraordinary magicians. Elves have intellectual powers far beyond that of other races and make the best magic users. Elves learn to handle even the most complicated weapons and tools quickly and easily. Elves are rather carefree and happy folk. A bit standoffish from other races, they use the human tongue to be polite, but prefer to speak in their own rich language when among their kin. Elves are helpful towards other races, but do have a deep rooted enmity for half-orcs. Extraordinarily intelligent and very dexterous elves make excellent magic users. They are a bit weak and frail for melee combat, but are extremely brave and skillful when required. Elves are unable or unwilling to care large loads, but do require less nourishment than other races. They also rebound from mental exertions much more quickly than other races. Homo periannath (Homo diminutivins) Hobbits are small hominids with extraordinary speed and dexterity. They are tough and healthy, but not strong. Hobbits have extremely acute hearing, and while small, are good fighters. They are similar to dwarves in stature, but not as brawny. Hobbits are susceptible to many of the human diseases, but heal at a modest rate if injured. Hobbits exhibit average to high intellect, with quick wits being their strong point. They are very adept at learning, being able to master any weapon or object (such as a lockpick) with little effort. Hobbits are gregarious creatures, although they do use the human language exclusively. They like to chat (and share meals!) with members of all races, although they do have an aversion to trolls. Being a sneaky folk, many non-hobbits heal uncomfortable with hobbits near. Hobbits are tough, small, quick race capable of great feats of dexterity and subterfuge. Hobbits have been observed to attack a monster and leave the room before the opponent could react. Almost natural thieves, hobbits are of average intelligence and voracious appetites. A full grown hobbit will eat as much as an adult troll. They like to have 6 warm meals a day. Hobbits also drink vast amounts of alcohol with little effect.

Indian Freight Forwarding NEW DELHI — Getting myself to to the Indian subcontinent was tricky enough; my main concern after that was the fate of the Hamburglar, which I’d last seen in Dubai as it disappeared within a wooden crate, destined to wing its own way to Delhi via Emirates Air Cargo. In the meantime I holed up in the West Inn, with its bloodstained bedsheets, its many falling fixtures and appurtenances, and its medium-voltage electrocuting shower, which, oddly, wasn’t all that unpleasant to use. (It was actually pretty invigorating.) Outside my little smudged window there was India, with its crowds, honking horns, and, increasingly, explosions from thousands of Diwali firecrackers set off by little boys at all hours, and I’d routinely peer out from behind the curtain and wince at all the confusion. Of all the countries I’d been to since rolling eastwards out of the European Union last July, India was among the most well-known and well-touristed, and yet there I was, huddled in my hotel room and cringing at the prospect of dealing with any of it. I kept myself fed via room service, starting with the tamest Indian standards I recognized (butter chicken and lots of naan, which I was surprised to discover tastes just like the butter chicken and naan back home) before getting a little adventurous and picking dishes from the menu at random, one of which eventually made me sick. A mad dash to the can in the pitch darkness of a power outage — the lights went out three, four, five times a night — isn’t nearly as fun as it sounds. For the first time in this trip, I felt like I was in over my head. The mean streets of West Patel Nagar I ventured outside, once, to have coffee with Deboshree, the cousin of a friend of mine from Budapest, and the ten-minute walk to the Coffee Day Café to meet her took some real effort. There are no real sidewalks in that part of Patel Nagar, just broken clumps of half-hearted attempts at them, nor is there much light on the street at night, and being a successful pedestrian — in other words, not being sideswiped by a wildly careening autorickshaw, or falling into a very deep hole — required a surefootedness and vigilance I’d never had to summon when going for a stroll. Just being out in public in Delhi brought its own little dramas at every step. I shuffled down the dusty road, stubbing my toes on the rubble while my head, swivelling idiotically, scanned for incoming obstacles, and where my fellow pedestrians somehow managed to gracefully slalom through the chaos, my own route was more Frogger-style, all right angles and jerky movements. The Coffee Day Café, meanwhile, turned out to be nothing at all like what’s out on the street. It’s a haven for India’s rising middle class, and could be a clean, sterile, chain coffee shop just about anywhere. Their coffee is decent, their brownies are delicious, and it was great having a chat with a local resident who had a pretty good handle on how things worked thereabouts. Listening to her, I was reminded of my Indian friends in Canada, all of whom suffered (or thrived, depending on who you ask) under the grim tutelage of parents concerned with education above all else. As I spent more and more time in India, this stereotype — of the Indian mom and dad who will not rest until their son or daughter has become a successful doctor or lawyer or engineer or some other respectable, stolid kind of professional — just got more and more ingrained. They really can be like that. Meanwhile, word came in that my Vespa’s shipping had been delayed, which was just as well, because I’d just learned that an International Driving Permit was required not only to ride a motorbike in India, but also to import one there as well. I’d last had one of these IDPs back in 2001. It’s a sort of passport-sized, handwritten document issued by your local automobile association, and after not one of at least a dozen traffic cops all over Europe even knew what it was, I concluded the IDP was bullshit. Alas, not so where I was. What I’d heard of Indian bureaucracy seemed to jibe with this; basically, if there exists a photocopied document, blessed by some flimsy international agency with an oblong wireframe globe and Futura Bold in its logo, the Indians will be all over that like a dirty shirt. And so, I took a picture of myself, Photoshopped it to look like a proper passport photo, emailed it to my parents along with a scan of my driver’s licence, and kindly asked them to fill out the online form and forge my signature and bring $15 and the printed passport photo to the CAA office back home in Chatham, Ontario. They balked at this, and I don’t blame them, but to their credit, Mr. and Mrs. J had the hot document in their hands later that day and immediately UPS’d it over to me in Delhi. Thanks again, folks. I still can’t believe that went off without a hitch. • MY VESPA ARRIVED IN TOWN around the same time, and all I had to do was go to the Indira Gandhi International Airport and clear it through customs. Easy! I hopped in an autorickshaw and told the driver to head to the cargo terminal, about an hour’s drive across this town of 23 million people. The driver cranked the tunes and off we went. The driver didn’t want to take me where I wanted to go — I think he thought I was confused, for why would a tourist need to go to the cargo terminal? — and despite my protests, he dropped me off at a bus stop where shuttles ferried passengers to international departures. Quite a while later I found myself waiting in a very long taxi line, hoping to take a taxi to the cargo terminal, but when my turn came, the driver refused to take me such a short distance. He suggested I take his taxi all the way back into town, and then take another taxi back to the cargo terminal. Obviously that wasn’t going to cut it; I could see the cargo terminal on the horizon, and according to the CRM-114 it was only a few kilometres away, and so I decided to hoof it. I walked down the shoulder of the highway, beat-up 1960s-era taxis whizzing past, and waved at the confused-looking airport cops in their checkpoint huts. An hour or so later, I made it to the cargo terminal entrance, barged my way into the throng of people clamoring for a gate pass, paid my entry fee, and entered the world of Indian freight forwarding. The scene inside the Emirates Air Cargo office was festive, to say the least, and it took a while to get anything done in there; nearly everybody coming and going was there to deliver Diwali presents to their coworkers, friends, and bosses — especially bosses — and each gift-delivery held up business for a few minutes. But soon I had my waybill in my hands, and was told to go find something called the Unaccompanied Baggage Warehouse. I gathered up my papers and wandered out through a sea of people, people who were also clutching papers but with a look of stern resolve on their faces, like they knew exactly what they were doing. (I wore no such look on my face.) It was a riot of lovingly hand-painted signage over at Unaccompanied Baggage, with complicated importation procedures spelled out in flowchart form, but there were also placards that said NO TIPS and NO SPITTING. The latter was being routinely ignored: most everybody had a mouthful of paan, the red chewing tobacco sold at every street kiosk, and they gave the walls and floors a sort of group Jackson Pollack treatment, leaving bright, angry splashes on top of the ancient, faded efforts from tobacco-juice artists of yesteryear. The stains were in surprising places, too, like eight feet up on a wall, or even the ceiling. (As for the no-tipping thing, I took that to be a gentle euphemism for bribery, and I’d have to wait and see if that sign was routinely ignored.) I probed around into a half-dozen different offices in that warehouse, like a particularly stupid but insistent bee, and eventually I found an official who would start the importation process. Documents were examined and signed, rubber stamps were brought down with authority, and after a few hours of this I was told I had to go to the New Customs House. The New Customs House, it turned out, was a nondescript building a ten-minute walk down a dirt road lined with piles of garbage and what looked like an abandoned sewage project. Back there at the warehouse, that was where all the dirty business of moving goods and supplies actually took place; here at the New Customs house, it was all about the paperwork. The word “labyrinthine” is about the only word that comes close to doing justice to the layout of the place. It’s several floors of narrow, filthy hallways, all exposed wiring and yet more paan stains. The halls are lined with a hundred closed doors, some marked with helpful signs like HEAD CUSTOMS SUB-COMMISSIONER, and others with no markings at all. Somehow I found my guy, who then passed me off to another guy in another room, who then passed me off to another guy in another unmarked room, who took my file and told me to sit and wait. Every desk had a computer on it, but they were all being used to play Windows Solitaire. Customs officials sat there slack-jawed, clicking away at the cards, not ever bothering to minimize the window when their superiors wandered around behind them. The real work was being done the old-fashioned way by a handful of drones in the corner, with pens and paper. Enormous dusty ledgers covered half their desks, and piles of file folders teetered precariously over every other available surface. I leaned back in my chair and dozed off. Four hours later, at quitting time, the guy handling my file returned. “Sorry,” he said, executing a combination shrug and head bobble. “It is not finished. Come back tomorrow.” “Tomorrow,” I said, too tired to really care. I returned the next day, early in the morning, and found my customs agent and delicately applied as much pressure as I could to get him moving on my case. Lately I’ve found that playing up the helpless-foreigner angle can accelerate things, but this guy seemed unmoved by my plight. I sat in the same chair and waited a few more hours. Around lunchtime, he returned with a small bundle of papers and told me to go back to the Unaccompanied Baggage warehouse to claim my bike. Success! The cargo warehouse at the Delhi airport: not the best place to spend a few days But not so fast. Back at the warehouse, there were more hoops to jump through. An agent appeared out of nowhere to help me through the remaining procedures. People experienced in clearing vehicles through customs around the world, many of whom can be found on the Horizons Unlimited forums, all recommend that you try and perform all the steps yourself. If you’re assigned an agent, or so the advice goes, you’ll of course have to pay him, and possibly everybody else he comes in contact with. The guy I ended up with — I couldn’t refuse his services, I was told — was a shifty-eyed sort of smooth operator, and he led me to a half-dozen more offices and we made three separate trips back to the on-site bank to pay more fees. His own price, though, was 1500 rupees, or about $30, which seemed reasonable. I forked over his fee, and things started happening at an incredible speed. Wheels were turning. My bike’s crate appeared on a forklift, a three-wheeled truck backed up to the warehouse, and the crate was wheeled to the cusp of freedom. (My Vespa couldn’t be uncrated and ridden out of the customs terminal; it wasn’t running after my breakdown in Dubai, and the warehouse people said I couldn’t use some secluded corner of their property do any work on it, to fix the clutch or the brake drum or whatever was wrong with it.) “Wait,” said my agent, stopping the forklift driver mid-lift. He gave me a not-so-subtle “give-me-a-bribe” sign with his index finger and thumb down at waist level. My bike wasn’t yet on the truck. He had me by the balls. My word, it was hot out there in the beating sun of the loading bay. I was in a foul mood and just wanted to get out of there, but I thought I might as well have some fun in the meantime. I made a big show of pulling out the bribin’ wallet, and pried it open. It was stuffed with 500-rupee bills. Dozens of people milled around us. “How much?” I said, loud enough for passers-by to hear. My agent blanched and gestured as if to say put that away, you jackass! He led me around a corner, out of view of the main entrance, and asked me for a shocking 6000 rupees, or about $140. I gave him 4000 rupees instead. He was pissed off at my stinginess, but I was firm and he relented. The pair of us emerged from around the corner and he hilariously over-acted a show of handing me all my papers and my gate pass, saying in a too-loud voice “Here you go, Mr. Jordan, your papers all check out!” as though all we were doing back there in the shadows was going over the finer points of my documentation. That unpleasant business out of the way, the bike then resumed being loaded onto the truck, albeit painfully slowly. It kept getting stuck halfway aboard. And then more people on the take appeared. As the forklift driver struggled with my precious cargo, one of the guys we’d dealt with inside sidled up and asked for his cut. He was less circumspect than my agent, and had no problem with doing it out in the open. He wanted 3000. I flipped him 1500. He, too, was unhappy with that sum, but slunk off with his winnings. Another guy I remembered from inside asked for his share, and got his 1500. Once that hardworking fellow was paid, the forklift driver was given the signal to fully load the bike. As I stood there counting what little cash remained, the forklift driver stepped off his rig, walked over, reached over for my wallet — the wallet in my hands — and tried to fish out some money. I snapped the wallet shut, stunned that the forklift guy could be so brazen, and told him to get bent. He’d gotten cocky, and he lost. My wallet considerably lighter, I now had my gate pass and could sail on out of there, but there remained one more critical step. My bike’s carnet was still back at the New Customs house, and I really, really, really needed that document back — it’s worth as much as the bike itself, and in theory, the deposit gets refunded by the Automobile Club of Serbia once I return. While my truck and driver waited outside, running up a bill, the customs guy handling my file somehow managed to lose the carnet, find the carnet, lose it again, and disappear three times to “make photocopies.” Now and then he’d return to his desk, fold his hands, and stare insistently at me while an uncomfortable silence stretched between us. He gave me chance after chance to slip him some cash, and I’m proud to say I didn’t crack; I was fed up with bribing for the day, and more to the point, I was nearly tapped out. This not-so-elegant kabuki went on for a while until he gave up and referred me to his boss, the Chief Customs Commissioner. I was led into an office with a single enormous desk and an elegant, bespectacled gentleman reclining in his chair behind it. The serene look he wore on his face was totally at odds with the mountains of paperwork on his desk: there must’ve been a hundred kilograms of paper stacked before him. “Would you like some tea?” the Customs Commissioner asked. “No, thank you,” I said. “I would like my carnet back.” “Ah,” he said, drumming his fingertips together. “Your carnet. Are you sure you would not like some tea?” This was followed by silence. I didn’t think that dancing to his tune would get me anywhere, not after two days of unsuccessfully dicking around at the New Customs House for a single stamp. I guessed that he, or his underlings, wanted something in the same neighbourhood as the guys back at the warehouse, about two hundred bucks — a pretty generous Diwali gift, if you ask me. I didn’t have two hundred bucks in rupees on me. I remembered the advice of the irate guy back at the Bombay airport, that to get things done in India, sometimes you have to dispense with civility. And so I raised my voice and said: “Give me back my carnet.” His face darkened, and he sat there looking at me with a mixture of resentment and pity. “I want my carnet back,” I said, a bit louder this time. “Now.” He considered me for a few more moments, still drumming his fingertips together, then wordlessly got up and led me back to the guy who was originally handing the processing of my carnet. He said a few Hindi words to his underling, and disappeared back into his grubby little sanctum of soul-curdling busywork and graft. The underling pulled out his stamp, stamped the entry field in the carnet, signed it, and held the big orange document out at me. “Hold on,” I said, feeling like something was missing. “Isn’t there some receipt that Customs issues, saying the bike has been imported?” “No,” he said. “The carnet stamp is all you need.” (It wasn’t. Two months later, when leaving India, I learned that he’d screwed me, and I had to scramble, and pay dearly, to sort out the problem of that missing document.) At the time, though, I didn’t care about that seemingly minor detail. I fled the New Customs House, hopped back in the three-wheeled truck, and told the driver to head to the Vespabretta garage way out at the western edge of Delhi. Joern, the Vespa360 Project’s remote support technician back at his home office in Hamburg, had found these guys, a vintage Lambretta and Vespa restoration shop that was slated to give my bruised and battered P200 a complete overhaul. As we lurched down Delhi’s severely potholed roads, my still-crated Vespa clanging around on the flatbed, I struggled to comprehend the gall of the officials and employees at the cargo terminal. It’s no secret that India is rife with corruption, and I wasn’t shocked at having to pay for the privilege of experiencing it in action. But the folks at the cargo terminal made little effort to hide what they were up to; their means of augmenting their income was so overt, so business-as-usual, so shameless, that my imagination ran away with ideas of just how corrupt India is. (It ranks 87th on Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, meaning at least 86 countries are seen as less corrupt, including Columbia, Rwanda and China. In the same survey in 2006, India ranked 70th, so the problem is only getting worse.) India’s current state of endemic institutional corruption goes back to the late ’50s, with the rise of what they termed the “Permit Raj.” The once-bright and well-meaning civil service, charged with managing the creation of a tightly controlled command economy, found that issuing permits and licenses could also be highly lucrative. Before long, getting anything done in India — including, among other things, getting your hands on a death certificate for a recently-expired relative — required some pretty heavy greasing of the wheels. India, the world’s largest democracy and home to one-fifth of humanity, is a fast-rising force to be reckoned with. It has nuclear weapons, a gargantuan and youthful population, and a record of breakneck economic growth, year-on-year, over the last decade. And yet, within days of getting there, it was clear to me that so much of it is stuck somewhere in the 19th century. The Indians are well aware of this. The next time I hear an Indian bemoan the backwardness and poverty afflicting so much of his country, and he casts around for someone or something to blame — the iniquities of foreign capital, the legacy of British colonialism, the Indian ruling class, the Chinese — I’ll have a pretty solid guess ready to go: it’s people like the sticky-fingered clowns running the Delhi cargo terminal, and the mentality they represent, that hold India behind the most. January 17th, 2011 at 3:03 pm I agree with a lot of your comments. India did not leave a good impression on us and the mentality of people is to blame for the most parts. Also, i found the way women were treating appaling, especially asd I was one of them. I am shocked at how backwards the country is and how much people are not open to improvement. Hope things got better as you kept going! January 17th, 2011 at 11:08 pm Aha, India. Thanks for reminding me of half of the reasons I’d rather not return. Had me crying after a month or so. Literally. Broken down like a little b****. India is no joke… January 18th, 2011 at 5:15 am I feel so deceived by the show Outsourced. Damn you NBC! January 25th, 2011 at 4:41 pm Did you realise that you were following a little Suzuki Swift for the first half of your video? Or I guess it’s a Maruti Swift in India. February 1st, 2011 at 5:06 pm You with my friends in Crimea:

A man and woman have been arrested after boarding a United Airlines flight from San Francisco to Kauai knowing they had just tested positive for COVID-19. Couple Arrested After Flying To Hawaii Knowing They Were COVID Positive The couple, who live in Wailua, Kauai, took a COVID-19 test at SFO airport ahead of their United Airlines flight home. Despite receiving a positive result and being advised to cancel their flight and quarantine, the two opted to board their flight to Lihue, UA1111, on Sunday, November 29, 2020. They were traveling with a young child. Upon arrival in Hawaii, they were arrested, charged with reckless endangerment, and accused of placing other passengers and crew onboard in “danger of death.” They have since been released on bail ($1,000 each) and are awaiting an arraignment hearing. KHON2 reports that the couple is Hawaiian. How Did They Board In The First Place? I am curious how the couple boarded in the first place. A negative COVID-19 is not necessary to fly to Hawaii, only to avoid a 14-day quarantine. I suspect the couple took a COVID-19 test prior to departure, planning to avoid quarantine, but decided to fly anyway (by not presenting a test) when the results came back positive. Perhaps what they did not realize is that test results are reported to the Hawaiian authorities. That would explain why they were permitted to board but then arrested upon arrival. A United spokesperson offered the following statement on the incident: The health and safety of our employees and customers is our highest priority, which is why we have various policies and procedures in place as part of a multi-layered approach to create a safer travel environment.. The Practical And Legal Consequences Flyertalk user Weatherboy, a Hawaiian resident, noted: “Many other passengers on UA1111 now have to quarantine at their expense and aren’t permitted to fly off Kauai for 14 days. If I was one of them, I’d probably sue the infected couple for damages for ruining my vacation.” So would I… CONCLUSION Such selfish and reckless endangerment of others and lack of respect for human life must be condemned in the strongest terms possible. If you find you are COVID-19 positive and decide to board a flight anyway, you are a reprobate human being that deserves not only a fine or jail time, but social ostracization. I trust that no one else develops the virus on account of the horrific selfishness of the couple who could only think about themselves. image: Shutterstock // This article was updated with a statement from United Airlines But I thought you can’t get it from airplanes? Yes, they were probably far safer onboard than in the airport. But that doesn’t excuse such unacceptable behavior. Ha. Ha paid a 1k fine. No big deal if you are rich enough…frankly 1k is pocket change to many. Let’s see if they jail them. Better if fellow passengers sue United and the couple! So, they were supposed to quarantine. Where? Under a bridge? Is the hotel obligated to take them in? Or does the hotel have a right to protect it’s staff and guests? Or should the family just lie to the hotel and hope nobody gets suspicious when they stay locked up in the room for 14 days? My family and I were trying to figure this out and could not and hence decided not to fly this past summer. All we could find out: you are positive and/or sick and not home but neither the airline nor a hotels wants you. So what do you do? It’s a fair question. This couple is NOT HAWAIIAN! BECAUSE YOU LIVE IN HAWAII, DOESN’T MAKE YOU HAWAIIAN. Their mug shots are in our local papers and on our local news channels, they are not Hawaiian, they are she is Caucasian and he is an Asian mix! Just to be honest about this article. That’s fine, but the Kona news media initially identified them as Hawaiian, which I took to mean native Hawaiian, not Hawaiian resident. Because that is how people like you have told me to use and associate the term and I figured the Kona news media would get it right… I guess I’m not American. That pesky Swiss and English blood I carry. Will I ever have a home? I thought planes were safe to fly, that is the lie that has been put out there. For all you know there were dozen presymptomatic people on the flight who would be very contagious the 2 days before symptoms. If planes are safe then what does it matter if they had covid? If they had not got a test they would have also been on that flight. Either planes are safe to fly or they are not. The answer is they are not. Planes are safer, but airports, not so much. On the Disney forums, many insist that theme parks are safe. On the travel forums, many insist that traveling is safe. On the fitness forums, many insist that gyms are safe. On the political forums, many insist that rallies or protests are safe. On this forum, many insist that airplanes are safe. They are not. All of these willfully myopic opinions are why we are about to have the most tragic winter of our nation’s history, with deaths reaching 4,000+ per DAY. Our nation needs to assess why we have failed so badly and how we have each contributed to this utter failure. Do us all a favor. Stay off planes unless it’s absolutely critical, like a dying family member. @JS I agree to a point, but I think you are missing something. GENERALLY if you don’t have COVID an airplane is safe for you. And might even be more safe than activities many of us have started doing again like going inside the grocery store. If you are sitting directly next to the person that certainly that’s not going to be great. There are also lots of ways to get sick while in the airport. I think the bigger reason people shouldn’t be flying is because it propagates the virus to more places and keeps it moving and allowing any mutations to spread. Being on the airplane with someone else who has it probably doesn’t infect anyone. Throw the book at them. They should enjoy a “quarantine” in jail for a few years. After that (and after paying large fines plus paying for all the others who had to quarantine) then maybe they will be safe enough to let out. Maybe. Unfortunately they only received a $1,000 bond, which I found despicable because a couple from the mainland who didn’t Quarantine received a $14,000 bond. I find this action more atrocious because they KNEW! Ah these must have been some of those “entitled mainlanders” all the isolationist Hawaiians have been complaining about on previous threads… oh wait. If they are white let them go. It’s probably mental illness. If they are not, just choke them to death. But please do it away from cameras and children. We are a civilized nation. Not a shithole country. By the way all you trump supporters, trump’s lawyer has asked for violence against the election officials in georgia because they wouldn’t throw the election to trump. Again we are not a shithole country so please do it away from cameras. Oh and all you white Republican scum, dont forget to condemn BLM. Sorry this was very tangential. Everytime i see covid i think trump. Trump is covid. Covid is trump. See? There are 1440 minutes in a day. According to nytimes yesterday there were 2600 deaths due to covid. Pretty astounding in the lone superpower in the world. Interesting story but you shouldn’t jump to condemn the couple without knowing all the facts. For example, some people will continue to test positive for COVID for several weeks or even months – long beyond the point where they are considered infectious. I will update this story if additional facts emerge, but they would not have been arrested had it simply been the case of a positive test arriving while they were in-flight. Because we all know how nothing but the truth is reported – whether it be the report you got your information from or the one reporting the story. I wish the world would get back to reporting things that REALLY matter instead of nosing around everyone’s personal business. You’ll have to elaborate, because I don’t understand your point. This was indeed horrible and they have to be punished. However, overall people need to get their heads out of their a…s and be a bit more practical with this. The virus won’t go anywhere so we better live with it. First, I assume these guys were wearing a mask. Thus, unless someone really got in contact with them the chances they got infected is very low. My son goes to school everyday. His classmate that seats next to him tested positive to Covid. The entire class got quarantined and tested and NOBODY was infected. Again, the kid seats next to my son everyday. Second, CDC just announced that 14 days of quarantine is no longer necessary. They decreased to 7 to 10 days and if you get tested negative you are free to go. I have a family of friends (father, mother, 4 kids and a babysitter) that all live together. Parents and two kids tested positive and nobody else did. They do not wear masks inside their home, kids share everything so while this virus is out there and it is bad it doesn’t mean everyone on a plane will get infected and needs to quarantine. For example, let’s assume this couple was sitting in the front. What is the chance a person sitting on the back of the plane got infected? I think Hawaii is overthinking this and it is damaging their economy. Last, as @James said above, there were probably many people on that flight that were infected by asymptomatic. Hawaii has become the example of politicians that have no clue about anything and take draconian measures to instill panic. If they offered me a trip there for free I would not take it. Anecdotal evidence is pointless, there are just as many stories of schools and families where multiple people got the virus via one person. Nice try, though. Oh ofc ourse, lets ignore the devastation wreaked on the islands by the white man carrying communicable diseases there. Ps. Anecdotes arent data. If they were you wouldnt be using a cellphone or a PC today What school does your kid go to? Yikes! Our draconian measures has kept our numbers low unlike the mainland. There will be covidiots everywhere. What everyone wants to know is why weren’t these COVIDiots plane tickets ripped up and why weren’t they escorted to a quarantined lodging in SF instead of being allowed on the plane in SFO?! If everybody on the plane was wearing their magic 2 cent masks that come from China, then there wouldn’t be any risk to any one else… so why did they lock the people up… to waste more taxpayer dollars over the cooties nonsense? Sadly thats not how it works, yet your simplistic mind cant look beyond that Are you kidding? These people were trying to get home. Give them a break. If they were tourists, I would have more of a problem. Are they supposed to pay for a hotel in San Francisco at their own expense until it is safe to fly? “Reckless endangerment” -> what a crock. This will get thrown out in the courts. “sue for damages” -> typical lawyer b*llsh*t; what an entitled group of individuals. Regardless of whether they were tourists or not, they consciously made a selfish decision that put others’ lives at risk. I’m aware that they wanted to get home, but being an adult means that sometimes you make a decision, not because it’s what you WANT to do, but because it’s the RIGHT THING to do. So yes, they should have quarantined in SF at their own expense (whose else should pay it???) “Are they supposed to pay for a hotel in San Francisco at their own expense until it is safe to fly?” Yes. 2% danger of death. Wow serious crime Oh yeah, tell that to the overworked healthcare workers who are at the end of their tether thanks to nitwits like yourself who claim that the disease is harmless. Nice to see Republicans are now eugenicists Another perfect example of why a vaccination certificate should be require to travel anywhere after this spring. People are idiots. Guaranteed Trump Voters living their best entitled lives. ‘Murica! Hawaii?? Trump voters?? Don’t make me laugh. Any state that votes in a dimwit like Mazie Hirono should take a hard look at themselves. Please let’s give Hawaii it’s independence already!!!! Well, we did steal their country. White folx were just undocumented immigrants to Hawaii. Were they even wearing a mask? If not, then make the penalty harder than originally planned Debit your still an evil covid IDIOT Liberal…..

If you believe you have been scammed by someone, please report the classified or the first PM message (you only need to report ONE). Click on the red flag bottom left of the post or PM. Please do NOT PM a moderator or administrator. Flagging the post/message sends it to ALL moderators and administrators at the same time. We will then contact you if necessary.. TIP: A member caught our previous scammer, Lvrhs out in a trade by noticing that the images for the item for sale were taken from another site. A good idea is to use Google Image Search to check if an image in a classified is not genuine.: Please contact Philip on philipparsonsvtx@gmail.com regarding your request. He is located in the United Kingdom and can arrange shipping. I purchased items from him and they arrived in TOP condition): He asked me for my e-mail, and feedback (I gave him link to my eBay feedback as well). Then he wanted to pay for the headphones directly to my bank account and asked me about scans of my passport etc. I never gave him that. After few days I received mail from Sweden from a man who showed me an e-mail from a fake version of my email address from someone who tried to sell him a CD player. He showed me links to my Head-fi and eBay feedback and he had signed the email with my full name and surname. I am now receiving phishing e-mails asking me to confirm my identity and password eBay and Audiogon. He was using the name Olsen Stig but I know It is fake. He also sent me scans of a passport and few other important documents from a man named Olsen Stig as proof of his identity (I know he is trying the same thing just as he sent my feedback to others [to try and scam them]). June 2014: The scammer is back, obviously with someone's passport scan and links they are using to try and scam others: NOTE: The name given obviously belongs to someone else. Thanks for your responds, I am a Photographer. You can view my pictures gallery here I have never stolen from anybody. My complete name is David Martins and i can give you a copy of my passport for quarantine.. I promise to ship as soon as i receive payment.. OK,You can make half payment and upon delivery and tested OK. You send me the balance and also i will give you a copy of my passport, Hope this sound good to you thanks Craig Olson, Aka: gabbadabbadoo, olsonc84 (including Audiogon), craigjolson, SunnyMcGrath, spierce, audiophoholic, UofLFAN, nwvalleyrv, Erinmagdalik eBay: (New profile January 2014!). Basically i had tried to purchase a pair of westone 4r on the 31st dec 2012 from a user ozrocks. I spoke to her on the phone about it and all seemed good so i paid her via paypal. i didnt use gift so had protection but i was swindled out of that too. i spoke to this woman who was going by aishwarya on the phone a few times (private number unfortunately), she claimed to be based in the usa and said she would be coming to europe (im in london) so could post them while she was in the eu. i was fine with that and agreed. she claimed to have gone to italy and not been able to send them as they dont allow non-italians to use the post. After this i opened a case on paypal about it. in an attempt to get a refund. After this is where i got scammed. the woman called me again and asked why i did this, i explained and she said that her aunt who is in the uk is a friend to my mother cousin, which i didnt believe, but she told me a lot of stuff to "prove it" knowing my mums name as well as her job and address. and knowing the name and address of her cousin also. this convinced me so i closed the case, believing she was in effect a person i had a connection to. im still not sure how she managed to get so many details about my family but she had enough to really convince me. after that she said she was on holiday in sri lanka and was using a phone whilst there (the number to this is +94 77 363 4443) and that she would send it with her uncle to the uk. as for a time frame this was only in april, so i had already waited 4 months, however i had already gone passed my protection date and also thought she could be trusted. she told me she was back in the USA around april also and would send it with her uncle from there. i got suspicious about it last week when i stopped getting emails back. I sent her tracked emails and found she was actually in sri lanka and had opened all my emails using an android device and a windows computer. i confronted her and she has stopped replying. after googling her email address i find she has been on forums trying to remove negative ebay feedback and also subscribed to youtube channels trying to learn english (on the phone she spoke perfect english with a twinge of an american accent.). Im now 100% certain i have been scammed (its been 6.5 months after all) and have filed a report with the fraud department of the UK police, however i doubt ill see that money again. i see now the listing for the 4r has been changed to "monster tips". i thought i would tell you now that i know what has happened to make sure it doesnt happen to someone else, and to see if you have any advice for me on if there is anything else i can do. Vlooienuker / tsiknus / iso300and8 (November 2013) Engaged in straight trades with a number of members, but didn't send the traded item. Created a second account to leave himself positive feedback and continue trading. Leon Optimus / Leon Kuhn 71 D Wiri Station Road Manukau, Auckland, New Zeal registering new accounts pretending to be a newbie presumably to try and avoid detection. Rehan Saeed **** Stonecrest Drive Ellicott City, MD 21043 Scam warnings: From the "Protect yourself against Scammers" and another thread: It's unfortunate that scum like this exist, but they do, so if you intend to buy something of any great value from a member .... especially a brand new member .... it would be prudent to at the very least get a phone number, speak to them in person, get proven references, and if possible pay by credit card through paypal so you at least have some sort of protection. While it would add 2 or 3 days to the transaction, a good method to verify a name and address would be to snail mail something to the name/address provided by the seller and ask them to identify something from that snail mail via PM or email once they've received the letter....then, if you're satisfied, proceed with the transaction. It's not 100% foolproof, but it would weed out the majority of these low-lifes. A non-scammer should understand your concerns and be willing to go through this procedure. If not, take a pass. And keep their information on file at least until the transaction is 100% complete. It's up to you to act prudently and to protect yourself. Don't send off money to someone, especially someone you know nothing about, without having some sort of verified identification from them. Please report any suspicious For Sale forum activity to the moderating staff immediately. Thank you. PS: Be very cautious of any non-For Sale thread posts where someone says something like: "I'm thinking of selling my XXXX . How much do you think I can get for it?" This can often be bait designed to get people to quickly respond via email or PM hoping to be the first to scoop an item before it officially goes up for sale. A scammer can sell the same item many times over to different people this way, without any public posting to tip everyone off. Quote: The matter is still being looked into, but it appears there might be a scammer attempting to prey on members who have posted "WTB" ads. At least one member has possibly been robbed of a considerable amount of money by this person and several others have been "offered" the specific item they "WTB"....from a relatively new member who has zero feedback. AGAIN - Make sure you know who you're dealing with before you send some stranger money or equipment. Check for feedback. Know how long they've been a member. If the amount of money or product is considerable (you be the judge of how much you're potentially willing to have stolen from you) get the person's full name, address and phone number ... phone and speak with them and confirm that the information is legitimate. Match their name, and phone number, and address through the various internet 411 services to prove they are legitimate. I'm not going to post the suspected scammer's name until they've had a chance to respond to my questions, but at this moment things don't look good so I'm posting this warning. The member in question only joined in January and approached several WTB ads with offers to sell since that time .... several were on the same day, which is often a tell-tale sign they are looking to make a quick score then disappear. If you suspect you've been defrauded, please contact a moderator asap with details. August 11, 2013: Our Nigerian scammer looks to have returned, registering 3 accounts and posting with one of them: July 14, 2013: A member from Nigeria, gear22, has been responding to WTB advertisements for expensive headphones, attempting to move the conversation to email where he asks for a Western Union or Moneygram payment. "Do you still have interest?Let me know and email me at ik8ev50@gmail.com for more details because i am not always on forum or send me your email so that i can give you more details" June 12, 2013: We recently had a member register and post the following in numerous threads, which a google search has shown to have been posted on another forum. It is worth checking the post history of new members who offer to sell you item. i am Contacting you regarding your advert..if still interested in buying..As soon as i hear from you,i will email you some pics and details,good price is accepted..thanks and hope to hear from you soon Best regard Andy contact me Via Email...[redacted]

Frank and I are going on 19 years together, and like any long-term relationship, it has had its ups and downs. Yes folks, normal life. We dated and were in a committed relationship for 3 years, 3 months before we married. It is noteworthy to mention that my favorite number is 3 and no we did not plan on marrying on our 3.3—serendipity is an amazing thing. I was just shy of my 29th birthday when we met, immersed in my teaching career, and dating freely as time and desire permitted. I might have had a little bit of “wild and free” going for me as well, just sayin’. My cousin Dianne who is more like a sister to me, called me to tell me that she knew this “really great guy”—a firefighter and a coworker of her husband Chuck who was a Captain on the same fire department, who she thought I might like to meet. “Tell me about him”, I asked. “Well…he likes to dance—like you…he loves Mexico—like you…he is a firefighter (bonus points!!! does he come delivered in uniform?!), he is really nice, easy going, and an overall great guy.” Hmmmmm…my interest was piqued. But what was she not telling me, I wondered. I inquired more, “What does he look like?” (Yes, very shallow, but important nonetheless.) “Welllll”, she continued, “He has red hair, is in good shape, medium height, and has a mustache.” A mustache?!?! Now this was the late 90’s and while very much “the thing” and in style in the fire department—then, and now—it was not so much my thing nor a feature in a man that I would normally be attracted to based on looks alone. Admittedly, I was drawn to the dark, tall, latino, bad-boy and none of them had red mustaches (sorry honey). My cousin Dianne then went on, after my nudging her to tell me more about Frank the Fireman, to share that he was 35, divorced with two young children. Oh. That was something to wrap my mind around for sure. After all, I was in my 20’s, never married and no children other than the ones that I wholeheartedly took responsibility for in my classroom. “But, but, cousin….I really think the two of you would have FUN together, even if just as friends. Can I at least give him your number for the two of you to talk?” she persisted. FUN?! She had me at `F´! No matter where or how, no matter what trials life can throw one’s way, I have always been about the fun and adventure! I mean, really, why not? If not now, in this lifetime, when? Frank, according to my cousin Dianne, fit that bill of a carefree, unadulterated spirit that I also embodied, and she saw something in the two of us, that…what-da-ya-know, would lead to marriage and the creation of our two little miracles, Liam and Mairead, a.k.a. “The Reds”. And to think that I had no intentions of ever marrying, and Frank—no intentions of having more children! Love is an amazing thing! Thank you Cousin Dianne, for your vision and insight and amazing matchmaking abilities! Frank and I spent the first few months just talking on the phone (not having met yet in person) while he was at the fire station, in between calls. I remember his voice—deep, strong, solid, manly…his sense of humor, his intelligence and wit, that fact that he intrigued me, kept me on my toes, and most importantly, made me laugh—a lot. And, he seemed to “get me”. Imagining him the “hero in a uniform” didn’t hurt either. After getting to know the phone Frank, we made arrangements for an actual in-person, face-to-face date. The fact that he was divorced with two young children and sporting a big red mustache seemed to take backseat to the fact that I really enjoyed our conversations of laughing, connecting, and getting to know each other in a very easy, unpretentious way. He was down-to-earth, easy to talk to, and quite frankly, a breath of fresh air! Feeling slightly tentative while waiting for him to arrive for our first date, I was very pleasantly surprised when I saw him walk through the front door. In fact, something to the effect of “hot damn!” might have rolled through my mind. I saw his profile first, his chiseled features, and strong stature—dressed in jeans, Dr. Marten shoes, a nice shirt and NO red mustache. We were off to a good start! The in-person Frank was just as great as the over-the-phone Frank and it didn’t hurt either that he was easy on the eyes. That first date back in October of 1998 was one of many nights out on the town dining on sushi, day trips down to Mexico, runs on the beach, home-made meals at Frank’s place—complete with demonstrative signs of his affection like this flower arrangement he gifted to me the first time I came over. We both had a good laugh at the grandiose presentation of it—not one he had designed himself, but rather had given the florist free reign to create! First Dates & Impressive Floral Arrangements! 1998 About eight months into our dating, I met his two older children. When I saw what an incredibly present and loving father Frank was, I realized even more what a solid person he was and that our connection was beyond casual. Great guy, great dad, great person—a powerfully winning combination! In no short order, I took them all into my heart and life forever and being a “step”, “other”, “special” (my preferred term) mother to them allowed my heart to dig deep and grow in ways that escape explanation. A couple of years later he showed up on my doorstep at my studio in Hillcrest, San Diego—still in uniform after getting off shift—and asked for my hand in marriage. I said “no”, that I wasn’t ready. Another year later, he gave it his best college try again, got down on both knees, professed his deep love for me in the garage after I got home from teaching. This time I was ready, and I responded with a big resounding “Yes!” (And yes, what you read is true…Frank proposed to me in a garage AND, I said yes!) “We Do” 2001 This summer we celebrate 19 years together of a union and bond based in friendship first. Without a doubt, the honoring of it as the foundation and core of our relationship has carried us through some of life’s more trying times. It always sees us out and through to the other side, back to the fun and rejoicing that we get to partner through this earth experience together. Our shared love of Mexico is a natural extension of our friendship and a vehicle to deeper understanding of each other. Mexico is not for the faint of heart—there are times and places where it feels very wild westy and when marching forward requires a certain amount of guts, determination, and picking ourselves up from the bootstraps. A healthy sense of humor goes a long way as well. No doubt Frank’s and my combined backbones make for a formidable duo. We have always been a good team, but something about life here in Mexico has made us even stronger, more solidified, exploring our own paths but always converging together with a mutual focus to live our lives to the fullest and provide the absolute best that we can for our children. In many ways, Mexico shows you what you are made of, how self-reliant and industrious you are, and that your choices and their consequences are first and foremost your responsibility. Frank and I embrace our wanderlust and nomadic tendencies and at the same time know that our number one priorities are the hearts and well-being of our two incredible children Mairead and Liam. There are times when we feel like pioneers, paving a brave new way for our family in a new culture, a new world. Living outside one’s norm or the prescription that might have been culturally indoctrinated into you, requires a certain degree of solidarity, courage, determination and focus—even if that focus wavers at times, but a focus nonetheless. Camp Gecko, Bahia de Los Angeles 2005 Our twin children’s first introduction to Mexico was to our place in Bahia de Los Angeles—a little fishing village on the Sea of Cortez on the Baja Peninsula and an over 400 mile and two day drive from San Diego with lots of potty stops. They were just seven months old, although technically their first trips south where when they were still in-utero, as we ventured on down when I was both three and six months pregnant with them. I will never forget being out in the middle of the glass-like calm bay with my fishing pole resting at the apex of my very pregnant belly—a sight indeed! Our Baja years laid the foundation for our full-time move to mainland Mexico—both unique regions of one amazing, dynamic country. Bahia de Los Angeles 2005 Our children wasted no time falling in love with Mexico—her beauty, the freedom and family time she represents, the opportunities for unstructured, unregulated play, and the ability to connect with Mother Earth and all of her amazing gifts. Vaulting lessons in the jungle, Nayarit 2012 Mairead and Liam have been fearless warriors since a very early age, always up for the next adventure. Their time and experiences in Mexico have undeniably impacted and contributed to who they are. From clamming in estuaries and learning about tidal flows, to dune buggy rides and open sky nights by the bonfire, to learning how to surf and horseback ride in the jungle, to quad riding in the central high desert plains, to climbing pyramids, swimming in natural springs watering holes and living in a 16th century historic colonial town, their story has just begun! Daily life in Mexico is an opportunity and call to tune in to that which is around you, to connect to that which is important and disconnect to that which is not. Thank you Mexico…you have changed our destiny forever. Frank & Liam having some boy time in the Sea of Cortez 2006 Nature Discovery 101–Mexico Style It’s a twin thing…a bond like none other Friendships and memories that will last a lifetime! San Pancho, Nayarit 2012 Off roading fun in Central Mexico! Guanajuato 2014 Cañada de la Virgin, Guanajuato 2015 The life of a retired firefighter in Mexico! Freedom to dream! How has Mexico changed you or made your life better? Would love to hear about it in the comments section below this post! Cheers! ~Katie I loved reading your love story and your history, and the fact that I also got to see pictures was awesome! Mexico changed me from someone who just felt that there was no where to go but the rat race, to understanding that materialism is not my bag. I love Mexico, and how it changed me. I will always be a better person because of my time with every aspect; from the culture, to the language immersion, to the music and food, to just being in a 3rd world country with all its bad and good qualities. I am a more empathetic person because of Mexico. I now understand generosity in a different way. And I owe all of that, ALL of that, to Mexico and living there on and off for 19 yrs. Someday, I will retire there. Toni Hi Toni! Thanks so much for sharing parts of your own story and how Mexico has impacted you, clearly all for the better! I love how you say that you are more empathetic and understand generosity in a different way….so beautiful and powerful. Mexico waits for you…. Cheers, Katie 🙂 Another great post and awesome pictures to boot! ¡Muchas Gracias Ulises! This was a fun (and long!) one to write! 🙂 Katie Love it, baby…. I love how you capture “us”….. all of us. We are still in the beginning of our story. Keep telling it. Thank you my love…. Me xx Katie. As your Dad, and Franks Dad in Law, and in Spirit. As Liam and Maireads , Grandpa Terry, with Grandma Sandee and Granny Marsha, if my heart and spirit could be filled more with love, respect, and admiration, with a tincture of relief, I would burst. At 78, I am on my ten to fifteen year bucket trip. What a bucket you, as a family and individuals, give to all of us in this wonderful time of our lives. Love to all Dad. (from the Elders) Thank you Dad… 🙂 Katie love seeing the pics, and hearing about the early courting, etc. glad to be part of your lives. sending lots of love Hi Monnica! Glad you enjoyed this piece. I am sure happy to be part of The O’Grady Family! Much Love, Katie 🙂 Just wonderful! God Bless your family.. what a beautiful family Love story indeed! I am a tad bit older then you, but mine also has been a love story of ups and downs and all that make us who we are,, warriors at times. Married over 40 years with grown children and beautiful grandchildren. Thank you from the bottom of my heart for sharing your life with others! God Bless your family, Katie xo Hello Leeanne, Thank you so much for the kind words….. And yes, warriors for sure! 😉 We are leaving for the Caribbean in 2 weeks, and will not only be showing our twins where their parents honeymooned many years ago, but have also decided to renew our vows on one of the magical beaches of the Yucatan Peninsula… Best, Katie 🙂 Katie, I love how you convey your love story, not as perfect but REAL and attainable! I so enjoy reading your blog and thank you! Springing forward, Edris Greetings Edris, What a lovely comment to read… Thank you. We O’Gradys are nothing if not real! Best, Katie 🙂 Have a wonderful family trip. Check out Isla Mujeres in the state of Quintana Roo. We live here full time and my husband is experimenting with solar for our hot water. From reading your blog I know Frank is doing a lot with solar. Hi Jeanette! Thank you, we are looking very forward to our time in the Yucatan Peninsula, and a fun trip down memory for Frank and I where we honeymooned. Yes, Frank’s company, Eclipse Solar SMA, is very active and successful here in San Miguel de Allende. Our eventual dream is to get back down to the beach, where no doubt he will have plenty of opportunity as well. Best and thank you for the message, Katie 🙂 Thanks for sharing, Katie! I love those “how we met” stories–especially when they tie into Mexico! 😉 Hi Jill, It is a pretty amazing story filled with lots of magic, journeys and serendipity…. Cheers, Katie 🙂 LOVE YOUR STORY – thanks for sharing! My wife and I moved to Cabo San Lucas 2 1/2 years ago from southern CA and could not be more happier – we were even here during Hurricane Odile… Hope your story inspires others to visit Mexico / Baja! Thank you Michael, And we love Cabo! Such a magical part of Baja. Glad you weathered through Olie… So many adventures to be had in this country! Saludos, Katie 🙂 Love your story!! It’s neat to see where and how it all started for you guys!! I love the adventurous lifestyle that you are teaching your kids!! Its so amazing when you realize you can pull something off that is so out of the norm for most- your kids are so lucky to have you guys:) Love reading your posts! Crystal Hi Crystal, Your guy’s adventures look pretty amazing too! It is nice to cross paths with like-minded, adventurous people who “get it”… Looking forward to following your family’s FUN and thank you for reading about ours! Best, Katie Hi, I am trilled I found this blog, I’m a Mexican-American retired Army veteran. I been wanting to go back to Mexico ever since I retired in 2013, with my wife and two children. Life here in the States has become though, rude, materialistic and surrounded by a fast pace kind of living. I will love my children to have the childhood I had growing up in Central Mexico (Michoacán). Please advice if you think, I could have a dissent living for my family on my retirement disability check. Thank you. Hi Angel, Thank you for reaching out. I am more than happy to help you and your family. Could you please email me at [email protected] Saludos, Katie Wow! Love your story so much! Very similar to mine. I met my red-head in Baja when I was just 16 years old. We proceeded to adventure together and travel the world from that day forward and are coming upon 21 years together. Just celebrated our 10 year anniversary of marriage. He also asked me to merry him down on both knees. He became a firefighter about six years into our relationship and we made a move to Mexico in January. We have two kids, 4yrs and 5yrs. A blonde and a red head! It’s been a bit since I last blogged…but check out our story! Thanks for sharing your beautiful love story!!! I could relate on every level!

If anyone today were to launch a proposal like that of André Breton -who considered the best way of achieving the full realization of surrealism was to go out into the street and shoot at random-, I fear it would arouse similar outrage and would confirm an open secret: that ours is age of mellifluous ideas in the field of culture. But this age does at least have the virtue of allowing us to draw the line between the mellifluous and the radical. What is more -for every cloud has a silver lining-, it is also an age in which the union between art and terms like radicalism, intensity and critical thought has ceased to be the pleonasm which enables many of us to understand art and cultural practices in general and has become the prime object of our demands. Going out into the street and shooting at random is a response to the need to invoke radicalism and intensity as the foundations of art. And it achieves this by recalling a number of episodes which are -or were once- linked to the pursuit of slightly nonconformist ideas. Radicalism and the notions I have associated with it may, of course, be seen as somewhat problematical. But in any event, the problematical is no ally of political correctness, or even of political rhetoric steeped in social commitment; it is disliked by the inveterately fastidious and at odds with convention. And it was just such conventionalisms which were observed, and responded to, by Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball in a small night club in Zurich: the Cabaret Voltaire. Tzara and Ball attempted, with much ado but little impact, to identify the factions: themselves on the one side, and opposite them all those who fail to think critically: "Today, with the help of our friends from France, Italy and Russia, we publish this little booklet to describe the activities of this cabaret whose aim is to recall that, beyond war and fatherlands, there are independent men who live for different ideals". Dada's desire -one might almost say its need- to cultivate independent, critical thought, radical ideas with a keen sense of humour, resounds like a conscience. And a handful of episodes from 20th century culture provide a response to this resonance: Johnny Rotten's "ground down teeth", for instance, as remembered by Greil Marcus in the book Lipstick Traces , which had the virtue of being one of the first to reconstruct the history of certain affinities which are a secret to no one. These very affinities were constantly explored, and alluded to, by Malcolm McLaren and Jamie Reid, who repeated what they had seen the situationists do in Paris, or the New York Dolls in New York, sparking off repercussions they could not have foreseen. There is even a familiar ring about the arguments of Malcolm McLaren, who said that, compared to the reality of English society, there was nothing scandalous about the Sex Pistols. Malcolm McLaren evoked the situationists as a memory he needed to revive. Thus a Sex Pistols concert resembled the screening in Paris of a film which showed absolutely nothing and left the audience feeling deeply insulted. And this same "nothingness" was reminiscent of Hugo Ball reciting a sound poem in the Cabaret Voltaire. And it was all rather like the outbreak of a revolution. And that's all: a resemblance to times when there are no rules, when everything remains to be done, and everything can be made fun of. This, perhaps, is the famous Utopia with no Utopian horizon: the lowering of responsibility to basement level. In all probability the bid to reconstruct and update radicalism and intensity in art will involve highlighting affinities, turning up the volume of familiar noises, and bringing to the fore the faint rumble of certain significant events, and others that are less so. Going out into the street and shooting at random explores some of these affinities and a few personal phillias as well. Some were chosen because they stand out as moments of true intensity -easier to spot now, perhaps, precisely because they are farther off in time - which were witnessed by only a few, shut inside a café, or a cinema or, maybe, a basement. Others because they are related to the development of independent, critical ideas with a keen sense of humour. And still others because they hold nothing sacred, or act with brazen independence. And all of them because they implemented the maxim that extremes are what we think about and nuances what we discuss. This could well be a definition of radicalism or, to put it another way, the rejection of mediocrity and cowardly ideas. Since we're going to get it wrong, let's get it completely wrong. Thus Going out into the street and shooting at random does not aim to be a tedious documentary process which puts everything back into its tranquil place in history and heaps still more tons of boredom on top of us. It is an attempt to revive a few fleeting moments of intensity, if only like a resounding conscience. Inviting us, needless to say, to return to the common ground of all subversion: the basement. Surrounded as we are by mellifluous ideas and tedium, all this thoroughly familiar noise serves as a pressing reminder that something must be done because we have something to say. This is no longer a pleonasm, but a platitude, which, even so, is not respected, though for those who delight in making political judgements and classifying everything as either problematical or pro-regime, it may be evocative of a return to order or a sprinkling of liberalism. The examples, however, will be slightly odd: they are provided by Chip Lord, and Pau Riba, and a Rastafarian hacker, all of whom refute the tendency to make art and culture into something institutionalized from the very start, something ready to become history before it even exists, and who also stress that having something to say is more important than where you say it, or how you say it, or how appropriate it is. with: There is a Spanish translation (it just might be this one) of this book by Tristan Tzara, the co-founder, with Hugo Ball, of the Cabaret Voltaire and Dada in Zurich. Though published under a pseudonym, it was done by Paco Ferrer Lerín for Carlos Barral in the seventies. Paco Ferrer Lerín is a poet and writer and a member of the Novísimos generation. After publishing several books of short stories and poems, he devoted himself to ornithology and recovering carrion-feeding birds in Upper Aragon. He has recently published a remarkable novel entitled Níquel (Nickel) In 2000 Richard Hamilton revived his interest in reproducing the works of Marcel Duchamp, notably those related to La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même , and he created a two-part map of the Grand Verre in cooperation with the MNAC and the Centre Georges Pompidou. One part referred to the bachelors' space and the other to the bride. In each he describes the operation of Duchamp's machine, including features foreseen in the preparatory notes to the Boîte Verte which -maybe out of sheer laziness?- never made it into the permanently unfinished version in the Philadelphia Museum of Art (which published the English version of the maps). All Yesterday's Parties -which harks back to, and modifies, the title of the famous song All Tomorrow's Parties , from the first Velvet Underground LP produced by Andy Warhol and The Factory in 1966, complete with the banana on the sleeve- is a collection of everything about the band that appeared in the press between 1966 and 1971, from reviews of their concerts to interviews. Editor Clinton Heylin recalls in the introduction that Velvet Underground was the first band to go beyond rock. In 1972, Chip Lord and Doug Michels founded the Ant Farm group whose purpose was to hurl satire at the icons of American society. They did two projects in 1975: in The Eternal Frame they dressed up as the president and his wife to re-enact JFK's assassination in Dallas and visit the JFK Memorial Museum; and in Media Burn , Chip Lord celebrated 4 July by crashing a rocket-shaped Cadillac into a huge pile of television sets. Media Burn is a video summary of the day's media coverage and features a speech by the resuscitated JFK. Pau Riba performed at the Canet Rock festival on 26 July 1975, after songs by Orquestra Plateria, Maria del Mar Bonet and Companyia Elèctrica Dharma. He came on stage in his underpants, probably after swallowing several acids because, as he himself remarked, "I don't know, the fact is I don't remember much about it". The double LP Dioptria -the first edition of which came out in 1971- was re-issued in 1978. The double album contains some of Pau Riba's legendary numbers, including Noia de Porcellana (Porcelain Girl) and Ja s'ha mort la besàvia (Great-grandmother's died). It is an acid record, not only because of the drugs and its off-key tone, but because “it's a savage attack on the petit-bourgeois mentality and the Christian-progressive family seen as the basic cell of society” (Pau Riba's own words). After the Sex Pistols' disastrous American tour, during which Johnny Rotten quit the band after the San Francisco concert and set out for Jamaica in search of reggae while Sid Vicious remained (permanently) in New York with Nancy Spungen, the remnants of the group travelled to Brazil. There they recorded a theme with Ronnie Biggs, the famous Great Train Robber, who stole £2,600,000 and made his getaway, from prison and the UK, in 1965. No One Is Innocent became the title of the Sex Pistols' last-but-one (?) album. And once again the poster and album were designed by Jamie Reid, who had been in Paris with Malcolm McLaren at the end of the seventies and who, with McLaren, Vivienne Westwood and Johnny Rotten, made up the core of the Sex Pistols. Jamie Reid used to say that the illustration on the front of Never Mind The Bollocks was an attempt to make it as ugly as possible. It has recently appeared in some list or other as one of the best graphic designs of the 20th century. Jello Biafra formed the Dead Kennedys in 1978 in San Francisco, a year after the Sex Pistols had given what was to be their last concert there. The Dead Kennedys' second album, Plastic Surgery Disasters , was issued in 1982. It bears a picture of the skeletal hand of a starving African child on top of a white hand. A year later, while still a member of the hardcore band, Jello Biafra ran for the San Francisco municipal elections and came in fourth. Please Kill Me , by Legs McNeil (the editor of “Punk” magazine in New York in the 1970s) and Gillian McCain, is a collection of statements from interviews with the main figures of Punk, ranging from their forerunners in the late sixties and early seventies -Lou Reed and the members of Velvet Underground, Iggy Pop and the New York Dolls- to the Ramones, Johnny Rotten and Malcolm McLaren of the Sex Pistols. The name of the band -Sonic Youth- is in itself a statement of intentions: sound, rather than music, is what it's all about, and it must have a physical dimension. The first concerts by no-wave New York bands, such as Sonic Youth or S·W·A·N·S, sought to create a curtain of sound. In 1992, Mike Kelley created all the artwork for the album Dirty . RanXerox first appeared in black and white in 1978 under the name RankXerox (until the electronics multinational objected to the comic strip's chief character). In 1980 colour albums began to come out about the gratuitous violence of the robot RanXerox, who is in love with the girl Lubna. In one of the Spanish-language editions there is a photograph of Liberatore and Tamburini in the company of Franz Zappa on the first page. After Tamburini's death, Liberatore concentrated on illustration. In 1993 he revived the character of RanXerox in one last story. Dynebolic is a Live-CD distributed by GNU-Linux (in other words, it needs no installation but starts up directly from the CD when the computer is re-booted, and when the session is over, you re-boot without the CD and the original proprietary operating system returns). It is a complete operating system on an ordinary CD which is distributed free. Maintained by a community headed by Rasta hacker Jaromil, it was specially developed for media activists and artists and contains utilities for multimedia production. Since 1994 Ignasi Aballí has been keeping dust in bags in order to reconstruct works as though they were tracks (footprints on the wall) or make pictures solely out of the dust left by the passing of time. The dust is similar to that which covered Duchamp's Grand Verre , which was “kept” in a warehouse and photographed by Man Ray in 1920. In Bartleby y compañía , Enrique Vila-Matas recalled writers who do not write because they are drawn by the negative impulse of nothingness. This same impulse moved Debord & Co. to present Hurlement en faveur de Sade , a film with no pictures and no sound, in 1952. The title of Ignasi Aballí's exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Santander in 2004 was Nada para ver (Nothing to see) -different ways of doing nothing- and when Paco Ferrer Lerín launched his novel Níquel, he remarked that he is a writer who does not write (?). In 1999 Jens Hanning exchanged a fluorescent light tube from the Luther King Food Store, a Vietnamese shop in an Afro-American district in Houston, Texas, with an identical tube from the Overgaden exhibition space in Copenhagen. In an individual exhibition at Copenhagen's Nicolai Wallner gallery in 2002, he repeated the operation by swapping the fluorescent lights from a food store in Bangkok with those from gallery. 1. In 1997 Antonio Ortega cooked a meal for some friends at which the main dish was Rufina's first egg. Rufina was a hen who lived with Antonio Ortega for a year, adapting to domestic behaviour alien to hens and becoming the object of Antonio's Ortega's artistic (?) experiments. 2. In Determinación de personaje , a critic and an artist, one tall and the other on the short side, literally do a remake of a sketch by the comic team Faemino and Cansado. The defining features of both characters is their physical appearance and each one's determination to be himself: short and tall, intelligent and stupid.... 3. Antonio Ortega & The Contestants was an individual exhibition by Antonio Ortega in London which consisted in a joint exhibition with young graduates from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Barcelona. 4. Antonio Ortega's main project in 2004 focussed on Yola Berrocal. He built an office in Espai 13 to collect funds for a wax figure of Yola Berrocal. Later this office provided the walls and floor of his studio (the venue for the presentation of Going out into the street and shooting at random ). The artists MoMu and NoEs developed all the promotional materials about Yola Berrocal Rubén Martínez, who was one of the Contestants, is a member of Yproductions as well as an artist. He is also the dreadful, incorrect humorist of Chistes (Jokes): “There's this homosexual who's walking down the street and he meets another homosexual and they say to each other: How're you doing, you crappy faggot? Fuck the shitty whore that made you such a fucking son of a bitch! Then there's this black man who's walking down the street and he meets another black man and they say to each other: How're you doing, you crappy nigger? Fuck the shitty nigger whore who made you such a fucking son of a bitch! And then there's this mentally retarded guy who's walking down the street and he meets another mentally retarded guy and they say to each other: How're you doing, you lump of shit? Fuck the shitty whore who made you such a fucking loony!" El Perro, a group of artists from Madrid, has filled the streets of Madrid and Rome on two separate occasions with human-shaped targets, the same type of target as the police use for shooting practice. In Rome the police themselves confiscated all the targets for illegal advertising. And the El Perro group's targets were in fact advertising an exhibition of their work Lo importante es participar (It's taking part that matters): a shooting gallery where visitors can play at shooting at images of passers-by projected onto a screen. Guy Richards Smit used members of New York artistic circles as actors in the film Nausea 2 in which the story of a porn actress mingles with these same New York artistic circles. Nausea 2 , a production in a seedy amateur porno and musical style, narrates a weird love affair between a pornographic actress and an artist. Anna Fasshauer modifies (tunes?) cars and then photographs them: she is capable of turning a Volvo into a flimsy cardboard limousine or painting a battered and abandoned wreck with the markings of a police car. The car, notably the Mercedes, is an inescapable artistic reference. Bertrand Lavier's Mercedes Benz, 190 (1989), for instance, was entirely repainted and exhibited in 1998 as part of Artificial, while the Atelier van Lieshout's defence and vigilance unit is also a Mercedes, in this case a pickup with room for an enormous submachine gun. Martí Anson is planning to steal Serge Lemoyne's picture Dryden (1975) from the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Montréal in May next year. First step, the Gang: Martí, David, Joan, Rafel, Alex and the girl, Natasha. who gives the instructions about how to turn the poster into a magazine. Poster/edition "Salir a la calle y disparar al azar" Barcelona LAUS DE PLATA 2006 Prize If you want to do something, do it. If you've got something to say, say it. And if not, shut up! Thanks to: Isabel Salgado, Rafel G. Bianchi, Regina Giménez, Gloria Pou, Maribel López, Xavi Roca, Ester Martínez, Laura Santos, Javier Linares, David Armengol, Martí Manen, Alex Reynolds, Jaron Rowan and all who have participated in this and that are listed above. Translation: Jacqueline Hall

________________________________ Reasons to treat depression rapidly – Depression causes rapid aging> Consider using a rapid – acting antidepressant! Depression ‘makes us biologically older’ BBC Article Major depressive disorder and accelerated cellular aging Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have an increased onset risk of aging-related somatic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity and cancer. This suggests mechanisms of accelerated biological aging among the depressed, which can be indicated by a shorter length of telomeres. We examine whether MDD is associated with accelerated biological aging, and whether depression characteristics such as severity, duration, and psychoactive medication do further impact on biological aging. Data are from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, including 1095 current MDD patients, 802 remitted MDD patients and 510 control subjects. Telomere length (TL) was assessed as the telomere sequence copy number (T) compared to a single-copy gene copy number (S) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This resulted in a T/S ratio and was converted to base pairs (bp). MDD diagnosis and MDD characteristics were determined by self-report questionnaires and structured psychiatric interviews. Compared with control subjects (mean bp = 5541), sociodemographic-adjusted TL was shorter among remitted MDD patients (mean bp = 5459; P = 0.014) and current MDD patients (mean bp = 5461; P = 0.012). Adjustment for health and lifestyle variables did not reduce the associations. Within the current MDD patients, separate analyses showed that both higher depression severity (P<0.01) and longer symptom duration in the past 4 years (P = 0.01) were associated with shorter TL. Our results demonstrate that depressed patients show accelerated cellular aging according to a ‘dose–response’ gradient: those with the most severe and chronic MDD showed the shortest TL. We also confirmed the imprint of past exposure to depression, as those with remitted MDD had shorter TL than controls In this large cohort study we demonstrated that currently depressed persons had shorter TL than never-depressed controls. Based on an estimated mean telomere shortening rate of 14–20 bp per year as found in this and other studies,20,23,26 the differences observed indicate 4–6 years of accelerated aging for the current MDD sample as compared to controls. We also showed evidence for the imprint of past exposure to depression since those with remitted MDD also had shorter TL than control subjects. These observed associations remained significant after controlling for lifestyle and somatic health variables, suggesting that the shortened telomeres were not simply due to unhealthylifestyle or poorer somatic health among depressed persons. Finally, the association between MDD and TL showed a ‘dose– response’ gradient, since the most severely and chronically depressed patients had the shortest telomeres. MDD is thus associated with shortened TL, which resembles accelerated biological aging. The disorder has previously also been associated with dysregulations of the hypothalamus–pituitary– adrenal (HPA) axis,43,45 the immune system,46,47 the autonomic nervous system (ANS)48,49 and increased oxidative stress.50 Shortened telomeres, in turn, are suggested to be a consequence or a concomitant of these dysregulated biological stress systems. In line with this, several in vitro and in vivo studies found increased cortisol,51 oxidative stress52 and pro-inflammatory cytokines53 to be associated with shorter TL. Dysregulations of these stress systems could contribute to telomere shortening in MDD patients.9,12 However, the exact biological mechanisms that mediate the relation between depression and telomere shortening, as well as the direction of the link, remain to be further explored. Oxidative stress shortens telomeres Elevated DNA Oxidation and DNA Repair Enzyme Expression in Brain White Matter in Major Depressive Disorder. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Depressive Disorders Abstract:. Since its emergence, the monoamine hypothesis has been adjusted and extended considerably. An increasing body of evidence points to alterations not only in brain function, but also in neuronal plasticity. The clinical presentations demonstrate these dysfunctions by accompanying cognitive symptoms such as problems with memory and concentration. Modern imaging techniques show volume reduction of the hippocampus and the frontal cortex. These findings are in line with post-mortem studies of patients with depressive disorder and they point to a significant decrease of neuronal and glial cells in cortico-limbic regions which can be seen as a consequence of alterations in neuronal plasticity in this disorder. This could be triggered by an increase of free radicals which in turn eventually leads to cell death and consequently atrophy of vulnerable neuronal and glial cell population in these regions. Therefore, research on increased oxidative stress in unipolar depressive disorder, mediated by elevated concentrations of free radicals, has been undertaken. This review gives a comprehensive overview over the current literature discussing the involvement of oxidative stress and free radicals in depression. Membrane damage in blood of patients with depression has been shown by elevated of omega 3- fatty-acids [45] and by increased lipid peroxidation products in patients with DD [42, 45, [46, 47]. Furthermore, DNA-strand brakes have been reported in the blood of these patients [48]. DD has been linked to increased serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a breakdown product of oxidized apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, and thus a marker of the rate of peroxide breakdown [49, 50]. In patients with DD (Depressive Disorders), elevated levels of MDA adversely affect the efficiency of visual-spatial and auditory-verbal working memory, short-term declarative memory and delayed recall declarative memory [51]. Higher concentration of plasma MDA in patients with recurrent depression is associated with the severity of depressive symptoms, both at the beginning of antidepressant pharmacotherapy, and after 8 weeks of treatment. Statistically significant differences were found in the intensity of depressive symptoms, measured on therapy onset versus the examination results after 8 weeks of treatment [51]. Although this is used as a marker of lipid peroxidation, it is considered to be less stable than 8-iso-PGF2a, and more susceptible to confounding factors such as antioxidants from diet [52]. Therefore, the best way to investigate oxidative disruptions to lipids in humans is via assessing levels of F2- isoprostanes [52-54]. These are stable compounds produced in the process of lipid peroxidation [52, 54]. 8-iso-PGF2a are specific F2- isoprostane molecules produced during the peroxidation of arachnidonic acid. However, the mean serum level of 8-iso-PGF2a was shown to be significantly higher in a group of patients with DD, controlling for lifestyle variables such as body mass index, alcohol consumption, and physical activity [55, 56]. Cerebral membrane abnormalities and altered membrane phospholipids have been suggested by an increased choline-containing compound seen in the putamen of patients with DD [57] which has been interpreted as a result of increased oxidative stress in patients with DD. A Meta-Analysis of Oxidative Stress Markers in Depression difference. Some studies have demonstrated that depressed patients’ oxidative product levels in their peripheral blood [3, 4], red blood cells (RBC) [4], mononuclear cells [5], urine [6], cerebrospinal fluid [7] and postmortem brains [8] were abnormal. Antioxidant system disturbance in peripheral blood has also been reported [9]. Autoimmune responses against neoepitopes induced by oxidative damage of fatty acid and protein membranes have been reported [10, 11]. Lower glutathione (GSH) levels [12] and a negative relationship between anhedonia severity and occipital GSH levels [13] were found through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Oxidative stress is defined as a persistent imbalance between oxidation and anti-oxidation, which leads to the damage of cellular macromolecules [14, 15]. The free radicals consist of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The main ROS includes superoxide anion, hydroxy radical and hydrogen peroxide, and the RNS consists of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite. Nitrite is often used as a marker of NO activity. Interestingly, the brain appears to be more susceptible to the ROS/RNS because of the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, high oxygen consumption per unit weight, high content of key ingredients of lipid peroxidation (LP) and scarcity of antioxidant defence systems [16]. The oxidative products include products of oxidative damage of LP, protein and DNA in depression. As a product of LP, abnormal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in depression have been reported [17]. 8-F2-isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2α) is another product of LP [18] that is considered to be a marker of LP because of its chemical stability [19]. The protein carbonyl (PC), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) are the markers of protein, DNA and RNA oxidative damage, respectively [3, 20, 21]. The oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules changes the structure of original epitopes, which leads to the generation of new epitopes modified (neoepitopes). The antibodies against oxidative neoepitopes in depression have been found [10, 11, 22–24]. On the other hand, the antioxidant defence systems can be divided into enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The nonenzymatic antioxidants include vitamins C and E, albumin, uric acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), GSH, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), ceruloplasmin, zinc, selenium, and so on. The enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and so on. Discussion The present findings support oxidative stress may be disordered in depressed patients, which is demonstrated by abnormal oxidative stress marker levels. In this meta-analysis, at first we found in depressed patients: 1) the serum TAC, PON, uric acid, albumin, HDL-C and zinc levels were lower than controls; 2) the serum peroxide, MDA, 8-iso-PGF2α and RBC MDA levels were higher than controls. To explore the effect of the antidepressant therapy to oxidative stress markers, we reviewed the studies which had changes. And it came to the conclusions: 1) the serum uric acid, albumin, and vitamin C levels were increased; 2) the serum nitrite, RBC and serum MDA levels were decreased. The serum antioxidant levels are significantly lower in depression in our study and previous reports, including PON, albumin, zinc, uric acid HDL-C, CoQ10 [146] and GSH [4, 38]. Meanwhile, the oxidative damage product levels are significantly higher. The body couldn’t scavenge the excess free radicals (peroxide), leading to damages of main parts of cellular macromolecules such as fatty acids, protein, DNA, RNA and mitochondria. The longitudinal antidepressant therapy can reverse these abnormal oxidative stress parameters. It has proved these phenomena occur in depression, such as increased levels of MDA, 8-iso-PGF2α, 8-oxoGuo and 8-OHdG [3, 21]. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression. Some genes may be a potential factor. Lawlor et al (2007) reported the R allele of PON1Q192R was associated with depression [147]. In addition, poor appetite, psychological stressors, obesity, metabolic syndrome, sleep disorders, cigarette smoking and unhealthy lifestyle may also contribute to it [148]. Furthermore, oxidative stress activates the immuneinflammatory pathways [148]. But some studies supported decrease in albumin, zinc and HDL-C levels was probably related to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6) [59, 70–72, 117] during an acute phase response, which illustrated the activated immune-inflammatory pathways also activates the oxidative stress. These two mechanisms influence each other. On the other hand, the oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules changes the structure of original epitopes, which leads to generation of newepitopes modified (neoepitopes). Oxidative neoepitopes reported up to now include the conjugated oleic and azelaic acid, MDA, phosphatidyl inositol (Pi), NO-modified adducts and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) [11, 22–24]. Maes et al reported the levels of serum IgG antibody against the oxLDL and IgM antibodies against the conjugated oleic and azelaic acid, MDA, Pi and NO-modified adducts were increased in depression [11, 22–24]. Depleted antioxidant defence in depression suggests that antioxidant supplements may be useful in clinical management. Preliminary evidence has indicated that patients treated with CoQ10 showed improvement in depressive symptoms and decrease in hippocampal oxidative DNA damage [149]. In our analyses, vitamin C and E levels did not differ between depressed patients and controls, but many studies have reported that vitamin C and E supplements could improve depressive moods [150, 151]. Malondialdehyde plasma concentration correlates with declarative and working memory in patients with recurrent depressive disorder Abstract Oxidative stress has been implicated in the cognitive decline, especially in memory impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with recurrent depressive disorders (rDD) and to define relationship between plasma levels of MDA and the cognitive performance. The study comprised 46 patients meeting criteria for rDD. Cognitive function assessment was based on: The Trail Making Test , The Stroop Test, Verbal Fluency Test and Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. The severity of depression symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Statistically significant differences were found in the intensity of depression symptoms, measured by the HDRS on therapy onset versus the examination results after 8 weeks of treatment (P < 0.001). Considering the 8-week pharmacotherapy period, rDD patients presented better outcomes in cognitive function tests. There was no statistically significant correlation between plasma MDA levels, and the age, disease duration, number of previous depressive episodes and the results in HDRS applied on admission and on discharge. Elevated levels of MDA adversely affected the efficiency of visual-spatial and auditory-verbal working memory, short-term declarative memory and the delayed recall declarative memory. 1. Higher concentration of plasma MDA in rDD patients is associated with the severity of depressive symptoms, both at the beginning of antidepressants pharmacotherapy, and after 8 weeks of its duration. 2. Elevated levels of plasma MDA are related to the impairment of visual-spatial and auditory-verbal working memory and short-term and delayed declarative memory. Antioxidant /Antidepressant-like Effect of Ascorbic acid (Vitamine C) and Fluoxetine Another study investigated the influence of ascorbic acid (which is an antioxidant with antidepressant-like effects in animals) on both depressive-like behaviour induced by a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) paradigm and on serum markers of oxidative stress and in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice [120]. The CUS-model is an animal model for induced depression-like behaviour in animals. Depressive-like behaviour induced by CUS was accompanied by significantly increased lipid peroxidation (cerebral cortex and hippocampus), decreased catalase (CAT) (cerebral cortex and hippocampus) and glutathione reductase (GR) (hippocampus) activities and reduced levels of glutathione (cerebral cortex). Repeated ascorbic acid as well as fluoxetine administration significantly reversed CUS-induced depressive-like behaviour as well as oxidative damage. No alterations were observed in locomotor activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the same sample. These findings pointed to a rapid and robust effect of ascorbic acid in reversing behavioural and biochemical alterations induced in an animal model [120]. Ascorbic acid treatment, similarly to fluoxetine, reverses depressive-like behavior and brain oxidative damage induced by chronic unpredictable stress.

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- About - Study Abroad - AUSM - Centro Autónomo - Programs History of MSN A critical and strategic review of the MSN's history Part I The Mexico Solidarity Network began in May of 1998, following a national meeting held in Washington, DC, and attended by 250 solidarity activists to discuss the US response to the Acteal massacre. We formed an initial steering committee of 18 organizations, and Tom Hansen was asked to serve as the first Executive Director. The MSN began in Tom’s spare bedroom in Chicago with a humble staff of one, a telephone and a budget of $4,000, funds left over from the conference. For the first year, we attempted to make all decisions via email and occasional conference calls, but this communication strategy quickly fell apart, largely because email is not a medium by which different opinions can be synthesized into consensus positions. Our initial agenda included delegations to Chiapas, speaking tours and educational work. Much of this work did not address the local needs of solidarity groups or collectives, and in general it was an “activist” agenda without solid grounding in effective, long term strategies for social change. Our first project in the Summer of 1998 was an 80-person delegation to Chiapas to investigate increasing militarization and human rights abuses. The fact that we were able to organize 80 participants on relatively short notice demonstrated the initial energy and fairly broad participation in the MSN, and was also due to the highly militarized political climate in Chiapas. The participants were overwhelmingly white, middle class activists motivated by a sense of justice but with minimal political understanding. This lack of sophisticated positions manifested itself in the post-delegation discussions on follow-up, which covered a veritable smorgasbord of ideas with little internal consistency or long term strategic orientation. In short, we were, from the beginning, a traditional solidarity group, with tactics oriented toward responding to unfolding events, very much issue-oriented, and without a strategic or long-term vision of social change. Over the years this orientation changed dramatically, in large part due to our long term relationships with community based groups in Mexico who developed around a powerful critique of the neoliberal model. Today we have a strong organization with solid theoretical principles and a long-term strategic outlook – but it took some time to reach this point. Our initial agenda focused on the expulsions of foreign human rights observers from Mexico (including our Executive Director), Congressional delegations to Chiapas and Ciudad Juarez, grassroots Congressional lobbying, human rights observer delegations and speaking tours. In 1999, we organized an international conference with 18 invited guests from Mexico. The three-day conference in Washington, DC, drew about 300 participants. A review of our Mexican guests demonstrates how much the orientation of the MSN has changed over the years. They were almost all NGO representatives or intellectuals. There was not a single representative from an active social movement, and none of the groups we relate to in Mexico today were present at the conference. In making these critiques, we don’t want to leave the impression that we didn’t accomplish anything during the first years of the MSN. In 2000, we won Tom Hansen’s return to Mexico and paved the way for hundreds of expelled human rights observers to return as well. Our Congressional delegations resulted in Sense of the Congress resolutions and Dear Colleague letters on the femicides in Ciudad Juarez and on human rights abuses in Chiapas. We introduced hundreds of people to Chiapas and Ciudad Juarez via delegations. We provided information and analysis on current events in Mexico. All of this work had value. Much of it was based in efforts to “educate,” but without a clear idea of how education could lead to social change. We offered a critique of neoliberalism based on the experiences of Mexican popular classes, but we didn’t have a very clear idea what it meant in daily terms. Our work and our meetings, particularly our retreats, reflected this constant search for something more meaningful, something with longer term strategic value. We began to change our orientation in 2002, in large part in response to closer relationships that we developed with social movements in Mexico. In 2005, the Zapatistas issued the Sixth Declaration of the Selva Lacandona and initiated the Juntas de Buen Gobierno, which facilitated our direct communication with Mujeres por la Dignidad Rebelde, a Zapatista artesan cooperative. Part of the process of the Sexta, some of which predated the official publication by several years, included an invitation by the Zapatistas for civil society to define positions. We were part of this process of definition when we had to decide between maintaining our relationship with Chiapas based NGOs (non-government organizations) or prioritizing the Zapatista movement. The staff was divided, and the Steering Committee became actively involved in the process, with several members traveling to Chiapas to collect information. Ultimately, the argument came down to associating ourselves with a progressive national social movement (Zapatismo) or a group of NGOs. Some staff left the MSN after the unanimous decision by the Steering Committee to develop our relationsips with the Zapatistas at the expense of NGOs. The discussions that took place within the MSN during that period helped us to begin to define a more coherent, longer term orientation. As part of this decision-making process, we became adherents to the Sexta and members of the Otra Campaña. During this period, we also began to develop stronger relationships with other social movements in Mexico, including the Consejo Nacional Urbano y Campesino and the Asamblea Nacional de Braceros. These relationships developed in part thanks to the work of two Mexicanas on the MSN staff, both former political prisoners in Mexico. Another important change occurred in 1999 when we began to dedicate a significant amount of staff time and resources to local work in Albany Park, a largely immigrant barrio on Chicago’s north side. During this period we began to develop friendships and relationships with jornaleros in Albany Park. Our work included English classes (held in the kitchen and living room of Tom’s house!), participation in the Albany Park Worker Center coalition, writing press releases, interacting with local officials, etc., all in an effort to establish a worker center. Ultimately, the efforts to establish a center through official channels failed, and the Albany Park Worker Center was founded largely with foundation grants. We actively participated in the center through 2006, but increasingly we found ourselves breaking with the logic of the NGO that ran the center and siding with the jornaleros in disputes over use of resources, decision-making processes and strategic orientation. These experiences influenced the overall orientation of the MSN as we began to assume more responsibility for local work and we began to see this as central to our overall struggle. During this period we also began to hold staff and Steering Committee meetings in Spanish, or at least a combination of Spanish and English, rather than exclusively in English. This introduced a new cultural perspective, which in turn began to influence our strategic outlook and, perhaps more importantly, the social actors with whom we began to work on a regular basis in the US. In this context, the ethnic/racial makeup of the MSN changed dramatically over the years. We started out as a white, middle class organization, with all white, middle class staff and a largely white, middle class steering committee. Today we are largely an organization of Latinos, including staff, steering committee and community base. Our partners are divided between middle class university students, working class undocumented workers, and indigenous, campesino and urban working class Mexican organizations. From the beginning, the steering committee and the staff (after 2001) was majority female. In 2005 we launched our Study Abroad Program in Mexico. Initially advisors with experience in study abroad warned that it would be at least three years before the program could be successful. We proved them wrong. We had 15 students the first semester and over 300 students have graduated from the program. The 14-week, 16-credit program focuses on the theory, practice and context of Mexican social movements. Students learn firsthand about community based social change in Mexico, with important lessons for their work in the US. Student tuition supports families and social movements in Chiapas, Tlaxcala, Mexico City and Ciudad Juarez, as well as the Autonomous Center in Chicago. The study abroad program allowed us to break the often precarious and overbearing link to foundations, which in turn allowed us to more clearly define our organizing principles. In 2007, we opened the Albany Park Autonomous Center. The 6,000 square foot building offered us space to expand our ESL classes and launch a series of programs focused on education, cultural work and community development. Over 100 students now participate in ESL classes. Video nights are popular venues for political discussion and intellectual development. Community members offer a range of classes that draw on the skills and interests of Latino immigrants, including dance, guitar, yoga and jewelry-making classes. The Cleaning Power women’s cooperative is developing jobs for immigrant women, while also developing a collective analysis. The alternative medical program offers weekly sessions in herbal medicine, massage therapy and acupuncture. A monthly community Junta oversees the center and initiates new programs, depending on the needs of community members. Over the past decade, the Mexico Solidarity Network has gone through significant changes, developing from an NGO with an activist-oriented solidarity agenda to a community based group with strong relationships with Mexico’s most important social movements, including the Zapatistas, the Frente Popular Francisco Villa Independiente, and the Consejo Nacional Urbano y Campesino. We work from a strong theoretical/political framework with a long range vision for profound social change. Next we’ll address this vision. Part II Zapatista influence Throughout the more than ten years of our organization, we have been influenced by the ethical and political principles developed over the 25 year history of the Zapatista movement. It is not possible, nor would it be advisable, to try to reconstruct a set of ethical and political principles developed in Chiapas indigenous communities in the context of Albany Park. The historical and cultural contexts are very different, and hence the way we understand social change and the tools and resources available to us are necessarily different. The Zapatistas would be the first to argue that they don’t want to be - nor can they be - an example for anyone to follow like a recipe. Rather, the Zapatista movement has served as an inspiration, and the ethical and political principles upon which the movement is constructed should be interpreted in each particular historical and cultural context. This is happening, albeit slowly, through the growth of the Other Campaign, and we can see it unfolding, again slowly, in the case of the Albany Park Autonomous Center and our international solidarity work. Critique of neoliberalism So what are these ethical and political principles? Let’s start with the foundational principles of the Other Campaign – “from the Left and from below.” From the Left clearly implies a powerful critique of neoliberalism - opposition to social relations defined by exploitation, privatization of public goods resulting in vast inequalities of wealth and power, and rampant individualism. In the context of Zapatista communities, the vast majority of community relationships are collective and non-capitalist (though they exist in the context of neoliberal hegemony). Production (work) is for self-consumption or consumption of the family or extended community. “Extra production” is used for autonomous schools and autonomous health care – in other words, to establish the foundations of community. Some of this surplus value is not produced by the communities themselves, but rather comes in the form of solidarity from national and international sources aligned with the Zapatista movement. The donations we make each semester for the study abroad program are one example of this kind of accumulation in the communities. The communities control their own means of production (land) which is held collectively, although individual property rights are respected for smallholders. Collective or ejido lands are divided into parcels and everyone understands that a particular parcel pertains to a particular family, though the formal legal status of the land is always collective. Article 3 of the Revolutionary Agrarian Law recognizes the sanctity of small agrarian properties (up to 100 hectares for low quality land, 50 hectares for high quality land) while Article 5 establishes that all other lands will be held collectively with appropriate collective work responsibilities. Article 7 prioritizes possession of the “means of production” (defined here as fertilizer, machinery, etc.) for “groups organized in cooperatives, collectives and associations.” And Article 12 is explicit: “the individual monopolization of land and the means of production will not be allowed.” The respect for smallholdings, while simultaneously emphasizing the collective responsibilities of community members, can be understood as respect for the autonomy of the family unit, always embedded within the context of collective community responsibilities and understood under the ethic of equity. Despite control of the land (and hence their principal means of production), many Zapatistas still suffer exploitation, basically in three forms. First, many families send one or more members to work as migrants on large farms, in cities or in other countries (mainly the US) for extended periods of time to earn money for medical needs, to pay debts, or to have access to products that can’t be produced by the family or community. In this sense, Zapatista communities form part of Marx’s “reserve labor force” that can be called into work when conditions of capitalist expansion require more labor and can be “sent home” when they are not needed. From the indigenous perspective, the need to migrate is due largely to unfair exchanges in the world market. Large corporations are able to exercise effective monopolies and/or benefit from government subsidies (both direct subsidies and legalized externalization of costs), while small producers get screwed with low (often below subsistence) prices for their production. Second, because Zapatista communities are not isolated from the rest of the world, exploitation happens every time a member enters into a market transaction with outside agents organized around principles that prioritize private profits. This is particularly evident in the sale of coffee, one of the major sources of cash income, or in the purchase of medicines or other products produced under a capitalist logic. Third, there is constant encroachment on Zapatista lands by forces of privatization that want access to water, minerals and other natural resources. The fundamental social relations in Zapatista communities are constructed around non-capitalist, collective principles. In large part, the communities still exercise effective control over their most important means of production – the land. And central to the Zapatista political project is a demand for non-capitalist social relations, both in Zapatista communities and in the broader world. By necessity, Zapatista communities are involved regularly with capitalist social relations. A good example is the consumption of CocaCola. Coke offers certain qualities that are highly valued in the communities: a clean source of water, high in calories, and caffeine to ward off hunger and enable long work hours. Every time a Zapatista purchases a Coke, s/he is entering into a partially capitalist relationship that includes exploitation due to uneven exchanges between core and periphery. The Zapatistas say that someday they will produce their own equivalent of Coke, but until that day, they will continue to consume Coke. This example has lessons for every critic of neoliberalism who interacts – by necessity – with capitalist social relations. The Zapatista movement departs from the fact that neoliberalism does not offer real solutions for the needs of the majority of the people, and they have called on national and international society to construct “archipelagos of resistance.” What does this look like in Chicago, where virtually everyone in Albany Park works as a wage laborer? Hardly anyone in Albany Park controls their means of production. Our only option is to sell our labor. In fact, hardly anyone owns their home. In this sense, an urban setting like Albany Park manifests a very different set of social relations than Zapatista communities. There is no control of large extensions of land, or even small lots with housing, upon which to build an alternative social movement. Virtually everyone is fully enmeshed in relations of exploitation and private property. The culture is individualistic rather than collective. There is no strong sense of community, especially in immigrant neighborhoods like Albany Park where most people don’t share common histories, or even common languages, though there is a shared history of exploitation and dispossession from native lands, and a shared experience of racism and undocumented status. Undocumented workers incorporate themselves into capitalist labor relations in similar ways, via day labor or low-paid and tenuous, though somewhat more permanent, work in restaurants, construction, landscaping, office cleaning, housework, etc. The challenge in Albany Park is, first, the construction of some foundation that can serve as the basis for challenging exploitation. We need to begin with the construction of community, the construction of a sense of collectivity based, first, on friendship, trust, and common analysis, and, later, on collective projects to resolve common problems. This is what an anti-neoliberal project looks like, admittedly in its infant stages, in a place like Albany Park. We need to build a social foundation that can begin to offer alternatives to exploitation and the individualism inherent in social relations. We need to build collectivities based on mutual trust and horizontal relations of power. As these collectivities develop, we need to explore - and expand - horizons, and begin to develop concrete alternatives based on alternative forms of social relations, all in the context of a society in which exploitative relationships are dominant. This is no small task! Some of our initial community projects addressed simple questions, like access to a space for fiestas, modest employment for a few immigrants selling food during evening popular education classes, an immigrant rights committee, etc. As the sense of community in Albany Park develops, the Autonomous Center is addressing more profound issues faced daily by residents – housing, work, education, health care, discrimination, police abuse, etc. In building the foundations for an alternative project founded on justice and mutual respect, we have to recognize that we are enmeshed in a system, and we can’t help but reproduce the predominant existing relationships on a daily basis. Every time we buy a newspaper or food, hire a worker, pay a phone bill or rent, etc., we are reproducing these exploitative relations – and these actions are inevitable in a social system where capitalism is hegemonic. In the search for alternatives, we need to be constantly aware of these relationships and we need to constantly look for ways to produce and reproduce relationships with a different character. In part, this means not falling into the traps of volunteerism or paternalism, which may make middle class activists feel good about themselves, but do nothing to change existing power dynamics and social relationships. Most people in Albany Park recognize exploitation in their lives. Whether or not they are explicitly conscious of the details of exploitation and whether or not that consciousness leads to a clearly defined social/political project is another story, but at a gut level, almost everyone recognizes exploitation. If this is the case, why aren’t more people actively searching for alternatives? There are two main reasons. First, the Left in the US (and throughout much of the world) offers alternatives that call for overthrowing the current system. As bad as exploitation can be, most people see violence and an uncertain future as even less desirable. This is especially true in the modern world. In the context of an alienated population without solid community links to monitor or deter anti-social activities, the irrational actions of a very small group of people or even an individual can cause great destruction and disruption. For example, we can look at the individual train operator who can put thousands of lives in danger with a single decision, or the semi driver on a crowded highway, or the computer hacker, or a thousand other examples. In the context of a dangerous world where massive social disruption is often only a button or a quick decision away, people want control and security, not uncertainty. Ruling elites clearly understand this dynamic and build many of their political/social projects on a foundation of fear. Second, in the context of this complex modern world in which we are constantly bombarded by messages like “there are no alternatives,” it becomes hard to even imagine, much less begin to build, serious alternatives. The construction of hegemony (in the Gramscian sense) is an ongoing process that makes it very difficult, but not impossible, to mount counter-hegemonic projects. At the same time that there is constant reproduction of the existing power dynamics, there is also a long and rich history of production and reproduction of alternatives. This is where we find our own historic legacy – the struggle for the eight-hour day in Chicago, strong unions, the May Day marches of 2006, and many more examples. Counter-hegemonic projects are alive and growing, and we locate ourselves within these processes. We need to build alternatives that can prove themselves effective, in fact, better than, the current social relations based on exploitation and individualism. Social change is contained in the process of building democratic political projects that empower people to envision a different future and that build the social relationships that make a different future possible. We can’t build a different future suddenly, with radical social change happening from one day to the next. Individualism is not suddenly going to be replaced by collective community. Exploitation is not suddenly going to be replaced by equity. Limited representative democracy (polyarchy) is not suddenly going to be replaced by direct, participatory democracy. All of these alternatives must be constructed through slow, careful processes that prove themselves each step of the way as superior to existing social relations. Our social/political project is defined by the daily organizing processes in which we are involved, not by some grand narrative that defines a future a priori. The context of daily work for social change is grounded in the (re)construction of community which can be the foundation of counter-hegemonic social relations. From below The second element of the Other Campaign is “from below.” This strategic mandate explicitly rejects vanguardism, whether in the form of political parties with traditional hierarchical leadership models, or liberal democracies, or NGOs with representational leadership styles. “From below” is founded on the permanent mobilization of the population (civil society), so that people are actively involved in formulating the decisions that affect their lives. Leadership is defined as facilitating horizontal processes of direct democracy. “From below” is both a strategic mandate and an end in itself. The “final results” of truly democratic processes can never be foreseen (though the value of people deciding about their own futures can certainly be foreseen). If they could - if we could construct a utopian world (socialism, anarchism, or any of the other pre-cooked visions of social organization) with all of its nuances and overall social structure outlined ahead of time - then we wouldn’t be involved in truly democratic processes. A commitment to democracy means a fundamental confidence in people’s ability to engage in decision-making processes and come up with workable conclusions. Democracy is central to the Zapatista movement. In their case, democracy is founded on the collective communities that already exist, and on historic cultural processes of direct democracy that have been in existence for centuries. In Albany Park, we share neither of these characteristics. We have to base our work on a fundamental confidence in the integrity, intelligence and capacities of people who live in Albany Park. Our strategic direction is, in large part, facilitating the construction of the community foundations – trust, friendship, collectivity, shared understandings of society - upon which direct democracy can be built. “From below” does not mean that everyone is an equal participant in these processes. “From below” calls on us to understand class, racial and gender hierarchies – in other words, to fully understand the construction of civil society - and to look “below” for the subjects of radical social change. Below includes exploited populations, and also repressed or dominated groups, like working class women, working class people of color, working class gays, etc. Elites don’t have a central role in this vision of social change, and the role of new social actors – those social actors with university education and the possibility of social mobility – must be carefully defined in terms of facilitation and mobilization of skills, but not in terms of leadership in the traditional, hierarchical sense of the word. Democracy is based first on responsibilities and only secondarily on rights. Social actors must demonstrate commitment and win trust within a collective BEFORE enjoying the rights of democratic expression within the collective. The Zapatista communities are clear on this point, which is why many western-based “activists” wouldn’t last long within the discipline and commitment required of community members. Leadership Mandar obedeciendo (lead by obeying) is the central mandate in the construction of direct democracy and the ethical foundation for movement leadership. In this understanding of leadership, leaders are facilitators and administrators with high ethical standards grounded in a history of service to the community. Fundamental decisions are always in the hands of the directly affected community. Leaders facilitate the development of direct democratic processes that involve community members in decision-making, always challenging participants to assume increasing levels of responsibility and gain increasing levels of knowledge and experience, and thereby construct increasing levels of direct democracy. Leaders also administer popular decisions. In this role, leaders assume the delicate task of understanding the difference between administering popular decisions and making decisions themselves (either from a mistaken position of entitlement, efficiency or power). Leaders often enjoy the respect of their communities, in large part, because they are able to make these crucial distinctions, and also because they have served communities and thereby gained a certain level of moral authority. Leadership in the Autonomous Center and in our international solidarity work is challenging to define and difficult to implement under the principles outlined above. First, the MSN has paid staff, which gives us more time and energy to involve ourselves in political processes and projects. We were most certainly not chosen by the people in the community to assume these positions, which makes it all the more important to earn the trust and confidence of the people we work with by exercising leadership in democratic and responsible ways. Building democracy and politicized collectives often means taking more time to accomplish strategic goals by incorporating social actors in meaningful work and by distributing responsibilities. Leadership is fundamentally an intellectual activity (discourse) embedded in and respectful of a social/historical context, and constantly aware of power dynamics, with full respect for agency (the capacity of people to form opinions and act on them). We shouldn’t be afraid of leadership, in the sense of hesitating to initiate educational or community-building processes. If we keep in mind the ethics of leadership outlined above, we shouldn’t hesitate to foment new social processes out of a false sense of “lack of legitimacy.” If we constantly wait for creative social processes to unfold before entering into those processes, then we are implicitly assuming one of two lines of analysis: Either we understand these processes as historically inevitable, in which case they require no initiative on our part. By assuming this line of reasoning, we are negating not only our own agency, but the agency of all social actors around us. Or we assume that “others” have more legitimacy to initiate processes of social change, in which case we deny our collective agency. We end up waiting for others to “do something” that we can then (possibly) contribute to. This line of analysis implies opportunism. We must always balance our capacity to take initiatives with two important considerations. First, what is our long term commitment? There is no place for a group like MSN to launch initiatives in a community that we are not committed to for the long term. In other words, if we are not part of the long term construction of community, the launching of initiatives becomes disruptive to the processes of constructing community rather than contributing to those processes. Second, what is the social/political position of the people we are working with? Most social actors are not fully conscious of their agency and do not have fully formed, or even partially formed, political projects. In this context, launching initiatives that are beyond the capacity of social actors in Albany Park to fully integrate into their world visions and their political projects is both irresponsible and counter-productive. The response is often passive acceptance, which tends to undermine the development of leadership capacities and the construction of community. Radical social change begins at the level of ideas, of changing horizons, of expectations and possibilities. Strategically, anyone can begin conversations about radical social change. Sometimes the conversations won’t have resonance in the community, in which case they are generally quickly dropped. Sometimes conversations might not initially have resonance, but can develop energy if pursued over time. This is a judgment call that all leaders make over the course of social movement development. And sometimes the conversations require some preliminary confidence building and/or consciousness-raising work, in which case we may enter into longer term processes involving identification of common problems, analysis of possible responses, construction of collectivity, etc. In any of these cases, the key is listening carefully and respectfully, in addition to proposing clearly, and respecting the results of horizontal democratic processes. Part of the art of leadership is knowing when to push and when to take a back seat. Ideological work An important element of leadership is ideological work, though not in the traditional and much maligned sense of imposing a way of thinking on the “uneducated masses.” In any case, this kind of direct imposition is, in a very real sense, impossible for the MSN, given the fundamental respect for human agency upon which our work is based, and given the fact that people are not sheep and cannot be “led.” However, there is a sense of compelled ideology, or perhaps more accurately compelling ideology, contained in Gramsci’s concept of hegemony, defined as the leading ideas around which any society is constructed. In the case of the US, hegemonic ideology includes individualism, legitimacy of private property, legitimacy of the State, consumerism, racism, and many other “ruling” or “common sense” ideas, perpetrated mainly by the public education system, the news media, the public pronouncements of political leaders, and the advertising industry. Since the ideology of elites is hegemonic in the US, one of our main jobs is to build a counter-hegemonic project based on alternative principles, including direct democracy, the importance of collectivity, horizontal power structures, equity, justice, etc., or what Gramsci would refer to as “good sense” in opposition to “common sense.” Good sense implies a critical engagement with the leading (hegemonic) ideas in society and a search for alternatives. Paolo Freire, and Gramsci as well, discuss the importance of popular education as a way to confront hegemony, and both highlight the importance of adult education. Popular education begins by examining the real life situations in which people live, and building a critique of the causes of the problems that people face on a daily basis. Realistically, this is a facilitated process that engages the intellectual capacities of social actors to analyze their own life situations, resulting in new and evolving understandings - or “new consciousness.” Facilitation is important because, if history teaches us nothing else, it certainly teaches us that social change, and changing social consciousness, does not happen spontaneously. It happens because people exercise their agency and initiate educational/social processes leading to social change. Effective processes start from a profound respect for the real-life experiences of social actors, without a pre-determined ideological outcome divorced from their lived realities. In this sense, an ideological project is grounded in a profound respect for the intellectual and political potentials of social actors. When people begin to understand the social dynamics hidden behind the dominant ideology, when they become fully aware of their own situations, the result is often a desire to change things and a new level of consciousness, often characterized initially as a feeling of being angry. This can lead to a commitment to struggle, and the struggle may take any number of forms. In the beginning of struggle, newly conscious social actors often do not necessarily know where they are going, or who their opponents are. These problems are worked out in the process of struggle, and there may be very different answers at different stages of struggle. Social actors may not even know who and what they are as social actors: it is in the process of exercising their social muscles, struggling in the power-filled and complex social world, that they come to find out what they can be. Ideological development is a constantly unfolding process of revelation based on an analysis of the real life experiences of social actors, rather than a pre-determined process with a clearly defined end point. Marxist dialectics can help to reveal the hidden processes of exploitation and domination in the context of Albany Park without being a rhetorical, pre-cooked social analysis. Dialectics begins with a clear understanding that the world is complex and interconnected, and composed of contradictions. The dialectic method is an effort to understand this complexity in its full richness, and to look at the resolution of contradictions as more than the sum of two opposites. Life is understood as process rather than an analysis of reifications (things). For example, racism is not an independent “thing” (like something that we can put in a bottle and set on the shelf), but rather part of a complex process of constantly unfolding and changing interactions. Democracy is another example. Democracy is not a thing toward which we strive (usually defined in traditional poli sci as fair elections and a free market), but rather a constantly unfolding struggle around distribution of power. Neither racism nor democracy exists outside of the realm of social interactions. Relation to the State Many discussions in the Albany Park Autonomous Center are of a strategic character: How should we spend our time? How should we address X issue? What should we do? The question of strategy for most NGOs is relatively clear cut. They deal with the issues that are on the government’s agenda, trying to influence the decisions that the State takes in relation to, for example, Plan Merida, immigration reform, etc. Or they may try to influence the composition of the State by participating in election dynamics, hoping that this will result in better policies. A mission that prioritizes the needs of community means not allowing the State to determine our agenda, and here we can take some important lessons from the Zapatistas: Never organize your strategies on the timetable of the State – always organize on your own timetable. Never leave the ultimate success or failure of your strategies in the hands of the State - always organize your strategies from a position of power. Focus on the long term construction of genuine autonomous alternatives, not short-term quick fixes that don’t address fundamental issues of power. The Zapatistas have certainly engaged with the State in many instances. Perhaps the San Andres negotiations offer the most important example. But the Zapatistas always did it their way. They didn’t accept the State logic of private negotiations between the Zapatista leadership and a few government officials held behind closed doors. Instead, the Zapatistas called on civil society to participate. Hundreds of people from different sectors actively participated in highly public negotiations, and they were able to build power through these processes. When the negotiations ended, the Zapatistas took the Accords to their communities for approval. And when the government ultimately refused to implement the Accords, the Zapatistas broke off talks with the government and self-implemented the Accords through the autonomous municipalities and the Juntas de Buen Gobierno. An important element in this strategic orientation is a clear understanding of the role of the State as representative of elites. This understanding stands in stark contradiction to the traditional understanding of the State in political science as the arbitrator or “honest broker” among different classes or social groups. Whether and how we engage with the State depends on our understanding of the historic role of the State, which would require a much longer discussion than is warranted in this short analytical piece. Suffice it to say that this analysis of the relationship of the MSN political project with the State is based on a fundamental understanding that the State will always represent the interests of elites and will only take into consideration the demands of civil society when those demands are made from a position of power that has the potential to threaten the power and control of elites. In Albany Park, we certainly don’t have the reach or power of the Zapatista movement, but until we do – until we can interact with the State on our own terms – it is largely a waste of our time to engage with the State. Engagement with the State sends the message that the State has legitimacy – that somehow we should go to the State for redress when we confront problems. This contradicts our message of constructing autonomy from below and from the Left. For example, mobilizing resources around a lobbying campaign to confront Plan Merida is not only a waste of time, it also places our entire strategy for action in the hands of the State to determine the outcome. We win or lose, depending on what the State decides, and if we lose, we have no other strategy. Certainly it is the “realist” position that the State exists, that the reality of today is that the State exercises a good deal of power, and that decisions made by the State affect all of us. This is all true, but then the fundamental questions are: How do we challenge this power? How do we make the State's power over us disappear? We don’t do it by engaging the State, and thereby enhancing its legitimacy. Rather, we have to assume a long term strategy that begins to envision the end of the vertical power of the State and the construction of autonomies and genuine democracy. Autonomy If we’re not going to engage with the State, except on our own terms and from a position of power, then what are we going to do strategically? The short answer is that we are struggling for radical change, not reforms. We want to build autonomy from the community level. Autonomy means that communities and collectives organized with horizontal relations of power assume responsibility for making the decisions that affect their lives. Autonomy doesn’t just happen. It is constructed over a long period of time through patient processes of politicization and community building. Autonomy is built on initiative and responsibility in the context of a collective that builds power to do, rather than power over. Initiative and responsibility are qualities that develop over time and are directly related to learning processes, processes of politicization and leadership development, especially in the sense that participants feel ownership of collective social and political projects. The ethical foundation of autonomous political projects can be found in the Zapatista’s “para todos todo, para nosotros nada” (for everyone everything, nothing for ourselves). This is a complicated ethical mandate. The first part of the phrase refers to an equitable distribution of wealth and power in society such that exploitation and domination are abolished. This is a fairly straightforward proposal, if difficult to achieve in practice. The second part of the phrase, “para nosotros nada,” refers to en ethical demand placed on movement leaders (and in the sense that autonomous projects have many, many leaders, this ethical demand refers to the movement in general). “Para nosotros nada” means that we always work selflessly for the collective, never for personal gain. This is a particularly difficult ethical measuring bar for organizers who receive salaries or other kinds of remuneration for their work. While a salary allows an organizer to devote full time to the necessary community work, it also means that person must assume an extra level of accountability to the community and the movement. Zapatista communities do not have salaries, and all of the “cargos” (voluntary positions that include the Junta de Buen Gobierno) are assumed without recompense. This means, for example, that members of the Junta work extra hard and suffer more personal hardships when they assume the responsibilities of the Junta. As paid organizers, we must look very hard at this question. This is not just a job – it is an ethical responsibility and we must always be prepared to rendir cuentas for anyone who questions this position. A salaried position in a movement is something that we earn through hard work and dedication, not something that we deserve as part of traditional labor relationship. A salaried position means that we must always look for ways to extend our commitment, not limit our work. Salaries are always problematic in movement dynamics, and they must by justifiable in relation to our political commitment and our willingness to commit to a life of relative poverty, humility and commitment to political/ethical principles. Of course, here we refer to humility before our fellow community members, not before the political and economic powers that exploit and repress. Before the elites, we demand dignity, another centerpiece of the Zapatista movement. We demand dignified working conditions, dignified housing, dignified health care, dignified education, etc. always in the name of the collective, never in the name of personal gain. An important part of being a member of the MSN collective is the assumption of responsibility. In political projects, responsibilities always come before and supersede rights. Rights are earned through hard work and demonstration of political commitment, and are never a priori. Responsibilities arise directly from our commitment to a project of profound social change. Responsibilities always supersede the rights of a traditional labor relationship. Civil society Who do we organize with? In general terms, we could say civil society – that part of society that is neither the State nor the elites of capitalism. Theoretically this may be true, but on a practical level, our work has focused largely with two groups “from below” (though “below” is a relative term that requires a more complete contextual definition): immigrant workers living in Albany Park and students/youth. Both groups potentially can make important contributions to social change. Immigrants, particularly Latinos, are the most exploited and dominated group in the US. They suffer racism, discrimination based on their “legal status,” and exploitation beyond anything experienced by citizens. It is their personal and collective life experiences that (potentially) form the ideological foundation of a popular movement from below. This is not a theoretical construction, but rather a proposition grounded in the daily experiences of immigrant workers in relation to work, housing, health care and educational opportunities. Community based projects must address these specific daily problems faced by nearly all undocumented workers. The second group we work with is students/youth, generally university educated and often referred to in social movement theory as “new social actors” - people who are ethically committed to social change and enjoy relative privilege because of their social location, including citizenship rights, mobility (both social and physical), and expanded personal choices. These groups bring social/technical skills and resources that are important to community-based organizing work, including English language fluency, cultural fluency in the dominant culture, computer skills, developed social networks, etc. Nearly every social movement throughout history has recognized the importance of cross-class and cross-cultural alliances, but few movements have been able to accomplish effective strategic relations, in large part because of differential power dynamics (determined largely by social location) and ineffective communication strategies. This is a serious challenge for our work in Albany Park. We already have a number of new social actors working in the Autonomous Center as education promoters in the language classes and as staff/interns. How do we facilitate their involvement in organizing work while developing leadership among immigrants? What is the most effective process of educational development with the two groups? How can we develop effective cross-class, cross-cultural communication so that the two groups can develop bonds of friendship and mutual confidence? (This question extends well beyond the question of learning English or Spanish.) These are largely unresolved questions, both in the Autonomous Center and in the vast majority of social movements in the US and Mexican context. For example, one of the reasons the Frente Zapatista was disbanded is because the members (almost exclusively new social actors) were unable to develop effective organizing strategies with those from “below.” At a theoretical level, it’s not hard to appreciate the importance of these kinds of cross-class, cross-cultural relations for the construction of effective social movements, but we don’t live at the level of theory. We need to struggle with the social mechanics of building these kinds of relationships on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. Relationship of theory and practice This brings up a related discussion – the relationship of theory and practice. The traditional Left in the US and Mexico sets out theoretical models and then tries to adjust practice to meet those models. The Zapatistas have rejected this approach, adopting instead “caminar preguntando” (questioning as we walk). Theory is not rejected in this approach, but is developed out of the concrete realities that people face every day. Then theory is proven (or disproven and discarded, or altered) by those same realities. Theorizing is part of work - thought, in other words, is grounded in activity, and forms an integral part of human agency. In the final analysis, theory is nothing more than the discussion of alternative ways of moving forward. The term struggle is appropriate here. People do not always know what needs are driving them, but as soon as they are engaged in finding out, through struggle, they necessarily become theorists. Gramsci offers two important concepts that help us to understand the relationship between theory and practice. First, Gramsci differentiated between organic intellectuals and academic intellectuals. Gramsci claimed that all human beings, by their very nature, are intellectuals. When they discuss work problems over beers at a tavern and try to address solutions, they are involved in intellectual activity and, often, in theorizing. Gramcsi called the constant interplay (dialectical relationship) between practice and theory praxis. Here we very consciously place practice first and theory second. This may seem like a simple grammatical issue or perhaps a chicken-egg dilemma, but the order affects, in often subtle ways, the way we develop theory. By placing practice at the forefront, we avoid dogmatic uses of theory in which we try, usually without success, to bend reality to a pre-conceived set of theoretical propositions. By placing practice at the forefront, we also place social actors and their real-life organic intellectualizing about their social conditions at the forefront. Experience always comes first and is the foundation for analysis. The practice of every day activity informs theory which is then always returned to the every day work to prove (or disprove) its validity. The theoretical and the practical aspects of intellectual activity are achievements, and subject to constant revision as movements develop and change. One of the keys to effective praxis is criticism/self-criticism, which is also the foundation of personal and collective growth and organizational effectiveness. Criticism/self-criticism requires an open mind as unhindered as possible by ego. We have to learn how to read and understand realities that may often be outside of our comfort zones or our own historical experiences. We should be constantly vigilant and open to critique. Perhaps even more difficult, we should be willing to offer honest and clear critiques in a loving and respectful manner. Sometimes we fall into the liberal trap of ignoring unproductive or politically insensitive actions by others because we want to avoid confrontation. We are constantly striving for a culture of criticism/self-criticism in the MSN collective and in the Autonomous Center, based on respect, love and mutual interest in both moving political/social projects forward and improving as social actors. We should approach criticism/self-criticism not as an attack, but rather as a demonstration of loving care for our work and the social development of ourselves and our compañeros. Part III The future of MSN In addition to expansion of existing work, the MSN has two ambitious projects on the agenda for 2010 to 2013 – a popular education based, bilingual adult high school and the International Autonomous University. First a few words on expansion of our existing work. Our study abroad program, focused on the theory and practice of Mexican social movements, has been extremely successful, but we are convinced that we can expand it. There is no other study abroad program like it in the world, as students live and work directly with active social movements. Given the overwhelmingly positive response from our alumni, we are convinced that we can expand the program from an average of 15 to 16 students per semester to an average of 25 to 30 students per semester. This would mean essentially doubling the program, with one group of students starting in northern Mexico and traveling south, while the other group starts in Chiapas and travels north. In 2010, we will begin to offer a 15-week, 16-credit research program, placing students with our partner groups in Mexico. To accomplish these goals, we are working diligently to establish consortium agreements with US universities to facilitate the participation of their students. Currently we have agreements with the entire State Universities of New York (SUNY) system, Hampshire College, New Mexico State University, Appalachian State University, the University of Texas-Austin, and many others. The Albany Park Autonomous Center is at the heart of our work. As the Center grows, programs expand to meet the daily demands of Albany Park’s Latino immigrant community. Current discussions include formation of more labor cooperatives to create jobs, expansion of the alternative health program to include weekly office hours with trained professionals, and development of a cooperative housing project. The educational programs continue to expand, including a homework assistance program for middle and high school students. Child care is an increasingly pressing problem for immigrant families, and something that will be addressed by the Center in coming months. All of this work is grounded in constant discussions and analysis by community members who are increasingly clear about their roles as active agents of social change. Plans for the Alternative Economy program include development of an on-line store to market artesany produced by Zapatista women’s cooperatives. Over the past two years, the community Junta at the Autonomous Center identified education as a priority for Albany Park immigrants. Many immigrants come to the US with important real life experiences, but with little formal education. Development of a bilingual adult high school organized around principles of popular education will address these issues. The high school will offer a one year program, with classes from 6 to 9 pm, five days a week. Successful graduates will have a high school diploma that will help in job searches and offer entrance to university level education. The high school curriculum will include Latin American and US history, Spanish and English, math, and reflections on the reality of Albany Park (a combination of sociology, political economy and political science). In the near future we will also establish the International Autonomous University, with a curriculum at the undergrad and masters level focused on the theory and practice of social movements, popular education pedagogy, and community-based research. The University will be based in the Autonomous Center, and offer students and community members a space for reflection, research and community development. Ambitious plans these are, but the world in its present condition demands ambitious initiatives that extend all of us outside of our comfort zones. The next generation deserves no less than a better world, and working together, we are capable of constructing it.

Within my own thoughts of mind concerning the massive numbers who are being followed through tweets while following many others as they tweet through life along with every other activity worldwide through the Internet which are levels uncountable that involve every whatchamacallit that has ever been known to man---plus much additional whoknowswhat which just completely leaves everything of this world separate from me because in absolute truth --- my only genuine association is with what is not of this world --- which I can understand because it’s in the Spirit world; and there is but only one True Spirit, or this world of spirits with the uncountable false spirits that make everything wrong to feel and appear right and correct when in truth everything brought on through feelings is counterfeit, temporary, untrue and a lie from the father of lies who has a resume so strong that his deception dates back far before the human race was even created. Therefore I have a question for a world of those who follow, are being followed, or those who blog any thousands of subjects that pretty much describe who they are, or those with the greatest involvements in various activities that show who they truly are accompanied through association within a world of people either in “darkness” or the “false light” --- which in truth describes the believers and non believers of this entire world as being no different because those who do not believe in God know only this world whereas those who do believe also know only this world through Christ own words in John 15:18-21 being the people of the world in verse 19 are the people in all of the churches and religions of man worldwide who know not God because of the counterfeit spirit from the prince and power of the air that leads them all through disobedience. So they have not yet been made alive. Ephesians 2:1-2----Because Christ described who I am in those three verses---now you know---so you decide, God or man, His truth or mans lies. I speak as God leads, so I can "Prove all things". And that is because the light of believers is a false counterfeit light that only hides the darkness that it actually is; and I speak only as the Father directs me because He has already told a world of believers with their lips that this whole world has been deceived, but this entire world of believers who claim so much love for God Almighty don’t even believe what He tells them all, therefore, they as believers have become of this world with hearts that put confidence in man rather than of his little flock that is not of this world because their only trust is placed in who created them through his Book of Instruction that only his “few” follow by believing in his every word without question. Whereas the religious people of this world just believe what man teaches them all through their uncountable man made religions with all the teachers as the devils co-pilots whom he leads which have this entire world as their passengers on one very comfortable and pleasing flight that’s smooth, easy, and with great comfort; and that’s because for believers, all they know is by grace they have been saved as a gift that requires no works while totaling ignoring all that God says about disobedient sluggards that have no love; and unbelievers don’t even need salvation, so everything is good, smooth and easy to them also because they are of the world with no worries. Therefore the Devil is very happy because he has deceived this whole world just as God said to the point where they can’t even feel the extreme turbulence they are living in that will suddenly increase; and when it does without warning, all that it shall bring is extreme suffering in every way imaginable while bringing only certain death with more suffering in ways that our minds can't even begin to comprehend. So says God who this world of believers does not believe---unless it's only the smooth uplifting lies of man. This is no religious sermon of man that I have absolutely no association with, but rather some simple words that concern every life on this planet according to the Higher Powers that created an endless universe out of absolutely nothing. Therefore even non believers who perhaps believe in the big bang at least need to ask themselves ----where from nothing did the “big” come from that was able to go bang? All human beings need to take into consideration the invisible super glue that holds infinite trillions of stars, planets, moons and the uncountable creations in rotations and spins with gravities and properties that completely exceed all thoughts and even the imagination of man. Think of the “Black Hole” in outer space and perhaps the infinite other dimensions where it leads while also thinking that without the super God glue, the entire never ending eternal universe would only become as a massive never ending falling domino effect with destruction that would produce a completely uninhabitable universe with a never ending destruction. Another way to picture what you just read is through viewing a pinball machine in action with thunders, explosions and flashing lights while racking up so many points that the counter becomes as a spinning wheel of endless free games because the destruction would never end. Get my drift here? The deaf, dumb and blind pinball wizard knows exactly what I am saying. However, there is a difference; and that is because the universe was created to be inhabited, but not by a human race with every conceivable way of evil either seen through actions or unseen as hidden within a heart covered with false words making them to appear proper and true for others to see, but God sees only hearts that can hide nothing; therefore a world of religious people having so much praise in their words along with so much love from their tongue has absolutely zero meaning because God sees them all as they truly are being completely open and naked before Him with nothing hid. So He tells all who love Him to examine themselves through His pure words of only truth written with no confusion. {Isaiah 45:18, Hebrews 4:12-13, 1 John 3:18, 2 Corinthians 13:5, Psalms 12:6, 1 Corinthians 14:33} So what does all this mean having to do with a world of websites that are completely loaded down with the uncountable whatchamacallits of this world? What everything written means is that all people of this world have some understanding with involvement of what goes on in this world depending on where their own hearts and minds have become planted -- whereas I have absolutely none, therefore my only function works through being directed by the Spirit of Higher Power that this world of flesh and blood with their given human spirits as their only guide know not by His own words of pure truth written in 1 Corinthians chapter 2 that they don’t believe -- And those are the many of this world in the broad way which leadeth unto destruction --But the few are those whose only lead is the Spirit of God which places them in the narrow way leading unto life -- and “few” there be that find it. God cannot lie, but the over three billion “Many” will not believe that they are not of the “Few”. Remember always that God speaks absolutely no confusing words, so Matthew 7:13-14, 1 Corinthians 2:13-14 and Hebrews 5:13-14 speak only pure truth as in the many and the few. I now have a question for all the people in this world who are of this world because everything about them is through association with what ever this world has to offer that places them in their own comfort zones just because to most all, life is just life, so we must make the best of it---while completely missing the meaning of the beginning of the end. What will be the effect of whatever you are doing now and in your life through the long term gains of whatever the tomorrows may be? Or, in looking at the question from another direction, what if the unknown and absolute wicked evils of pitch black darkness so black that it was never before even known of in any way, shape, or form was with no warning to come crashing down upon you in a full and unstoppable force? --- and with that, all you could do is see it coming with absolutely no where to run, no where to hide, and no way to change the certain death with waste and destruction that was without question going to take your life and the lives of you’re children --Is what you are doing now as a preparation for the only way to stand in what’s rapidly approaching? There is only one way; and it’s a way that this world of man in high places of government, education or religion have absolutely zero knowledge of because it’s the way that God said man would be. "There is a way that seems right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death. Commit thy works unto the Lord, and thy thoughts shall be established. {Proverbs 16:25, 3}. God Almighty tells us all what we need to know within His words, but this deceived world of religion prefers the foolish blindness of shepherds worldwide that feed not their flocks God's truths; and God loves us all so much that He tells us over, and over, and over of deception all through His pure words of truth, and He even tells us of how a misled world will not believe Him other than the few in His little flock {Luke 12:32} who do and the many being the world who does not. {Revelation 12:9} I am going to make just a partial list of but few interests that this world of people possess, and it’s not necessarily to say they are wrong or bad, but only for use in helping others to gain a grasp on the big picture. There are the oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, forests, and mountains for a great variety of pleasures, or the universe full of endless wonders with unlimited education, camping, sports, reading, building, designing, the human body, music, cooking, animals, hiking, scuba, mountain climbing, motocross, NASCAR, biking, opera, dance, Broadway, Hollywood, explorers, hunters, entertainment, investing, games, writing, religion, business, sailing, world travel, sex, love and just any of the totally uncountable ways of enjoyment in this life which are all good. But then there are also the many bad ways of life that bring only hurt and shame in the use of today’s mind bending popular drugs with music and entertainment from the dark side; and as far as corruption goes -- it is everywhere worldwide in governments, police, military, every level of education, every level of religion, every nation of the world, every college, evil cartoon's for children and just everything everywhere as inside looking out or outside looking in only to see what’s temporary because what’s right cannot be seen within a totally deceived world with man made religions being the most deceived of all; therefore the total coming darkness which brings only evil is completely missed and not seen as it comes closer each day in the form of a huge massive cloud of fog of distortion which is going to bring years of what life once was being turned into the worst living nightmares that have ever been, or will ever again be; and that's because this human race has reached its "Beginning of the End". So what exactly is the big picture? There is a beginning and there is an end for all things -- and in this particular case of discussion, the human race that began about 6000 years ago is coming to its final end through the ways that it has always been with man ruling man which has always been as an endless production of pitiful disgust full up with complete worthlessness: Wars, death, crime, diseases, porn, torture, starvation, brutal rapists, serial killers, child molesters, genocide and just every possible way of evil blackness for the innocent majority of the human race who has been misled by the minority who is led by Satan as the god of this world and mind controller through being the father of lies all believe; therefore we have an entire human race of near seven billion people who have never been properly governed, educated or led; and that is because this world has been deceived through the religions and governments of man who all have been led by the god of this world, therefore man knows not God beyond empty words -- because if man truly did, they would believe God by his every word rather than what the blind leading the blind of this world refer to as out of context because of themselves being completely lost in their own little know it all world of prideful darkness which keeps them correct and the rest of the world wrong when their own ignorance only adds to the death toll of just people who are going to shed their own blood because of their wisdom of man without God's Spirit. Israel was not a nation, but rather a man named Jacob who God changed the name of to Israel while still carrying the passed down birthright blessing promised to his grandfather Abram through seeds that was promised by God in Genesis 12:2, 17:1-7, and he placed it upon his son Joseph two sons {Genesis 48} who became Britain and the United States who were abundantly blessed as promised -- but because they never knew God -- those blessings have been removed with their own great destruction coming, {Leviticus 26 & Deuteronomy 28} but if they had obeyed God, they would have set an example for all of the world to follow through their pure joys of love with only prosperity, good health, happiness, righteous living, no crimes, no diseases, and just no wrongs while having the whole world wanting only to be just as those who were blessed as the house of Jacob and called Israel. So God kept his promise in making Israel a great company of nations {Britain} and a great nation {USA}, therefore He is also keeping his promise of their destruction for not knowing him through obedience. Directly below added 3/2016 My current site Over 540 of my blogs Most informative on world events Sad and bad world news My purpose There is but only one way to prepare for what's coming through sacrifice of simple needs. Who I am. Our native home in the Philippines. Just who we are in comparison to God. How to read the Bible. My idea of rehab. Time Machine What God expects, and it’s not your money given in the buildings of man. What Faith is. An Excellent spiritual weather report on the signs of the times. Some True Education in who’s who such as America according to God. The Fear of the Lord, and how it is not even taught by man. Why Evil The Higher Power Some of my writings for God. God has so much love that He is now warning all who want to hear only Him; and never man. Proverbs 1:22-32 are the many with verse 33 as the few.

2 In London and Paris there was shock at the fall of Warsaw, deep sympathy with the fate of the Poles, amazement at the speed of the German advance, anger at the Soviet connivance in the partition of a State which a month earlier had been independent, a certain shame at not having helped, or been able to help Poland to resist the onslaught, and, above all, fear that the practitioners of ‘lightning war’ might turn their weapons and their tactics against the West. This fear was heightened in Britain by the suspicion that German agents must have skilfully infiltrated into many areas of British life, to report back to Germany on military preparations and to carry out acts of sabotage against British war production. Unknown to the British public, however, all but a handful of these German agents had been arrested on the outbreak of war; a secret, unsung triumph for British Intelligence. This loss was also unknown to the Germans. Nor was it their only defeat in the clandestine world of espionage. For on 28 September 1939, the day after Warsaw’s surrender, German Intelligence fell into a bizarre trap. That day a Welshman, Arthur Owens, whom German Intelligence believed to be one of its own agents, crossed from Britain to Holland, to make contact with his German superiors, while in fact working for Britain. His British Intelligence masters gave Owens the code name ‘Snow’. He was able to persuade the Germans that he had set up a considerable network of German agents in Wales. Now he asked for both instructions and money. He was given both, and returned that same evening to Britain. Thus began the system known to its British operators as the ‘Double Cross’ system, or ‘XX’ in the coded style of wartime espionage. It was to deceive the Germans entirely; two weeks later Owens crossed back to Holland with another alleged recruit for the German Intelligence network. This was Gwilym Williams, a retired Police inspector from Swansea, hitherto active in the Welsh Nationalist movement. The Germans were again successfully deceived. They not only gave Williams, whom they designated agent A-3551, a series of sabotage tasks which they were later tricked into believing that he had carried out, but also gave him the address of one of the very few genuine German agents in Britain who had not been located by British Intelligence. This was agent A-3725, who was now himself to join the Double Cross system as ‘Charlie’. By the end of the year this spurious spy ring was sending almost daily radio messages to German Intelligence in Hamburg, recruiting further fictitious agents, and preparing a sham sabotage scheme, Plan Guy Fawkes, to poison the reservoirs in Wales which provided water for Britain’s aircraft and munitions factories in the industrial Midlands. While Arthur Owens was on his Double Cross mission to Holland, the German Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, was on his way to Moscow. There, during two days of negotiations, he accepted for Germany the whole of Poland west of the River Vistula—an area including most of Poland’s populated regions and industry—while accepting Soviet rule over eastern Poland and—this was an unexpected Soviet demand—Lithuania. The treaty embodying this new partition of Poland was signed at five in the morning of September 29. It was called, without reference to the Polish and Lithuanian States which had thereby disappeared, the German—Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty. Stalin himself drew the new border line on a map, and signed it. In return for including Lvov, with the nearby oilwells of Drohobycz, on the Soviet side of the line, he promised to provide Germany with 300,000 tons of oil a year. In the finer points of map making, Stalin agreed to withdraw from the line of the River Vistula to that of the River Bug. This meant that German troops, who having reached the Bug had withdrawn to the Vistula to allow the Red Army to occupy the region, now returned once more to the Bug. Twenty-two million Poles were now under German rule. On September 29, as Ribbentrop returned to Berlin, the Soviet Union signed a Treaty of Mutual Assistance with the small Baltic State of Estonia, giving the Russians the right to occupy Estonia’s naval bases at Narva, Baltiski, Haapsalu and Pärnü. Six days later, a similar treaty was signed with Latvia, and eleven days later with Lithuania. Stalin was not going to leave a vacuum between the Soviet frontiers established in the years after the First World War, when Bolshevism was weak, and the now triumphant Nazi juggernaut whose eastern border had moved well inside what once had been the imperial frontiers of the Russian Tsar. Nor, quite naturally, was Hitler content to set up an undefended eastern border for his Thousand Year Reich. In a top secret Directive No. 5 on September 30, he gave instructions that his Polish borderlands ‘will be constantly strengthened and built up as a line of military security towards the East’ and that ‘the garrisons necessary for this purpose will eventually be moved forward beyond the political frontier of the Reich’. This same directive of September 30 also increased the scale of German activity in the West. The ‘war at sea’, Hitler decreed, was to be carried on ‘against France just as against England’. Troopships and merchant ships ‘definitely established as being hostile’ could henceforth be attacked without warning. This also applied to ships sailing without lights in British coastal waters. In addition, merchant ships which used their wireless after they had been stopped would be fired on. The sinking of such merchantmen, the German Naval Staff noted that day, ‘must be justified in the war diary as due to possible confusion with a warship or auxiliary cruiser’. The sinking of British merchant ships was taking place on a widening scale. On the day of Hitler’s directive, the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, sank the British merchant ship Clement, raising the Allied losses in merchant shipping to a total of 185,000 tons in less than a month. Poland partitioned, October 1939 In Paris, on September 30, a Polish General, Wladyslaw Sikorski, set up a Polish Government-in-Exile. As he did so, the city of Warsaw still awaited, as it had done for the past three days, the arrival of the German Army. ‘There were so many corpses lying still unburied,’ Jadwiga Sosnkowska recalled, ‘there was no food, and there were no medical supplies. These were sorrowful days, but they will live for ever in my memory as days of the greatest solidarity and brotherly compassion of the whole community.’ Nor was it only a question of good deeds; ‘an ocean of kindness’ she added, ‘welled from human hearts, eager to save, to help, to console. The walls of the city had fallen, but the people of Warsaw remained erect, with unbowed heads.’ On October 1 the German Army prepared to occupy Warsaw. Before doing so, it demanded twelve hostages—ten Christians and two Jews—who would be responsible with their lives for any disturbances that might occur while the Army was marching in. On entering the city, the Germans set up field kitchens and began to distribute free soup and bread to the starving population. Thousands flocked to the kitchens. At once, German film operators set up their cameras and filmed the evidence of how German troops were bringing sustenance to the hungry Poles. The film completed, the field kitchens disappeared with the cameramen. That day, the last Polish soldiers still in action, on the Hel peninsula, were forced to surrender. Three Polish destroyers and three submarines succeeded in escaping the German naval blockade, and made their way to British ports. The Eastern war was over; 694,000 Polish soldiers had been captured by the Germans, 217,000 were in Russian hands. More than 60,000 Polish soldiers had been killed in action, as had as many as 25,000 Polish civilians in three weeks of aerial and artillery bombardment, especially on Warsaw. The Germans, forced despite their tactic of ‘lightning war’ to fight a tenacious enemy, had lost 14,000 men. *** On the night of 1 October, British bombers flew over Berlin itself. They dropped, not bombs, but leaflets, telling the German public that whereas they were forced to go to war ‘with hunger rations’, their leaders had secreted vast sums of money overseas. Even Himmler, the leaflet declared, ‘who watches like a lynx that no German takes more than ten marks across the frontier has himself smuggled abroad a sum of 527,500’. After one month of war, ninety-seven million leaflets had been printed, of which thirty-one million had already been dropped. A joke popular at that time told of an airman who was rebuked for dropping a whole bundle of leaflets still tied up in its brick-like packet: ‘Good God, you might have killed someone!’ Public scepticism about the efficacy of the leaflets led to many of them—thirty-nine million in all—being pulped instead of being dropped. This, said its critics, was not real war, but ‘confetti war’. It went on nevertheless. In German-occupied Poland, it was a cruel war that continued, despite Poland’s defeat. On October 4, in Berlin, Hitler signed a secret amnesty, releasing from detention those SS men who had been arrested by the Army authorities on charges of brutality against the civilian population. On the following day he flew to Warsaw, where he took the salute at a victory parade. Returning to the airfield, he told the foreign journalists there: ‘Take a good look around Warsaw. That is how I can deal with any European city.’ Photographs of Warsaw’s bomb damage were reproduced in newspapers throughout the world, nor did the question of whether such destruction would also be visited on London and Paris go unasked. It was indeed Hitler himself who, speaking in Berlin on October 6, declared: ‘Why should this war in the West be fought? For the restoration of Poland? The Poland of the Versailles Treaty will never rise again.’ Yet, other than Poland, what reason was there for war. All important problems could be resolved at the conference table. Hitler’s suggestion of negotiations was addressed to Britain and France; Poland would be excluded. In the East, terror, and terror alone, was the order of the day. On October 8, two days after Hitler’s soothing words in Berlin, a group of more than twenty Poles in the town of Swiecie was taken by an SS detachment to the Jewish cemetery. Among the Poles were several children between the ages of two and eight. All were shot. Watching the execution were about 150 German soldiers. Three of them protested to their medical officer. He at once wrote, in outrage, direct to Hitler. Not long afterwards, Hitler received a further protest about such executions from General Blaskowitz. Hitler was shown the report by his Army adjutant, Captain Gerhard Engel. ‘He took note of it calmly enough at first’, Engel noted, ‘but then began another long tirade of abuse at the “childish ideas” prevalent in the army’s leadership; you cannot fight wars with the methods of the Salvation Army.’ On October 8 Hitler signed a decree annexing the Polish frontier regions to Silesia and East Prussia, and creating out of Polish territory three enlarged districts of the German Reich, ‘Greater East Prussia’, ‘Danzig West Prussia’ and ‘Posen’. Four days later the remaining area of German-occupied Poland, including Warsaw, was constituted a General Government, with its capital in Cracow. Warsaw was to be relegated from a capital city to a provincial town. The Governor-General chosen by Hitler was the Nazi Party’s legal adviser, Dr Hans Frank. His tasks included the ‘restoration’ of public order. Frank’s own description of his task was more explicit. ‘Poland shall be treated like a colony,’ he wrote, ‘the Poles will become the slaves of the Greater German Empire’. On October 9, in Berlin, Hitler received a Swedish businessman, Birger Dahlerus, who had been flying between London and Berlin, through Sweden, with a proposal, emanating originally from Goering, for a negotiated settlement between Britain and Germany. On October 5, in London, Dahlerus had seen the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax; on October 9, in Berlin, he reported to Hitler that Britain was insisting upon the restoration of Polish statehood, the immediate destruction of all weapons of aggression, and a plebiscite inside Germany on certain aspects of Hitler’s foreign policy. On the following day, 10 October, Dahlerus saw Hitler again, twice, before being asked to convey the German terms to Britain: the territorial aspects were Germany’s right to fortify her new frontier with Russia, and the return to Germany of her pre First World War colonies or ‘suitable substitute territories’. Between his two meetings with Dahlerus, Hitler issued a new directive to General Keitel, the Chief of Staff of the German armed forces, and to his Army, Navy and Air Force commanders. This directive set out Operation Yellow, the code name for an offensive against France and Britain. Hitler’s directive of October 9 gave precise details of an offensive, to be carried out ‘in greatest possible strength’, through Luxemburg, Belgium and Holland. The purpose of this northern advance into France was to defeat ‘as much as possible’ of the French Army, and ‘at the same time to win as much territory as possible in Holland, Belgium and Northern France, to serve as a base for the successful prosecution of the air and sea war against England’. It would also create a ‘wide protective area’ for the economically vital Ruhr. ‘War against England’; the words were chilling in their implications of impending conflict. Chilling in a different way were the census forms sent out that day from Philipp Bouler, the head of Hitler’s Party Office, to all hospitals and doctors, asking them, ostensibly for statistical purposes, to list all patients who were senile, criminally insane or of non-German blood. Meeting in secret, three assessors would then decide whether the patient should live or die. The Head of Hitler’s Chancellery, Hans Lammers, had wanted the procedure codified as part of German law. This, Hitler had refused. It was not only in the euthanasia institutes in Germany that the killing of mental patients now began. In occupied Poland, at Piasnica, not far from Danzig, several thousand so-called ‘defectives’ were killed by the end of the year. As well as Poles and Jews, twelve hundred Germans perished at Piasnica; they had been sent there from psychiatric institutions inside Germany. On the morning of October 10, Hitler received seven of his most senior military commanders at the Chancellery, the very building from which the euthanasia census forms had been sent the previous day. To the commanders he spoke of the reasons for a war in the West, reading out to them a memorandum which he had written, in which he gave as Germany’s war aim ‘the destruction of the power and ability of the Western powers ever again to oppose the state consolidation and further developments of the German people in Europe’. It was his treaty with Russia, Hitler explained, which made it possible to attack Britain and France, for it ensured that such a war would be a war on a single front. But time was not on Germany’s side. ‘By no treaty or pact’, Hitler warned, ‘can a lasting neutrality with Soviet Russia be ensured with certainty.’ What was now needed was ‘a prompt demonstration of German strength’. Plans must be made at once. The attack could not begin ‘too early’. It was to take place ‘in all circumstances, if at all possible, this autumn’. Fifteen days had passed since German scientists, meeting in Berlin, had informed the military authorities of the possibility of using nuclear fission to create a bomb of massive destructive power. Meanwhile, in the United States, an American economist, a friend of Albert Einstein, had been seeking a private meeting with Roosevelt. The meeting took place on October 11. The economist, Alexander Sachs, brought with him a letter from Einstein, the contents of which he explained to the President. Atomic energy would enable a man to ‘blow up his neighbour’ on a scale hitherto unimagined, and unimaginable. Greater Germany, November 1939 ‘This requires action’ was Roosevelt’s comment. Ten days later, an advisory committee on uranium held its first meeting in Washington. America was now actively in search of the new force. Einstein, who, as a Jew, had been forced to flee from Germany in 1933, had shown the way forward for the development of a revolutionary weapon of war. But more than five years were to pass before that weapon could be developed. Meanwhile, the destructive power of the existing weapons continued to be felt. On the evening of October 13 a German submarine, U-47, commanded by Günther Prien, penetrated the British naval defences at Scapa Flow and, in the early hours of October 14, with three torpedoes, sank the battleship Royal Oak as she lay at anchor; 833 sailors were drowned. Two days after the sinking of the Royal Oak, two German bombers flew, unescorted, over the east coast of Scotland. Both were shot down by fighters. Three of the eight crewmen were drowned. It was the first time that British fighter pilots had destroyed enemy aircraft over home territory. A month later, over France, a young New Zealander, Flying Officer E. J. Kain, shot down a German bomber from the then record height for air combat of 27,000 feet. But such successes could not offset the tragedy of the Royal Oak. In Poland, there was no abatement in the German pursuit of its goals; on October 16 all Poles were ordered to leave the port and city of Gdynia. There were similar mass expulsions from towns throughout the area annexed by Germany. The Poles who were expelled had to find homes elsewhere in war damaged Poland, in regions already suffering from severe shortages of food. Yet they could take with them only such goods as they could pack into suitcases or bundles. Their homes, the bulk of their possessions, and for most their very means of subsistence, had to be left behind. Executions, too, continued, often to the accompaniment of physical and mental tortures of a perverted kind. On October 17 the seventy-year-old Father Pawlowski, the parish priest of Chocz, was arrested by the Gestapo and charged with illegal possession of arms. A search of his home revealed two cartridge cases, all that remained of his pre-war love of partridge shooting. Pawlowski was then beaten up so badly that his face was lacerated beyond recognition. He was then taken to the nearby town of Kalisz, to an execution post set up in the main square. There, the Gestapo forced local Jews to bind him to the execution post, to unbind him after he had been shot, to kiss his feet, and to bury him in the Jewish cemetery. That same day, October 17, a decree of the Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich gave the SS field divisions judicial independence from the German Army. Henceforth, SS soldiers would no longer be tried by German Army courts martial, but by their own SS superiors. Also on October 17, the Army lost its administrative control in Poland; at a conference in the Chancellery at which Heinrich Himmler and General Keitel were both present, Hitler announced that the government of Poland was now in the hands of Hans Frank for the General Government region, Albert Forster for Danzig—West Prussia and Artur Greiser for Posen. It was to be the task of these senior members of the Nazi Party to prevent any future emergence of a Polish leadership. Poland must become so poor that the Poles would want to work in Germany. Within ten years, Greater Danzig—West Prussia and Posen must both be transformed into ‘pure and Germanic provinces in full bloom’. That evening, General Keitel spoke of these plans to an Army colonel who had arrived at the Chancellery. ‘The methods to be employed’, Keitel commented, ‘will be irreconcilable with all our existing principles’. Such principles were everywhere being set aside. On October 18, Hitler’s Directive No. 7 for the Conduct of the War, sent to Keitel on October 18, authorized German submarine attacks on passenger ships ‘in convoy, or proceeding without lights’. *** A massive forced movement of peoples had now begun in the East. In the eastern areas of Poland occupied by Russia, Germans whose ancestors had settled there two centuries earlier were sent, bewildered, across the new Soviet—German frontier into western Poland. Jews whose ancestors had settled in the Czechoslovak—now German—city of Moravska Ostrava equally long ago were put into railway coaches under SS guard and deported to the General Government, where they were dumped east of Lublin in a special ‘Jewish reservation’, soon to be joined by Jews deported from the Baltic ports and from Vienna, and even with Jews who had been seized at the Hamburg docks, waiting to board ship for the United States. Other Jews, especially those living in Chelm, Pultusk and Ostrow, fled eastward from German-occupied Poland, across the River Bug to the Soviet side. There, to their bewilderment, they met Polish Jews fleeing westward, desperate to escape the perils of Communist rule, and hoping that, as had been true in the First World War, German rule might prove less burdensome. With the Soviet Union suddenly predominant in the Baltic States, German Balts, who could trace their Baltic ancestry back many hundreds of years, found themselves the somewhat amazed beneficiaries of the new found Soviet—German co-operation; they too were now unexpectedly on the move, the first German Balts reaching Danzig from Estonia on October 20. Two days later, the Germans began to deport Poles from Poznan, the largest city of western Poland, with a population of more than a quarter of a million Poles. The decade of preparing the ‘pure and Germanic provinces’ had begun. The world awaited Hitler’s next move, not knowing if he would strike again. Some saw in his offer of peace on October 6 a hopeful sign. Others were alarmed by one passage in it, in which Hitler declared: ‘Destiny will decide. One thing is certain, in the course of world history there have never been two victors, but very often only vanquished.’ In a secret speech to senior Nazi Party officials on October 21, Hitler assured his followers that, once he had forced Britain and France to their knees, he would turn his attention back to the East, ‘and show who was the master there’. The Russian soldiers, he said, were badly trained and poorly equipped. Once he had dealt with the East, ‘he would set about restoring Germany to how she used to be’. Already, in occupied Poland, the New Order was being established. On October 25, in the first official gazette of the General Government, Hans Frank announced that henceforth all Jewish males between the ages of fourteen and sixty would be ‘obliged to work’ at Government-controlled labour projects. Some would go each day in work brigades to tasks near the cities. Other would be taken to special labour camps set up alongside distant projects. By the end of the year, twenty-eight such labour camps had been set up in the Lublin region, twenty-one in the Kielce region, fourteen near Warsaw, twelve near Cracow and ten near Rzeszow. Conditions in these camps were terribly harsh. Yet the pittance paid to those who worked in them provided a means of survival for many Jews who, expelled from the towns and villages in which they had lived and worked all their lives, now had no other means of subsistence. Typical of the New Order in Poland was a notice posted in the streets of Torun on October 27 by the head of the local State Police. Its ten points set out instructions for the Polish citizens whose ‘brazen behaviour’ would have to change. All Poles must ‘leave the pavement free’ for Germans. ‘The street belongs to the conquerors, not to the conquered.’ In shops and at the market place, representatives of the German authorities, and local ethnic Germans, must be served first. ‘The conquered come only after them.’ Male Polish nationals must raise their hats to the ‘important personalities of State, Party and armed forces’. Poles are forbidden to use the ‘Heil Hitler!’ greeting. ‘Whoever annoys or speaks to German women and girls will receive exemplary punishment. Polish females who speak to or annoy German nationals will be sent to brothels.’ The seriousness of these regulations was made clear in a final paragraph. ‘Poles who have failed to understand that they are the conquered and we are conquerors,’ it read, ‘and who act against the above regulations, expose themselves to the most severe punishment’. The Poles were now a subject people. But, for the Nazi ideology, it was not enough to conquer. A new race had to be created, based upon the spurious notion of ‘Aryan’ ethnic superiority. On October 28 Himmler issued a special ‘Procreation Order’ to the SS whereby it would become ‘the sublime task of German women and girls of good blood, acting not frivolously but from a profound moral seriousness, to become mothers to children of soldiers setting off to battle’. To make sure that the creation of a race of ‘supermen’ was undertaken on a systematic basis, Himmler established special human stud farms, known as Lebensborn, where young girls, selected for their allegedly perfect ‘Nordic’ traits, could procreate with SS men. Their offspring would be taken care of in maternity homes, where they would receive special benefits. The breeding of the ‘master’ race and the destruction of the ‘inferior race’ went on side by side. For many German Army officers, however, the treatment of the ‘inferior’ race had taken unacceptable forms. General Blaskowitz, in the protest at such treatment which he sent to Hitler’s Chancellery, described an incident in the Polish town of Turek on October 30, when a number of Jews ‘were herded into the synagogues and there were made to crawl along the pews singing, while being continuously beaten with whips by SS men. They were then forced to take down their trousers so that they could be beaten on the bare buttocks. One Jew, who had fouled his trousers in fear, was compelled to smear his excrement over the faces of other Jews’. What the future of these Jews was to be, no one knew. Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda, Josef Goebbels, visiting Lodz on November 2, wrote, of the city’s 200,000 Jews: ‘It is indescribable. They are no longer people, but beasts. There is therefore not a humanitarian, but a surgical task. Here one must make a radical incision. Otherwise Europe will be ruined by the Jewish sickness.’ ‘Behind all the enemies of Germany’s ascendancy’, a Berlin magazine declared that day, ‘stand those who demand our encirclement—the oldest enemies of the German people and of all healthy, rising nations—the Jews.’ A week after this article, and the visit of Goebbels to Lodz, the Germans began the expulsion of all 40,000 Jews who lived in those regions of Poland which were now annexed to Germany. Most families were forced to leave their homes overnight, abandoning their property, their shops and businesses, and all their possessions save those which could be put on a cart or packed into a suitcase. All those deported were sent into the General Government. On November 3, it was the fate of ninety-six Polish schoolteachers in the town of Rypin to be summoned to the Gestapo, arrested, and shot, some in their school building, others in nearby woods. *** On October 28 a German bomber on a naval reconnaissance mission was shot down over Scotland, near the village of Humbie. It was the first German aircraft of the war to be brought down on British soil. Two of its crew, Gottlieb Kowalke and Bruno Reimann, were killed, and the other two crew members, the captain, Rolf Niehoff, and the pilot, Kurt Lehmkühl, captured. They were both to spend the next six years as prisoners-of-war, first in Britain and then in Canada. In the West, preparations mounted to meet a possible German attack. On October 27 a distinguished Canadian soldier, Brigadier H. D. G. Crerar, had arrived in Britain to establish the nucleus of a Canadian military headquarters in London. On November 3, in Washington, at President Roosevelt’s urging, Congress repealed that provision in the Neutrality Act which, since 1937, had forbidden both the shipment of American arms to belligerent countries and the granting of economic credits to belligerent countries which wished to buy arms in the United States. Both these barriers to British and French arms purchases were now swept away, and an Anglo-French Purchasing Board set up in Washington. The head of the Board was a British-born Canadian industrialist, Arthur Purvis, who at the outbreak of the First World War, aged twenty-four, had been sent from Britain to the United States to buy up all available stocks of acetone, the scarcity of which was then seriously impeding the British manufacture of explosives. The return of Purvis to America marked an important stage in the Anglo-French search for the arms and munitions with which to confront any German military onslaught. On November 5, two days after the arms embargo was repealed in Washington, Hitler, having violently abused General von Brauchitsch for the ‘defeatist’ spirit of the German Army High Command, set November 12 as the date for the attack on France, Belgium and Holland. Two days later, however, Hitler issued a postponement. The points which von Brauchitsch had made at the Chancellery, and which had so outraged him, could not be denied. The Army was unready. The wet winter weather impeded the advance of the tanks and limited the hours of daylight during which the German Air Force could fly. Most important, the Air Force needed five consecutive days of good weather to destroy the French Air Force, a crucial element in the success of ‘lightning war’. But the meteorological report on November 7 was too negative for safety. Ironically, Britain and France had learned of the November 12 date from two separate sources. The first source was General Oster, second in command on Admiral Canaris’s Intelligence staff, who on November 7 passed on the date to Colonel Jacobus Sas, the Dutch Military Attache in Berlin. The second source was Paul Thümmel, also a member of Canaris’s military Intelligence agency, who, as agent A-54, passed on the same date and details to Western Intelligence through the Czechoslovak Government-in-exile in London. Since 1936, Thümmel had been sending details of German military intentions to Czechoslovak Intelligence. No other military machine had such high placed spies in its midst—in its very nerve centre. Hitler could easily set aside the date for war, and was to do so several times. But the German New Order in Poland brooked no postponement. On November 5, the day of Hitler’s decision to attack in the West, all 167 Polish professors and lecturers at Cracow University were seized by the Gestapo and sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, north of Berlin. There, seventeen of them died from the torture to which they were subjected. Those who died included Professor Ignatius Chrzanowski, the foremost historian of Polish literature, Professor Michael Siedlecki, a leading zoologist and former Rector of the University of Vilna, and Professor Stanislas Estreicher, Professor of Western European Jurisprudence, who had earlier refused a German offer to become President of a puppet Polish Protectorate. All three were in their mid-seventies. Hitler, his attack on the West postponed, travelled on November 8 from Berlin to Munich, to celebrate the sixteenth anniversary of his beer-hall Putsch, the moment in 1923 when he had led his followers on an abortive march to seize power in the Bavarian capital. His speech on this particular anniversary was a denunciation of Britain for its ‘jealousy and hatred’ of Germany. Under Nazi rule, Hitler declared, Germany had achieved more in six years than Britain had achieved in centuries. Hitler left the beer hall earlier than scheduled, in order to be back in Berlin for a discussion with his generals about the new date for the Western offensive. Eight minutes after he had left, a bomb exploded inside the pillar just behind where he had been speaking. Seven people were killed and more than sixty injured. Hitler was already on the train to Berlin when the news of the explosion reached him. ‘Now I am completely content’, he remarked. ‘The fact that I left the beer hall earlier than usual is corroboration of Providence’s intention to let me reach my goal.’ The would-be assassin was caught that same evening at Konstanz, trying to cross the German border into Switzerland. His name was Johann Georg Elser, a thirty-six-year old watchmaker, who had recently been discharged from Dachau concentration camp, near Munich, where he had been held as a Communist sympathizer. Now he was sent to Sachsenhausen as ‘Hitler’s special prisoner’. At Munich’s Roman Catholic cathedral, Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber, the Archbishop of Munich, celebrated Hitler’s ‘miraculous escape’ from assassination with a solemn mass. There was a more prosaic miracle which Hitler himself could celebrate on November 9, shortly after his return to Berlin—the kidnapping, by SS agents, of two British Intelligence agents in the Netherlands, lured over the Dutch—German border at Venlo. The kidnap plan had been led by the twenty-eight-year-old Alfred Naujocks, who had earlier led the faked ‘Polish attack’ on Gleiwitz radio station on the eve of the German—Polish war. The aim of the Venlo incident, apart from learning as much as possible of the techniques and plans of British Intelligence, was to give the Germans a pretext for invading Holland, on the grounds that the Dutch, in allowing two British agents to operate on their soil, had abandoned their neutrality. Hitler appreciated the value of this spectacular kidnap, awarding one of its organizers, Helmut Knochen, the Iron Cross, First and Second Class. Knochen, an expert on the German refugee Press in France, Belgium and Holland, held a doctorate in English literature from Göttingen University. The two British agents, Captain Best and Major Stevens, were imprisoned, first in Sachsenhausen and then in Dachau. A Dutch Intelligence officer, Lieutenant Dirk Klop, who had gone to the border with them, was shot and captured; he died of his wounds later that day, in Düsseldorf. In Buchenwald concentration camp, November 9 saw the execution of twenty-one Jews who had been forced to work in the stone quarries there. The youngest, Walter Abusch, was only seventeen years old; the oldest, Theodor Kriesshaber, was fifty-five. *** November 11 was Polish Independence Day. Two days earlier, in Lodz, the Germans had seized a number of Jews on the street and ordered them to break down the monument to the Polish hero, Kosciuszko. The Jews were old; the monument was strong; even rifle butts could not accelerate their work. The monument was therefore blown up with dynamite. On Polish Independence Day itself, the Germans celebrated by marching past the rubble. That same day, once such a day of rejoicing for the Poles, the Germans took 350 Poles from a labour camp near Gdynia to a prison yard in the town of Wejherowo. There, they were ordered to dig a series of deep pits. Divided into groups, the first was taken to the edge of the pit and shot, the others being forced to watch. As each group was brought to the edge of the pit and shot, they cried out: ‘Long live Poland!’ Throughout German-occupied Poland, such atrocities were becoming commonplace. On November 8, in the resort spa of Ciechocinek, a group of fifty Polish officers, now prisoners-of-war, had been led through the streets of the town with their hands above their heads. All were subsequently shot. In Warsaw, on November 9, a thousand Polish intellectuals—writers, journalists, artists—had been arrested. The expulsion of Poles and Jews from the German-annexed areas was proceeding with considerable speed, amid hardship for those expelled. In all, 120,000 Poles, most of them peasants, were expelled from the Posen district, now known as the Warthegau, 35,000 from Greater Danzig—West Prussia and 15,000 from East Upper Silesia. ‘I have been appointed by the Führer’, Albert Forster declared at Bydgoszcz on November 27, ‘as a trustee of the German cause in this country, with the express order to Germanize it afresh. It will therefore be my task to do everything possible to remove every manifestation of Polonism within the next few years, no matter what the kind.’ For the Jews who were expelled from these annexed regions, one area of relocation was the Lublin district. There, on November 9, Odilo Globocnik was appointed SS and Police Leader; a well-known virulent anti-Semite, he had in the years before the war, as Deputy District Leader of the Nazi Party in Austria, helped pave the way for Hitler’s annexation, and Nazi control. *** In the General Government, measures were now being taken which surpassed in severity, and indeed in savagery, the random beatings and killings of the six pre-war years of Nazi ‘struggle’. On November 15, in Lodz, the main synagogue was set on fire; on German orders the local Polish fire brigades were called out to prevent the flames spreading to the adjoining buildings. In Warsaw, on November 16, a German wall poster curtly announced the execution that day of fifteen Poles, one of them a Jew. In Lublin, Odilo Globocnik’s new headquarters, the books from the town’s Jewish Religious Academy were taken to the market place and burned. ‘It was a matter of special pride’, a German eye-witness later reported, ‘to destroy the Talmudic Academy, which was known as the greatest in Poland.’ The fire lasted twenty-four hours. ‘The Lublin Jews’, the German recalled, ‘assembled around and wept bitterly, almost silencing us with their cries. We summoned the military band, and with joyful shouts the soldiers drowned out the sounds of the Jewish cries.’ ‘Truly we are cattle in the eyes of the Nazis,’ the Warsaw educationalist Chaim Kaplan noted in his diary on 18 November. ‘When they supervise Jewish workers they hold a whip in their hands. All are beaten unmercifully.’ On November 19 Hitler himself was informed by Himmler, as Himmler’s notes record, of the ‘shooting of 380 Jews at Ostrow’. Measures were now begun throughout the General Government to isolate the Jews from the Poles. Among those who had earlier been expelled from the areas of Poland annexed by Germany were the Jews of the small town of Sierpc. When they reached Warsaw with their pathetic bundles, it was seen that, as well as the indignities of expulsion, they had been subjected to a peculiar humiliation while still in Sierpc; each of them had been forced to sew a yellow patch on his or her coat lapel, and to mark the patch with the word ‘Jew’. On November 17, in Warsaw, Chaim Kaplan had noted how, when his fellow Warsaw Jews saw the badge, ‘their faces were filled with shame’. Kaplan, however, advised a counter-measure, adding, next to the word Jew, the word ‘my pride’. When he suggested this to one of the Jews from Sierpc, however, ‘the Jew answered, as one who knows, that the conqueror calls such things “sabotage” and condemns the guilty one to death’. On November 23, Hans Frank announced, from Cracow, that all Jews and Jewesses over the age of ten throughout the General Government must wear a four-inch armband in white, ‘marked with the star of Zion on the right sleeve of their inner and outer clothing’. In Warsaw, the star must be blue. ‘Transgressors’, Frank warned, would be imprisoned. Far worse punishments were already being enacted, however, against the Jews of Warsaw. On the day before Frank’s announcement, fifty-three Jews, the inhabitants of No. 9 Nalewki Street, had been executed as a reprisal for the death of a Polish policeman, killed by a Jew who lived at the same address. The Germans had offered to ransom the fifty-three, but when representatives of the Warsaw Jewish Council brought the money to the Gestapo, and handed it over, they were then told that the imprisoned Jews had already been shot. The money was not returned. The execution of the fifty-three Jews of No. 9 Nalewki Street was the first mass killing of Jews in Warsaw. ‘It threw the Jewish population into panic,’ one Jew later recalled. Among those killed in this reprisal action was the forty-five-year-old Samuel Zamkowy, one of Warsaw’s leading gynaecologists. Some individuals in the German Army were shocked by what was being done; on November 23, the day after the Nalewki Street executions, General Petzel, the German military commander in the Warthegau, wrote a report, which General Blaskowitz sent on to Hitler, in which he said that in almost ‘all major localities’ the SS and Gestapo ‘carry out public shootings’. More than that, Petzel added: ‘Selection is entirely arbitrary and the conduct of the executions in many cases disgusting.’ On November 25, two officials in the Racial Political Office in Berlin, Eberhard Wetzel and Gerhard Hecht, sent the Nazi leaders, including Himmler, their suggestions for the future of the Poles. ‘Medical care from our side’, they wrote, ‘must be limited to the prevention of the spreading of epidemics to Reich territory.’ All measures that served to ‘limit’ the Polish birth rate must be ‘tolerated or promoted’. As for the Jews, ‘We are indifferent to the hygienic fate of the Jews.’ As with the Poles, ‘their propagation must be curtailed in every possible way’. *** In his plans to force Britain and France to submit, Hitler had launched a weapon intended to revolutionize naval warfare. It was a magnetic mine, detonated by the magnetism of any iron-hulled ship which passed over it. On November 14, in London, Churchill informed the British War Cabinet of this new device, which had begun to wreak havoc on British and French merchant shipping. A German submarine had already laid a line of magnetic mines at a vital point for British seaborne traffic, opposite the entrance to the Thames estuary. A British minelayer, HMS Adventure, had struck a mine and been badly damaged. Twelve sailors had been killed. British naval experts worked around the clock to try to find a means of countering what Churchill called, in the secrecy of the War Cabinet, ‘a grave menace which might well be Hitler’s “Secret weapon”’. Hitler himself was now deep in his plans for an all out war in the West; on November 15 he discussed these plans with General Rommel, whose military skills had been shown in the Polish campaign. ‘The Führer’s mind is absolutely made up,’ Rommel noted. ‘The assassination attempt in Munich has only made his resolution stronger. It is a marvel to witness all this.’ Five days after his discussion with Rommel, Hitler issued a new directive to his senior Army, Navy and Air force commanders, setting out details of the attacks to be mounted against Belgium and Holland. ‘Where no resistance is offered’, he wrote with reference to Holland, ‘the invasion will assume the character of peaceful occupation.’ The Navy would undertake the blockade of the Dutch and Belgian coasts. Meanwhile, the German Navy continued to wreak havoc off the east coast of Britain, dropping magnetic mines into place by aeroplane. These mines sank merchant shipping indiscriminately; on November 19, of five merchant ships sunk, two had been British, one French, one Swedish and one Italian. On November 20 a minesweeper, the Mastiff, was itself blown up by a magnetic mine during a sweep. But on November 22 there was a turn in fortune for Britain’s sea lifeline; a magnetic mine, dropped by air, had fallen on the mudflats near Shoeburyness, and was nestling on the mud, intact. Recovered the next night, it was dismantled, and its secret discovered. On November 23, work began at the Admiralty to find an antidote. Hitler knew nothing of the recovery of the magnetic mine. That same day, November 23, he spoke to his generals of the coming attack on Belgium, Holland and France. Britain would not have to be invaded, however, as she ‘could be forced to her knees by the U-boat and the mine’. Hitler’s speech was a confident assertion of imminent victory in the West, if the opportunity were taken quickly. ‘For the first time in history we have only to fight on one front. The other is at present open. But nobody can be certain how long it will remain so.’ His own life, Hitler continued, was of no importance; ‘I have led the German people to great achievements, even if we are now an object of hatred in the outside world.’ He had decided to live his life so that he could fall ‘unashamed’ if he had to die. ‘I shall stand or fall in this struggle,’ he ended. ‘I shall never survive the defeat of my people.’ These were stern words. ‘The Führer spoke very bluntly,’ Rommel wrote on the following day. ‘But that seems quite necessary, too, because the more I speak with my comrades, the fewer I find with their heart and conviction in what they are doing.’ At sea, Hitler’s confidence continued to seem well placed. On November 24, the day after his speech to his generals, the German battle cruiser Scharnhorst sank the British armed merchant cruiser Rawalpindi after a fourteen-minute bombardment. In all, 270 British officers and men were drowned; there were only 38 survivors, 27 of whom were picked up by the Germans. On November 28, as a reprisal for the mining of British coastal waters, the British Government instituted a naval blockade in the North Sea of all German export shipments. On the following day, in his Directive No. 9, Hitler issued further war instructions which began: ‘In our fight against the Western Powers, England has shown herself to be the animator of the fighting spirit of the enemy, and the leading enemy power. The defeat of England is essential to final victory’. The ‘most effective’ means of securing this defeat was ‘to cripple the English economy at decisive points’. Once the German Army had defeated the Anglo-French armies in the field, and was ‘holding a sector of the coast’ opposite England, the paramount task of the German Navy and Air Force would be to ‘carry the war’ to English industry. This was to be done by naval blockade, mining of the seas, and aerial bombardment of industrial centres and ports. Minelaying activities off British shores were already on a considerable scale. Now the number of German air reconnaissance flights over Britain were increased. In London, the War Cabinet asked the principal interpretation body of German intentions, the Joint Intelligence Committee, what all these activities meant. On November 30 the committee replied that it was impossible to do more than guess at their significance.

Out Of The Dark – Snippet 10 Ahzmer cocked one ear questioningly, and Thikair flipped both of his own in an answering shrug. “What I’m about to say is not to be shared with anyone not currently sitting around this table without specific authorization from me,” he said. “Is that clear?” Every set of ears indicated assent, and he let the very tips of his canines show. “The truth is,” he told his senior officers, “that the Council is . . . concerned about these ‘humans.’ Or perhaps it would be better to say its oh-so-noble members are disgusted by them. Possibly even appalled. All of you, I know, have seen the visual and audio records the original survey team brought back from KU-197-20. I’m sure all of you were as disgusted as I was by the sheer military ineptitude displayed in those records. The weed-eaters, on the other hand, were horrified not by the natives’ appalling lack of skill, but by their ferocity. I’m sure many of the Council’s members doubt they would ever survive to achieve hyper-capability without blowing themselves up. I think others, though, are afraid they might. That the Hegemony could find itself faced with a second Shongair Empire.” He let more of his canines show in reaction to that thought, and saw his own response mirrored by his subordinates. The Shongair Empire had no intention of allowing any rivals to arise. Not that anyone as pathetic at using its own military resources as this species could ever challenge the Empire, of course. “Before our departure on this mission, it was suggested to me by the Imperial Minister for Colonization that the Council sees authorizing our colonization of KU-197-20 as a means of striking down two prey with a single claw. First, it gives us a toy to keep us satisfied and occupied, poor primitive creatures that we are. Second, it presumably short-circuits this species’ probable self-destruction and also eliminates any threat to the Hegemony’s peace it might someday pose. In fact, while the Council would never admit it openly, it was clearly intimated to Minister for Colonization Vairtha by none over than Vice- Speaker Koomaatkia that the Council has determined that something needs to be done about these creatures, and that… fewer questions than usual will be asked about our tactics in KU-197-20’s case.” Several of his subordinates pricked their ears at that sentence, and his own flipped in a grim smile. Koomaatkia was a Kreptu, and the Kreptu were one of the Hegemony’s original founding members. They’d also been among the Shongairi’s more persistent critics, although never to the same degree as the Barthoni and Liatu, yet they were famed for a certain pragmatism, as well. No doubt the notion of using one problem to solve or prevent another one would appeal to them. And they were a highly consensual species. No Kreptu as prominent as Clan Lady Koomaatkia’n’haarnaathak of Chorumaa would ever have breathed even a hint of such a thing to Minister for Colonization Vairtha if it had not, in fact, embodied the Council’s consensus. And that meant…. “I’m sure,” Thikair continued, “that she and some of the Council’s other members hope these creatures will prove sufficiently difficult for us to manage that we’ll find ourselves forced to slow our own rate of colonization and expansion. They’d all like that, whether they ever admitted it or not. But most importantly of all, to their thinking, our conquest of these creatures’ homeworld will keep them from becoming a problem to the rest of the Hegemony in the fullness of time. “And that, of course, was their thinking when they had no idea of how insanely rapid these ‘humans’ rate of technological process might become. Let’s not forget the Ugartu. Is there any officer sitting at this table who believes the Hegemony Council didn’t feel deeply relieved when the Ugartu self-destructed?” His lips wrinkled back from his teeth in contempt. “All the weed-eaters — and most of the omnivores, too, for that matter — are far too hypocritical, far too aware of their own towering moral stature, to ever admit anything of the kind, but we know better, don’t we?” His officers looked back at him in equally contemptuous agreement, and his ears flipped another shrug. “So even if this is a Level Two civilization, some members of the Council would shed no tears if the ‘humans’ were to find themselves subordinated to the Empire. They’d see it as the lesser of two evils, I think. As I said, the Barthoni and Liatu might disagree, but less vehemently than usual this time. And even if they did, it seems clear from Vice-Speaker Koomaatkia’s comments to the Minister that they would find themselves with fewer allies than they’d probably expect. Against that background, I think it might be well for us to consider the possible advantages of proceeding despite the Constitutional protections normally extended to a Level Two civilization.” “Advantages, Sir?” Ahzmer asked, and Thikair’s eyes gleamed. “Oh, yes, Ship Commander,” he said softly. “This species may be bizarre in many ways, and they obviously don’t understand the realities of war, but clearly something about them has supported a phenomenal rate of advancement. I realize their actual capabilities would require a rather more vigorous initial strike than we’d anticipated. And even with heavier prelanding preparation, our casualties might well be somewhat higher than projected. Fortunately, Ground Force Commander Thairys has twice the normal ground force component thanks to our follow-on objectives in Syk and Jormau. That means we have ample force redundancy to conquer any planet-bound civilization, even if it has attained Level Two. And to be honest, I think it would be very much worthwhile to concentrate on this system even if it means writing off the seizure of one — or even both — of the others.” One or two of them looked as if they wanted to protest, but he flattened his ears, his voice even softer. “I realize how that may sound, but think about this. Suppose we were able to incorporate these creatures — these ‘humans’ — into our labor force. Remember, preliminary physiological data suggests it may be possible to neurally educate them, so they could be rapidly integrated. But suppose we were able to do even more than that with them. Put them to work on our research projects. Suppose we were able to leverage their talent for that sort of thing to quietly push our own tech level to something significantly in advance of the rest of the Hegemony. The weed-eaters are content with the technology they have, and so are most of the omnivores. They’re stagnant — we all know that. Our programs are already giving us a small edge over their technology base, but let’s be honest among ourselves — it’s taking longer than we’d like, and so far our advances have been only incremental. These creatures might very well give us the opportunity to accelerate that process significantly. Possibly even suggest avenues of development we haven’t even considered yet. How do you think that would ultimately affect the Emperor’s plans and schedule?” The silence was just as complete, but it was totally different now, and he smiled thinly. “It’s been three standard centuries — over six hundred of these people’s years — since the Hegemony’s first contact with them. If the Hegemony operates to its usual schedule, it will be at least two more standard centuries — over four hundred local years — before any non-Shongair observation team bothers to visit this system again. That would be — what? Twenty of these creature’s generations? More? And that will be counting from the point at which we return to announce our success. If we delay that return for a few decades, even as much as a standard century or so, it’s unlikely anyone would be particularly surprised, given that they expect us to be gathering in three entire star systems.” He snorted harshly. “In fact, it would amuse the weed-eaters to think we’d found the opposition more difficult than anticipated! But if we chose instead to spend that time subjugating these ‘humans’ and then educating their young to Hegemony standards, who knows what sort of R&D they might accomplish before that happens?” “The prospect is exciting, Sir,” Thairys said slowly. “Yet I fear it rests on speculations whose accuracy can’t be tested without proceeding. If it should happen that they prove less accurate than hoped for, we would, as you say, have violated the spirit — the official spirit, at any rate — of the Council’s authorizing writ for little return. Personally, I believe you may well be correct and that the possibility should clearly be investigated. Yet if the result is less successful than we might wish, would we not risk exposing the Empire to retaliation from other members of the Hegemony?” “A valid point,” Thikair acknowledged. “First, however, as I say, the Council’s attitude towards the humans is somewhat more . . . ambivalent than usual. Second, even if the Barthoni and their weed-eater fellows were able to muster support for a vote of censure from the Council, the Emperor would be able to insist — truthfully — that the decision was mine, not his, and that he never authorized anything of the sort. I believe it’s most probable the Hegemony Judiciary would settle for penalizing me, as an individual, rather than recommending retaliation against the Empire generally. Of course it’s possible some of you, as my senior officers, might suffer as well. On the other hand, I believe the risk would be well worth taking and would ultimately redound to the honor of our clans. “There is, however, always another possibility. The Council won’t expect a Level Three or a Level Two civilization any more than we did. If it turns out after a local century or so that these humans aren’t working out, the simplest solution may well be to simply exterminate them and destroy enough of their cities and installations to conceal the level of technology they’d actually attained before our arrival. Given the Council’s evident attitude towards the original survey reports and — especially — Vice- Speaker Koomaatkia’s . . . encouragement, I suspect the Hegemony would be less brokenhearted over such an outcome than they might have been in another case, not that any of them would ever be honest enough to say so. In fact, it’s possible they might well choose not to look all that carefully at the evidence of the locals’ actual technological level lest unpleasant questions about their own attitudes and behaviors be raised. So while it would be dreadfully unfortunate, of course, if one of our carefully focused and limited bioweapons somehow mutated into something which swept the entire surface of the planet with a lethal plague, the Council might prove surprisingly… understanding in this instance. After all, as we all know” — he bared his canines fully — “accidents sometimes happen.” And isn’t that a masterplan ? Or would the term be ‘masterly plan’ ? As ruthless as thoughtful: He (Is it a he ? We’re talking about aliens here.) even has a Plan B to enslavement – extermination ! And no “Empire of Avalon” in sight – like in EXCALIBUR. This plan reminds me of a german SF novel by K[arl] H[erbert] Scheer {so far as I know no family relationship to that admiral, who – according to german sources – did win the “Skagerrakschlacht” and – according to other sources – was defeated by Admiral Jellicoe (was it ?) in the “Battle of Jutland”:-)}: “Der Verbannte von Asyth”. But there the rogue civilization (of ‘reptiloids’?) in the Galactic Federation did intend from the beginning to cause ‘under-developed’ sentient races, being under the protection of that Federation, who already had nuclear power, to commit self-destruction. So they could clear up the radioactive waste (with that superior technology, mankind does fail to develop till today), suborn the survivors and therefore presenting to the supervisors of that Federation a planet colonized completely legally – according to the laws of said Federation. Who cares what THEIR plans are. What matters is what actually happens. There are three distinct outcomes of the invasion 1) The Shongari exterminates the human race, end of story 2) The Shongari conquer Earth and use the humans to build up their empire. I doubt the Shongari have any experience with or can even conceive of a slave revolt. After the humans have built up the means for conquest they turn on the Shongari, exterminate them (no half measuers please), and take much deserved vengeance on the rest of the Hegemony. The might even wait until after the Shongari have conquered/subjugated the Hegemony. See Pournelle’s Janissaries series. 3) The Shongari do not conquer Earth and are effectively destroyed. The humans rebuild their economy, create a world state, build up their tech base and military, come out and exterminate the Shongari and take vengeance on the Hegemony. More or less the logical outcome of the Safehold series and the fate of the Gbaba. If you think extermination for the Shongari, think about the American responses to the last two unprovoked, dastardly, sudden and deliberate attacks. The rage after Pearl Harbor and 9/11 are nothing compared to the fury this attack will generate. The gloves will come off. Think about indiscriminate carpet bombing of civil targets only this time planet wide with really dirty bombs or the Mongol solution to Islam. They made a desert and called it peace. The humans are not going to make the sane mistakes made after WWI and face a resurgent and vengeful Shongaran empire. They should rub the collective face of the Hegemony in their complicity in the atrocity committed by Shongari. Hopefully it will create a level of guilt comparable to German guilt over the holocaust. The humans should then enforce a quarantine of the other races in their home systems until they can show that they are civilized, say in a 10,000 years or so. Randy, yes and with all major cities flattened all the “don’t grease the wheels of the war machine” types are gone. Same for the embasadors UN and other ngo’s. The survivors of this invasion will have genocide in mind, especially if they can obtain intact data bases showing Hegemony complicity. Okay, someone explain something to me. As near as I can tell, the Shongairi are the ONLY interstellar polity in the Hegemony that’s a) aggressive, b) has a standing military, and c) don’t have qualms about killing other sentient beings. Every other Hegemony species has none of these traits. So why do the Shongairi even feel the need to be constrained by Hegemony Law? They are new to the galactic scene, are outnunbered and the other races may not like war but do have the capacity to crush any new species who doesn’t play along. #3 – or (4) the could take over Earth, suffer from insurgency action, and are later destroyed by the rebellion. (5) They arrive, use their dastardly dirty tactics and weapons, and are blown out of the sky by secret Russian and Chinese anti-space lasers, while the USA gets bombed to bits because it looks like the only polity having such weapons. Afterwards, rising from the ashes, Japanese, European, Russian, American and Chinese space forces scrounge up the wreckage and build fleets of vengeance, that sail off into the galaxy, wreaking havoc across the Hegemony, and ruining all the races involved who do not unconditionally surrender, by using relativistic weapons in all cases against all targets who do not surrender on sight. It is inobvious that the Hegemony does not maintain an adequate military. The fact that the Shongairi are polite indicates that they are constrained in the violence directions, or that warfare between class one civilizations currently involved Mutually Assured Destruction. One might propose that the outcome is as likely to be that the American demagogues no longer have television stations to rabblerouse to the right, and sensible people who have read Lattwak’s book on Byzantine Grand Strategy There is no possibility of a decisive victory because there are always more opponents Today’s foe may be tomorrow’s friend; you want to beat them, but not too badly Bribing folks to change sides is a rational strategy (as we demonstrated in Iraq, where we pay the Sunnite opposition to fight one of their other foes first, and Afghanistan, where harassment of truck convoys was reduced by paying the local opposition groups not to shoot at us) The which does not destroy you will still attrit you, and when the list of opponents is longer than about two attrition is a suicidal strategy run national policy, assuming there is a nation afterward. Some of the other Hegemony species do fight wars even among themselves (ie intra-species wars). However, wars on the Hegemony level are space-only wars since the “losers” surrender when the “victors” control the orbital space of the losers’ planet.

The Inquisition and the Origins of Fascism and Mind Control Funny thing: I’m taking a French class in Toulouse. In the class, I met two Americans who vacation on their boat for two months every year. It is currently tied up in Toulouse. He is retired from advertising, she is a school teacher who will retire next year. They made a few remarks about the U.S. and creeping fascism, so I decided to invite them down to the house for an afternoon chat. sort with Robin Ramsay, Editor of Lobster magazine. The context of the exchange was related to his recent “Konspiracy Korner” piece published in Fortean Times, one of my favorite magazines (though I am now wondering just what is going on over there at FT?) After writing a rather long post that included a lot of chunks of material from our research and the research of others, Mr. Ramsay opined: “Ultimately it comes down to how you see the world. The kind of conspiracy you are describing, or implying, is inconceivable to me: too big, too complex, too likely to go wrong or be discovered, ever to be mounted. What you are describing … is vastly much bigger – and more complex and more dangerous – than any known mind control/psy ops project. And there is no evidence for it. […] Those – like you –. (And the official inquiry into 9-11 is full of examples of the hostility between state agencies.) In reality, when the planes hit the towers a large slice of the U.S. military and intelligence bodies immediately thought of Bin Laden. And they have never had a good reason to change their minds – not least because Bin Laden and his various cohorts have admitted – boasted of – doing it.” And there is the rub: undoubtedly, Robin Ramsay’s remarks are “on target” in many respects. And yet, there is the mountain of evidence – much of it circumstantial but so compelling that it would be accepted in a court of law – that there IS such a gigantic conspiracy, and that the “power elite” – individuals who may be completely unknown to us since the highest level politicians and bankers may only be their “pawns” – are somehow, at the top of the heap, controlling everything beneath them including the governments of various countries. demonstrate.” The late Jim Keith, one of the foremost writers and researchers on political conspiracy in the wold in recent times wrote in his book, Mass Control: .” [Jim Keith, Mass Control: Engineering Human Consciousness]. Let’s face it:..” The timeline to which these remarks serve as an introduction, attempts to provide as many of these elements as possible.” so why bother even looking for it?. Ark has written, science seems to be controlled by money. Scientists, for the most part, HAVE to work on those things that get funding. There is nothing terribly unusual about that since that is a general rule for everyone. If you don’t get money for your work, you starve and then you don’t do any work at all. Yes, that’s somewhat simplistic, but still relevant to the subject here. Those who read our Timeline of secret and not-so-secret scientific projects – and those involved in them – may like to close their eyes to this evidence that science has most definitely been used in a very detrimental way in our world. After all, such ideas – when they are brought to public attention – are generally dismissed as “conspiracy theory” and are thus deemed unworthy of attention. So please, bear with me a moment here and let’s apply a little logic to the problem.. Richard M. Dolan studied at Alfred University and Oxford University before completing his graduate work in history at the University of Rochester, where he was a finalist for a Rhodes scholarship. Dolan studied U.S. Cold War strategy, Soviet history and culture, and international diplomacy. He has written about “conspiracy” in the following] Consider this: even if Dolan is writing specifically about America, in a world dominated by the United States, it must be considered that pressures are applied elsewhere from within this “national security state” to comply with the demands of the U.S... And how do they do that? By “Official Culture.” And official culture, understood this way, from the perspective of elite groups wishing to maintain the status quo of their power, means only one thing: COINTELPRO. And here we do not mean the specific. After all, “if ignorance is bliss, ’tis folly to be wise.” This is most especially true when we consider the survival instinct of the ego. If the official culture says that there is no Third Man in the room, and if it works through the inculcated belief systems, there is little possibility that the “subject” will be able to see the source of the phenomena in our world. It will always be an “invisible Third Man.” Usually, when we think of COINTELPRO, we think of the most well known and typical activities which include sending anonymous or fictitious letters – which are sometimes later withdrawn with an “apology” after they have already accomplished the goal of destruction; common. What a lot of people don’t keep in mind is the fact that COINTELPRO also concentrated on creating bogus organizations and promoting bogus ideas. In the scientific community, this can work in any number.. There exists in our world today a powerful and dangerous secret cult. So wrote Victor Marchetti, a former high-ranking C.I.A..I.A..” Jim Keith, wrote in his book, Mass Control: “Although the lust for control can be discerned since the beginning of recorded history, a materialistic philosophy of life was world-wide in this age, and the idolatry of power was not confinced to Germany, but its corrosive effect was particularly strong in a country that was not inured to power. [Germany, History Since 1850, Encyclopedia Americana, New York: Americana Corporation, 1963] worlds first psychological laboratory there, a move that would eventually turn the world of more humanistic-oriented psychology on its head. Interesting, but, proceeded psycholgists,.” [Jim Keith, Mass Control: Engineering Human Consciousness]. In the Eleventh Century, a fellow named Hasan bin Sabah took the idea to an all new level of direct mind control rather than just general social contros such as those effected by religion and tribal norms and taboos., exercised from their inaccessible strongholds an influence out of all proportion to their size. On August 8, 1164, the Persian Nizariyya from their seat of Alamut, the ‘Eagles Nest’, proclaimed the ‘Great Resurrection’, the Paradise on Earth which no longer recognizes any law. This, seems to be the source of a much cited legend about the ‘Assassinis’; the leaders secured the loyalty of their followers by intoxicating them with hashish so that they experienced the joys of paradise as described in the Koran. Translated back into the every-day world they awaited with the greatest impatience the death which would take them once more to the bliss which they had had a foretaste. “reality TV” and “Survivor,” and they know the rules: Do unto others before they do unto you. And so it was in the Languedoc, the historical model for what is happening in the United States today, and for what happened in Germany under Hitler.. One wonders how peaceful it was.. a great many people, that the Protestant Reformation and the French Revolution grew and festered in the hearts of the masses. “Apres moi, le deluge…” and a deluge of blood it was, only it was not controllable. The Elite who wish to rule the world are good students. They noticed that brutalizing people or leaving them to starve tends to make the masses a bit cranky. With the above mentioned development of Structuralism, “many scientists – and the members of the ruling class that employed them – believed that they were justified in treating human beings as if they were pieces of meat, and as an overall plan of action, proceeded to do so.” These ideas were taken up by the Nazis in their great experiment in trying to take over the world. After observing Nazi Germany, it seems that the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States mounted their own large-scale research programs designed to develop techniques for psychological control of the masses. It has been suggested that the U.S. was a latecomer to this activity, but our Timeline suggests that this is, in fact, not.I.O.A.) conducted background investigations of the scientists. In February 1947, J.I.O.A. Director Bosquet Wev submitted the first set of scientists’ dossiers to the State and Justice Departments for review. The Dossiers were damning. Samuel Klaus, the State Departments representative on the J.I.O.A. board, claimed that all the scientists in this first batch were “ardent Nazis.” Their visa requests were denied. A memo was written saying that “the best interests of the United States have been subjugated to the efforts expended in ‘beating a dead Nazi horse.'” Nazi Intelligence leader Reinhard Gehlen met with the C.I.A. director Allen Dulles. Gehlen was a master spy for the Nazis and had infiltrated Russia with his vast Nazi Intelligence network. Dulles promised Gehlen that his Intelligence unit was safe in the C.I.A.. Dulles had the scientists dossier’s re-written to eliminate incriminating evidence. And so, Allen Dulles delivered the Nazi Intelligence unit to the C.I.A., which later opened many umbrella projects stemming from Nazi. So it was that the Office of Strategic Services – forerunner to the Central Intelligence Agency – enlisted the Nazi Scientists for “specialized problem solving.” Foremost among these was solving the problem of agent recruitment. That is to say, getting agents that were not only not on the payroll, but who were literally impervious to being “broken.” A second problem they wanted to solve immediately was gathering intelligence from the agents of other governments who, they already suspected, had been made “impervious” to detection, as well as making sure their own recruits had not been compromised. That is to say, they wanted a “truth serum.” Senior O.S.S. officers turned to the behavioralists for a scientific solutions. The story we are told about this goes as follows: “Despite frantic efforts, the O.S.S. failed to find an effective interrogative drug. Yet the lure was so enormous that even after the war the newly created C.I.A. continued the effort undeterred. But it was not until the 1949 trial of Cardinal Josef Mindszentry by the Soviet-installed Hungarian communist regime that the C.I.A. realized that drugs held other promises as well. In the course of Mindszentry’s trial, his deportment, demeanor and speech led C.I.A. analysts to the conclusion that he had been successfully subjected to an extraordinary form of psychological manipulation. Although the technique was unknown to C.I.A. psychologists, it was clearly of such efficacy and power as to cause him to confess to crimes he did not commit and could not have committed; and they were quite certain that drugs were somehow involved. The Soviets had clearly mastered a new form of totalitarian control; and discovering its secrets became an urgent intelligence priority. On April 20, 1950, C.I.A. Director Roscoe Hillenkoetter approved the United States’ government’s first research and development program expressly designed to develop techniques for the control of the human mind. It was known through successive incarnations as Projects BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE, MKULTRA and MKSEARCH; and eventually came to encompass 149 distinct behavioral science research programs and 33 related non-behavioral projects over the course of twenty-three years. The open-ended research program that Hillenkoetter approved was given sudden impetus by two dramatic developments. The first was the outbreak of war in Korea sixty-six days later; the second was the public breakdown of the U. S. ambassador to the Soviet Union some two years thereafter. During the Korean conflict American forces often performed poorly in the field against enemy armies that had no prior experience in mechanized warfare; and in one particularly shameful incident, an entire U.S. army division fled the field. Moreover, the conduct of American servicemen in captivity was shocking. Fifteen per cent of American prisoners of war held by the Chinese Communists actively collaborated with their captors, and a full seventy per cent signed fraudulent confessions to war crimes or written denunciations of the United States government. More alarming still, large numbers of those that signed confessions or denunciations refused to recant after their repatriation. Many were suspected of having returned to the United States as willing spies for the enemy; and some were later proven to be. Of similar concern was the bizarre behavior of Ambassador George F. Kennan at Templehof airport while en route to London from Moscow. There Kennan exploded in anger at a naive question posed by an inexperienced reporter; and as a result of his ill-advised response was declared persona non grata by the Soviet regime. Such were the times that many senior American officials were convinced that this incident provided strong evidence that Kennan had fallen victim to Soviet mind control. The general outline of the C.I.A.’s behavioral science research program – commonly, but incorrectly referred to as MKULTRA – was inadvertently revealed by the Rockefeller Commission in 1975. Established by President Ford to investigate allegations of C.I.A. illegality, the Commission’s Final Report contained a one-line reference to a federal employee who had killed himself after having been unwittingly drugged by a C.I.A. officer as part of an MKULTRA experiment. This sparked a press furor that eventually resulted in more extensive congressional investigations chaired by Sen. Edward F. Kennedy. Not surprisingly, both the press and the Sen. Kennedy focused their investigations upon the more lurid aspects of MKULTRA, which included the kidnapping, drugging and torturing of American citizens on American soil for research purposes and the effort to develop “programmed assassins.” Overlooked in the process were the C.I.A.’s efforts to determine the effects of electromagnetism upon the psyche, electromechanical stimulation of the brain, a form of technologically-based E.S.P., remote viewing, precognition, psychokinesis and, especially, nonaural voice communications with radio and microwave transmissions. This was unfortunate, for their researchers made gains in most of these areas and scored dramatic breakthroughs in others. According to declassified financial records and the testimony of retired C.I.A. officers, the C.I.A. had by 1961 developed implant devices for dogs, making it possible for their handlers to guide them through various courses by remote control. During this same time frame they also developed techniques for disrupting bodily functions with radio waves. By the mid-1960’s they had successfully developed and field-tested nonaural voice communications with both radio and micro waves; and by 1977 they had developed and field-tested a rudimentary form of electromechanical “mind reading.” But despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, they have steadfastly maintained that they failed entirely in their quest to control the human mind.. As declassified C.I.A. documents make clear, a principal objective of MKULTRA was to develop techniques that would allow the Agency to exert control over an individual to such an extent that he would do their bidding “against his will and even against such fundamental laws of nature such as self-preservation.” Technically, they failed; but only because a parallel project run by the Department of Defense achieved success first. The C.I.A. research and development program was reportedly shut down in 1973, and the ARTICHOKE techniques perfected by the military were adopted wholesale.” [MKULTRA and the weaponization of the human psyche by Charles S. Viar] Now, the question is: have the C.I.A. or the U.S. military – and their chief ally, Israel, operationalized ARTICHOKE? On 6 April 1994, a 19-year-old Palestinian driving a stolen vehicle packed with explosives pulled up to a crowded bus stop in the northern Israeli town of Afula. Before the vehicle could come to a complete stop, it exploded with enormous force, killing the driver and eight Israelis and wounding 50 more. Although few Western analysts have made the connection, the Afula attack was a turning point in the Middle East conflict. For it was the first time that so-called Islamic terrorists – clearly victims of operation ARTICHOKE – were used to mount suicide attacks as False Flag operations. Since then, it is clear that project ARTICHOKE – or its successor – has been behind almost a hundred additional suicide attacks against Israel, and the United States, and now, Great Britain. The results have been devastating to Arabs, Islamics, the Palestinians, and VERY good for the business of Israel and the United States. In Israel, suicide bombers have killed approximately 1000 Israelis and wounded almost five times as many. However, for each Israeli killed by suicide bombers, Israel has been able to kill three Palestinians and to further effect its plan of genocide of the Palestiinian people. Furthermore, the results of the so-called suicide bomber attacks have served only to make Arabs and Muslims targets of xenophobia around the globe. In recent times, Israel has pointed to the economic damages it has suffered as “proof” that Israel is NOT running “false flag,” or “ARTICHOKE” operations. They cite the facts that, in Israel, economic growth has ground to a standstill and that Israel is now suffering a net population loss from emigration, as young Israelis leave for Europe and America in search of employment and, perhaps, security. You can bet that there will be a new wave of “anti-Semitism” launched in order to drive the Jews back to Israel. The 9-11 attacks against New York and Washington are prime examples of ARTICHOKE technologies. We are constantly reminded that “19 Arab terrorists dunnit,” and the mainstream press has failed to adequately address the issue that many of the ‘hijackers’ named by the F.B.I. are alive and well. Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al-Faisal told the Arabic Press after meeting with President George W. Bush on Sept. 20: “It was proved that five of the names included in the F.B.I. list had nothing to do with what happened.” But certainly, SOMEBODY did. “As of this writing, there has been no public discussion of ARTICHOKE-assisted suicide bombings. Indeed, all official discussions of suicide attacks have carefully omitted any reference to ARTICHOKE as an element of the suicide attack strategy. They have instead focused upon the supposed religious fanaticism of the bombers. […] [R]eligious fanaticism fails to explain the remarkably low failure rate of suicide bombings. To date, not a single recruit is known to have defected to either Israel or the United States; and only one is known to have refused to carry out his assigned mission. On the basis of current public source reports, the failure rate of suicide bombers appears to be about 1 in 80; and such an extraordinary figure is only attributable to scientific technique.” […] [MKULTRA and the weaponization of the human psyche by Charles S. Viar] The modern intell view of the problem of suicide bombers goes as follows: “For more than a century and a half, Hasan bin Sabah and his followers terrorized the Muslim world by systematically murdering anyone who stood in their way. In this, their principal weapon was the programmed assassin, psychologically weaponized with a technique strikingly similar to ARTICHOKE. In terms of strategy, tactics and technique, the Assassini were the historical predecessors of today’s suicide bombers; and for that reason they are instructive. The Medieval Islamic elite failed to devise an effective strategy against suicide assassins, and for that they paid a fearsome price. It was not until the Mongol Conquest that the Assassini were finally suppressed, and then only by sheer brutality. Lacking modern sensibilities, the Mongols laid waste their strongholds and surrounding areas; and all known, suspected, and potential supporters of the Assassini were summarily put to the sword. The number of people killed by the Mongol’s in their campaign against the Assassini has been lost to history, but it was surely in the hundreds of thousands and it may have numbered in the millions. Contemporary suicide bombers pose an almost identical challenge to the political structures of the contemporary world.” […] [MKULTRA and the weaponization of the human psyche by Charles S. Viar], who are they? we find, with this brief review, that those individuals who simply can’t grasp what the governments of the planet are doing – that they are servicing the agenda of those who want absolute power – simply don’t understand the nature of belief, of hypnosis, of mind control, of propaganda, of being fooled, and how easy it is for a small core group to do all of the above.. Originally Published 2005_07_23 Posted in Articles, Conspiracy, History, NWO & Global Elite

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A lovely comment from Julie in last week’s post about sneaking into visibility reminded me about a bunch of questions I’ve been meaning to answer. Like “What if I don’t have a thing?” And “What if I don’t know what my thing is?” And “Do I even want a thing?” And: “How do I know which thing is my thing? There are sooooo many — how do I choose?” This whole theme is actually one of the big scary anxiety meltdown-triggers that worry my people the most, so it is high time for some Helpful Explain-ey-ness. First: where we get tangled. When I say “thing”, I’m generally using it as shorthand for anything you want to share with the world. It’s just easier to refer to your thing than “your art or your music or your Etsy shop or your poetry or the fact that you do coaching sessions or your blog about things you think about while riding the train.” A lot of my people also think of “thing” as more of a “soul purpose” type of deal, which leads to the existential crises of ohmygod I don’t know what my thing is. When I say that you don’t need to know what your thing is, I mean: you don’t need to be able to say “I’m a blah blah blah who helps blah blah blah do blah blah blah“. And — more importantly — when I say you don’t need a thing, it’s because you already have a thing. Now let’s get to what that thing actually is. You already have a thing. In a deeper, broader sense, your thing is made up of four elements. Everyone has these. Your thing = [+ qualities] [+ experience] [+ needs] [+ message] And all of these are already inside of you. Thing Ingredient #1: Qualities. Qualities are the distilled essence of what you have to give. For example, if you hang out in my insanely endless archives, you’ll notice that a lot of what I talk about has to do with safety and sanctuary. My monsters are trying to keep me safe. So are my walls. And my blocks. And whether I’m talking about vulnerability or complaining about my week while making up ridiculous names for fake bands, I’m secretly hoping it will help you feel a little more safe being yourself. Other qualities that are part of my thing: support, quiet, playfulness and love. It’s not important to know what these qualities are. They’ll emerge over time.* * Though if you want help with this, I like the Finding Your Jewel exercise in Mark‘s book. Thing Ingredient #2: Experience. Experience refers to everything you know. Everything you’ve ever seen and done and internalized. It’s your wisdom, and it’s also your pain. That experience of pain that gives you the ability to meet people where they are. And it gives them the ability to trust you and connect with you. When I think about my experience, it includes (among other things): - things exploding and the terror - the depression and the tripping over things - the unbearable outsider syndrome and living as a foreigner in three countries - becoming a yoga teacher and a Shivanaut - all the people who believed in me and all the times I didn’t have anyone to do that. We do not stop being one thing and then become something else. At various times in my life I have been a bartender and a grappa taster and a factory worker and a choreographer and a tree-climber and a cow-milker and a secretary and a cog and a waitress and consultant and a meditation teacher. I have fixed tractors and attended conferences and fried eggs and cried in bathrooms. And I use the skills I learned in these spaces every single day. It’s all part of me. And therefore, it’s all part of my thing. Thing Ingredient #3: Needs. Needs are the things that help you feel safe and supported being yourself. What sustain you. The need to be heard, acknowledged, appreciated. Comfort. Support. Love. Sovereignty. The things you need to feel connected to yourself are also part of your thing. And making them a priority is hugely important. Hint! Your needs are the same as the qualities you have to give (here the focus = absorbing them internally as well as giving them out). Thing Ingredient #4: Message.* This one often especially trips people up. Because it’s easy to think ohmygod I don’t have a message and how could I possibly know what it is if I had one gaaaaaaaah?! But you do. Here’s what “message” means: Everything you really care about. And I mean everything. If you can’t stand it when people drink beer out of cans, that’s part of your thing. Even if your thing was mostly about sewing dresses for dolls. It’s now also about how bottled beer is the only way to go. If you think you don’t have stuff to say, listen to yourself when someone says something that you know is wrong. You care. That’s part of your message. Add that to the Book of You because it’s important. * Message is something I took from the brilliant Barbara Sher, and I appreciate both the word and concept because I didn’t have a good thing to call this part other than “passion” (blech). The short version. - Qualities = what you have to give - Experience = what you know - Needs = what supports you - Message = what you care about. All four of these combine to become “your thing”. You can choose to do something with it or not. It’s still your thing. And it’s more than that. These four elements combine to form your essential you-ness. That unique collection of thoughts, feelings, ideas, wonderings that is yours. Imagine a kind of essence-of-you. Like a scent or potion that infuses everything you do. Though you might not be sharing them with your people yet, these things are already part of you. Your you-ness is not a thing that needs finding. It just needs things like safety and acknowledgment and all the rest of the good stuff that we talk about here. Conclusion and reassurances! I apologize if anything I’ve ever said has lead you to think that I think that you need to have a defined thing. You don’t have to choose a thing. Because you already have a thing. And it encompasses vastnesses. We only think we need to pick a thing because people are always saying stuff like “what’s your thing?” And because the biggifiers say we need to be able to tell people what we do. Most of my people currently agonizing over what their thing is don’t realize that I don’t know exactly what my thing is either. That’s why I prefer think of it in terms of qualities + experience + needs + message. Because honestly? I have not the slightest idea what I do for a living, and I still make really good money doing it. So being able to define your thing really cannot be as important as we all seem to want it to be. And comment zen for today… We all have our stuff. We’re all working on our stuff. We don’t give advice, but we are supportive and appreciative of the fact that talking about our stuff can be really hard and painful. Kisses to the commenter mice and the Beloved Lurkers and everyone. And an unrelated postscript! There’s still time to visit the Fun Brewing: Phase 2 page to donate love and good wishes (which also gets you a recording of Copywriting Magic) and support the Playground! Twitter: vuelacara says: Holy crapinsack, How is it that you just wrote a post on what I was just thinking about while I was writing a post? Well, because right? : ) thank you .-= Elana´s last post … Run fat girl run =-. Twitter: HiroBoga says: Havi, this is brilliant, wise, and so very helpful. This is going up on my wall: “* Qualities = what you have to give * Experience = what you know * Needs = what supports you * Message = what you care about.” Love, Hiro .-= Hiro Boga´s last post … Fee-ee-lings =-. The title sent my mind to the naughty place. It’ll be a while before I can read the post without giggling :) Twitter: kimianak says: Oh, I was precisely thinking about this not that long ago, trying to remember what you had told us in January about the four components of our thing. This is much better than the quickie notes I had taken! It will be useful to be able to refer to this post. Thank you for spelling it out here, and also for bringing me back there – I was again sitting at that table listening to you explaining this. :) .-= Josiane´s last post … Movement =-. I know what I have, but what if nobody else needs or wants it? I believe this can’t be the case, that life wouldn’t put me through all of that just for one person. That would make no sense. I’m just in a funky lost place today. .-= Deb´s last post … Baby steps: have faith in someone else’s faith =-. Okay, I think you already answered me in Ask Havi #24. .-= Deb´s last post … Baby steps: have faith in someone else’s faith =-. I have to tell you my dream from the other night. And no I don’t usually dream about people from the internet. lol I dreamed I was in a helluva a lot of trouble in a pirate ship battle, swash buckling and all. I was about to get killed when you, dressed like Jack Sparrow but with a better hat and much prettier, swung in on a rope and saved me. You said: “The rest of us are here because we want to be. We volunteered for our mission. But you didn’t. You were tricked and forced into it. So I’m giving you an out (by saving my ass at that moment) and a boon.” You did something and I was suddenly safely where I was supposed to be. I looked back and you were in a little trouble but I saw a way to help so I cut this rope and a gorgeous Helm Wheel came flying back to your ship where it belonged. You lifted your sword handle to your head and bowed, just Jack Sparrow would’ve, then swung back out to the high seas where you belonged. This must be the Boon – the blessing – because this rocked me hard. Totally helped me sort out a little tangle I have been struggling with for ages. Have a thing, name it, market it, have a plan…BAH! I was feeling more and more like a failure the harder I tried to figure out the Thing bit. But with a little help from a dear friend of mine I began changing my perspective to looking at what’s in me that wants to come out rather than what’s ‘out there’ that I need to invent? And that simplified things a lot. Now to read this…yay! Because even though I decided to give up on what I was trying to do at Mother Earth Whispers, I was suddenly open to my thing being something that was hiding in the shadows of my ‘self’ with my monsters. And now I’m actually making some head way with everything… including not feeling like an Epic Failure for not having been able to get anything going on M.E.W. In fact, I feel better. (yes, still some guilt, some doubt like did I try hard enough, did I screw up, am I screwing up now AGAIN…argh!) But I still feel less freaked out and more creative now than I did when I was trying to do/be what everyone keeps telling me what I’m supposed to be doing. So thanks! I feel bad/guilty that I don’t have anything physical to donate to the Playground except good wishes and dreams and love and happiness. As a result, I can’t bring myself to download your gift for good wishes. Thank you though. You’re awesome and this blog goes in my Havi Folder! Twitter: LuminousHeart says: Havi. Goodness. I don’t even know how it’s possible (given the fullness of your archives and number of posts per week.) But the generosity and clarity of your of your writing continues to astound me. You really are a blessing, dear. I’m so grateful. <3 Mahala .-= Mahala Mazerov´s last post … Testing the Benefits of Meditation… in the Emergency Room =-. Twitter: larisakoehn says: This post is beautiful, Havi. I constantly get caught up in thinking I ‘should’ know what my thing is and be able to communicate it clearly. Meanwhile, I get totally freaked out (to the point of feeling nauseous) whenever anyone asks me what I do. I wonder, would it be possible to just excise that question altogether? I’m imagining some sort of psychic surgery where ‘what do you do?’ is permanently removed from whatever part of the brain/culture it originates. Hmmm…. .-= Larisa´s last post … Four Things I’ve Learned from Richard =-. Twitter: roomtosmile says: i loved loved loved this post. when i first started reading the fluent self, i wracked (racked? wrecked?) my brain thinking, oh, god, what if teaching isn’t my thing….what if i’m doing (chas v’shalom) the WRONG thing? and then i got shiva’d up, and i was walking to pick up some food, and on the walk back i realized: teaching may NOT be my thing. and that’s OK. what is my thing: creatively finding ways for people to create deeper and more meaningful connections between themSelves, their lives, and the written word. being a bridge between you and your personal growth. finding ways to help students safely and confidently question their assumptions about the world they find themselves in. all of which i do on a regular basis. which is cool. and that’s a GOOD thing. Hi Havi, Thank you. Your descriptionizing of “things” is amazing. Wonderful Insights and connections presented in such a friendly and personal way. Thank you. I guess my thing is small steps, and I see you are a master.(I’m in a little bit of awe.) Thank you. Continue having fun and making it fun. That is surely one of your things, Jim .-= Jim´s last post … Great Steps To Productivity =-. Twitter: spiralsongkat says: Hint! Your needs are the same as the qualities you have to give (here the focus = absorbing them internally as well as giving them out). Holy shit. Don’t get me wrong, Havi; I love this whole entire post, find it extremely comforting, inspiring, and helpful and will be re-reading it often — but that, right there, was the buried nugget of treasure that I needed to find today. I think I used to know it, but it’s good to be reminded. Thank you. P.S. I am planning to make my Phase 2 contribution on Friday (possibly doing a Chicken Dance at the same time), and I can hardly wait! .-= Kathleen Avins´s last post … Disabling the autopilot =-. Twitter: susangiurleo says: Such a beautiful explanation of our “thing.” I will share with my readers who are oh, so stuck on how to be themselves and tap into their gifts to help people live better lives. Thanks,Havi. .-= Susan´s last post … Behind the Curtain: New Directions for my Practice =-. Wowee! Loved that one! Explained what I’ve been doing all my life. I was doing my thing(s)and each thing I did added to my experience, bringing me to where I am know, which is a place where I can layer all those things and experiences together so that they can support the thing that is my focus now. Wow! Thanks for that. Twitter: loristone says: thank you, thank you, thank you. This has been my exact question, and worrying over it has almost stopped me in my tracks of getting ANYTHING done. Certainly not getting any new, creative, thing-ifying work. Once again you’ve filled a spot that I hadn’t realized was quite that empty. Twitter: jovanevery says: drinking beer out of cans!!!! how can people do that???!!! I love you. But you know that .-= JoVE´s last post … Conference presentations: speed dating for academics =-. Just coming out of lurking to say: That was exactly what I needed to hear. Thank you, Havi! Twitter: chloewrites says: Just when I think you couldn’t get more awesome, Havi, you reveal an ability to fix tractors. <3 Twitter: AmberStrocel says: I spend a lot of time agonizing over how I don’t know what my thing is. So hearing that I don’t have to have one? So, so liberating. Thank you. .-= Amber´s last post … My Baby, My Child =-. Havi, thank you! :) That was fabulous! <3 Wulfie – I love what you said: "I was suddenly open to my thing being something that was hiding in the shadows of my ’self’ with my monsters." I peeked into my monster closet when I read that and thought I saw a glimmer of something being shoved behind someone's back. I'm going to have to go in and have a look! ;) Julie ps. Havi, I LOVE LOVE LOVE the Procrastination Dissolve-O-Matic! Thank you for writing it! <3 Oh, I’m having no luck leaving love and good wishes in the shopping cart, so here they are: Love and Good Wishes Galore! I am envisioning calm seas, trade ships full of goodies, and smooth nailing! <3 Julie Twitter: Vanessa Battersby says: Oh! Havi, thank you SO much for this post. I’m one of the many agonising over not having a “thing” or not knowing what my “thing” is, and feeling a bit ashamed and like a numpty for it. :D I have a Thing! <3 Twitter: williehewes says: This: “When I say that you don’t need to know what your thing is, I mean: you don’t need to be able to say “I’m a blah blah blah who helps blah blah blah do blah blah blah“. ” THANK YOU! I roll my eyes so hard whenever people say that formula, and at the same time I still get snagged up because I can’t fill in the blanks. Gah! Thanks also for offering a better alternative to “passion”. Blech indeed. Secret cryptic message to all the commentor mice: there’s only one left! @Wulfie, I just wanted to say I really enjoyed reading about your dream. That was beautiful! I don’t presume to speak for Havi, of course, but I think you’re making a mistake when you consider your good wishes and dreams and love and happiness as not real contributions. Good wishes and dreams and love are real and worthy gifts. They are real bricks you can build with. Knowing no more about you than what I’ve slowly osmosed through hanging out in the comments here, I know you, Wulfie, are good people. And I wish you well. And I wish you patience. And I wish you trust. And I believe in you. You see? That is real. [...] is on my mind since Ray Almonte made a comment on my interview with Josh Nankivel and today’s post by Havi Brooks about not freaking out when you have difficulty finding “your thing”, that is: defining [...] Excellent Havi, excellent! I was going to say something about Passion, but then as I read deeper into “Message,” I get what you mean. That’s the real kicker, I think, that you care. And everyone cares about something, even the beer out of the cans. What trips of many, I think, is that they think the Message they have doesn’t really matter to anyone else, so they then start listening to the enemy negative voice in their head saying “you and your message don’t matter.” Who cares if others, even “many others” don’t necessarily care about your thing? Some other do, and as you share about your passi…er, message, maybe others who don’t care, or who have never really thought about it (hmmm, beer out of a can is gross…well, I never really thought about that), might start to care. Go for it and live large! .-= Carl Creasman´s last post … Turn the Page =-. Thank you, Havi, and thank you commenters… Nice to know I am not alone in this, either :) <3 Ingrid @Willie Hewes: I had felt the same way after reading Wulfie’s post (i.e. “but I think you’re making a mistake when you consider your good wishes and dreams and love and happiness as not real contributions. Good wishes and dreams and love are real and worthy gifts”) and I agree with you completely. Well said! I think it’s an easy thing to forget. @Wulfie: I really enjoyed you sharing your dream (I have crazy, long, complicated dreams too – that sometimes feature famous people!). I’m sure your good wishes are worth more than their weight in gold ;) and I can’t speak for Havi either but, personally, given the choice between some money and someone actively wishing me well and sending me love and happiness, well, I’d take the later any day! I wish you well! and happiness! Twitter: kyliewriteshere says: This is wonderful. Thank you, Havi. Each time I come to this online space, I feel safe. I realize more and more that the blogs I like most tend to be those of people I find here. Increasingly, my Twitter feed consists of your Right People. It’s remarkable to have a space (even an online one!) where I know I’ll find safety, where I can learn to befriend myself instead of strongarming myself into submission (which clearly doesn’t work anyway). Big hugs to you and all the other wonderful people who hang out here. .-= Kylie´s last post … things are different now than they were then =-. Twitter: lauriegay says: Hi, everybody! Blissful excitement! I feel such spaciousness and permission that my nebulous thing is exactly what it should be. And it was so much fun to write my answers to the magic formula and then see, that IS what I am doing! How reassuring and just neat-o. I love how we are all in the same boat, too (like, every time someone asks me “what do you do for a living?”, my shins start to sweat. xo Laurie .-= Laurie´s last post … The key to, basically, everything. =-. Twitter: fabeku says: Ooh, this is good Havi. Really, really good. I love the idea of the four ingredients. That seems way more doable (and way more fun, really) than a set thing. And I heart muchly the way you bring it back to the you-ness. And how that doesn’t need to be found. There’s something about that just makes me want to sigh a great big happy sigh. Delicious! .-= Fabeku Fatunmise´s last post … You Are Not Broken =-. This really, really rocked and I’m going to think about it even more tomorrow. (Because tonight is for relaxing with friends at the psychotic beer fest, where I will duly avoid and simply observe the psychotic part… welcome to Bavaria) Thanks a whole heap! Twitter: sherronann says: Well, hello, existential crisis! So nice of you to finally come out into the open. Let’s make a deal: I’ll fill in the blanks of Havi’s secret formula (so we can agree on what I’m all about), and you can stop with the panic attacks and the oh-no-I’ll-never-amount-to-anything-because-I-don’t-have-a-THING thing. Deal? “Even if your thing was mostly about sewing dresses for dolls. It’s now also about how bottled beer is the only way to go.” Havi, I absolutely adore you! Part of my existential crisis has been about my seemingly disparate interests and abilities. But now I’m empowered to say, “And? So? That’s who I am. Dammit!” And then I’m going to flash a devious smile and go eat pie. .-= Sherron´s last post … The Mysterious Case of the Disemboweled “Puppy” =-. @Lindsay and Willie, Hey thanks. I’ll think about it some more. I guess it’s just that Havi does so much good here always for free. I mean really, have you ever seen such a constant delivery of WoW!? And it’s priceless…yet free. Know what I mean? Thanks again. Twitter: delightineer says: I know a lot of people who could use this. Including me. I think I have my Thing – delighting people and giving them a sense of wonder (not a “sensawunda”, SF fans). I think I’ve even figured out how to apply my Thing. But this is a useful touchstone to keep in mind – have I strayed in how I’m interpreting this? Is what I’m doing still my Thing? Thank you. .-= Chris Anthony´s last post … Recommendation: Dave Navarro, the Launch Coach =-. Twitter: elizabethhalt says: Oh, man; I need to write this down. I was feeling slightly addled the other day because I discovered that the thing that I thought was my thing apparently isn’t really my thing; it was a thing that I could follow until I wasn’t afraid to admit what my real thing was. (Even I can’t follow this .. see why I need to write down my own four ingredients and refer to that instead?) .-= Elizabeth´s last post … filling the creative well =-. @Elizabeth, I understood every word of that. See, I had thing that I thought was my thing, for years. But every time I tried to do something with it, something would go wrong. So I kept rearranging the thing but it still went wrong. I drove me nuts. Then I discovered that thing wasn’t my thing…part of it, but not my real THING. But who wants to be a giver-upper? Or feel like a failure? Or like you wasted days/weeks/months/years trying to be something that you aren’t? Or admit you were wrong? Those are scary things! You’re thing isn’t that hard…that just doesn’t make sense to me. If a thing is really your thing, then even when it’s hard, there’s still joy and goodness coming from it and within you. Heck, there doesn’t even have to be money involved in your real thing cause you’d do it anyways just cause you dig it so much! So yeah, I get you. Totally. And the fear…ug. But these 4 ingredients? Yeah, totally rocks its. Freeing and opening and suddenly the creative juices flow and the heart opens and melts all the hardness and wheeeee. I have never squeeed before but just lately – in between bits of HARD – I’ve come very close..like with this post! lol You go girl! Twitter: HeidiDobbs says: What a wonderfully fabulous way to look at this thing that we all so desperately want to have… I know I’ve spent most of my life bemoaning the fact that I don’t have seem to have a single defining “passion”, a “calling” to dedicate my life to. Other people obviously have it, so why can’t I?! Except, maybe my thing is that I don’t have just one thing. My mom would probably laugh if she read that, I think she’s always known I couldn’t ever possibly have JUST ONE if my life depended on it… This is something I’ve struggled with and fought myself over for years. I think (maybe) I’m finally coming to terms with the fact that I’ll always have many things… but looking at it this way definitely helps ;) @Wulfie (and anyone else questioning the value of their “intangible” contribution) It’s an interesting thing, the power that well wishes and good thoughts has. As the well-wisher, we may feel that what we are doing is rather pointless (and therefore of no value). However, many many studies have shown that praying for someone who’s ill can actually increase their recovery rate, whether they know about the prayers or not. And since prayers are basically just good thoughts and well wishes sent out to the heavens, I think it’s safe to draw some correlations here :) If nothing else, simply knowing that people care enough to send well wishes and good thoughts will help give Havi the strength she needs to get through this stressful time… ’cause even if it IS a positive, exciting, amazing change, it’s still change. And change creates stress, which is stressful! ;) Twitter: havi says: @Heidi – right? If I had to choose just one thing I would curl up and die. Many things just means you’ve had an interesting life. And (I tend to think) the many things tend to be more related than we think they are. :) @Wulfie – I adore you! And I adore your dream. Boon! And all the outpourings of love here are helping me so much in getting over my internal “you have to do it all yourself” rules. So it really is a gift of grace knowing how many people are cheering the Playground on. @Sherron – whooo! You go flash that devious pie-eating smile. It’s HOT. And that is exactly the right attitude. I love it. @Laurie – shin sweat! Me too. Except with me it’s stuttering and tripping over chairs. @willie + lindsay YEAH! @julie – when you said “a glimmer of something being shoved behind someone’s back” I got an entire story there. Just beautiful. Thank you. @jessie – chas v’shalom indeed. Chalila. Hooray for shiva-ing it up and for No Wrong Things. @Larisa – yes yes yes! I have been advocating for YEARS that we stop asking the “what do you do for a living” question, along with “what do you do for fun” and “why do you have a duck”. Excellent. Twitter: spiralsongkat says: Whoa! Sudden insight: if I open my door to one Thing, that does not mean I have to close my doors to all the other Things! My Thing(s) can be multi-faceted! Phew! .-= Kathleen Avins´s last post … Disabling the autopilot =-. Twitter: JaneOfArdis says: Wow I just played around with this, without trying to get myself to fit into a box in my head, and awesomeness. It’s like an infusion of bounce. Twitter: CrankyFibroGirl says: Oh, thank you SO SO much for this. It is SUCH a relief. When I read it I just felt this huge weight lift off of my mind. I think I’m going to hang this up in my office where I can see it every day. :) Jenny .-= Cranky Fibro Girl´s last post … If you register your site for free at =-. @everyone! This was like the best post EVER! The comment mice all rock. There should be a Comment Mice Convention at the Playground! lol I did send my best wishes and didn’t die or anything. And I’m feeling betterer enough to be playing with my Thing the way I, myself, envision it as dark and shadowy with spooky lights and music and much laughter and playing. My site Mother Earth Whispers will vanish but instead of feeling like a failure, I’m taking it as a lesson, especially since I learned LOTS. So I’ll be back…but don’t be afraid of the shadows cause it’ll just be me. :D Thanks Havi, Commenter Mice, and Beloved Lurkers for sharing yourselves here. It rocks.

EXCLUSIVE UPDATED: Drop Dead Diva lives! A month and a half after Lifetime cancelled the dramedy series, I’ve learned that the cable network has inked a deal with producer Sony Pictures TV to bring the show back for a fifth season. At the time of the cancellation, Lifetime insiders noted that that they were open to reconsidering the decision if Sony TV came up with a new financial model. After weeks of talks, I hear the two sides found a framework that made continuing Drop Dead Diva feasible for both of them. The fifth-season pickup comes almost six months after Drop Dead Diva‘s fourth season wrapped its run on Lifetime. The dramedy, starring Brooke Elliott as a dead aspiring model trapped in the body of an intelligent, curvy lawyer, was one of two scripted series Nancy Dubuc inherited when she took over Lifetime in 2010, along with veteran drama Army Wives, which is underwent casting and creative changes heading into its seventh season. There had been speculation that Lifetime brass felt Drop Dead Diva did not quite fit into the network’s shift toward edgier fare with shows like The Client List, but ratings-wise Drop Dead Diva has been a solid performer since its July 2009 premiere, which drew 2.8 million viewers. Its most recent season averaged consistently over 2 million viewers in Live+Same Day. Additionally, Drop Dead Diva has developed a loyal fan base, which has been rallying in support of the show following its cancellation. Drop Dead Diva, executive produced by creator Josh Berman, Neil Meron and Craig Zadan, is the latest series to be resurrected after being cancelled in the last couple of years. Sony TV has done it three times before with CBS’ Unforgettable and FX’s Damages, Fox’s Breaking In, and Fox TV Studios accomplished it recently with AMC’s The Killing. Coming up on the network are the seventh season of Army Wives and second cycle of Client List, which premiere this month, and new dramedy Devious Maids, which will launch later this year. Great news. Hopefully this allows TPTB an opportunity to give fans the finale they deserve. I am happy to hear DDD is coming back. It is a refreshing show with good clean comedy. Something I can sit with grandkids and not be ashamed. We need more shows that show good values on TV. Thanks for bring DDD back. Can’t wait to see what is going to happen. Yay, I was upset when it was cancelled. SOOOO excited. i can’t wait for it to return!!!!! Thank you for voicing the importance of family values on television today. You spoke for me! My sentiments exactly. I look forward to the springtime lineup. I hope DDD comes on soon. I really enjoy this show as well as Army WIVES. There are so many dirty shows now that you really have to monitor everything. So glad it’s coming BACK!!!!!!! Woohooo! IKR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I too am glad to see it isn’t being cancelled but I’m pretty tired of bad things happening to Jane; and Stacy’s constant lack of respect for her “best friend” is just too far fetched. Her character needs to be shunned now if it’s to be at all believable. It almost makes me not want to watch it anymore. It started out being a fun show; now it’s like a bad soap. Thank goodness. I was about to boycott lifetime. They could not have left the show the way it was. Glad someone fixed it. Cant wait to see my fav show aagain. Lol I was already BoyCotting Lifetime. The second I heard they cancled the only tv show I watch, I stopped watching their movies too :3 Love DDD <3 xD Yay!!!!!!!!! My friends and i were so upset.when we heard about cancellation. thank you! thank you! thank you! for bringing back drop dead diva I missed it so much, becouse i was always looking forward to it, every weekend, thank you! again. jane m. They definitely owe us an ending. This is why I rarely watch a new TV series. We loyally stick with the program even though they change times, characters (we want Fred back!), days of the week, pick and choose when they give us new episodes and the greatest insult is they cancel the entire thing without giving us satisfying ending. PLEASE GIVE US CLOSURE. I agree, we need closure. I wish Jane and Grayson would get together already – kind of getting frustrated with this back and forth thing. There’s a lot more/different drama that can happen in their lives – let’s concentrate on something else!! GIVE US CLOSURE!!!!!!!!! Great news I really loved the story lines… actors… the whole concept is creative… a great way to end the weekend… light hearted!! Glad to hear it was picked up I really enjoyed the show and I am tired of all the other partner swapping shows. This is good clean TV. OK, I’m most definitely NOT part of DDD’s target audience — black 40-something male — but I’m not afraid to say it’s one of my guilty pleasures! Ecstatic to hear that it’s coming back! But, please, NO MORE KARDASHIANS! I so agree with you!! No mor Kardashians. The show is too good to lower itself to that level! Absolutely agree…no more of the Kim K’s of any of her sibs..but I love that you admit its a guilty pleasure. This is one of my most favorite shows in the summer. My Mom and I watched it and she passed last summer and DDD reminds me of those nights that we watched together. DDD is a great and refreshing show that makes me smile. Glad that Lifetime figured it out! Thank goodness! I need this lighthearted, yet thoughtful show to get me through. It wasn’t showing up on DVR, and it is a great summer treat! I so agree with you..NO MORE KARDASHIANS ..there was no reason for it and it only served to piss people off, and lower the shows ratings! You are a Fan, and that’s the target audience :D “Fans” yaay we’re back :D The ailing NBC should have picked up this show. Started it from the pilot with options for new episodes. This is a 9 pm show if I ever saw one, with all the ingredients of a broadcast hit. I’m absolutely delighted my favorite summer shows is coming back! I kept my fingers crossed for some network to pick it up and look, Lifetime decided to bring it back after all! I have only one request, no more cliffhnagers. In case it gets canceled again, please give us a proper ending. just wondering if you new how i can watch season 4 I had to buy it on amazon. “There had been speculation that Lifetime brass felt Drop Dead Diva did not quite fit into the network’s shift toward edgier fare with shows like The Client List ” Thanks, Nellie, I was having a bad day, but this just made me laugh out loud ! SO HAPPY! Good choice lifetime! I was baffled why they pulled it in the first place, seems a good way to make a large amount of people upset. YAY! #DivaArmy Agree! This news makes me very happy! Couldn’t care less about Unforgettable. I was hoping all the e-mails I sent to Lifetime telling them they made a huge mistake not renewing Drop Dead Diva would make a difference. I am so looking forward to the 5th season. The show makes me laugh and I love Jane and look forward to seeing what happens to her next. Hello??? They reversed course on DDD because their development slate is an absolute train wreck. yeah, oh yeah, I’m doing the happy dance :D so so sooooooooo happy DDD is back!!! can’t wait to see Brooke, Lex and the whole gang :D thank you thank you thank you Lifetime got smart and if there even smarter they will pick up 6,7,8 9, etc too I still can’t believe with all the people who watched they cancelled it!! at least they woke up LOL SOOOOOOOOO happy our DDD is back :D So thrilled this got picked up by Lifetime. I am a Lifetime watcher anyway but DDD is one of my favorite guilty pleasures. So so happy. Made my day!! What happened with all u guys ? DDD is the best show ever ! I can learn law from there and a lot of funny and (????????) sad and romantic story,too. I love all of them ! Wanna keep DDD’s fans happy ?! Let’s get party started ( ?? ???) I am sooo happy you kept my DDD on lifetime. It is one of my favorites shows to watch on a sunday nite other then Army Wives as well….GOOD JOB!!!! YES!!! Yay! Finally a smart decision by the network heads. Well done and can’t wait for season 5! Very exciting news. I love this show and was so disappointed to hear it was cancelled. Thank goodness someone got the memo and realized they had this gem. A great way to end the week! Hooray! Great Show :) I wish they could have done this for NBC’s Las Vegas though a few years back at least for a final sixth season. This shows that there is still hope for good shows to return if they just sit down and work out all the financial details of things as they did here. THANK GOD, someone is ACTUALLY listening to the FANS!! For once, a network does the right thing. LOVE, LOVE, LOVE This show. This and the Client List are the only bright spots of original programming on Lifetime anymore. … Used to love Army Wives, but with so many casting changes in the last two years I can’t say I’m looking forward to its next season, and will probably drop it from my weekly rotation. I love this show, fun story lines, no bad language, no reference to body parts, amazing story lines. I found out in a tweet today. Best news ever. I Love the show. When will episodes start up again? thank you lifetime and Sony. I’m tickled pink that someone in power finally got their head out of you-know-where and decided to bring Jane back! I love that show — for one thing, I’m a “full-figured” lady and Jane has made me realize that I CAN feel pretty and that I CAN find love, so she’s my heroine!!! Yay! Now if only ABC would bring back 666 Park Ave! I agree! I’m so glad DDD is coming back and I hope 666 Park Ave comes back too! I absolutely hate it when shows are canceled without a conclusion! So frustrating!

Surprisingly Spanish My very personal, professional development journey as a Spanish teacher. Teaching using CI and TPRS methodology, touching on the traditional, and hoping for a whole lot of luck. Monday, May 8, 2017 Return from the depths SALE It has been a while for a post, lots of reasons but here is the good news: TpT has a sale tomorrow May 9. My whole store will be on sale as well. I also have $10 gift card to give away! For a chance to win, comment on Twitter @SraFinneseth, on FB, or on this post. Drawing will be at 6:30 AM on May 9th. No better way to start the day! -Sam Saturday, October 8, 2016 IWLA 2016: Poster Session Yesterday was a GREAT day at the all amazing IWLA conference. While I await anxiously for today's festivities to begin, I thought I would share my poster session since I have had a few emails asking me to do so. 2016: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle- Planning for multiple levels Here is the link to my Google Drive with all my presentations. In here you will find the booklet handout (pictured above) and the short sample PowerPoint I showed. For another recycling lessons example, here is my blog post about how I killed Bob in class. Why contribute? Every year there are so many people with wonderful offerings at IWLA that I feel like all I do is suck-up everyone else's knowledge. I become inspired, I become exited to go back to school on Monday, and I keep their information in my head forever (hopefully). This is the point of a well-run conference, right? Well, I still feel bad so I try to offer something in return. It may not be earth-shattering, but it might help someone somewhere! You have something to offer too (and I want to know about it). If you aren't in Iowa, find your local world language association and join. Present, even if it is something small, do it. Many conferences have poster sessions which are 10 minute talks (like what I did this year), or do a whole 50 minutes. Just keep the knowledge sharing karma going! Speaking of that, here is the link to the IWLA website where they create links of everyone who is willing to share their presentations! They have a great Pinterest page that stores links to frequent presenters' websites, presentations, and all sorts of goodies. Stay tuned for a review of my take-aways from IWLA16. Look it up on Twitter, you will not be disappointed! #iwla16 Wednesday, August 24, 2016 Story asking 101: getting student "buy in" from day 1 That said, I had a HUGE amount of learning to do (and still do!) to really help my students. Trying to get random stories to flow in a way that promoted grammar intuition, that met my district's vocabulary standards was really hard. Thank you IWLA for having a conference to make my world complete. Story AskingIn TPRS, we often "tell" stories, out loud, to our language students. We find tons of cognates, slowly introduce new vocabulary (that is clearly defined by writing on the whiteboard), and repeat ourselves until we are blue in the face. This can be very difficult to do on a whim and it can be difficult to "stay the course" and not let our enthusiasm take us astray. Instead of truly telling a story, we actually make statements (There was a girl). Then we ask our students to confirm, deny/change, or add to the story.There lots of great resources, including the Green Bible, that explains this in detail. My StruggleI knew this wasn't going to go as well as I wanted the first few times. I didn't know how to circle "correctly" and I wasn't sure I was going to remember to hit the key grammar points like I needed to. Spanish 1 was easy, describe a person, short interactions, problem, resolution. They had limited vocab so it was easier to manage. Then I bought the "Look, I can talk" series from Blaine Ray and realized that scripting wasn't really for me. I LOVED the student workbook for reading and organizing my focus for the day. What I did about it I told my students what I was doingI teach high school now, so my kids are old enough to have a good conversation. I told them about my textbook Spanish class in high school. They looked at me in horror. I told them: "So here is my idea. I think it would be fun to make-up stories in class. I will be the crazy charades lady, and you will participate... and be patient. We are all new at this and I think it is going to be a ton of fun, but I am learning too. So if you promise to give it your all, to listen to me repeat myself a bajillion times, I promise not to give you grammar worksheets. If you stay focused, roll with me when I need to regroup, I promise not to give you a textbook. Deal?" (They all agreed enthusiastically every time.) I told my principal what I was doingI told my principal that I was trying something new and would like a few days to practice it. He asked if I wanted him to stay out of my room. I almost said yes, I'm glad I didn't. I gave him a "this has research, this is best for my kids- promise, and I need you to come in and tally mark my questions, please". So he did. It was great. He saw me learning, he saw students learning, and the most important part: he saw a community of learners supporting in each other in a committed and focused manner. I found a flow that worked for meI do not follow the "script" 100% and I deviate a little from the "core principals" on occasion, but it works for me. I am happy, my students are happy, and it flows. I would rather be a bit off-center and still be on the path than on the path filled with pain, self-doubt, and crabbiness. Especially in my upper levels, I circle a lot less. They really want the story line to move along and see the character development. I still ask for them to change the story around, but not as repetitive. **I do some direct grammar instruction with my levels 3 and 4 (dual credit) so they develop not only an "intuition" but also a deeper knowledge of the "why". How story asking looks nowIt is my second full year into TPRS (with knowing it exists). I had my first day of classes today with my B day students. I have a large Spanish 2 class (for our school size) and was worried with going semi-deskless and full into flex seating that it would crash and burn. It was great. I did my required syllabus stuff and then said, "Let's do a story". They cheered and adjusted to look front and center. I front loaded the vocab, gave a note sheet (this class is odd in that they want to write everything down, it works for them and I'm glad they know themselves well enough to communicate that), and then paused to review expectations. Me: "Clase, what are my expectations of you during this story?" Collective group: "Focus, no English, answers- the weirder the better!" Me: "Prefecto mis estudiantes inteligentes. Una mas cosita. You need to tell me to slow down if you are sinking. Be clear about it (giving samples of hand signals) so I know you are confused and not simply gassy." Collective group: *Giggles* "Deal." Me: "Clase. I am trying a new story today so I have my paper out. You may need to remind me where we are at in the story at any moment. Clase, listos?" Collective group: "Si, estamos listos." It doesn't get better than a male-dominated class, filled with "too cool" football players, getting excited for story time. Not just excited, but active. When it bombsWhat happens when a story flops. You get nothing from the kids, you feel it not going well, you get a quiz back showing no growth, what then? I try to stop when the class disengages. There are three options that work: when the kids are tired, there is either 1) pause for continuation next class, 2) the story quickly ends, normally very tragically, or 3) I stop and ask the kids. Sometimes you just feel that today really isn't the day for story telling, for whatever reason. Listen to your gut and flat out ask why they aren't into it (kindly and inquisitive, never attacking). Sometimes you learn the home game ran real late and they are tired, and sometimes you learn you accidentally skipped ahead in your lessons and they are lost. Ask, reflect, plan better next time. Use a back-up activity or lesson plan to fill your time with valuable input. Major Take-AwayBe authentic with your class. Communicate with them the way you want them to communicate with you. It builds community, an understanding of the learning process, highlights that they aren't the only learners in the room, and you will be amazed how empathetic and kind they can be! Saturday, August 20, 2016 CI/TPRS Lessons and Ideas I will continuously update this page with new units that were very successful for me in all my Spanish classes. Here will be pictures, general highlights, and things I would change for next time. Most of the rubrics and assignment sheet will be posted on TpT since my school does not do Google Drive and I have no desire to try to figure it out right now (when life slows down I will... life does slow down, right?!).. Fast FinishersThe Pobre Ana Apples to Apples listed below is still a favorite for all my students at all levels.. Sub plans Non-level specificDia de los muertos- Students create an ofrenda before Dia de los muertos. This link is to the project, two editable rubrics, and what I do in my class, with pictures. It does not include the Dia de los muertos lesson. I have used the TeachersDiscovery DVD, YouTube videos, and story asking in class to really help students understand (comparing Memorial Day, etc). Spanish 1Pobre Ana Apples to Apples- Being a CI/TPRS teacher can seem a little challenging when you need the lower levels to... self propel for while. Whether it's because you lost your voice, you need to 1:1 conference with students about their progress, or you need to support some of your slower processors with small group focus; it is hard to not just handover a worksheet to keep others busy. My solution was to make a CI friendly game. It has key phrases, characters, and locations from the book and high frequency vocab. I also threw in some school teachers and local places the kids know about. The document is editable to add your own and change it to your local stuff. The best part is that I keep these in a zip-up pencil bag with a clear view window and my fast finishers LOVE playing this at all levels. (Print the cards with apples- more red than green- on cardstock and then run them the other way through the copier again to print words and phrases.) Spanish 2MadLibs en espanol- I bought some cheap MadLibs books on clearance and make them comprehensible and in Spanish. I sometimes change nouns to fit with my units and structures. I rotate them out every quarter. Kids love them and enjoy making comic strips to show their comprehension. Spanish 3 Spanish 4Presidential candidate tracker- It's election season, in case no one told you. This long-term project is in English is designed to have your students engage with an election many of them can vote in. They pick a Spanish class-related topic (immigration is the easiest), and follow voting records, public released statements, and news stories to draw their conclusion on what they consider "the candidate to vote for". This is not in TL but it engages deeper thinking skills and real-life application in a way we can't do in the TL at this level. Friday, August 19, 2016 Bob and Fred died while in my CI/TPRS classroom Encouraging creativity without squashing participationThis is a key concept if you have "routine" characters that keep making appearances in your class stories. During the last couple of years, I have noticed that Spanish 1 students try to stay within a very routine and predictable story telling pattern. I believe this is due to their middle school English composition classes; not sure if this is it, but it makes sense to me. For the first month or two I let this continue without much pushing for several reasons: - If I know what they are going to add to the story, and I want something a little different, I either 1) tell them something different or 2) ask a dichotomous question with "strange" answers - They are yelling out what is comfortable because it helps move the story along= evidence of comprehension and engagement - They are still young and in the mindset of a "right answer" instead of exploration and risk-taking behavior - They are new and have limited exposure to Spanish culture and norms, they really may be at a loss to throw out "abnormal" names (compared to classmate's names, etc.) After asking about and circling day of the week and location: "Class, it is Tuesday in the cafeteria at High School Name Here. AND, there is a boy." class response: oooOOOoooh "Class, is the boy's name Oscar or Antonio Banderas?" class response: Antonio Banderas! "Yes! Of course! It is obvious that Antonio Banderas is in our cafeteria on Tuesdays." Then I circle what Antonio Banderas looks like (with a handy pre-printed picture of Antonio Banderas... because everyone should have a picture of Antonio Banderas in their desks and planners and cars, and family tree). Then we continue on with why he is there. Again, trying to direct the story and hit key structures: "Antonio is in the cafeteria at High School on Tuesday because he is hungry or because he has blue shoes?" class response: He has blue shoes! "Oh no, Class! Because he is hungry. Antonio is in the cafeteria on Tuesdays in High School because he is hungry." *Start circling "is hungry". Bob and/or Fred show up unwanted... and stay too longSometimes when I plan the story to go as mentioned above, and I have a fast processor and/or a very linguistically gifted student, I will say "The boy is Antonio." Then, out of no where it happens: the unsolicited blurt of perfect Spanish from a student that is super-invested in the story. "Oh no, Profe! Es obvio. Se llama Bob!" (Oh no, teacher. It's obvious. His name is Bob.) How do you squash that!?!? I don't, I let it ride, I often high-five the kid to reward the risk taking behavior in order to show other students this is not only okay, but expected. Bob and Fred show up everywhere, if not a main character, it's a pet. If not a pet, a street name... and so on. Also, it isn't just one of your Spanish 1 classes... it's in all of them. Sigh. It's time for Bob to leave and never return.I lost it last year. I couldn't take it any more. Every. Single. Class. had Bob in their stories, in their drawings... it was a "thing". So, I plotted the death of Bob. Then successfully carried it out in public without anyone protesting. Here is how I got away with murder (and made students learn at the same time). Hint for success: Get a stuffed animal (ours was a pig last year) and use that stuffed animal to represent "Bob" every time he shows-up in story asking, story telling, movie talks, etc. Students should see that stuffed animal just laying around and make a comment like, "There's Bob" when they see it. "Bob" becomes real. Materials Needed - Dollar store magnifying glasses - Pre-organized note sheet to keep students focused (I will try to remember to post what my kids use... If October shows up and it's not up, someone tell me!) - Space in the classroom to "tape off" - Caution tape or you can use masking tape on the floor - A sheet or tarp - An assortment of classroom objects - Plastic knife - Red construction paper (as fake blood) - "Bob" Most people have seen Pinterest-worthy classroom crime scene pictures. This is what my lesson was the week before Halloween. Not only did this help Spanish 1 get over using "Bob" in class, but I recycled it between all 4 levels of students. Spanish 1 used the crime scene to work on 1) identifying vocabulary, 2) using "is" and prepositions to describe the scene, 3) descriptions of objects and the victim (Bob), and 4) investigative skills to look for clues, I give my students magnifying classes to really sell the set-up. They need to focus on reporting the facts. They work in detective pairs to fill out the "crime report" with as many facts and descriptors as possible. Spanish 2 used the crime scene and Spanish 1 notes to evaluate the scene. Then they focused on working on 1) logically sequencing events and 2) describing the who the victim was, my advanced kids will write Bob's obituary and then plan a funeral service. Spanish 3 used all of the above information to draw a reasonable conclusion on their top three suspects. They are using interviewing skills, synthesis skills, logic and reasoning. This is more of a student-generated story at this point. I am really looking at their habitual grammar errors to know what to focus on moving forward. Spanish 4 draws the conclusion of who the murder was and they review all materials. Then they write how they would have committed the murder to get away with it based on the scene. A little dark but it is great to see their usage of the conditional, subjunctive, and the past progressive during this activity. Services for BobNormally the students leave it alone and move on, without Bob. Sometimes they reflect back and see exactly was I was doing and refer to the first quarter of the school as the WB (With Bob) time and then second quarter as PB (Post Bob) time. Occasionally one student tries to resurrect Bob and I remind them that Bob is dead. Take awaysHelp students get out of a rut and teach them to think outside the box. Some kids don't even know they are in a box. Show them the path, bury the past, and lead them to a great adventure of exploring language and new things. Help students be risk-takers. Sam Thursday, August 18, 2016 Reaching All Students: accommodations in the world Ianguage classroom My experiencesHaving worked in a variety of district sizes, this is what I experienced: Large district 1In this district I taught high school with block scheduling teaching Spanish 1. I had large classes in an urban setting. My most notable class was a class of 29, I had 4 students that were very gifted and left the last 20 minutes of every class to attend the local high school for only gifted students (they attend for the classes they need to and then are bused back to their regular high schools, they can take 1 or all 8 classes there based on performance, teacher recommendations, and testing scores). Depending on lectures and guest speakers, they would also come in late by half an hour. These students always made-up missed work and were never a problem, just early finishers (read my post about fast finishers here). This school did a nice job of not placing advanced native speakers in the lower levels unless needed for spelling, reading, grammar help. In this same class I also had two students with ankle tracking devices and 17 special education students with IEPs. I had no Para Educators in my room, I didn't know any of them were identified as having IEP's until I noticed patterns in their work and behavior (3 weeks!!), and went over lunch to track down the head Special Education teacher and force him to tell me their accommodations. He then realized I had 17 students in one class and asked me why I was wasting his lunch if I could just ask the Para... I told him I didn't have on in my room and his response was "Yeah, I guess none of our Paras speak Spanish anyway." Large district 2I worked in a middle school in an affluent neighborhood (a stark contract from the last district). I taught Spanish Exploratory and Spanish 1. My classes were around 25 kids. At this age, I had a few TAG (talented and gifted) students stand out in each class but for the most part I did not have any Special Education students in my classes since they would have many more opportunities to take a world language at high school for four years, these students were often in reading skills or math skills classes instead of WL classes (I actually agreed with this). However, I did have several students in the same class that received Special Education services with 1:1 Para Educators as the students were either nonverbal or had other severely limiting needs. I loved these kiddos, and I made accommodations for them so they felt included and valued (one girl even started to say "hola" to me in the halls and would give me a high five; best high five's ever). Medium district 1I was with levels 2-4 and in all my classes about 50%, or more, of my students were native speakers. Most all could not write in Spanish, some could read, so we gave them a super informal placement test to determine where their needs were so the were either placed in Spanish 2 or 3 (4 was for college credit and they have to have a high school credit course completed before taking the college credit). Medium district 2 and current small districtStudents with accommodations are placed on whether or not it fits in their schedule or encouraged not to take a WL. Making accommodations in a TPRS/CI class Spanish 1I truly believe that Spanish 1 is a special class that is pretty much an equal opportunity employer. Because the language is so basic, the playing field is equalized to some extent for student with specific IEP goals (math, language, etc). If you teach in a traditional classroom with a textbook and workbook, I would suggest you keep any eye on student with both language and math goals. Many texts treat grammar as "formulas" and where students can apply these as a basic level and "plug and chug" with familiar vocabulary. This formulaic approach to language is very easy for some students to excel (they also tend to excel at math from my experience) and can let other struggle. In the TPRS classroom and the traditional classroom, it is hard to go a day without reading. Most students with language goals struggle with reading comprehension and/or writing. Especially thinking about quizzes, some students struggle reading questions in English, making it difficult to answer without knowing what the question is asking for. Now asking comprehension questions in Spanish, where the word order is different and key helping questions words don't exist; "Do you have a hat?" "Tienes un gorro?". Spanish 1 students, especially in TPRS classroom, learn sentence by sentence which is helpful but can still be overwhelming. I suggest asking for a para educator (special ed helper) if you have more than 3 students with IEPs and a large class. It is easier to work with them and support them in a smaller class. Either way, ask their special education teacher for accommodations that help the students in their English and math courses. Apply them in the same way or alter them to fit your class. At one school I had 17 kids with IEPs and the school wouldn't give me a para educator because they don't speak Spanish: it is not their job to teach, it is their job to support the student. Native speakers in a Spanish 1 class, in a class with a majority of non-speakers, can make it feel like they are not going to benefit from class, and depending on their personalities it can become a classroom distraction. First, give a short written placement test (see mine here). You can see their reading comprehension and their spelling. Then I would recommend moving them to Spanish 2 or 3 depending on their literacy level. Spanish 1 is basically vocab building, if they have the vocab they can start right away on grammar and reading help in level 2 and fine-tune existing skills in Spanish 3. If your school says no, I talk to my Spanish-speakers before or after school or during lunch. I ask them what they want to gain from this class besides the easy A. Sometime my speakers wanted grouped together and they did lots of novel/story reading and writing. I did much more traditional grammar work with them. I had one girl who wanted to be a teacher so she became my teacher aid and loved helping with acting, clarifying vocabulary, etc. Spanish 2-4If you were fortunate enough to have your students at the lower levels, you likely know their needs by the time they get to upper level classes. If not, ask the previous teacher what work and be cognizant that their scores may be reflecting a learning need, rather than their proficiency. The same suggestions I listed above apply at this level. BE EXTRA CAREFUL that you are meeting needs of all your learners. My number one suggestion for upper-level teaching for students with accommodations in high school: Ask the student what they need after establishing a relationship with him/her, and continually follow-up. Many students at this level can self-reflect and tell you what does and doesn't work. Also be careful not to "cave into" giving them easier work that doesn't apply to their learning goals; that is cheating. Students with severe delays/needsI really only had this happen at my middle school exploratory or Spanish 1 classes. These students had their own 1:1 para educators (who were phenomenal) and there was obviously no way they could "learn Spanish". However, they brought joy to the classroom and had supportive peers, luckily for me. It broke my heart when it became obvious that there was no expectation for them to participate or enjoy class. My number one suggestion is to ask their main teacher what skills the students are working on in the classroom and try to help out. Here is what I did: My student with Downs Syndrome could write her name and could speak. Her goal at the end of the semester was to be able to use "hola" and "adios" correctly plus maybe recognize a few other vocab words. I took our vocab words and wrote them on the lined paper for preschoolers. The word were written with dashes so she could trace them. There were also clipart pictures to the side to color. She loved them. She was also working on counting money in her classroom so we worked on "Cuanto cuesta" and money names. At the end of the semester she mastered: hola, adios, bueno, uno, tres, cuatro, and could match a few colors. Her para educator cried when I left and thanked me. My nonverbal student also had some physical limitations but loved music. So we started class every day with the same song so she could dance and the other kids sang along. They were working on fine motor skills in her classroom so I printed connected the dots pictures of "Mexican things" and let her para educator hep point out the next dots. I also did current vocabulary color images she could try to color in. She was able to match her head movements to "si" and "no" by the end of semester. My students that could kind of read and write could also speak. We focused on introductions (he was working on manners and social skills in his room) and manner basics. He could memorize anything but not apply it appropriately. I focused on sequencing a conversation like a typical introduction conversation would go and he memorized that. He was able to us "por favor" and "gracias" appropriately by the end of the semester. Key take awaysAsk, ask, ask, ask, ask for help. These student have someone assigned to help monitor progress and to help teachers make meaningful accommodations. Don't worry about bothering someone, worry about severing your students to the best of your ability! Friday, August 12, 2016 The First Days Back in Spanish Class My simple answer to how to start the year is: teach your subject from day 1. Here is how I plan it. Steps to planning - If your school says you have to introduce certain things, do that. - Find out, 100%, what is your school's policy about dropping/adding/switching classes. - Teach rules and expectations in English: These should never be unclear in any way or leave room for "I didn't understand that". The have-to'sI am a person who lives on the edge of "I will do what's best for my students" and "I still want to keep my job". Luckily, for the most part, I have had supportive administrators that allow me to flirt with that line and keep me in-check. If your school requires you to preview a syllabus, do it. If you have to rehearse and highlight emergency procedures, do it. While you may think, "Oh, I'll do that next week. My plan is so much better," you are lying to yourself. Your plans are always better than the routine reminders, but you will forget to overview it and it is important. Example: At my old school we had 8 period days with 48 minute classes. I taught Spanish 1 and exploratory. Students had the first 4 days to switch classes. We were also not allowed to give homework or "significant" in-class work to accommodate late schedule changes. Day 1- Required syllabus and class materials review. Introduction activity. Day 2- Required emergency procedure review (tornado, lock-down, fire, etc). Teacher naming students activity. Day 3- Required handbook policy review as selected by principal. Webquest on Spanish speaking countries. Day 4- Required (at our choice) team-building exercises. School policy on class changesThis is a big one. This should determine your first week's plan. You need to offer insight to the course expectations to your students and give them a genuine taste of class. If all you get through before the end of the changing classes window is a syllabus and one fun activity you will have students in your classes that may not be ready or as committed as they need to be. My Light-bulb Example From my required days listed above, this was great for community building, but at mid-term I had a student come up to me in tears because class was too hard and she wasn't expecting to have to use and listen to "that much Spanish" (this was a very loaded situation). After that private conversation and midterms, I polled the class; over 90% were happy with where their grades, but over half said they didn't realize how much work it was going to be since the first days were "super fun and easy". What I do now... and will in 7 daysCurrently I teach high school in a block schedule and students have three days to change classes. Because of the order they are seen, it is possible that I don't see a student until day 3 or 4 (this has happened a handful of times). My number 1 suggestion: teach from day 1 like it is a normal class. My Spanish 1 students walk-in and I only speak in Spanish for the first half of class; they've never had Spanish exploratory. I have them line up ("haz una linea" and I point and motion like a crazy woman). They get it every time. I also have a seating chart done before they walk in the door, I can make changes as needed. I model introductions by playing two people and then write it on the board phonetically (Oh-la, may yam-oh Profe). When the students catch-on, they say it quickly and and show them their seats. Once they all sit down, I go into English and high-five all of them for being awesome Spanish speakers. **I am aware this is not 100% CI/TPRS friendly, but it easily sets expectations of behavior among themselves, between myself and the students, and that they will survive. My English portion is handing out a welcome letter that introduces the class expectations that both the parent/guardian and the student sign and turn-into me. I don't review it with them. They can read it on their own time. Then back into Spanish we go. I play the super catchy "buenos dias" song from YouTube and have them join in. The second class we start the exact same way and then we play a pair-dance-switch game; they LOVE it every year and sing it to me in the halls... which gets the upperclassmen singing it too. Spanish 1 goes directly into cognates and then into a "manners game" were they get a small candy by saying "por favor" and "gracias" to each other for 3 minutes straight and exchange the candies hidden in their fists. For Spanish 2, 3, and 4, they also have to do introductions and we start right away into "real learning". Spanish 2 typically goes into story telling, then asking, then a mini "mi verano" book project, and a novel by the start of week 3 (which is class 6 for us). Spanish 3 and 4 start with review projects plus a novel (see my post here with a freebie). Rules and SyllabusI assume they know at this point how to behave in a classroom and they will choose to do so, because I expect it from the moment they walk in the door. I also do not have any "required" information to review with each class (we do that with our 15 minute homeroom time in the AM). Week one: I teach my expectations as they are needed, in English. Week two: I go over my serious rules (this is a judge-free zone, give it a try, ask for help or tell me to slow down) and syllabus with students in English. I normally hand out a quick "calendar" of the quarter or semester with quiz dates and grading period deadlines. They can add things in as we get there. Behavior expectationsI truly believe that if you start class with rules you become a dictator rather than an educator; especially at the high school level. We need to trust students that they know how to act and just expect them to do it. My other major piece of advice is: do not let students get away with any form of poor behavior the 1st quarter when you have new students. Be tough but loving. Being firm makes them know you are keeping them accountable for being young adults. My upperclassmen will walk into one of my classes and even give younger kids the stink-eye if they are sharpening a pencil while someone else is talking or if they break into English. I never taught these rules, but they just pick-up it is part of respect. Model the behavior and consistently expect it. Foremost, do it with love. If you don't at least tell yourself you like all your kids, it's going to be a long year with no report or respect. Always give love and respect before they've "earned it". They are humans, they deserve it. Also, do behavior correction in English. If you need to, send the kid to the hall to remove him/her from the audience (here is a link to my behavior accountability form), I have them complete the form, and then I check-in when I'm ready, quick chat, and we walk back in with a clean slate. Avoid sending kids to the office (unless it is physical/verbal violence). Sending kids to the office doesn't build a report with them, and it says "you are beyond my ability and/or care". You do care, you can't "deal with" unwarranted behavior in that moment because you are teaching, not because that student isn't important. In the last 6 years I have sent 3 kids to the office (once cussed out another student, one flipped a desk into my body while I was pregnant- she was high-, and the third walked-in while I was a sub and kicked another student in the gut). Sending them to the hall and the student knowing they will be contacting their parents with me the next time they have an issue seems to deter all of it. I hope this is helpful and you have the best year yet, or at least one coffee and donuts can comfort. -Sam

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Many PHP developers are still using PHP 5.x version and have not migrated to the latest PHP 7. The reason behind why developers are still using the previous version relates to the fact that many developers tend to fear about its compatibility with their apps. The first thought that strikes their mind is that whether PHP 7 can support their apps or not. At times, they do also fear about the large migration time their apps would require to migrate on the new PHP version. Why You Should Update Your Apps From PHP 5 to PHP 7? PHP is a popular server-side scripting language used by many developers to create awesome functional websites. It is vastly used by the programmers because of its easy to understand structure and strong Object Oriented Programming (OOP) support. As according to a survey, around 82% of the world’s overall web apps uses PHP as their back-end programming language. It is necessary for the servers to power web apps with quick loading speeds. As there are number of users who rely on slow 3G speed, and thus require fast web applications. According to a survey if a web page takes more than 3 seconds to load, 40% of the users abandon that web page quickly. In contrast to PHP 5.6, PHP 7 offers a vast improvement in performance speed of the apps. It makes applications run more smoothly. Because it has new advanced features which lets web apps optimize with higher speed. PHP 7 also reduces the consumption demands of servers. As its functions are really lightweight and requires less powered servers to run web apps. In this tutorial, I will demonstrate how to migrate your application from PHP 5 version to PHP 7, starting from upgrading the development environment. For the purpose of this tutorial, I assume that you have a PHP application installed on a web server. The prerequisites include: - PHP 5.x & 7.x I have used Cloudways managed PHP web Hosting. The Cloudways platform offers a great devstack and allows me to work freely without distracting my attention to any server level issue. You can also try out Cloudways for free, by signing up for an account. PHP Version Settings The reason why I have selected Cloudways is that it gives simple 1-click functionality to update PHP versions. If you want to update your PHP5 setup, just navigate to the Settings and Packages tab and select the desired version to update. PHP 5 Features PHP 5 is in the development circuit for more than 10 years now. In fact, many applications are still using versions, including PHP 5.2, 5.3 or 5.6. It is because of the reason that PHP5 offers tremendous features such as: - Flawless Object oriented programming support. - Standard PHP Library (SPL) - Closures. - Namespaces. - Magical methods for metaprogramming. - MySQLi - advanced MySQL extension. - Cleaner Error handling. - Supports XML extensions better. Things You Should Need to Know About PHP 7 PHP 7 was released on December 3, 2015 with advanced features and improved functionalities. It is comparatively faster than the previous PHP 5 versions, and provides optimized performance for the apps. Some new features of the latest PHP 7 are: PHP Zend Engine PHP 4 was released in 1999 and since from then, the platform was powered by Zend engine. Zend is an open source execution engine which supports PHP 7 and is totally developed in C language. It helps interpreting PHP language and gives ease to the developers to perform developmental jobs. PHP 5.X used Zend Engine II, whereas the new PHP 7 version uses Zend Engine with a code name PHPNG (Next Generations). Power of Error Handling PHP developers always finds difficult to handle catchable fatal errors, as it is one challenging job for them. But using Exceptions is the only way developers can resolve these fatal errors. The new Zend engines gives ease to the developers handle fatal errors at the run time, which sometimes becomes unprofessional and risky. The Exception Base Class is not extended by the Engine Exceptions objects in the new Zend engine. The object shows that the engine despite of using older version's interfaces and data, produces different kinds of exceptions in error handling, which are traditionals and the Engine exceptions. With PHP 7, web programmers are allowed to catch both of these exceptions by using a new Parent Class called BaseException. Below is the code and result of Fatal errors emerged due to previous versions shown: Before function call_method($object){ $object->method(); } call_method(null); After try{ call_method(null); } catch (EngineException $e){ echo "expection":{$e->getMessage()}\n"; } Added Support To 64-Bit Windows System Being a prominent member of LAMP stack, PHP uses native environment of Linux. But running on Windows system is not impossible for PHP as well. Windows has two types of bit systems, one is Windows X86 and the other is X64. PHP 5.x didn't had support of Windows X64. But the new PHP 7.x version efficiently supports Windows X64 bit system, and thus eases developers to work in Windows environment. Now you can run and compile the language on your Windows X64 Bit systems. PHP 7 now supports all the integers and large files of X64 bit system. Scalar Type Declaration Using PHP 5, you can pass parameters in a function with classes, interfaces and array types only. For example, if you want to pass a parameter of a certain string type in a function, then you will have to check within a function like the one shown below: // php 5 function getrollNo($number) { if (! is_integer($number)) { throw new Exception("Please ensure the value is a number"); } return $number; } getrollNo('students'); With PHP 7, there is no need to perform any extra check. You can simply type your function parameters with desired string, int or any other variable type. // PHP 7 function getrollNo(int $number) { return $number; } getrollNo('students'); // Error raised PHP Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 1 passed to getrollNo() must be of the type integer, string given, called in .... PHP 7 will throw a Fatal error exception as seen above once you type hint with scalar values. Array Constants In PHP 5, only constants defined with the define() method can accept scalar values. On the other hand, in PHP 7, you also get the ease to have constant arrays using the define() method. // PHP 7 define('Students', [ 'rollnoid' => '11', 'studentname' => 'Pardeep', 'studentbatch' => '8B' ]); echo Students['rollnoid']; // Result 11 Imports from the Same Namespace In PHP 7, Group use declaration helps make code shorter and easy to understand. Earlier in PHP 5, if you want to use multiple classes, functions and constants from the same namespace, you have to write the code as follows: // PHP 5 namespace Unicodeveloper\Emoji; use Unicodeveloper\Emoji\Exceptions\UnknownMethod; use Unicodeveloper\Emoji\Exceptions\UnknownEmoji; use Unicodeveloper\Emoji\Exceptions\UnknownUnicode; class Unicode{ } In PHP 7, you can easily group them as shown below: // PHP 7 namespace Unicodeveloper\Emoji; use Unicodeveloper\Emoji\Exceptions\{ UnknownMethod, UnknownEmoji, UnknownUnicode, IsNull, function checkForInvalidEmoji, const INVALID_EMOJI }; class Emoji { } Return Type Declaration In PHP 7, you can use functions to return data types. This feature is available in almost all strong programming languages, but just wasn't available in PHP 5. Now with PHP 7, you can write functions to return certain types of data. function divideValues(int $firstNumber, int $secondNumber): int { $value = $firstNumber / $secondNumber; return $value; } echo divideValues(8, 9); // Result 0 In the above mentioned function, we want integer as the return value. Therefore, the default coercive type checking in PHP comes into play here. The value returned from the function should be float and should throw a fatal error, but it is automatically returned into an integer. Enable strict mode by placing declare(strict_types=1); at the top of the file and run it again. It should throw a PHP Fatal Type error like the one shown below: PHP Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Return value of divideValues() must be of the type integer, float returned in ..... Strong Type Check PHP 7 allows coercion for specific operations, such as dealing with numeric strings and other data types. function getBookNo(int $number) { return "This is it: " . $number; } echo getBookNo("8"); // Result This is it: 8 In the above mentioned function, I have passed a string in the parameter and later coerced into an integer. But in PHP 7, you can be strict with your parameters. You can ensure that no automatic conversions could occur by defining a strict mode at the top of your file: declare(strict_types=1); function getBookNo(int $number) { return "This is it: " . $number; } echo getBookNo("8"); // Result PHP Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 1 passed to getBookNo() must be of the type integer, string given, called in ...... Whenever you pass a float value in PHP 5, it strips out the decimal part and returns you an integer result. On the contrary to this, in PHP 7, you will get a fatal error exception if you try to pass in a float value. This feature becomes impressively important when building financial applications. Spaceship Operator A new operator called spaceship operator or combined comparison operator (<=>) is introduced in the new PHP 7 version. Its basic purpose is to sort out and combine comparisons. Before PHP7: function order_func($a, $b) { return ($a < $b) ? -1 : (($a > $b) ? 1 : 0); } After PHP7: function order_func($a, $b) { return $a <=> $b; } This is one of the beautiful addition in this latest PHP version which can be used to quickly and conveniently compare two expressions. The operators can be used as follows: a < = > b f a is less than b, the expression output would be -1 If a is equal to b, the expression output would be 0 If a is greater than b, the expression output would be 1 Accessing Static Values In PHP 5.x, if you try to access a static value, you get an error like the one shown below: class student { static $name = 'cw'; } echo ' student'::$name; // Result Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '::' (T_PAAMAYIM_NEKUDOTAYIM), expecting ',' or ';' in ..... But in PHP 7.x, it throws no error and works flawlessly. // PHP 7 class student { static $name = 'cw'; } echo 'foo'::$name; // Result cw. var_dump(new class(){ public function __Construct($i){ $this->i =$i; } } Migrating Your Apps From PHP 5 to PHP 7 PHP 7 includes significant updates which makes its performance really faster than the previous versions. But migrating your application from older version to new PHP 7 might include several challenges. Yet its reward is quite fruitful, as PHP 7 results in much faster performance and less demand on servers. While migrating your apps to new PHP 7 version, always make sure that the libraries your project uses are available in PHP 7. Because you may need to hold off the migration process for a while, if your project libraries aren’t supported in PHP 7. While you can check for alternative solutions including removing the dependency on those particular libraries. If your app uses PHP 5.5 or 5.6, then you can easily migrate it to new PHP 7. However, if the code of your app is written in PHP 4, then it could might require few syntax moderations. As the one like of constructor functions in PHP 4, which are no longer supported in PHP 7. Make sure that your code includes unit and integration testing as well, while migrating your app to PHP 7. As identifying these issues first through tests makes sure that they get resolved before popping up as bugs on live screen. Wrapping Up! In this blog, I have briefly covered all the new upgrades and enhancements of PHP 7, and how some old features of PHP 5 could be easily upgraded to PHP 7. No doubt, PHP 7 is a right choice to adapt in the wake of advancing development norms. As it has came out with such impressive enhancements which perfectly make it an adequate programming language to develop large scale applications. Still if you have any further questions regarding this article or new advancements in PHP 7, you can simply write your queries in the comments section below.

Drum Sample Editing & Programming for Electronic Music Lesson 12 of 18 Adding 'Jungle' Type Effects Drum Sample Editing & Programming for Electronic Music Lesson 12 of 18 Adding 'Jungle' Type Effects Lesson Info Adding 'Jungle' Type Effects Here's a little beat that I've made just to demonstrate some different approaches you can take to effect. And it has a break beat in it and a kick drum and some other kind of drum machine components So you can use, you know, in addition, to eat queuing. I like to use panning a lot. So here's like a you know, you can pan different instruments to kind of be in different parts of the stereo field, but also, you can kind of use panning as an effect. Um, so here, I'm gonna draw in some automated panning on this and you can just see I'm having it go kind of move from the left to the right of the field here. So it just kind of if you're listening and headphones, it just kind of moves around in your head space, you know, also, if you're listening on big speakers in the club, it feels like it's like the noises kind of fluttering around the room. Um, and if you have something like that kind of like real low in the mix with backgrounds big, that can really add some interesting richness and depth ... to your your sound there's actually a plug in that waves. Makes called. Let's find it, um, commando mod. That kind of does that for you. Lets you select. Um, I'll delete this automated pan out of here to show you It lets you select kind of, um, modulation for the volume and for pan and for frequency. So basically, it's, you know, a guy turning the volume up and down and turning the pan left and right and turning the pitch up and down a little bit. And I like to kind of just set the depth on the on the volume in the pitch to zero and just have the pan running you can set, you know, I want it to be maybe go to 1 30 left of 30 right? And, uh, have it be a little faster than this so you can set a tempo. You can set a tempo here, and then you can set How many kind of what the r. P m is within that tempo. How maney swings per beat, it goes back and forth. And so that's a way to kind of automate your panning left and right, or, you know, volume up and down If you don't want Teoh, go and draw it in for like, you know, 150 measures of a song. Another thing that, like really comes in handy with drum programming is reverb. River really is one of your best friends along with you Q. And you can do so much, um, kind of shaping. Sounds, um, so I'll just put some reverb on this clap to show you that's dry. And here we are with some reverb on it. And you know, these big amounts of river could give it that, like, washed out like like that big, cavernous underwater like, you know, Berlin Warehouse techno sound or that kind of like burial. Early dub step, you know, really spacious noise to it and then in smaller quantities, reverb like Maybe you don't even really know it's there. But it just helps noises toe fit better. It helps them toe blend into the track a little better. So so it's like almost not there right now, but just enough to kind of soft in the edges on that sound so it doesn't just a wash it into the to the rest of the track a little bit more, which, you know you don't want for a noise that's supposed to be really punching in your face. But for the other percussion instruments could be really helpful in kind of fine tuning and blending your mix. Um, delay is a thing that I love to death and use all the time. Maybe I overuse it a little bit if I'm being, like, totally honest with myself. Um and that's, you know, um, basically, just an effect that repeats the sound to a tempo. So here, I'll show you, Um, I'll show you with a with a simple delay and then with something that's a little more fun. Um, I really like the h delay that waves makes. So the simple delay here we turn our This is the actual sound coming through. And then this is the effect coming through. And then we said it to sink to our tempo, um, and to keep So I'm gonna say Let's have it sink at a dotted eighth note. So it'll repeat every noise that comes through on that snare channel. I will repeat at a dotted eighth note. So here's our snare right now in here. There's with that delay on it. That kind of gives it like more of a doubIe feel right. And you can turn up and really just play with automation on that to kind of get that. Like Lee Scratch, Perry really dubbed out sound. What's even better for that? There's, um, because the units, you know, on all those old dub records and old, like disco records you know, Larry Le Van Productions and stuff like that. The delay effects that they were using were literally a tape that was just a tape loop. And there was a tape head and it would just run around, you know, it would record the sound, and then another head would read it off of the same tape. And so literally, you were just listening to a constant tape loop and the length of the tape in the speed of the motor determined the time of the delay. So they're Cem plug ins that simulate that tape delay. So you get a little more of that, like gritty tape e sound. Um, H delay is good for that. I think so. I'm gonna have the exact same effect setting where I have a dry, wet balance of the dry sound being louder than what sound? It's 127 beep, beep dotted. Eighth note. Um, and I think it sounds a little nicer this away. Um, you can turn up the feedback, which is how long that DeLay laughs. Um, it's called Feed that because if you put it over 100 you'll get actual feedback. Uh, you can you can modulate. How much of that tape sound you want? There's this little button lo fi that makes it a little more grimy. And then this knob right here also controls Kind of How much of that tape sale do you get? Um, and then you have a low pass in a high pass filter so you can turn this up to cut out base, and you can turn this down to cut out trouble. And that can give you even mawr of a kind of, you know, like old doubIe grit to your to your sound. Now, another thing I like on this delay and a lot of these similar delays is this ping pong button here, which makes it so that each hit of the delay is either panned hard. Laughter panned hard right. So it's kind of like combining the pan stuff we were talking about built in as a future of this of this delay. And you hear that a lot in, like, old disco records, Early house records, old dub records. So, um, yeah, I I really like kind of all of those different things. Uh, so you can incorporate that into your overall track. Another thing you can dio is you can set up. And this was how all these old dub records did it. Um, you'd set up a bus in your master effect myth mixer. Um, that's just here. Did that wrong. So you set up on an effects, send bus on and you plop a delay into that bus and so I can send everything, all of my instruments, or whichever instruments I want. So let's say I'm gonna send everything except for the kick on the break beat sample. To go into that effects bus as well is going to the master out. I'm gonna set the effect on the effects bus to be roughly like the other one. Only I'll set it to 100% wet. So the effects bus is on. Lee gonna be the delay portion of that delay Plug in without the original sound coming through. So one second turn off the delay on this snare. So I have my my unaffected track here on then I have another track that is so that delay bus here is just the delay on all of those instruments, and I can turn it up, Turn it down as I please to kind of bring in that big wash of just like doubIe noise over my record. Um, and I can select which instruments are gonna go to that right here and, you know, fiddle with that as the track progresses and a lot of those old dub reggae records if you if you look at how those producers were making them, they just had one big knob that was like, Here's the delay for all these tracks and I'm just gonna bring it up toe, you know, bring again, like that kind of drama into the record. You know, that was their version of having some big breakdown was toe. Just have everything. Just wash out on this just wave of, like, w delayed noise and then bring stuff back in element by element. So that's a really cool way to kind of build tracks I think works really well for, you know, not just regular records, but for techno, for, you know, any sort of like disco a house record. Um, let's see, what else do we have here? Noise gating, which can work really well for a break beat sample. I'm gonna go back to just the kick drums on the brakes. So you put a noise gate on this break beat, which is an effect, basically, All it says is I'm gonna cut the volume on everything in this sample unless a part comes through that's louder than X. And so you tell it what X is, and it's gonna mute anything that's quieter than that, so you can use it. So you see, the threshold is set low here on the whole sample comes through, you turn the threshold up, and it starts cutting out this quieter parts on it gives it that kind of like chopped up feel without you actually having to do anything to it. You can again, just like on a synth, you increase the release time. And that brings more of a tale to it. You increase the attack time, and that brings more of, like a slowly the sound. And here's a little more slowly fades in which I don't think is very useful for a drum brake, but could be useful for, like, a pad or a synth sound. So anyway, you can have this. So let's say you have your break beat, right? And then you want to have a break down where it just, like, strips away some but not all of that. You can turn this noise gate on the kind of you build a different texture within your track. You could use it for the whole track, but I think it's really effective toe have your break beat and then, like, maybe noise gate it for, like the part that you want to be like this, like raw, stripped down, breakdown kind of thing. Um, another similar thing, too, that is transient shaping. Um, let me find. Here we go. So when I was talking about wanting to make a sample more punchy and, you know, adding, like a kick drum or adding clicks to it or something, Teoh give it a little more oomph. Another way you can do that is here we go. That's what I wanted, um, with a transient shaper. And it works kind of on a similar principle as a noise gate. Um, it basically says any noise that is over a certain level, Um, instead of muting everything below that, I'm gonna turn down everything below that, or I'm gonna turn up everything below that. And so if you have something where you want the snare I mean, the snare is the loudest part of your thing. But you wanted to pop a little more. You can have this transient shaper. Just turn up the volume on the very beginning of the snare just for a tiny bit. And that'll give it more that pop. Alternatively, if you have something where, um, you have, like, a triangle in a record, and it's way too poppy like it just punches too much and sticks out of the mix like a sore thumb. You can tell the transient shaper like turn down the beginning of that triangle a little bit. Leave the rest of sound untouched and you'll still have that same sound. But it won't stick out of your track so much. so I'll show you. Um, so you set your range, which is how much you want it to turn up part that you wanted to turn up. The sensitivity determines how loud a thing has to be to be turned up to that range. So sensitivity really like determines where your volume range that you're looking at your transient shaper is on them. The duration and release work the same way again on the seventh. The duration is basically how long you want it turned up for, and the releases how slow the fade out is after it stops turning it up. So that could be really useful for kind of adding or removing kind of punch or clicking this from any sort of drum sample, break, beat sample or any other instrument. You can use it on a piano that you want to really pop through. The Mex um, flans and chorus is another thing that comes really, really in handy with drum programming. Um, so we've got this symbol right here waken put like a little Flander on it to kind of give it some some depth and some interest. So it's not just one note. I really like waves. Meta Flander. Um, you can get some really interesting sounds out of that. Um, and basically, this is just yeah, phasing it, um, a ticket, some interesting sounds out of it. So to hear that, here's the unaffected sound. And then there's the sound with the effect on it, and you can hear that kind of up and down almost sounds like you're listening to it in a seashell or something. Um and I think, yeah, that works really well on, like crash Cymbals, your high hats. Any sort of thing that lives in that higher frequency range takes really well, Teoh, those kind of sounds and, uh, let's see you've got Oh, yeah. Another thing that's great is to have some sort of, like, resonant filter on your instruments in your track. Um, let me pull that out. Basically, that's similar to the frequency and the residents on a cent. And it's kind of like those sweeps you here in, like, you know, um, like disco house records, daft punk kind of stuff only, you know, you can use it on individual instruments to kind of bill breakdowns have, like, you know, some sort of sound that fades in with a with a filter or fades out to kind of make smooth transitions. Um, and yeah, this frequency is basically going to control what parts of the sound get cut out by that filter. And then the residents kind of controls how, like harsh And how much of that, like sweeping sound You get out of it. Um, yeah. So these air kind of different effects that I really like to use and I go back to over and over and over again, another one for kind of drum mixing and mastering And these these aren't is, like, obvious of, hey, guys, I'm using, in effect kind of effects. But waves has some plug ins that I really like for drum mixing and mastering. There is they have a bunch of ones from, like, different producers and stuff. There's this Maserati, DRM, um, which is basically like e que and compression for drums. And they have some different presets here, which I don't think our ever a good thing to just, like click the preset and go with. But the presets could be a good starting point to kind of get a sound you want, So I'm gonna play this kick drum without it, and then I'm gonna bring that on so you can hear how you can add a lot more of that. Snap to it to get it really punchy. You can add a lot more thump to get, like, a kind of more booming thing out of, you know, more booming sound. And you can also add treble separate from adding, like the punch to it to get a little more high end on your thing. Yeah, I really like this plug in, um, and then for your master bus, they make another syriza plug ins. Um, the C l a plug ins. They do like a vocal one. Ah, base and effect. You know, a guitar version. Um, and it's another one where, you know, they have these producers that kind of make these presets for him, and I think you can get some good results out of this again. It's kind of like preset E, and you want toe definitely fiddle with it and get your own sound out of it. But you can really play around with a lot of different, like compression and e que that these things kind offer is is almost like a preset package. Um, yeah. Any questions about this way have questions that we've sort of collected over the course of the hit me. All right, let's do it. D 12 wants to know what's a good technique to choose the samples that you're layering. Um, what's that? Evaluation process. Trial and error. Really? I mean, the way I do it is like, build up a library, have a lot of stuff to pick from. Maybe you have an idea of what you want and you go through and kind of fine. You know, listen through what samples you have until you find something fits. Maybe you have no idea what you want and you're listening through until you find something that inspires you. If you're mix isn't working, never be afraid, Toe Say, I mean, you can try and fix your mix with a bunch of like, e que and, you know, effects. Or you could be like that's the wrong clap for this song. I'm gonna try 10 other collapse until I find something that sounds better and fits better in the mix on but might be amore effective way toe solve a problem in a mix so awesome Grifter wants to know. What do you think about flattening out the acu on the the e que on the break beats and then just boost the hits that you want? Does that also makes sense for you? Would you that Yeah, you can, you can do I mean, that's kind of similar to a noise gate, but doing it with any cute where you're really saying I want the overall tambor of this sound to come through, but I really only want, like, I want the break beat to be wallpaper and not my actual drum. But I want the snare from the baked break beat to come through and so you would e que it the only have the snare really poke out and kind of downplay the bass drum because you've got another bass drum from a drum machine that you're going to use. Yeah, that's that's a great technique that I think can work for a lot of different applications. Okay, here's a little more technical question. I want to modulate contact mod knobs. Can it be can only be done. And contactar Can I make an automation lane for the bond sources. I think it depends on your doll. Okay, Um, in acid. I don't believe you can do that. Able to I'm not sure about I think in in logic and pro tools. You can do that, but it is a huge pain in the neck to kind of like you have to, like, set a mini control number for the knob and then route it through USB controller and then recorded as a zey USB, like as a midi channel in your dollar. It's It's no fun. Um, I have some samples that came with my dog, but they're only so so And I like to expand. What's the best way to get new samples for your library? Um, I think that going you can go online. You can buy sample. See these. You can go and try and download. You know, like free kits of things. Um, also, you can go through your record collection or go through all your CDs and say, you know, I have this song that starts with just a plain beat, and I'm gonna pluck the bass drum out of that record I'm gonna pluck. Actually, let's pull up an example Real quick of that. I'm gonna open my audio editor. Um, and, um, here we are. This is actually a song that I was gonna use later and still am going to use, but just to show you an example. So here's the beat from that. It just kind of opens with a plane beat. Let's say I really loved that kick. You could. I mean, this one doesn't really have it isolated, but you could go in and say, Well, I'm just gonna take this sample right here. Copy it, fade out this end a little bit and just use that part where the kick in the clapper overlay aids as my own drum sample. You know, um, so, yeah, that's a pretty easy way to pluck things out of records already.

Rolf Larsson added a fine C-119 for my C-119 Dossier C-119 46-96 of the Italian Air Force, photographed at Stockholm-Bromma airport on 04Jul1970. I am looking for the matching USAF serial and MM-number... EMAIL Martin's Air Charter (MAC) Convair CV440 PH-CGD, leased to Linjeflyg. The name 'Pieter Brueghel' stems from KLM use, as one can see from a photo further down this page. "I am sending a picture which may be of interest to you personally, our company Linjeflyg had a good relationship with Martinair.!). And then George Macadie contributed this excellent photograph of that very same ConvairLiner, c/n 104! Convair CV340 PH-CGD (c/n 99) with KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines. So the name 'Pieter Brueghel' stems from KLM use. Beautiful times when one could get so close to travelling family or friends and to get a picture in! Rolf wrote:"I have a problem with the fate of another Convair, CV340 c/n 99 SE-GTE which became N14CD. I don´t believe that the ultimate fate of this aircraft has come to light, any offers ? I am posting two pictures of it, the picture of LN-FOF (above) when it was flying for Fred Olsen was taken by me at Oslo-Fornebu airport on 22July1976 and the picture blelow of it as SE-GTE when flying for ScanBee; it was taken by Tommy Lakmaker at Stockholm-Arlanda on 26 September 1977." When checking ATDB.aero online I found on this Convair CV340-22 c/n 99: 'Braniff N3428 - Fred Olsen Transport LN-FOF - Scan-Bee SE-GTE - Leasco Financial Corp N14CD - ultimate fate ?' Rolf added: "Regarding SE-GTE/N14CD, I have never learned what really happened to the aircraft. I have seen reports of it as being stored (in Texas?), but nothing more. However I have never seen any pictures of it in the USA, except for the pictures taken in the Miami area after arrival from Sweden. Presumably scrapped... but not in the Miami area!" The answer is on my Search for Plane Identities... This thread started by Rolf Larsson prompted Ron Mak (his Vintage Propliners here on ONE - TWO - THREE) to contribute several fine photos in support of msn 99's history and fate. Fred Olsen LN-FOF seen at Amsterdam's Schiphol on 27Feb1970 Sightings at Fort Lauderdale by Ron Mak of CV340 N14CD: These dates 1980 and 1981 may well have been the last sightings; scrapped at some point after that, alas.. SEE MY OTHER PLANE MYSTERIES, SOME SOLVED, OTHER YET TO BE IDENTIFIED David Lehman wrote: "Does anyone know where the final resting place of N8042H, c/n 6572 is/was? There's a picture of it on twinbeech.com. The picture was taken by Bill Larkins in front of my Dad's shop in Concord,CA. My Dad bought some surplus C-45s from Lackland AFB and I think this was one of them... If it's the one I think it is, Dad converted it and sold it to Vern Johnson. I think it's the only one Dad converted as the market for 18s turned out to be soft and I remember the remaining C-45s going for scrap! N8042H was last registered to Donn Harling in Sherman Oaks, CA and the NTSB accident page shows it damaged at Van Nuys in 1967. I'd like to think it is a survivor, but it's not very likely..?" Bob Parmerter offered the following: "There was a mix-up with the c/n on CAA/FAA paperwork, the correct number (ties in with the military serial on the paperwork and in Beech files) is c/n 8523. C/n 6572 was actually 43-35834, a C-45F that suffered an accident on 11Mar49 at Bolling Field and reclamation (disposal) was completed on 06Jun49. There is no record of it ever becoming civil registered." From Bob's files- History of 8523 C-45F 44-87264 USAAF Delivered to 610 Base Unit, Eglin Fld 19Jun45. Then to Air Proving Ground, Eglin. Reclamation approved at Hill AFB Oct54. USAF Hill AFB sold to Gene Hughes Drug Co, Sacramento, CA BS 12Oct56 for $5,919.19 as C18S N8042H [with correct USAF serial but erroneous c/n 6572]. E.P. Hughes, Sacramento, CA BS 12Oct56. Vern R. Johnson Inc, Danville, CA BS 18Oct56. CofA 23Jan57 (2,953 hrs TT). Photographed by Bill Larkins at Buchanan Field, Concord, CA in Jun57 along with a batch of other surplus 18s. Baker Aircraft Sales Inc, Long Beach, CA BS 4Apr58. John W. & Mary W. Dorr, Orinda, CA BS 10Jun58. Publishers Art Inc (Pres Edwin A. Schnepf), North Hollywood, CA BS 10Jul65. Donn Harling & John Grimes, Sherman Oaks, CA BS 30Sep66. Damaged when the main gear retracted on landing at Van Nuys, CA on 16Jan67. No injuries. Repossessed by Publishers Art Inc in Feb67. Registration revoked 19Jun71. (The Jan67 accident, Feb67 repossession and Jun71 regis canx at the same time as the more stringent spar inspections & actions were being required, saw the widespread scrapping/storing for parts of marginal Beech 18 airframes.) --Bob Parmerter (Historian), Beechcraft Heritage Museum -), Tullahoma,TN. 'Well-known Propliner guru Carlos Gomez traveled to Tucson, Arizona, in mid-August 2016 to rescue two former US Navy Convairs C-131Fs that had been stored in the desert since the early-1980s. Four C-131F aircraft had been acquired in 2013 by Carlos and partners Marc Wolff and Tom Cooper including N341GS (BuNo 140998), N342GS (BuNo 141016), N343GS (BuNo 141022), and N344GS (BuNo 141028). They had been parked at the Air Restoration and Marketing (ARM) boneyard for many years but were essentially intact and in good condition as the result of the dry desert environment and their post-retirement cocooning at Davis Monthan AFB. Work began on 25 July when all four aircraft were inspected and it was decided that N342GS and N343GS were the best candidates for restoration. Both had their original 1960s passenger interior complete with plaid seats. Both aircraft were flown over to Opa Locka,FL in August 2016. C-131F N343GS is fitted with spray booms and is certified for both cargo (Part 135) and spraying (Part 137 operations)." Carlos designed the sprayer system on N343GS so it can be installed/removed in just a few hours. When the aircraft isn’t under contract for standby dispersant work, the spray system is removed and it is used as a freighter. This Air Classics article details the ferry flights of N343GS & N342GS in 2016 from the ARM to Opa Locka,FL and is rather background material to what Ralph Pettersen wrote on Yahoo's Classic-Propliner forum in March 2017... 'This Flickr set contains a lot of photos and videos of the Convairs in AZ while being prepared for flight': -/Nicolai Photos by Ralph M. Pettersen: C-131F BuNo. 141016 21may2016 C-131F N342GS/BuNo.141016 on 27Aug16 Ralph's post has been editted slightly to abbreviate a little and represent here only the main details. 'In August 2016 Carlos Gomez and a small crew 'awakened' two former U.S. Navy C-131F’s that had been stored in Tucson since retirement by the Navy in the mid-1980’s. In less than three weeks, both aircraft were airworthy and the FAA had issued permits allowing ferry flights back to Opa-locka Airport in Miami. N343GS (ex/ BuNo. 141022) is now in daily service flying cargo to the Bahamas and other Caribbean destinations. The second aircraft (N342GS/BuNo 141016) has a bit of a special history in that it once flew former U.S. president Harry S. Truman in 1961 on a roundtrip flight from Kansas City to Las Vegas, where he gave a speech. Rather than converting this aircraft to a pure freighter, Mr Gomez wants to preserve this bit of history by carefully restoring the aircraft to allow quick changes from cargo to passenger configuration. The aircraft is currently configured with a VIP area in the front of the aircraft, with regular 4-across seating in the rear as shown in the photos. This configuration will be retained but the entire interior will have to be refurbished since 30 years of storage in the desert has taken its toll. In addition to the interior, the aircraft will need to have modern avionics installed and will be painted in U.S. Navy colors, similar to those worn while in service with the Navy. Work has already begun on the project with exterior sheet metal work well underway and removal of the interior having started last week. Interior of C-131F N342GS; who wouldn't want to travel in style like this..? The restoration is expected to be complete by mid-July and plans on showcasing the airplane at AirVenture 2017 in Oshkosh. The current plan is to have the Convair fly freight most of the time and make the quick change to passenger configuration for passenger charters and enthusiast flights as demand warrants. Since there are very few Propliners available for enthusiast flights, Carlos believes that a sufficient market exists to justify the conversion. The key to the success of his plan is that the majority of the fixed costs of operating the airplane will be covered by freight operations with passenger flights only having to contribute a proportional fair share of costs. By doing this, Carlos believes the cost to passengers on enthusiast flights can be kept reasonable. Interior of C-131F N342GS. Will 'propliner' enthusiasts put their bums here in years to come? Help $$$ needed!!! The cost of restoring an airplane of this size to a pure freighter is upwards of $400K, but the additional cost of making it into a quick change aircraft is significant and Carlos Gomez is reaching out to the enthusiast community for donations to make the restoration a reality. This is not pie-in the sky stuff as work has already started on the restoration and one only has to look at what Mr Gomez has done with the three Conquest Convairs currently being operated, to know that your contribution will be well spent. If you are interested, you can mail your contributions by cheque to: 'Historical Flight Foundation', at 7661 NW 68th Street, Unit 119. Miami, Florida 33166.' (A PayPal option is hopefully available soon). Note from the webmaster, RL- Website of the Historical Flight Foundation, (started for restoration and operation of DC-7B N836D 'Eastern Airlines') is no longer current as the project failed/is on hold indefinitely; hopefully a new website to enable news on this project will be made available. This fine image was shared on on 14Mar2017. At the moment this 'FDF' has volunteers rotation through Jo'burg-Rand, as can belearned from the post on 15Mar17: "The team currently at SkyClass Aviation, working on our DC-4: Francois, Martin and Patrick from Skyclass, Theo and our volunteers Erwin and Derk. Every 4 weeks we want to have a few volunteers in South Africa to gain experience with the DC-4 and learn from Francois and Theo." The project can also be followed on the website: Whiel I have written the history on my page Visit to S.AFRICA 2004, here is a 15Mar17 screendump of ATDB.aero - Not sure when the lease and flying by Skyclass end, after which it was stored at Rand. Douglas C-47A-30-DK 43-48073 of which Joe Baugher (1943 serials) reports: "Batch 43-47963/48262. Msn25334. on civil registry as N93043." From here I went to aerialvisuals.ca and found a slightly more detailed history: "Constructed as a C-47A-30-DK c/n 13889, by Douglas at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. Ca.1943: taken on Strength/Charge with the United States Army Air Force with s/n 43-48073. New construction number (due duplication at manufacturer's plant) 25334 assigned to the airframe. (No date) Markings Applied: 0-48073. Placed on display. ..July1968: to 7th Special Operations Squadron, Ramstein Air Base in Germany. ..May1973: returned to the US. ..Jun1973: transferred to Warner-Robins Air Materiel Area. Sent to Warner-Robins for issue, as N94043. 18 January 1974: struck off Strength/Charge from the United States Air Force. (Same date?): to US Department of Agriculture reg'd N94043 [sic]. 14Feb1981: to unknown owner with c/r N93043. Sale reported to a new owner in Tulsa,OK." An even more detailed history is from Air-Britain's DC-3, The First Seventy Years: Gordon replied after reading the history of this vintage warhorse: "I am so excited to find out about my plane! I was Crew Chief on that plane (also on another: 48219) while I was stationed at Ramstein AB in Germany while serving with the 7th SOS (1970 to 1973ish). We had three Gooney Birds acft: #073, 074 and 219. It was during that time that the 7th did training in Greece for the Son Tay prison rescue raid, West of Hanoi, using 'Combat Talon' MC-130 aircraft. Some of the missions we flew with the C-47 were in support of their training in Greece (but I'm not positive about that--naturally they did not tell me such secret stuff!). Then they flew their 130s all the way to Florida and then onto SEAsia for the raid (I believe it was staged out of Korat RTAFB, Thailand). Oddly Korat was the base I was at prior to being with the 7th SOS and they had looked in my records and sought me out; they sat me down and asked me many questions about Korat AB and never told me what or why, but that I'm to say nothing to anyone about their questions... I understand the crew that went on the mission was asked to volunteer, but were told they would not be told what they were volunteering for... And they did not find out until they were on their way to S.E. Asia! There is a book about this mission and the 7th SOS. The book is called: 'The Praetorian Starship: the untold story of the Combat Talon', by Jerry Thigpen. Gordon wrote as a follow up to the above: "I have some more pictures and will get them to you but it will take some time. I have here a nice one of C-47 48073, taking off from Bad Tolz in Germany. I whave also scanned a copy of my Airman Proficiency Report during that time." The APR (Airman Proficiency Reports) forms are one set (front and back) of the few that I have remaining. This one is specifically interesting as if you look to the last signature 'Reeder'. This Colonel was a specifically important individual and his picture is often found along with others when surfing the internet regarding the 7th SOS and the Son Tay prison rescue raid (west of Hanoi). Much of my stuff is lost... With all the moves I made and then a had handicapped daughter (born in 1988 in Germany), the stress of moves and all the hospitals and preme incubators, etc. etc. I got to the point where stuff just got missing. I went through a divorce (1996), left California (where we had settled), struggled across the States to regain my 'life', went to live with my parents in Massachusetts (a 3.000 mile trip with barely enough funds for gas, no food just candy bars and no motels). Dealing with such difficulties many things that one might believe are or could be important, just do not get the space to survive or even the time to consider. Like running from a burning building, one doesn't think too much about what value things might hold later in life. Frankly, for all the nine years I was in Germany (I went back in 1982 with my ex-wife to be) and we had tons of valuable items. Now as I look up from my keyboard, I see only three rather cheap beer steins and one beer stein from the 1985 Oktoberfest in Munich! In a sense I am trying to use the internet to patch-up some of the holes in my complicated life. But that's O.K., I certainly did not sit around: I skied many mountains and literally have put my foot in nearly every country in Europe; travelled from Andorra to San Marino, visited Greece, Italy, Portugal, Monaco, etc. etc. Not all on military missions of course. Now I read science stuff, check the internet, revisit some history on websites such as yours." "I guess for all the time I spent at Ramstein AB the period 1970-1973 was the most exciting and different (Korat, Thailand with the EC121Rs was more about routine orbits mostly over Laos & Cambodia and some over Vietnam). Frankly, when I got to Ramstein AB I was sort of surprised to be assigned to such an old aircraft (WWII material!) When I went back to Ramstein, from 1982 to 1988, I was assigned to the 86th CES (Civilian Engineering Squadron); it got changed to the 377th CEG (Civil Engineering Group) and I thought I was through with airplanes. And I was... except for the 'Ramstein Flugtag' Airshow disaster of August 1988... Seventy people eventually got killed, mostly from burns. I was at the Air Show as a spectator (yet in uniform) and the solo plane came to rest at the ice cream van (burning the Germans who were picking up the free ice cream as the Italians were the closing performance of the day): 150 feet from where I was standing! I think if I have any PTSD it is from that air crash, I saw people and children on fire. A good friend of mine lost his five year old daughter, his web is here." Photo from the internet: 70 fatalities: 3 pilots and 67 spectators perished. Many, many more suffered severe burns.! Changed Liveries: Martinair On the left in th ephoto is the tail of Lockheed L.188 Electra PH-LLH. I can't identify the aircraft in the distance, though I feel that triangle on the tail should mean something to me; TMA of Lebanon? PH-LLH (c/n 2015) went from KLM to Universal A/L (N858U), Saturn A/w (N858U), Transamerica A/L (N858U), NWT Air (C-GNWC), Falcon Air (SE-IVT), Jet2 (SE-IVT) and after use by ASL AL Ireland (EI-CHZ) it was scrapped at East Midlands (EMA). Beech SNB-5 / TC-45 N3484: sold but not saved? First offered for sale on govdeals.com and immediately advertised it seems on Barnstormers.com The course of action prbably was that '.. the purchaser has stripped almost everything of value from the aircraft and now wished to donate it to someone who will completely remove it from Atlanta Area Tech.' Its history, briefly, until this sale:'39208 (MSN 4292) remanufactured to SNB-5 c1954 (new MSN N-637). Redesignated TC-45J Sep 18, 1963 then UC-45J Oct 14, 1964. To MASDC storage. SOC Apr 30, 1968. To N3484 with Atlanta Area Technical School.' A posting on Twitter by 'dpts.org' led to this photo by T.C.Brandt (Tim Brandt SA Spotting') of ZS-BRV at Wonderboom Airport (PRY / FAWB). BRV must have had this red cheatline recently applied. Queries on several online sources provided following info: "ZS-BRV has apparently been bought by Breitling and will be operated in conjunction with SCFA but to be flown by different freelance crews. It will be based initially at Dole-Tavaux Airport (LFGJ / DLE) and should leave Wonderboom within a month from now locals say.." Note from webmaster: Breitling's role is probably a sponsorship and I doubt if they are or will be the owner - EMAIL. I came across Convair ZS-BRV in 2004, when still operated by Rovos Air; see my 2004 South Africa report. Convair ZS-BRV crashed (damaged beyond repair) 10Jul18, @Pretoria-Wonderboom Airport (S.Africa) In reference to the item of 'restorations in final stages' I found this on Facebook for Grumman Goose N95467 John B. wrote me the following on this Goose project by Pemberton & Sons Aviation: "Last time I saw it, about a week ago (early March 2017 -Webmaster), everything was in place and they were doing gear tests and weighing for CG. This aircraft was acquired from a museum, placed there (IIRC) on the death of its owner halfway through a restoration... As such, it was structurally empty and the wings were for static display only. A lot of work has gone on with the electrical, hydraulic, and fuel systems as well as rebuilt engines and proper wings. The interior is furnished with six lightweight leather chairs for passengers as well as the two pilot seats. The furnishings have been kept simple/light/utilitarian as the owner plans to fly friends and grandchildren to the many large lakes in the region. A nice touch is the Grumman logo has been laser etched into the thin verneer on the cabin to cockpit bulkhead! The other side is similarly done with a map showing area lakes and airports. The aft galley/toilet compartment has been left empty to serve as a changing room. The Goose is one of those types that were once common (or I should say relatively common considering the few built, at least by WWII standards) and many think there are more flying than there actually are. The end of May will mark the 80th anniversary of the aircraft's first flight!" And pleased to publish a photo seeing the restoration finished in a glorious way, from the Pemberton & Sons Aviation Facebook page, which I recommed you to visit for there are quite a few worthy photos of their excellent projects and of this particular Goose the aerials are magnificent! Grumman Goose N95467 in flight: the first flight was on 17Apr17, flown by test pilots Ball and Addison; another wonderful restoration project by Pemberton & Sons completed! I hope I can visit them someday. I later found that Pemberton & Sons also did the restoration of Boeing oldest (built in 1927!) passenger airliner, the Boeing 40: (2011). en.wikipedia.org:_Boeing_Model_40 Canso PBY-5A C-FNJE (CV-437) has featured for years on my page Abandoned Wrecks of the North; this Buffalo Airways waterbomber suffered an accident and sank but Don Wieben bought it and a few enterprising people pulled it from the Sitidgi Lake, brough it to Fairview, Alberta and got to work! Enormous progres has been made since this photo was taken and that special day is fast approaching! Further details: I understand that the correct designation of C-FNJE is Consolidated 28-5AMC Canso, as it is an ex/ RCAF aircraft and not a former US Navy aircraft. And indeed, I learned that on 18Jun17 C-FNJE made '1st post-restoration flight'. Congratulations, Fairview Aircraft Restoration: job well done! On 18Jun17 C-FNJE made '1st post-restoration flight'! Congratulations, Fairview Aircraft Restoration: job well done! Here is a March 2017 photo by Martin Jr 'JoeJoe' Prince, of Curtiss C-46F N1822M at Bethel,AK still going strong: JoeJoe wrote on 07Mar17: "A couple days ago in Bethel Alaska, hauling diesel to Pilot Station." See JoeJoe's gallery on my website HERE and HERE The history of N1822M I have detailed on my page Alaska 1955, when I first came across it. Photo of Curtiss C-46F N23AC taken by Mike Osborne, he is an employee of Everts Air Cargo since the early-1980s and is a very experienced C-46 mechanic! Now who would have thought that a C-46 stored in Everts' donor yard in Fairbanks,Alaska for many years would make it to Israel...? More details on my updated USA 2012 - Fairbanks visit Paul Hooper provided the following image on Classic-Propliners, on 25Apr2017: Belatedly I found out that Grumman HU-16B 51-7200 was scrapped as a result of the closing of Chanute Aerospace Museum,IL. Pity, because this modified -A model was the -B model prototype: certainly worth preserving..? Apparently it had fallen victim to severe corrosion so it was doomed to stay on the ground and when the museum found no takers it was scrapped. It did bring back to mind the closing of this museum and I thought to spend a few words on it here. Octave Chanute (b.18Feb1832, Paris – 23Nov1910, Chicago,IL) was an American civil engineer and aviation pioneer, born in France. He provided many budding enthusiasts, including the Wright brothers, with help and advice, and helped to publicize their flying experiments. At his death he was hailed as the father of aviation and the heavier-than-air flying machine. en.wikipedia.org:_Octave_Chanute Google Maps screendump 04Mar2017 Zooming in, using Google Earth A few quotes I found here: ""When we looked at all the numbers and we sat down and reality hit, we said we just can't keep going," said Nancy Kobel, president of the museum's board. The museum is losing longtime support from the Village of Rantoul. Board members say, because of that, unless a miracle happens, the museum will close at the end of December. Chanute Air Force Base used to be the force of Rantoul, but when it closed, it took a lot of the city with it. The Chanute Air Force Base opened in 1917 and closed in 1993 due to defense cuts. The museum opened a year later in 1994. Over 1.5 million troops trained at the base in its 75 years of operation. The museum picked up Chanute's history where the military left it. For 20+ years, donations, volunteers and the city helped preserve that history. "2013, we reached a point where we were not in a negative situation financially. We were able to pay our bills. We weren't in debt and hopeful for the future," says Kobel. That is until the Village of Rantoul said earlier this year it could no longer pay the museum's utilities or give it a break on rent because it just didn't have the money. 10,000 - 15,000 people visit the museum each year. It costs around $10,000 per month to operate the non-profit. About half of that is rent the museum paid to the village. It's actually a discounted price. If the museum was to stay open, it would cost an extra $64,000 each month which is the amount of the costs the village has been absorbing all this time. The Air Museum has two planes on loan from the U.S. Navy and 32 artifacts, including 28 planes form the Air Force. Other artifacts include a Minuteman missile which stands next to the entrance and a Hound Dog missile. There are plenty of other things in storage visitors haven't seen. ... "The closing is caused by a trickle-down effect of BRG Sports ceasing to be a long-time tenant of Hangar 1 at the airport — the lease had generated substantial income for the facility — and the construction of the new Lincoln’s Challenge Academy campus in Rantoul. The academy, which has been paying $18,000-a-year rent and $75,000 a year for utilities, will move out of Grissom Hall, which it shared with the air museum, and into its new campus in 2016." ... From/more: "Chanute’s P-51H Moving to Museum of Aviation at Warner Robins.. " [05Aug2015] A FINAL LOOK, SEPT.2015: "I was sorely disappointed that the museum has permanently closed, effective November, 2015. I noted work crews on the flight line behind the museum taking display aircraft apart. The base is slowly being dismantled with classroom buildings being torn down. Many of the officer houses are being rented out as well as space in the old dormitories which are being overgrown with vegetation. The Minuteman missile still stands at the original entrance off Highway 45." --by Bob Farquhar, 13May2016 - see more at: . [Wikipedia] Museum curator Mark Hanson said: "An F-104 Starfighter was shipped out to Tyson McGhee International Guard Base near Knoxville,TN." Crews from museums across the country have been trekking to Rantoul to begin disassembling airplanes. The front portion of a B-52 bomber (a crew extraction trainer) was moved to Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum in Titusville,FL. Workers from the Southern Museum of Flight in Birmingham,AL began taking apart a B-25 bomber. From: -22Sep2015 A series of photos dated 2008: forums.ubi.com/showthread.php/342240-Chanute-Air-Museum-Pics-Forums On Flickr.com: Keep me posted on aeroplanes scrapped or moved: EMAIL - thank you! AIRCRAFT: Chris Brame replied, through the WIX forum: "You're welcome to use any of the photos from Chanute in my two Flickr albums from 2015 and 2016: See photo report on external link to Chris' images on Flickr: Second photoreport by Chris Brame: Lockheed ´Warning Star´ at Chanute, to be saved by Yankee Air Museum hopefully! Douglas DC-3 C-FDTD at St Hubert (YHU) on 21May2016 Convair CV580 N??? at Rickenbacker Airport (LCK),OH (05Mar2016). I have a few theories written out, but see Ken's page for those. Fairchild C-119G Flying Boxcar 3C-ABA (c/n 10689) at Manston in 1982. This is ex: 51-2700, CP9/OT-CAI, converted C-119F to C-119G, to G-BLSW, N2700, scrapped 1994 at North Weald." The above C-119 is one of several C-119 images added to Ron Mak's Gallery on my website, including more details on this Bata Int'l (a Hank Wharton outfit!), ex/N2700, of which the forward fuselage still survives. Hawker HS.748-272-Series 2A C-GGNZ (c/n 1690/172) has as a previous identity ZS-SBU, flying for Sud Afrikaans Lugdienst (SAA), went to Canada, for Austin A/W (becoming C-GGNZ), after which it served with Air Ontario/Air Canada Connector, Air Creebec and lastly for First Air. See a may 2016 photo HERE (elbows-aviation-shots.co.uk/Canada-Alaska - Ian Ellington) YOU MAY WANT TO VISIT MY OFF-AIRPORT GALLERY, WITH PLANES IN A SIMILAR FATE! The South African Airways Museum Society is expanding with several vintage airframes being moved to the museum at Johannesburg-Rand. The move of Viking ZS-DKH is considered to have been the rehearsel for the move of the Lockheed L.1649A Starliner ZS-DVJ, see its progress Relevant links to this museum: + You might also want to check out Lockheed Starliner ZS-DVJ, photos & memories by Erik Eriksson Curtiss C-46D-10-CU Commando N10012 (c/n 33271) of Reeve Aleutian Airways. This plane found an icy grave.. Lockheed L.049 Constellation, PP-PDP (c/n 2052). Roger Mazey wrote: "I worked on BAC One Eleven wing test and we had identical wing pads stuck on our test specimen wing, in the early 1960's at Filton. My guess is this frame was a wing test specimen, eventually tested to destruction." You may want to visit my page on a 2007 visit to Gimli, with images of the A Saunders ST-28 C-GYAP (c/n 101) Handley Page HPR.7 Dart Herald (Series 100), G-APWA (c/n 149). Manufactured in 1959. The Berkshire Air Museum ('Museum of Berkshire Aviation') can be found near Woodley - which is near Reading, Berkshire in England of course (website). Fred wrote: "G-APWA was a company demonstrator and was flown worldwide before it was preserved at Woodley in March 1993. Shown in the famous BEA 'Red Square' livery. Looks like the airframe has been cleaned recently." Nigel Hitchman provided a very nice update on the DC-3 at Besat Park (Tehran) taken during his visit in Feb.2017 Believed to be Douglas DC-3 EP-AML ? Not the only plane mystery in Tehran.. See more on planes & mysteries at Tehran's Iranian Aerospace Exhibition Centre, my page HERE... Keith Olsen of the WCAM (renamed 'Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada') confirmed (Feb.2017) the Saunders ST-27 is still with the museum, presently in storage,"..with no plans to restore it in the immediate future." A Bristol Bolingbroke in the storage yard of St. Andrews, Manitoba And another one: While the cockpit here has patches of yellow paint too, but much less than the fuselage behind it, the cockpit must be of an Anson (compare it to the one further a few down in this series). Those yellow painted remains may belong to another Bristol Bolingbroke...? On the subject of the Bristol 149 Bolingbroke IV, you may want to check out my visit to a rather unique location near Brandon,Man in 2007: HERE.. Lodestar CF-OZO, waiting for decades now to start restoration... "Aero Survey Lodestar CF-OZO operated with Geoterrex and in 1985'OZO." -Larry Milberry (website) Husky CF-MAN here in storage at CF-MAN; indeed worthy for restoration! The Fairchild F-11 Husky was a Canadian bush plane, designed and manufactured in the post-Second World War era. Despite a promising design, a lack of a suitable powerplant hampered prospects and the type never gained a foothold in the marketplace. See my 2007 visit to WCAM for image of Husky C-GCYV. By the photos (+ research) of Norman Smith on Photos by Friends & Guests (47) this must be Republic SeaBee CF-FCD Unidentified. Paul Janicki came to the rescue here: "regarding the photos by Tim Chaloner here at St.Andrews, I can help ID the types unknown. First, where the yellow Bolingbroke pics show a nose of an aircraft ('white'), that aircraft is the Avro Anson." Tim wrote: "Although probably not complete, below is a list of all I wrote down in my logbook that day": "My brother Howard and I asked if we could take a look in the storage building, and luckily the employee had the key!" Noorduyn Norseman, stored at St.Andrews for the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada (formerly known as the Western Canada Aviation Museum (WCAM). This must be CF-BTC, though Tim had it marked CF-BQT. Alas, I am unable to tie this registration CF-BQT to a Noorduyn Norseman... I did find a Boeing 247 (exported) and a DH.82C Tiger Moth (crashed) to this tailnumber. And a Grumman TBM-3E Avenger. Note: Transport Canada Aviation Civil Registry had no CF-BQT for a Norseman, not even in the history archives! After having shared my findings in 'CF-BQT' Tim concluded: "I have spoken with my brother who also took photos of the Norseman and I agree, the CF-BQT is a mistake, as his photos do not show any reg painted on the Norseman either. Therefore, the plaque which I photographed must be for that aircraft, so that makes it CF-BTC! Also, the Bob Ogden book does list CF-BTC under the WCAM section. Not sure where I got CF-BQT from, must be a typo by myself!" (Webmaster: maybe Tim stumbled on remains of the crashed Tiger Moth CF-BQT ..?) Compare it to the image here: Also stored inside, among many aviation parts: Paul Janicki helped identify this airframe: "The fuselage with serial 8579 inside the building, in yellow worn paint, belongs to a Fleet Fort." Brian R. Burrage wrote me 17Jul2020: "The Tim Chaloner photo of the Fleet 60K Fort MK.II stored at the WCAM store at St Andrews is actually RCAF S/N 3579 (C/N 619). This was verified by me in a visit 24 May 2014." "This forward fuslage of 788C is the Beech Musketeer that the RCAF once used in the 1960s, & 70s." -Paul Janicki Roy Blewett gave me some background on Aerometal Int'l LLC (website): "Aerometal now has five DC-3s on its 'books', either as owners, custodians, restorers or maintainers: N115SA, N341A, N3006, N18121 and N64784. And that doesn't include the fuselage of N15748, which is to be made into the company's conference room!" Note- N15473 not included! The DC-3s on the above photo are though to be: photographed it at the Classic Aircraft Aviation Museum at Hillsboro,OR. Roy Blewett advised me further on N115SA:"N115SA moved to Aurora from Hillsboro in Oct.2012 and is now owned by the Down Ampney Project. It will be restored into RAF D-Day markings and eventually go to the UK. Further information here:. (Info by Feb.2017) I hope it's not a sign of anything, but the Project's Vimeo website (linked from the Aerometal page) has expired.". When I checked the FAA N-inquiry website for N115SA I found it still reg'd to this museum. Details welcomed! Honeywell's CV580 is one of the oldest in the world. It is used to test fly modern avionics. Several flight test aircraft are based at PAE, including the CV580 and an Eurocopter AS350 helicopter. Paine Field, also known as Snohomish County Airport (IATA: PAE, ICAO: KPAE) is a small international airport located in Snohomish County, between Mukilteo and Everett,WA. The PAE base is supposed to close and these aircraft are expected to move to Arizona (or New Mexico?). and where you will find the details of its mishap near Ketchikan,AK: ditched after aborted landing, 03Mar17. See also more of Ken's propliner images on my website HERE... back to top...

. 101 Momof3girlgirlboy On Monday, May 5 at 7:57 pm I am a mac convert, but have had macs for over 10 years now! I love it! I am , by no means, an expert, but I do well, and know when I am in over my head. I am good at accessing information, and can do “basic stuff”. I have mad skillz when it comes to trip planning though. I’ve learned to navigate my way to awesome deals on trips. Just THis thursday I am heading out on a MOther’s day cruise, for under $600, outside unobstructed view cabin, direct flights. I have done DIsney for 7 days with 5 people well under $5000 with airfare and food included, staying on property and park hopping tickets. My friends call me first when they are plannign trips! But, beyond playing on webkinz or spogg and blogging a bit here and there, I am pretty average as far as knowledge goes. 102 Sharon On Monday, May 5 at 7:57 pm Pretty savvy…my latest adventures included replacing the keypad on one of my laptops. PC, though I’ve had people try to lure me over to the MAC side…because of the graphics (photos and video) work that I do/play in. Confession? I own 3 laptops and 2 desktop computers. There are only 2 of us in the house – my 13 year old punk and myself. But if the dog or either of the 2 cats want to surf the net for the latest in pet foods, treats or check updates on animal rights…they won’t be kicking me off to use MY computer! LOL…. Oh, and if Cowboy Josh needs some personal lessons when he gets that new computer, I’m available! Happy Blogaversary! Is THAT a word? 103 DiaryofWhy On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm PC desktop. I know enough to read my favorite blogs, and what more do I need to know? 104 Jen On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm I think I’m in the upper-middle category. I know enough to be the “911″ person for my entire department (50+ people) and my whole family. I prefer Macs over PCs but I don’t have a Mac (saving for one currenlty).. I’m a design, photo, and music geek. I adore lifehacker and similar sights. Thank you for sharing your stories with the rest of the internet. It’s a delight to read. 105 Theresa On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm confession of a “technically challenged” Canadian EH! My computer has to be like my car, i just fill it with gas, turn the key and it goes. I only know how to open my email, and surf the net and of course buy lots of neat stuff. I donot know a ram from a lamb, or a mega byte from frost bite. But I was silly with glee last month as i learn’t how to use an IPOD! (yay me) yes, i am an embarassement to my 2 kids aged 20 and 23 who donot know how to use a “rotary dial”phone. 106 Caitlin U On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm I have a new-ish Hp laptop (with Vista) that I got for my FIFTH year of university since my old Dell desktop was close to death (now dubbed the ‘Death Box’). I am pretty computer savvy compared to most of my friends; I can run a defrag, find hidden menus to fix my own problems rather than sending it away, convert files, etc. I’ve taken programming courses but I learned all I know from my dad 107 witchypoo On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm Although I aced my hardware course in geek school, I did the actual taking apart and putting together with the help of a large magnifying thingie, so I let my son take my computer apart for me. He can see much better. Software? I graduated geek school with honours. 108 Lady Fostoria On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm I am so not a computer person. But I wanted a computer so I could email all my friends that live so far away. So my husband boutght me a lap top for Christmas, and I wanted the lap top because I obssessively rearrange the furniture and I didn’t want to feel confined by a desktop. But I think this story best describes my computer knowledge–last night when I was trying to print the entire Black Heels story, I couldn’t get the thing to print. It just kept printing the pictures and stuff on the sides. So my husband printed it for me. Maybe he isn’t the best computer guy out there but I think he is. He fixes all my problems. 109 brent On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm Is that the thing with the all the letters and numbers on it? 110 fabthemayor On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm I don’t even want to know what I don’t know about my computer. Let’s just say I got a laptop for Christmas 3 years ago and it sat in the box almost a year before I had the nerve to open it. 111 Carla in Austin On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm Well we have three laptops, one desktop, and one mac in the house (of course there is also my husbands work laptop but that doesn’t count — right?). I can do most of the computer stuff myself but generally just cry time-out and get either my husband or my dad to fix things. My husband does work in the high tech industry so he does know more than the average bear. 112 Jess in MA On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm Well, I own a Mac (but I am not snotty about it!) and I am pretty darn proficient. I definitely know nothing about the mysterious inner workings, though! Oh, Josh, the online world is a beautiful and scary place, brace yourself! 113 Laurie On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm I’m not an expert. I’m not a novice. I can hold my own most of the time. 114 Melissa On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm We have three computers – two desktops and one laptop. The laptop is mine but I make my husband use it because it’s old and doesn’t have the power to play games I want to play, or to do anything on Elements (my favorite new toy – trial toy, that is), and ITunes sounds really nasty on those tinny little speakers. I know just enough to get us out of trouble most of the time (two teenagers with clicky fingers). I’m nowhere close to an expert. I need an expert. Thanks for the post; I’ll try PC.com next time I need help! 115 Diane S. On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm Hi PW – I love your site! I’m pretty good with a computer – but I certainly couldn’t fix one. I want a laptop but don’t have one. Maybe next year! 116 Noelle On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm I’m can get around the internet OK but I have my in-house Geek Squad (my hubby) thank goodness for any of the icky stuff like anti-virus software and figuring out why the DSL isn’t working. I used to have a lovely laptop that I loved to use all over the house w/ our WiFi, then I dropped it 2 months before my 2nd baby was due – very bad timing. I had pictured laying in bed, resting, surfing the net with baby sleeping by my side – NOT! Oh well, I napped instead 117 Toby On Monday, May 5 at 7:58 pm I have a Mac. I am an excel spreadsheet wiz (thanks to being an accountant in my previous non-children days) and all Microsoft applications. But after that, it is time to call in the hubby. 118 Abiding On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I have had a laptop for a little over a year and I love, love, love it. My worst fear is that it will die taking half my brain with it. I don’t know much about computers, but I can figure out enough to do the things I want to do. I would like to learn more on of these days. 119 Danetta On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I can get around about anywhere I need to go. I’m so not afraid to push a button and see what it does. If I mess it up, I just call my wonderful son-in-law the computer guy. 120 Judy in CA On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I own an ancient dell. My cd rom does not read anything any more, my fan makes more noise than my dryer, and it’s slower than my grandma on a tricycle. I’m in the market for a laptop this time. I dream of catching up on my favorite blog while sitting on the couch eating bon bons. (one can dream) 121 Tim On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I currently own two cobbled together desktops and have a ThinkPad from work. I started with an Apple IIe back in 1983 my parents bought. From there, a Mac Plus (actually an upgraded 512). For my birthday senior year, I got a brand-new Mac Se with a 20 MB hard drive (and thought how will I ever use all this space). I’m generally build my own desktop computers, but since getting a laptop, I really like that. 122 Teonna On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm We have a PC and I know a little Html coding – but I’d say I’m pretty useless after that… definately not a nerd at this computer stuff! 123 Cyndi On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I have a pc, both a laptop and a desktop but I need a new monitor for my desktop so the giftcard could come in really handy. I know how to navigate the internet and tylpe something up if I need to, but I am not really very tech-savy. 124 bobbie On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I need a new one please! My old one is from the 90s!! 125 Barbara On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I have both a laptop and a desktop. Just got the laptop last year in order to keep in touch with my kiddos while on a cruise in the Mediterranean. Yes, I know, that sounds very uppity but it was a company paid trip. And it was awesome. Ok, back to computers. I’d say what I am is a very fast learner. Acquired lots of great skills back when I was a working girl. Now as a stay at home mom it’s mostly emails and playing with Photoshop. I’m not afraid to tackle new things but mostly just lack the time to play. I’d love to have CS just so I can play with your tutorials. But I’m determined to make time to play with my Elements and the tips you’ve given with that. Thanks so much for such a fun and informative website. 126 crabapple On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I’ve taken some computer classes for school. I do fine while I’m in the class but the moment the semester is over I’m asking “what’s HTML?”. I have dell laptop, my first laptop. I know enough to get me in trouble (read: download crap that infects my machine and in turn I have to take it back to the manufactures specs!). I’ve used a Mac and absolutely loved it! a Macbook will def be my next laptop. BTW, I could totally use that Best Buy giftcard – I need a new cell phone, a new drive (DVD -burner) for my laptop, an iPod, and hey, I could even buy an iTune card ) 127 angela On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I grew up with computers, so I can use them quite well. My husband is an IT expert, so my level of computer smarts has gone down with him around to lazily rely on! But I would definitely consider myself competent in day-today computer operations and some more advanced stuff as well. I mostly use my computer for photo editing, correspondence, writing… and shopping! 128 Amy Jones On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I never touch the On button if I can avoid it. My dh is an IT kind of guy though. I love having my own personal IT guy. I’ve been using computers regularly since the late 80s and still don’t really know how to do much. And dh just switched me from PC to Mac back in December, and most of the stuff I knew how to do is still challenging to me on the new system. I do know how to blog though! It’s fun. 129 caren On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I know enough to be dangerous and enough that everyone at work thinks i am their own personal tech support. I have a PC. I would love to get a MAC, had one years ago. I not afraid to open a computer up and fix what is needed or add to it. 130 Erin On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm Computer confessions: Erin knows juuuuust enough to get herself into trouble. A LOT of trouble. Ohhh, yeah. 131 Doc On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I’m probably an expert, but my confession is… I prefer to use Windows 98. In fact, I’m typing this on a 10 year old HP Vectra loaded with Win98, which of course prevents me from using a bunch of cool stuff – but when I want to use the cool stuff (like a flash drive or a printer, duh), I use my super duper brand new HP Pavillion . HP (and compaq, now owned by HP) is my favorite brand – I wouldn’t buy anything else . I prefer desktops to notebooks, and notebooks to laptops (expandability) although I have all three. Oh, and thank you for the 937937854954054 hits today! Love, Doc 132 Kate On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I feel like I’m becoming less and less computer literate as I get older, which, I guess, is true. Ten years ago in college, I was ahead of the game. Today, I sometimes get tired just hearing about all the new gadgets let alone learning how to use them. Still, I love the internets. 133 Trisha On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm This is what I own () in 24 inch but…. I can’t even figure out how to attach a photo to an email! I live overseas so call my really smart younger brother at the oddest hours. (he says I have to upgrade iphoto and then it will work but I did and nothing- it must be a conspiracy to make women seem more technologically daft) 134 Anna S. On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm Well I am pretty good at computer stuff, but only because my husband is a computer programmer and he helps me with a lot of stuff. I have a laptop and use it for basic purposes like surfing the internet and doing school work. 135 Melissa Mac. On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I know mostly software. No code. Though I am learning to text message with those cute little non-words but that’s not computers, is it?!? I’m geeky in a lot of things but computers would not be considered one of them 136 diana (hahamommy) On Monday, May 5 at 7:59 pm I’m a confident computer user I know what I need to know and I can easily fill in the gaps of my expertise when need be. I got a super-dooper camera phone & 2G memory for it, I’m learning PhotoShop CS2 to enhance my pictures. We’ve got other digital cameras if I’m in the mood for futzing; the phone, on the other hand, is quick and easy and always with me Plus, I can e-mail them with the phone, without having to be near a computer. Oh did I mention it has sepia and B/W options? In my house, we have an ancient, yet functional desktop (mine, this one); a super-dooper porsche-of-a-desktop (my son’s, where I’m sometimes allowed to do the PS thing); a non-functional, but promises to rock-my-world desktop (belonging to Super Cool Boyfriend, in need of a motherboard); a non-functional laptop which we miss sorely… which your giftcard could help us replace! 137 Karin On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I am not a total idiot…but close. I use my computer (a PC) and my ‘mini computer’ (the iphone) for fun things only – emailing, blogging, facebooking…anything beyond that is beyond me!! 138 Joan Skoglund On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I know enough about computers to get myself in trouble!! But without one, I’d never have found your blog and what a loss that would have been!! 139 TJ2 On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I am pretty proficient in the programs I use every day, but take me out of my “comfort zone” and I’m pretty lost. 140 Erica On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I actually have a degree in computer science, but when it comes to PCs I’m a complete moron. I’ve been on a mac for 5 years now, and I can read/write several programming languages .. but if a friend needs help with a simple PC problem I’m ZERO help 141 WDS On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I pour lamp oil on my chest and light myself on fire. 142 Bob Cleveland On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm Well, let me explain by saying (A) I know what MCSE stands for (Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer), and (B) I have two grown sons who (1) Live here in town and (2) Come here for dinner every Sunday, and (3) are MCSE’s. You figure out how much of this stuff I need to understand. 143 Julie On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I’ve worked online for 12 years. I’d say I’m above avg using popular software and with internet navigation. Could I build my own computer? No way. Hardware is out of my realm of knowledge. 144 Read Teach Sew On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I’m comfortable with the user end parts of my computer. I know how to change the settings and load software, and I know how to use the programs I need to use. If it gets complicated, though, I quickly hand my Dell laptop to my tech guy. Or, as he prefers to be called, my husband. Also, I just got an Activ Board installed in my classroom. My third graders are fascinated. I’m just glad I figured out how to write on it. 145 Amy On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I personally know how to get around the very simplest level of our PC. I can install a program from a CD, but don’t ask me to uninstall it. In fact, I once decided to move away from the operating system on my father’s computer to try and remove an old version of AOL. I thought that with the manual’s help, I could use DOS to get rid of that file. Which I’m sure I could have had I not erased the WHOLE HARD DRIVE in the process. My dad was not terribly excited that I had learned that *.*delete got rid of everything, not just the pesky old AOL program. So, since then, I’ve been a little more careful about experimenting with that with which I have no REAL understanding. My husband on the other hand amazes me! He finds menus that I never knew existed for settings that I have NO idea what they do. He writes code, and I sit and look at the computer screen and realize that I really have no clue about how this electronic box actually works! I think I’ll have to do a little touring around pc.com and see what I can learn! 146 Anna On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm Overall, I’m closer to moron than genius, but I am able to use my Mac and PC without too many problems. 147 Lisa On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I have a Gateway desktop. That’s about all I know. I can turn it on, check my email and surf the web. If I get any kind of glitch or error message while attempting any of these tasks, I promptly break out in hives and start to hypervenilate. So, yeah. Not so computer savvy. 148 Kathleen On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I think I’m kind of in the middle on the computer knowledge spectrum. I used to be pretty knowledgable, but the technology is gaining on me more and more each day. I do still have a lot of my family asking me questions regarding their computer problems, but seriously I can’t really help them anymore. Technology is getting the best of me! I’m on a laptop now and LOVE the portabliltiy of it! 149 Robin in Michigan On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm Well, I think I’m pretty hip to the computer age! I fixed a computer that apparently was hit by lightning (needed a new fan motor), I have purposely wiped clean a variety of computers, I install/uninstall with carefree abandon, I can uninstall that damnable Norton’s Anti-Virus with lightning speed, I’ve hooked up my own wireless network an hiked up the security so that no one can scam my bandwidth, upgraded from a cd-rom to a cd/dvd writer, added memory and hooked up a monster external hard-drive, cleaned up my NOT so computer literate stepdad’s laptop, as well as email, blog, Photoshop, and I’m also an online gamer (WOW rocks!) 150 Nikki On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I have a “special” way with computers, or so I’m told by my computer savvy family members who have to periodically fix the damage I unknowingly inflict upon my machine. I’m not completely clueless (or so I think–perhaps THAT’S origin of my problem…) and blogging is helping me recognize and understand HTML code. 151 Tawanda On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I own a Dell desktop computer and a HP laptop. I’m not really computer literate, but know enough to ready YOUR blog, do my college work on-line, read email, and keep up somewhat with the family oh and most important, SHOPPING. I seem to be the one people come to for advice, not sure why, obviously they have never been around when I have the urge to give the monster computers a heave out the window, without first opening the window!! Anyways, now that I have found this big computer world, I’m never doing without it. Josh, you are gonna love it. 152 Maryaz On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm We have an iMac & a laptop (mac). My husband is middle school computer teacher…so he can get down to my level when I have stupid questions & he doesn’t judge me. (at least he doesn’t say anything in front of me…he probably goes to school & tells his students “now this is what my wife does, please don’t do that!”) 153 aymee On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm im a graphic designer so i feel a very deep and personal connection with anything that is mac related. if pressed tho, i can deal with a pc. i said if…. 154 Joey On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm Computer Expertise: Moderate 155 Brooke On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I am fairly computer literate. I spend a fair amount of time on the computer each day and my family members are impressed with my talents . I’m a mac girl, I love my macbook! 156 Renee On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm Two desktops and two laptops. I know enough to fix what my husband has screwed up (thus far) but not enough to be the go-to person that can fix a computer issue at the office. 157 Stacy and the rugrats On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm HP laptop HP desktop drooling for an ibook General knowledge of computers, been internet savvy since 1992 (eek!) Best way to describe my repair skills is to say “Honey! Fix the dang computer will ya!” 158 ravenswood On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I have a MacBook Pro, to which I recently added 2gig of memory — by myself! It was easy, but I was really worried about opening up the computer (something that I had never done before). Silly, really. 159 Chesapeake Bay Woman On Monday, May 5 at 8:00 pm I’m a Techno-Idiot, plain and simple, I confess. And re Cowboy Josh: LAWD HAVE MERCY once you give him access to the internet, BOSSY will have him marching down the aisle already. DON’T TELL BOSSY COWBOY JOSH IS GETTIN’ INTERNET ACCESS!!! 160 Blue House Mom On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I have a desktop. I’d love a lap top. I’m good with email and blogging. But I guess neither is too challenging. I’m just now entering the world of Photoshop Elements and I predict I’ll be addicted in no time. 161 Cindy On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm 3 functional computers and 2 laptops. More importantly various other boxes(read 11) that were once computers now taking up space in the den and we must must keep because someday we may need a miscellaneous “part” from one and this “part” may not be made 17 years from now when we would actually need it, but we will definitely need it then, so we must.not.throw.away.anything.EVER. 162 Lisa O On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I’d like to think I’m computer savvy, but then again, whenever I have a problem I just call my guru brother who knows everything! We currently have two PC’s – a laptop and a desktop and we’re getting another laptop this week for my 12 year old son- who’s pretty savvy himself! 163 K.Sue On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm PC all the way, no Macs for me. (Even though I gotta give Mac props for those Mac/PC commercials!) Hubby and I have a laptop and wireless internet so I can sit anywhere in the house and still access PW! yippee. I am very comfortable on the computer and fairly knowledgeable, thanks to a part-time job in a computer store during college. ps – random generator, pick me, pick me!!! 164 Jen On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I know very little and just enough to get myself into and outta trouble. Ctrl/Alt/Del. 165 Misty On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I’ve just realized from reading your last post that I’ve been reading for almost a year. wow. I just started a blog and know nothing about that, I’d say I’m a clueless intermediate yet willing to try. Oh and I like Macs. 166 Teonna On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm We have a PC, and while I’m not the best, I still manage!! 167 Jacquline On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I’m pretty good with most computer applications used by business. I can use excel like no one’s business and use access fairly efficiently. I can figure out almost any program if need be and can troubleshoot problems. I’m comfortable popping my computer open and switching out the components but that’s about the end of my computer expertise. Now when it comes to networks, I’m a complete idiot. I just have no patience for making two computers talk… but luckily my husband is pretty good at it! I knew I kept him around for a reason – that and taking out the trash. 168 Joy in Missouri On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I can do basic stuff and know some HTML code… other than that I rely on my techi buddies to help me get things done. 169 Karie On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I teach computers to elementary students and their teachers. I enjoy when the kids show me something new. My favorite computer times are with my kindergarteners who pick up the mouse and try to move it on the screen. They are so cute. 170 Mandamom On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm Laptop user. I’ve been using computers since the mid-1980s as my dad always had them around the house and was on the internet in the mid 1990′s — Remember Prodigy. We use windows and I think I”m pretty proficient with them. Funny thing, when i met my husband he knew nothing about computers and several years later he could build his own. 171 Johanna On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I am a probably in the middle, I can usually figure things out if I have too. I do know photoshop and LOVE it! 172 Hannah On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm True blue beginner who isn’t afraid to click! 173 Gibbous Girl On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm I’m a techno-geek and am more proficient than I like to admit. Though I will say I have yet to tackle photoshop: that’s my final frontier. 174 christina On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm We have an HP desktop and laptop. We love them and we know how to use them. 175 Leslie in Sugar Land On Monday, May 5 at 8:01 pm Macs ROCK! I am not computer/tech savvy. But I don’t have to be with a mac. I have an iBook (laptop) w/all the wireless stuff, that is probably 5-6 years old and it is still current and does what I need it to do. My law firm was all macs. Therefore, we didn’t need an IT department, or even an IT employee. I think in 12 years we called an outside IT person for help 3 times. Josh will be fine with a laptop. A mac would be good for him but if you’re going to be teaching him, get him whatever is easiest for you to deal with. I hope he’s ready for all the feedback/questions about him!!! Any single cowboys in their 40′s out there? 176 lin On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I use a mac at work as a graphic artist and pc at home . I once dumped a pepsi off a counter into my monitor at work, which got me an upgrade. Lucky me : ) Since then I’ve only killed a few key boards. IT loves me! 177 Jennifer On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I have enough knowledge of the computer to have fun and look up anything about a topic I seek more information. I know that my kids will pass me up really soon! I am currently a PC user but have enjoyed the mac in the past. 178 Deb in Winfield, Ks On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I am okay with point and click…but I can’t write html….and DANG I want to learn Photoshop. I have a Multimedia H/P PC….and it is attached to my hands!!!! 179 Kitchen Scrapbook On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm Computer-savviness… well, I know how to get to your site. Do I need to know how to do more than that?! My husband is my tech support when I mess something up or the screen goes blue or my email has problems or something. I know how to surf online though. I do part-time design work with Corel Draw (and photo editing and scrapbooking for me with it too), but am pretty helpless in any other program. But that’s ok cuz I don’t need them as long as I have Corel Draw. 180 danaiun On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm How would you describe your level of computer expertise? I know enough to play practical jokes! I used to play practical jokes on co workers. They were tech support for programs, they should know computers. LOL I used to change the font sizes on their screens, just increase it a little every day…. Called it ELEPHANTITIS. They weren’t too bright, used to keep reinstalling everything trying to get rid of it… LOL For fun, I also change my son’s screen savers from geeky stuff that he picks to something really girlie and feminine. Because I can. ANd because it really messes with his head. LOL 181 jenn On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm Laptop for my birthday last year, and I’m hooked! Previously, I used computers solely to shop online and email, in the past year I’ve discovered blogs, Photoshop, and message boards. Now I spend waaaaaay too much time on the computer instead of cleaning my house. 182 Minna On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I work in a computer lab at a library, so I can tool around some, but by no means could I qualify for the GeekSquad. I teach computer classes every week on MS Word 2003 and I’m getting ready to be certified to teach 2007 soon. But in actuality I spend most of my time teaching my mom how to set desktop wallpaper! 183 Piseco On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm Yep, I’d say I strike a middle ground too. I’m very comfortable with computers – since I was 10 and we bought our very first computer, a TI-99-4A *with* the cassette drive. That thing was smokin’! But a lot has happened with computers in the 10 years since I left college, and I feel like some of that has left me in the dust. But I am really good at posting comments to giveaway blogs, so here’s hoping! 184 Bah On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I think I’m pretty well in the middle of the computer range o’ knowledge. Once I realized that I couldn’t break the PC (usually), I started learning by trial and error…it works! 185 dee On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm ii did not know what a blog was until i heard of you on cnn hae to read my pioneer woman fix every morning now. also got out my digital camera and started adding pictures now i have so many i have to add more memory. i am getting better looking up all the different places you are on the web. hp and serious eating and put some pics on flickr. thank you im getting more experience d 186 Steph On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I don’t know a ton but I LOVE figuring things out! I’ve figured out how to totally pimp out my blog and I change it when the mood hits me. My best friend is always calling me when she can’t figure things out. She’s even been known to give me her username and password so I could ‘fix’ something. Dangerous! I’ve totally posted some yucky pictures of her on her own blog! Hee Hee! 187 Cas On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I think sticking with my middle child syndrome, I’ll say somewhere in the middle. I can do pretty well until you start talking html codes and all that…then I just want to shop online : ) 188 Vanessa On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm Hey! I love your blog! I’ve been reading for quite some time, but I think this is the first time I have commented. I need a new fridge so that gift card would come in handy! Ha! My computer knowledge is fairly basic but I do know enough to have my own blog. When it comes to major stuff I have to ask hubby. 189 Janet in Toronto On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I can do everything I need to do, upgrade stuff, manage our wireless network, remove viruses, write simple html code. But I have never taken apart my laptop and don’t know what anything inside it is called. 190 kathle On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I am good. But, I am PC. I want to be MAC. I am fairly knowledgeable, I can fix things and I can show you how to do some things. I am completely self taught, well, with the exception of all the people who have taught me things, I mean, I didn’t go to school for this! 191 Karen On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I can write simple HTML, post a blog post, send email, and write documents. My bil is a computer nerd so I call him when I have problems. thanks for this giveaway, Ree and happy anniversary! 192 Betty On Monday, May 5 at 8:02 pm I’m a grandma who loves my computers (PC & laptop) & love to learn about computers. I use it mainly for photographs & digital scrapbooking. And I’d love some of your apple dumplings, tho’ I don’t NEED any, like that skinny gal in today’s post! 193 Mary Ann On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm About moderate computer experience. However, very much in love with my HP dv6000 laptop, it’s so…take-able. I do ok with with PSE5, and should probably move up to a DSLR, but am wracked with indecision – a D80, 5 minutes befores it’s obsoleted? A D60, 5 minutes before the price drops $100? Ah well… Um, I should mention that I’m the one person in America who doesn’t hate Vista. It’s like an annoying little brother – even though sometimes you want to lock him in the closet, you know he means well. 194 Molly On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm I have a desktop that runs Windows XP Media Center and a laptop that dual boots Windows XP and Ubuntu Linux. I can take those suckers apart and put them back together at the drop of a hat. 195 Erin S. On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm Computer Confessions: I own a laptop….but for the longest time called it a labtop…go figure? i live with a very computer savy husband who is always revamping his or fixing someone else’s. I’ve picked up some things from him like don’t vacuum too close to his box and risk frying everything (he has a PC). I feel quite comfortable on my machine and can generally get around on them. Still learning all the HTML stuff now that i’ve started my own blog….so much to learn so little time…the joys of having two and a half kids. 196 Julie On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm I am fairly comfortable with computers, more so with software than with hardware. Being married to a tech support guru has been a big help because (a) he’s taught me a lot about how the stuff works and (b) if I really mess something up, I know he can fix it for me. 197 Ronnie On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm I am fairly computer literate. I can fix almost anythig I broke in the first place and have been known to repair people’s computers, dont know alot of html ect but beings how I am in school for web design/graphic arts i will be learning that 198 Jo-Ann On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm I started out with a Mac SE with no internal hard drive, the startup disk was a floppy! In my past life (read: before the kids stole my brain), I was a computer programmer. I designed and programmed databases. When there was only one child stealing my brain matter, I left that job and became a consultant providing hands-on training in the workplace (on both Mac and PCs) at every level imaginable from the Josh’s of the world all the way up to scientists using their computer for things that I would never understand (but I faked it, not to worry). Now, having long since given my brain over to science and the short people that live with me, I have dug down deep to that Fine Arts minor that was “a big waste of time” and “never going to get me anywhere” and I am using my computer (a Mac, by the way) for good as a graphic designer. After all, if I don’t make frivolous extravagances pretty, who will? And I love every minute of it. : ) 199 Valerie S. On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm I’m a huuuuge computer nerd. I’ve been using a form of the Internet since about 1990, when I was in high school — you or some of your readers may remember Prodigy before it got big, and a program called GEnie. I used to know all about pings and setting our (super-fast for the time) 56k external modem up. We accessed all this cool stuff on our Tandy computer, which cost about $1,000 in the early ’90s — big bucks for back then, especially for my working-class parents. My husband and I met in a Yahoo! chatroom in 1998, that’s how nerdy I am. It’s been true love ever since. Thanks for this contest and the generosity behind it. Happy Blogiversary, Ree! 200 korinthe On Monday, May 5 at 8:03 pm Well, I get paid to write software and make data get from one little embedded computer to another, and to muck around with databases (though I’m none too savvy on that last bit). I have a degree or two in Computer Science. But I can’t get a Mac to do what I want (any more… give me System 7 and I am right at home), so it’s Linux and Windows for me. I used to build computer systems, too, but we have an amazingly humble sysadmin deity, so I leave the guts and surgery to him these days. He ROCKS. In fact, if your RNG picks my post, I’ll share the gift certificate with him.

MAYAN CALENDAR DAYKEEPER’S JOURNAL 9 Wind / IK Greetings Kin, HAPPY NEW YEAR! May we celebrate Living and another New Beginning for Unlimited Possibilities! The Peak Tone 9 holds the Intention to complete a Transformation. 9 is a Sacred Number that is all about completion. Tesla said that understanding the Power of 3, 6, and 9, unlocks all the mysteries of the Universe. (I’d really like to know what that means.) Tone 9 holds an Intention of Patience to see the bigger picture. 9 holds a very important Spiritual Tool of Consciousness, guiding us to always look Higher and Deeper into the Inspiration we receive. To Know our Self and the Dreams we Love, requires this kind of Vigilance in tracking our thoughts. 9 is a Spiritual Tool that Multiplies our Spiritual Resources of Wisdom and Genius. Think about it. Some of our ideas never make it past the dream. The ones that do are the ones we’re naturally inclined to explore. We can use this Number 9 as a tool for Discernment. Wind/IK is the Breath of Life and the Breath of Spirit. Wind/IK is the whirling of Life itself. The Element of Air is our most fundamental resource of Life, and the Element our Bodies are most critically dependent upon. Air is the Element that connects us all within the One Rising and Falling Breath of the Cosmos. ALL Life is supported by the Divine Breath of the Creator. The words that were spoken at The Creation are the “prevailing winds” of our Life. PORTAL DAY: ELEMENT OF ETHER 9 Wind/IK, Kin 22 is a portal day that represents a thinning of the veil to the dimension of Spirit. The Element of Ether is a substance of “pure spirit.” A portal magnifies our Spiritual Gifts of Intuition and Knowing. This is a day of Heightened Consciousness. A Portal on 9 Wind/IK magnifies the Breath that directs our Transformation. MASTER NUMBER 2222: Wind/IK’s Position 2, Kin 22, in the 2nd Uinal illustrates the Number 2222. Number 2222 amplifies and intensifies the attributes of number 2. Number 2 resonates with service and duty, balance and harmony, adaptability, diplomacy, co-operation, consideration, receptivity and love, devotion and understanding. Number 2222 encourages us to take a balanced, harmonious and peaceful stance in all areas of life, no matter what the circumstances. Trust that everything will turn out for the highest good of all in the long-term, so do not put your energies into negativity such as fear or worry, but rather, be aware that all is being worked out by Spirit for the highest good of all involved. Number 2222 reminds you that nothing happens by chance and everything happens for a reason. Maintain a positive attitude and a strong connection with your higher-self and you will find that everything will have positive results and you will receive abundant blessings of many kinds in Divine right timing. [Sacred Scribes] The T-shaped window symbolizes the Sacred Tree at the Center of the World, the axis mundi for a climb of Spirit. The T is the portal to the Great Spirit through which the breath of life may pass. This symbol is found throughout the world holding the same meaning. The Tau and Ankh are relevant symbols. The Mayan daykeeper, artist, and historian Hunbatz Men explains, .” [Source: The Tau (or T-shaped) Cross: Hopi-Maya-Egyptian Connections] The sound of the word “Te” was Sacred to the Maya, who were conscious of the Vibrations of Sound. It’s said their language was formed of words that sounded like the thing they define. If we looked deeper, “Te” is an Intentional Sound, a directed breath that sounds like a Spark of Life. The Cherokee Day Sign, the Whirlwind, is a channel of communication as the double-helix of smoke that carries our prayers to the Creator. The Whirlwind is the 13th Dancer, the Ascended One. who leads the 12 Dancers Below – Humanity, illustrated as the 12 constellations. Whirlwind is the Wind Beneath our own Wings. The Breath of the Creator is leading our Lives. Unconditional Love is the prevailing wind in our Life. The Creator Directed the Breath of “Te” with a Divine Intention. Love will prevail in the Winds of Change to direct our Divine Dance, Below. The Elders tell us that Wind is the touch of God’s hand. They always advised to stop and remember what you were thinking when a wind blows through. We feel Love when a breeze gently touches our hair. We hear Love in the rustling of leaves. Wind/IK is the Sign that Life Goes On, that the Creator is with us, that we Breathe and are Breathed by Spirit. Wind disperses the Seeds of Life and Communication. Wind allows the birds and bees to fly. We define the absence of wind as an eerie stillness. Time seems to be standing still. Wind implies Life and Movement. Wind is always a Blessing. When it changes the landscape of our life, it sets us back on Divine Course. 9 Wind/IK completes our understanding of Divine Guidance. We were Awakened by the Voice of the Creator. When we respond with an Offering of our Self, we will always feel the Wind at our back. We can feel the touch of God that completes a Human need for connection to the Whole. The Creator’s first breath cleared the axus mundi of our own Tree of Life, with the sound of “Te.” It’s a Sacred Sound of Prevailing Love. Wind/IK resides in the North, the direction of Divine Wisdom and the Wisdom of this Experience. The Element of Air is related to the faculties of the mind. Just as we are healed through human touch, so are we healed by the touch of the Wind. The Creator is capable to change things in the world below, serving Both the Body and the Mind. The Presence of Wind is an Act of God that touches the world Below. There is always a Higher Purpose that could be seen in the Bigger Picture. The Christmas holiday is a tactile celebration. We invest all our human senses into the experience. Christmas evokes tastes and smells, hearths and home – all the tangible experiences of Love. This Christmas was spent alone. Everyone here was “under the weather.” There was a comfort in it, yet the isolation multiplied the consciousness of physical separation and immobility. I was inclined to research my ancestors. I was missing family, and especially missing the daughter who has been at a distance. An element of “Merry” seemed to be missing from this Christmas. Maybe the same “winds of emotion” were touching all of us. The Creator knows everything there is to know about Human Happiness. The Creator’s touch through the Breath of the Wind is the Sacred Sound that reminds us that the Creator Loves the Human Creation, Mind, Body, and Spirit. To all my relations, may we Acknowledge the Sacred Breath of the Creator holds the prevailing Power of our Destiny. May we Know the Divine Plan addresses all the realms of Human experience. May we Know that our physical senses are no less miraculous than the Gifts of Divine Consciousness. May we know that in our Divine Relationship, the Creator longed to Know the Joy of our Whole Being. May we know that when our lives are suddenly rearranged, a Divine Hand is directing its course. May we remember that the same “Te” that spoke the Intention of Life, held the Intention of our Happiness in Harmony and Equity. May we also accept Divine Justice when it calls for a sacrifice. May we Know that the Beauty of a Divine Plan is so far from Human understanding, we’ll seldom recognize when its happening. May we be Changed by the Understanding that the Wind is directing our Lives in a material way, and Wind is the Force that guides the Miracles of our Mind, Body, and Spirit. May we claim our Breath as Holy, Holy, Holy. May we Draw the Sacred Breath. In the place between breaths, may we crystallize the Creator’s Intention of Love in the universe within. On the out-breath may we say the Sacred Word “T” as our Intention of Alignment with Divine Will so we can Know the Miracles that were directed by the first Breath of the Creator. in lak’ech, i am another you, Debra, Jaguar Woman, 9 Eagle/MEN May the New Year Bless us ALL with the Creator’s Divine Justice. May Wind guide our thoughts of Divine Intervention and the Inner Strength of Believing. May our Offering of Atonement be the Willingness to make the necessary sacrifices. May we See and Acknowledge that when we see the landscape of our life is changed, it was carried out by the One who Intends a Life of Love and Happiness. ~ Debra THE TRECENA OF JAGUAR/IX Visit the 13-Day Trecena Guide for daily aspects and events of the Jaguar/IX trecena. 9 Wind/IK (Cherokee, Whirlwind/AGALU Many blessings for a year of manifested abundance with lots of happiness and smiles! I am calling this year my year to put all that I have compiled into a conscious direction of action – with awareness, gratitude and joy in the doing. There will be challenges, bumps and forks in the road, but of course! the road to ‘mastery’ is not the easy road…at least not so far, LOL. best to you in all things! with much love, aloha en lak’ech ~e This is the THE Year to be Living! 🙂 Many blessings of Mana and Love back to you, Happy New Year. love, in Lak’ech, Debra LikeLiked by 1 person OOOH, I can feel the power brewing…and this trecena and the stars that are bringing her in are nothing short of amazing! In Joy aloha ~e LikeLiked by 1 person I Love what you are feeling. I’m going to ride along in sympathy with that vibration!! Thanks for seeing the stars for me – cloudy skies in the Pacific Northwest. much love, in lak’ech, with all my returned Joy. Debra Happy (Gregorian) New Year, Debra! (I’m very much looking forward to the Mayan New Year in February 🙂 LikeLiked by 1 person Mee tooo! 🙂 My husband & I took this to our daily yoga practice today. Reading through it and incorporating the “Te” into breath and movement. This is powerfully channeled work. It’s no accident Tesla’s name begins with Te. LikeLiked by 1 person Thank you so much for the feedback. I felt the power in the word too. I used it for an Intention. Very interesting observation on Tesla too. much love, in lak’ech, Debra

Lafourche Parish, LAHome Menu 2014 Resolutions 14-001 — Stagni and Company, LLC - Renewal Option Year 14-002 — Requesting Administration Hire South Central Planning for Permitting & Inspection Processes 14-003 — DA Opinion - Transferring Surplus CDBG Disaster Recovery Funds 14-004 — DA Opinion - Parish Employee Hired by Contract 14-005 — Enterprise Zone Program - Chevron USA, Inc 14-006 — Grant Application - Office of Community Development - Rita Bridge repairs 14-007 — Engagement Letter - Bourgeois Bennett, L.L.C. - Home Mortgage Authority financials 14-008 — Contract - LA Housing Corporation - 2013-2015 LIHEAP 14-009 — CEA - individual Senior Citizens Center - Lafourche on the Move Program 14-010 — Low Bid - Huey Stockstill, Inc. - road improvements - RSTD A 14-011 — CEA - SCP&DC - GPS units and monitoring services 14-012 — CEA - individual Recreation Districts - recreational facilities and activities 14-013 — Addendum #2, Service Agreement - Vision Internet Providers, Inc. - website design 14-014 — Annual Support & License Agreement - Tyler Technologies, Inc - Munis Software 14-015 — Amendment #3, contract - Mosquito Control of Lafourche, LLC - increase & extension 14-016 — Reappointment - Animal Shelter Advisory Board - Eugene Dial - District 3 (amended by Resolution No. 16-107 at the 03/08/16 LPC meeting) 14-017 — Reappointment - Animal Shelter Advisory Board - Richmond Boyd - District 1 (amended by Resolution No. 16-105 at the 03/08/16 LPC meeting) 14-018 — Reappointment - Recreation District No. 2 Board - Daniel Mayet 14-019 — Reappointment - Recreation District No. 8 Board - Damian Babin 14-020 — Appointment - Game & Fish Management Commission 14-021 — Appointment - Fire Protection District No. 2 Board - Warren Vedros, Chairman 14-022 — Requesting Community Action Advisory Board & Animal Shelter Advisory Board to Restructure Bylaws 14-023 — Pre-Storm Recreation Facility Repairs - Recreation District No. 3 14-024 — Cooperative Endeavor Agreement - 2014 SLEC Membership Dues 14-025 — Coastal Zone Management - Parish Gated Canal list request 14-026 — Change Order No. 1 - Delta Woods Drainage Improvements Project - Decrease in Construction Contract 14-027 — DOTD & LPG Agreement - Road Safety Improvements - Choctaw Road 14-028 — Lease Agreement - Warren J. Harang, Jr. Municipal Auditorium - 2014 Quarterly Commodity Distributions 14-029 — National School Act - CACFP - Child Nutrition Act (Amended) 14-030 — Contract - LPG & ES&H - Increase in contract price 14-031 — Appointment - Director of Finance - Renita R. Jackson 14-032 — Raceland Ag Center Improvement Project 14-033 — Change Order No. 2 - Lockport Elevated Wetlands Boardwalk Project 14-034 — Change Order No. 1 - New Raceland Community Center 14-035 — Change Order No. 1 - Hurricane Isaac Recreation Facility Repairs Project 14-036 — Agreement - Pethealth Services - Software & Services - Lafourche Parish Animal Shelter 14-037 — Letter of Engagement - Casualty Actuarial Consultants, Inc. - Actuarial Services 14-038 — Letter of Engagement - Arbitrage Group, Inc. - Consolidated Sales Tax District A - Public Improvement Revenue Bonds, Series 2012 14-039 — Letter of Engagement - Arbitrage Group, Inc. - Revenue Refunding Bonds, Series 2013 14-040 — Intergovernmental Cooperative Agreement - Greater Lafourche Port Commission - Nerby Collins Commercial Fisherman's Marina Project 14-041 — Requesting LPSO to conduct study to place 3-Way Stop Signs - Cindy Lane, Melanie Lane & Serena Avenue 14-042 — DA Opinion - Approving the Issuance of Contracts-Leases by Administration 14-043 — Hiring of Attorney - Law Firms to perform Legal Defense Services 14-044 — Transfer of Appropriation (TA 14-001) - East 86th Street Drainage Project to West 111th & East 86th Streets Drainage Project 14-045 — Drainage Improvements near West 111th & East 86th Streets Project 14-046 — Purchasing three (3) Bobcat Compact Excavators - Duhon Machinery - DPW 14-047 — CEA - Lafourche Parish Drainage District No. 1 - Purchasing Bobcat Compact Excavator & Bush Hog 14-048 — Reappointment - Fire Protection District No. 4 Board - Kerry L. Alley 14-049 — Reappointment - Fire Protection District No. 6 Board - Andrew Robertson 14-050 — Reappointment - Special Education District No. 1 Board (Representing Friends of the Center) - Kristian Gaudet 14-051 — Contract - Bulkhead On Industrial Boulevard Along Lafourche - GIWW Project - Duplantis Design Group, engineering services 14-052 — Contract - Purchasing Bush Hog & Bobcat Compact Excavator - Lafourche Parish Drainage District No. 1 14-053 — Bid - Marine Contractors, LLC, - Leeville Boat Launch 14-054 — Requesting Administration to do repairs on 1st Floor of Thibodaux Government Complex 14-055 — DA Opinion - Community Action Advisory Board meetings requirements 14-056 — Approving Settlement Case No. 116377 - Chad and Charles Jarreau 14-057 — Supporting the Proposed East Leeville Project 14-058 — Agreement - Lockport Community and Recreation Center Project - Duplantis Design Group, PC 14-059 — Appointment - Community Services Deputy Director - Reggie Bagala 14-060 — Endorsement of B & G Food Enterprises, LLC DBA Taco Bell, No. 29777 14-061 — Louisiana Compliance Questionnaire - Legislative Auditor's Requirements (completion of audits) 14-062 — Purchasing Roadway Departure Signing for Road Safety Improvements - Choctaw Road 14-063 — Installation of Automatic Gate - Thibodaux Field Office 14-064 — Transfer of Appropriation (TA 14-002) - Hyland Drive Outfall Canal Stabilization (12019) to Lafourche Resources Pump (14023) 14-065 — CEA - LSU AgCenter & LPC - Supporting Louisiana Cooperative Units off campus 14-066 — Calling of Special Election - Lafourche Parish Assessor 14-067 — Social Services Contract - Community Services Block Grant - Assisting Low Income Families 14-068 — DA Opinion - LPC Line Item Vote on Salaries, etc 14-069 — Requesting LADOTD to Install School Bus Stop Ahead Signs (Bayou Blue Boat Launch - Bourg-Larose Hwy) 14-070 — Purchasing F150 Ford Truck - DPW - Thibodaux Field Office 14-071 — Change Order No. 2 - Hurricane Isaac Recreation Facility Repairs 14-072 — Purchasing Two (2) Trailer Mounted Sewer Jetters - DPW 14-073 — Valentine Area Company Canal Pump Station, Phase II, State Project 14-074 — Galliano Pontoon Bridge Agreement - Engineering Services 14-075 — Reappointment - Veterans Memorial District of Ward 10 Board - Lionel J. Lagarde, Sr 14-076 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Commission for Women Board - Cristie Pape 14-077 — Appointment - Library Board of Control Board - Shane Terrebonne & Angelique Torres 14-078 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Animal Shelter Advisory Board - Betsy Magee (amended by Resolution No. 16-104 at the 03/08/16 LPC meeting) 14-079 — Appointment - Fire Protection District No. 7 Board - Barry Ledet & Jarrod Naquin 14-080 — Memorandum of Agreement - Louisiana Department of Natural Resources - EECBG Program 14-081 — Flood Insurance Coverage Agreement - Shaver-Robichaux Agency 14-082 — Lafourche Parish Recreation District No. 3 Summer Programs - Use of School Facilities request 14-083 — Amending Res. No. 13-290 - State of LA Dept. of Education - CACFP - Family Day Care Home Program 14-084 — Supporting House Bills Regarding Domestic Abuse 14-085 — Upgrading ERIN Data Network Lines (upcoming elections) 14-086 — Grant Application - Lafourche Parish Head Start Cost of Living Adjustment & Sequestration Restoration 14-087 — Approving Selection Criteria - Head Start 2014-15 School Year 14-088 — Aerial Spraying of Canals and Reservoirs - Golden Aviation 14-089 — Parr Pump Station Repairs - LA Contracting Enterprises LLC 14-090 — Morvant Pump Station Repairs - Sealevel Construction, Inc 14-091 — Appointment - Fire Protection District No. 4 Board - Mike Tardo 14-092 — Lafourche Parish Planning Commission Comprehensive Resiliency Plan - Official Master Plan 14-093 — MOA - DHH OPH Center for Community Preparedness - Mass Prophylaxis to First Responders ...Rescinded by Resolution No. 15-402 at the 12/08/15 LPC Meeting 14-094 — MOA - DHH OPH Center for Community Preparedness - Mass Prophylaxis to Residents, Employees etc 14-095 — CEA - SCPDC & LPG Updating Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) 2040 14-096 — Agreement - Mathews Government Complex EOC Saferoom Project 14-097 — DA Opinion - Regarding Change Orders 14-098 — DA Opinion - Regarding Consequences of Violating the Home Rule Charter 14-099 — Requesting LADOTD Resurface or Repair Hwy 654 (Gheens Road) & Hwy 182, Raceland 14-100 — Enterprise Zone Program - Bollinger Larose, LLC 14-101 — Change Order No. 1 - Des Allemands Breakwater Bulkhead Project 14-102 — Change Order No. 1 - District 2 of 12 Pump Station Improvements Project 14-103 — Purchasing Mitigation Credit - Saltwater Control Structure 14-104 — Contract - CorrectHealth Lafourche, LLC - Comprehensive Inmate Health Care Services (Amendment No. 3) 14-105 — Change Order No. 2 - Asphalt Roadway Maintenance Contract for RSTD2 Project 14-106 — Change Order No. 1 - Jesse Dufrene Pump Station Improvements 14-107 — Change Order No. 2 - South Lafourche Head Start Project 14-108 — Change Order No. 1 - Drainage Improvements Near West 111th & East 86th Streets 14-109 — Appointment - Commission for Women - Donna Henderson Wright 14-110 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Hospital Service District No. 1 Board - Paul Chiquet 14-111 — Lease to Purchase Agreement - Lift System - Stryker Sales Corporation 14-112 — Requesting Administration to provide Supplemental Appropriation - FHWA State Recreation Trails Program 14-113 — Requesting LPG approval of Grant Application - FHWA Recreational Trails Program 14-114 — Professional Contract Review by Council 14-115 — North Lafourche Conservation Levee Drainage District - Digging out 40 Arpent Canal (St. Charles Community) 14-116 — Installing Catch Basins - Corner of East 5th Street & Avenue B 14-117 — Endorsement of Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Enterprise Zone Program 14-118 — Contract - LPG-LPSO & LCS Corrections Services, Inc. - Detention Center Inmates 14-119 — Lafourche Resources Pump Project 14-120 — Agreement - American Red Cross - Mass Care Canteen Services 14-121 — MOU - Red Cross - Responding to Disasters - OEP...rescinded by Resolution No. 16-263 at the 08/09/16 LPC Meeting 14-122 — Contract - Drainage Improvements Near West 111th & East 86th Streets (Amended) 14-123 — Fuel Tank Foundation Replacement - Thibodaux Field Office 14-124 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Fire Protection District No. 3 Board - Chad Bourgeois 14-125 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Fire Protection District No.1 Board - Irvin Adams 14-126 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Fire Protection District No. 8-C Board - Phyllis Plaisance 14-127 — Reappointment - Fire Protection District No. 1 - Lester Griffin 14-128 — Agreement - LPG & LADOTD- Lafourche -Terrebonne Scenic Byway Outlook Wharf Project 14-129 — Contract - LPG-LPSO & Avoyelles Parish Sheriff's Office - Housing, Care, etc - Detention Center Inmates (Amended) 14-130 — Contract - LPG-LPSO & East Carroll Parish Sheriff's Office - Housing, Care, etc - Detention Center Inmates (Amended) 14-131 — Approving Purchase of Legislative Vehicle 14-132 — Purchasing Two (2) Ford F-350 Mechanic Trucks - DPW 14-133 — Endorsement of C Five B, LLC, 8365 Hwy 308, Lockport, LA 14-134 — Des Allemands Pump Project 14-135 — Change Order No. 2 - Drainage Improvements Near West 111th & East 86th Street Project 14-136 — Agreement - Galliano Bridge Repairs 14-137 — Agreement - Cote Blanche Bridge Repairs 14-138 — Amending Res. No. 13-097 - CEA - Homeland Security Equipment - SCPDC 14-139 — Claim Settlement (No. 9978) - H.M. Trucking 14-140 — Reappointment - Fire Protection District No. 8-A Board - Chris Cortez 14-141 — Reappointment - Fire Protection District No. 8-B Board - Cheryl Hebert 14-142 — Canvassing the Returns - Special Service District No. 1 Special Election 14-143 — US Army Corps - Termination of Mitigation Areas - Raceland area 14-144 — State & Federal Legislative Delegation - Termination of Mitigation Areas- Raceland area 14-145 — Change Order No. 1 - 2013 Road Sales Tax District A Improvements Project 14-146 — Agreement - Golden Meadow Marsh Creation Project 14-147 — Roadway and Drainage Improvements - RSTD 2 - Phase 4K 14-148 — CEA - Louisiana Department of Children and Family Services (Amended) 14-149 — Agreement - Second Harvest Food Bank - Distribution of Commodities 14-150 — Change Order No. 3 - Drainage Improvements Near West 111th & East 86th Streets 14-151 — LWC & LPC Grant Approval - Funding for Services 14-152 — Contract - Louisiana Department of Natural Resources - CZM Program 14-153 — Contract - de la Houssaye Animal Hospital - Veterinary Services - Lafourche Parish Animal Shelter 14-154 — Agreement - Options for Independence - providing services to the Rev. Lloyd Wallace Community Center 14-155 — Requesting LADOTD to install signage - Hwy 308 & Laurel Valley Road 14-156 — Requesting Choupic, LA. as top priority for levee & flood protection 14-157 — Requesting LADOTD to place Left Turn Arrow - Gheens Highway 14-158 — Recreation District No. 5 Board removal - Millicent Hotard 14-159 — Change Order No. 3 - Asphalt Roadway Maintenance Contract - RSTD 2 14-160 — LPC Endorsement of Claiborne At Thibodaux, LLC - Enterprise Zone Program 14-161 — Demolition of Condemned Structure - 167 New Haven, Mathews, LA 14-162 — Demolition of Condemned Structure - 640-5 Hwy 308, Thibodaux, LA 14-163 — Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) 14-164 — Agreement - Environmental Safety & Health Consulting Services - Emergency Clean Up Services 14-165 — Opposing Expansion of Federal Control under Clean Water Act 14-166 — CEA - Bayou Point Aux Chenes Clean Out 14-167 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Planning Commission- Scott Jenkins 14-168 — Appointment - South Central Louisiana Human Service Authority - Herbert Barnes, Jr 14-169 — Appointment - Bayou Blue Fire Protection District of Terrebonne & Lafourche Parish Board - Peter Parks 14-170 — Appointments - Hospital Service District No. 3 Board - Dr. Obie Cleveland Hill & Jacob Giardina 14-171 — Reappointment - Drainage District No. 6 Board - Adley Peltier 14-172 — Appointment - Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee - Brady Carter 14-173 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Animal Shelter Advisory Board - Rebecca Guidry (amended by Resolution No. 16-106 at the 03/08/16 LPC meeting) 14-174 — CEA - LPG & Town of Lockport - Parish Transportation Revenue Program (3.00%) 14-175 — CEA - LPG & City of Thibodaux - Parish Transportation Revenue Program (16.35%) 14-176 — CEA - LPG & Town of Golden Meadow - Parish Transportation Revenue Program (2.5%) 14-177 — Master Agreement - LPG & Bellsouth -AT&T - Telephone Services at Mathews Government Complex 14-178 — Agreement - LPG & Telecom Consulting Services - Assessment & Improvement of LPG Data & Telephone Network Systems 14-179 — Settlement - Workers' Compensation Claim #LCA-0007396 14-180 — Settlement - Worker's Compensation Claim # LCA-0008605 14-181 — Demolition of Condemned Structure - 24340 Hwy 1, Leeville, LA 14-182 — Demolition of Condemned Structure - 138 E 179th St., Golden Meadow, LA 14-183 — Change Order No. 2 - 2013 RSTD A Improvements 14-184 — Agreement - Emergency Management Performance Grant -Fiscal Year 2014 14-185 — Appointment - Fire Protection District No. 3 - Billy Earl Ledet 14-186 — Reappointment - South Lafourche Beachfront Development District - Rickey Cheramie 14-187 — CEA - SCPDC - Transferring Ownership of Equipment to LPG 14-188 — Contract - Premier Catering & Events (PCE) - Catering Services to Support Emergency Operations 14-189 — Purchasing and Installing of Playground Equipment - Miracle Recreation Equipment Company 14-190 — Installation of Wave Alarm System - Sure Tech Systems, Inc 14-191 — Installation of Roll Down Shutters Over Doors & Windows - Mathews Complex 14-192 — Requesting RFPs for Solid Waste Contract 14-193 — Requesting DA Opinion - Regarding Boards and Commissions Publications 14-194 — Endorsement of Bristow U.S.,LLC - Enterprise Zone Program 14-195 — Endorsement of Expert Riser Solutions, LLC 14-196 — Change Order No. 1 - Overlay, Reconstruction & or Improvements to Roads 14-197 — Contract - Overlay, Reconstruction & or Improvements to Roads 14-198 — Contract - Spill Prevention Control & Countermeasures Plan 14-199 — Agreement - Installing 104 Stormwater Culverts to rebuild Valentine-Clovelly 115 KV Transmission Line 14-200 — Rescinding Resolution No. 05-152 - Pertaining to By-Laws of Lafourche Parish Community Action Agency, Advisory Board & Program, rescinded by Resolution No. 15-002 at the 01/13/15 LPC meeting 14-201 — Supporting Department of Interior's proposed rule to reform Federal Acknowledgement Process 14-202 — Supporting United Houma Nations efforts to obtain Federal Acknowledgement 14-203 — Requesting Louisiana Workforce Commission to provide guidance to Lafourche Parish Governing Board - Office of Community Action 14-204 — Choctaw Fire Station Bank Stabilization Project 14-205 — Choctaw Fire Station Bank Stabilization Project (Amended) 14-206 — Change Order No. 3 - Valentine Area (Company Canal) Pump Station 14-207 — Bayou Lafourche Saltwater Control Structure Project 14-208 — Cities Readiness Initiative (CRI) Contract (Rescinded by Resolution No. 15-006 at the 1/13/15 LPC meeting) 14-209 — LPSO Food Services Contract - Lafourche Parish Head Start (Thibodaux sites) 14-210 — Purchasing Two (2) Portable Pumps & Associated Equipment 14-211 — Agreement - LADOTD & LPG - Material Cost for Signage - Gheens Shortcut Road 14-212 — Appointment - Juvenile Justice Commission - Ethan Melancon 14-213 — Appointment - Library Board of Control - Suzanne Troxclair 14-214 — Appointment - Library Board of Control - Harvey Clement 14-215 — Appointment - Fire Protection District No. 2 - Bruce Dufrene 14-216 — Appointment - Fire Protection District No. 3 - Morris Guidry 14-217 — Appointment - Fire Protection District Nol. 3 - Gene Griffin 14-218 — Lafourche Parish School Board Agreement - Developmental Delays & Exceptional Needs Program 14-219 — School & Food Nutrition Services of New Orleans - Lafourche Parish Head Start (South Lafourche Areas) 14-220 — Replacing Piping on Fuel Tank - Thibodaux Field Office 14-221 — Change Order No. 1 - Reroofing of Lafourche Parish Library - Thibodaux Branch 14-222 — Reroofing of the Lafourche Parish Library, Thibodaux Branch 14-223 — Contact - Security Benefits Plan - 457b Deferred Compensation Plan (Amended) 14-224 — Requesting LADOTD to Install Full Traffic Signal - Hwy 3161 & 3235 14-225 — Endorsement of Omni Energy Services -Louisiana Enterprise Zone Program 14-226 — Endorsement of Harvey Gulf International Marine - LA Enterprise Zone 14-227 — Bid - Fantastic Acres Pump Station Improvements 14-228 — Change Order No. 1 - Raceland Ag Center Improvements Project 14-229 — CEA - South Central Planning & Development Commission - Membership Dues 14-230 — Social Services Contract Revised - CSBG Funds 14-231 — Purchasing Crawler Dozer 14-232 — Contract - Rita Street Bridge Repairs 14-233 — Replacing Culverts - 40 Arpent Road 14-234 — Approving Miscellaneous Materials 14-235 — Hiring Attorney(s) to perform specialty legal services 14-236 — Appointment - Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee 14-237 — Requesting LADOTD to Place Caution Light at Percy Brown Bridge, Hwy 308 14-238 — Lafourche Parish Sales and Use Tax Collection Agreement - Lafourche Parish School Board 14-239 — Requesting LADOTD to Address Height of Shoulder on Hwy 308 14-240 — Requesting LADOTD to Place Caution Light at Percy Brown Bridge, Hwy 308 & Perform Study of Laurel Valley Road 14-241 — 2nd Request to LADOTD - Reducing Speed Limit from 55 MPH to 45 MPH (Alidore Community - Kent Hadley Subdivision) 14-242 — Abolishing the Solid Waste Contract Review Committee 14-243 — Requesting DA Opinion - Amending Ord. No. 4952 - Composition & Membership of Tourist Commission 14-244 — Continuation of Rev. Lloyd Wallace Community Center Program 14-245 — Reappointment - Housing Authority of Lafourche Parish Board - Ray J. Zeringue 14-246 — Appointment - Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee - Alma Robichaux Jackson 14-247 — Purchasing & Installing Card Access Control System - Thibodaux Complex 14-248 — MUNIS Offsite Software (SAAS) Hosting Services Agreement 14-249 — Delta Woods Drainage Improvements Project (Amendment No. 1) 14-250 — CEA - Town of Golden Meadow - Swimming Pool Repairs 14-251 — CEA - Bayou Civic Club - Facilities Repairs 14-252 — CEA - Cut Off Youth Center Building Repairs 14-253 — CEA - Lafourche Parish Recreation District No. 11 - Parking Area & Walkways 14-254 — CEA - Bayou Civic Club - Tennis Court Repairs 14-255 — CEA - Bayou Civic Club - Building and Air Conditioners Repairs 14-256 — Requesting LADOTD to Erect a Directional Sign - LA 1 & Lefort By Pass Road 14-257 — Requesting LADOTD to install Beware of Cyclists Signs - Hwy 652 & Hwy 653, Raceland, LA 14-258 — Federal Assistance SF-424 Application - Industrial Park Floodwall Project 14-259 — Letter of Agreement - Edgewood Sanitary Sewer Pump Station Upgrade and Improvements 14-260 — Transfer of Appropriation (TA 14-003) - Purchasing Backhoe - Galliano Field Office 14-261 — Transfer of Appropriation (TA 14-004) - Bayou Civic Club Tennis Court Repairs 14-262 — LADOTD - Off System Bridge Program Compliance 14-263 — Transfer of Appropriation (TA 14-005) - Boat Launch and Walkways at Larousse Boat Launch 14-264 — Purchasing two (2) Pumps for Morvant Pump Station 14-265 — Replacement of undersized culverts on Diplomat Way 14-266 — Low Bid - Doggett Machinery Services - New Excavator 14-267 — Low Bid - H & E Equipment Services, Inc. - New Manlift 14-268 — Low Bid - Doggett Machinery Services - New Crawler Dozer 14-269 — Low Bid - Replacement of Discharge Pipe - Alidore Pump Station 14-270 — Federal Assistance Application - Operation of Head Start Program 14-271 — Purchasing New Case 580N Backhoe - Galliano Field Office (State Contract No. 409382) 14-272 — Agreement - HVAC Renovations at Thibodaux Branch Library 14-273 — CEA - LPG & NSU for LSBDC GNOBR Services 14-274 — Requesting LADOTD Designate LA 1 & Elm Drive as a No Passing Zone 14-275 — Requesting Administration provide report & Building Inspector of Daily Comet 14-276 — National School Lunch Act - Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) 14-277 — Entergy Corporation Grant - Community Action 14-278 — Social Services Contract - Community Services Block Grant - Providing Assistance 14-279 — Social Services Contract - (Amendment No. 2) - Community Services Block Grant - Providing Assistance 14-280 — Endorsement of Express Supply and Steel, LLC. - Enterprise Zone Program 14-281 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Civil Service Board - Glenn Chance, Jr. (NSU representative) 14-282 — Agreement - Highway 308 Road & Drainage Improvements 14-283 — Komatsu PT270 Excavator repair 14-284 — Quote - Edgar Guidry Pump Station (new pump) 14-285 — Contract Renewal - AFLAC - Supplemental Insurance Benefits & Section 125 Cafeteria Plan 14-286 — Purchasing Dodge Caravan SE - Lafourche Parish Head Start 14-287 — Contract Renewal - Hidalgo Health Associates - Employee Assistance Program 14-288 — Bid - Lockport Company Canal South Bank Levee Lift 14-289 — Point of Contact - SCPDC Grant Award 14-290 — Appointment - Fire Protection District No. 9 -Glenn Robichaux, Jr 14-291 — Installation of Level 3 Bullet Resistant Windows - Mathews Complex 14-292 — Change Order No. 1 - Public Boat Launch, Leeville Project 14-293 — Reappointment - Children & Youth Planning Board - Kimberly Reynolds (representing NSU) 14-294 — Amending Res. No. 09-249 - Compliance with CDBG Regulations - Long-Term Community Recovery Program 14-295 — Contract - Alidore Drainage Improvements Project 14-296 — Request for Proposals - Auditing Firm - One Year Renewal Option 14-297 — CEA - Lafourche Parish Recreation District No. 2 - Air Conditioner Unit Repairs & Replacement 14-298 — Low Bid - Bayou Onion East Pump and associated equipment 14-299 — Contract - LHC - 2013-2015 LIHEAP (2nd Allocation) 14-300 — Contract - MS4 Permit Consulting Services 14-301 — Amending Resolution No. 11-267 - Laurel Valley Road Improvements Funding 14-302 — Agreement - GOHSEP - Industrial Floodwall Drainage Project 14-303 — Agreement - Alidore Water Systems Improvement Project (Amended) 14-304 — Installation of Playground Equipment - Marydale Head Start 14-305 — Installation of Playground Equipment - Raceland Head Start 14-306 — Contract - S.T.A.T Waste Stream Services, Inc. - Wastewater Treatment Facilities 14-307 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Heroes Monument Commission - Laurie Callais 14-308 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Children & Youth Planning Board - Lani Tarr (Families in Need of Services) 14-309 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Children & Youth Planning Board - James Licalzi (Juvenile Justice) 14-310 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Children & Youth Planning Board - Judge Walter Lanier, III - (17th Judicial District Court) 14-311 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Game & Fish Management Commission - Josh Champagne 14-312 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Fire Protection District No. 2 Board - John Arvello (Town of Lockport) 14-313 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Children & Youth Planning Board - Angie Matherne (Coroner's Office) 14-314 — Agreement - Second Harvest Food Bank - Distribution of Commodities ...Rescinded by Res. No. 15-250 14-315 — Amending Resolution No. 12-304 - Golden Meadow Multi-Purpose Center & Town Hall Funding 14-316 — Appraising 14 Parcels for Servitudes Agreements - Westside Drainage Improvements Projects 14-317 — Requesting Retention of Attorney Michael Gee - Capital Construction Project 2013 14-318 — Contract - Blue Cross Blue Shield - employee health coverage renewal ...Amended by RES No. 15-111 14-319 — Industrial Park Road Bulkhead Project 14-320 — Contract - Drainage Improvements near West 175th Street Project 14-321 — CEA - Acadian Road Roundabout State Project 14-322 — Contract - Utility Construction Services - Street Light Maintenance Repair 14-323 — Appointment - Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee 14-324 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Children & Youth Planning Board (Juvenile Justice) - Angela Koenig 14-325 — Agreement - Royal Engineers & Consultants - Deepwater Horizon Event - BP Oil Spill 14-326 — Road Sales Tax District No. 2 - Issuance of Public Improvement Revenue Refunding Bonds 14-327 — Change Order No. 2 - Country Club Blvd. to Edgewood Dr. Culvert Project 14-328 — Intergovernmental Agreement - Courthouse and Courthouse Annex Security 14-329 — Installation Services for Virtual Cluster Servers & Disaster Recovery Servers 14-330 — Clearing & Cleaning of ditch near Diplomat Way 14-331 — Materials & Installation Services for Voice and Data Network Wiring(Thibodaux Government Complex) 14-332 — Grant - Lafourche Parish Affordable Rental Program Project 14-333 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Recreation No. 1 Board - Tyronne Domonique, Jr. 14-334 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Recreation No. 2 Board - Leo White 14-335 — Appointment - Lafourche Parish Fire Protection District No. 8-C Board - Johnny Louviere 14-336 — Appointment - Veterans Memorial District of Ward 10 - Irwin Bouvier 14-337 — Reappointment - Hospital Service District No. 2 - Leonard St. Pierre 14-338 — Appointment - Commission for Women - Jane Landry 14-339 — Reappointment - Sewerage District No. 7 - Madeline Hebert 14-340 — Reappointment - Veterans' Memorial District of Ward 10 - Linton Doucet 14-341 — Appointment - Recreation District #11 Board - Amanda Fonseca 14-342 — Appointment - Commission For Women - Gloria Thibodaux 14-343 — Contract - Alwayscare Benefits - dental and vision benefits renewal 14-344 — Agreement - Laris Insurance Agency - Commercial Property, Equipment etc., coverage 14-345 — Agreement - Arthur J. Gallagher Risk Management Services - Commercial General etc., Liability Coverage 14-346 — Stagni and Company - One (1) Year Renewal Option 2015 14-347 — Reappointment - Lafourche Parish Planning Commission - Lonnie Granier 14-348 — Ratifying Elected Officials - Lafourche Parish Community Action Advisory Board 14-349 — Enterprise Zone Program Endorsement - VIRDIA B2X, LLC 14-350 — Purchasing two (2) new dump trucks 14-351 — CEA - Lafourche On the Move - Senior Citizens Center 14-352 — CEA - Lafourche Parish Recreation District - Operating Recreational Facilities 14-353 — Demolition of Condemned Structure - 207 West 58th Street, Cut Off, LA 14-354 — Demolition of Condemned Structure - 262 Williams Street, Raceland, LA 14-355 — Approving Miscellaneous Materials Bids (Jan - June 2015) 14-356 — CEA - Department of Children and Family Services, Disaster Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (DSNAP) 14-357 — Appointment - Bayou Blue Fire Protection District of Terrebonne & Lafourche Parish Board 14-358 — Lafourche Parish Animal Shelter - Veterinary Services (as needed)

Biohacking. It’s technology meets nutrition meets sport meets spirituality and more: all focused around the goal of how do I become the most awesome version of myself in the fastest possible time? I had the pleasure to join the Biohacker Summit in Stockholm, which brought together a fascinating line-up of speakers, exhibitors, and participants to share experiences on how to speed up the process of becoming superhuman. Here are my takeaways, musings, and photos from the event. Part 1: The introduction The word biohacking is a blend of two words: ‘bio’ or biology – and ‘hacking’, which essentially means ‘the fastest way to get to my goal’. This might include maximal energy, optimised sleep, powerful physiology, sexual potency, mental clarity, and more. Biohacker Summit participants are an advanced lot: 40% had already undergone DNA testing, and many were wearing body data tracking devices or actually had tracking devices implanted into their skin. Kick-ass stuff. Our compere, Hannes Sjoblad, set the tone from the start by strolling on stage with an intravenous vitamin drip stand in his hand, cannula in his arm. Clearly, biohackers take interventions and use technology in their quest for excellence. Science matters and technology is actively used for good, though it was put clearly early on that, “The ultimate goal is to not need the technology – you feel it – you become a freaking Jedi!” During the day we met Max Lugavere, a regular on Dr Oz’s show and self-confessed, ‘obsessed with brain health’; Chris Dancy the most connected man in the world (just google ‘most connected’ to find him); Ariel Poler, a biohacking investor with a great overview of what innovative startups are creating for us; My Westerdahl, who went from morbidly obese and being given two years to live, to losing 95kg and regaining her life with a diet that conventional wisdom would say should have just made her fatter. Jonas Bergqvist, a luminary on fasting protocols; Veli-Jussi Jalkanen, the inventor of a range of saddle chairs that will improve your posture and, by taking pressure off the genitals when sitting, the quality of your sex life; Olli Sovijarvi, Teemu Arina, and Jaakko Halmetoja, the authors of the ‘Biohackers Handbook’; Katia Vega, who builds technology into makeup; and Mattias Ribbing, a grand master memory champion, whose ability to recall detail from a randomly chosen page of Swedish newspaper he’d read earlier that day, and then translate it into English was just staggering. It was an epic line-up. What did I learn? I’ll outline my key takeaways here and then, in part two, go into the presentations that got my attention in a little more detail afterwards. The big one is that our immediate environment – the people we’re with, the place we live and work in, what we do with our time – is incredibly important. It’s been shown that rats (people) in unpleasant environments readily become addicted to drugs or other destructive behaviours, while rats (people) in happy environments rarely choose drugs or destructive behaviours. Watch this short video (really, do watch it, it’s that good). Everybody is different. There is no one size fits all biohacking strategy for an optimum life. It’s about experimenting and finding out what works for you. For example, some people respond well on a high fat, very low carb diet, while others respond better when more carbs are added in. Try different strategies and see what works for you. There are more biohacking devices and programmes than you will ever be able to – or need – to use. Pick your focus and make progress in manageable steps. And make sure you’ve got the basics right: there’s not enough spirulina in the world to make up for poor basic nutrition, lack of sleep, or lack of movement. Interested in mental clarity and a healthy long life? The brain, like a Toyota Prius, is a duel fuel machine. In the case of the brain, it’s able to run on either ketones or glucose. Ketones are generated from fat and burn more cleanly, so are both more efficient and should have less of an aging effect than glucose. The ketogenic diet (read high fat, low carb), coupled with some form of intermittent fasting, is uber popular amongst biohackers for increased mental clarity and longevity (fasting has the double whammy of generating ketones to fuel the brain and burning fat from the body). But if you’re going for a high fat, low carb diet make sure that you include occasional carb heavy days because that’s got benefits too. Exercise is key too: there’s a correlation between muscle size and brain health, plus exercise is the most proven way to improve cognitive capacity. Physical excellence comes from getting multiple things right: exercise, nutrition, sleep, hydration, mental peace, personal fulfillment, meal timing, supplements, and probably more. Importantly, get the basics right first. Those expensive nutritional supplements will deliver so much more value when you’re getting enough sleep, working out regularly, eating good food, and in a good frame of mind. The ancient Greeks spoke of two types of time: Chronos and Kairos. We use Chronos to measure the passage of time while Kairos is about those special moments when time stands still. Facebook is covered with counters that increase our compulsion to act and speed up time, so try using the Facebook demetricator created by Ben Grosser to remove all the counters and bring more Kairos to your digital life. A quote I scribbled down is, “grip strength predicts longevity”. I’m honestly not that curious as to why that might be the case, but I am deeply curious if it is true, and if so, how do I measure and build on it? It’s an upcoming research project. Whether we’re aware of it or not, we all have a routine; some things are driving us forward – and some things are holding us back. Biohacker tools are designed to help you identify what’s working and what’s not – and then optimise what works. The next Biohacker Summit is in Helsinki, this October, where 1,000 people will gather over two days for the largest event of its type. The organisers have generously offered a 10% discount from the ticket price with the code RAW. Details at Finally, a thought from the Biohackers Handbook: ‘The body heals with play. The mind heals with laughter. The soul heals with joy’ Part 2: presentation notes Like any event, some speakers got my attention more than others. Here’s what I took away. I suggest you skim read towards the points that catch your interest. Upgrade yourself: be smarter, sharper, and healthier Max Lugavere Max lectures at the Institute for Integrative Nutrition, is a regular on Dr Oz, and is obsessed with brain health. His goal is to be a walking meta-analysis of brain health research. He produced the film Breadhead, documenting dementia. Max’s big points: - The biomarkers for Alzheimer’s appear decades before the disease occurs. - Research is moving fast: 90% of what we know about Alzheimer’s has been discovered in the last 15 years. - Our brain can use two forms of fuel: ketones (which are like the brain’s electricity) and glucose (sugars). Ketones are clean burning and primordial. Max contends that we should primarily fuel using ketones. - Ketones generate more brain energy using less oxygen, so are inherently anti-aging. - Humans are the fattest mammals at birth. Chimps are 2-3% body fat whereas humans are about 15% body fat. The theory is that this fat is fuel for the growing brain. At birth the brain accounts for 90% of BMR. Breast milk is high in MCT oil, which turns into ketones. - As adults, our brains use about 25% of our BMR. - A ketogenic diet is low carbohydrate. The fastest way to generate ketones is fasting. - Occasional carbohydrate re-feeding gives insulin signalling and is good for: healthy mood, muscle growth, LDL recycling, thyroid hormone production, fertility - The fruit we eat has been highly selectively bred for sweetness and taste, so what we now buy from the supermarket is completely different from what our ancestors once foraged. - Exercise is very important. There is a correlation between muscle size and brain health. - A large bowl of dark leafy greens is very valuable for brain health. - Potassium and sodium work together to regulate blood pressure. - Regular sauna use is associated with a 65% decreased risk of Alzheimer’s – from a 25 year study. See documentary ‘Steam of Life’ for insight into ‘sauna capital of the world’, Finland. - Lower levels of homocysteine are better. Memory as a Service Chris Dancy Chris is the ‘most connected’ man in the world. Search google for ‘most connected’ to find him. Chris has tracked multiple data points in his life for many years and has worked to connect them all up, hence the title the worlds most connected man. - There are two types of time: Chronos: ‘objective time’ and Kairos: ‘qualitative time’ - Focus on getting Kairos time in our lives, it’s where the quality is - You don’t get better by counting steps; you get better by taking them. - Facebook is covered with counters that increase our compulsion to act and speed up time. Try using the Facebook demetricator created by Ben Grosser to remove all the counters and change our relationship with Facebook. - You can pre-manage your death in facebook - Try renaming your devices with names that trigger your values and feelings you want. Eg, change ‘iphone’ to ‘love’. - Design your ‘tomorrow now’ – write emails that you’ll want to receive and send them via a repository so they are randomly sent back to you at some time in the future. Try or The current landscape for human augmentation Ariel Poler A silicon valley investor in biohacking startups. His meditation is kitefoiling. - Diversify over time: focusing on one thing at a time. Don’t hedge your bets. - Highly recommends David Eagleman, Neosensory Ted talk - Exoskeletons: we are already able to get 10% physical improvement from using exoskeletons, which is significant - Sleep assistance companies to check out: Sana – uses light to put you to sleep fast, using heart rate variablity; Kokoon – uses EEG and sound; Rythm – very advanced - Doppler Labs (plus others) – the equivalent of sunglasses but for hearing, to cut out background noise. Can also make a bad sound environment sound good – eg, a concert with bad acoustics, you can set it to sound like Carnegie Hall. - Feel – a bracelet that tracks your emotional state. Being Transhuman in a Post-human age Alexander Bard and Aaron Flam A digital philosopher and a comedian riffing together. Mostly light entertainment focusing on Nietzsche and how to get laid. I did learn from them that 80% of instagrammers are women and I like the point they made that Burning Man is the beginning of participatory culture. Sweet Tooth: How to overcome sugar addiction My Westerdahl For non-Swedish readers, her first name really is My. More importantly, she has quite an inspirational story to tell of how she endured being morbidly obese, finally getting to the point of agreeing a gastric band in the face of a ‘two years to live‘ verdict from her doctor. While waiting for the gastric band appointment she discovered the keto diet and says, “I lost 40kg in one year sitting on the sofa eating bacon” before going on to say, “I have eaten keto for 7.5 years and I have lost 95kg”. While I’d personally choose foods other than bacon, I’m impressed at her transformation. Her tools for beating sugar addiction - Ketogenic diet (she eats 20g carbs / day) - Know your triggers: feeling bad, situations, foods, etc - Relationship - Plan and carry a ‘food first aid kit’ of good food choices - Environment is really important! Rats (people) who are isolated and in bad environments get addicted to something that gives them relief. Rat (people) in an environment connecting with people they want to be and doing fun stuff don’t get addicted. This is a really good short video here. “It’s really simple to get rid of addiction. All you have to do is change your entire life and everything in it.” Hacking your biology with nutrition Martina Johansson Martina’s big points: - Medicines are designed to block and mute chemical signals. They don’t fix anything. - It’s a very common scenario for people to feel like crap but doctor’s tests to come back normal. - Epigenetics is about controlling gene expression. Methylation controls epigenetics. Nutrition controls methylation. Medical panel Dr Olli Sovijärvi, Max Lugavere, Martina Johansson M.sc, hosted by Valerie Vlasenko - It’s questionable about using a keto diet long term. Often it’s good to use as a health reset and then cycle between keto and carb diet. - Keto sticks – pee on for an indication of ketone levels - How to increase insulin: eat carbs and/ or overeat. - You have an insulin window after working out where carbs don’t create an insulin response. - Calories do matter. Fasting Routines for immunity Jonas Bergqvist - Advocates 16/8 or 24 hour fasting - The effects of fasting are: cells go into repair mode and can excrete bad fatty acids; detoxification; epigenetic programming; cell repair; immune calibration and fine tuning; fasting depletes the glycogen stores, so exercise done after fasting has to use fat stores - During fasting you can use BCAA’s to workout and not have muscle mass breakdown. Biohacking your genital area Veli-Jussi Jalkanen - Sitting is the new smoking - Buttocks are the biggest muscles in the body and are incredibly complex. - Sitting on flat chairs flattens the muscles and blocks circulation, particularly for the genitals. - Almost 50% of 50 year old men use ED pills, which could be avoided by changing their lifestyles - When we sit all the fine nerve systems are pressured between the bone and the chair. 33’ is the optimum temperature to produce sperm and testosterone, which is why the testicles are outside the body. Tight clothing and underwear raises the temperature. - Don’t wear underwear – the genitals want to be kept cool. - Genitals need space when sitting down. - Not wearing a bra will cut breast cancer risk by 50% - Testosterone production is significantly increased when you have an erection, so erections are encouraged Biohacking physical exercise Olli Sovijarvi, Teemu Arina, Jaakko Halmetoja Olli, Teemu, and Jaakko are co-authoring the Biohackers Handbook - ‘The body heals with play. The mind heals with laughter. The soul heals with joy” - Take inspiration from 72 yo Stephen Jepson, ‘life is play’, who’s created an adult’s playground - Exercise is the most proven way to improve cognition - How to measure the heart: blood pressure, heart rate variability, resting heart rate, oxygen saturation - Having micro breaks using a rebounder or vibration plate is important for the lymphatic system - Slowing breathing could extend life - Deep breathing exercises are super important for recovery. You can see them as green patches within the HRV graph. Use ‘box breathing’. Breathe in 4 counts, hold 4 seconds, breathe out 4 seconds, hold 4 seconds, repeat. Google staff do this before meetings - Consider electrical muscle stimulation - Grip strength predicts longevity. Also makes pull ups and deadlifts easier - The Oura ring is 90% accurate compared to a standardised sleeping test - Key recovery tools: Ice baths and Infrared sauna Becoming a master learner Mattias Ribbing Mattias is a Grand Master memory champion. He accurately recalled 1,305 random binary digits (1’s and 0’s) in a row. He is so astonishingly capable that I couldn’t follow his method, even though he broke it down into, what was for him, very simple steps. Fortunately for me this was the last presentation of the day because my inability to follow his great skill brought on the drowsiness that accompanies misunderstood words and misunderstood concepts. I did though, thoroughly enjoy his demonstration of recalling full stories from any randomly chosen page of a newspaper he’d read earlier in the day. I took away: - Memory is normally made up of flashes of images, which we then later connect together into a story - When focusing for recall, images with clear edges tend to retain the best - GSS (google short summaries). Before going to class read a short summary on the topic so you have an overview or knowledge summary, which you can then infill with the detail from class or reading. That way you’re starting from the whole and going to the details. There you go. My takeaways from the Biohacker Summit. It was time well spent and I thoroughly enjoyed rubbing shoulders with so many deeply committed and inspiration people. The next Biohacker Summit is in October, in Helsinki. I hope to see you there! 6 Comments Thanks Tim, thoroughly enjoyed reading that and wish i could’ve gone as it sounded fascinating You would have loved it Tony! There will be more of these events. Looking forward to thoroughly reading this. Have skimmed. So much to integrate. I particularly like the saddle sitting makes so much sense I really liked the saddle seats, I think they’re great! Thanks for this extensive report! I bought two Salli saddle chairs at the event, they do everything they claim. That’s great to hear; I was really impressed with them!

Author's Note: I don't own the Warhammer40k universe. Games Workshop owns that. Please don't sue me. They already take enough of my money. The Enemy of My Enemy Guardsman Miguel Olart looked up into the rainy night sky where not a single star could be seen. The storm clouds were too thick, smothering whatever comforting light that might have come from the heavens. Perhaps it was for the best. It would be one less reminder of just how badly they had fallen. It was so different from the way things were that morning. The sun had been bright. He heard the tech priests chanting in binary from the manufactorums, awakening the machine spirits for the start of another day. Workers left to go to the production lines while he and the other guardsmen marched in rank and file, made sure their kits were in order and prepared for what should have been just another ordinary day on Deimos III. So much changed before the sun set, the skies turned gray and the dark clouds started to pour with rain. And with the rain came the Tau showering pulse fire and missiles, rail shot and the worst of damnable tech-sorcerery. Deimos III had the misfortune of being in the vicinity of the Perdus Rift and right in the path of the Tau's so called "Third Sphere Expansion." The morning began with the praises to the Emperor but before noon came they were already crying the hymns of deliverance. The noise of workers milling about on their assigned duties became the cacophony that was war. Their enemies came in overwhelming force. None of the Imperium's auspexs had been able to give them advance warning and while countless astropaths had relayed their cries for help and warning into the warp, it was unlikely any nearby Imperial forces would be able to respond in time. The alien tech was more than they could stand in such a surprise assault. Miguel and his squad were given the orders to move to the perimeter of the base and hold their positions no matter the costs. Tau warriors, clothed in unholy magics that made them invisible, stalked around them and cut them down with automatic pulse weapons, raining orbs of incinerating blue faster than guardsmen's lasguns could shoot. Their sturdy Chimeras, their intrepid Sentinel walkers and their beloved Lehman Russ tanks stopped dead in their tracks when holes instantly materialized in their hulls followed by a conical shower of a bloody mist; the remains of the crew exiting with the decompressing force of the rail shot on its exit puncture. They couldn't know if that was the more merciful way to go or if it was when the hypersonic round found the engine or ammo reserves and set the whole machine into a fireball. No matter what happened, they lost the battle faster than they could register that they were being attacked. And so Guardsman Miguel stood outside in the rain with what remained of his squad. Their faces were drawn and confused as they tried to avoid the close presence and scrutiny of the firewarriors and the hovering war vehicles that flanked them on both sides, keeping them under escort. That morning he was just another guardsman raised from the Planetary Defense Force waiting to be drawn into the tithes of the Imperial Guard. And now his soul was on the verge of damnation for they had seen no choice but to surrender. At least, that was what the planetary governor was calling for. If they laid down their arms the Tau promised they would keep their lives. When Miguel had heard that being transmitted over the vox caster, he was certain Commissar Dalhiem would have had none of it and would have pressed them to continue fighting to the bitter last. Better to die in service of the Emperor than to forfeit their souls in surrender. But Commissar Dalhiem's torso had vaporized in a flash of blue fire five minutes prior to the announcement. A century and half of the Commissar's faithful and unflinching service to the god-emperor ended in an instant by a xeno's heretical tech magic. It was clear his death had kicked the fight out of the squad. They stopped firing, they listened to the vox caster calling for them to lay down their arms and their guns numbly began to fall from their hands as they hugged the earth and prayed for salvation. They somehow found themselves surrendering after that. The squad in front of them had more faith and refused, continuing the fight. A salvo of missiles wiped them out of existence. In retrospect they should not have been surprised. Days earlier they had heard the Tau were making expansions in the region. Agrellan had fallen to a decisive hammerblow. The news was disheartening. Agrellan had been massively fortified and entrenched, stocked with the best that the Departmento Munitorum had been able to give. Despite being an agrarian world it was the main gateway from the Imperium and to the Perdus rift, leading to the Tau beyond. And yet it had fallen and now the xenos were here. Gunther let out a grumbling moan right beside him. Miguel tried to keep from wincing despite knowing Gunther would never notice his discomfort, much less the unbelievable halitosis that was currently making Miguel grimace. Large, bulky and having substandard hygiene, Gunther had arms the size of ancient trees and his monstrous body mass was equal parts fat and muscle. Standing a little over two meters he had been the shortest ogryn assigned to Miguel's squad of what had originally been five. They were a surprise gift from the Munitorum. Deimos III had no indigenous population of ogryn but with the fall of Agrellan the commanders had to find places to off load the countless material and personnel that were originally earmarked to defend the strategic planet and try to plan for the advancing Tau. Miguel and the rest of the men were initially repelled by their abhuman comrades. They were dumb, simple minded and sometimes seemed more of a hassle than an asset. That all changed when they took up their defensive positions. Gunther and his fellows held the line and absorbed more punishment than any other human ever could. Their simple minded faith and bravery had been an inspiration on the battlefield. And now only Gunther was left and that was because a concussive blast had knocked him unconscious just before the decision to surrender. That prevented him from ignoring the orders and charging blindly into the Tau ranks repeating the Commissar's oft quoted "Never surrender!" "Uh...did we win?" Gunther asked in his usual simple, nearly child-like tone, coming out of the dazing effects of the blast despite being led on blindly by the instinct to march in formation. "We didn't, Gunther. We surrendered." Miguel replied quietly, casting a nervous eye at the Tau soldiers who were practically swarming all around them, escorting them up the hill as the rain continued to pour rivulets of water off their armor and bodies. "But...but I thought the Com'sar told us to, uh...never surrender." Gunther blurted and then looked around in darting movements as if fearing the wrath of the commissar. "The commissar is dead." "...But now won't the Emperor be mad with us?" "I don't know, Gunther." "Sh...shouldn't we be fightin um?" the abhuman grumbled, a hint of fury in his voice. "No Gunther! Orders are orders." Miguel parroted, remembering that key phrase often placated the abhumans. The giant man looked confused for a moment but nodded with quiet acceptance, a well practiced routine that he and his fellow ogryn so often did. Taking orders they did not understand was just part of life. They continued to walk through the darkness with only the scant lamp post to light the way. Miguel could also see the large, alien shapes of the Tau vehicles hovering and floating all around them while squads of their Firewarriors maintained their flanking escort positions on either side of them, their weapons drawn and never more than a millimeter away from use. Their machines spelled mysterious runes on their layouts, their visors glowed an eerie red in the night. He wondered where the xenos were leading them. "Uh...why are they leading us to the ferbidden build'n?" Gunther slurred curiously. Of course! That was why that shadowy shape on top of the hill seemed so familiar. "I don't know." Miguel said quickly, trying to decipher the meaning of it. Building 83 was on a lonely hill that overlooked the rest of the base they had been stationed at. A perimeter was always set around it and all of them had been warned not to venture too near lest they face suspicion if not being shot outright. No one knew who was running that building, much less what they were doing inside but it didn't matter if it was the Adeptus Mechanicus, the higher ranking Imperial Commanders or even the Inquistion. Whoever was up here were several levels of security higher than all of them and had authorization to lethally defend their project. Apparently, the Tau hadn't been let in on that. Originally, the only entrance through the ferrocrete perimeter guarding Building 83 was a heavily built gate. Their alien enemies had already blasted that away and the squad simply walked over its dented, smoking ruins. All around them their enemies were milling about in the courtyard, strange devices being held out and consulted while vehicles idly hovered, maintaining sentry positions. Agile and disc like drones of every variety floated and zipped about on personal errands. Other squads that had surrendered were also being led here as the Firewarriors with their long pulse rifles herded them into a different section away from the rest of their forces. Gunther, Miguel and the 14 remaining men stood silently as the rain continued to pour down on them. Miguel couldn't help but shiver a bit as they waited. Lightning began to crack overhead providing eerie if brief glimpses at their surroundings. He was half tempted to clean and maintain his lasgun so the water wouldn't offend its machine spirit. The guardsman stopped with a pang of guilt when he remembered the Tau had forced them to leave their weapons back on the field. "..It's dark and wet out here...I don't like it." Gunther complained quietly. "Just wait, Gunther." Miguel hushed. He may not have cared for the Ogryn's personal hygiene, or lack thereof, but he couldn't help but feel a little solidarity with the giant. Both of them were simply serving the Imperium and neither knew what was going on anymore. In the shadows cast by the lights of the surrounding Tau craft, Miguel spotted a small, lithe figure approaching them. Peering through the veil of night, he saw that it was a Tau. Recalling back to what he learned on his primer, Tau were usually shorter and weaker than the average human. This one's spindly frame, swathed in an expensive green robe, gave the impression of being more of a bundle of sticks than anything else. "I'm looking for a commanding officer or anyone else in position of authority? Please? A sergeant perhaps? I promise this will be only for your benefit." the Tau asked softly but loudly enough for all to hear. "Anyone? A person in authority?" There was a long silence punctuated only by the symphony of the rain that never ceased to fall. The Tau, whose feminine voice never once rose to a note of harshness, continued to wait and look for a single hint of acknowledgement from among the group of men. Miguel would not have been surprised if not a single sergeant had made it. So far all he had seen in the near pitch black were just fellow guardsmen like himself, their squads and detachments reduced to mere handfuls of survivors. "Please, if you do not help me, I cannot help you and I will not be able to guarantee your safety." the Tau pleaded, water rolling off the wide shade she wore. Miguel looked over and noticed even more Tau soldiers arriving and these newcomers appeared to be a separate group than the ones they had just been fighting. Whereas their first opponents wore a solid, soft, brownish yellow for their armor, the new arrivals had deep blue flecked with black and dark gray. Camouflage. And they were arriving in larger numbers. "Yes! Me! I'm a sergeant!" a gruff voice finally admitted loudly from Miguel's left. He recognized Sergeant Pierson's voice. Pierson was a bastard, a hard man and one Miguel never enjoyed a second with. Ogryn were at least sociable once you got past their foul odor and dim witted ways. Sergeant Pierson probably irritated his own mother. "Thank you, Sergeant. Please step forward, but do so slowly and with your hands where my escorts can see them." the Tau gently admonished, suddenly flanked by two Tau soldiers who promptly shouldered their carbines and kept their eyes on the approaching sergeant, breaking ranks and stumbling up towards them. "Sergeant, you may call me Por'la Sha'ra. I am here to make sure you and your men are kept safe and cared for. However, in order to guarantee that, we need some information regarding this building. What is it for?" the diplomat asked directly but gently. Miguel was surprised with how fluent she spoke vernacular Gothic, the language he and all the others spoke. There was a heavy accent but he had no difficulty understanding her. "Warp take me if I knew." Sergeant Pierson snapped. Sha'ra blinked a few times, as if trying to discern exactly what that statement meant. "So you don't know the purpose of this facility?" the alien pressed. "No, I don't. It wasn't my responsibility. We weren't allowed near it and my quartermaster, Miguel Olart was the only one who set foot in it, and even then not long." Sergeant Pierson answered roughly, pushing rain out of his eyes. "Is your Miguel Olart here?" "Haven't seen him here in the dark, xeno." "Please see if you can find him. My escorts will be keeping an eye on you for your safety." Sha'ra spoke, Miguel dared say it almost sound as if she was trying to be sweet. Truly the deception of these xenos knew no bounds. "That dun't sound like thunder." Gunther announced. Miguel looked up at him quizzically before realizing that he could heard a very steady, rhythmic series of thumps echoing through the darkness. The increasing volume of those falls told him that whatever it was, it was getting closer. Three glowing lights, analogous to eyes, suddenly appeared in the darkness while flashes of lightning and light ambivalence painted in shadows a very large and humanoid object, nearly as bulky as Gunther and only slightly taller. Miguel believed this was probably his first sighting of one of those Tau walkers he had heard so much about. A battlesuit. Sha'ra turned around in surprise and gazed up at the massive war machine. The combat walker glared down and Miguel caught a glimpse of the unmistakable profile of two different guns attached to the machine, one on the left arm and the other mounted on its right shoulder. Addressing the Tau diplomat, the war machine spoke through its audio speakers, projecting a stern voice that growled through the xenos' native language. Sha'ra listened with a small smile despite the rain and darkness and nodded when the walker stopped talking. Miguel was not sure whether the thing was some unholy AI born of techno-sorcerery or if there was another Tau piloting the contraption within. "My apologies, commander; but for the benefit of those in our custody, we must, if possible, speak in their language around them." Sha'ra insisted. Miguel was certain that if a machine could glare, that was what he was seeing. More stern words came from the machine. "It should be no problem, commander. The proper translation programs should be installed onto your battlesuit." The head of the battlesuit nodded in acknowledgement and then stomped off at the front of all the gathered captives. Caught in the glow of countless vehicle lights and roaming, scanning drones, the war machine radiated the title given to the one who piloted it. Every movement was sleek and with purpose, not like the clumsy, pondering movements of the Imperial Guard's sentinels that Miguel had spent so much time drilling alongside. The whole battlesuit was colored in a jet black and steel night camouflage save for the blue decor that highlighted the symbol of the Tau empire on the machine's shoulder as well as the blue visor on the machine's head from which strange orange runes were inscribed on. "Who among you still detest us? Who among you wish to escape? Step forward!" the pilot boomed through the suit. "Uh...why is he asking that?" Gunther mumbled softly while Miguel tried to hide his face. He could feel Sergeant Pierson approaching and he wanted nothing to do with the man nor whatever machinations the Tau were probably cooking up. It was treason to even collude with the xenos. Several of the guardsmen defiantly stepped forward, pride and indignation steeling their spines as they gazed up at the machine. Miguel spotted about five of them through the dark while the others hesitated, unsure of what kind of trick the Tau may be plotting, if it was a trick at all. The gun on the battlesuit's arm began to hum with the sound of the multiple chambers situated just behind the end of gun's muzzle starting to rotate. Before anyone could blink or react, a stream of brilliant white energy fired from the weapon and vaporized the men who had dared to show their defiance. All that remained of them were pieces of charred flesh, blackened bone and frayed rags of what had been their uniforms. "Emperor watch over their souls." Miguel hissed, quickly but subtly making a sign of the Aquila in the air. "I know how you humans work. I have fought against you and in dire times, I have fought alongside you. You may bow before the Greater Good of the Tau'va or you may die. Those are your options. We will not tolerate any disobedience or insubordination." the commander warned, letting those words sink in among them. Here it was, they had not moved forward to find absolution in death. They had surrendered. They were all damned. "I found him!" Sergeant Pierson hollered through the night. Miguel felt himself being shook from the shoulder and groaned silently to himself as the commanding officer continued to grapple him. "Why are you doing this, Sergeant?" Miguel whispered harshly. "You heard the xenos. They told me to look for you and so I did. If it gets them off my back then so be it." Pierson snarled through clenched teeth. "You would make me a traitor?" Miguel murmured softly, a ball of icy lead in his stomach. "Better you than me." the spiteful sergeant snapped as rivulets of water continued to fall off of them. Two Firewarriors, still clutching their carbines, gently parted the few men that were in front of them. One took a moment to glance up at Gunther who stood patiently next to Miguel but then focused back on the task at hand. Both aliens motioned with their firearms for Miguel to step forward and to follow them. Those few steps were some of the hardest in Miguel's life. The Firewarriors led the hapless guardsman to the serene ambassador who insisted on standing in the rain with the slight smile still plastered on her surprisingly feminine face. Save for the blue pigmentation of her skin and the fact that instead of a nose there was a single crease running down between her eyes, it could have been the countenance of a human staring back at Miguel. "Is it true? Have you had access to this building before? Tell me truthfully, guardsman." the Tau said in fluent gothic. Miguel sulked before her. One of the Firewarriors prodded him hard with the muzzle of his gun. "Yes." Miguel blurted. Apparently, betraying the Emperor was surprisingly easy when it came down to it. "Do you have access to open it now?" Sha'ra continued to ask as if it were a pleasant conversation between friends. "No." Miguel replied with as much defiance as he could muster. It sounded pitiful in his own ears. "Why not?" Miguel realized he had said enough. It probably wasn't betrayal if you didn't completely aide and abet the xeno. Steeling himself again and gathering whatever courage he could find within his chest, the guardsman took a deep breath and prepared for whatever should come. He nearly jumped when he felt the earth shake and watched the massive juggernaut that was the commander's crisis suit storming up to them. "Are you the only human who has had access here?" the machine boomed through the speakers, the angry red lens on its "head" glaring down at him. "Only the first floor." Miguel blurted out in fear. He inwardly kicked himself. He was glad the rained had thoroughly soaked him and his clothes. He wasn't sure if he had wet himself. "Access enough. Come with me." the commander ordered. From the back, Pierson had been watching with hateful glee. He had never liked Miguel. That man was too soft, too much of an Ecclesiarch's boy. It wouldn't have surprised him if the late commissar, Emperor spit upon him, would have easily executed him and put Miguel up as a replacement if it came down to it. Pierson had always resented that and even though the commissar was nothing more than a carcass, he wasn't about to let go of all that venom. There was another person in his squad that he also hated. "Hey! Hey, Xenos!" the sergeant shouted. Without missing a beat, every Firewarrior in ear shot shouldered and aimed at the cause of the commotion. The other guardsmen in the squad flinched and did their best not to drop to the ground lest they risk further upsetting their captors. "That man is an important part of my squad! I want my bodyguard to go with him!" Pierson lied on the spot and roughly prodded Gunther next to him. "After all, he deserves it!" Miguel stared in disbelief. His sergeant's logic was flimsy at best. All the administrative duties and privileges Miguel had before were only temporary, granted only because he was deemed the most competent at the time and were forgotten and rescinded as soon as the job was complete. "But...But sergeant...we musn't help the xenos." Gunther protested meekly. "I'm not telling you to help the xenos. I'm telling you to help Miguel and he still helps the emperor. Don't question me, idiot!" Sergeant Pierson snapped venomously. Gunther apologized quickly and began to lumber forward towards Miguel. Unknown to the ogryn, the Firewarriors began to draw their weapons but looked questioningly at their commander. For a moment Miguel was certain the ogryn was going to be shot to pieces until the head of the battlesuit made a single, curt nod and the Firewarriors lowered their weapons. "...I don't think I can let you in anymore. I don't have access." Miguel muttered to the machine, doubting it would even hear him. "Nonetheless, you are coming." the Tau stated from within his suit. Miguel watched arcs of electricity crackle around the blade mounted on the suit's wrist and in one movement, the battlesuit stepped forward and slammed its fist into the icon of the skull keeping its vigil on the giant door.

JPD issued the following statement: On December 8, 2016, at approx. 11:00 PM, Jackson Police Officers responded to Merit Health regarding a subject being transported to the emergency room via private vehicle after being shot. Upon officers' arrival, it was learned that Larry Gaylor, 35, had been shot once in the chest during an argument with his girlfriend, Kenisha Johnson, 28. The incident occurred at 2010 Chadwick Dr., Summer Park Apartments. Johnson was detained at Merit Health and later transported to police headquarters for questioning. She was arrested and charged with Aggravated Assault. On Friday morning, December 9, 2016, Gaylor succumbed to his injuries after being transported to UMMC. He was pronounced deceased. The charges on Kenisha Johnson will be upgraded to Murder and the investigation is ongoing. This is Jackson's 65th homicide investigation for 2016. Friday, December 9, 2016 #65<< 22 comments: People cannot handle confrontation or life's challenges - so the answer for every argument, disagreement, land on hard times, or struggle - go get a gun, shoot, rob, or kill any person that stands in their way. But we need more guns, more guns, and more guns and the good guy with a gun will save the day with - you guessed it a gun! yee-haw! As a follow up to 1:34pm, never f&ck with someone who has nothing to lose. There's lots of people walking around this world who don't give a damn about their life, or the life of others. Undiagnosed mental illness is certainly part of the problem. It's not an excuse for what she did, go ahead an lock her up, but we aren't doing anything to stop the general problem, so expect the killings to continue. This is not a Jackson problem, it's an American problem. And whatever the solution is, it's not going to be easy to implement. Never surprised by those here espousing the perversity that the rights of the law abiding should be abridged in response to those who violate the law. 2:06pm, what are you talking about? Copy back to me any line in a previous post this thread, where someone espoused restriction of anyone's rights. There would be many more except for the advances of modern medicine and emergency room procedures. This is an indictment of a very sick society. @2:06pm You can keep those b*llsh*t rights for all I care - but when you and your significant other shoot each other because one of you are mad at her or him for cheating on the other, let's talk about those rights again!? Or when one of your children are fed up with a bully kickin' their behinds at school and decide to use one of your guns to rectify the situation. Or how about you land on hard times and sell your guns to someone who turns around and uses them to kill their lovers fiance who so happens to be 8 months pregnant. All it is, is that as a private citizen - I'm high tired of the senseless killings in Mississippi. Our gun homicide rate is astronomically high country, considering we are a state with barely 3 million residents. But we push guns in this state like Nandy's does with candy. People can't handle the responsibility of ownership and I wish the penalties were severe on the people who carelessly handle and use them and there were greater liability placed on ownership. Even though its your "right" to own one, there needs to be mechanisms in place that would make people seriously think about the consequences of carelessly handling one. The current laws in place do not have that affect on our society. 1:34 & 4:51 The thing you both fail to see is that it really has nothing to do with the guns themselves. We've ALWAYS had a large gun ownership in this State and in the country. The difference now is it's a societal problem....and more specifically, it's a cultural problem. Growing up in the 60's, we R A R E L Y experienced the type of gun violence we do today, and when we did it was SHOCKING! All the while, everyone I knew had a rifle (and even handguns) in their cars EVERY day at school! Now, society in general, and primarily in the black culture (yep, the truth bears me out on that claim), it's no longer shocking to hear of these types of shootings. In fact, it's accepted and encouraged (revenge) to a large degree. With the insidious increase in gun violence year after year, we've become accustomed to it. It's no longer shocking (remember how shocked we all were to hear about Luke Woodham's rampage at Pearl High School in the late 90's?) Those actions - in a school! - were beyond comprehension. Now, school shooting are commonplace. Is it due to the availability of guns? I strongly contend it's not. It's due to a change in society itself, and in no small part, due to peoples redirection of their anger and blame FROM the perpetrators TO the law enforcers, courts and jails. "Why, we have the largest criminal population in the industrialized world, and blacks are represented in the criminal population disproportionate to their percentage of society!" Any POSSIBLE chance these people are in jail because they chose to become involved in criminal activity? Is there even any chance of that? Many would tell you no.....and that proves my point. Societal changes, and our indifference to those changes, are the problem, not gun ownership. that is a bonafied ignorant response Yes Indeedy! Throw your guns in the pond. You just never know when your spouse will lose it and come in the kitchen and blow you away. And you never know when one of your children will pick the lock on the gun cabinet and kill half the people in the neighborhood because someone kicked sand in has face on the playground. Let's dream up all the bullshit theories we can and make the second amendment the bane of society and the underpinning of the evil empire. After all, how can you possibly reach orgasm knowing there is a gun eight inches beneath you under the mattress? Even though its your "right" to own one, there needs to be mechanisms in place that would make people seriously think about the consequences of carelessly handling one. The current laws in place do not have that affect on our society. Summarial execution upon jury verdict of guilty. Will you support that? @ 5:29pm and I quote you directly - "Societal changes, and our indifference to those changes, are the problem, not gun ownership." So based on the changes in our society - how can you say modern day gun ownership is not an issue for OUR SOCIETY? In my opinion - every day you turn on the news you see countless incidents across the country showing that people cannot responsibly handle guns? They are being used to settle domestic disputes, for crime, and other ills in our society? 65 homicides in Jackson and I think 60 of those were committed with a gun, and the year is not even over. too many people are running to guns to solve their problems or indifferences with the laws of our land. You are starting to see as many domestic gun incidents as much as strong arm robbery. The number of guns in our society are seriously becoming a health risk. When are we gonna get serious about addressing this issue? No one is not saying you shouldn't have a gun or the right to own one - but when are we going to admit we have a serious problem for an advanced civilized society? Got a question. How many of the people in Jackson were killed by a person who could legally own or have a gun? The problem is some people have lost all hope and feel they have nothing too lose. The best thing to do if you come across someone who wants to fight or argue is not argue just walk away if possible but thats hard to do if the two people thats having the disagreements BOTH have nothing to lose. Most of the shooting is due to these people being in bad financial situations. alot of the people that comment on here dont understand how it feels to be or have never been COMPLETELY broke even after getting paid wages on a job that barely covering the rent, utilities and other things that you HAVE to spend money on. With some of the chatter I've been hearing I wouldnt be surprised if we have double the murder rate or somewhere close to 100 murders in the jackson metro area in 2017 because believe me, it's about to get as bad as it's EVER been. The solution to the problem is easy. Anybody receiving welfare have their tubes tied (have surgery to prevent having kids) When they get off welfare reverse that surgery. Now after a period of time crime will fall. Does the US have the political will to do this? No.We will of the people is to give welfare people a free ride. Guns are not the problem. But, there will always be that layer of shallow-thinkers in society who seem to believe they are. It's not that 'people cannot responsibly handle a gun'. It's that people cannot responsibly handle their responses to anger, frustration and greed. Ban handguns; but, as long as butcher knives are sold, the ERs will remain busy. @ 7:42pm "How many of the people in Jackson were killed by a person who could legally own or have a gun?" I'll do you one better - how did the gun end up in the hands of someone who is not legally allowed to carry one? By someone who legally purchased it and then sold it on their own accord! The legal gun sellers and owners are as culpable to this problem as the illegal gun buyers and owners. 7:42, it shouldn't take you long to do the math. Please report back after you've done the research. Or were you assuming that you already know the answer? I seriously doubt that the culprits are people who are buying guns legally and then providing them to people who cannot buy one. Somewhere out there we have stats that show how many guns used in crimes were stolen. Legal gun sales venues are not illegally selling guns. No reason to. Too much of a market for legal sales. But, the anti-gun crowd will stretch out there and grab ahold of whatever BS theory they can conjure up or read about. 7:58, I don't think you understand. I asked a question. You do know what a question is? We have several people who seem to know it all so I thought I would ask them. Seems like they do not want to talk about that. 7:58PM, Many people have been broke before. I have even been homeless. I didn't take by force from others. I worked to get back on my feet. That is the difference in many people and the thugs. Thugs never give a thought about the future. They do not get an education. They think they will never need one. When they get old enough to provide for themselves they do not have any way to do that. They do not have any education, skills, or experience. They chose not to take the time to get them. Of course they are going to be broke, hungry, and not able to pay the rent. That is their fault, not the fault of the people they take from by force. 12/9, 5:29 pm said everything that needs to be said. And he said it very well. Thank you sir. Many of the shootings in Jackson are money related - money related to drugs, drug deals gone bad, drug dealers getting revenge. Many more of those than people getting their weekly check and can't pay rent and utilities. Where do many of these guns come from? You suggest that they are legally bought and then sold to folks who aren't legally allowed to have them? Check out the home burglaries and robberies. How many times do they involve stolen guns. Or the auto burglaries and the resulting stolen guns. There is a reason that when a house is broken into, the one item that ends up gone as much as cash, jewelry and electronics is guns. I'll offer than many more of these illegal gun owners acquired them from their being stolen from a legal owner as opposed to having been bought from a legal owner. The number of guns in the society today is not the problem. As was noted earlier guns were part of our culture decades ago. At that time they were in our cars and trucks. Not only were they hanging in a gun rack in the back window, the truck would sit parked all day unlocked. People had a beef with each other then they didn't jump to a gun - they just fought it out. Today someone gets mad at another, one or the other goes for a gun. And this is not a problem limited to Jackson - check out any medium to large city in the country and see how their numbers compare. Boo f'ing hoo. The problem may not be limited to Jack-town, but this is where many of us live. Be it Hinds, Rankin or Mary's Town. Might as well be Dodge City.

"I'm writing a children's book, will you illustrate it?" I've been getting a lot of messages from family and acquaintances and friends of friends wanting to know if I would be willing to do there book they are writing. Don't get me wrong, I am deeply flattered because I know they are showing appreciation for my art. But most of them don't have a real idea of what they are asking for me. What do you tell people usually? Quote them a high price? Try and educate them? Send them @Will-Terry video "Why I won't illustrate your children's book"? I am a people pleaser but I have limited time to create (with 15month twin girls) I have to be smart with my time. - Chip Valecek SVS Team SVS OG last edited by @stringfellowart I had a few friends ask me to do that as well. I basically just said sure I can do it but I would have to charge you for my time. Usually when they see I want to get paid then I never hear back from them on it. If it goes further then that, then i would treat them like any other client. They need to realize we don't work for free. Best of luck! - DanetteDraws last edited by @stringfellowart I usually attempt to educate people, in as diplomatic a way as possible while firmly saying "no". This usually results in dead silence from them, which leads me to believe they didn't take it so well. Actually - I did receive one response from my cousin. After a lengthy Facebook message from me explaining things to her, all she responded with was the thumbs up sticker. haha Oh well - I know I was as nice as possible, so I can't beat myself up about how they'll receive it. Good luck to you! I think "I have limited time to create (with 15month twin girls) I have to be smart with my time." is a fabulous answer! In my case, I've had a few people ask me to draw comics for them. My response is always "I have a couple of personal projects that are really important to me, and I'm only willing to take time away from those for professional (PAYING) jobs." Make it clear that you're not in a position to give time to someone else's personal project If you need to make the point clearer (without being a jerk), ask them about their plans to publish (not just self-print) and market the book. If they don't have a business plan, consider it a personal project that isn't worth your time. If you simply make it clear that you have a plan, and it doesn't include their project, I think they'll understand. - Gary Wilkinson last edited by I was recently asked by a friend to illustrate a book that he wants to give his mother as a present and although the price per illustration isn't at all sustainable, I would really like the experience and help develop a workflow. So far we have agreed on a fee per image and that if the book is to be published then I would receive a larger amount/ royalties from the book. Most of my work is doing realistic caricatures and portraits, so having some finished illustration work for my portfolio is worth a lot. And I remember @Will-Terry talking about how much to charge based on how much you want to do the project (or something along those lines). In the future though I would not do work for friends without them been fully aware of the cost and work that is involved (hopefully I will be a world famous artist by then and won't have to worry about money....... yeah sure ) - smceccarelli Pro SVS OG last edited by My standard response is: "Thanks for your enquiry and your appreciation of my work. Unfortunately I do not have enough capacity at the moment to take on this project", or some variation of this sentence. I think a key part of the art of saying "no" is to remember that you do not have to explain it. Unless it is a close friend or a person you normally have a connection with, there is no need to explain why you are declining to do something. I know there is some urge to educate people about the absurdity of their requests and the value of creative work sometime - I feel it as well. But you really have no obligation or mandate to explain anything to a random stranger or aquantaince. Simply saying "I have no time for this" or "I do not wish to do this" should be more than enough. In my experience, a mail or message asking you for illustration work falls into three categories: - Professional enquiries from publishers and/or other legit customers: can be spotted immediately from the wording and/or details included already in the first contact message. These messages clearly show an understanding of professional illustration and how it works (they may talk about deadlines and budget, for example) - Mails that look like they come from somebody who understands the business of illustration but maybe not completely. These are the ones that may grant some more interaction or explanation work to see if there is a common ground. - Messages or mails that clearly indicate ignorance or disrespect for illustration as a profession. Some common wordings "We have no money, but our web-magazine has high visibility..."; "I am writing a book and I need an illustrator"; "How much do you charge per illustration?" "I am looking for a collaborator on a great creative project"...There is a lot of gray zones, of course - but the majority can really just be answered with a "no, thank you". Great advice @smceccarelli I don't have experience in this particular topic, but here are my thoughts nonetheless. I have been a people pleaser for much of my life, so I know the struggle. If you are trying to break out of being a people pleaser, sometimes the tendency is to overcompensate with being more aggressive and overly defending your position. Unless you feel it's a mission to educate people on the realities and etiquette of children's publishing, I would do as @smceccarelli advised and keep it simple and polite. Thank them for their inquiry, politely decline, wish them well in their project. This approach helps everyone move along their merry way instead of getting mentally sucked into some kind of weird argument. Some people enjoy that kind of debate and confrontation, and it has it's place, so it's up to you which way to go. Another approach might be to just have a standard pricing sheet, based on the nature and quantity of the work with your payment requirements. If you feel you might be open to self published projects for the right price, send the pricing sheet right along. I think Will Terry and Tyrus Goshay talk about this briefly in the "Should illustrators create self published books?" video. @smceccarelli Thank you for the reminder. You are right, I feel bad about telling people no, and so I want to explain myself, which stresses me out even more. There are some people who asks for future projects, like Hey someday I'm going to write a children's book based on my experiences [fill in the blank], would you illustrate it for me?" Actually, I still could say, "well, I have a lot on my plate, so I probably won't be able to... but feel free to ask me again when you are done writing" would work too. - smceccarelli Pro SVS OG last edited by @stringfellowart Ahah! I know that one! I normally answer "Yes, sure!" I know dozens of people who say "they want to write a book someday" (I work with copywriters and journalists, so maybe there is a professional bias), but very few people who actually wrote a book - and they are not the same people. So the chance of these brightly intentioned people to actually come back to you some day with a ready-to-illustrate manuscript is so small that you can safely treat it as small talk. But your answer is a good one too - more honest. This video circulated in the design community a while ago. It applies more to the designers world (RFPs and spec are typical means by which big companies screen designers and agencies), but I think it drives the point that no other profession in the world would be handled as the creative professionals sometimes are... I usually say I would love to help them out. Often they offer a cut in the profits if ever it gets published. I explain kindly that they need to understand my level of commitment to their project would mean not accepting work where I will definitely get paid. So really i need to enter into a contract with them. I am a story teller/writer, and know how stories work. So it does help to be able to see stories that don't work as I can quickly decide whether or not it's a good fit. I guess if an awesome story came along I would cave and do it. One thing, I 've found, that a lot of people don't know is that if they are interested in publishing the book that the publisher will find the illustrator and they don't need to even worry about that part-unless they want to self-publish, that is. I had a college teacher that gave my name to a coupel of people as she knew I was doing some projects. I asked her not to give out my name anymore. One wanted to have me illustrate a book for her. I informed her that I had not yet developed the skills needed to illustrate a book like hers. She had also sent me a copy of the story which was a cute idea but it had so many visual descriptions already that it was quite overwhelming! She had self-published before and wanted me to do it for FREE! and then give me royalties or whatever. Not happening. I did my first book free for a friend because it was something we both wanted to try and she paid to have it published through a publishing company (vanity publisher, I guess it would be). It was after that experience I decided to try one on my own. It was fun. I learned a lot and I self-published it but, it sure would be nice to at least break even Our time and talent is of value and that is what we need to remember. We pay in time and frustration and effort and it isn't an easy job. My tendancy is to make things and just give them away! More recently, I don't want to do it for nothing or for very little. There are others way more talented than I am but I work hard and long to make progress and I don't feel like doing it for nothing anymore. I appreciate those people that like my work and encourage me though. They are a real blessing! Ok, on a related note: I asked one of the people who contacted me recently if she had written her story yet. She said no, that she just joined a writing group run by a "publisher" and that publisher advised her to get a logo and trademark (and start her social media account--which I agree) FIRST before writing her book. Um....what? Am I wrong for thinking this is complete BS advice? @stringfellowart I would consider that pretty much BS. Sure, you can build your personal brand, but frankly, if you don't have a product to share, then your brand won't really mean much. I mean... if you haven't created anything, what are you even going to put on social media? - DanetteDraws last edited by @stringfellowart That sounds super odd. First off, I've never heard of a publisher running a writer's critique group (with absolute newbies, no less) - not that it couldn't be a thing, but my hunch is that this so-called "publisher" is perhaps a vanity press who's hoping to make money off these writers one day. You don't need a trademark. Writer's don't even necessarily need a logo to get started - sure, you want to create a consistent, professional brand once you get yourself out there, but this advice is really putting the cart before the horse. What's most important about being a writer (or illustrator)? The WRITING (or ILLUSTRATING). Work on the craft. It's amazing to me that this person ("writer") contacted you to illustrate her book when she hasn't even written it yet!!! Face palm. I seriously wonder sometimes if common sense has seriously gone out the window with some people. @danettedraws Yes, this is exactly what I thought. I asked which publishing company she worked with, but didn't get an answer, so I suspect the validity of that. - jessicarichards last edited by jessicarichards Writing children's books is a very interesting process, and drawing illustrations for this book is also very cool. As a child I always loved big books with many illustrations, like many children) I want to recommend excellent essays writing service to your children, you can find at PapersOwl, I think you will find many good essays for both children and students. - burvantill Moderator last edited by @smceccarelli LOL! That is an AWESOME video! Love it! It definitely is a great way to show people who don’t understand our side of it. It’s a business. “Don’t pull my leg! Come on, get out of my place!” Perfect!

Nowadays I am a big fan of rules of thumb when it comes to asset allocation strategy – although initially I spent a long time agonising over what my ‘optimal’ asset allocation should be. I knew there had to be one, because so many learned sources talked about the efficient frontier. A fabled place, where, if I could only reach it, my blend of equities, bonds, and other asset classes would function with perfect potency to give me the highest risk-adjusted return possible. I spent a long time wandering the desert trying to find that place, seemingly getting nowhere. Meanwhile, all around me were these little rules of thumb. Handy guidance tools that seemed to point away from asset allocation paradise and towards the quick departure lounge to ‘that will do’. It took me a while to realise I’d actually reached my destination – the understanding that there is no right answer when it comes to asset allocation. It’s a standpoint summed up by passive investing sensei Rick Ferri as follows: All of this nonsense about finding the ideal allocation is nonsense. The ideal portfolio can only be known in retrospect. We can only know what we should have done, not what will happen. So, choose a few low cost index funds in different asset classes, rebalance occasionally, and forgetaboutit. The big decision How much of my portfolio, then, do I fill with the rocket fuel of equities versus the parachute braking capabilities of bonds? That’s the main question that your asset allocation strategy will settle. The answer resides in the nature of your financial goals, your needs, and your ability to take risk – a bunch of difficult questions that can only be answered with a personal examination so intimate that it’s probably best to wear rubber gloves. However, rules of thumb can be used to set the guidelines you’ll probably be working within once you pass the exam. No idea what your risk tolerance is? Not sure what difference a long time horizon should make to your plan? Then the following rules of thumb can grease your understanding. (By the way, none of the authors of the rules of thumb that follow actually named them! I’ve made the names up to hopefully make the guidance a bit more memorable.) The ‘100 minus your age’ rule of thumb This rule of thumb is so old it belongs in a rest home. But it’s still got legs because it helps you to work out how your age affects your pension portfolio decisions: Subtract your age from 100. The answer is the portion of your portfolio that resides in equities. For example, a 40-year-old would have 60% of their portfolio in equities and 40% in bonds. Next year they would have 59% in equities and 41% in bonds. A popular spin-off of this rule is: Subtract your age from 110 or even 120 to calculate your equity holding. The more aggressive versions of the rule account for the fact that as lifespans increase we will need our portfolios to stick around longer, too, and that often means a stronger dose of equities is required. Following this rule of thumb enables you to defuse your reliance on risky assets as retirement age approaches. As time ticks away, you are less likely to be able to recover from a big stock market crash that wipes out a large chunk of your portfolio. Re-tuning your asset allocation strategy away from equities and into bonds is a simple and practicable response. This is the strategy we employ in our model Slow & Steady passive portfolio. The Tim Hale ‘target date’ rule of thumb What if you’re not saving for retirement? What if you’re going to need all the money on some very definite date, perhaps for a college fund or a mortgage pay-off? We’re looking for a rule that gives us the courage to be relatively aggressive early on and then manage down our exposure to risky equities as the happy day approaches. Tim Hale’s suggestion, in. I like this rule because it’s a reminder to rein in adventurism if you want to use investing to achieve a short-term goal (say five years or less) but it takes the shackles off if your horizon is 20 years or more. The Larry Swedroe ‘come out punching’ rule of thumb US-based passive investing champion Larry Swedroe has come up with a similar guideline in his book The Only Guide You’ll Ever Need for the Right Financial Plan, except his recipe is far more aggressive in the early years: This is an asset allocation strategy that is gung-ho for growth over 20 years, before embarking on a steep descent out of risky assets that turns into an equity-free glide path in the last few years. Essentially, this rule of thumb is pointing out that market convulsions in the early years may well play to your advantage as you scoop up cheap equities, but don’t dance with the bear when time is short. The Larry Swedroe ‘NOOOOOOOO!’ rule of thumb So far we’ve looked at asset allocation strategy from the perspective of the need to take risk. This next rule considers how much risk you can handle. Swedroe invites us to think about how much loss we can live with before reaching for the cyanide pills: I’m always amazed by the number of people who believe that their investments should never go down. It’s a valuable exercise therefore to be confronted with the idea that you are likely to be faced with a 30% plus market bloodbath on more than one occasion over your investment lifetime. I found it next to impossible to actually imagine what a 50% loss would feel like, even when I turned the percentages into solid numbers based on my assets. At the outset of my journey, my assets were piffling, so a massive hemorrhage didn’t seem all that. Experience is a good teacher though, and it’s worth reapplying this rule when your assets amount to a more sizable wad. You may feel differently about loss when five- or six-figure sums are smoked instead of four. The Oblivious Investor, Mike Piper, uses a slightly more conservative version of this rule: Spend some time thinking about your maximum tolerable loss, then limit your stock allocation to twice that amount — with the line of thinking being that stocks can (and sometimes do) lose roughly half their value over a relatively short period. The Harry Markowitz ‘50-50’ rule of thumb If all that sounds a bit complicated then consider the oft-quoted approach of the Nobel-prize winning father of Modern Portfolio Theory. When quizzed about his personal asset allocation strategy, Markowitz said: I should have computed the historical covariance and drawn an efficient frontier. Instead I visualized my grief if the stock market went way up and I wasn’t in it – or if it went way down and I was completely in it. My intention was to minimize my future regret, so I split my [retirement pot] 50/50 between bonds and equities. The Accumulator’s ‘rule of thumb’ rule of thumb Here’s my contribution: Rules of thumb should not be confused with rules. I have to say this, of course, lest the pedant cops shoot me down in flames, but it’s true that rules of thumb are not fire-and-forget missiles of truth. They are exceedingly generalised applications of principle that can help us better understand the personal decisions we face. (Hopefully our long grapple with the 4% rule seared that into our brains!) The foundations of a proper financial plan are a realistic understanding of your financial goals, the time horizon you’ve got, the contributions you can make, the likely growth rates of the asset classes at your disposal, and your ability to withstand the pain it will take to get there. Amongst other things! But rules of thumb can help us get moving and, as long as they’re tailored, can help us answer questions to which there are no real answers like: “What is my optimal asset allocation strategy if I wish to be sitting on a boatload of retirement wonga 20 years from now?” Take it steady, The Accumulator What about the % tied up in one’s home or other real estate? Thanks, useful stuff, and very well timed for me. I’d love to see similar guidance regarding geographical diversification within one’s equities, especially for those of us in the little old UK, surrounded by the giant economies of North America and the East, along with the turbulent uncertainty of the Eurozone. very nicely summarised and explained – thanks This is all interesting stuff but it misses a couple of very big questions. Firstly how do you invest the safe (bond) proportion given the horrendously low yield (high risk) of UK bond markets right now. A 70 year with 70% in Bonds would be taking a very high risk with their capital. Answer. Don’t use rules of thumb – take account of market distortions, stay short (hold a good slug in cash deposits) despite low interest rates. or let a fund manager provide the mix of bonds for you. The second big issue? – well that will be covered in my forthcoming book. @Paul — The low yields are a big concern, but I don’t think it’s correct to say long-term investors are taking a big risk with their capital. As far as I’m aware, the yield to redemption of all but the very shortest Gilts is positive. You’ll get your money back after taking income into account unless the UK government defaults, and I can think of no circumstances in which it would be in its interest to do so. The real risk is that you get return of capital, but basically no return *on* capital. That’s why as a pretty active investor I hold no gilts currently. I am happy to let cash and NS&I index-linked certificates add some safety ballast to my portfolio, albeit not with the benefits you’d expect from bonds in normal times (due to bond’s already tiny yields). But anyway, this article is aimed at passive investors, and the whole point is with passive investing you don’t go around speculating and thinking you know better than the market. Exactly the same arguments about gilts you and I might make about bonds could have been made on January 1st 2011, and gilts returned double-digits from memory last year, and were the best performing asset class. Passive investors use rebalancing and strategic allocation as their weapons, not speculation about the market. Finally, as I always say we can’t include everything in every article, hence all the little blue links. 🙂 Here’s a recent article on exactly the difficulty of investing in bonds right now. Cheers! Simon, One of the best ways of getting geo-diversification is to invest in the little old UK (the LSE, that is). The ten biggest shares in a typical fund tracking the FTSE All-Share Index accounted for 35% of the total, it is even higher, 45%, in a FTSE100 tracker, and they are all major international players. These companies only derive a relatively small part of their profits from within the UK, in some cases next to nothing. The big ten are: HSBC; Vodaphone; BP; Royal Dutch Shell A; GlaxSmithKline; Royal Dutch Shell B; British American Tobacco; Rio Tinto; BG Group and Diageo. Thanks for the good post. It seems sometimes that the passive / managed approaches are portrayed as completely polarized, when in reality many investor follow a mixture of the two. I’m wondering if this could be considered in terms of an allocation, say 80% passive / 20% active, perhaps based on cost? TA, From this article it sounds as though 30% plus losses are likely and even, from the NOOOOOOO! tabulation, that a 50% loss may have to be faced. The only people who have to face this are those who buy all their shares at the peak of a (massive) bubble and sell them all at the bottom of the following trough. It reminds me of the Great Crash of 87. In October 87 the market plunged 34%…….end of capitalism as we know it!! The only people who lost 34% were those that bought on 5th Oct and sold on 9th Nov. In fact the market rose 19% over 1987 as a whole so long term investors had a pretty good year. Market flutuations are not the same as losses. “Liked” 🙂 I am freshly retired at 55 (part choice, part health grounds) and I manage my own pension fund. I am about 20-25% cash, about 30% bonds / bond funds and the rest is equities. The question I asked myself is how soon will I need to tap the fund. We have some investment property that covers the monthly bills, some cash in hand and a portfolio of shares that provides dividend income and so I concluded that I probably would not need to tap the fund for 10 years at least. Now rental incomes could fall, the equities could crash, cut dividends etc but I feel there is enough breadth to keep us in a reasonable but by no means extravagant lifestyle. So I am not a great believer in the rule of thumb. My guess is that on most metrics I would be over-exposed to equities. But I feel pretty happy with the allocation. My biggest mistake when I started managing my pension fund was to over-diversify. I ended up with too many modest holdings that ranged from the ultra boring to the frankly (with hindsight) frivolous and imprudent. My portfolio has been heavily rationalized. It is now part passive part active but slowly moving more to the former. I have concluded that the critical thing is to have enough liquidity for your foreseeable needs plus a fair bit more. As I get closer to drawing down I will almost certainly create my own bond ladder and reduce equity exposure but it will depend on how the world looks at the time. I don’t see a magic formula. To the investor. As ever the answers depend upon personal circumstances. Someone of 60 in a pension fund drawing down income needs a stable (ish) return. Drawing down heavily on a declining fund value risks extremely rapid capital erosion. My point is simply that a 60/40 bond equity fund – whilst having produced lovely past performance during the last 30 years of bond bull market could well be at it’s minsky moment (turning point) . The short term value (from which withdrawals are taken) of long term bonds get’s savaged when inflation and interest rate expectations rise. So hang on to a good slug of short term stuff and cash. Don’t assume a mixed or tracking bond fund offers diversification safety relative to equities for the future. Remember – in a crisis only one thing goes up – correlation. 57Andrew makes a good point. If the end point is to draw down from a HYP type portfolio then it doesn’t make sense to have significant investment in low yielding bonds on the way to the target date. I really nice summary of nearly everything you really need to know about asset allocation. One think I learnt in 2008 was that my real appetite for risk in a plunging market was much less than I thought it would be in my imagination. I expect many investors particularly those within a decade of retirement might have found the same. The rules of thumb about maximum equity allocations based on maximum sums you are prepared to lose in a crash are really helpful for older investors (who have less recovery time) I think. Your article on the current dilemma about bond investing was also really informative. (Advice to avoid overly long bond durations and to consider cash and index-linked certificates where possible as part of the non-equity allocation) Thanks! @Paul — Sure, I get the danger in government bonds. As I say I have none. I’m just saying that (a) passive investors are *passive* investors. Duck and dive out of that and you’re something else — history suggests an under-performer. And (b) while it might be obvious that gilts are expensive, they could stay this way for decades (see Japan — I don’t expect it, but it’s possible). Did you read the article I linked to? It explains that a rising rates environment isn’t as terrible as it seems even for bond funds, as they can roll into higher yielding securities as their existing holdings mature. From the article I linked to: “According to Vanguard, the largest annual loss that a 100% UK bond portfolio would have suffered in the last 30 years is -6.27% (in 1994).” That’s 100% bond portfolio — in reality, a mixed 60/40 portfolio would have equities likely to be doing a lot of heavy lifting to make up for the short-fall from the declining bond fund. Even if we assume this is the end of a 30-year bull market in bonds (still very much moot) I don’t see people’s bond funds being decimated as you’d see in an equity crash, more just extremely poor and mediocre. Caution is warranted, granted, for those of us of an active bent, but clear diversification and perhaps a heavier allocation towards cash and the shorter end as you suggest is probably as far as a passive investor wants to go. (A 60-year old drawing from a pension fund who is all-in bonds currently should probably annuitise and be done with it). thx–great article A quote from Warren Buffet in this year’s Berkshire Hathaway letter: Today, a wry comment that Wall Streeter Shelby Cullom Davis made long ago seems apt: “Bonds promoted as offering risk-free returns are now priced to deliver return-free risk.” Bond fund performance over (or worst case period during) the last 30 year is not a very useful indicator for the future as it’s been pretty much a one way ride. Reducing interest rates and rising values of bonds. A look back to the last big turning point upwards on bond yields – using Barclays Gilt Equity study – might be useful. Will do so when i have some time. And watch out for Annuitisation idea – it’s is also a one way ride. Once it’s done it’s done. No reversing off that decision so be very careful it’s the right one before jumping especially right now as the rates are on the floor. (and buy the right type – if your health is bad get an enhanced annuity quote – take some advice) Can the yield floor go for long UK bonds go lower?- e.g. Japan – Well I guess so I guess so but the risk must be that it jumps up from here. I’m just concerned that folk don’t view bonds and funds as safe havens as this turning point. Things can get very messy when bond markets turn. Witness several European countries that used to have bond yields similar to Germany’s > I found it next to impossible to actually imagine what a 50% loss would feel like, It feels like a bastard. No fun at all. Been there, in the dot-com crash. With the benefit of hindsight, the training was worth every penny. It didn’t feel like it at the time, and it took nearly a decade to return to the fray. Now I can tolerate the odd nearly 30% hit on occasional shares with equanimity, as long as they stay paying dividends, and I have seen the benefits of sitting tight and the 30% hit melts away over time. It has to be said that some of the education on here has reduced the overall volatility of my portfolio to a lot less than the 30% 😉 I just had to look up that data on the UK bond index. Data from the world renowned Equity Gilt Study. Worst 5 year period in last 50 years? Not surprisingly – was 1971 to 1976. Real (total return i.e. gross income reinvested a la pension or ISA) returns on the medium term bond index was . . . wait for it . . . . Minus 10.7% per annum. That’s a 43% real terms loss over the period. The worst year ? Yep you guessed it again – 1974 – the same year that the stock-market tanked. The bond index lost 40% in real terms. Mind you back then there’s was loads of yield on gilts to soften the blow. So the loss was reduced to a modest 30% after income reinvested. And the moral is? Watch out about making any assumptions that UK or USA bonds are safe. Havens. Short term individual gilts held to maturity fine But managed funds of them – with loads of long duration bonds inside – Not on your nelly – not now. Trust this helps @Paul — Good stuff going back beyond 30 years; interesting. We agree much more than we disagree; I am just very wary of encouraging passive investors to start become active asset allocators as I think most people will do much worse once they begin playing that game. Maybe this bond call will prove sound or maybe not, but they then have to keep up their right calls for 30 to 40 years… The data suggests they can’t. Hi, I think you need to strip out the concepts of passive investing for low costs – which is fine – from asset allocation. Even within both asset classes (equities and bonds) and whilst I accept perfect market timing is not possible – I do think it’s quite easy to avoid the “big tops” –and assume Mr Ermine would have liked to have known about this in 1999? It’s also reasonably easy to guage when we’re somewhere close to a bottom – if not precisely at one. Being close to a bottom should be nice experience – not a horrific one! But recognising a bottom is only possible once it’s walked past!! “Boom Boom” To keep things simple – when we have very little invested (compared to our lifelong goal) and we’re a long way from wanting our funds then a simple drip feed strategy is fine. And long only equities is better still. Ride the bumps because they just don’t matter – falls are all good news in the world of pound cost averaging. But once we’ve accumulated a reasonable chunk of our goal (and whilst continuing to drip feed any new money – without much thought- into risky assets is fine) it also becomes paramount to consider how to protect what you’ve got. Reverse pound cost averaging is ruddy dangerous. Maybe we’ll have to agree to disagree on this but I hope you’ll add my book to your recommended list later this year. Probably best that I get back to writing it now. Paul Some very interesting comments. Paul’s point about 30 years not being long enough to view potential bond volatility and his data from the Equity Gilt Study on the 1970’s are highly relevant. I’m old enough to remember that inflation as measured by RPI topped out at 26% in 1974 and there were rumours at that time of plans for a government take-over by ex-army officers to address the economic and political chaos! Index-linked gilts were not available until the 1980’s: one can presumably assume that index-linked gilts would hold up comparatively well in a 1974 scenario. For people of retirement age where capital preservation and preservation of purchasing power are paramount, indexed-linked NSI certificates (when available) and index-linked gilts seem to me to be good core holdings. However, since neither pay commission to intermediaries and are therefore not aggressively sold, they have to be actively sought rather than acquired via “financial advisers”. @ Elizabeth – I don’t think of my home as an investment – I’m always going to need somewhere to live. Other real estate holdings should be sliced out of your equity allocation. @ Simon – You could look at the holdings of a developed world or all-world ETF or index fund as a good proxy for a global portfolio. @ Webnibbler – Yep, plenty of people do this. Personally I use investment trusts to access the small-value equity sub-class because I can’t access it with passive funds. In this case, I use a low-cost IT and feed in a percentage of funds in line with my small-value allocation. @ Paul – check out Ermine’s comment. @ Paul C – Don’t think anyone in their right mind would declare any asset safe. Point is, if you’re long on equities and you want a low correlation asset that will reduce your risk if things get even worse (perfectly possible) then bonds are a reasonable bet. Is any strategy guaranteed? No. Will it work every time? No. Should you take into account the risks that affect your particular circumstances? Yep. If I’m a 70-year old then I’m particularly vulnerable to inflation risk and duration risk. I absolutely agree with you that short-term maturities and plenty of cash to take care of living expenses would be high on my agenda. But if I’m 30 with 30 – 40 years to go and a high equity allocation, then no. I’d happily use long-term bonds to offset the possibility of deflation, knowing that reinvested income and rising yields will ‘smooth out the bumps’ as and when interest rates rise. Agree though that rules of thumb are guidelines only, not think-free, get-out-of-jail free cards. As for ease of market timing, the bulk of the evidence suggests that most investors damage their returns by trying to market time. As a strict passive investor I would normally be with the Investor on this. But the choice between short and long duration bonds at the moment is for me a question of risk management regarding wealth preservation, so I am with Paul. Elsewhere the current dilemma about bond duration in the context of historically low bond yields has been described in terms of Pascal’s wager. (An argument about the existence of God where the downside for the non-believer who is wrong is far worse than for the believer who is wrong!)'s_Wager In the current context the investor who goes for short duration bonds and gets it wrong (when yields fall) has lost a few points of yield . The investor who goes for long bonds and gets it wrong (when yields rise) will suffer much greater losses. By the way there is a recent interesting conversation with William Bernstein on the bogleheads forum about this subject. PS Previously missed the Accumulator’s comments and agree that investment horizon is relevant to appetite for longer duration bonds @ Arch and Adrian – interesting points both and well worth thinking about. The Boglehead rule of thumb for allocating between nominal and index-linked bonds is to go 50:50. Pascal’s wager is much beloved of Bernstein, as I recall, and he’s definitely in favour of short-term bonds. Do you have a link to that forum discussion? Here is the link The relevant comments are quite a long wasy down around 20-21 May. I have always liked his definition of bond duration as the ‘point of indifference’ by which I think he means the time by which the sum originally invested in a bond / bond fund will have been returned to the investor as yield. I don’t have any bonds and I don’t understand them! Practically everything is in equities paying good dividends. There’s a few bob scattered around bank accounts in fixed rate accounts but that’s only to de-lumpify the drip feed into more equities. I’ve become a bit of an equities believer (and it is faith rather than knowledge) and I simply see it hard to find other asset classes which will, over the long run, deliver an income directly coupled to economic growth[1]. (Property is too much like hard work to own – though I am investigating REITs). [1] possible dangerous assumption of continued growth in that sentence. @ Adrain – thanks for the link. Will take a look at that tonight. @ Paul – re Warren Buffet letter – it’s a great quote that highlights as much as anything the wrong-headed notion that an asset can be defined as risk-free. Even the cash in my bank account is being silently nibbled away by the moths of inflation. The Sage also mentions in that letter that Berkshire Hathaway maintain large liquid positions. @Adrian — Interesting thread. The comments from ‘Matt’ are relevant, I feel. If we enter a deflationary period, long-term bond yields will very likely fall further — yields in Japan fell from 3% to 1%. That’s a huge capital gain for long-term bond yields, and anyone only holding short stuff would face either rolling it into lower long-term bond yields or staying in short duration / cash for the foreseeable, which has turned out to be decades in Japan. Worse, deflation is bad for equities, so you’d see that part of your portfolio fall, perhaps precipitously, too, in that scenario. In contrast, in an environment where long-term bond yields start to reverse, bond funds with longer-duration will likely fall (though as discussed if you hold individual long bonds to maturity you *will* see return of capital) but that will very likely be dwarfed by a steep rally in equities, since it would presumably coincide with economic recovery and a resolution of the fear and dread (Europe, government debt etc) that has taken long-term bond yields down to these low levels. I stress again, on a personal level deflation/long gilts is *not* my bet. I’m a pretty active investor, and I have no long-term government bonds as I type. I am with that camp when it comes to where I place my chips. Thus it’s a bit ironic to be defending asset allocation that has a long-term bond component. But I stand by my comments that passive investors following a portfolio approach are probably best off sticking with their allocations, and not trying to call markets that are *not* obvious or one way bets, whatever any of us think is likeliest. If the bond component falls in value a bit over a few years (which as I say I happen to agree is the most likely outcome), that has to be seen in context of how the overall passive portfolio performs — the idea is *not* to punt on the best asset class every year, it’s to get an overall satisfactory return. I would point out what sort of job you have matters a lot: University lecturer = bond-like job: have more equities Salesman on commission = equities-like job: have more bonds @investor. I completely agree with you that it is dangerous and wealth destroying to take try to predict or to take bets on the market. I also agree that a deflationary environment is possible, as of course is a few years of high inflation (Like you I know I can’t know the direction of the market). For anyone with a long investment horizon, on this basis, I would agree that the best strategy, even now, is to buy bond index ETF / mutual fund (current weighted duration of the UK gilts market is around 9.6). The link above which you may have seen is reassuring and contains some interesting data on historical returns on US & Canadian long-term bonds (see ‘And the bond played on’ – where it seems that an annual double digit fall has been a very rare event). For all that if I was a newly retired investor with only a medium-term investment horizon I would argue (on risk management / Pascal’s wager grounds) that it currently makes sense to keep your bond duration shorter than the market average of 9.6. You could use iShares 0-5 year gilts ETF (although current YTM is only around 0.5%) or as I would you could mainly follow the recent discussions / advice to use cash as a substantial part of the non-equity portfolio. Incidentally, I think the dictinction between making decisions on a risk management basis vs ‘knowing better than the market’ approach is crucial. Although both involve adopting a non-market average portfolio the justification for doing this is very different and they are pretty much opposites. In the latter an investor claims (foolishly nearly always) to have better knowledge than the market. In the former the logic is ‘I know I can’t time or predict the market, but what I do know is that for my personal circumstances the risks of changes in the market are asymmetrical’. ie the downside risk of the market moving sharply in one direction (in the case of the current discussion regarding bonds if yields rise) is much worse than a market move in the other direction. @ Greg The point you make about job security being a factor is very good one, but…. Are there really many “bond like” jobs in the UK at the moment? The public sector headcount will shrink c. 20% in the next 5 years under current government plans (and out of date optimistic government revenue forecasts)… …the only real “bond like” job I can think of are under-takers 🙂 @TA. Buffet’s liquidity is, as he says, mostly in Treasurty Bills which are, essentially 1yr bonds. Although not to many people’s taste the Permanent Portfolio asset allocation; is worth picking apart to see how a portfolio containing very volatile but uncorrelated assets perform to give fairly steady growth through different conditions. A couple of things that I picked up from Harry Browne’s thinking are that * you’re not holding long term Gilts for their yield * cash is an important asset, not just an “opportunity cost” * you need tight, concise rebalancing rules There’s also a whole load of thinking about how to hold your assets that’s worth consideration whatever your chosen allocation. When I was floundering about trying find out about asset allocation I found this comparison of the major (US I’m afraid) asset allocation strategies quite useful. By far the most illuminating experience wrt. asset allocation I had was holding an advisor managed, equity heavy, “balanced” portfolio, with cash in an Icelandic bank in 2008. Happy days 🙂 @ Adrian – thanks for drawing attention to this thread: Fantastic stuff. I’ve even ignored Spain v Portugal to get through it. I thoroughly recommend this thread to anyone who’s interested in how to handle their bond allocation in these extraordinary financial times. Great topic & comment thread. Perhaps I can offer a different perspective? My own financial enlightenment was to realise that ultimately I was saving/investing primarily to provide an income in retirement – so therefore why not develop a portfolio that provides an income? I also realised that there are several ‘layers’ of income that can be bought, with different risk characteristics. So the equities/bonds allocation is too simplistic. My main asset classes are: property (family home – avoiding housing costs in later life), pension fund (through work) and financial assets – in the ratio of approximately 1/3 each. The financial assets include 3 main asset classes: cash/cash deposits, dividend shares, and fixed-income assets (such as gilts/government bonds, corporate bonds, PIBS and others) – in a ratio of around 1/3 each. However, within each of the financial asset classes there is clearly a spectrum of risk: again, for dividend shares and fixed-income assets I aim for a split between low/medium/high risk holdings. Obviously, you can’t start with this overall portfolio but I suggest it as a potential target allocation – in other words, the end-game of your investing career. @ Moneyman – thanks for your contribution. You’re right that discussion of an equities / bonds split is quite a low-res view of asset allocation. You can certainly zoom in for more detail. For me that would mean: Equities – broad market index, small-cap and value. Property and commodities allocations would also be carved out of equities although not my house. That’s not an investment, that’s a roof over my head. Fixed income / defensive assets – gilts, NS&I Certs and cash. Gilts break down into short-term bonds, long-term, intermediates and index-linked (i.e. anti-inflation). These are the assets that I both understand and have a useful function to perform in my portfolio. I try to consider all investment sources as part of one portfolio i.e. ISA holdings, pension holdings and regular holdings are all considered part of the same whole – at least as far as my retirement plans are concerned. Rainy day fund and mortgage fund are considered separately as time horizon is different. The point The Accumulator makes about viewing ISAs and pension/ SIPP as part of one portfolio is interesting, my tax situation makes SIPP contributions much more efficient, but wanting to maintain a large cash position (earning 0%) is difficult in a SIPP. Hence while I continue to drip feed into equity funds in my SIPP I may gradually liquidate my stocks and shares ISA and shift that money into Cash ISAs instead. My current SIPP positioning is 50% cash, 25% index linked gilts and 25% cash that is waiting for a correction before topping up equity index funds. I’d feel happier about having 75% in equities within my SIPP if my Cash ISA pot was bigger. I’m with Paul C on conventional gilts, although they may have one last hurrah if we have a sharp correction in the next 6 months or so. Oops, that should have read “My current SIPP positioning is 50% equities”. @SemiPassive — Our recent guest article in praise of cash by Pete Comely had a link to some interesting SIPP-able deposit accounts: I’m not sure of the mechanics of using them, having never done so myself, but the rates there are seemingly much better than the 0% you’re getting so worth investigating perhaps if you’re keen on holding a big slug of cash in your pension. Thanks for the link, once you can get 3.5%-4% (eg keep up with inflation or the dividend yield of the FTSE100) it becomes more viable to hold cash. Although my SIPP provider doesn’t offer access to those accounts and I wonder whether there is tax to pay on the interest or are those gross figures like Cash ISAs where you get to keep the lot regardless of your oncome tax band. On the ‘traditional’ age related move to increasing bond allocation, as with another poster my current aim to beat inflation (avoiding level or inflation linked annuities which are appalling value) will be to use income drawdown based on a SIPP full of higher than average yield shares. To Semi Passive You could well be right about the last hurrah on mid and longer term gilts but I wouldn’t place money on it myself. A shift up in inflation expectation or a shift down in the UK’s rating could knock these securities for six. Interesting to see you hold a fair % in linkers and I’d be careful there too. In his book – “The Trouble with markets” Roger Bootle (one of the more intelligent economic forecasters) offers well reasoned argument of the risks with these assets in the event that we do flip into the dreaded deflation. I’ll try to summarise: Gilts and Linkers are priced according to a discount rate for valuing future cash flows. That rate is normally linked to inflation at say RPI plus 1% pa which makes linkers fairly stable in price during most “normal range” periods of inflation. However, if we slide into deflation the discount rate for pricing these securities is forced up. Why? Because it cannot go below zero at the short end where cash gives a minimum zero return. So, if the expected rate of inflation (deflation) fell to say -3% on a 5 year outlook we might have a discount rate of +3% pa over that period. Giving a nominal expected return of 0%. The rising discount rate – which might be less prominent further down the yield curve – would nonetheless rise at most durations reducing the present value of future cash flows. In other words prices would fall. To quote Bootle – “this quirk complicates indexed bonds. Many people expect them to be safe and predictable instruments throughout their life and not only if held to maturity. This they are NOT – if the economy flips into deflation. I wouldn’t say hold none as we all need to hedge against inflation (as well as deflation) but I hope this helps. Should have read “if the expected rate of inflation (deflation) fell to say -3% on a 5 year outlook we might have a discount rate of RPI +3% pa over that period. Giving a nominal expected return of 0%” @semipassive I am not sure if this is right but another way of explaining price movements of index-linked gilts is I think as follows. The price of linkers is determined by market expectations of inflation. If the market expects high inflation the price of the linkers is high. If the market expects lower inflation or even deflation then the price of linkers falls. Now consider the following scenarios: (1) A short-term investor who invests in a single index linked gilt. The gilt is sold before maturity. The investor buys at high inflation expectations and sells at low inflation or even deflation expectations. The price is high at the time of purchase and low at the time of sale and the investor gets badly stung. This the concern in your post. (2) A longer term investor buys a single index linked gilt and holds it to maturity. The investor buys at a price expecting 2% inflation but over the remaining term of the gilt there is 5% deflation. The investor will clearly loses out but not necessarily by very much in REAL terms. Even if the nominal sum returned is less than the nominal sum invested, the point is that in a deflationary environment the real value of the sum returned will be to some extent protected. (Suppose the investment is £100 and £90 is returned. The £90 post-deflation will buy almost as many goods as £100 pre-deflation.) (3) A long term passive investor who buys different linkers at different time points and holds them to maturity. Sometimes the investor will be lucky and real inflation will be higher than the market expectation of inflation at the time of purchase. Sometimes the investor will be unlucky and real inflation will be less than the market expectation at the time of purchase. However, on the average over the medium term the investor’s luck will balance out and the investor will get protection from EXPECTED inflation. Most importantly though , in all three scenarios the investor gets protection from UNEXPECTED inflation. Only in scenario 1 does the investor (more a gambler than an investor in this scenario) risk a serious erosion of wealth in return for buying this protection. To my mind the point of investing in linkers is as a hedge against UNEXPECTED inflation and in sensible scenarios (ie 2 and 3 above) there is only a low risk of significant loss of purchasing power. I should say that I am very much an amateur self-taught investor and I would appreciate comments about scenario 2 particularly any proper quantative analysis. All the best Adrian The post should have been to @paulclaireaux too! @paulclaireaux @semipassive You are probably familiar with info in the above link and similar information on the debt management office site but it confirms what I thought. If index linked certificates are bought at par then you can’t lose purchasing power even with deflation provided they are held to maturity. If you buy at a price different from par then you may gain (if actual inflation is worse than the priced-in expected inflation). Or you may lose (if actual inflation is better than the priced-in expected inflation). However, if you buy index-linked gilts of different durations at different times (eg pound cost average with an index-linked gilt index fund) then the times you lose by buying at non-par will be balanced by the times you win. So, for the investor in the draw-down period (eg a retiree) index linked gilts offer guarantee of purchasing power with the added benefit of protection against high unexpected inflation. There are two main costs for these benefits. The first is to lose out on actual gains in value and purchasing power from ‘normal’ bonds during deflation . The second is to lose out on the equity risk premium. Anyway for me as I approach the wealth preservation / drawing down period it makes sense to have a significant proportion of my bonds in linkers. I have a small proportion of gilts but otherwise I am very close to semi-passive’s 50% equities 25 % index-linked and 25% cash. A I meant index linked bonds not certificates! To Adrian. I wouldnt question your arguments but I’d prefer not to buy linkers to hold to maturity. The consolation that linkers maintain purchasing in a deflationary spiral does not sound like fun. Protection from deflation can be had with cash and short gilts which also offer the option of selling out to buy the stuff that get’s really cheap in deflationary times – equities or property. Also – as Credit Suisse note in their last yearly report – Gold performs best of all during times of both high inflation and high deflation. I’ve reduced my Gold holdings of late but still retain a fair proportion in that assets class just in case fear of mass soverign default takes hold again. That credit risk is also something we need to factor in to pricing of Gilts and Linkers. Tricky business investing eh ! I wasn’t meaning to imply that linkers are the investment of choice in deflation just that even in the worst case deflationary scenario they should largely maintain purchasing power or real value despite showing a nominal fall. Cash and ‘normal’ nominal bonds are as you say clearly going to be better in deflation. For me the answer over the long term is too hold a bit of all three ie cash, nominal bonds and index linked bonds. We’ll have to disagree about gold! I am setting up my portfolio as well as my wifes all wrapped in an ISA, until we can hopefully meet our ISA allocation and also tuck some more into SIPPs We do not have the exact same asset allocation. Should these be viewed as 2 separate entities or should they be seen as a holistic portfolio in order to get a clearer idea of how close we may be to our goals. We are the same age and have the same goals (she just doesn’t know it yet) so there’s nothing too complicated there. What are the ‘rules’ about managing two or more portfolios? @ emanon – if your goals are the same then it’s best to treat your combined assets as one portfolio for the very reason that you suggest and so you can maximise the opportunities of any tax shelters. @all — I’ve slightly tweaked and republished this post as of 12 November 2019, in order to fill a @TA-sized hole. (He’s been doing a second edit of our long-awaited book!) Anyway, just a reminder that reader comments prior to this one from me may refer to market conditions from earlier years. 🙂 I recently came across the idea of relating bond allocation to yield. This makes a lot of sense to me. May be worth adding the concept to this post. See: Hi I’m intrigued that both Tim Hale and Larry Swedroe (at least his first approach above) appear to suggest that you have no money in equities at all once you retire. Is that a correct interpretation of their approaches? @Matt (54) I too was puzzled by this. I suppose that the theory goes something like – “If I have sufficient money to retire, and bonds provide sufficient inflation protection (perhaps not entire inflation protection, but near enough) , then why risk anything by being invested in equities?” If you’ve won the game, why risk anything? But have a look at. @TI – thanks for reviving this thread. As a paragon, I’ve just re-read the old comments. Fascinating! Many were about the relative benefits of holding long duration/short duration bonds. How did that work out over the last 7 (!!!) years? I’m also confused by investing timeframes and retirement. If I’m retiring in 10 years, is that my timeframe? I may live another 40 years, in which case is that my timeframe? Or is it halfway between them? (assuming my portfolio is divided into equal size pieces for each year…) To be honest I’ve gone for the Markowitz ‘can’t decide so let’s go 50/50’ approach. @The Borderer @Matt Hale is talking about shorter term targets like saving for a house deposit, education fees etc. Asset allocation during de-accumulation is another, albeit related, topic. This is a great article, thanks. I especially like the: The Larry Swedroe ‘NOOOOOOOO!’ rule of thumb. Not that I know when (or if) it will happen, but I think a lot of investors (including myself) who weren’t there, or didn’t have much at stake, in 2008 may get a big shock in future as they’re not used to things going down. @Fremantle. Yes, you’re right, I didn’t read the Hale section properly. Thank you I believe rules of thumb for asset allocation linked to age are fundamentally misguided. This is not simply an academic exercise, I’ve been an investor since the 1980s, hence lived through several major depressions, and now live off my investments. Let’s start with three assumptions. 1) If there is a total market failure it will not make a difference whether you’re reliant on shares, gilts, cash or a final salary pension scheme. Everyone will be broke and we’ll all be faced with starting from scratch. Think how your asset allocation strategy would have worked in Viemar Germany. Such corner cases require very different strategies. 2) I’m assuming that in the absence of such extremes as hyper-inflation that shares will outperform other assets over the long term, which I take as meaning decades. While this has generally been true in our lifetime there have been many periods in history where gilts were the go-to investment. This was certainly true prior to world war one and if you think we are in another such era then don’t buy shares. 3) You can’t time the market. Not totally true, but in general a market trend can out-last almost any ones convictions. You can have an idea of whether the market is over-valued but it is very hard to know when the chickens will come home to roost. Given these assumptions what I’m looking for is a strategy to cope with periodic slumps in the stock market. In other words I want to avoid being a forced seller of shares. But once I’ve achieved this all other assets should be invested in shares. So the question then becomes how much money do I need and this partly depends on your current circumstances. In my case I’m living off income from shares, as opposed to using capital gains. If I take as my assumption that dividends may fall by 50% for as much as ten years then I may need the equivalent of five years spending in safe assets such as cash or index linked gilts. If I relied on selling shares to generate an income then I might want enough cash to cover all my spending until the market recovered, so possibly ten years spending in safe assets. This realisation naturally drives me to having a preference for quality income stocks as it allows more allocation to shares. Worth considering when people say you can generate your income by selling shares rather than relying on dividends. If you’re still working then you are looking at totally different set of risks, principally how long you might take to find a new job if you were made unemployed during a recession. Conversely you might want to consider how much you would be willing to cut back on spending during such difficult periods, for example no foreign holidays, or even sell your car. Or look at other sources of income such as renting a room in your house, or even renting out your entire house and going travelling. However the key point is that your allocation to investments other than shares is an absolute amount rather than a percentage. Indeed as I get older, and my savings continue to grow this amount is actually a decreasing percentage of my total wealth. @Freemantle (58) Re-reading, you’re right, it’s more about fixed expenditure aims (college fees &etc). However, the case for 100 % ‘risk free’ investment in de-accumulation is seriously worth considering. True, your ‘legacy’ will be diminished, but if you don’t need to care about a legacy, then what’s to gain by taking any kind of risk? In a perfect world, if the sum of negative cashflows (i.e. annual expenditure in an assumed retirement lifespan adjusted for inflation) is equal to the present value of your investment pot, and that the pot is invested in a totally risk free investment (building society, or several bs to encompass FCA protection) that will return more than required, why then invest? As I say earlier, you’ve won, so stop. Unless, of course, a morgan plus 8 speedster is on your bucket list! On risk-free/zero equities… I’m not really one for traditional/US/@TA-style plan-to-spend-it-all de-accumulation, but as I understand it a new theory has emerged in recent years (possibly via Wade Pfau, from memory?) that you run your equities right down in the window before retirement, and then you start to add equities again post-retirement. (Maybe not down to zero, but a long way down. And then, as I say, you ramp up risky assets as you age post-retirement). I believe the idea is to avoid sequence of returns risk when you’re most vulnerable to it (about to retire, the longest ‘retirement horizon’ you’ll have). Owning more equities as you age might seem counter-intuitive (more risk) but people forget other risks diminish (specifically longevity goes down, and you also tend to spend less as you age.) From memory it was backed up by a bit of data miningmodeling. I’m in the live off your natural income brigade, of course, and find all this dancing on a pinhead modeling de-accumulation and SWRs unconvincing, but reasonable people can definitely differ on this! 🙂 On subject of natural income, de-accumulation, SWRs etc. is there any way that such relevant articles could be grouped? A bit like the Investing->Passive Investing tabs? I try and aggregate them via judiciously chosen search terms, but may well be missing some. Would be great if they were categorised/listed in some way via a heading? You might imagine someone just wanting to work there way through the whole income (both natural and total return) back catalog say 😉 @Mike Benjamin – I fear you may be double (or half) counting here. You compare living off dividends with selling down shares and state “If I relied on selling shares to generate an income then I might want enough cash to cover all my spending until the market recovered.” But in your example you’re expecting to sell some shares (or units) anyway. If the market dives 50%, you just sell less – 50% – and top up with the cash for the other 50%. So your cash bucket is exactly the same. @Mike Benjamin – although I agree fully with your point about Weimar-style collapse or hyperinflation. I’m only interested in the risks I can meaningfully mitigate and in South London that precludes guns and stockpiling food. @TI (64) Is this what you recollect? @The Borderer — Hi. Not sure. I think that it’s referencing the same research, and I probably did read that article, too, but I do seem to remember a really low equity allocation at retirement as being more prominent. I’ve read several articles about this, there were a spate of them in Weekend Readings a few years ago. 🙂 For the benefit of other readers, the article you’ve referenced doesn’t talk about low/no equities at retirement per se (then again maybe I made that bit up!?) but it does make the case for increasing equities throughout retirement: @TI (69) Yes, but I believe that the fundamental problem with this idea is “…clients will dollar cost average into markets at cheaper and cheaper valuations”. In retirement clients will not, generally, be investing new money into anything at any level that could possibly influence their portfolio. Unless the concept is that they are selling down bonds and reinvesting into equity. I’m not sure I have the faith to do that. This would be the idea, yes. You’d rebalance away from bonds and into equities. Remember as always these moves would be slow, and over time. Not particularly advocating the theory! I’m no where near retirement, but if my aim say was to secure a £30,000 income and ignoring the state pension, I’d look at an annuity for about 50-60% of it and de-accumulation for the rest. Securing your capital as you approach retirement through de-risking makes sense, but then reversing it through equity exposure also makes sense. New money could come from whatever pittance the state pension becomes, but done in a way that reduces your need to de-accumulate your sheltered pension assets. I suspect converting to income class investments will throw some of the cash for income off, but I’ll also draw down on capital as required. In respect of asset allocation in retirement I like the idea of a previous poster that the safe allocation should be an amount related to living costs rather than a % I understand the appeal of annuities as a foundation of retirement income. I’m not a fan of annuities (it’s a black box investment, no transparency, Life Companies have a poor record here, you can safely assume there are substantial charges/expenses built in to the model) I am surprised that one does not see longevity annuities (not uncommon in US) plan to deaccumulate and you survive to say 90 then an insurance annuity kicks in. Pfau did float the idea of a minimum equity allocation at retirement then increase it. Backtesting showed that sequence risk in the first decade after retirement was the biggest contributor to the risk of poor long term outcome in a maximum safe withdrawal rate sense. He was a bit equivocal about it. Since all long term periods in the data set show equities giving the best returns if you just hang in there, then it’s not surprising that equities always get the starring role. Decumulation is the issue and I think the best approach is to sort out your cash flow requirements and make sure these are covered by income and bonds for the first 10 years. Since I transferred a dB scheme into a sipp, and one big reason was to give my future widow a better income ( all the other bits of pension either cease or reduce to 50%), this is a long term strategy ( comes into effect post my death at the age of 116) so I am investing the sipp rather more heavily into equities than commonly advised ( 60% is the target). The ISAs are much more conservatively invested as this is where any significant cash call will fall. @HariSeldon – I rather think you’re giving annuities a bad press here. Hopefully TDM will be along to give his expert opinion, but to my knowledge no annuity company has ever failed and no annuity has ever failed to pay out. I think the margins on annuities are very slim and so many big providers have left the market. It’s also a heavily regulated product with some guarantees from the state. As an INSURANCE product, it’s not a bad bet. How transparent is your home insurance? After the last 10 years boom in all asset prices, I think an equivalent decade long slump in equity returns while all the QE money is bled from the system might change a few people’s opinions. My approach is “floor and upside” – secure your basic expenses and, when you want to or the market allows, withdraw from your risk portion for the extras. All these rules of thumb seem to be applicable only if you are buying an annuity, and not if you intend living off the natural yield of your portfolio. Re: The Borderers comment, the trouble is bonds – or at least gilts – don’t provide anything like inflation protection in our near zero rate world. GBP-denominated corporate bonds just about keep up with inflation, but if you are taking the full yield as income then that already puny 2% income isn’t going to keep up with inflation. I can’t see me ever dropping below around 50-55% in equities, and that doesn’t mean all the rest will be in gilts but more likely a mix of commercial property REITs, infrastructure trusts and bonds of corporate, EM and high yield flavours. I might have just 10-15% or so in cash and short dated gilts put aside to cover periods when dividends on all my other investments are cut, and can’t see that changing drastically unless gilt yields ever return to historical norms where they were higher than inflation. @ The Investor – you’re (probably) thinking of rising equity glidepaths or the bond tent: Cut equity allocation 5 t0 10 years before retirement, allow them to bob back up again (by spending down your bonds) in the years after. ERN did a deep dive into rising equity glidepaths here: So many caveats it’s unbelievable. Bottom line: Rising equity glidepaths helped a bit when equity markets were richly valued (as they are now) and you suffered a bear market in the sequence of return risk danger zone after retirement. In other words, they helped in exactly the situation you’d want them to, but not by as much as you’d hope, and in all other circumstances you were better off with a static allocation. Much depends on the returns data you use plus a bucketload of other assumptions. @ Vanguardfan – re: timeframe – depends. As others have said, Tim Hale and Larry’s Punching rule of thumb are for objectives with a definitive end point i.e. not retirement. For objectives with a definite but uncertain end point i.e. retirement then I consider my lifespan (and Mrs Accumulator’s) as our time horizon. The Markowitz / 100 minus your age / and Larry Noooo rule of thumbs all enable you to manage risk without reference to a definite time horizon. @Hariseldon – I disagree with your dim view of annuities. The research I’ve read has convinced me that they are the best tool available for managing an uncertain lifespan. The longer you live, the better the deal as mortality credits pile up in your favour. In other words, the cheaper it is to finance your super-genes at the expense of mortals who fall at earlier fences. Obvs, it wouldn’t help if the insurance company went bust but you’d be covered for 90% by the FSCS compensation scheme – which is much more generous than the investor compensation scheme. You can lower costs by shopping around and negotiating – as I did for my mum. Don’t load up on expensive features, stick to vanilla products and go for inflation-linked if you possibly can. I’m almost certainly going to buy an annuity once I get into the optimum zone around age 70-75). The major problem with annuities is the bad press and the psychological hurdle of handing over your loot while focussing on the wrong problem (might get knocked over by a bus tomorrow versus I might live to be 100). @ Brod – long duration bonds won vs short duration hands down in retrospect but I wouldn’t have fancied the risk. I’m just wondering what the thought is to investing in countries with low CAPE ratio’s? Are they actually any ETFs/Funds out there which do this? That will hold the index’s of countries with CAPE ratio’s below a certain threshold and then swap them out once they hit a certain threshold for a lower valued country’s stock market index? Giving it some thought but it would only be as a small part of my portfolio. Hi AJP, the closest thing is a Global Value ETF. iShares and Vanguard both have one.

A-Z of CATEGORIES The Category Cambridge is a subset of Cambridgeshire. The following Entities do NOT (currently) have Records in 'Open Concerts and Recitals'. Here, clicking on a Title of interest should link you to a relevant external Website (or Facebook Page): - Black Fen Folk Club - Cambridge Accordion Club - Cambridge Chord Company - Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research [Anglia Ruskin] - Cambridge Voices - Cambridgeshire Choral Society - Cantilena Singers - Centre for Intercultural Musicology [Churchill Cambridge] - Clare College Cambridge Choir - CSD Brass - East Anglian Guitarists - Jesus College Cambridge Choir - King John Orchestra - King’s College Cambridge Choir - Phoenix - Queen’s College Cambridge - St John's College Cambridge Choir ‘We offer a range of masterclasses and courses which use the rich range of historically-inspired pipe organs in Cambridge to help organists develop their skills and explore the musical insights brought by these instruments.’ 'Begun in 1934 its main aim was to encourage music making. That's still our aim. With over 120 classes, we hope it will provide an incentive for musicians of all abilities to:- * share their music with other musicians of similar talents and musical interests; * receive advice & encouragement from very experienced professional musicians.' Held Mid March. 'World-class concerts, education projects, festivals and summer schools of Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque music for all ages in Cambridge, UK.' Includes the Cambridge Festival of the Voice held Early May. ‘Your local friendly folk club ... Has always offered an eclectic mix of music which includes Folk, Blues, Americana and sometimes a little Soul ... Come along to our Friday night folk music events, where you can hear and see your local artists as well as international names on the folk scene. If you are a musician yourself, why not turn up for our Open Stage nights, where you will be able to perform in front of our audience.’ ’The Cambridge Folk Festival is one of the premier music events in Europe and one of the longest running and most famous folk festivals in the world.‘ Held Late July. 'For all classical, acoustic and flamenco guitarists. Bring your guitar and play, beginners and experienced players welcome. Or come along and listen!' 'Provides top class British and International jazz music ... As well as the “home” venue of CUC Wine Bar, Cambridge Modern Jazz also works with other music/ arts organisations in the Cambridge area to present jazz events. In recent years CMJ has worked closely with Stapleford Granary to showcase jazz concerts in their high-quality auditorium. Another successful joint project is with Cambridge Jazz Festival, which takes place every November.’ Founded 1991: ‘The’. .’ ‘We’re proud of our extensive programme of events, which includes public concerts, theatrical performances and workshops. Every semester we host a series of weekly lunchtime.’ ‘A brand new [2019] festival devoted to the creation and celebration of song ... Its aim is to bring a dedicated city-wide festival of song to the heart of Cambridge, giving life to new opportunities and audiences for the performance and enjoyment of song. Drawing together internationally-renowned artists and exceptional young musicians, the Festival features evening concerts and an afternoon class, held in some of the city's most beautiful venues.’ Held Mid February. ‘The structure of Holiday Orchestra at present is this: we have a committee of volunteers, under the rules of the Charity Commission, who organise dates, venues, bookings and a thousand details. We employ an overall Music Director who is the main source of ideas, direction, standards, contacts etc. for the organisation ... The Course Director finds and instructs tutors for every activity and is responsible for the content of the course ... At the end of each course the children present their music to an audience of family and friends, performing amazing feats of musicianship and releasing a vast amount of energy ... Holiday Orchestra runs courses three times a year in the main school holidays.’ ‘All known cultures have music, and all cultures expect their members to be able to make sense of their music by making music or listening to it. In the CMS we explore musicality as a fundamental human capacity. We investigate the full range of musical behaviour from private listening to interacting with others, whether in expert performance or just having fun. Music is not just sound: it is dynamic pattern in embodied minds, movement, and social interactions; it is shaped by biology and culture. In the CMS we study music from all these perspectives; we aims to identify its relationships with other domains of human life, particularly speech and language.’. 'As a highly rated research centre, our areas of special expertise include medieval and renaissance music, early modern music, nineteenth-century music, opera, popular music, ethnomusicology, performance studies, composition, and scientific approaches to music: research students, postdoctoral fellows, college lecturers and distinguished international visitors work on a dizzying variety of topics.' .' 'Are you an organist, a singer/chorister or instrumentalist of a very high standard? If you’d like to combine specialist musical experience with a Cambridge degree, you should consider applying for one of our Music Awards ...'Originally established in 1991 ... We play an eclectic range of music ... Our current repertoire includes arrangements of classical music as well as pieces composed specially for guitar orchestra ... We perform regularly in Cambridge and have given concerts elsewhere in the UK ... We have approximately 20 members and welcome prospective members with suitable experience.‘ ‘Cambridge Handel Opera Company (CHOC) will put on Baroque operas that celebrate the fusion of music and the stage with performances that are not just “historically informed”, but “historically inspired”. There will be meaningful integrity between what happens in the music and what happens on stage. Baroque stagecraft will be incorporated into our productions in a manner that speaks directly to audiences.’ ‘A, impressive sets, costume, design and direction.‘A friendly amateur orchestra based in Cambridge, England. We mainly play works drawn from the classical repertoire and give a concert at the end of each school term, usually on a Thursday or Saturday. The orchestra exists to promote, improve, develop and maintain public education in and appreciation of the art and science of music in all its aspects by the presentation of public concerts and recitals. Keen amateur players of any age are welcomed as new members without audition, subject to a reasonable balance between sections.’ ‘Founded in 1843, the Society has played a pivotal role in British musical life ... It has educated Sir Andrew Davis, Sir Mark Elder, Sir John Eliot Gardiner, Edward Gardner, Christopher Hogwood and Robin Ticciati, has premièred works by Brahms, Holloway, Lutoslawski, nine high-quality ensembles which offer a wide variety of musical experiences to Cambridge students.’ Founded 2012 ‘to provide quality music making for wind, brass and percussionists in the Cambridge locale. The fifty-piece band enjoys a wide-range of music playing classics from the wind orchestra repertoire, transcripts of film and TV themes alongside arrangements of popular music and specially commissioned pieces. CWB performs at least four concerts a year in Cambridge ... The Band is principally for adult amateur players and the recommended standard is grade 8 and beyond’.Choir 2000 is a community choir based in Histon, Cambridgeshire. Our members are drawn from many of the villages around Cambridge as well as parts of the city itself. We began life as a project for the Millennium, but everyone was having such a good time that it was decided to keep going ... As well as works of the standard choral repertoire, our performances have included rarely performed works, including the UK first performance of Hermann Suter's “Le Laudi”, the world premiere of Christopher Brown's cantata “Gloriana” (Queen's Golden Jubilee Celebrations), commissioned by Choir 2000, and “Winter”, part of the “Cantata for the Seasons”, by Stevie Wishart, jointly commissioned with the Ipswich Choral Society.’Collegium Laureatum (Society of Graduates) was founded in 1974 by Don Neville as an informal madrigal group of graduate students, fellows and friends of Corpus Christi College. Despite the fact that the choir has largely become town rather than gown, this distinctive name has been retained ... The choir's membership increased rapidly, outgrowing its college basis ... Membership of the choir currently stands at about 110 people and it performs a wide range of classical choral music achieving high quality performances. The choir is open to singers of all abilities.’’. Founded 2010: ‘ ... We currently give between 6 and 10 concerts per year, with 3-4 rehearsals, generally on Sunday mornings and Wednesday evenings, before concert day. We don’t expect our members – many of whom do not make their living from music – to be able to manage every one of our concerts, but clearly membership is a considerable commitment: we expect those playing in a concert to come to all rehearsals, so that the rehearsal process can be as productive and enjoyable as possible’. Formed 2007: ‘The Fabulous 4 Villages Orchestra - 4VO - is an exciting orchestra drawn primarily from musicians living in and around the four villages of Duxford, Whittlesford, Hinxton and Ickleton ... It's geared towards people who are at least grade 4 standard or who have been playing for at least four years. 4VO usually performs two concerts each year, in May and November ... The music is light, mainly themes from films and shows with the occasional popular classic thrown in’. ‘One of East Anglia’s foremost chamber choirs. Our diverse repertoire encompasses the sacred and the secular, spanning eight centuries, and has delighted audiences in Cambridge and across Europe. Our concerts range widely in mood and style, from intimate evenings of a cappella music to major choral-orchestral works with world-class soloists, but every concert offers our trademark energy, quality and warmth.’ ‘A friendly orchestra whose members play for fun, and which currently presents a winter and summer concert, performing in local venues ... Fen Edge Orchestra has its home in Cottenham, a village just to the north of Cambridge ... We don’t hold auditions and we are strictly non-competitive ... If you are looking to become a member of a relaxed and friendly group of amateur musicians, we could be the perfect orchestra to join, even if you haven’t played in years, or if you are learning a new instrument ... We have a waiting list for most instruments, but this list is purely chronological.‘ 'A friendly, Cambridge based musical theatre society for all ages ... The Society currently stages one or two major amateur musical productions each year, with an active year-round social calendar including concerts, quizzes, and, of course, trips to see both professional and other amateur musicals ....' ‘The object of the Society is to stage operatic productions and other concerts in order to provide enjoyment for members and the local community, and to support charitable causes ... There is no audition to join the chorus. Ability to read music is helpful, but not essential. Being able to remember a tune and sing it while others are singing their lines is more important! There are various resources available to help members learning their parts. After singing with GMT for one show, or one concert, members become eligible to audition for solo parts.’ Originally formed as a result of the UK Government’s national “Sing Up” program - which ran for four years from 2007. King’s College ‘helped to bring quality singing to school children across the local community, culminating in concerts at their world famous chapel. Twenty-five Cambridgeshire primary schools took part, and King’s Junior Voices was formed ... We are a free, non-auditioned Saturday morning choir for Cambridge children aged 7-13, which meets from 10.30am-12.00 in King’s College School Hall ... Older members of the choir can stay on until they are 16 in our extension group “The Robins” which stays on for an additional forty-five minutes each Saturday. Membership of this group is by invitation’. ‘Since their first public concert in 2009, the Lucy Cavendish Singers have been capturing the hearts and minds of audiences with their vibrant performances and imaginative programmes. Performing entirely from memory, the Singers bring enormous commitment and spontaneity to their songs. The varied musical background of the individual singers supports a wide-ranging repertoire from jazz and traditional music to classical pieces ... The Singers were founded at Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge. Members include fellows and alumnae of this College as well as of other Cambridge colleges, employees of the University and singers drawn from the wider community.‘ ‘The orchestra of the Cambridgeshire Mandolin and Guitar Association ... The orchestra was established in October 2004. It comprises mandolins, mandolas, guitars and bass. New members always welcome ... We present programmes of fine original music for plucked string orchestra with some high quality arrangements.’ Founded 1986: ‘We aim for excellence in all that we do and relish our innovative programming, performing a wide range of music from the Renaissance to the present day. The New Cambridge Singers are also committed to, and have a strong tradition of, the commissioning and performance of new works. Alongside our concerts in historic venues across Cambridge, we are proud to bring our music to the surrounding villages and towns as well as supporting local and national charities through our music making.‘ 'Formed in 1989 by trumpeter Paul Garner as a quintet and since 2002 the ensemble has developed into a conductor-less dectet, the formation in which it currently gives most of its concerts. This ten-piece line-up of four trumpets, four trombones, horn and tuba was made famous by the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble and continued by their successors London Brass. The ensemble also expands for a few concerts each year to perform repertoire for symphonic forces or larger, playing regularly in Ely Cathedral and King's College Chapel, often in programmes which include the organ’ ... Junior Prime Brass ‘gives regular performances in Cambridgeshire in venues such as King's College Chapel, Ely Cathedral and the West Road Concert Hall, and has appeared in the National Festival of Music for Youth’. ‘Founded in 1987 by the late Charles Sampson in response to requests for a new symphony orchestra which could harness the very talented players and music teachers, within the Eastern Counties to perform large classical repertoire to the highest standards ... A particularly important sphere of the Cambridge Orchestra's activities has been to work with local charities ... The orchestra consists of around 50 regular members. There are no subscriptions and musicians play by invitation. The orchestra performs around 5 concerts a year and rehearses in Cambridge.‘ ‘Founded in 1980 by a local businessman and keen musician, Miles Rackowe, who believed that Cambridge deserved an orchestra comprised of local musicians, performing to the highest standard. It is now acknowledged to be one of the leading orchestras of the region. The orchestra is entirely independently run, and, thanks to generous sponsorship from local businesses over the years, it has been able to perform at least three concerts a year, thus establishing itself as one of Cambridge’s more permanent musical institutions.’ ‘The principal art museum of the University of Cambridge, with world-class collections spanning centuries and civilisations.’ Events include a weekly series of early Sunday afternoon recitals: ‘Admission is by token, 1 per person, available at the Founder’s Entrance desk on a first-come first-served basis from 12.00 on the day of the concert. Space is limited and there is no standing room available. There is a voluntary collection after the concert’. ‘Apart from the “Concerts at Kings” and “Easter at King's” series, King's hosts a number of concerts, mostly during term time. These concerts include those organised by the King’s College Music Society (KCMS).’ There is also a series of frequent organ recitals, plus of course events around and about Christmas. ‘An inspiring space in South Cambridgeshire providing educational activities for all ages. We host concerts and music workshops, and a diverse range of lectures and art courses in a range of disciplines. Stapleford Granary is the home of the ACE Foundation, our parent charity, which aims to support cultural and international understanding. The converted farm buildings provide the perfect setting for shared educational and cultural pursuits.’ The acoustics of Trinity Chapel make it an excellent venue for concerts. The College Music Society organises numerous concerts during University Term, and other organizations promote concerts here ... Trinity’s magnificent mechanical-action organ is regarded as one of the finest organs in the United Kingdom. The original instrument was built by the famous "Father" Smith in 1694 and 1706 ....' 'One of Cambridge’s premiere music venues. Ideally situated only minutes’ walk from the famous Cambridge Backs and King’s College, it is renowned for its superb acoustic qualities.' ‘A comprehensive summary of the concerts taking place in the historic University City of Cambridge, England ... The Cambridge Concert Calendar includes music making from an amazing range of societies and organisations.‘ Includes Links to the Websites of over 70 local concert providers. >>>

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Pet forum for dogs cats and humans - Pets.ca > Discussion Groups - mainly cats and dogs > On topic - Pet chat, opinions, feelings and rants > I may need a support group PDA I may need a support group edwina January 17th, 2010, 06:38 PM I had to make an appointment to have my cat Bear who is 16 put to sleep this thursday. I am affraid that it will take all i can do to get to that appointment. She has been going down hill for a while now. She barely eats, and the only thing she will eat is her snacks, nothing else. She sleeps 23 hours a day, and has trouble moving around. I had hoped she would go peacefully in her sleep, but it hasnt happen. :( I know its the right thing to do, but i still have problems with the putting her to sleep part. I feel like a killer, i cant get over that, i wish i could. :cry: This is bear from last spring when she was more her self. :( bendyfoot January 17th, 2010, 06:55 PM So sorry to hear that you've had to make this difficult decision for your beloved Bear. :grouphug: It's not an easy one, but it really sounds like you've decided to offer her a loving and gentle release from what's ailing her...:grouphug::grouphug::grouphug: rainbow January 17th, 2010, 07:13 PM Aw. edwina, I'm so sorry to hear about Bear. :grouphug: You certainly are not a killer .....you are doing the final act of kindness and helping her across the bridge. :candle: hazelrunpack January 17th, 2010, 08:37 PM Being with her at the end to ease her passage to the bridge is the best gift you can give her, Edwina. :grouphug: It's a difficult decision and very hard on her human caretaker, but it truly will be a sweet release for her. So no guilt, okay, hon? :2huggers: Stay strong! :grouphug: We're here if you need us. You're both in my thoughts and prayers. :candle: Myka January 17th, 2010, 09:00 PM I recently had to euthanize my dog, and I did feel like a killer - that I had given up on her. In my case it was an emergency visit that ended with her euthanization, and in a way I think that's easier because I didn't have time to think about it until after. I think Myka appreciated that I was able to keep myself cheery through the procedure (she may have seen through my bluff), and just give her nice strokes as she went. One thing that has really helped me is to really become aware (even though it's obvious) that a pet's life span is shorter than ours, and that's just the way it is. I have recently come across a story that when a few adults were speaking about how a dog's life span is shorter than humans (after they had euthanized their dog), and the 4 year old boy piped up that he knew why. He said, "Everybody is born so they can learn how to live a good life - like loving everybody and being nice, right? Well, animals already know how to do that, so they don't have to stay as long." It's hard to accept when they are gone, but you have to remember that you provided the best life to your special cat. Remember the good times, and cherish them this week instead of dwelling on the departure. Tig's mom January 17th, 2010, 09:59 PM I am so sorry for the pain, and guilt you are faced with. You are doing this out of the genuine love you have for your sweet kitty. I will keep you both in my thoughts and prayers.:pray: Mona, (Tig's mom) growler~GateKeeper January 17th, 2010, 10:34 PM Sorry to hear Bear is not doing well :grouphug: Has she seen a vet recently for the lack of appetite, lethargy etc? Any recent bloodwork? She looked fairly spry in the pic. :goodvibes: Myka January 17th, 2010, 10:45 PM Oh, another thing that really helped me was what my mom said to do. She said to write myself a note that makes me feel better about the decision to euthanize and tape it to the photo of Myka that I had set out on the table (along with a mini shrine). My note simply says, "For Myka." It reminds me that I chose euthanasia for her. I could have been selfish and put her through a battery of tests and surgeries, but along with her age her symptoms were grave, so I chose the best option for her. You just need to keep reminding yourself. It is a tough decision, and you wouldn't make it if you didn't think it was in her best interest. Give her lots of strokes and kisses. :) My Lodi Girl January 18th, 2010, 12:07 AM I am so sorry! Remember that you won't be killing Bear, you will be releasing her. It is a terribly hard decision to make but we do it out of love for our babies. It is the last gift we give them. I will be thinking of you and Bear. :grouphug: Luvmypitgirls January 18th, 2010, 12:35 AM Edwina, I don't know what to say to ease the pain for you, but I will keep you in my thoughts and prayers, Bear too of course. I've been there, it's very difficult, and we will all be here for you before and after....I am so sorry you have to go thru this. ~hugs to you Edwina, and to Bear too. Love4himies January 18th, 2010, 07:52 AM Oh Edwina, I know how hard these decisions are :grouphug: and I certainly don't envy you. Perhaps before you make that final one, take growlers advice and get a full blood panel done just in case there is something that can be done to extend her life by a year or two. Dog Dancer January 18th, 2010, 03:50 PM It's one of the hardest things we have to do as caregivers for our furbabies, but also one of the kindest we can do. We would not want our loved ones to suffer and we certainly don't want our furry loved ones to suffer. If you've made the appointment already you know in your heart it's the right thing to do. I agree with the others if you're in doubt do a blood panel, it may give you some peace of mind. Trust your heart, it won't lead you wrong in this decision. We love them so much for such a short time, it's just not fair. You are both in my thoughts and prayers. 14+kitties January 18th, 2010, 03:55 PM :grouphug: We're here for you. edwina January 18th, 2010, 06:52 PM Sorry to hear Bear is not doing well :grouphug: Has she seen a vet recently for the lack of appetite, lethargy etc? Any recent bloodwork? She looked fairly spry in the pic. :goodvibes: She has a large inoperable tumor on her stomach. :( dogcatharmony January 18th, 2010, 07:35 PM :grouphug: Edwina, my heart goes out to you. Dee-O-Gee January 18th, 2010, 08:47 PM Edwina, please don't think of yourself as a killer. :( For Bear to be around for 16 years, you must have did EVERYTHING right and you have the biggest support group you could possible find. :grouphug: :grouphug: Frenchy January 18th, 2010, 08:51 PM I only have one advice : take her to your vet and ask for his / her opinion. Waiting for her to pass in her sleep is not always the best thing to do.When they suffer , you have to be the one to say , it's enough , we have to let them go .... you know ? I'm sorry you're going through this , but there is a wonderful support group here for you :grouphug: ancientgirl January 18th, 2010, 09:21 PM Edwina, making a decision like that is not easy. I'm sorry you are having to make a decision like this. :grouphug: growler~GateKeeper January 18th, 2010, 11:30 PM She has a large inoperable tumor on her stomach. :( Edwina I'm sorry to hear this, I was not aware of it :grouphug: Your decision is not that of a killer but a compassionate caregiver :goodvibes: Love4himies January 19th, 2010, 09:24 AM She has a large inoperable tumor on her stomach. :( Oh, no :cry: :grouphug: :grouphug: :grouphug: Please don't feel guilty abou this. You are doing the right thing by her by allowing her to pass into a pain free world. angeldogs January 19th, 2010, 09:35 AM Sorry you had to make that hard decision to help her.it's always hard to let go of the ones we love.even when it's the right compassionate thing to do. Kay9 January 19th, 2010, 06:53 PM I so understand how much pain you're in right now. I've had to make the decision you now face twice in my life, and it's gut-wrenching. The way I coped with it was by knowing, in my gut, that putting them to sleep was a profoundly loving act. I know of people who put off the decision for so long, and as a consequence their pet suffered so much longer than was necessary. Please know that you are doing the most loving, selfless act that you could ever do for your little loved one. It doesn't lessen the pain, but may somehow give you a small measure of peace. thinking of you :candle: Kay9 Golden Girls January 20th, 2010, 08:33 AM I'm sorry your going through this :( so heartbreaking :2huggers: rainbow January 21st, 2010, 03:29 AM You are in my thoughts today, Edwina. :grouphug: :candle: Winston January 21st, 2010, 06:07 AM Thinking of you and Bear today! :candle: Myka January 21st, 2010, 07:30 AM Thinking about you today. Be strong. Love4himies January 21st, 2010, 07:52 AM :grouphug::grouphug::grouphug: to you today, edwina. hazelrunpack January 21st, 2010, 10:35 AM :2huggers: Hang in there, Edwina. Thinking of you :grouphug: muggsmom January 21st, 2010, 12:20 PM My thoughts and prayers are with you and Bear today. :grouphug: edwina January 22nd, 2010, 10:56 AM Well i put Bear to sleep yesterday. :( I cryed going there, during the procedure, and all the way home. :cry: I was holding her when she passed away. :cry: It is going to take quite awhile to get this out of my head. :( But at least she isnt suffering anymore. I am going to burry her today. :rip: Bear :( hazelrunpack January 22nd, 2010, 10:59 AM She felt your love and took it with her as she passed over--what a wonderful gift you gave her, edwina! :grouphug: She was weary and the angels called her home. Now she's your guardian :angel: :candle: Bear Love4himies January 22nd, 2010, 11:09 AM :cry::grouphug:. I feel so bad for you. I know how hard this must have been, but Bear is now in a better place and the transition was made so much easier on her by having you holding her. :grouphug: ancientgirl January 22nd, 2010, 11:24 AM :grouphug:I'm so sorry you had to go through this. Rest assured, she left this world, knowing what it meant to be truly loved. rainbow January 22nd, 2010, 12:53 PM Bear knew that you loved her and being by her side to help her over the bridge was the final act of kindness. :grouphug: :rip: Sweet Bear :candle: Myka January 22nd, 2010, 06:43 PM Bear is lucky she was able to find you. Remember all the good times. Frenchy January 22nd, 2010, 07:07 PM I am so sorry for your loss :grouphug: you made the right choice , now Bear is free of pain and playing with friends at rainbow bridge. :rip: little Bear Kay9 January 22nd, 2010, 07:18 PM I did that too--cried my eyes out. When I left the house in the days following my Abbey's death, I always said goodbye to her (as I did when she was alive). It does get easier. I began a memory book of her, and I also brought my treasures of her--her collar, a lock of her hair, a favourite picture, and a poem that described my life with her--and had a local photography studio framed it all into a shadow box. It was a process that really helped me, and the shadow box is beautiful and hanging on my wall in the front room. 14+kitties January 22nd, 2010, 10:44 PM :candle::rip: Bear :candle: :grouphug: Edwina. I know it is the hardest thing you have to do. :(Many of us have been through it. We are here for you. growler~GateKeeper January 22nd, 2010, 11:48 PM :rip: sweet :angel2: Bear :candle: She is playing at the Rainbow Bridge () with those who've gone before :candle: :grouphug: Luvmypitgirls January 23rd, 2010, 04:41 PM Rest in peace Bear, :candle: Edwina, my heart goes out to you, Bear was blessed by having such a loving, devoted "mama". Tig's mom January 23rd, 2010, 05:21 PM RIP sweet Bear,:candle: May the love you shared, and your memories of your beloved Bear be of comfort to you Edwina. You remain in my thoughts and prayers. :grouphug: edwina January 23rd, 2010, 07:03 PM Thanks guys for the support, i need it. :grouphug: I had her for 16 years , its hard not having her around anymore. :( :grouphug::grouphug: I just hope she forgives me. :cry: Myka January 23rd, 2010, 08:14 PM I don't think you have to worry about forgiveness when you did something for her. Forgiveness would imply you did something against her, and that certainly isn't the case. She thanks you for a great life, and an easier transition into the next. When an animal is at their end, the final gift you can give them is eternal rest. Love4himies January 23rd, 2010, 08:31 PM Thanks guys for the support, i need it. :grouphug: I had her for 16 years , its hard not having her around anymore. :( :grouphug::grouphug: I just hope she forgives me. :cry: She does, edwina, she certainly does. You have given her peace and the most selfless gift. :cry: :grouphug: Tig's mom January 23rd, 2010, 08:46 PM Thanks guys for the support, i need it. :grouphug: I had her for 16 years , its hard not having her around anymore. :( :grouphug::grouphug: I just hope she forgives me. :cry: You loved Bear with all of your heart, and Bear loved you right back, and she does forgive you. Even though she couldn't tell you that she needed you to do what is the hardest, and most genuine acts of love and kindness you could have done for her. 14+kitties January 23rd, 2010, 10:30 PM :grouphug::grouphug: Stay strong. Bear would want that. Melinda January 23rd, 2010, 10:52 PM and she's hoping you forgive her for having to leave you. *huge hugs* rest easy knowing she felt/feels your love for her. Dee-O-Gee January 24th, 2010, 12:12 AM Edwina...I'm so sorry to hear of your loss. It was not an act of selfishness but an act of love. She is comfortable and at peace now and so must you. Thoughts and prayers Edwina--be strong. :rip: Sweet Bear :candle::candle: Magicwildwolf69 January 24th, 2010, 01:25 AM edwina so sorry for your lost. you did it for her because she was in pain. and being with her was the best thing you could do for her. it is the hardest thing for pet owners to do but remember all your happy moments it will help with the pain. :candle:bear :grouphug: to you mikischo January 28th, 2010, 07:21 PM Edwina, I'm so sorry you lost your beloved Bear.:grouphug: It is so very hard to let go. I had to make that very painful decision last year. Bear left this world knowing she was very much loved and she is now in a better place, free from pain. :candle: Run free, sweet :angel2: Bear vBulletin® v3.8.8, Copyright ©2000-2014, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.

Hello! It’s been more than a little while between drinks here, hasn’t it? I didn’t mean to be away for so long but I’m back and determined to blog here weekly for the remainder of 2016. So what has been going on in my world? A whole lot of planning for the new year. I believe I am more prepared than I’ve ever been before when it comes to my life. Which is a very welcome change! I want 2016 to be a more purposeful and ambitious year. I want to look back at the end of December and clearly see what I have achieved. I don’t want to walk away with any regrets. I’m ready to work hard to achieve all my goals for the year, as hard as that may prove to be. A few weeks back over at My Home Truths, I shared my SMART goals for 2016. I also stated that I would be checking in on these goals each month here. This, my friends, is my first update. My 2016 SMART goals Personal Run parkrun (5km) in one go, and in under 35 mins, by December. I have now undertaken 4 parkruns since the beginning of January. My pb for the year is 41.58, just under 7 mins away from my goal. Considering I’m still not allowed to jog yet I’m confident I’m going to achieve this one before the end of the year. Get back to tennis by September. My physio is happy with my knee rehab so far and I am on track to get back to tennis on schedule. Which still seems like a lifetime away, especially with all the amazing tennis I’ve been watching on TV over the last few weeks! Establish household routines and stick to them. I do have a few routines already established but time will tell if they are sustainable. Here are the routines for the kids: And a routine for me when it comes to household responsibilities which I will be concentrating on each Wednesday: Update our household budget and review each week. I still need to finalise our yearly, monthly, fortnightly and weekly budgets (which was due by the end of January) but I have set a time each week (built into the calendar below) to review how we are tracking against it. This is something I will be finalising this week now the kids are back at school. Professional Set up a work schedule by the end of January 2016. I have set up a series of Google Calendars to keep on top of my personal, professional and blogging schedules. Here’s a screenshot as an example: Overhaul my Double Scoop site by the end of February 2016. This is still on track. I knew I would have to wait until the kids headed back to school to have the opportunity to do this properly. What I have done so far, is to investigate whether I can become a provider of services under the NDIS. I would love to niche down to help those with disability to write resumes, complete job applications and become more independent by improving their written communication skills. I’m currently assessing minimum provider requirements, undertaking market research and identifying potential training courses before proceeding further with this idea. Make $2000 each month from blogging, consulting and product sales by December 2016. This is my most ambitious goal and the one I really need to hit to help support our family finances. January was a slow month and I only made $100 from a part sponsored post payment. However I fielded a number of sponsored post and advertising queries during the month and I’ve updated my media kit so I’m hoping to see things gain momentum through February. Nathan has also reviewed the first draft of my family travel & autism guide so my focus in February is to complete the second draft, ready for further review. I hope to get this out there for sale by the end of March and then focus on completing my guide to surviving redundancy so I can get it ready for sale by the end of April. The more products I have in the marketplace, the greater my chance to generate an income. The other ways we are looking to generate income is through consulting work via my Double Scoop site and by creating passive income through affiliate marketing on niche websites. We are currently finalising our niche keywords in readiness to get these sites up and running. The plan is to have the first of our niche sites up and running by the end of March with two more to quickly follow. Blogging Achieve 500 page views per day on My Home Truths by the end of December 2016. This is another ambitious goal but I’m confident I can do it. I have made good ground already in January. Over the Christmas period (when I was not actively blogging) I was averaging 50 readers a day. Since January 11 (when I started actively blogging again) I have been averaging 180 a day which is a significant improvement. I would like to see my page views climb to an average of 230 a day by the end of February. I aim to do this by regular posting, participation in linkups, sharing posts in special needs parenting groups and continuing to be active in the Stumble Upon Aussie Bloggers facebook group (which has already helped in increasing views and introducing some of my old content to my newer readers). Build an email list by the end of February. I have one but it’s small and I would love to have 1000 subscribers by December 2016. I did attract a few more subscribers through January so my email list now numbers 43. I also have 71 people following me on Bloglovin and another 40 following me on WordPress. I need to develop an opt-in to draw more readers and to convert some of these other followers into email subscribers. I’m planning on having my email opt-in and initial sequence completed by the end of February. Have 1000 followers on each SM platform by the end of December 2016. Again I have been making good ground in January, using a range of strategies, including guest posting (my two posts over at The Organised Housewife helped me gain more followers on Facebook & Pinterest in particular), participating in social media follower activities and taking more time to find, create and share quality content. I’ve also improved my reach, particularly on Facebook, due to sharing quality content and creating more targeted posts. My reach for the last week was 5657 which is a huge jump for me. Considering my likes on Facebook are still just under the 1000 mark I’m really pleased with this improvement. My SM follower numbers as at the end of January are: YouTube – 3 (+ 3 – hooray!) BTW – feel free to follow me on any of the above platforms 🙂 I want to become a recognised expert in special needs/autism parenting by July 2016. This goal has helped me in developing strategic guest posting and topic ideas for My Home Truths and it’s already yielding results. Two guest posts over at The Organised Housewife has helped attract more special needs parents and a post I published last week on the stress of being an autism parent has also drawn in more readers. I am consciously January), to post at least once a week here on Smarter Happier (which is my aim from now on) and to post at least once a fortnight over at Double Scoop from February 2016. I have set up an editorial calendar and have populated it with my blog posts for all platforms for February. It’s been surprisingly easy to stick to so far and has definitely taken a bit of the stress out of blog writing: Considering I had the kids and my husband with me here at home during January I’m pleased with my progress so far. My progress in February will be crucial in my bid to attract the readers and subscribers needed to help me generate the income I aspire by the end of the year.. Wow – so organised! Go you! Let’s see whether i can actually stick to it Lydia! Kirsty Russell recently posted…I must confess…my guilty TV pleasures Wow Kirsty, you certainly do look super organised and I really hope you achieve all your goals in 2016! I love those checklists that you have created for the kids! Great idea! I look forward to following your journey Thanks Zita. I bought pinboards today so I can hang them up in their rooms as a constant reminder of what comes next. Eventually it will become second nature but we’re not there yet! Kirsty Russell recently posted…I must confess…my guilty TV pleasures Your lists are truly amazing! Great job keeping yourself accountable by updating on your goals. It’s the only way I’m ever going to have a chance to achieve them Jess but I’m pleased that I’ making progress already! Kirsty Russell recently posted…I must confess…my guilty TV pleasures Good for you! I feel I need to read and re-read this and learn more about how to get and engage with more readers. I am blogging in different places via guest posts too. I like how you are making progress Kirsty! I wish you well with Double Scoops too. Go girl! Denyse Thanks D. Feel free to come back and read anytime. If there is anything you want to know more of in particular let me know – i’d be happy to write a specific post or go through things in more detail with you 🙂 Kirsty Russell recently posted…I must confess…my guilty TV pleasures I love that you are putting it out there. It makes it real Natalie @ our parallel connection recently posted…Believe in yourself Thats it does Nat – I definitely have nowhere to hide now! Kirsty Russell recently posted…I must confess…my guilty TV pleasures I think I need a little lie down now after reading that … LOL just kidding. I think $2K a month is very doable; I’ve just started my 3rd year in business and I’ve been making more than that for a while now. It’s exciting watching it generally go up although there are quiet times too (typically over Christmas/January). I have reached a new high on my blog this year, consistently pulling around 200 uniques (300+ page views) per day (except weekends). So I’ll race you for that 500 page view goal!!!! You have quite a few more subscribers on your email list than me, I only started mine in December 😉 … it’s v hard to get motivated to bring out a monthly newsletter when less than 20 people are currently getting it! So I gave myself January off 😉 . That’s so good to hear Janet. You know I have been thinking about creating a mastermind group of sorts where those of us in business can compare notes and help each other along the way. If you wanted to be a part of something like that, let me know. i have a few other like minded people in mind too. And let’s definitely race each other to 500. I know we can do it! Kirsty Russell recently posted…I must confess…my guilty TV pleasures Yes that sounds good! Janet aka Middle Aged Mama recently posted…Fashionomics Report: January Your goals look awesome. I love that you’ve broken down the day for the kids too. I think I might have to steal it to use for Dyllan. Wishing you all the best in achieving your goals for 2016! Tegan recently posted…Holiday guilty pleasure TV Go ahead and steal it. Although if you wait a couple of days I’ll put up a template on my blog that will make it easier for you! Kirsty Russell recently posted…I must confess…my guilty TV pleasures Excellent! Go you and your goals. Due to starting a new full time job in Jan I told myself NOT to try anything fancy or new for a little while. Which I did well in January but now I can feel myself wanting to move forward. Right now I’m kind of holding myself back in project space until I’m happy with blogging on schedule. Ideally I would like to be 3 months ahead in content across all of my blogs. Vanessa recently posted…Why I’m Loving Scrivener I would love to be 3 months ahead too Ness – I’m working on it though! Such a great plan/schedule you have there. Definitely got your eye on the prize. I wrote a similar post today in that I set myself many challenges for 2016 as I also want to see a level of achievement by years end, 2015 was a real non event for me . Having the discipline to stick to my own routine will be the hardest for me, Im not good at routine. You have inspired me a bit more though so thank you. Cheers to a year of productivity & kicking goals.

>>." Why bother? (Score:5, Insightful). Re: (Score:1) Blockchain certificate authority might fix that Re: (Score:1) Yeah I like to download 10 GB of binary before I can visit webpages. Especially on my smartphone. Namecoin in client-server mode (Score:2) Re: (Score:3, Informative) Already now I have the trusted third party option. Moxie has started a service offering this: [convergence.io] Re: (Score:2) Yea, running your PKI infrastructure on a VPS is always the way to go, makes total sense since you're not trusting other third parties to verify things that you would trust a third party to provide you with a virtual instance to run it on ... Do you even understand how a VPS or VM work? What attack? (Score:2) Re: (Score:1) There are indeed examples of both "break out" and "break in" attacks for various types of hypervisors, although very little evidence of anyone exploiting them. Then again, there was very little evidence of the stuff the NSA & GCHQ have been doing, so I won't assume they're not being actively exploited by someone. Re:Why bother? (Score:5, Insightful) Re: (Score:1) Yet again, another person who can't distinguish between the technology and a particular application of that technolog........ Typical engineer bullshit. We always hear how the users are to blame. Sorry; the people who design the interface which enforces this single CA stupidity are to blame for the fundamental security failures of SSL. Long before SSL was released in 1995, PGP had been released (1991!!!) with a public key based web of trust. SSL deliberately chose to ignore that. If we had been able to insist on multiple CAs per site or prioritize CAs and put more trust towards ones that were worthy and independent of governm Re: (Score:2) Monkey Sphere [mozilla.org] Re: (Score:1) Your extreme cynicism may lead to dementia. Re: (Score:3) Browsers have come with far too many CAs installed for many years now. [slashdot.org] Re: (Score:2). OK, Moxie. We get the message. You aren't fooling anyone with the AC post, dude. Re: (Score:3). Nothing in OpenSSL forces you to trust any CA's you don't want to trust. Heck you don't even have to use certificates at all (TLS-PSK, TLS-SRP) I think it is a mistake to confuse deployment failures with implementation failures with specification failure.. while there are often linkages between these things it is hard to accept that proliferation of hundreds of CA's all with overlapping global scope is anything but a deployment failure. Re: (Score:3) I'd say the horrendous state of ssl certiciate security has aspects in all three categories. Specification failure: Certificates can only be signed by a single CA, no mechanism for multiple signatures on a cert to give a greater assurance level. No mechanism to limit a CA to a subset of the dns heirachy. Implementation failure: Major implementations include an insane default CA list*, poor handling of certificates of different trust levels (clever use of redirects can allow interception of form data for an EV Re: (Score:1) LibreSSL isn't close enough to an American-agenda (NSA). America needs to pursue insecure OpenSSL to find new levels of incompetence. Too little too late? (Score:2) . This can only be a good thing, right? Re: (Score:3) Hiring two fulltime dedicated programmers? Seems like a good thing to me. Submitting their work to a separate entity for auditing and verification? Sounds like a good thing to me. As long as the various business entities involved in the auditing stick to that mandate and don't start trying to directly influence the development or design of OpenSSL, it all sounds good to me. Otherwise, we're likely to end up with CDE, the Re: (Score:1) Let's just bear in mind the old saying, "A camel is a horse designed by committee." Which would you rather have in a desert? That comittee must have been pretty good. Re: (Score:2) They also handle snow and winter a lot better. Bactrian camels can easily survive several days long snowstorms outdoors - conditions that would kill the sturdiest horses. But back on topic, what's worse if the animal is designed by marketing. Then you end up with a duckbilled platypus. It may be feature rich, but it can't do the job of a horse (or camel). OpenSSL and what else. (Score. Re:OpenSSL and what else. (Score:5, Informative) The issue that I find, is that OpenSSL is the only Open Source Player out there. But It is not the only SSL/TLS game in town. There is also GnuTLS and Network Security Services (NSS). Re: (Score:3) In Ubuntu or Debain... Can you Apt-get Apache to use these instead? Actually that is a serious question. I never saw those as an option. Re: (Score:2) I don't have an Ubuntu/Debian box at my disposal at the moment. You could try or though. It would probably be named some variant of that. Re:OpenSSL and what else. (Score:5, Informative) There are alternatives, although I can't comment on how they compare with OpenSSL. GnuTLS [gnutls.org] (LGPLv2.1) Mozilla Network Security Services [mozilla.org] (Mozilla Public License) PolarSSL [polarssl.org] (GPL2 and proprietary). MatrixSSL (GPL and proprietary [matrixssl.org] Re: (Score:2) Re: (Score:2) IIRC recent versions of gnutls are under a LGPLv3+/GPLv2+ dual license. I belive mozilla NSS is under the standard mozilla tri-license but i'm not positive on that. Re:OpenSSL and what else. Umm...LibreSSL (Score:4) FYI: LibreSSL is a fork of OpenSSL that started over a month ago. [libressl.org] [libressl.org] Re: (Score:2) Be careful with libressl though, the developers have been stripping out what they see as the wrong approach to portability and currently only support openbsd. There have been third party ports to other operating systems but great care is needed when making such ports as assumptions that hold on openbsd but not on other platforms may go unnoticed. A badly done port of libressl could easilly end up significantly worse than openssl. Re: (Score. Several SSL implementations support the OpenSSL API including GnuTLS (open source) NSS is also open source with shims available to help those porting from OpenSSL. Having never used them I can't vouch for how useful they are in the real world... assume out of total ignorance they are worthless for anything but the basic SSL_* operations. Re: (Score:2) The OpenBSD folks forked OpenSSL into LibreSSL. In addition to checking security, they are doing general code cleanup, removing unnecessary/dead code. They did a talk recently about what they've accomplished:?... [youtube.com] IMO [as a programmer of 40+ years (30+ with C)], the programming style of the code is horrible. One of the functions that produced heartbleed is called dtls1_process_heartbeat. For starters, it has one of the worst indenting schemes I've seen and seems to violate m Share and Share Alike (Score:5, Insightful) While I applaud the efforts and support I do hope that the work of others [opensslrampage.org] will not be ignored. The audit is great news, but I do hope the existing and new developers will look to LibreSSL for code updates, ideas and their own audit results. If we can get a nice bidirectional and completely cooperative flow between the two projects than hopefully the final result will be a highly secured, audited product that we can all use. Re: (Score:3) The problem with OpenSSL Rampage is that a major part of their approach is basically to rip everything out of OpenSSL that isn't relevant to OpenBSD, which is generally the code relevant to platforms OpenSSL supports but OpenBSD doesn't. Re: (Score:2) At first glance I agree and that is essentially what they are doing. But I do believe (can't find a link to back me up but can swear I read it somewhere) that the idea is to make LibreSSL as secure and robust as possible for OpenBSD and then start porting it to other systems, with the exceptions of course being Windows 3.1, VMS, etc. This makes sense to me; start with a known good reference implementation that uses as much of the old code as possible, just heavily cleaned up and then move on to porting (rep Re: (Score:2) And even if Theo and crew don't port it themselves I would pretty much bank on the fact that, say, someone at Debian will take the BSD code and port it to Linux - it's not as if OpenBSD will have a problem with this. The problem with crypto is it's really easy to end up with something that works but isn't secure. Libressl and openssl take different approaches. Openssl's appoach is to rely on the OS as little as possible. Libressl is targetted at openbsd and relies heavilly on library features provided by openbsd.... [blogspot.no]... [blogspot.no] If and when there is a linux port of libressl that is blessed by the libressl team then it might be worth considering but a bad port of libressl Re: (Score:2) Agreed, it doesn't take much to fuck up security in an effort to make it easier. The road to hell and all that. I still cringe a little every time I have to install openssh-blacklist on Debian but in the end I think it's helpful that they are identifying the pieces that rely on specific OS and/or hardware support. By isolating these pieces for BSD they only make it easier to identify the missing bits in other OS's. Do we really need OpenSSL support for Windows 3.1? VMS? Start with the most obvious needs (Mo vms (Score:1) Most of what they are ripping out is archaic, un-realistic, or poor implementations platforms. You could argue that hacked-support for too many platforms is part of the reason openssl is in the position its in today - if you can't do it right (or don't have the resources to), don't do it. Name a platform other than VMS, they've ripped out and that you need : ) Re: (Score:2) In another comment, I posted a link to the talk that the libreSSL people gave on what they're doing. It's not really true that what they come up with won't run on other platforms. They're just removing a ton of "#if defined(OPENVMS) && (! defined(WIN32))" in favor of assuming a POSIX compliant libc. Even WinX now has that. They're taking the "shim" approach. For example, they have two BSD-only functions: explicit_bzero [will _not_ be optimized away by the compiler--just calls bzero] and arrayall "Audit"? Try massive rewrite. (Score:5, Insightful). Re: (Score:2) I recently had reason to look at the hashing code. It's all written in f**ing macros. Re: (Score:3) Meanwhile, in Git's crypto code. [kernel.org] (Linked from this blog entry. [blogspot.co.uk]) would you rather have inline assembly? (Score:3) By writing it in macros the code is moderately human-readable, while giving the performance benefits of actually being written in assembly. By doing it that way the compiler also has the opportunity to optimize the assembly somewhat. Re: (Score:2) The C macro is a form of computer life that ranks several rungs below C++ templates on the evolutionary scale, somewhere below the common louse and just above slime mold. Re: (Score:3) I saw those slides. There were 17 levels of #ifdefs [openbsd.org] in the code. Every ifdef is a binary switch, which means 2^17 different iterations of source code.(!!!!!) That's 131072 different compiles (!!!!!!). So, lets pretend that a config/make sequence just needs 10 minutes (unlikely, they have an oddball config script that isn't like autoconf). To hit 17 levels of ifdef, you'd need approx 910 computer-days just to do all the compiles. Do you think they tested this matrix? I hate to beat up on a bunch of people Re: (Score:2) I saw those slides. There were 17 levels of #ifdefs in the code. Wouldn't surprise me if people commenting on hyperbole have never actually seen the source code to OpenSSL or any other open source library. They are all universally littered with ifdefs and compatibility layers from the dawn of civilization with entire suites of meta-programs (e.g. autotools) devoted to making it all work. When managed properly these things are a non-issue. Re: (Score:2) I have an answer to anyone who comes later to look at the code and says, "WTF??" - "Historical reasons!" This covers the seven different hacks that resulted from the hardware changing, the requirements being uprooted and new ones being grafted on, bad design decisions, and 14 years of mods to handle various idiosyncracies of different machines and OS that the dang code had to run on in those 14 years. Re: (Score:1) Well yes, if you only target a single platform, that sure makes it easier. One big mistake? (Score:1) This is not one big mistake. It's a series of inept decisions about maintainability and auditability that finally culminated in "one big mistake". (Which, btw, probably cost on the order of at least 10M$ in wasted time.) The problem was not so much the big mistake itself, but the culture and attitude that lead to it. Re: (Score:3) I've been on Slashdot too much, i read it as "10 Micro$softs of wasted time" Re:"Audit"? Try massive rewrite. (Score:5, Insightful) ...Humans make mistakes. Clever people make just as many mistakes.... You left out the part about clever people not continuing to make the same mistakes over and over. . The problem with OpenSSL is not that mistakes were made. The problem is that mistakes were made and the developers did not learn from those mistakes, did not seem to care about fixing those mistakes, and did not care about preventing similar mistakes from recurring. Re:"Audit"? Try massive rewrite. (Score:4, Insightful) The problem is that mistakes were made and the developers did not learn from those mistakes, did not seem to care about fixing those mistakes, and did not care about preventing similar mistakes from recurring. To play Devil's advocate (or rather, advocate of the developers): if they were a properly resources software-development team, they might have been better able to pay off the technical-debt accumulating in the codebase. Hopefully this injection of resources will change things for the better. (The LibreSSL crew seem to be making good progress on the technical debt front, also.) Re: (Score:2) the problem being that how there are 2 sets of resources doing the same thing.... a shame really since neither one will probably be fully successful at paying down all the technical debt. Re: (Score:2) ....technical-debt accumulating in the codebase... Are we playing buzzword bingo? If so, I concede, you win. . Re: (Score:2) Nope. Are you not familiar with the idea of technical debt [wikipedia.org]? That I can recall, I've only ever seen it used by technical people, never by managers or marketers. Re: (Score:2) Humans make mistakes. Clever people make just as many mistakes. Occasionally they make huge, multiple-death causing mistakes That's not what happened here. This was making a mistake, then instead of addressing it, building someone on top of it, and making a mistake in that, and then rather than addressing it, and so on ad infinitum. One big mistake is not a reason to scorch and salt the earth. Good thing that's not what is happening. Good thing you didn't log in, you wouldn't want that kind of bullshit associated with a name. Re: (Score:3) > ... One big mistake is not a reason to scorch and salt the earth. s Re: (Score:2) More than that I think this is a matter of not having the resources to deal with the codebase because OpenSSL just isn't all that sexy and man hours aren't just being thrown at that project. Much of the code that LibreSSL is removing was already tagged for removal but the man hours weren't there to take it out and throughly test the results. Now that all hell has broken loose more man hours are being thrown at it. Where were these awesome LibreSSL folks before the blowup? I'm sure plenty of people were wrong direction. (Score:5, Insightful) seriously pumping openssl full of cash at this point is like buying new deck chairs for the titanic. Re: (Score:1) Re:wrong direction. (Score:4, Insightful). Re: (Score:3) seems to me it was old fashioned corporate greed and rubberstamping that burned them. openssl foundation just doing FIPS consulting gigs for $1M /year Re: (Score. I don't think companies really "have enough resources" to rewrite OpenSSL. The problem is that you can't just throw money at a project and have stuff happen. You need people to implement those changes. And we're still in the clutches of the software crisis. [wikipedia.org] The problem with OpenSSL is that it is really, really bad code. [youtube.com] It's security code, which few people have the expertise to handle. It has an idiosyncratic style, which few people want to look at, it's so painful. And it is so littered with backwards comp [opensslrampage.org] Re: (Score:2) I like the idea of the "improve" strategy for OpenSSL, in addition to LibreSSL. This is the advantage of open source. I expect that each project will benefit from the perspective of the other, and as OSS projects they will hopefully cooperate to assure that the libraries interoperate. In the long run, it's not unlikely that the two will re-merge. The OpenBSD folks seem less inclined to that historically, but there are a number of projects where that has occurred - Compiz and Beryl come to mind. So thes Re: (Score:2) Yeah, been reading OpenSSL Valhalla Rampage [opensslrampage.org] Once it is released in Linux, I'm definitely switching. Re: (Score:2) seriously pumping openssl full of cash at this point is like buying new deck chairs for the titanic. It is great to see interest in improving OpenSSL yet bug fixes and deletion of compatibility layers in my opinion is in much the same category as purchase of new deck chairs. If "we" were serious we would re-architect it from scratch to be secure by design... endeavor in which nobody is currently publically known to be engaged. I hope one or both of the teams seriously considers it. I also hope "dino dung" bravado is replaced with realization everyone is on the same side. Re: (Score:2) After seeing your note, I did a bit of searching and could not find anything significant. The only issues were those raised by Brad Knowles in 2004, which IMO were adequately addressed by the OpenNTPD folks shortly thereafter. I did not find anything else except for a bug found in Debian in 2007. The BSD team's responses noted that the purpose of OpenNTPD was not to be a complete clone of the original, but to be sufficient for most uses with security and cleanliness as the primary goals. In that context LibreSSL For Me (Score:3, Insightful) Two developers added to an already crummy project? Ha! I'll send my money to the OpenBSD project, instead. OpenSSH and pf are just two examples of how they got the job done when outside projects fail to deliver. They'll do the same with LibreSSL, and in a year most everybody will have switched. Send the OpenBSD project some money: Re: (Score:2) Yes, do please contribute. And if you simply don't want to give your money to them at least go buy a CD or coffee mug [openbsd.org]. Every little bit helps! Something needs to change (Score:1) Two developers for a core piece of software used by nearly the entire network industry. Hooray!! (slow sarcastic clap) That's chump change for the big organizations involved. That's less than chump change. It wouldn't even catch the eye of brain dead bottom line accountant. It's probably tax deductible too. Something needs to change. Re: (Score? Re: (Score? You have no idea what you are talking about. Makes me think if you have browsed the source code of any UNIX program? Re: (Score:1) It's probably tax deductible too. Supposing they did not escape all taxes yet. Re: (Score:1) Supposing they did not escape all taxes yet. Take off your tinfoil hat. Stop spreading the myth that these companies don't pay taxes. If they didn't, the IRS would be all over them. Re: (Score:1) Take off your tinfoil hat. Stop spreading the myth that these companies don't pay taxes. If they didn't, the IRS would be all over them. The point of comments like that is not that these companies don't pay all taxes required by law, but that current tax laws & tax treaties with foreign jurisdictions allow you to create corporate structures like the double Irish Dutch sandwich [wikipedia.org] which effectively pay no tax at all. Re: (Score:2) It's probably tax deductible too. No, the OpenSSL foundation is a for-profit consultancy whose primary business purpose is US government FIPS support contracts. Darn it all to heck (Score:2) Given the fact that projects like this have a tendency to shut down in the middle of security audits, it must be curtains for OpenSSL. Just look at what happened to TrueCrypt! . . . pst, it's a joke . . . Re: (Score:1) It would be nice, however, if Slashdot had picked up in the biggest piece of Tech news in the last several months and actually reported TrueCrypt's demise. Kill it with fire (Score:4, Funny) I dont trust it anymore (Score:1) Question: Why spend money and resources on OpenSSL when you can spend it on LibreSSL? Question: Is OpenSSL currently useful for intelligence agencies? Question: Can the same be said for LibreSSL when it is done? no credibility (Score:3) the fact that these companies haven't even addresses the other MASSIVE flaw with openssl (which the OpenBSD team has dealt with already) shows they have no grasp of the issues Re: (Score:1) Support for RSA and ECC accelerators? They dealt with that. Gone. Support for symmetric crypto accelerators? They dealt with that. Gone. Vectorized C and ASM cipher implementations? They dealt with that. Gone. Portability to *anything* not OpenBSD? They dealt with that, too. LibreSSL - "how to turn a crusty SSL library into a academic toy" Re: no credibility (Score:1) The accelerators are still there. They just use OpenBSD's unified /dev/crypto interface. In fact, for years OpenBSD's OpenSSL was the only one that did HW acceleration out-of-the-box and with no configuration except a single sysctl.conf option. Re: (Score:2) nonsense, it was the openssl code that had crufty incorrect methodology for being "portable", #ifdef hell and a contrived c dialect. The openbsd team's changes are making the code easily portable just as openssh and their other major projects are, and after building the openbsd version they'll then focus on the portable version Security audit?!! (Score:2) I hope they don't shut the project down... abruptly and without warning... Re: (Score:2) You mean with warning... not to use OpenSSL, but rely on Microsoft's NSA-infested crypto-libraries like TrueCrypt did with its BitLocker recommendation? I'm thinking of other acronyms (Score:2) Re: I'm thinking of other acronyms (Score:2) not a crypto problem (Score:2) So don't bring in cryptographers. Heartbleed was a bonehead entry level programming error based on some arguably foolish decision about performance improvements. Read the code cleanup comments at libressl.org.

Cardiff (Welsh: Caerdydd (TV: Boom Town)), originally known as St James, (TV: Dead Man Walking) was the capital and largest city of Wales. A spacetime rift was located near Roald Dahl Plass, where Torchwood Three were based. As a result of the Rift, Torchwood dealt with frequent incursions and anomalies, most often involving aliens. The city was also noted for its unexplained disappearances. (TV: Everything Changes, Adrift, et al.) HistoryEdit Cardiff's location. (TV: Army of Ghosts) Founding of the cityEdit In 27 AD, the city of Cardiff was founded. Jack Harkness, the leader of Torchwood Three, had travelled back to that time period at the insistence of his brother Gray. Gray and his unwilling accomplice John Hart buried him. The immortal Jack remained underground until 1901. (TV: Exit Wounds) St JamesEdit In the 15th century, Cardiff was a small parish called St James. Some of the earliest depictions of the Grim Reaper originated from this small community, especially from wood carvings dating back to 1479, when Duroc walked the Earth. When the townspeople heard about the Black Death, they built a large wall around their land. Sadly, this did not save the life of a little girl named Faith. According to legend, the town's priest brought her back to life using a gauntlet, but Faith brought Duroc with her. The entity needed to kill 13 people in order to gain a permanent hold on the Earth, but Faith managed to stop it at 12. (TV: Dead Man Walking) 19th centuryEdit Over the 19th century, St James expanded into a city. At some point, it was renamed Cardiff. (TV: Greeks Bearing Gifts, Dead Man Walking) On Christmas Eve, 1869, Charles Dickens' reading of A Christmas Carol in the Taliesin Lodge was interrupted by a Gelth possessing the deceased Mrs Peace. Later that evening, Gwyneth made a bridge through the Rift to allow the Gelth to come through and take over human corpses. Rather than inhabiting a few bodies, the Gelth, numbering in the billions, wished to wipe out all of humanity. Gwyneth lit the gas-filled crypt with a match, trapping the Gelth. (TV: The Unquiet Dead) When escaping from Satellite Five in 200100 to search for the Doctor, Captain Jack Harkness landed in 1869 using his Vortex Manipulator, which subsequently broke. (TV: Utopia) Torchwood Cardiff, a branch of the Torchwood Institute later called Torchwood Three, was established here, with Jack joining around the turn of the 20th century. (TV: Fragments) In the Victorian era, the Marquess of Bute built Cardiff Castle as it stood in the 21st century. (AUDIO: Outbreak) 20th centuryEdit Torchwood Cardiff continued to exist. In 1901, the Jack Harkness that was buried in 27 A.D. was discovered by his associates. As a past version of Jack was already working for Torchwood, he demanded to be put inside a cryo-chamber for the next century to avoid crossing his own timestream. (TV: Exit Wounds) In 1904, the Palisades Theatre was opened. (TV: From Out of the Rain) During World War II, refugees from the Blitz in London travelled through here, changing trains at Cardiff Station. Like London, Cardiff was bombed during the war. (TV: Ghost Machine) Dr. Charles Quinn was killed in one such air raid. (TV: To the Last Man) On 31 December 1999, Cardiff participated in the worldwide millennium celebrations which were covered on British television. While Jack dealt with a "Millennium Bug", Torchwood Cardiff leader, Alex Hopkins, killed his teammates out of mercy, having seen the 21st century, and gave command of the Hub to Jack before killing himself as the year 2000 arrived. (TV: Fragments) 21st centuryEdit 2000sEdit On 5 March 2005, Cardiff city centre was briefly "brought to its knees" during the Auton invasion of Earth (AUDIO: One Rule) which was brought about by the Nestene Consciousness animating plastic using the London Eye as a transmitter before it was defeated by the Ninth Doctor. (TV: Rose) The Lord Mayor of Cardiff, Roy Llewellyn, was murdered by a local councillor named Barry Jackson at about this time. Jackson, who desired the position of Mayor for himself, both for personal gain and acting on the orders of the Committee, used the invasion, announced to the public as a 'terrorist attack', to cover his act up among the casualties. (AUDIO: One Rule) Jackson proceeded to use an alien device that controlled an unidentified blue, monstrous creature to murder his rivals for the position of Mayor. Over the three weeks until 26 March 2005, the creature murdered five local councillors in a spate of beheadings on Jackson's orders. Despite the intervention of Yvonne Hartman on that night in attempting to stop the creature, it proceeded to murder Ross Bevan, Julie Jones and finally Helen Evans, leaving Jackson unopposed for the position of Mayor. Hartman had worked out Jackson's plot and confronted him at his apartment, threatening to kill him for murdering innocent people and using alien technology to create scenarios that endangered the country. However, as she needed a spy in an official position to keep an eye on Torchwood Three and the Committee, she decided to let Jackson remain alive on the condition that he work for her. As a result, Jackson became Mayor of Cardiff. (AUDIO: One Rule) Blon Fel-Fotch Passameer-Day Slitheen, under her guise of Margaret Blaine, was elected as Lord Mayor of Cardiff following her escape from the destruction of 10 Downing Street. She planned to demolish Cardiff Castle and to construct the Blaidd Drwg (English: Bad Wolf) nuclear power station. She planned on using a tribophysical waveform macrokinetic extrapolator as a pan-dimensional surfboard to escape the solar system after Earth's destruction. (TV: Boom Town) The extrapolator and the TARDIS begin to rip open the Cardiff Rift. (TV: Boom Town) Circa September 2006, the Ninth Doctor, Rose Tyler and Jack Harkness (who from his timeline had not yet joined Torchwood), travelled to Cardiff to refuel the Doctor's TARDIS and to meet up with Mickey Smith. The group discovered this plot. The rift partially opened, causing an earthquake. (TV: Boom Town) Jack once said to Trine-E and Zu-Zana that he'd bought a pair of jeans from a Top Shop store in Cardiff. (TV: Bad Wolf) During the ghost shift craze of 2007, ghosts, actually Cybermen from Pete's World, were forecast as appearing in Cardiff. (TV: Army of Ghosts) By this time, humans living in Cardiff had started to notice and take advantage of the alien presence on their world. Illicit merchants for alien artefacts traded in the city and profited off them. These included the "Ghost Machine", which had fallen through the Rift. (TV: Ghost Machine) An underground "fight club" where the alien Weevils fought humans also briefly existed. (TV: Combat) Not knowing exactly how to use it, part of Torchwood Three team used the Rift Manipulator in order to rescue two of their number out of the past. (TV: Captain Jack Harkness) The resulting disturbance caused disruptions in time to occur all over Earth, especially in Cardiff. Then, persuaded by Bilis Manger, Torchwood Three used the Rift Manipulator to repair the damage, but also released Abaddon, a demonic being which killed countless of people throughout the city. (TV: End of Days) Days later, the Tenth Doctor and Martha stopped in Cardiff to refuel, whereupon Jack Harkness, having just left Torchwood Three, hitched a ride on the outside of the TARDIS. (TV: Utopia) Jack returned to Torchwood some time later having changed his mind about leaving. (TV: Last of the Time Lords, Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang) St Teilo's Hospital started being demolished. As a result of this, time shifts between 1918 and the 21st century started occurring. Tommy Brockless, with the help of Torchwood Three travelled back in time to "stitch" the shifts and stop 1918 and the 21st century from colliding with one another. (TV: To the Last Man) When Owen Harper was brought back to a state of undeath with the resurrection gauntlet, he brought about the return of Duroc at St Helen's Hospital. Duroc was thwarted once again before he could reach 13 victims. (TV: Dead Man Walking) The Cybermen surround the Doctor's TARDIS in Cardiff. (COMIC: The Doctor and the Nurse) Later, John Hart, under control from Gray set off explosions in key locations across Cardiff and released an army of Weevils into the open causing maximum panic and terror. Torchwood Three cleaned this up, preventing the nuclear power station from going into meltdown, but losing Owen and Toshiko Sato in the process. Jack Harkness went back in time to be buried beneath Cardiff before its construction, but was later discovered inside the Torchwood cryo-chamber vaults. (TV: Exit Wounds) Cardiff was infected with the Good Thinking virus by Heights Pharmaceuticals, resulting in the city being quarantined per a minister's plans to have the British public "inoculated" with Provictus. The situation was resolved by Torchwood. (AUDIO: Outbreak) In 2013, the Eleventh Doctor visited Cardiff with Rory Williams to refuel the TARDIS using the Rift. They were captured by Cybermen. (COMIC: The Doctor and the Nurse) When the city went blind, the police gathered people at Bute Park, which was Yvonne Hartman's plan. (AUDIO: See No Evil) Shortly after, the whole city was put to sleep by the Night Sun, which fed harmlessly on the citizens' dreams. (AUDIO: Night Watch) The Committee arranged for a tsunami to hit Cardiff by manipulating God and Norton Folgate. Yvonne Hartman alerted the emergency services quite some time after learning of the oncoming tsunami, (AUDIO: Eye of the Storm) resulting in a substandard response which led to the deaths of many people. The Disaster Recovery Committee was formed to deal with the crisis. (AUDIO: A Mother's Son) GeographyEdit Grangetown was a location in Cardiff. (TV: Children of Earth: Day Three) RoathEdit Roath was a district of Cardiff that was damaged by the opening of the Rift in the 1860s. (COMIC: Broken) SplottEdit Splott was the suburb of Cardiff in which Sean "Bernie" Harris lived. (TV: Ghost Machine) Gary used Splott as an example of where Eugene Jones could have potentially met the bidder for his Dogon's sixth eye. (TV: Random Shoes) SkypointEdit SkyPoint was a skyscraper being constructed during the 2000s. It was intended to become the tallest building in the city. (PROSE: SkyPoint, AUDIO: The Conspiracy) Behind the scenesEdit - Brian Badcoe and Terry Nation were born in Cardiff. - Doctor Who is largely filmed in Cardiff. All five series of The Sarah Jane Adventures were also filmed there, as well as much of Torchwood. Invalid sourcesEdit Sontarans on St Mary's Street. (NOTVALID: Legacy) At the beginning of Legacy, the Eleventh Doctor and Vastra arrived in Cardiff on 16 October 1978 to find Sontarans changing history by invading Earth. The Doctor and Vastra defeated the Sontarans, but realised that they had only witnessed the beginning of a Sontaran plot to alter all of time. According to a file in The Torchwood Archives, which this wiki does not consider a valid source, after Abaddon was killed by Jack's unlimited life force, the deaths Abaddon caused were negated from the timeline.

All plans come with the precise very same features, so you (for instance, if you are connecting to less than 500 consumers, you can choose the most economical bundle). Get Reaction’s pricing scheme is a little more complex. Coupon Code Student Email Marketing Aweber March 2020. The business uses four various plans, each of which provides a various set of functions and performance. For those who wish to begin with as little cash as possible, GetResponse is less expensive. As your needs grow, nevertheless, you will need to make a direct comparison involving the plans that use the functions you require to meet your objectives. Both AWeber and GetResponse offer templates you can use to build your e-mails – Coupon Code Student Email Marketing Aweber March 2020. What occurs if you encounter problems with your e-mail marketing campaigns?AWeber provides award-winning support by means of Live Chat 24/7 and telephone support Monday through Friday from 8 AM to 8 PM (Eastern Time). The company also uses a robust Assistance Center that includes a knowledge base, webinars, and video guides.GetResponse likewise uses 24/7 Live Chat assistance, along with email-based assistance in seven various languages. Is AWeber a great e-mail marketing software. Coupon Code Student Email Marketing Aweber March 2020. ? It depends on your needs. Below, we detail the most important advantages and disadvantages. Allows you to preview e-mails before sending them out. Enables the development and modifying of business newsletters. All Aweber packages include an unique Call Loop feature, which gathers the telephone number of customers and allows you to send SMSs(text)and voice mail messages to your customers. Does not enable you to import your contact lists from other providers. Aweber has a rigorous anti-spam policy that restricts you from adding contacts that have not sent a membership confirmation (Coupon Code Student Email Marketing Aweber March 2020).( As this keeps their email deliverability rates high, this might also be viewed as a pro.)In spite of the noted cons, AWeber provides you whatever you need to produce an effective e-mail marketing campaign. Most importantly, you’re offered with regular reports that permit you to stay at the top of the email marketing game. So, if you desire to run your email. marketing campaign efficiently and easily, Aweber is one of the alternatives that should have some severe factor to consider. and get all the tools you need to succeed with access to the complete set of functions AWeber uses. No, AWeber’s free 30-day trial enables you to access all of their email marketing and autoresponder features for the whole trial (Coupon Code Student Email Marketing Aweber March 2020). After your trial is up, you will be asked to sign up for a month-to-month, quarterly, or annual package to continue accessing all the functions. Yes, among the more popular functions they use is their thorough analytics. It also makes it easy to act on your statistics. For instance, you can easily resend a newsletter to anyone who didn’t open the first email or develop a segment based upon individuals who clicked a specific. link. Yes, they offer both templates(pre-built styles that are customizable )and a drag-and-drop editor so you can rapidly develop gorgeous, practical e-mails. AWeber is an ideal e-mail marketing software for all. It’s fairly easy to use– although its navigation and organization of features can be confusing– that makes it ideal for inexperienced marketers who have not used an e-mail. marketing service before. AWeber likewise has sufficient innovative features to please the requirements of skilled marketers who want to develop highly targeted campaigns.AWeber has a lot of great functions. AWeber uses the basic contact choices to manually add or submit a group of contacts. When you include a customer manually– which would be the case for individuals simply starting with e-mail marketing who do not currently have an e-mail list– you can personalize the fields.This could be anything from favorite color to. gender. Then you can tailor your projects so that the material you send is as relevant as possible. For example, if you offer sneakers, you can gather info on gender and consumer shoe size and after that develop a section for ladies with 6-8 sized shoes(listed below ). AWeber enables you to easily understand and handle your contacts so you can create the best campaigns and the ideal segments. These filters and search choices consist of: Date addedWeb page visitedSale amountCityCustom fields you have actually addedTake the example of websites went to. You can see who has visited your running shoes item page, and produce a project targeted at this group of clients. By trying to comprehend what your consumers desire, you can tailor the material you send out accordingly. This is helpful for scenarios such as when a customer has an open support ticket regarding a problem with your product and services, and you do not desire to annoy them by sending a marketing email. The email production control panel is well-organized and set out, with automatic separation of draft emails you have not sent, e-mails that you are sending to everybody( broadcasts ), and emails that form part of a project. AWeber gives you great deals of options to develop e-mails depending upon your experience and the amount of time you desire to spend. You can use a design template, or you can utilize the drag-and-drop editor to include adjustable material blocks, or– if you’re an experienced marketer or have access to coding and style resources– you can construct your own email from scratch using the HTML contractor. It only has very little graphics, colors, and styles, which means you need to invest a lot more time adding and designing all the rest of the aspects yourself. Even the editing options are restricted, with only the ability to alter the background color on the template, and no performance to change shades and borders and other designs. In contrast, other email marketing services will let you preview your emails on desktop and mobile, along with see how it searches individual e-mail customers such as Gmail and Outlook. The ability to compute your spam score based upon aspects such as domain authority, body copy, and username, does help improve email deliverability rates and makes it more likely that your email will wind up in your clients ‘inboxes. AWeber provides a series of templates to assist you begin with. building automated projects, consisting of welcome series for when a customer indications up to your list and blogger series, which provides different, however associated material, over a series of e-mails. Developing your own automated campaign( called workflow in lots of other e-mail marketing services )is easy, and you can either trigger a project when a brand-new user register or based upon the requirements you have used to tag clients( these tags. are how you sector your consumers). One concern is that the workflow is direct and the actions that you can take are limited to sending out an email, waiting, and after that including a tag. For example, you might wish to create a win-back campaign. If the consumer opens the first e-mail then you will wish to remove them from the project, however if they do not open the email, you will want them to keep them in the campaign and send them the next e-mail. AWeber provides a signup type builder(listed below) to permit you to collect information from possible consumers and build your e-mail lists. The user interface is cumbersome– it’s hard to get the different aspects to go where you want them– but it makes up for it in functionality. For example, you can customize when the popup shows, such as whether it opens below the current page, or displays on exit. This means that you can customize each type so that it does not frustrate the user or restrain their purchase path. Coupon Code Student Email Marketing Aweber March 2020. AWeber’s reporting functionality tracks both e-mail. project metrics and e-mail customer metrics. That way you can understand the efficiency of both your projects and your signup types (Coupon Code Student Email Marketing Aweber March 2020). AWeber does not just track vanity metrics such as opens and clicks, however also more granular revenue-based metrics that permit you to effectively measure the ROI of your campaigns. For instance, if you see that 150 people have actually clicked on a link for your new line of tennis shoes, you can produce a section. that only consists of the subscribers who clicked, and send them a relevant, targeted email.AWeber is a solid option for an email marketing solution, with all the functions you need to create campaigns that create profits, and the ease of use you need to start quickly sending appealing e-mails that interest customers. It also suggests actions you can take based on that information. AWeber likewise makes it simple to develop workflows based upon behavioral triggers, so customers will immediately get pertinent interaction based upon actions they have taken.AWeber deals 24/7 e-mail and live chat support to all its consumers, not simply those on the greater tier rate plans. AWeber likewise lists links to understanding base short articles at the bottom of the pertinent menus. Here, for example, there are links to short articles about handling your e-mail list at the bottom of the customer menu. AWeber also has a list of FAQs, which handle account-based inquiries and technical problems, as well as understanding base.AWeber doesn’t offer a free plan, however you can get a 30-day totally free trial(you need to enter payment details to access this trial). When you sign up for a complimentary trial, you are presented with the option to pay monthly, quarterly with a 14% discount, or yearly where you get a 14.9% discount.AWeber remains in the happy medium when it concerns ease of usage and user-friendly workflows. It’s not extremely made complex, and it does supply great deals of suggestions to get you began, but it also lacks the modern-day experience of its competitors, especially those that are more recent to the market (AWeber has actually been around because 1998 ). AWeber is one of the only email marketing services that still needs you to go into charge card information for a totally free trial, along with your full name and address, which makes the sign-up procedure lengthier. While this is an effort at being helpful– particularly for very first time users– and guiding you through the. primary steps to creating an email campaign, it does not recognize the reality that lots of users will currently have an email list and want to import it instead of producing a new one. These steps need to be optional, not required. Regardless of AWeber’s best efforts at directing you to take specific actions– such as importing customers– it’s frequently not a very intuitive procedure because certain crucial functionality is hidden away. Take developing a section. It’s an essential function of email marketing, however there is no alternative in any of the menus to “create a section”. When I learnt the information, it was a simple procedure, however to do it I had to very first search contacts and only then did the option shown up (see listed below). This issue might be fixed by rearranging the menus. For instance, having a List options menu and a Customer menu does not make good sense, and these two menus could be reorganized and relabelled. If companies want to grow, they can not neglect marketing. Luckily, there are plenty of email marketing tools offered to assist even the smallest of small organisations get going. AWeber (which begins at$ 19 monthly) is simply such a choice, offering a user friendly platform with no covert surprises. AWeber’s design templates simplify the process for developing visually attractive email marketing projects and the reporting dashboard tracks the most crucial standard stats.

End Times/The 2016 War on True, BIBLICAL Christianity (Part TWO) 737). O.A.S. EMERGING AS GLOBAL LGBT RIGHTS ACTIVIST 738). LIBERAL MP SEEK TO BAN USE OF ABORTION VICTIM IMAGERY 739). MOM SAYS SHE WISHES SHE COULD HAVE ABORTED HER SON WITH MICROCEPHALY IN HORRIFYING VIDEO 740). OBAMA ADMIN RULES ALL FEDERAL BUILDINGS MUST HAVE OPEN TRANSGENDER RESTROOMS 741). CANADIAN PRO-LIFE GROUP THREATENED WITH LEGAL ACTION OVER LIFE-SITE ‘GAY’ REPORT 742). CECILE RICHARDS: WE ‘CRIED & CLAPPED’ OVER SCOTUS’ TEXAS ABORTION DECISION 743). 2ND CASE IN 2016 OF SO-CALLED “G.S.A.” IN USA 744). NIKE AD PROMOTES TRANSGENDER ATHLETE DURING OLYMPICS). 745). CHICAGO JUDGE CONSIDERS MEANING OF MALE AND FEMALE 746). Vietnam: 4,000 Christians Beaten by Police for Protesting Environmental Disaster 747). Princeton University Wants Staff to Avoid Using the Word ‘Man’ 748). Air Force Officials Remove Open Bible From Major’s Desk 749). Obama’s Plan to Give Gov’t Control of Website Naming to Private Group Is ‘Dangerous,’ Franklin Graham Says 750). Target’s Plan to End Customers’ Boycott Over Transgender Bathroom Policy Still Gives Men Access to Girls’ Facilities [Note: They’ve lost my business PERMANENTLY. Never again will I willingly step FOOT inside one of their stores!] 751). Water supply in 2 North Carolina cities may contain E. coli 752). Zika virus could have Alzheimer’s-like effect in adults [Aahh….Zika….the “new Ebola”…..here one minute, then gone the next…..then on to the next “migrated form” and talk of “Zika funding”, etc. Do you see what they’re doing here, folks? It’s all “controlled”, from the top down]. 753). ‘Radically rewritten’ bacterial genome unveiled [Just like the article right up above this one, do you SEE what they’re doing, folks? They’re TRYING to engineer HARMFUL bacteria & viruses…..why? Because there’s HUGE $$$ PROFITS in the so-called “antidotes” of said “bacteria/viruses”. It’s about $$$$$$$ and lots OF it! Plus (behind the scenes), it’s also about a much broader agenda of infecting and “destabilizing” the human race, thus using them as “human guinea pigs”…..WAKE UP, PEOPLE!] 754). The Soviet, Nazi tactics of Gay Pride: 755). ‘Wrongful birth’ suit? That’s right, an Aussie mom wants damages after failed abortion 756). “CHRISTIAN” UNIVERSITY OFFERS COLLEGE CREDIT FOR INTERNSHIP WITH PLANNED PARENTHOOD 757). Hillary Clinton SALUTES abortionist who laughed about harvesting babies’ brains 758). California Christian colleges support bill that forces them to embrace LGBT agenda 759). Iceland unearths rock to appease angry elves 760). Devout Christian teacher accused of ‘sexual activity with teenage pupil’ found unfit to work with children despite husband’s denials 761). Mystery clowns bring fear to South Carolina town by trying to lure children into the woods with “promises of cash” 762). Court: Homosexuals can seek parental rights for nonbiological kids 763). Mysterious illness continues to spread at Manhattan High School 764). IRS doesn’t tell 1M taxpayers that illegals stole their Social Security numbers 765). The Witching Hour: Dancing with Darkness at a Club Night for Witches 766). Professors tell students: Drop class if you dispute man-made climate change [Note: Today’s colleges are nothing more than indoctrination centers. First, it was that students could not speak about Jesus on campus. And NOW, it’s overstretched into how students can not even question the “validity” of “climate change”. What’s next? Will students be required to buy textbooks that DENY GENDER, ALTOGETHER and that say that gender is a “feeling” and not a BIOLOGICAL REALITY?] 767). Microsoft’s new ‘holoportation’ tech lets you jump into someone else’s reality: Skype on steroids [Please Note: This is EXACTLY the type of “transhuman technology” that the Devil will try to use to “lure” people to take the Mark of the Beast! I’m not even kidding, folks!] 768). US set to destroy thousands of chemical weapons at Colorado plant 769). Sanhedrin Takes Major Step Toward Revelation 11 With High Priest Appointment 770). New York parish promotes ‘Catholic’ gay activist rally that includes Mass 771). Canadian archbishop defends award from heretical FutureChurch: I was ‘building bridges’ 772). Canadian Bioethicists urge ban on doctors’ conscience rights: do abortions or quit 773). Navy orders all sailors to be educated on transgender issues 774). Christians ‘Hung On A Cross Over Fire’, Steamrollered And Crushed To Death In North Korea 775). American journalist and hijab-wearing Muslim Noor Tagouri photographed for Playboy magazine 776). Hate preacher Choudary applies for permission to appeal against his terrorism conviction 777). School adopts gender-neutral homecoming court, so there might be no ‘king’ or ‘queen’ 778). Alabama Chief Justice Moore faces ethics panel on gay marriage order, could be removed 779). Gay pride flag launched into space ‘to spread peace’ 780). PANIC, ANXIETY SPARK RUSH TO BUILD LUXURY BUNKERS FOR L.A.’S SUPER-RICH 781). UK Police Force Says It Would Add Burkas to Police Uniform 782). Disturbing new trend sees teens risking HIV at ‘sex roulette’ parties 783). Chinese man ‘killed 12+ neighbours to cover up murder of parents’ 784). Staff Told Investigators ‘Paranormal Activity’ To Blame For Abuse 785). Alleged Cancer Faker Charged With Bilking Man Out Of $34,000 786). American pastor faces fines, end of ministry under new Russian law 787). Family bakery closes after left-wing bullies finally get their pound of cake 788). Near ‘Collapse,’ Minnesota to Raise Obamacare Rates by Half 789). UK bioethicists eye designer babies and CRISPR cows [Note: Just because a scientist CAN do something with DNA, genetically-speaking, doesn’t mean that they SHOULD! Messing with the already-created DNA of God’s creatures will come at a PRICE! An ETERNAL PRICE! Are they willing to RISK that? God’s Wrath isn’t something I’d wish upon my worst enemy! Therefore, I hope & pray that ALL “geneticists/bioethicists” will stop and think twice about these types of things! Because once this “technology” gets in the wrong hands? Look out, WORLD!] 790). Two scientists freeze light in midair to bring quantum computers a step closer to reality [Note: I’ve got nothing against the two scientists who discovered this/did that….HOWEVER……like I noted about the above article, if/when this “technology” gets into the WRONG HANDS? Yikes!!!!!] 791). The countries where cash is “ON THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION“ [Note: Pay attention to this, folks! REAL CLOSE ATTENTION! If you look at places in the world where cash is becoming “extinct”, it’s slowly spreading….GLOBALLY….And it’ll probably only be a matter of time/years before a “global cashless society” will become a REALITY! Does that scare you? It should!] 791b). Secret Alpine Gold Vaults Are the New Swiss Bank Accounts 792).”] 793). Iran Arrests 25 Christians in Raid Persecuting Believers for Their Faith in Jesus Christ 794). Kansas University Students Berate, Scream at Conservative Classmates In Obscene Tirade 795). Duke offers men a ‘safe space’ to contemplate their ‘toxic masculinity’ 796). How a Mob Informant Who Left Witness Protection Got $100M From a Widow 797). Wonder Woman “Is Gay” 798). Women’s shelters must admit ‘transgender’ men: Obama admin rule AND HERE IS WHAT HAPPENS, AS A RESULT: 799). MP Trost fears Canadian values test could screen out socially conservative immigrants 800). San Fran to ban city contracts with businesses in states with “anti-LGBT laws” 801). Vancouver hospital takes heat for refusing to euthanize patient 802). Abortion activists lobby Trudeau gvmt to make abortion drugs free 803). Imprisoned Mennonite pastor faces EVEN MORE prison time for refusing to testify in lesbian custody case 804). U.S. Catholic school hit with $1 million suit for not allowing same-sex date at dance 805). French gvmt announces plan to CRIMINALIZE websites opposing abortion 806). School district rejects motion to tell parents if ‘trans’ student will be allowed in their child’s bathroom 807). EXCLUSIVE: Veteran speaks out after being forced out of flag-folding ceremony for mentioning God 808). Christian philosophers REVILE Christian philosophER for advocating Christianity [Note: What are those “anti-Christian Christian philosophers” smoking?] 809). ‘Do it for Toronto’ campaign with tagline that says “Your art will touch. Millons of genitals”: City launches weird, disturbing ‘condom design’ competition 810). Australian printing company rejects book opposing same-sex ‘marriage’ 811). Dutch doctor predicts country will have child euthanasia center within a year 821). Ontario court refuses to render pro-life group justice after city banned ads on bus 822). ‘Overwhelming majority’ of Danes in favor of euthanasia 823). #778 UPDATE: Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore suspended over gay ‘marriage’ order 824). ‘Modern Family’ exploits 8-year-old by touting her as TV’s first ‘transgender’ child actor 825). Parishioners sing ‘All are welcome’ during Creed to protest dismissal of gay ‘married’ music director 826). Murder of Mexican film director and his wife believed to be contracted by their son {Note: rather purposely or accidentally, this story was filed under the Fox News Latino’s header called “Entertainment”. It’s the times we’re living in, people! Sad….} 827). Germany Sees Surge in Number of Refugees Receiving Benefits {Note: It was already starting to get bad in Germany in summer of 2008, when “Turkish immigrants” were being given more “rights” than natural-born German citizens!} 828). Swipe right for sperm with new Tinder-like app 829). British scientists on brink of HIV cure {Note: This is both a good thing and a bad thing. It’s a good thing that it’ll help those people who got HIV through NO CHOICE of their own – namely, babies/children and people who got it from blood transfusions and/or accidents/etc.- Yet……it’s also a BAD THING, because as soon as sexually promiscuous people are able to be “cured” of HIV, there’s no telling WHAT godless humanity (as a whole) might do next. Do you see where I’m going with this, folks?} 830). Dash-cam video shows police trying to run over a mentally ill suspect before shooting him 14 times {Note: While not all police officers are bad – there’s still several GOOD cops out there, trust me on this – This article broke my heart! Because when THOSE demented type cops do something bad, it makes people think that ALL cops are bad, when that’s just simply not true!} 831). Gas Explosion Injures 90 During a Festival in Spain {Note: I’m willing to bet this was likely an act of “terrorism”. By whom or why is anyone’s guess. What a sad, sad world we live in today, folks! And it’s ONLY gonna get worse, as time goes on! Sigh….} 832). Polish women hold nationwide strike against abortion ban 833). Dad Forced to Pay $39.35 to Hold His Baby After Wife’s C-section 834). Belgian bishop calls on Catholic Church to approve ‘ritual’ for blessing gay unions, divorced & remarried Catholics & cohabiting couples [Folks, this is CRAZY! Now do you see WHY it is that the Catholic Church is NOT BIBLICAL?] 835). Planned Parenthood CEO: Protecting unborn babies’ rights ‘not the problem’ America faces 836). BREAKING: Poland’s Conservative ruling party kills total abortion ban 838). Tel Aviv tattoo convention draws thousands from across the globe 840). Israelis welcome lawmaker’s pregnancy, gay dad included 841). NORWAY’S PRIME MINISTER JUST GOT BUSTED PLAYING ‘POKÉMON GO’ DURING A DEBATE 842). Vegan mom charged with malnourishing 11-month-old son 825). Ben & Jerry’s declare support for Black Lives Matter 826). U.S. Catholic school expels student because parents opposed ‘erotic’ sex-ed [Note: The Catholic Church’s theology is NOT BIBLICAL. But….when we live in a time when even “Catholic” parents can’t opt their kids out of “pornographic-style sex ed”, you just KNOW we’re living in the End Times, folks!] 828). Hundreds pray rosary for life, marriage, religious freedom in front of U.S. Capitol [Sadly, it’s not gonna do a DARN bit of good, since the Lord FORBIDS bowing down or praying to “graven images”, such as are seen in the background in the following article…sad…] 829). Ontario bill to alter definition of ‘parents’ to include gay couples moves to committee 830). ‘We’re Growing Brains Outside The Body’ 831). Womb Transplants [Note: Are “stem cells” involved in this at all? If they ARE, then this “technology” goes AGAINST the bible and should NOT be pursued at all! Not to mention that it opens up the door someday, with THIS type of technology, for “men” to have babies and that’s a scary thought, folks! Men simply weren’t designed for that!] 832). Backpage CEO arrested in child trafficking probe 833). CHICAGO POLICE OFFICER SAYS SHE FEARED USING GUN WHILE BEING BEATEN 834). CoverGirl Introduces Its First-Ever Cover BOY (This is HUGE, folks! For when even WOMEN’S MAGAZINES start putting MEN on the cover……in a FEMININE light? It just further goes to show how much FURTHER this nation’s morals have fallen! THIS NATION NEEDS TO REPENT!) 835). Article “proliferates” the “false theory” that we’re living in a “simulation” 836). The Next “Big Thing”: The Microchip Implant 837). Sheep born with six feet in China 838). Attacker in clown mask stabs 19-year old man in Sweden 839). Pentagon issues handbook on sex change in the ranks 840). Pro-Abortion Study FALSELY CLAIMS Women Have No Second Thoughts About Aborting Their Babies [Note: There’s SEVERAL testimonies of women on Youtube who REGRET their abortions!] 841). CERN Physicist’s Fertility Algorithm Prevents Unwanted Pregnancy With 99.5% Efficacy 842). As Deadly Superbugs Rise, Big Pharma Presses Farm Antibiotics 843). Man claims son was eaten by fellow inmates during riot in Venezuelan prison 844). BREAKING: Ninth Court orders California pregnancy centers to promote abortion 845). The homosexual Left’s new crusade: Normalizing adult-child sex 846). Shock: Dutch government wants to allow euthanasia for those who feel ‘done with life’ 848). UN event shows how LGBT sexual agenda tramples children’s rights 849). Why is support for marijuana legalization hitting record heights? 850A). Procedure Vows To Help Those Suffering From ‘Selfie Chin’ 850B). HOLLYWOOD’S NEW MALE COSMETIC SURGERY TREND: SCROTOX (YES, REALLY) 851). Minister branded ‘mean spirited’ for blocking vote on pardon for gay men convicted of abolished offences 852). Montana judge sparks outrage with no prison time for guy accused of raping his 12-year old daughter 853). Bush-Appointed Federal Judge Blocks Mississippi From Defunding Planned Parenthood 854). Teens Steal Over $13K In iPhones From Natick Apple Store In ‘Flash Mob’ Robbery 855). Facebook employees fume over Facebook CEO’s rebuttal of their attempt to censor Trump’s posts 856). Why Today’s Attacks on the Internet Are Just the Start: Thanks to powerful new botnets, hackers now have the ability to knock major companies—even whole countries—offline 857). Tattoos over terror: victims of attacks receive free tattoos to reclaim their bodies [NOTE: Remember the Holocaust, everyone? When Jews had to receive tattoos to “mark them?” The reason the Nazis made them get forcibly tattooed is BECAUSE tattoos are FORBIDDEN, according to the bible! So think about that, folks! And think about this story is TRULY representing!] 858). Migrant foster mum reveals her horror at discovering ’12-year-old refugee’ in her care is actually a 21-year-old Jihadi 859). Planned Parenthood rips proposal to require father’s consent for abortion 860). AT&T agrees to buy Time Warner for $85 billion 861). In haunted Salem, a Jewish church founder preaches the art of ‘Satanic’ social change 862). Georgia Demands Pastor Surrender Sermons After Filing Federal Religious Discrimination Claim 863). ISIS Burns 6 Men Alive in Bakery, Uses Dough Mixer to Kill 250 Children 864). She’s selling her virginity for $400,000 and also then wants to become a “legal prostitute” for “love”, “to later go to law school” and “because she loves her family” 865). Alabama judge blocks pro-life laws—again 866). Army says 2-star general “committed suicide” on Alabama base 867). Supreme Court to take up “transgender bathroom”/Gavin Grimm case 868). Mormon and gay: Church says you can be both 869). BBC sex-change show aimed at primary schoolers 870). Cousin Of Polio May Be Causing Outbreak Of Paralysis In Children 871). Parents injected children with heroin as ‘feel good medicine,’ police say 872). Washington, D.C., approves ‘Death With Dignity Act’ 873). BBC children’s director says she is ‘proud’ of transgender programme aimed at children 874). ‘Westworld’s’ four-minute orgy scene leaves some viewers outraged 875). In ‘historic’ first, women pray with Torah scrolls at Western Wall 876). Chicago Soars Past 600 Homicides After Bloody October 877). Canadian teachers’ union: Let’s call students ‘comrades’ and stage drag shows in school 878). Wen Shampoo & Conditioner causes women and men to lose their hair 879). Bullying caused suicide of 11-year old cancer survivor 880). Quebec’s euthanasia deaths three times higher than expected under new law 881). Fr. James Martin, SJ, tells gay activists: The Church should embrace homosexuality’s ‘special gifts’ 882). Brazilian ordered to pay thousands for preventing an abortion, etc. 883). Kraft Heinz to Close Pennsylvania Plant that Made Heinz Products for over 40 Years 884). German court rules parents of 15-year-old girl cannot stop her having sexual relationship with uncle, 47 885). Obama requires LGBT equality from religious aid contractors 886). Canadian nurse accused of killing 8 patients 887). Men kissing men on TWO different late-night TV talk shows: Is this becoming a ‘thing’? 888). GLAAD reports more LGBTQ characters than ever on prime-time TV 889). San Diego bishop rebukes parish for warning faithful NOT to vote for pro-abort Dems 890). Hillary’s ‘anti-bullying’ plan discriminates against states lacking pro-homosexual school laws 891). French court fines politician for using word from Bible to describe homosexuality 892). UK Labour MP renews push for sex-ed at age 5 but calls it ‘relationship’ education 893). The creeping dictatorship of the gender-rights movement 894). Trudeau using majority to ‘ram through’ trans bathroom bill without public input 895). Vatican condemns radio station over anti-gay comments on quake 896). CDC identifies first US cases of drug-resistant fungal infection 897). Elementary school cancels mock election after kids chant ‘Trump’ 898). DirecTV blackout of Fox News, CNN spurs allegations of censorship plot 899). Hillary Deleted Email Showing She Forwarded Classified Information To Her Daughter 900). MS-13 surging with influx of youths crossing border, 92% arrested illegal 901). Swiss sex cafe considers using robotic prostitutes 902). Texas Town Erects a Selfie Statue [“Selfies”, in and of themselves are bad enough but a MONUMENT to “selfies”? That’s something else altogether, folks! And that’s what’s exactly wrong with this country, today!] 903). Records show Indiana University paid $200 each for brains harvested from aborted babies 904). Minnesota mom forced to file a lawsuit over the unconstitutional actions of Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid Clinic regarding her minor son 905). Katy Perry sings the praises of Planned Parenthood, donates $10K 906). Sanhedrin to Trump-Putin: Fulfill Cyrus-like role in Jerusalem 907). Abortionist: Providers would be willing to break the law if abortion becomes illegal 908). University Feminists Demand Ban for Pro-Life Society Before It Even Starts 909). VA whistleblower resigns, citing retaliation 910). Top abortion activist could be in line to take command of the reeling Democratic Party 911). Student Kicked Out Of Class For Disagreeing That Trump Election Was As Bad As 9/11 912). Briton who reported rape in Dubai could face jail for extramarital sex 913). Google DeepMind Gives Computer ‘Dreams’ to Improve Learning [Am I the only one who finds this un-nerving? Eeekkk!] 914). Software to predict crime 915). Mexican Mayor Arrested After Hundreds Massacred and Cooked in Network of Ovens, Following Breitbart Report 916). U.S. taxpayers footing the bill for security at unused ‘Ghost Hotel’ in Kabul 917). US says anti-Nazi resolution at UN restricts free speech 918). Boston mayor: We’re ‘focusing on’ getting city ready to abort more babies after Trump victory [Say WHAT??? Like, seriously? Folks……it this headline alone doesn’t SHOW you the true times that we’re living in — the End of Days — then I don’t know what does!!!!!!!!] 919). Defeated Ontario PC candidate calls for war on social conservatives after losing race 920). Mike Pence, VP-elect, booed at Hamilton musical 921). Cuckolding fetish relationships: Men wanting partners to sleep with other men reaches new high 922). A New Program Judges If You’re a Criminal From Your Facial Features\ 923). Teen Who Died In U.K. Wins Right to Be Cryogenically Frozen [ONLY Jesus Christ grants everlasting life, folks!] 924). Two years after super-hack of US secrets, White House agency getting worse at cyber-defense 925). High school students’ mock Trump assassination highlights post-election bullying, harassment 926). Arizona’s presidential electors being harassed, urged not to cast vote for Trump 927). Online dating app leaves male-female ‘binary’ behind, adds these 37 ‘gender identities’ 928). Trudeau kowtows to LGBT lobby with new bill making it harder to protect our kids from predators 929). Patients dying of ALS to gov’t: You gave us the ‘right to die,’ but all we want is the ‘right to try’ new treatment 930). Doctors in Canada euthanized woman even though she may only have had bladder infection, letter alleges 931). Catholic Church’s ‘Sindr’ app for those with an urgent confession [ONLY Jesus Christ can ABSOLVE/FORGIVE sins! So REMEMBER that, folks!!!} 932). Ukrainian teacher accused of trying to sell student to organ harvesters 933). Research highlights Americans’ vulnerability to infectious diseases [Or rather, BIG PHARMA = BIG $$$$$…..THINK ABOUT IT, FOLKS……..THEY DON’T **WANT** CURES, THEY **WANT** INTRODUCTIONS OF ALL SORTS OF DISEASES SINCE MORE DISEASES = MORE AND MORE $$$$$!!!!!] 934). Two die as severe ‘thunderstorm asthma’ outbreak in Australia causes breathing problems for thousands 935). After Trump win, College Removes American Flag, Calls it “Symbol of Fear” 936). Denver Sheriff’s Department fined $10K for hiring US citizens ONLY 937). A Third of Germans Report Feeling ‘Like A Stranger In My Own Country’ 938). New York police arrest Isil sympathiser in Brooklyn ‘planning Times Square attack’ 939). US said to okay Airbus sale of over 100 planes to Iran 940). “Palestinian” High Court considers home demolition for Jews who kill Arabs (nevermind if those Jews are in the IDF and are following orders of self-defense…….the Palestinian LEFT wants them homeless, PERIOD….) 941). Trump: Son-in-law Kushner could help broker Israeli-Palestinian peace 942). Iranian commander: Israel will be gone in 10 years 943). Hackers target ATMs across Europe as cyber threat grows–sector.html 944). Pope extends power to forgive abortion to all Roman Catholic priests 945). African states fail to stop work of UN gay rights investigator 946). Gender integration a leftist scheme to ‘weaken’ IDF 948). German Protestants officially renounce converting Jews to Christianity [Have they not read the part of the bible that says WHEN Jesus died on the cross, THE VEIL TO THE JEWISH TEMPLE WAS TORN IN TWO……meaning, that Jesus Christ IS needed for Salvation for ALL, ESPECIALLY the Jewish people?] 949). Manhunt for suspect in Texas police shooting intensifies 950). Transgender Marine becomes one of first men to serve openly after US military drops ban 951). UK Researchers: Tax Carbon-Rich Food Like Meat & Dairy To Reduce Climate Change 952). 102 million dead California trees ‘unprecedented in our modern history,’ officials say 953). Palmageddon? Britain’s palm trees face extinction after killer beetle discovered [It kind’ve reminds one of the PLAGUE of “locusts” in Egypt in Old Testament times, huh?] 954). DivorceHotel Where You Check In Married, Check Out Divorced All In Just 1 Weekend 955). High school students’ mock Trump assassination highlights post-election bullying, harassment 956). Aleppo’s children’s hospital bombed as it treats chlorine gas victims 957). Cuckolding fetish relationships: Men wanting partners to sleep with other men reaches new high 958). Argentines wrestle demons at ‘exorcism school’ [NOTE: ONLY JESUS CHRIST’S HOLY BIBLICAL NAME CAN DELIVER DEMONS, NOT “HOLY WATER” BLESSED BY A “PAGANIZED/THEOLOGY UNBIBLICAL CHURCH] 959). ‘Pure hatred’: Translator reveals how Muslim refugees want to ‘Islamize’ Germany 960). Taxpayer-Funded Planned Parenthood Paying People $1600 Per Week to Protest Donald Trump 961). Obama sets new record for regulations, 527 pages in just one day 962). Venezuela on the Brink of Collapse 963). Blasphemy protests: Indonesian police investigating Christian governor 964). Three NBA Teams Boycott Trump Hotels 965). CRISPR gene-editing tested in a person for the first time 966). Zika Virus Teams Up With Other Viruses to Sicken People [NOTE: It’s almost as if someone in a “Big Pharma”/CDC lab somewhere is asking themselves the question: “Hhmmm…..what OTHER viruses can we COMBINE with Zika, in order to try to make it more deadly/harmful among humans AND babies?] 967). Tinder Launches Transgender-Inclusive Update, Allowing Users to Select Personalized Gender Identity 968). ‘They Beat My Husband As We Pleaded For Them To Stop’: New Film Highlights Persecution Of Christians Around The World 969). British journalist calls for assassination of President Trump 970). Online freedom hit by pressure on social media, apps 971). Brazilian states have millions of dollars to fight Zika, but it’s not being spent….‘When auditor Georgea Celane opened the door of the warehouse, a flock of bats flew out and she discovered more than 100 boxes of expired insecticide, covered in mold and animal feces. “I took some photos and had to get out to breathe,” she said.’ [NOTE: Could it be that my original theory was true, all along? That “Ebola” and “Zika” and ______ viruses are MANUFACTURED or “FAKE” viruses, in order to try to scare mankind and their gov’ts into paying lots of $$$$$$$$ to………BIG PHARMA……..etc.? Think about, folks!!!] ======== 972). BREAKING: Arsonist destroys New Mexico pro-life pregnancy center in alleged ‘hate crime’ 972B). FBI: Fire that wrecked New Mexico pro-life pregnancy center was intentional ========= 973). Texas legislator attacked for defending parents’ right to know if child is ‘transgender’ 974). LGBT agenda poses ‘significant threat for the existence of the human race’ 975). Hate Hoax: Student Fakes Anti-Gay Notes from Trump Fan ***976). Desireé Allen, Pastor Who Got Pregnant With Twins After Sex With Fiancé, Says She Won’t Stop Preaching*** {Folks, we need to pray for this woman. We need to pray that A) her and her “fiance” get married AS SOON AS POSSIBLE B) that she has a successful delivery of BOTH her precious babies and that C) she will REPENT of her “sin” of premarital sex and start teachings others to do the same!} 977). US transgender people rush to legally change gender in wake of Donald Trump’s win 978). ‘The old me is gone’: Rise in transgender children in UK fuels identity fears 979). Turkish ruling party sparks uproar with”Amnesty for rape” bill 980). Scientists Modify Photosynthesis To Produce More Crops 981). Brexit: UK could be forced to pay into EU for a decade after it leaves, warns Germany 982). Israel evacuates thousands as fire spreads in northern city 983). China Committing ‘Barbaric’ Forced Organ-Harvesting of Christian Prisoners, Lawyers Claim 984). BREAKING: Judge upholds forced LGBT indoctrination in Ontario schools, tells Greek Orthodox dad to pull kids out if he objects ======== 985A). No Prison Sentence for Former University of Colorado Student Convicted of Raping Freshman 985B). No Jail Time for 18-Year-Old Accused of Raping Two Teens ========= 986). Mom Says Tennessee School Bus Driver Asked Kids if They Were ‘Ready to Die’, Report Says 987). Shock 911: One patient assaulted, another hospitalized at notorious California abortion facility 988). Massive paedophile ring uncovered by police in Norway after arrest of 51 men 989). Cops: Mom poisoned son with feces during cancer treatment 990). Advertising posters in France depicting gay men embracing & kissing 991). BREAKING: Web host shuts down Target boycott site for being ‘hateful’ 992). CBC’s attack on anti-euthanasia hospitals is ‘selective outrage’ 993). ‘Harassment’? Pro-LGBT pols blast police sting that caught pedophile masturbating in public park 994). Planned Parenthood gave several talking points to defend mass child slaughter at Thanksgiving {SERIOUSLY? PP AND ITS “IDEOLOGY” IS **BEYOND DEMENTED** AND THAT’S AN UNDERSTATEMENT!!!} 995A). BREAKING: Ontario unanimously passes radical LGBT bill redefining parent-child relationship 995B). Patrick Brown pressured MPPs to vote for radical pro-LGBTQ bill or stay away: Campaign Life 996). British abortion consortium calls for morning-after pill to be sold beside aspirin 997). France’s ‘Catholic Right’ presidential candidate is not as pro-life as the media would have you believe 998). Man accidentally locked in Chicago jail is awarded $600G 999). Santa Fe Mayor Javier Gonzales has become the face of U.S. sanctuary cities 1000). Priests In Mendoza Charged With The Rape Of Disabled Children 1001). Colombian Plane Carrying Brazilian Football Team Crashes With 75 reported dead [Note: This just seems kind’ve “conspiratorial” to me a bit but maybe it’s just me……..?] 1002). Jewish Teen’s Birthday Ruined As Friends Make Swastika Cupcakes 1003). Massive Wildfire Engulfs Tennessee Resort Towns, Kills 3 1004). END TIMES/CHRIST MOCKERS: ‘‘Walking Dead’ Star Tom Payne Basically Confirms Jesus Is Gay: Our Savior!’, exclaims Huffington Post article 1005). ‘After-birth abortion’? Judge lets woman walk after drowning her newborn 1006). Brazil Supreme Court lets illegal abortionists walk: rules first trimester abortion ban ‘unconstitutional’ 1007). Anglican pastor arrested and charged for praying at Planned Parenthood 1008). Judge lets ACLU continue fight to cut gov’t funding for Catholic agencies refusing abortion 1009). French family groups stunned by PG rating for ‘orgy’ film 1010). France’s socialist gvmt votes to criminalize pro-life websites 1011). Liberals Mock Victims of Wildfire in Tennessee Because They Voted for Trump 1012). Black Lives Matter Ohio State University Staffer Expresses Sympathy with Campus Attacker {Note: What if it had been one of her loved ones who got attacked? Then would she still feel the same?} 1013). Teenager killed herself in front of parents after ‘relentless’ cyber bullying 1014). A Small Yet Monumental Summit on LGBT Issues Occurred at a Religious Kibbutz This Week 1015). China orders officials to stop believing in the “supernatural”… and stick to Marx and Lenin 1016). Mike Pence’s new neighbours hang rainbow LGBT pride flags to welcome him to Washington 1017). Florida man jailed for collecting dead brother’s pension benefits 1018). Universities exploring ‘sanctuary’ status for immigrants 1019). Abortionist compares his ‘trials’ to Biblical suffering of Job 1020). ‘Rigidity’ of Latin Mass is exactly why we like it: young Catholic =========================== NOTE: While the Catholic Church “theology”, in and of itself, as a whole, is NOT biblical, WHEN you have the RADICAL LEFT questioning “right-leaning” cardinals who question the “biblical authority” of certain things, you just KNOW we’re living in the End Times, folks!!!!!!!!! 1021A). Brazilian cardinal BLASTS Amoris critics: ‘We are 200, they are only four’ 1021B). Papal confidante RIPS four Cardinals on CNN [COMMUNIST NEWS NETWORK] for creating ‘difficulty and division’ 1021C). Jesuits’ new general superior SUPPORTS Pope’s “silent treatment“ of four Cardinals =============================== 1022). Man euthanized in The Netherlands…for being an alcoholic 1023). Gay pride cruise funded by Ottawa Catholic teachers union 1024). Lesbian prof slams colleague for resisting transgender speech… but her own classes were filled with hate speech 1025). San Diego bishop to priests: Embrace ‘LGBT families’, give Communion to ‘remarried’ 1026). Hamill calling Trump picks despicable? Skywalker actor pressured his son’s girlfriend into abortion 1027). Italian pro-abort senator: Pope is ‘going in the right direction,’ calls for persecution of pro-life doctors 1028). Zales Jewelers ‘normalizes sin’ with ad featuring lesbian ‘wedding’ 1029). Castro’s legacy of despair: a police state with one of the highest abortion rates in the world 1030). Vatican family czar: We will develop marriage programs ‘promoting Amoris Laetitia’ 1031). France bans video with Down syndrome kids to avoid ‘disturbing the conscience’ of abortive moms 1032). Public university gives credit for volunteering at Planned Parenthood, but not at church 1033). San Diego bishop bans outspoken pro-life priest from writing bulletin columns 1034). CNN [COMMUNIST-LEANING NEWS NETWORK] panel shuts down when Trump advisor calls out Planned Parenthood for ‘selling baby parts’ 1035). ‘Post-truth’ is the word of the year: Feelings have replaced facts 1036).Gay lobby attacks Christian HGTV stars over stand on gay ‘marriage’ 1037). Planned Parenthood cites Texas case in suit to rescind abortion restrictions in Missouri 1038). Abortion advocates seek to sway Trump to keep foreign abortion funds 1039). Colorado landlord arrested for trespassing after caught having sex in renters’ bed 1040). Less than half of US hotel rooms now have Bibles 1041). ‘Boys Don’t Respect Girls in Short Skirts’: School Accused of Slut-Shaming Victims of Australian Porn Ring [Note: In REALITY, this school was ONLY trying to make young females more “recognizant” of their actions which LEAD male perpetrators to THEIR actions. Obviously, NO, male perpetrators uploading images of underage girls is NOT OKAY…….BUT…..if the young girls wouldn’t even upload these images TO BEGIN WITH, for ANY reason, that problem wouldn’t even technically exist anymore, am I right? Therefore, all THIS school was trying to do was to get the young girls to THINK about HOW their uploading “sexy images” is gonna draw online perpetrators to them like bees to honey. Therefore, what’s the harm of this school? I don’t get it. Maybe if girls and women WERE held more accountable for their OWN actions, we wouldn’t have as many problems with this sort’ve thing that we do today. Just food for thought]. 1042). ‘Media Cover-Up’: Hollywood REJECTS film about Kermit Gosnell’s HOUSE OF HORRORS [Hhmm…..wonder why….what has “HELLYWOOD” got to hide?????] 1043). Preschool ‘transgenderism’ on the rise, Canadian pediatricians report 1044). CDC: 35% of aborted babies are black {Note: I believe the numbers are MUCH, MUCH higher than that, as abortion’s about TWO things and TWO THINGS, ONLY — Death/Genocide and $$$ PROFIT! WAKE UP, FOLKS!!!!} 1045). New York mayor promises city will pay for abortions if Planned Parenthood loses federal funding 1046). LGBT group sues Christian bakers IN NORTHERN IRELAND for refusing to ice a cake that said ‘support gay marriage’ ========ABORTION================================================== 1047). What pro-aborts can no longer deny: Margaret Sanger supported eugenics 1048). Planned Parenthood contractor says ‘I like’ the KKK 1049). NFL star Benjamin Watson: Planned Parenthood formed ‘to exterminate blacks’…and ‘it’s working’ 1050). Chilling unearthed video: Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger says, ‘No more babies’ 1051). Actor Liam Neeson (whom I used to be a big fan of but am, NO LONGER) narrated a PRO-ABORTION AD that ATTACKED IRELAND for its PRO-LIFE VIEWS!!!! 😦 ==================================================================== 1052). Woman throws cat off balcony in vile viral video 1053). Durham student counsellor ‘acted out training scenario by raping drunk woman in her sleep’ 1054). Another step closer to artificial blood 1055). Visitors to China nursing home soar after financial rewards shame children into seeing parents [What a sad, sad world we live in today when children have to be PAYED to see their aging parents!!!!!!] 1056). Republican Elector says he will not cast his vote for Donald Trump 1057). American author slammed after claiming London is ‘gone’ and ‘all Islamic’ 1058). American Jews WORSHIP the Democratic Party (as a whole)…..TO THEIR OWN PERIL! 1059). Organ trafficking network uncovered in Egypt 1060). Merkel’s call for burqa ban in Germany draws backlash 1061). McCrory concedes North Carolina governor’s race, but bathroom law likely to remain in place 1062). Suicide doctor out to advance ‘militant pro-euthanasia position’ with new organization 1063). Argentine judge rules woman can marry her own stepdaughter 1064). Gay bureaucrat wages war with Christian ministry 1065). Christian-owned bed and breakfast must host gay weddings, state panel finds 1066). University Pro-Life Society Banned For Violating Safe Space Policy 1077). Satanic Temple vows to defy new Texas law on respectful handling of aborted babies 1078). San Diego bishop praises pro-gay parish as model for welcoming ‘LGBT worshippers’ 1079).Walmart earns 100% gay approval rating on homosexual group’s corporate scorecard 1080). NYC ignores regs, exposes home-schoolers to Child Protective Services 1081). Ombudsman claims CBC is ‘balanced’ on abortion 1082). ‘Less creepier than Google Glass’: Snapchat Spectacles as social media’s hottest ‘sexcessory’, claims article [NOTE: Besides sex outside of marriage and/or masturbation being a SIN, let us not also forget that the U.S. Gov’t is now secretly trying to EXPAND its scope of ability of “spying” on its citizens and this is just ONE of those MANY tools!] 1083). Sextortion: The U.S. military’s dirty little secret is a growing national security concern 1084). Naked selfies used as collateral for Chinese loans 1085). Biblical sheep in Israel for first time since biblical times, claims article 1086). Israeli Arabs sign up for Israel’s army {Note: This can be both a good thing AND a bad thing at the same time……….a good thing for those Arabs who are TRULY SINCERE in their support of Israel but bad for those Arabs who want “inside knowledge” of how the IDF works….} 1087). Four liberal Jewish groups join call on Trump to nix national security adviser choice 1088). Obama signed a waiver in reference to moving the U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem 1089). Time mag brands Trump a ‘huckster,’ BLASPHEMOUSLY calls Clinton ‘an American Moses’ “Like an American Moses, she was an imperfect prophet, leading women to the edge of the Promised Land. Now it’s up to another woman to enter it.” 1090). Textbook that says some slaves treated like family is pulled 1091). [Similar to headline #1082 up above] Talking toys could be spying on your children 1092). UK Welfare Payments ‘Help Fund Islamist Terror Plots’ 1093). Puberty workshop registration could expose Girl Scouts to sexually graphic material 1094). Notre Dame may not invite Trump to graduation, breaking tradition 1095). Attack on [religious] freedom won’t stop with doctors’ conscience rights, says Canada’s former [conservative] MP 1096). Abortion Rate in NYC is 60 Percent of Birth Rate 1097). Texas May Face Lawsuit Over New Abortion Regulations 1098). French Court Upholds Ban on Ad Featuring Children with Down Syndrome 1099). BREAKING: ‘Nuisance’? Planned Parenthood sues pro-life medical center for using its own property 1100). Ontario physicians’ college using ‘intimidation’ tactics against pro-life doctors 1101). Connecticut threatens to ban employee donations to American Family Association for alleged LGBT ‘discrimination’ 1102). LEAKED: Canadian Navy unit’s mandatory ‘diversity’ training 1103). Anti-Discrimination Laws Are Being ‘Weaponized’ Against Christians, UK Report Warns 1104). Florida woman charged with threatening Sandy Hook parent over hoax conspiracy theory 1105). The Sex Cult of the Burning Man Oakland Inferno Warehouse Crowd 1106). A pro-LGBT advocate co-wrote the Ontario bishops’ new religion program 1107). In Miami’s overdose ‘hot zone,’ the heroin toll skyrockets 1108). This retirement home has lovely landscaping. And, cops say, a meth lab 1109). Mom overdoses in a gas station bathroom with ‘frightened’ 4-year-old nearby 1110). South Florida leads nation in new HIV infections, CDC says 1111). Michael Moore calls for protesters to ‘disrupt’ Trump’s inauguration 1112). Texas Restaurant Closes, And The Owner Is Blaming Obamacare 1113). Cuba wants to sign accords with U.S. before Obama exit: officials 1114). British teenager caused US flights to be cancelled by making hoax bomb threats after becoming hooked on video game Call of Duty 1115). Rider who took selfie with skeletal horse given ban after she is caught by Facebook pictures 1116). Analysis: Settlement bill marks a revolutionary moment in Israeli history 1117). American flags burned at gyms on Pearl Harbor anniversary 1118). Student Accuses Stanford of Protecting Known Sexual Predator in Bombshell Lawsuit 1119). Newest headache for Venezuelans: Accessing and carrying loads of worthless cash 1120). ‘I have no words’: Husband lashes out after botched abortion leads to newlywed wife’s death [This story is SO, SO SAD, not only because a NEWLYWED tried to get an abortion but because the woman DIED because of it………SAD!] 1121). Malta becomes first European nation to ban treatment for unwanted same-sex attractions 1122). Appeals court ruling allows LGBTQ clubs to expand into middle schools 1123). After Sorority at Tufts Delays Membership for Transgender Student, Half Its Members Quit 1124). London Shopkeeper Branded Racist For Selling British-Themed Souvenirs 1125). Prime minister candidate Wilders guilty of “anti-immigration” hate speech, Dutch court rules 1126). Paris Plans to Auction ‘Love Locks’ from the Pont des Arts Bridge in Support of Refugees 1127). Iran Opens Amusement Park that Teaches Kids to Fight America and Israel 1128). Communist Failure: Food In Cuba is Now Going to Tourists as Locals Starve 1129). American Dream collapsing for young adults, as odds plunge that children will earn more than their parents: study 1130). Police Spy Tools Evolve Faster Than Lawmakers Can Keep Up 1131). Firefighter Brawl: 2 Accused of Blocking Other Crew 1132). AJC donates money to REBUILD Florida mosque (occasionally attended by Omar Mateen, the Pulse nightclub shooter) set ablaze by Jewish suspect 1133). Heroin deaths surpass gun homicides for the first time, CDC data shows 1134). More elderly people being diagnosed with STIs such as chlamydia and genital warts 1135). Beyond Bathrooms: Inside the Largest Ever Survey of Transgender People in America 1136). Attorney General improves citizenship laws for LGBT couples 1137). “Sex robots” modeled after celebrities set to take over the market 1138). PC article claims that Feathered dinosaur tail discovered in amber “is believed to be 99 million years old” [Wow……the “99 million years old” line actually made me LAUGH! There’s FAR more evidence of their being a YOUNG EARTH, rather than an OLD one, ha! All one has to do is just examine the evidence……] 1139). Trampling parents’ rights, Poland ramps up homeschooling regulation 1140). Pro-life teacher fired for opposing abortion – it only took one student complaint 1141). Judge Rejects Pimping Charges Against INTERNATIONAL Escort Services Site, citing “free speech” 1142). Report: Doping Involved Over 1,000 Athletes in Olympics 1143). Thirty women posed naked in ‘censored’ tape to protest Facebook’s nudity rules 1144). Pakistan’s first transgender model did a stunning photoshoot dedicated to ending transphobia ========HEARTS WAXING COLD: MATTHEW 24:12 REALIZED============ 1145). Dad murdered 7-month-old son by twisting his testicles and smothering him 1146). Hotel staff ‘beat kitten to death with rolling pin’ after it got trapped in their kitchen and peed 1147). ‘Man’ who beat dog so badly it urinated blood is spared jail 1148). Couple who left newborn with ‘catastrophic injuries’ to go to Nando’s have been jailed =============================================================== 1149). Controversial Islamic center hosts interfaith call for peace, despite terror ties 1150). African Conflicts Displaced More Than 2 Million People in 2015 1151). Over 60 Anti-semitic scholars say bill targeting campus anti-Semitism is ‘dangerous’ 1152). Arab Knesset members say they will sue Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 1153). Georgia teen reportedly kidnapped by her friend’s father 1154). New York Times executive editor: ‘We don’t get religion’ [UNDERSTATEMENT OF THE YEAR, FOLKS! THEY’RE PRETTY MUCH COMING OUT AND *ADMITTING* THAT THEY’RE SLANTED *AGAINST* CONSERVATIVES/CONSERVATIVE RELIGION!] 1155). FDA approves trials for ecstasy to help PTSD patients 1156). Trial judge hijacked Mary Wagner’s historic case for the unborn, lawyer argues on appeal 1157). ‘Gendercide still exists’: Women’s advocate rips study claiming to ‘find’ China’s 30 million missing girls 1158). International accord on women includes gender ideology 1159). Irish gvmt’s appeal against right-to-life ruling is truly deplorable 1160). Former ambassador: Trudeau’s de-emphasis on religion in foreign policy leaves Canada with ‘blind spot’ 1161). Ford’s Small-Car Assembly Moving To Mexico Despite Trump Threats 1162). India’s cash crisis is ‘a mammoth tragedy’ 1163). JCPenney, Kohl’s, Macy’s and Sears sued over misleading prices 1164). The huge issues Westworld is raising about our future {EVEN a CNN reporter HIMSELF calls the “implications” of Westworld to our human future “chilling!”} 1105). Former U.S. Democratic Senator Kay Hagan “suddenly falls ill” and is in intensive care, brother says [Note: That seems sort’ve “suspicious” to me that she just seems to “suddenly fall ill” out of nowhere. Does anyone ELSE find that suspicious?] 1106). Red-suited SantaCon pub crawl revelers fan out across NYC [Truth be told, “saint” Nicolaus (the “inspiration” for the “Santa Claus” figure) was a CATHOLIC BISHOP who was imprisoned for his faith in Jesus Christ! Therefore, any “SantaCon” event is only mere IDOLISM and should more appropiately be called “Idolcon” or “Idolfest”] 1107). Marxist Vegan Restaurant Closes After Customers No Longer Willing to Wait 40 Minutes for a Sandwich {Because “communism” — once people are actually LIVING it — isn’t so “great”, afterall!} 1108). Loyola Professor Calls Cops on Student Because He’s Wearing His Police Officer Uniform 1109). Champagne Communism: Inside Fidel Castro’s Lavish Lifestyle 1110). Hitler’s Mein Kampf beloved by Italian schoolchildren, survey says 1111). Britain’s ‘first gay surrogate dads’ want girl triplets via sex selection process illegal in UK 1112). Gender Fluid Performer Kelly Mantle Eligible in Male and Female Oscar Categories 1113). Orlando police launch ‘safe place’ initiative for LGBT residents, visitors 1114). CEO who cut his 1M some salary and gave ALL employees 70K minimum wages finds out that — “communism isn’t so great, afterall!” 1115). Superbugs killing more people than breast cancer, U.K. Sepsis Trust claims ================ECONOMIC MONEY WOES ========================= 1116). Foxconn Fires 25% Of India Workers As Demonetization Destroys Sales 1117). Venezuela Orders Largest Bills Turned in Ahead of New Bank Notes 1118). Italy hurries to form new government as banking crisis looms 1119). A year after the crisis was declared over, Greece is still spiralling down =================================================================== 1120). BREAKING: Investigation reveals shocking health violations at 200+ abortion clinics 1121). Trump’s new Secretary of State pushed for open homosexuality in the Boy Scouts 1122). Three-year-olds can be identified as criminals of the future {Note: Just THINK of the “implications” if/when they “identify” YOUR three-year old as a “criminal of the future”. What then? Scary stuff, folks!!!!} 1123). That time one of Trump’s ‘best’ Supreme Court picks destroyed a Christian judge’s career 1124). BREAKING: Gov. Kasich vetoes bill banning abortions after baby’s heartbeat begins 1125). Largest transgender survey ever in U.S. reveals high rates of sexual assault, suicide, HIV, prostitution 1126). BREAKING: Obama admin issues final rule blocking state efforts to defund Planned Parenthood 1127). Amazon sells eroticized child nudity books, sexualized baby products, sex trafficking how-to guides, and more 1128). Norway Broadcasts Graphic Sex-Ed Videos on TV; Target Audience is 6-8 year olds! 1129). Convicted Sex Offenders in French Prisons Hired to Package Dildos for Sex Toy Company 1130). Disappointment as Senate Republicans drop religious freedom amendment 1131). Man ‘overtaken by demons’ stabbed his family and tossed their bodies in a well, records say 1132). Cow gene study shows why most clones fail 1133). 1134). Rising number of rural American babies born with opioid withdrawal 1135). Top anti-drug body IN ISRAEL recommends pot decriminalization 1136). Antonio Guterres sworn in as UN secretary-general 1137). Congressman begs Electoral College voters to block Trump 1138). Nativity Scene Could Offend Muslims, Priest Says 1139). Haifa, Israel finds itself underwater, weeks after wildfires set it ablaze 1140). Christmas TV episode features jaw-dropping Jesus mockery, violence. Oh wait — it’s ‘Family Guy.’ 1141). Obama Bars States From Denying Federal Money to Planned Parenthood (NYT article) 1142). NYC ‘Zombie’ Outbreak Highlights Dangers of Synthetic Drug 1143). Record-breaking wave thunders through North Atlantic 1144). Yahoo suffers world’s biggest hack affecting 1 billion users…..NOT TO MENTION….Stolen Yahoo Data ALSO Includes Government Employee Information and 1145). NYPD: Muslim teenager who reported harassment by Trump supporters made the story up 1146). Venezuelans fight to protect their savings as government pulls bills from circulation 1147). Jihadists are ‘hiding in plain sight’ among migrants, head of the Armed Forces says 1148). Judge blocks Texas rules requiring burial of fetal remains 1149). Britain agrees to license three-parent IVF babies to prevent disease 1150). Holographic ‘wife’ [SATAN] ministers to Japan’s single men 1151). Scientists reverse ageing in mammals and predict human trials within 10 years 1152). State Health Dept. says most Oklahomans who caught mumps WERE VACCINATED [SEE, FOLKS!!!! TOLD YA THOSE “VACCINES” WERE CONTAMINATED! DON’T GET EM’!!!!] 1153). Obamacare repeal could take months; replacement, years: Republican aides 1154). Automated restaurant opens in NYC 1155). Self-Driving Uber Apparently Runs Red Light In San Francisco 1156). UN: Threat of a hacking attack on nuclear plants is growing 1157). Some poor Venezuelan parents give away children amid deep crisis 1158). Japan Overtakes China as Largest Holder of U.S. Treasuries 1159). British Muslims Gather in Show of Strength to Demand Caliphate 1160). Swedish towns told to ‘make preparations regarding the threat of war and conflict’ with Russia 1161). Archaeology Discovery: 1,800-Y-O Tablet Reveals Name of Biblical-Era Ruler of Judea 1162). Activist told New York schoolchildren to become ‘freedom fights for Palestine’ 1163). This is ‘year zero’ of a virtual reality revolution say filmmakers 1164). Buddhists calming Bustling New Yorkers with ‘Subway Meditation’ 1165). Soon, married Italians might not have to promise to be faithful 1166). ‘National Geographic’ just made history with its new cover 1167). Oklahoma lawmaker abandons anti-abortion bathroom signs law 1168). Overdose deaths rise by more than 100 percent in some states, CDC report says 1169). Facebook Using Unreliable Liberal Fact-Checker To Fight ‘Fake News 1170). Venezuelan Odyssey for Cash Endures With Delay of New Bills 1171). Discontented British workers launch season of strikes 1172). A night out with Jerusalem’s drag queens 1173). Dozens gather at gay pride in conservative Montenegro 1174). Smoggy Beijing, under alert, orders factories to shut or cut output–finance.html 1175). Aleppo ‘Hell-Hole’: Children Burned Alive, Women Killing Themselves to Avoid Being Raped 1176). Maryland church ordered to evict homeless or pay $12,000 fine 1177). Ex-Witch Reveals Connection Between Yoga and Satan 1178). Flooding threatens to destroy biblical sheep project 1179). Pagan priest granted right to wear horns in Maine driver’s license photo 1180). North Carolina Limits on Transgender Rights Appear Headed for Repeal 1181). Paedophile aged 101 becomes Britain’s oldest convict as he is given 13-year sentence for historic child abuse 1182). Kids turn violent as parents battle ‘digital heroin’ addiction 1183). Virtual butler ‘Jarvis’ takes up residence in Facebook founder’s home 1184). Sex will be just for special occasions in the future as robots will satisfy everyday needs, LIBERAL article claims 1185). Demand surges for clinicians serving transgender youth — and for earlier treatment 1186). Movement for Third Gender Option ‘Exploding’ in U.S. 1187). Genetically Modified ‘3-Parent Children’ Exploits Women, Bioethicists Warn 1188). Lena Dunham says she never had an abortion but ‘I wish I had’ 1189). Many GMO studies have financial conflicts of interest 1190). Obama bars future oil leases in swaths of Atlantic, Arctic oceans 1191). Puerto Rico will run out of money in February, governor-elect says 1192). For the first time in nearly 150 years, India’s economy surpasses that of United Kingdom 1193). Court agrees to revoke adoption of one gay man by his male partner to allow the decades-old couple to marry 1194). Gun Control, LGBT Activists Protest FedEx for Giving NRA Members Discount 1195). A supervolcano caused the largest eruption in European history. Now it’s stirring again. 1196). FEMA exposed hundreds to potentially fatal toxin 1197). Modern manger set goes viral: ‘Hipster Nativity’ selling out fast {This was ABSOLUTELY SICKENING to look at! The original nativity scene ALREADY pollutes the Lord Jesus’s gospel of Salvation, but THIS set REALLY, REALLY mocks Christ’s sacrifice on the cross! GROSTESQUE!} 1198). California man gets misdemeaner DUI charge for driving under influence of CAFFEINE 1199). Pro-life prisoner Mary Wagner loses groundbreaking appeal in case to prove humanity of unborn 1200). Italy’s new education minister is not only a gender ideology promoter, but she lied about her degree 1201). STDs are at an all-time-high, but liberals are ignoring the only proven solution: marriage 1202). Health educator fired for refusing to promote contraception, attend class at Planned Parenthood 1203). No justice: UK abortion giant stays open after health inspection finds thousands of violations 1204). Couple complains they can’t find hospital to abort 30-week baby: Quebec promises it won’t happen again 1205). ‘Hark! The Nasty Women Sing:’ Feminists sing for birth control at Trump Tower 1206). Catholic school’s legal battle continues over dismissal of former counselor, coach in gay ‘marriage’ [She broke the “contract” she signed when hired, she got fired, end of story. The fact that she and her “lesbian partner” are dragging this on in our U.S. Court system is MOST DEFINITELY a sign of the times, folks!] 1207). New UN LGBT czar BARELY survives second vote to do away with position 1208). New misleading pro-abortion campaign slogan: ‘All forgiven by Pope Francis’ 1209). 1 Christian killed for their faith every 6 minutes in 2016 – study 1210). Woman ‘kidnapped and held captive as sex slave for 13 years by rapist who sold her babies’ {NOTE: I can’t independently verify the “story”, as the news source ITSELF claims the story can’t be verified but IF true, what this woman went through was purely horrible!} ========LGBT HEADLINES ========= 1211). Nation’s First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC 1212). LGBTQ Entertainment Moments of 2016 1213). OutFront: Lesbian Rabbi Fights “Intolerance” With”Love” 1214). Secret Online Groups Provide “Safe Space” for India’s LGBTQ Community 1215). ‘New Frontiers’: Museum Exhibit to Explore the Life of George Takei 1216). ‘She Her Hers’: Pronoun Pins Handed Out at University of Kansas 1217). ‘Nashville’ Returns With Transgender Actress, New Plot Lines 1218). Single Shot at Doctor’s Office May Be Future of HIV Prevention 1219). New Subway Station Has Public Art Rarely Seen: A Gay Couple 1220). Gay Rights Groups Brave Abuse, Violence to Fight HIV in Cameroon 1221). Center for Transgender School Dropouts to Open in India 1222). United Methodist Church Calls for 75-Week ‘Focused Prayer’ on Homosexuality Debate [NOTE: The bible is NOT up for debate, folks! God said it, that settles it!] ============================== 1223 ). Space Torah: When the creation story flew back into the firmament 1224). Rio’s unpaid government workers line up for food 1225). Just One Hour a Day on Social Media Makes Teens Miserable, Study Says 1226). Man beaten to death in Snapchat video after being forced to eat cat faeces 1227). NYPD to allow Sikh officers to wear turbans and beards while on duty 1228). Charlie Sheen tweets for God to ‘take’ Trump next 1229). Child Jihadists Hunt Down, Execute Bound Prisoners in New ISIS Video 1230). Highlights (A Once Wholesome Children’s Magazine): Now Bringing the LGBT Agenda to YOUR Child 1231). How Scientists Are Trying to Keep Genetic Engineering From Ruining the World 1232). More than 20,000 dead sea creatures wash ashore in western Nova Scotia 1233). New Year’s Eve Comet’ and More: Three Flybys Will Kick Off 2017 New Year 1234). Comedian Rob Schneider Under Fire by SALON for Making Paella in a ‘Disrespectful’ Glass Pan [This is the time we’re living in, folks! Everyone offended by……..well……EVERYTHING! Sheesh!] 1235). Top Bible Prophecy Stories of 2016 By Jan Markell

Written by a Medical Acupuncture for Veterinarians course graduate. Signed release obtained from client/author. A2016001 Abstract 9 year old spayed female mixed breed dog was presented with intermittent non weight bearing left hindlimb lameness at 1 month post TPLO surgery. The patient was treated with myofascial massage and dry needle acupuncture for associated pain and tension, as well as signs consistent with anxiety and possible depression. Outcome includes reduced muscle tension, reduced signs of anxiety/depression, and improved gait. While presurgical rehabilitation would have been ideal, results indicate that without pre-surgical rehabilitation, even the most simple and affordable manual therapies may cause notable improvement within a relatively short time frame. History and Presentation 9 year old spayed female mixed breed dog presented for support in ongoing recovery one month post left TPLO surgery, with intermittent non weight bearing left hindlimb lameness and pain. The patient had signs indicative of cranial cruciate rupture (cranial drawer, meniscal click, joint pain and effusion) after acute trauma one month prior to her surgery. Complete tear of the ligament as well as medial meniscal tear and moderate osteoarthritis/DJD was later confirmed in radiographs and surgery. Surgery included left mini medial arthrotomy, left medial menisectomy, and left TPLO. Prior to surgery, the patient did not receive any manual therapy or rehabilitation. The patient did receive carprofen and tramadol along with restricted activity (short leashed walks). Blood work had previously been within normal limits, but at the time of surgery, after a one month regimen of daily carprofen, a mild elevation in ALT was noted (129, reference range 10-125). No other signs of liver issues were noted. Carprofen was discontinued after one week post surgery. Post operative cryotherapy and PROM exercises were provided at home, as well as limited leashed walks according to typical discharge instructions for post TPLO patients. While post surgical radiographs confirmed good alignment and implant placement, the patient remained non weight bearing in the affected limb with any gait faster than a restricted slow walk. Owners had noted patient anxiety (pacing, licking lips, following closely around the home) since the death of her canine housemate which was sudden, violent, and witnessed by the patient, and which occurred only one day prior to the patient’s acute stifle injury. Owners also noted depressed behavior after these combined incidents, though it is unclear if the depressed behavior is secondary to grief, pain or sedation secondary to tramadol. Physical Examination and Clinical Assessments Vital parameters were within normal limits. Patient was bright, alert and anxious, with significant off loading of the left hindlimb (places approximately 10% weight) when standing. Intermittent completely non weight bearing lameness of the same limb when ambulating was noted. When slowly walked, patient was able to place weight but continued to demonstrate lameness of this limb with associated compensatory patterns. No signs of neurological deficits or of icterus/heptatobiliary illness, nor other issues. Incision site was healing well with no complications. Remainder of basic exam was unremarkable, however a detailed myofascial palpation revealed adhesions and pain at the T-L junction, throughout the lumbar spine region, tension and trigger points at the hamstring groups as well as significant tension and fasciculation at the popliteal mm. of both hind limbs. Palpation of quadriceps/iliopsoas regions of both hind limbs also revealed some tension. Forelimbs and scapula were not as problematic, with only mild tension (right more than left) which resolved with initial massage. Medical Decision Making Goals were to reduce muscle tension, fascial adhesions, and address the compensatory patterns such as right hind limb issues, in an effort to help prevent similar loss of joint integrity in the right stifle. Goals also included treatment which both accommodated and addressed patient anxiety via neuromodulation of the parasympathetic system, and by limiting treatment to avoid over stimulating or overwhelming the patient. Treatment plan included homework for the client such as gentle massage, and patient rest with controlled, focused activity including slow, limited and leashed walks in order to employ both agonist and antagonist muscle groups. Prior to dry needling, myofascial palpation and massage was performed not only to assess, but also to reduce anxiety and facilitate myofascial release. It was accompanied by music therapy (calm, measured, classical music was played at low volume), and aromatherapy (subtle use of essential oil of lavender) to further relax the patient. For overall anxiety, GV 14, 20 and Bai Hui were used as the initial points in an effort to help calm the patient via parasympathetic stimulation, with Bai Hui also employed to address the hindlimb problems and lumbar region tension via local stimulation and communication with spinal segments. BL 23 was chosen for it’s local intramuscular stimulation and it’s established treatment of low back pain (1). LR 8 was manually stimulated via acupressure for somatovisceral neuromodulation, to address the previous mild elevation in ALT. ST 36 was employed with the goal of overall parasympathetic stimulation, as well as stifle-specific local effects. This point as well as local points ST 34, SP 9, 10, BL 40 were all stimulated with the goal to provide local effects, including proprioceptive feedback after the patient’s menisectomy. BL 40 was also chosen due to it’s effect via local intramuscular stimulation to reduce tension at the popliteal muscles. Overall the intention was neuromodulation, via stimulation of mechanoreceptors/Golgi tendons and peripheral/somatic afferent nerves.This in turn may result in reduced muscle spasms, increased local circulation, and the promotion of crosstalk between peripheral nerves and spinal segments, with proprioceptive benefits to an area with reduced proprioceptive ability due to menisectomy. Nutritional supplementation (eg glucosamine chondroitin) was also initiated due to known OA. Acupuncture Treatment Myofascial massage was performed with aromatherapy and music therapy. Massage included gentle, passive touch,effluerage, compression, skin rolling, friction, and trigger point therapy and lasted 30 to 40 minutes. Dry needlingfollowed using Seirin (0.16 and 0.2 x 0.30 mm) needles for time periods ranging 5 to 15 minutes and adjusted basedon patient tolerance. Visits lasted 1+ hours and included slow, calm assessment and treatment due to the fact that rushing may have resulted in missed signs of pathology as well as increased patient tension and anxiety. Initial points were: GV 14, 20, then Bai Hui. The following points were then added as patient tolerated : ST 34, 36; SP 9,10, BL 40 bilaterally, as well as local treatment of trigger points informed by myofascial palpation. Treatment plan included client homework (gentle massage, controlled exercise). Frequency included three visits, every other day, for the first week of treatment. It was followed by weekly ongoing treatment based on client availability. Outcomes: Discussions and References While at first the patient’s lumbar and T-L tension was generalized, by the second treatment, palpable muscle tension was improved and fascial tissue adhesion had mostly resolved. More specific localization to the level of L5 was appreciable. This may be secondary to myofascial dysfunction from compensatory patterns associated with stifle injury or secondary to unknown underlying spinal pathology (eg DJD, IVDD, etc). Regardless of the underlying cause, the use of BL 23 point for low back pain is likely to be helpful through neuromodulation, with a local effect via intramuscular stimulation (1). Popliteal, hamstring group, and quadriceps tension was more notable in the opposing right hind limb by as early as the second treatment, which is likely indicative of compensatory pathology. Trigger points were treated with massage and dry needling, treating pain by stimulating cutaneous and subcutaneous A delta fibers (2). Increased comfort and gait improvement was notable even after the initial treatment. A faster patient response to therapy during treatment itself was also noted at progressive visits. By the second treatment, resolution of trigger point tension and muscle fasciculation was noted within 5 minutes of massage verses 30 minutes. If available, laser would be a useful tool for local muscle treatment via photo biomodulation. The equipment was unavailable in this particular case. Electroacupuncture (EA) may provide more potent analgesia than manual acupuncture (3). In an effort to accommodate limited but improving patient receptivity, EA was held and treatment remained focused on gentle, detailed myofascial massage as well as simple dry needling. The patient relaxed as trust was developed, but remained generally prone to anxiety. Future treatments may include EA and laser. The death of a long time canine companion was likely disturbing and, at the very least, disruptive of long term household patterns for this patient. Combined with the discomfort and limited activity associated with stifle injury, it is not surprising some anxiety and depressed behaviors were noted at home. The depressed behavior may be due to pain, and/or grieving, or may have been sedation secondary to tramadol (which had been discontinued by presentation). Acupuncture provides an option for adjunctive post operative pain management without the sedative side effects of medications (4). Increased liver enzymes may have been secondary to carprofen and this, too, may be avoided by employing acupuncture and massage without these unwanted side effects (4). Outcome of treatment included reduced signs of anxiety/depression. At initial visit patient reacted anxiously, but these signs reduced by the second treatment and still further by the end of first week of therapy. At home, she was reportedly more eager to engage and more inclined to get up and go outside. Goals remain to help protect patient’s right hind limb from a similar cruciate rupture, reduce progression of known osteoarthritis, and control myofascial compensation patterns. Lessons learned include a noticeable reduction in patient anxiety after the use of acupuncture points associated with stimulating the parasympathetic system. Furthermore, this parasympathetic stimulation and local neuromodulation resulted in improved pain control as demonstrated by reduced trigger point pathology and improved gait. Perhaps the most important lesson from this case has been the significance of even the simplest of treatments. Expensive equipment or a complex number of points is not required to elicit marked improvement in a relatively short time frame. Continued assessments are planned, including 12 week post operative imaging to assess bone healing and blood work to survey liver enzymes. Due to the lack of clinical signs for hepatopathy and only very mild elevation in ALT, normal reference values are anticipated. However, should ALT remain elevated, further work up and treatment may be indicated. References 1. Kwoming, James C. Neuroanatomical basis of acupuncture treatment for some common illnesses. Acupunct Med 2009; 27(2): 61-64 2. Filshie & White. Medical Acupuncture: A Western Scientific Approach. Churchill. Livingstone. London. 1998 3. Leung, L. Neurophysiological basis of acupuncture-induced analgesia – an updated review. J acupunct Meridian Stud 2012; 5(6): 261-270 4. Sun Y1, Gan TJ, Dubose JW, Habib AS. Acupuncture and related techniques for postoperative pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Aug;101(2):151-60

Jain Mutt The Event Photo Gallery CHAMUNDARAYA AND SHRAVANABELAGOLA HERITAGE OF SHRAVANABELAGOLA > CHAMUNDARAYA AND SHRAVANABELAGOLA Chamundaraya1, the minister of the Gangas, has carved an indelible record in the glorious history of Shravanabelagola. He was a politician, commander-in-chief, religious patron and generic writer who enriched the culture of the place and Karnataka. He played an important role in the history of Shravanabelagola. It is said that he hailed from the southern part of Madurai. His mother Kalaladevi was instrumental in all his religious contributions to the land. His wife Ajithadevi, son Jinadevanna, sister Pulavvae and brother Nagaverma proved to be the earnest devotees of Jina and adorned Gangas. He was born probably in A.D. 940. The guidance of Acharya Simhanandi stood as the rock stone in his achievements and moulded the personality. The association of Chavundaraya with Marasimha III has blended together in a harmonious way. Chavundaraya was a Brahmakshatriya by inheritance. His grandfather Govindamayyiah laid the foundation of religious fervour. Govindamayyiah and his younger brother Ishwaraiah lived together like Bhima and Arjuna and served under Marasimha. Mahabalaiah, the father of Chamundaraya was known for his generosity, ability and virtuosity. Chavundaraya fought for Marasimha and defeated Chaladanka Ganga and also Madurachayya. He fought bravely against Nolambas and supported Marasimha. He was called Veramarthanda due to his valour and bravery. He also defeated Rajaditya and Vajvala. He developed interest in the Jaina religion by studying the works of Acharya Jiansena and Acharya Gunabadhra. He propagated Jainism through his meritorious works. He was a prolific writer in Kannada and Sanskrit languages. He wrote Chavundarayapurana (A.D. 978), also called as Trishashtishalakapurusharu. He adopted the gist of Mahapurana in this work. He wrote Charitrasara in Sanskrit and the work deals with Jaina ceremonies and rituals observed by Gruhastas and Munis. He had a great patronage for the poets Nagaverma and Ranna. Ranna composed Gadayuddha and Ajithanathapurana. Ranna named his son as Raya as an index of his affection for Chavundaraya. Nagaverma wrote Chadombudhi. He was an ardent disciple of Ajithasenacharya of Bankapur and Nemichandracharya who inspired him to serve the cause of Jaina religion. He was called by various titles such as Veeramarthanda, Ranarangasinga, Samaradurandara, Samyaktva Ratnakara, Vairikulakaladanda, Bujavikrama, Chaladankaganga, Samaraparashurama, Pratipaksha Rakshasa, Bhatamari, Subatachudamani, Brahmakshatra Shikamani, Gunaratnabhushana, Bhujavikrama, Ripukulasamhari, Sandivigrahi, Tribhuvanaveera, Chamupathi, Kavijanashekara, Shauchabharana, Devaraja and Satya Yudishtira. He has etched his image in the fields of literature, religion, politics and art and architecture. He was the great son of Karnataka. Nemichandracharya also influenced him immensely and hence Chavundaraya constructed a temple in his name. The Acharya dedicated Gommatasara, the amalgamative work of Dhavala and Mahadhavala as a recognition of his devotion and dedication to Jaina heritage. He called him Vera Marthandi and immortalised his name. Engraving Of Bahubali Idol The magnificent monolithic statue of Lord Gommateshwara atop the Indragiri was the greatest contribution of Chavundaraya. His revered mother Kalaladevi was greatly influenced by the narration of Bahubali's meditation and sacrifice imparting the value of indefiniteness of life as depicted by Siddantha Chakravarthi Nemichandra Swamiji in his discourse. Bahubali stood as a symbol of sacrifice and Bharatha as that of possessiveness of wealth and pleasure of the kingdom. She dreamt the vision of Lord Gommateshwara and had expressed here desire to have a darshan in Paudanapura where the statue of Bahubali was installed by Bharatha. She gave up taking food and water till she had the glimpse of Lord Bahubali. But it was a difficult task to travel to Paudanapura and also she learnt that the statue of Bahubali was encircled with serpents and thick forests. Furthermore it was an arduous task to have the glimpse of Lord Gommateshwara situated in the thick forests of Paudanapura. In order to fulfill the desire of his mother he proceeded towards Paudanapura and stayed in Kalvappu2 for some time on the way. Goddess Padmavathi, appeared and blessed him in his dream and advised him to bow the arrows towards Indragiri from Chandragiri to have the darshan of Bahubali, according to Panchabanas Bhujabalacharita. Eventually the collasal statue of Bahubali was engraved by Chavundaraya spreading the message of sacrifice, nonviolence and truth to the world. According to Govinda Pai the National poet the installation ceremony was held on Monday, 14th March, A.D. 981. The sculptor of this mega statue is said to be Arishtanemi (Bharatoja). Chavundaraya himself conducted the first mahamasthakabhishekha on 14-3-981. He donated 88 villages generating 96,000 varahas and its utility for the pooja celebration of Lord Gommateshwara. Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar Tyagada Brahmadeva pillar on Indragiri goes in the name of Chavundaraya. The pillar measures about ten feet and is encircled with artistic flowers and tendrils. There is engraving of Sri Chavundaraya with Chamaradharis and his guru Nemichandracharya in the lower portion of the pillar. The northern side of the pillar contains the inscription narrating the valour of Chavundaraya. Akhanda Bagilu This was also said to be the contribution of Chavundaraya and it is a good piece of art and architecture of the Gangas. The lintel portion of it shows the GajaLakshmi in sitting posture which is a beautiful piece of art with the devi holding flowers in her hand. The other sculptural and architectural contribution of Chavundaraya include Sri Kushmandini devi in the form of Gulakayajji, Bhadrashale, Patala Kamba, Yaksha Kamba and also the steps to Indragiri. Chavundaraya Basadi This temple is a two storeyed structure and was constructed with Lord Neminatha as the main deity during the period A.D. 982-85. This occupies a unique position among the 14 jinalayas spread out on the Chandragiri. The temple resembles Pallava style of architecture and however it also resembles the influence of Gangas style of architecture. One can see the inscription, 'Sri Chavundaraya Madisidam' (constructed by Chavundaraya) near the main entrance. This temple is called Trailokyaranjana and Boppa Jinalaya in Hoysala inscriptions. It has two sanctum sanctoria with simple walls and artistic lintels. The inscription (A.D. 1138) found at the pedestal of Neminatha Tirthankara describes that it was installed by Eachana the son of Gangaraja who was in the court of Hoysala Vishnuvardhana. It was carved by Gangachari (Vardhamanachari), the son of Hoysalachari. The Yaksha and Yakshi of Sri Neminatha Tirthankara were also carved by Gangachari. His son Jinadevanna added some portion of this temple i.e. the upper portion of it. Chavundaraya basadi is flourished with exquisite art and is one of the master pieces of Jain temples. Establishment of Dharmapeetha He intended to establish a Dharmapeetha to guard the religious values and as a result Siddanthachakravarthi Nemichandracharya became the head of Dharmapeetha. It was later called Charukeerthi Peetha and in the later days it was considered as the seat of Shravana culture of Jainism in Karnataka. Eventually he sacrificed his immense wealth and pleasure and also relinquished political power near the Tyagada Kamba and attained salvation through sallekhana in A.D. 989. --------------- 1. Chamundaraya - A controversy was raged regarding the use of the name Chavunda and Chamunda and only to conclude that both the forms can be used. 2. Kalvappu - It is the primitive name of Shravanabelagola. Bibliography: 1. Shravanabelagola Ondhu Samikshe: Ed. Dr.G.S.Shivarudrappa (Bangalore University Publication, 1983) 2. Gommateshvara Commemoration Volume: Ed. Dr.T.G.Kalghatgi (S.D.J.M.I. Managing Committee Shravanabelagola, 1981) 3. Veeramathanda Chavundaraya: Ed. Dr.S.P.Patil (1993) Would you like to send your opinion about this article or would you like to have a discussion with the author then please send an email to parshwanath@jainheritagecentres.com Vote for Shravanabelagola's Bahubali to be included in "The 7Wonders of the World" Heritage of Shravanabelagola | Top | Guest Book | This site is being designed, developed and maintained by

. “if” (which i believe will be more of a “when”) cole continues to show he is a better choice at pg, than mario…expect mariosn minutes to dwindle, and coles increase….heck, it wouldnt shock me of marios token minutes will be as a starter,,and doesnt sniff much of the 2nd half at all.. (wade plays backup pg minutes ya know) i.e. between wade, james, cole,,,battier,, plenty of guys who can defend opposing pgs. and to finish up games? it wont be chalmers. was nt there a war ship called the “SS cole”> (or something like that?) USS cole… (was once a strong militray ship, that was bombed by terrorists) Yes Doc, it was the USS Cole which suffered a terrorist attack from Al- Qaeda in Yemen. I was in the Navy at that time, and needless to say, we were all on alert after that tomhaberstroh Tom Haberstroh Pat Riley schedules a press conference on the amnesty deadline day. No, I don’t think it means Mike Miller’s a goner. @johnhollingerJohn Hollinger Don’t think anybody gets amnestied today, but five to watch: Gana Diop, Richard Jefferson, Mike Miller, Hasheem Thabeet, Artest/Walton/Blake LOL remember the blog clammoring for Diop? IN fairness, iirc that was during 15-67. 2 pre-season games with Orlando will be very interesting. We should all be focusing on Cole-Jameer matchup as well as Dex-Curry/Howard match-up. We will get a good idea where we stand at center after these 2 exhibition games (hopefully Curry will play). As we all realize, against most teams, Heat will be fine with Joel/UD/Bosh manning center. But against true power centers??? Playing Dex/Curry against Howard, the best power center, will determine if we should freak out or not. RT @CelebrityNewzzz: @mchalmers15 was actually voted 3rd favorite player on the Heat by a recent Miami Dade County survey. ************************ This right here is one reason why Miami sports fans are laughed at around the country damn, you beat me to that one. it couldn’t possibly just show that Heat fans are loyal to the guys who have been on the team for more than one year? I wouldn’t be entirely surprised if Udonis Haslem was second on that list. OK, D, point taken,you made me feel overcritical w/ that ^. It could have been simply name recognition, your right. Norris outflashed the Flash, outspeed the King, outassisted the Charm and outscored the most athletic players in the world on his first appearance under the lights! Do you think that our biggest foe Rose is faster than Cole? Let’s not get too carried away here. The “lights” aren’t really on during a scrimmage. It’s not like this was a nationally televised game. It was a scrimmage on Sun Sports. That being said, he was still very impressive and did do the things you’re talking about. While I don’t think he’s faster/quicker than Rose, I was very impressed by his defense and I think he will quickly establish himself as a better man defender than Chalmers, who plays man defense like his feet are stuck in mud. No one can completely stop Rose, but it looks like Cole has the speed/quickness and defense acumen to slow him down. I really liked what I saw from Cole….just like everyone else. I just don’t think we should get too carried away here. mchalmers15 mario chalmers RT @CelebrityNewzzz: @mchalmers15 was actually voted 3rd favorite player on the Heat by a recent Miami Dade County survey. Cole brings Kevin Johnson to mind a bit. Not to get carried away to say that’s how good he is or anything. But he brought him to mind watching last night’s scrimmage. Watching the speed that our boys were running up and down the court, it’s hard to see how Eddy Curry would mesh with these guys we have now even if he were healthy. The game slows down at some point. Eddy Curry won’t log big minutes. When he is in maybe they will run more of a traditional Pat Riley offense. Al December 16, 2011 at 1:09 pm Cole brings Kevin Johnson to mind a bit. Not to get carried away to say that’s how good he is or anything. But he brought him to mind watching last night’s scrimmage. good analogy EthanJSkolnick Ethan Skolnick Riley on interior presence: “Everybody’s going to have to do more, play a little bit bigger.” Mentions Bosh, Haslem. And this means Riley isn’t pursuing any centers. Maybe someone will fall on the Heat’s lap after the all-star break. WindhorstESPN Brian Windhorst Pat Riley just announced that Erik Spoelstra has signed a contract extension. Was going into last year of deal. __________________ LOL! I guess Pat doesn’t buy the whole “fluid intelligence” theory. So that puts aside the possibilty of Riley stepping in. I hope Spo learned some offensive sets. Kev, did you watch last night? They were much different. Very few “My turn” iso’s. Ball movement was very fluid and smart (setting up guys for good looks inside and on the perimeter). Let’s hope this continues. Is there still a chance of getting Sammy D in a sign n trade? I think he fits uptempo basketball which is what the Heat should play. The guy is a stronger, taller, better version of Joel Anthony and he can finish around the rim. He would be a perfect fit for this team I think. Too bad the Rockets are pursuing him. tomhaberstroh Tom Haberstroh Pat Riley added that he sees a Hall of Fame career ahead for his prodigy Erik Spoelstra. ++++++++++ Pat saw my name! Your influence on the Heat organization is now on the record! It cannot be denied! Haha…That’s true! “@EthanJSkolnick: Riley on Spoelstra’s contract status: “Erik’s contract HAS been extended. We have one of great young coaches in the league.”” EthanJSkolnick Ethan Skolnick Riley says Spo wd “have never been a lame duck coach, even though you would have made him one.” Says they extended so no team wd steal him. tomhaberstroh Tom Haberstroh Pat Riley on CBA’s punitive lux tax in 2 yrs: “You’re going to see us make big trades or find a diamond in the rough to try to get better.” ************************ He has already found his diamond in Cole, now he has to make that big trade to get us a center. Within reason. I would rather go the whole season w/ Joel again rather than destroy the depth we finally got. IraHeatBeat Ira Winderman Asked about Gilbert Arenas and James Posey, Riley said, “not right now.” “Asked about Gilbert Arenas and James Posey, Riley said, ‘not ever.’ ” Fixed. Mike Miller for Mo Williams. Let’s do it. Mo starts with Cole as his backup. Chalmers can play the 2. It fits him better anyway. Unless of course there’s any chance of landing Dalembert in a s/t. In which case, screw Mo. “Pat Riley just announced that Erik Spoelstra has signed a contract extension. Was going into last year of deal.” First, its a well-deserved extension. Congrats Spo! Second, the irony is just too rich for me to pass up. Wasn’t our self-proclaimed blog insider, and rabid Spo critic, virtually pi$$ing himself with excitement about some big development that was imminent within 48 hours? Somehow, I don’t think this is what we he was hoping for when he fabricated that last fib. chrisperk Chris Perkins Riley sez for 2nd time today that everyone has to play bigger. Sez they don’t have the big guy to do it. First off, I came up with Chuck Norris Cole. Secondly, Wade wasnt nearly as high on Mario as hes been on Chuck Norris. He was merely stating that Mario is better than a low 2nd rounder (which he is), and was also spitting the company line Woe woe. Chuck norris cole was me. kevinarnovitz Kevin Arnovitz Chauncey Billups on being claimed by the Clippers: “It could’ve been worse.” Dont be fooled by the extension. He has to in order for Spo to coach with confidence, and not be a lame duck coach. If we dont win the finals, hes gone. I see. So public praise about Cole is absolutely, 100%, incontrovertibly genuine, while public praise about Spo isn’t and is just part of some elaborate long con. Confirmation bias FTW! Nah… I think Riley really likes Spo and wants him to succeed. But, if the Heat don’t win a championship you have to think Riley will consider making a change. Spo has more responsibility and accountability than Cole at this point. @tomhaberstrohTom Haberstroh Pat Riley says he’s not done adding pieces, purposely leaving 2 slots open on the roster for additions. Question is: Who are they? Guessing that until Dalembert is signed, Riley is trying for that. After that falls thru, he goes onto the next step. That’s how he rolls, that why we missed on some players last year too, he has a list that he goes down. If you aren’t at the top of the list, you either have to wait or move on. Randy Shannon received a contract extension the year he was fired. Tony Sparano got a contract extension the year he was fired. Is Spo next? Time will tell. All I know is the contract extension was absolutely necessary in order for him to not be perceived as a lame duck coach by players this year in case things get bumpy in the middle of the season. So to all the Spo fanboys, just know that the contract extension doesn’t mean anything. It was a smart move FOR NOW. The last thing the team needs is to ignore Spo because they know he was perceived as a lame duck coach. @tomhaberstrohTom Haberstroh Pat Riley on CBA’s punitive lux tax in 2 yrs: “You’re going to see us make big trades or find a diamond in the rough to try to get better.” The contract extension could of waited till the end of the season as if Spo was going to coach some other team. lol Spo! Spo! Spo! @PeterAlexanderPeter Alexander #BREAKING Paterno: “I knew innapropriate action was taken by Jerry Sandusky with a youngster.” I can’t believe anyone is using Sparano as any kind of example. Its disingenuous. In case memories are short around here (and I doubt that), Ross and Ireland’s clumsy courtship of John Harbaugh blew up so horribly in their faces that they had to save face and give Sparano a glorified golden parachute by way of that extension. i wouldnt necessarily equate ireland to riley in any way either. lol With Norris Cole looking to be the real deal, it certainly helps solidify our team. Of course, we aren’t a finished team until we find another center capable of manning the middle for 10 to 15 minutes every game…can Curry be taht man, if not, I hope Riley has someone coming in (Pittman is NOT that man). Cole and Chalmers (Chalmers the early starter, Cole taking the role later), House Wade, J.Jones, ? LeBron, M.Miller, Battier Bosh, Haslem Anthony, ?, Curry, Pittman BTW: Haslem looked mid-season form last night. Good to have a healthy UD back!!! We have the BIG3, the glue3 (Haslem, Miller, Battier), the solid4 (Cole, Anthony, Chalmers, and J.Jones). That’s a 10 man rotation you can count on….Too bad it is weak on Centers. Forgot J.Howard as 3rd string PF. BTW: He had a good game…to bad he doesn’t look like in the actual games. The Heat need a big man. Just gonna keep repeating that mantra Zo needs to come out of retirement. Imagine a guy like Zo on this team. Even the limited Zo from the championship season. At this point, we either have to hope for the tranformation of Eddie Curry (small chance) or some kind of sign and trade for Samuel Delambert (smaller chance). I’m going to hope for Curry more…because even if we get the latter, we will lose a Miller-type player in the process. “Spo has more responsibility and accountability than Cole at this point.” That may be, but its irrelevant. My argument is that what’s good for the goose is good for the gander. i.e. If you take public praise completely at face value in one instance, then barring any additional evidence, you have to take it a face value in other, comparable instances. That is, if you want to be consistent. I got you. As I said above, I think Riley and the organization are genuine in their praise of Spo…. but I don’t think for a second Riley won’t give serious though to making a change should the Heat fail to win a championship. Hi Tony, Agreed….BUT (its a big BUT), this this team, 2 years not winning a title will get you fired. It doesn’t matter who you are….coaches are traded before players are. I think Riley does like Spo and the job he’s doing, but Riley also knows if Slo doesn’t get over the hump this year, Eric’s gone. You have to give confidence about Eric, you are letting him handle the most talented team in the league, if you didn’t show confidence, EVERYONE would question why you had him there then. Cole is a later first round picks, there are plenty of picks that take time to develop, plenty that don’t get the praise early….actually most of RIley’s draft picks don’t get the praise too early. Chalmers got some of the priase because we needed him to be that starter….you can almost say that about Cole…he need him to be good THIS year. That said, I think Cole is looking a lot better than Rio did at that point in his NBA career (8 practices). Can you imagine if Spo wouldn’t have been extended. The typical reaction by players during losing streaks would have been “I’m not listening to this fool. He won’t be here next year anyways.” I definitely don’t agree with that. I could buy it if the Heat was a middle of the pack team without a strong veteran presence. They’re all in it to win championships and the players are smart enough to realize a mutiny against the coach is not the way to get there. I don’t think you are giving the players on this roster enough credit…. they’re more professional than that. Isn’t that just about what happened with Shaq and Stan Van Gundy? JB must be shooting for “Definately Not JB” next year as his name. LOL… good one. I’m just saying I don’t think the players on this team throw away a season just to spite the coach or get him fired. You got me on the Shaq thing, but the guy has a history of doing things like that. Lebron, Bosh, and Wade don’t. @EthanJSkolnickEthan Skolnick As for Curry not being included in Heat’s 13, he’s still on an extended tryout. Needs 2 show something 2 fend off new additions. Possibly. But the way I see it, Howard and House really are just along for the ride as well. Pittman is a long-project (look for some payoff in another 2 years….or no payoff at all). So, we really have 4 to 5 possible spots still available to the right players. JG, the big news you promissed us, does it have to do with a certain unsigned center from Haiti? Or even better, Okafor? Fluid situation but not looking good right now. That’s why I used the words ” might gave huge news”…MIGHT Mike Tokito: Chad Buchanan says Chris Johnson and Earl Barron now fighting for 15th and final roster spot for Blazers I hope earl barron wins out. saw chris johnson play a lil last year, he has potential and although thin, is VERY athletic one man’s trash is another man’s treasure they say. you put some weight on that kid, which Riles and Zo would most certainly do, and he could be a sleeper guy for you down the road. Admittedly, this is a move for the future Emiliano Carchia: Heard that the deal between the Houston Rockets and Samuel Dalembert is very likely to happen. Houston needs ‘desperately’ a big man ShandelRich Shandel Richardson Norris Coles just answered Spoelstra with a “Yes sir.” Wonder how many times Spo heard that last year? He’s now my favorite player on this team. Sorry Wade, no hard feelings. usually its spo responding to haslem that way… Sorry, but I don’t buy the extension-as-a-confidence-builder angle. It’s too transparent. I mean, if we see through the gesture, then what’s to stop Eric from seeing through it? Also, if this is a valid argument, then so is the argument that you don’t want your coach getting too comfortable. And I can think of few circumstances than can light a fire under someone arse more than having them perform just to keep their job. But, I guess we’ll see once the terms of the extension are released. Will the future of the Heat’s perimeter D be called … Cole’s Law? Tony, so you are 100% sure Spo will back in the 2012-2013 season regardless of what happens this season? i dont think anything is 100% certain in sports. If Rio doesn’t improve his handle as the Heat’s starting point by Christmas, will he get “Cole in his stocking”? Mike Mqueary..(perfect name for the situation , eh?) testified on what he saw (ragrding spo and haslem) “i looked at the mirror which had a 45 degree angle, and i saw spo naked covering haslem. I couldnt say for sure there was sex or not, bit sure looked as if it was. I looked again closer, and then i called my father. I didnt know what to do so i asked for advice. He told me to go speak to the head coach.. (riley) and tell him what you saw. I did, and riley said “this is bad”. and He told me he will take care of it” That’s gross, Doc. ardian.,, thats about what mcqueary had said…about what he saw with sandusky.. And they let you coach 12 year olds in AAU? not JB, this is Florida, are you surprised? Will men who let the hair on their chin grow out start calling it a “Cole Patch”? (instead of soul patch) and men who take your luggage at the airport be called cole porter? Chuck Norris Cole doesn’t lick postage stamps, he stares at them until they wet themselves. LOL! That’s a good one! will there be a new pop/rock song by rick james called “cole blooded”? On Sunday, will Orlando’s Jameer Nelson get “Cole feet”? Chuck Norris Cole once created a flamethrower by urinating into a lighter. “Tony, so you are 100% sure Spo will back in the 2012-2013 season regardless of what happens this season?” Of course not. And that’s not my argument. But barring extenuating circumstances (e.g. a player mutiny or a spectacular collapse), then yes, I think he’s coaching the Heat in the 2012-2013 season. I don’t think coming up short in the Finals this year will cost him his job; which, I think is the question that you’re really asking me. IDK, Tony, if the Heat have all of their big 3 healthy in the playoffs and they come up short again, I wouldn’t rule out a coaching change at all. Coaches are hired to be fired, unless you are PJackson or PRiley, it’s gonna happen eventually. Anyone think Rio is nervous yet? I think a little but he has this to cool for school swagger about him. He probably thinks in his head he is to good to lose his starting spot to a rook. I’m simply amazed at how some folks on here have avoided a ban. Ardian(dancing virgins rock!) December 16, 2011 at 2:46 pm ShandelRich Shandel Richardson Norris Coles just answered Spoelstra with a “Yes sir.” Wonder how many times Spo heard that last year? _________________________________________________________ I’m guessing more often than Shandel Richardson Chuck Norris Cole isn’t hung like a horse. Horses are hung like Chuck Norris Cole. Once again, that’s funny as shi… u know SpoLegend December 16, 2011 at 1:23 pm tomhaberstroh Tom Haberstroh Pat Riley added that he sees a Hall of Fame career ahead for his prodigy Erik Spoelstra. ============================== Pat Riley added that he sees a Hall of Fame career ahead for his progeny Erik Spoelstra. *Fixed! Kobe Bryant will demand a trade But the Lakers Wanted Chuck Norris Cole in exchange, so the Commissioner vetoed the trade. He said the lakers would have to throw in more! I thnk Rio is nervious everytime someone comes in a PG. When you aren’t at the top, everyone body is a treat to your minutes. Face it, everytime any PG has come in, they have taken his 1st string job for at least a bit of time. Alston, Arroyo, Bibby….that’s all he knows. Highlight clips of LeBrons D from last season, followed by Wade moving off the ball. Good memories! Ardian(dancing virgins rock!) says: December 16, 2011 at 1:30 pm Kev, did you watch last night? They were much different. Very few “My turn” iso’s. Ball movement was very fluid and smart (setting up guys for good looks inside and on the perimeter). Let’s hope this continues. _____________________________ Sorry for the delayed answer. Yes i really liked what I saw from Norris Cole and our superstars. I don’t care if it was just a scrimmage, the Heat definitely looked more fluid than last year’s srimmage…that’s for sure! Give me some Dro, Purple Haze, and a Choclate give me a dutch and a lighter I’ll spark ish… did someone say Chocolate? Eddie curry once tried to eat Chuck norris cole, but he had to spit him out because he couldn’t chew on Steal !!! Mike Miller is the best shooter of all we have if he can get his thumbs, shoulder, back, knees, ankles, hip, elbow, and hair………..Healthy one day maybe! Hair? His hair has grown so I guess at least thats healthy. The Heat must cole-aborrate and make sure Norris starts at PG. BTW, I like cole-blooded as a nickname too. I don’t know who mentioned it. ahem, present haha Good job, the drinks are on you then. Buy me a pina cole-ada. I’m craving some cole-fired pizza, a hot dog with coleslaw, and coka-cole-a as my drink. will you pay with some cole hard cash? As cole hard as necessary. Then i’m gonna play supermario and lose on purpose. eddy curry said on sunsports halftime interview that he “is going to surprise some people”. (or did he say, he “is going to eat some pizza”? the volume was turned down) tomhaberstroh Tom Haberstroh Pat Riley says he’s not done adding pieces, purposely leaving 2 slots open on the roster for additions. Question is: Who are they? They need 2 slots. One for each one of Chuck Norris Cole’s nuts… Hehehe… Are you talking about his cole-conuts? Chuck Norris Cole doesn’t have pubes, because hair can’t grow on steel !!! The Heat saying they have enough with what they have is like someone building an imperial palace without a roof trying to convince themselves it won’t rain. Find a Center already! I wonder what Riley is up to… This sucks and I really hope it isn’t true - incarceratedbob Incarcerated Bob **BREAKING NFL NEWS**Source: MIKE VICK & also his brother (Former College Player) are on the list of “SUPPOSED” clients of Sam Hurd #IBN related - Bears wide receiver Sam Hurd, who was arrested today on felony drug charges, reportedly provided drugs to other NFL players, according to CBS Chicago. Police claim to have a list of the NFL players Hurd distributed to and the list is in “double digits.” CBS reports that Hurd was a top drug dealer in the Chicago area. Hurd had been trying to orchestrate a distribution deal with an undercover agent who had been posing as a North Texas area supplier. Hurd told the agent he and a co-conspirator were distributing upwards of four kilograms of cocaine a week in Chicago but “it wasn’t enough.” Hurd then reportedly told the agent he was seeking five to ten kilograms of cocaine and 1,000 pounds of marijuana per week. The 26-year-old was in his first season with the Chicago Bears and had signed a three-year contract with the team worth $5.15 million. Why does he need to sell drugs with the kind of money he makes? That’s why athletes are looked down upon. You have to be such a scumbag man to do something like that man! Let me guess…he had to feed his family? What a shame! I know there are quit a few pot smokers here, but I hate this crap. These guys are heroes to our little boys (and even some little girls) and then we find out they are willing to throw away all they have to get high. What’s wrong with beer? Or a nice, smooth Bourbon? It just makes me wonder what is so damn great about drugs that you would risk everything for them. Is a kilogram a lot? That’s actually not as bad as SELLING drugs. I actually feel for certain people who are addicted to certain drugs. Many good people with great potential lost everything because of drugs. However, selling drugs when you’re making 5 mil a year…that’s a disgrace! Your right, it is a disgrace. As for pro athletes who are “users” – no sympathy here, they are cheating their fans and owners. You cant tell me a druggie athlete is treating his body the right way. Kevin you are right on. I would never begrudge someone doing something illegal if they actually had to in order to feed their families. I am one of those people who always takes the other side of the “Athletes are overpaid” argument- my position is superstars make way less than their economic value, and role players (there are exceptions of course) don’t make as much as they are perceived to- i.e., 3 or 4 million dollars is a lot of money, but it is not outrageous if it represents lifetime earnings. A guy like this, it’s not like he’s got a $100 million dollar contract. But he makes more than enough to not have to risk his freedom for more. A possibility for the Heat? Nenad Krstic has been named Euroleague MVP for Week 9 of the regular season. Krstic had 17 points on nine shots and 12 rebounds in a 91-75 win for CSKA over Panathinaikos. CSKA remains undefeated at 9-0. Read more: Hmmmm…yeah why not. He’s better than anything we got at center. It’s not like we need D Woard to play center for us. We just need a solid contributor. Waht do you think is his price range Ardian? Can we get him for the minimum? We don’t need D Howard* I kind of doubt it, Kev. He has a good thing going now in Europe, so it might not be what he wants. Also, I think he is making quite a bit more than our vet min. I have liked his game since he was a rook in New Jersey years ago. He is good at everything, great at nothing. Yeah we could really use ‘good’ at center. I guess it’s another longshot though. I don’t know, i saw Joel catch quite a few balls yesterday. I think he might have actually improved this summer… marty December 16, 2011 at 3:40 pm eddy curry said on sunsports halftime interview that he “is going to surprise some people”. (or did he say, he “is going to eat some pizza”? the volume was turned down) ================ LMAO! Like I said yesterday, Mario Chalmers just found out he’s getting a lump of Cole for Christmas. lol! Poor Rio

Department of Surgical Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010 During the last several years, this laboratory and other laboratories have found that nuclear receptors play important roles in modulating aromatase expression in human breast tissue. The expression of aromatase in adipose tissue was found to be stimulated by glucocorticoids (14) , and aromatase mRNA in adipose tissue was found to contain mainly exon I.4. Characterization of the region upstream of exon I.4 revealed the existence of a TATA-less promoter and an upstream GRE sequence that interacted with the glucocorticoid receptor (15) . A regulatory element (S1) is situated between the two promoters (I.3 and II), and the trans-factors that interact with the element have been found to be mainly nuclear receptors (16 , 17) . S1 behaves as an enhancer when ERR -1 binds and as a repressor when COUP-TF, EAR-2 or RAR binds (17 , 18) . The function of S1 depends on the expression levels of these nuclear receptors in cells. Because EAR-2, COUP-TFI, and RAR are expressed at high levels, it is likely that S1 is a negative regulatory element that suppresses aromatase promoters I.3 and II in normal breast tissue. In cancer tissue, S1 may function as a positive element because ERR -1 is expressed, whereas EAR-2 and RAR are only present in a small number of tumor specimens (18) . A similar mechanism has been suggested to take place in preadipocytes. Liver receptor homologue-1, an orphan receptor, has been shown to bind to S1, leading to an increase of the promoter II activity (19) . When the cultured human preadipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes, a time-dependent induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and a rapid loss of the expression of liver receptor homologue 1 and aromatase were observed (19) . Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor has been shown to down-regulate the activity of promoter II, but the mechanism has not yet been determined (20) . In addition, in choriocarcinoma cells (21) as well as in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (22) , another nuclear receptor, RAR, up-regulated aromatase activity by binding to the imperfect palindromic sequence upstream of exon I.1 of the aromatase gene. E2 has been shown to modulate aromatase expression in other vertebrates (e.g., Ref. 23 ). The effects of estrogens are mainly mediated by their interaction with the ER (24) . Besides ER , the classical ER, a novel ER (i.e., ERß) that is highly homologous to ER has recently been cloned (25) . To determine whether E2/ER can modulate aromatase expression in breast cancer cells, we have initiated an ER transfection study in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells, which are ER negative and express aromatase. The study was extended to another breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Our results indicate that ER transfection and E2 treatment greatly enhance the aromatase expression in these cell lines through a nongenomic fashion and cross-talk with growth factor-mediated pathways. Plasmid Preparation. The genomic DNA from SK-BR-3 cells was prepared using TRIzol Reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.) according to the manufacturers instructions. The promoter I.1 constructs were prepared by either PCR or restriction enzyme digestion. The pGL-3 basic reporter vector (pGL3-Basic; Promega, Madison, WI), which is promoterless and enhancerless, served as a negative control. The genomic fragments (-1693/+85 bp, -840/+85 bp, -300/+85 bp, -280/+85 bp, -260/+85 bp, -240/+85 bp, -225/+85 bp, -210/+85 bp, and -190/+85 bp) were subcloned into the pGL-3 basic reporter vector inserted between the KpnI and XhoI sites. All constructs were sequenced to confirm their authenticity. The construct of three tandem copies of ERE was subcloned into the pGL3 promoter vector (Promega), which contains SV40 promoter. The pSV-ß-galactosidase control vector (pSV-ßGal; Promega) was cotransfected as an internal standard for transfection efficiency. The human ER expression vector, pCI-ER , is a gift from Dr. Richard Pestell (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY). The pCI-ERß was generated in the following manner. Human ERß 530 cDNA was amplified by PCR from the mRNA of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and subcloned into the XhoI/NotI sites of pCI-neo vector. The pSG-GRIP1 was kindly provided by Dr. M. R. Stallcup (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ref. 26 ). Aromatase Assay. Aromatase activity was determined using the [3H]H2O release method that was reported by Zhou et al. (27) . In the "In-cell" aromatase assay, the cells grown in 6-well cell culture plates were washed twice with PBS. One ml of serum-free medium containing 100 nM [1ß-3H]androst-4-ene-3,17-dione as substrate (specific activity, 27.5 Ci/mmol) as well as 500 nM progesterone was then added to each well. After a 3-h incubation at 37°C, the reaction mixture was removed and extracted with an equal volume of chloroform to extract unused substrate and further treated with dextran-treated charcoal. After centrifugation, supernatant containing the product, [3H]H2O, was counted in a liquid scintillation counter. The protein concentration was determined after dissolving cells in 0.5 M NaOH by the method of Bradford (28) . Aromatase activity was calculated as pmol/mg protein/h. RNA Isolation and Semiquantitative RT-PCR Analysis of Aromatase Transcripts. The transfection experiments were performed 24 h after seeding approximately 5 x 105 cells/25-cm2 tissue culture flask using 1.3 µg of expression vector and 10.4 µl of Lipofectin. After a 5-h incubation, medium containing Lipofectin and DNA were removed, and the cells were cultured in phenol red-free Eagles MEM with 5% charcoal-dextran-treated FBS. After a 24-h incubation, the cells were used for total cellular RNA isolation. Total RNA was prepared using TRIzol Reagent according to the manufacturers instructions. Integrity of the RNA was assessed by electrophoresis in ethidium bromide-stained 1.2% agarose-Tris-borate EDTA gels. The absorbance ratio A260 nm/A280 nm was greater than 1.8. Exon I primer-specific RT-PCR analyses were performed to examine the alternative utilization of exons I of the human aromatase gene as described previously (29) . Briefly, RT-PCR was performed using a reverse primer derived from exon II and forward primers in exons I.1, I.3, I.4, I.5, I.6, PII, and II for the amplification of exons I.1, I.3, I.4, I.5, I.6, PII, and II, respectively. Reverse transcription was performed in a final volume of 40 µl. Four µg of total RNA were denatured at 70°C for 10 min and reverse transcribed in the presence of 1.0 mM each of dGTP, dATP, dTTP, and dCTP; 40 units of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Life Sciences Inc.); 100 ng of random primer (Life Technologies, Inc.); 1 unit/µl RNase inhibitor; and reaction buffer supplied with the reverse transcriptase [50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 100 mM KCl, 4 mM DTT, and 10 mM MgCl2] for 60 min at 42°C, followed by 10 min at 70°C for heat inactivation. The 2.0 µl of cDNA were subjected to PCR amplification in a 25-µl reaction containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM deoxynucleotide triphosphates, 0.5 µM of each primer, and 1.0 unit of AmpliTaq (Perkin-Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, CT). PCR was performed for 29 cycles (exons I.6, PII, and II) or 32 cycles (exons I.1, I.3, I.4, and I.5) for semiquantitative analysis using the following temperature profile: 54°C, 1 min (annealing); 72°C, 1 min (extension); and 94°C, 1 min (denaturation). An additional extension cycle was performed for 10 min at 72°C before cooling the reaction mixture to 4°C. Because all aromatase mRNA contains exon II, regardless of which exon I is present, PCR for each exon I was performed with a unique exon I forward primer and the exon II reverse primer. As a control, we performed PCR using exon II forward and reverse primers to amplify the exon II region. Furthermore, we performed PCR using a set of human ß-actin-specific primers [ß-actin 1, 5'-AGGAGCACCCCGTGCTGCTGA-3' (forward); and ß-actin 2, 5'-CTAGAAGCATTTGCGGTGGAC-3' (reverse)] to amplify the human ß-actin gene, which served as an internal control to normalize aromatase mRNA expression under each condition. Each PCR product was electrophoresed on a 1.2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. For quantification, their integrated density was analyzed on the pictures using GS-710 Calibrated Imaging Densitometer (Bio-Rad). Transient Transfection and Reporter Gene Assay. The transfection experiments were performed 24 h after seeding approximately 2 x 105 cells/35-mm tissue culture dish using 0.5 µg of expression vector and 4 µl of Lipofectin according to the manufacturers instructions. After a 5-h incubation, medium containing Lipofectin and DNA was removed, and the cells were cultured in phenol red-free Eagles MEM with 5% charcoal-dextran-treated FBS. After a 48-h incubation following the transfection, the cells were used for aromatase assay. To determine the region that is responsible to ER /E2 induction, the DNA deletion and cotransfection experiments were performed using 0.1 µg of ER expression vector, 0.25 µg of luciferase reporter vectors (containing DNA fragments derived from promoter I.1 region of the human aromatase gene, as described in "Plasmid Preparation"), 0.5 µg of pSV-ßGal vector, and 4 µl of Lipofectin. The transfected cells were maintained for 48 h and then lysed in Reporter Lysis Buffer (Promega) according to the manufacturers instructions. Aliquots of the lysate were used for assay of ß-galactosidase activity. Luciferase activity was measured using the luciferase assay system (Promega), read in a TD-20/20 Luminometer (Tuener Designs, Sunnyvale, CA), and expressed in relative light units. The relative luciferase activity was calculated by dividing the light unit of luciferase activity by the ß-galactosidase activity. Each set of experiments was repeated at least three times. DNA Mobility Shift Analysis. The double-stranded estrogen response site on promoter I.1 of the human aromatase gene containing oligonucleotide -305/-275 bp, 5'-TGTAGAGGTGCTTTAGGCCTCAGGAAACAG-3', was end-labeled with [ -32P]ATP and T4 kinase and used as a probe in the mobility shift assay. ER protein was synthesized in vitro using the TNT-coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega) with T7-RNA polymerase, according to the manufacturers instructions, using 1 µg of pCI-ER expression vector in 50 µl of total volume and an incubation time of 60 min at 30°C. As a negative control, protein generated using pCI empty vector was synthesized. Nuclear extractions from SK-BR-3 cells were prepared according to Zhou et al., as described previously (30) . Mobility shift assays were done as described by Singh et al. (31) . Briefly, 5 µl of in vitro-synthesized ER protein or 5 µg of nuclear extract from SK-BR-3 cells were incubated on ice for 60 min in 30 µl of a mixture containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM DTT, 4% (v/v) glycerol, 0.75 mg/ml BSA, and 1 µg of poly(deoxyinosinic-deoxycytidylic acid), with or without 100 nM E2 or 600 ng of D-12 ER antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), and then incubated with 10,000 cpm of 32P-labeled probe on ice for an additional 60 min. The reaction mixture was electrophoresed on 4% acrylamide:bis-acrylamide (74:1) gel with 0.5x Tris-borate EDTA at 10 V/cm. Gels were dried and autoradiographed. ER -mediated Induction Pathway on Aromatase Expression Cross-talks to EGF/MAPK Pathways. SK-BR-3 cells express high levels of Her-2. This protein is a member of the EGF receptor family that has been shown not to require ligand for its activation. In addition, the ER signaling pathway is known to cross-talk with several growth factor pathways (e.g., Ref. 32 ). To understand the role of the ER signaling pathway on aromatase expression, the following inhibitors were tested for their effects on aromatase expression: EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PD153035 hydrochloride; Ref. 33 ); platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor (AG1296; Ref. 34 ); insulin-like growth factor I receptor kinase inhibitor (AG538; Ref. 35 ); phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (wortmannin; Ref. 36 ); mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor (PD98059; Ref. 37 ); and the Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PP2; Ref. 38 ). The transfection experiments were performed using pCI vector or pCI-ER expression vector. After a 5-h incubation, the medium was changed to phenol red-free Eagles MEM with 5% charcoal-dextran-treated FBS. Cells were treated with these inhibitors for 30 min before additional treatment with 100 nM E2. After a 24-h incubation, the cells were assayed for aromatase activity. It was found that E2 induction on aromatase activity could be suppressed by 1 µM PD153035 hydrochloride or 10 µM PD98059 (Fig. 7) . The other inhibitors could not suppress E2-induced aromatase activity (data not shown). These results suggest that E2 could up-regulate aromatase expression by a nongenomic action of ER by means of cross-talk with EGF/Ras-mediated pathways. The action of estrogen is typically mediated through ER. After estrogen binding, ER enters the nucleus and facilitates transcription by interacting with enhancer elements such as ERE. This is now referred to as a genomic action of estrogen. Recently, the nongenomic actions of estrogen have been reported, that is, the estrogen binding to membrane or cytosol ER that cross-talks with the signal transduction pathways. In nongenomic mechanisms, estrogen activates diverse growth factor/mitogen-like signaling, including the Src/Ras/MAPK and cAMP pathway (32 , 46, 47, 48, 49, 50) . Our preliminary results from the immunocytochemical analysis showed that ER was present in the cytosol of a significant number of ER -transfected cells, and this could be responsible for the induction of aromatase expression by E2.4 EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PD153035 hydrochloride) and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor (PD98059) were found to inhibit E2-induced aromatase activity. These results support the hypothesis that the induction of aromatase activity in SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 cells by E2 is through a nongenomic mechanism, that is, an ER cross-talks with the EGF-MAPK pathway. Such cross-talk mechanisms in MCF-7 cells have been reported by other investigators. For example, Duan et al. (51) have demonstrated an ER-mediated activation of the serum response element in MCF-7 cells through MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of Elk-1. Song et al. (52) have reported that E2, through ER , can activate MAPK and induce morphological changes in MCF-7 cells. SK-BR-3 cells express a high level of Her-2, a member of the EGF receptor family that is constitutively active without need of the ligand. To evaluate the role of Her-2 on aromatase expression, we examined the aromatase activity in wild-type MCF-7 cells and in Her-2-overexpressing MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells are ER positive. Whereas we have found that the aromatase activity in the pCI vector-transfected cells was very low and was not induced by E2, aromatase activity in ER transiently transfected MCF-7 cells was greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the aromatase activity in ER -transfected Her-2-overexpressing MCF-7 cells was significantly higher than that in the ER -transfected wild-type MCF-7 cells. These results would support a cross-talk mechanism between ER and Her-2. In addition, our results from MCF-7 cell transfection experiments suggest that the distribution of newly expressed ER is different from that of the endogenously expressed ER, i.e., cytosolic/membrane versus nuclear distribution. Our hypothesis is supported by a recent study by Zhang et al. (53) that uses an ER construct with a membrane localization signal. These authors reported that membrane-associated ER is critical in E2-mediated MAPK activation. Our studies also reveal that aromatase induction in SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 cells is ER specific. ERß could not induce aromatase expression and could not compete with ER , supporting a nongenomic action of this ER isoform. The exact nature of an ER -selective inductive mechanism is not yet understood. In a recent Phase III randomized trial, the aromatase inhibitor letrozole was found to be a more effective neoadjuvant endocrine therapy than TAM for ErbB-1- and/or ErbB-2-positive and ER-positive breast cancer (54) . This finding may be explained by the nongenomic mechanism of ER described in this paper (see Scheme 1). In ErbB-1/ErbB-2-positive and ER-positive breast cancer cells, aromatase activity may be induced following the nongenomic mechanism. Therefore, by removing estrogen, aromatase inhibitor treatment would be an effective way to suppress the cancer growth. Ellis et al. (54) have suggested that overexpression of ErbB-1 or ErbB-2 may activate ER by phosphorylation and turn TAM into an agonist. To support this hypothesis, we have found that TAM acts as an agonist to stimulate aromatase activity in ER-transfected MCF-7 cells (Fig. 9B) . However, TAM was found to act as an antagonist in ER-transfected SK-BR-3 cells (see Fig. 2B ). The differential effect of TAM in the two cell lines is not yet understood but may be due to a higher level of coactivators [such as SRC-1 or AIB1 (SRC-3)] in the MCF-7 cell line than in the SK-BR-3 cell line. Glaeser et al. (55) have examined AIB1 gene amplification and expression in different breast cancer cell lines. These authors found that AIB1 gene amplification and overexpression were found in MCF-7 cells, but not in SK-BR-3 cells. Furthermore, Osborne et al. (56) have found that the failure of the antitumor activity of TAM in patients with breast cancer is determined by both the levels of AIB1 and Her-2 and the interaction between AIB1 and Her-2. For patients who received TAM therapy, high AIB1 expression was associated with worse disease-free survival, which is thought to be indicative of TAM resistance. In addition, in a recent paper by Shang and Brown (57) , the estrogen-like activity of TAM in the uterus was attributed to a high level of SRC-1 expression. Whereas our proposed mechanism can explain our results from the current study and the findings from the recent Phase III randomized trial on aromatase inhibitor and TAM, the molecular detail has yet to be determined. For example, it is not clear whether ER interacts with members of growth factor-mediated pathways in a direct or indirect manner. In addition, the protein(s), which is phosphorylated and binds to the region between -300 and -280 bp upstream from exon I.1, has not yet been identified. We have proposed that environmental chemicals can modulate aromatase expression (59) . A number of environmental chemicals have been shown to have estrogen-like activity. The following compounds were tested for their effects on aromatase activity in ER -transfected SK-BR-3 cells: DES; TAM; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane (methoxychlor); decachloro-ocyahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta(cd)pentalene (kepone); nonylphenol; 1-chloro-2-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)benzen(o,p'-DTT); 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol cyclic sulfite (endosulfan); 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-benzofurancarboxylic acid lactone (coumestrol); 4',5,7-tryhydroxyflavanone (naringenin); 4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone (genistein); 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)propane (bisphenol-A); phenol red; dieldrin; chlordane; toxaphene; and CdCl2. SK-BR-3 cells were transfected with 0.5 µg of each expression vector. The cells were treated for 24 h in media containing 5% charcoal-dextran-treated serum and 100 nM E2 or 1 µM of each compound, and then the cells were assessed for aromatase activity. As shown in Fig. 10 , at 1 µM, DES, coumestrol, and genistein increased aromatase activity to the same extent as 100 nM E2. Bisphenol-A showed a weak agonistic effect on aromatase activity. Our results were similar to a previous report showing that these compounds stimulated the ERE-transcriptional activity for ER (60) . In summary, a novel ER -mediated nongenomic regulatory mechanism of aromatase expression is identified. This may explain why ErbB-1/ErbB-2-positive and ER-positive breast cancer responds well to aromatase inhibitor treatment. In this mechanism, the activity of promoter I.1 of aromatase is up-regulated. Whereas the molecular details of this nongenomic mechanism have yet to be characterized, our results suggest that this may be another mechanism to modulate aromatase expression in breast cancer tissue. 1 Supported by NIH Grants CA44735 and ES08258. 2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Department of Surgical Research, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010-0269. Phone: (626) 359-8111, ext. 63454; Fax: (626) 301-8972; E-mail: schen{at}coh.org 3 The abbreviations used are: RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR; DES, diethylstilbestrol; E2, 17ß-estradiol; EGF, epidermal growth factor; ER, estrogen receptor; ERE, estrogen response element; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; 4-OHA, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione; SRC, steroid receptor coactivator; TAM, tamoxifen; RAR, retinoic acid receptor; FBS, fetal bovine serum; AP-1, activator protein 1; EAR-2, v-erbA-related protein-2. 4 Unpublished results. Received 11/25/02. Accepted 4/25/02. This article has been cited by other articles:

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- Research - Open Access - Published: Epidemic risk assessment from geographic population density Applied Network Science volume 7, Article number: 39 (2022) 110 Accesses 1 Altmetric - Abstract The geographic distribution of the population on a region is a significant ingredient in shaping the spatial and temporal evolution of an epidemic outbreak. Heterogeneity in the population density directly impacts the local relative risk: the chances that a specific area is reached by the contagion depend on its local density and connectedness to the rest of the region. We consider an SIR epidemic spreading in an urban territory subdivided into tiles (i.e., census blocks) of given population and demographic profile. We use the relative attack rate and the first infection time of a tile to quantify local severity and timing: how much and how fast the outbreak will impact any given area. Assuming that the contact rate of any two individuals depends on their household distance, we identify a suitably defined geographical centrality that measures the average connectedness of an area as an efficient indicator for local riskiness. We simulate the epidemic under different assumptions regarding the socio-demographic factors that influence interaction patterns, providing empirical evidence of the effectiveness and soundness of the proposed centrality measure. Introduction and related work In the presence of an epidemic outbreak, the availability of instruments to guide containment measures may have an enormous impact on public health, the economy, and society. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations provide powerful tools to understand the dynamics of epidemic outbreaks, design strategies to control and mitigate them, and project decisions and scenarios into potential alternative outcomes. The classical compartmental models of disease propagation (Kermack and McKendrick 1991; Hethcote 2000) describe the system at the population level by grouping individuals in sub-populations according to their health states relevant for transmission and tracking changes in the sizes of the sub-populations, without specifying which individuals are involved. The movements in and out of the compartments are governed by constant transition rates in ordinary differential equations, corresponding to exponentially distributed waiting times in the compartments. This approach assumes a fully-mixed population, where an infectious individual is equally likely to spread the disease to any other individual, and it is equivalent to a mean-field. The modeling of epidemic contagion has evolved from such simple compartmental schemes to sophisticated data-informed models using synthetic populations whose demographics are statistically indistinguishable from the census data. Socio-demographic and geographic factors, such as age and household distance, are essential in determining contact patterns and disease spreading, especially on an urban scale (Illenberger et al. 2013; Walsh and Pozdnoukhov 2011; Del Valle et al. 2007; Mossong et al. 2008). In the last decades, lots of work has focused on incorporating heterogeneous contact patterns in the models. In individual-based models, the population-level behavior emerges from the microscopic interactions between agents that can carry a set of attributes such as age, spatial location, and social behavior. Socio-demographic attributes collected from census data and surveys or integrated with mobile, traffic, or wearable sensor data and online tools (Mossong et al. 2008; Cattuto et al. 2010; Mistry et al. 2020), allow the construction of realistic contact matrices describing the mixing patterns in typical social settings (e.g., households, schools, workplaces) (Mossong et al. 2008; Eubank et al. 2004; Merler and Ajelli 2009; Chang et al. 2021). Metapopulation models, built using data from inter-population mobility (Hufnagel et al. 2004; Colizza et al. 2006; Chang et al. 2021; Tizzoni et al. 2014), allowed remarkable progress in describing how the disease travels from one city/nation to the other and estimating epidemic paths predictability (Colizza et al. 2007). Compartmental models with stochastic and time-varying disease transmission rates allow for incorporating control measures and environmental variations due to unobserved processes (Cazelles et al. 2018; Gray et al. 2011; Bonaccorsi and Ottaviano 2016). By representing individuals in the population as vertices of a graph, network-based models aim to understand how the topological structure of the contact network affects the dynamics spreading upon them (Gupta et al. 1989; Newman 2002; Keeling and Eames 2005; Chakrabarti et al. 2008; Pastor-Satorras et al. 2015). Ball and Neal (2002, 2008) incorporated some randomness in the classic stochastic Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model in a closed population, adding to the local contacts among neighbors on a social network, also global contacts among pairs of individuals chosen at random in the population. This model is also suited to mimic multiple transmission routes (Kiss et al. 2006). In Celestini et al. (2022), the authors address similar questions for epidemics at urban scale by simulating an agent-based SIR model in a synthetic urban population. As in Ball and Neal (2008), their model incorporates casual contacts on top of a structured set of social relations. In addition, they use a data-informed model to obtain an age-structured population connected by a geographically referenced social network and allow for global casual contacts to be dependent on distance and the age class of an agent. The model assumes that an individual has daily contact with her household members, frequent contact with a small network of acquaintances (e.g., friends or coworkers), and fortuitous contact with the rest of the population. As data about the population density are often available in a discretized form, the model used in Celestini et al. (2022) considers a regular tiling of the urban territory that induces a partition of the population based on their tile of residence and permits analysis of the geographic diffusion of the disease. According to this model, urban epidemic outbreaks are not predictable (as defined in Colizza et al. 2006) because of the many possible epidemic pathways. However, the authors highlight that the first infection time and the final fraction of the population infected within a tile correlate to the logarithm of the tile population. Building on these findings, in this paper, we investigate more in detail how the geographical distribution of the population influences the spatial and temporal evolution of an epidemic disease outbreak at an urban scale, where density patterns may impact the epidemic. We focus in particular on two local observables: the tile first infection time \(\tau\) and relative attack rate \(\alpha\), defined as the attack rate within the tile divided by the total attack rate. Assuming that the frequency of contacts decays as an inverse power of the distance (Liben-Nowell et al. 2005; Illenberger et al. 2013; Kowald et al. 2013; Herrera-Yagüe et al. 2015; Büchel and Ehrlich 2020), we find that the expected value of \(\tau\) and \(\alpha\) can be described efficiently through a metric that we call geographic harmonic centrality (\(\text {HC}^{}\)). We provide qualitative insights on the relations binding \(\tau\) and \(\alpha\) to \(\text {HC}^{}\), and support our findings through simulations. We find that these relations still hold when the model is generalized to include age-based mixing, vertex-intrinsic sociability fitness, and multiple levels of mixing with contacts that recur with different frequencies. SIR epidemics on a real territory: Model and methods Let us consider a Susceptible-Infectious-Removed (SIR) epidemic model where the individuals of the population belong to one of three disjoint compartments: susceptible (\(\mathcal {S}\)), if they never caught the disease; infectious (\(\mathcal {I}\)), if they are currently infected and contagious; removed (\(\mathcal {R}\)), if they already recovered from or died due to the disease. Only two transitions are possible between the three compartments: a susceptible individual may become infected (\(\mathcal {S}\rightarrow \mathcal {I}\)) due to an interaction with an infectious individual; an infectious individual may spontaneously recover or die (\(\mathcal {I}\rightarrow \mathcal {R}\)). We consider a discrete-time synchronous cellular automaton in which the dynamic follows a reactive process (de Arruda et al. 2018). For each time step \(t=0,1,\ldots\), we denote with \(\mathcal {S}(t)\), \(\mathcal {I}(t)\) and \(\mathcal {R}(t)\) the sets of, respectively, susceptible, infected and recovered individuals at time t. The size of these compartments is, respectively, \(S(t)=|\mathcal {S}(t)|\), \(I(t)=|\mathcal {I}(t)|\) and \(R(t)=|\mathcal {R}(t)|\). The interactions between the individuals of the population are modeled by a sequence of temporal contact networks \(G^t=(V,E^t)\), where \(E^t\) is the set of contacts occurring at time t and \((u,v)\in E^t\) with probability \(p_{u,v}\) independently of all other edges. If \(v\in \mathcal {S}(t)\), for each \(u\in \mathcal {I}(t)\) such that \((u,v)\in E^t\), the disease is transmitted from u to v with fixed probability \(\beta\)—i.e., the probability that \(v\in \mathcal {I}(t+1)\) given \(v\in \mathcal {S}(t)\) is \(1-\prod _{u\in \mathcal {I}(t)}(1-p_{u,v}\beta )\). If \(u\in \mathcal {I}(t)\), u recovers with a fixed rate \(\mu\)—i.e., the probability that \(u\in \mathcal {R}(t+1)\) given \(u\in \mathcal {I}(t)\) is \(\mu\). We assume that a single individual, called index case, is infectious at time 0, i.e., \(I(0)=1\). We simulate epidemic outbreaks in the Municipality of Viterbo, Italy, represented as a rectangular bounding box inhabited by a synthetic population V of \(N\approx 60 K\) agents. The territory of Viterbo is partitioned into a grid of n square tiles of fixed side \(l=500\) m and we disregard all tiles having less than 10 residents (see Fig. 1). Each agent v has the following three attributes: a tile of residence \(i_v\), inferred from density estimates provided by the WorldPop Project (Bondarenko et al. 2020); an age-tag \(g_v\)—child (0–17), young (18–34), adult (35–64), or elder (65+)—drawn based on census data aggregated at the provincial level, provided by the Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) (all details can be found in Guarino et al. 2021); a social fitness score \(f_u\), drawn from a Lognormal distribution. The sociability score \(f_u\) measures u’s tendency to interact with other people; using a Lognormal distribution guarantees that the degree distribution of the interaction graphs has a heavy-tail and an adjustable mode (Guarino et al. 2021). In particular, we set the distribution of \(f_u\) to have “small” skewness and variance, so that most vertices have degree close to the average and the hubs are limited in both number and size (Kertész et al. 2021). Lognormally distributed data occur across several domains (Mitzenmacher 2004)—including social networks (Liben-Nowell et al. 2005; Illenberger et al. 2013)—and Lognormal distributions often fit the statistical properties of real-world network better than power laws (Broido and Clauset 2019). More details on the choice of the fitness distribution can be found in Guarino et al. (2021). In the following, we will initially consider two cases: homogeneous mixing (HM), characterized by \(p_{u,v}=p\) for constant \(p>0\); distance-based mixing (DM), where \(p_{u,v}\propto d_{i,j}^{-1}\) for all \(u\in V_i\) and \(v\in V_j\) only depends on the distance \(d_{i,j}\) between \(V_i\) and \(V_j\). We will then assess, through extensive simulations, whether the predictions obtained for the DM model remain valid when \(p_{u,v}\) also depends on the social fitness, on the age and/or on the underlying social fabric, encoded into a static urban social network (USN) that combines synthetic households and acquaintances. Intra-household (e.g., kinship) edges are defined by drawing a clique for each household, where the breakdown of the population into households is entirely inferred from the available data. Acquaintance edges are instead drawn based on the fundamental assumption that the probability of two individuals being “friends” is ultimately governed by their age group, their geographical distance, and their sociability. More details on our urban social network model can be found in Guarino et al. (2021) and Guarino et al. (2021). In total, we consider five configurations, summarized in Table 1 and described more in details as needed. All configurations are fully dynamic—i.e., the temporal contact networks \(G^t\) are mutually independent—except for the multi-layer mixing (MLM), in which part of the interactions that occur at each time t are selected from the USN static social network of “strong ties”. The configurations are characterized by a fixed expected volume of daily contacts, i.e., they all have the same average interaction probability \(\langle p_{u,v}\rangle\). In line with Biggerstaff et al. (2014) and Liu et al. (2018), all the experimental results presented in this paper are obtained calibrating the SIR model on a common Influenza Like Illness (ILI) by setting \(\mu =1/3\), so that the average time to recovery is 3 days, and \(\langle p_{u,v}\rangle \beta\) such that the expected number of infections caused by a single case in a fully susceptible population is \(R^{\mathrm {index}}_0=1.3\). The tiling of the city’s territory induces a partition of the population V into n blocks \(\{V_i\}_{i=1}^n\), having size \(|V_i|=N_i\). With a slight abuse of notation, \(V_i\) will be used to indicate both the ith tile and the population living therein. \(\mathcal {I}_i(t)\) and \(I_i(t)\) will denote, respectively, the set and the number of infected individuals in block i at time t. The partition of the population into tiles mirrors the fact that the spatial density of the population always comes at some given resolution. The tiling, however, has no meaningful interpretation: at urban scale, in fact, there are no clear boundaries and truly distinct means of transportation (e.g., air vs. road traffic) that permit to identify meaningful sub-populations. The probabilistic rule used to establish if u and v come into contact is the same regardless of whether u and v belong to the same or to different tiles. Albeit the tiling produces a discretization of distances—and, hence, a stratification of contact frequencies—our model significantly differs from typical meta-population models, where the local and global dynamics of contagion are well separated. On large scale territories, the high number of possible spreading channels may be compensated by the presence of dominant connections in human traffic flow, making the geographic spread of the disease predictable (Colizza et al. 2006), in the sense that different outbreak realizations present similar patterns of spatial epidemic diffusion over time. As shown in Celestini et al. (2022), in our case the predictability of the geographic patterns of diffusion of the epidemic is instead limited—at least far from the epidemic peak—due to the absence of backbones capable of defining preferred epidemic pathways. Still, the stratification of contact frequencies may impact on the “riskiness” of different blocks with respect to epidemic outbreaks. As proxies of riskiness we will use the (expected) relative attack rate and local first infection time, defined as follows: where \(R=R(+\infty )\) and \(R_i=R_i(+\infty )\) denote the final epidemic size, in V and \(V_i\), respectively, and \(\mathbb {E}[\cdot ]\) is the expected value. For all \(i=1,\ldots ,n\), \(\alpha _i\) is the expected attack rate of \(V_i\) divided by the total expected attack rate, a measure of the chances for an individual resident in \(V_i\) to be infected with respect to the average population. \(\tau _i\) is the expected time of the first infection in \(V_i\), a measure of how quickly \(V_i\) must be isolated in order to protect its sub-population. The expected value in the definition of \(\alpha _i\) and \(\tau _i\) will be replaced by the empirical mean in the experimental analysis presented in Sect. 4. In all cases, the averages will be computed over 100 independent epidemic outbreaks, simulated with identical configuration parameters, that involve at least \(25\%\) of the population. We empirically verified that, with a single index case, the epidemic size follows a bimodal distribution with a minimum at around \(25\%N\), so all simulations resulting in \({R}/N<0.25\) have been considered cases of early extinction and, as such, discarded. Geographic distributions of individuals and the spread of epidemics In the simplest scenario, the geographic distribution of the population impacts the relative risk of an infection event occurring in a specific local area in two ways: (i) through the local population density, and (ii) through the connectedness of the local area to the rest of the territory. If we assume that the contact rate of any two individuals depends on their household distance, we can quantify the average connectedness of an area in terms of its geographical centrality. Thus, the chances for a given area to be reached by the contagion ultimately depend on its local density and centrality. To formalize this idea, we focus on the relative attack rate \(\alpha\) and on the first infection time \(\tau\), defined in (1) and (2), starting from two simple models: homogeneous mixing (HM) and distance-based mixing (DM). Homogeneous mixing At this level of description, the geography of an outbreak of size R can be described by means of a vector of indices \(O=(j_0, j_1,..., j_{R-1})\) such that \(j_h=i\) if and only if the hth infection occurs in \(V_i\) (simultaneous infection events are sorted in random order). If we assume that the population is homogeneously mixed, all individuals have, on average, the same chances of contracting the disease. The probability that \(j_h=i\) is thus \(S_i(t_h)/S(t_h)\), i.e., the probability that, at the time \(t_h\) when the hth infection occurs, a susceptible individual chosen uniformly at random belongs to \(V_i\). Under homogeneous mixing, for fixed \(t_h\), the expected value of the ratio \(S_i(t_h)/S(t_h)\) can be approximated by the local population density \(\rho _i=N_i/N\). Under these assumptions, \(V_i\)’s epidemic size \(R_i\) follows a binomial distribution of parameters \(\rho _i\) and R, hence, its expected value is \(\rho _i {\mathbb {E}[R]}\). This gives: Let \(W_i\) be the number of infection events needed to observe the first infection in \(V_i\), i.e. \(W_i=h_i\) if \(h_i=\min \{h:j_h=i\}\). \(W_i\) follows the geometric distribution \(\rho _i(1-\rho _i)^{h_i-1}\), and the expected value of \(W_i\) is \(1/\rho _i\). In the exponential phase of the epidemic the number of contagion events grows exponentially in time and we can assume that the hth contagion event occurs at time \(t_h \propto \ln (h)\), yielding the following estimate for the first infection time: Connection flow to a sub-population In the HM case, the local density \(\rho _i=N_i/N\) is a good approximation of the probability of an infection reaching the ith tile, and it is therefore the key ingredient in determining both \(\alpha _i\) and \(\tau _i\). In many cases, it is possible to partition the population into sub-populations \(\{V_i\}_{i=1}^n\) and to assume that, at least with good approximation, \(p_{u,v}\approx p_{i,j}\) for all \(u\in V_i\) and \(v\in V_j\), i.e., that \(p_{u,v}\) mostly depends on the sub-populations of u and v. A simple example is the geographic partitioning into subpopulations achieved by dividing a territory with a tiling. More generally, one can partition a population based on a combination of geographic and demographic attributes, such as location and age. In this case, the probability that at least one individual of \(V_i\) comes into contact with an infectious individual is intuitively proportional to the quantity \(k_i\) can be interpreted as a per node connection flow to the ith tile: a randomly chosen node \(u\in V\) has on average \(k_i\) daily contacts with the nodes \(v \in V_i\)—i.e., the dynamic network \(G^t\) contains, on average, \(k_i\) edges incident to u and \(V_i\). If we know that none of the individuals in \(V_i\) is infectious, a better estimate is provided by which only differs from \(k_i\) for the fact that the average does not involve the members of \(V_i\) itself. The same rationale used for the HM case now brings us to the following general estimate for \(\alpha _i\) in a partitioned population: Along the same line, if the infection reaches \(V_i\) during the phase of exponential growth of the epidemic, \(\tau _i\) can be estimated as: Distance-based mixing Let \(d_{i,j}\) be the normalized geographic distance between the center of tiles \(V_i\) and \(V_j\). The normalization is obtained through a division by \(\frac{l}{2}\), where l is the tile side. Additionally, we impose \(d_{i,i}=1\), so that individuals in the same tile are at half the distance of individuals living in neighboring tiles. Finally, we set \(d_{u,v}=d_{i,j}\) for all \(u\in V_i\) and \(v\in V_j\). This approximation is often inevitable, at least for small values of l, because population density data are generally discrete and we may only have access to the residence tile of a vertex. In line with previous empirical findings (Liben-Nowell et al. 2005; Illenberger et al. 2013; Kowald et al. 2013; Herrera-Yagüe et al. 2015; Büchel and Ehrlich 2020), to model distance-based mixing (DM) we assume that the probability that \(u\in V_i\) and \(v\in V_j\) come into contact decays as a power of the distance: \(p_{u,v}=p_{i,j}\propto d_{i,j}^{-\gamma }\) for \(\gamma >0\). It is straightforward that substituting \(p_{i,j} \propto d_{i,j}^{-\gamma }\) in (5) and (6) gives The right hand sides of (9) and (10) are, actually, measures of geographic centrality. This leads us to introduce the following metrics: \(\text {HC}^{\gamma }(v)\) and \(\text {HC}^{\gamma }_i\) are the harmonic geographic centrality of order \(\gamma\) of vertex v and of tile \(V_i\), respectively. \(\bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }(v)\) and \(\bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }_i\) are the outward versions of \(\text {HC}^{\gamma }(v)\) and \(\text {HC}^{\gamma }_i\) that only measure the centrality of the individuals \(v\in V_i\) with respect to the population that does not belong to \(V_i\). Substituting \(k_i{\propto }\text {HC}^{\gamma }_i\) and \({\bar{k}}_i{\propto }\bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }_i\) in (7) and (8), respectively, we obtain the following estimates for the first infection time and the relative attack rate under the DM model: Experimental analysis The analysis presented so far suggests that, under the widely accepted hypothesis that the frequency of contacts decays with the distance, the riskiness of different areas of a city is tied to their local density and geographic centrality. To support our thesis and to assess whether these findings remain valid under more realistic models, in this section we evaluate empirically the distribution of \(\alpha _i\) and \(\tau _i\) for five different models. We consider the HM model and the DM model (with \(\gamma =1\)), and three other models that include additional factors influencing the patterns of interpersonal contacts: In the distance and fitness-based mixing (DFM) model, \(p_{u,v}\propto d_{u,v}^{-1} f_u f_v\), where \(f_u\) is a measure of u’s social fitness (Caldarelli et al. 2002), drawn from a Lognormal distribution. In the distance and age-based mixing (DAM) model, \(p_{u,v}\propto s_{g_u,g_v}d_{u,v}^{-1}\), where \(s_{i,j}\) is the age-based social mixing for age groups i and j, deduced from aggregated contact data (Mossong et al. 2008) through the SOCRATES Data Tool (Willem et al. 2020). Finally, in the multi-layer mixing (MLM) model, different sets of edges recur with different probabilities. We first construct two edge-disjoint static networks: the household graph \(G_H=(V,E_H)\), composed of a clique for each synthetic household drawn based on census data (Guarino et al. 2021); the acquaintance graph \(G_A=(V,E_A)\), where, for each \(u,v\in V\), \((u,v)\in E_A\) independently of all others with probability \(\psi _{u,v}= s_{g_u,g_v}d_{u,v}^{-1} f'_u f'_v\) (\(f'_u\ne f_u\) is extracted independently of \(f_u\), but from the same distribution). Household relations induce a static frame of daily contacts, i.e., \(p_{u,v}=1\) for all \((u,v)\in E_H\), while acquaintance relations induce frequent contacts, with \(p_{u,v}=0.5\) for all \((u,v)\in E_A\). All \((u,v)\notin E=E_H\cup E_A\) have \(p_{u,v}\propto s_{g_u,g_v}d_{u,v}^{-1} f_u f_v\). Thus, in this model part of the connections—all \((u,v)\in E_H\)—are static. To allow for a fair comparison, in all configurations \(p_{u,v}\) is normalized so that \(\sum _{u<v} p_{u,v} = |E|\). This guarantees that the expected density of \(G^t\) and, thus, the expected number of potential contagion events \(\sum _{u<v} p_{u,v}\beta\) are fixed. The choice of 1 as the distance dependence exponent, and of a Lognormal fitness distribution is justified on an empirical basis in Guarino et al. (2021) to best represent social contacts at the urban level. In the \(\text {MLM}\) model, a fixed social network instance is considered, so that all fluctuations are due to epidemic dynamics. All the figures presented in the current section are scatterplots fitted by a linear regression model, with a dot for each tile of the territory of Viterbo. Since each epidemic simulation is inherently stochastic, each run reaches a possibly different subset of tiles. Grey dots in the plots represent tiles that are reached by only a fraction of the simulations and that are ignored by the linear regression due to their inherent bias. Configurations with more constrains generally reach fewer tiles, but, in all cases, the tiles in grey in the plots account for less than 3% of the population of Viterbo, in total. More details about the impact of the configuration parameters upon the outcomes of the spreading process are given in Celestini et al. (2022). Relative attack rate Figure 2 shows \(\alpha _i\) as a function of \(\rho _i=N_i/N\) for the HM model (panel a) and as a function of \(\frac{N}{N_i}\text {HC}^{\gamma }_i\) for the other four configurations described in the previous section (panels b–e). The homogeneous mixing case reported in panel (a) is shown only as a confirmation of the expected behavior. Panel (b) depicts the trend of \(\alpha _i\) for the DM case, the good agreement with (15) is the first confirmation that \(\text {HC}^{1}_i\), weighted by \(N/N_i\), is indeed a good candidate to predict the epidemic spread when the frequency of contacts decays as \(d^{-1}\). Adding fitness to the model (DFM configuration, panel (c)) yields more heterogeneity to the degree of nodes and apparently weakens the role of \(\text {HC}^{\gamma }_i\) as a predictor of the relative attack rate. For DAM and MLM (panels (d) and (e), respectively), however, we see again a good agreement with (15). Let us remind that in the MLM model both the static acquaintance graph and the fully dynamic part of the interaction graph are built relying on a social fitness score that guarantees a heavy-tailed degree distribution. Nonetheless, \(\frac{N}{N_i}\text {HC}^{\gamma }_i\) is a good predictor of \(\alpha _i\) for the MLM configuration (Fig. 2e), contrary to the DFM (Fig. 2c). The insight is that the approximation works even for heterogeneous networks, provided that a significant volume of interactions tend to recur over time. Finally, in all panels (except (a)) we see that the relative attack rate (and thus the final epidemic size in each tile) grows linearly with \(\text {HC}^{\gamma }_i\): the more central the tile is, the greater the fraction of its population that is infected. First infection time Figure 3 shows the plot of \(\tau _i\) versus \(\bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }_i\). Despite the range of \(\tau _i\) being highly dependent on the configuration—with more heterogeneous models corresponding to faster epidemics—all panels show a very good agreement between the average time of first infection in the simulations and the value predicted by (16). For all the configurations tested the time of first infection decreases linearly with the logarithm of \(\bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }_i\). In particular, as expectable, the most centrally located tiles are infected first. Characterizing epidemic front waves Based on (16), the epidemic front waves, i.e., the sets of tiles having equal \(\tau\), can be characterized by the condition for some constant H. Given the spatial distribution of the population, we would like to predict the shape of these contours on the city map, but the geographic interpretation of (17) is not straightforward. In this section, we study these epidemic front waves to see if they can be described using some simple features of \(V_i\), ideally, its population and its location in the territory. To this end, we observe that i.e., \(\bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }_i\) is \(N_i\) times the average of \(\bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }(v)\) over the elements of \(V_i\), which disentangles the dependance of \(\tau _i\) on the population and the position of \(V_i\). Condition (17) can now be reformulated as Arguably, in most real world cities \(\langle \bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }(v)\rangle _i\) is correlated, to some extent, with the distance \(d_{C,i}\) of \(V_i\) from the center of the city. The actual relation between \(\langle \bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }(v)\rangle _i\) and \(d_{C,i}\) depends on the spatial density of the considered population, but the intuition that these two quantities are correlated is validated empirically in Fig. 4, where a relation of the type \(\langle \bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }(v)\rangle _i\propto e^{-d_{C,i}}\) seems to emerge, regardless of whether we consider the real, uniform or shuffled population density for Viterbo—here, we identified C as the tile having max \(\text {HC}^{1}\). As a consequence of the estimated relation \(\langle \bar{\text {HC}}^{\gamma }(v)\rangle _i\propto e^{-d_{C,i}}\), the epidemic front waves can be characterized by a simpler condition of the type for \(a,b>0\). This relation can be clearly seen in Fig. 5, where we grouped the tiles having similar \(\tau\) and we included a linear regression for each class. While in the \(\text {HM}\) model \(\tau\) only depends on the population, as per equation (4), in the \(\text {DM}\) model (Fig. 5a, c) the epidemic front waves lie along parallel non-horizontal lines in the \(d_{C,i},\ln (N_i)\) plane—albeit with variable slope according to the configuration parameters. The different shapes that these epidemic front waves take on the map show the role that the (generally, positive) correlation between the centrality of a tile and its population have in shaping the riskiness map of urban epidemics. Conclusions Thanks to the current availability of data regarding human mobility flows, the large-scale spreading of a disease is, to some extent, predictable (Colizza et al. 2006). To the best of our knowledge, it has not been ascertained whether major backbones of disease propagation also exist at the urban scale. In our previous work (Celestini et al. 2022), we explored the consequences of the widely-acknowledged assumption that the frequency of contacts decays as an inverse power of the distance (Liben-Nowell et al. 2005; Illenberger et al. 2013; Kowald et al. 2013; Herrera-Yagüe et al. 2015; Büchel and Ehrlich 2020). We found that this distance-based stratification of contacts is not enough to make the geographic spreading of urban epidemics predictable. Yet, we also showed that heterogeneity in population distribution reflects onto a local variation of epidemic timing and severity. Building on Celestini et al. (2022), in this paper we formalize the relative riskiness of living in different areas of a city by means of a suitable metric of geographic centrality. To measure the riskiness of a specific portion of the considered territory, we consider the relative attack rate and the first infection time. We find two closed-form expressions that approximate these two quantities when the rate of interpersonal contacts only depends on household distances. Both expressions can be formulated in terms of a new metric of geographic harmonic centrality, that quantifies the average connectedness of a local area with the rest of the territory. By means of simulations, we provide empirical evidence that our results can be generalized to more heterogeneous contact patterns. The risk evaluation obtained in this way is independent of the actual evolution of the epidemic and can be done from geographic and demographic information only. In addition, under reasonable assumptions, the epidemic front waves can be characterized by a simple condition that depends on the local population density and on the distance from the city center. Our results can thus potentially inform containment strategies at a local scale. It would be interesting to extend this analysis to the regional scale and compare our predictions and simulation results with actual epidemic data, where available. Another possibility we intend to explore is to replace the distance with the traveling time between different blocks, to include urban environments where physical barriers, such as a river or a railway constrain mobility within the city. Availability of data and materials The code and data used in this paper are available at. References Ball F, Neal P (2002) A general model for stochastic sir epidemics with two levels of mixing. Math Biosci 180(1–2):73–102 Ball F, Neal P (2008) Network epidemic models with two levels of mixing. Math Biosci 212(1):69–87 Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L (2014) Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature. 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The Ministry of Research had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. Any opinion, finding, and conclusions expressed in this paper only reflect the views of the authors. Celestini, A., Colaiori, F., Guarino, S. et al. Epidemic risk assessment from geographic population density. Appl Netw Sci 7, 39 (2022). Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: Keywords - SIR - Epidemic - Risk assessment - Data driven - Urban system - Geographic spreading

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It has 8th gen Intel Core i7-8500U processor. It is like a benchmark in its class for CPU performance. This model is offering 13.3-inch diagonal FHD IPS micro-edge WLED-blacklit touch screen. Also, you will get Corning Gorilla Glass to get the maximum sharp resolution. Now you will get a tablet model as well. Yes, it is offering rotation so you can get 2-in-1 device. Laptop is more handy and portable. With stunning look, it comes with an HD 4K UHD touchscreenpanel. It let you enjoy live content in a smooth manner with vivid colors. It allows you to use it for general-purpose. There is included a touch sensitive device for increased user experience. For the storage, this Laptop has 512 GB SSD. It is faster than other models. With higher bandwidth, it allows 16GB DDR4 space. It is enough to get exceptional performance for the price. This Laptop comes with built in dedicated graphics card. What else’s? There are four unique modes. There is also included a digital pen for natural note-taking. For security, there is a IR Camera which offers safe login with a fingerprint. Also, on a single charge, it offers 16 hours of battery life. Additionally, there are lots of port connections including thunderbolts and others. Indeed, it is one of Best Laptops for Live Streaming. Overall, the Newest HP Spectre x360-13t Laptop comes with cutting edge performance with optimal streaming requirements. Also the plus point is its conversion into tablet mode. - High graphics quality - Solid productivity performance - Lightweight and portable - Full size active pen - Good battery - Dim screen - Needs further optimization for processing YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN: LAPTOPS FOR HACKING 5: Eluktronics MECH-17 G1Rx Laptop Now we have the Eluktronics MECH-17 G1Rx Laptop. With the most appealing design, it also offer most facilitate features. it ensures you to grab more comments, enhanced engagements, more friendly shares and other factors which help in live streaming, Basically, it is designed for gamers. But it has all specifications which a streamer needs. It has a sleek and smooth design with 15.6 inch wider screen. Also, it should be thanks to its narrow bezel design. For increased its performance, it has an 8th Generation Intel Core i7-9750H Hexa Core Processor. Also, there is a genuine Windows 10 Home 64-Bit included. If you want a thin and light notebook for streaming, it would be a great choice. For vibrant display, it offers Nvidia 1060 graphics. It ensures you will get the immense streaming ever than before. Besides this model has the latest blacklit display with LED-based. It has matte coating which reduces reflections. The anti-glare screen is enhanced its resolution. Furthermore, it offers 512 GB performance SSD and 16 GB of DDR4 RAM. It lets you enjoy fast streaming experience at rocked speed.Indeed; it is one of Best Laptops for Live Streaming. Moreover, it offers most of ports connections. These include 2 USB 3.0, 1 USB 3.1 TYPE-C, 1 USB 2.0, 1 x HDMI 2.0. Also, it allows 2 mini display port v1.4, 4-in-1 card reader, and more. with an array of mic, it offers IR webcam as well. Overall, this Laptop stands out with a professional appeal. It offers ultra performance. With EluktroBoost technology, it offers factory overclocking feature to get maximum potential while streaming. Some other features are a top of the line 3389 Pixart sensor RGB gaming mouse up to 16,000 DPI with Paracord cable and large stitched edge mousepad. - Highly responsive - Great performance - Stunning graphics - Comes with mechanical RGB keyboard - Delivers fast speed - Below average battery life - No optical drive 6: MSI GS65 Stealth-432 15.6” Laptop The MSI GS65 Stealth-432 15.6” Laptop brings your steaming into a whole new level. This Laptop is a best way to engage users with your brand. It is because, this model has powerhouse from inside. Whatever you have to deal with online world, this Laptop has no exception. It gives you unmatched streaming for videos, Youtube, and other social media platforms. Do you want an ultra thin laptop with the powerful processor? This model offers 15.6 inch screen size. With super thin body, it offers New Intel Core i7-8750 H 2.2 with 4.1 GHz processor. For increased performance, this model is integrated with NVIDIA GeForce 1070, 8GB GDDR5 graphics card and 16 GB of RAM. Also, it includes 2 sockets as well as additional Max memory of 32 GB including 256 GB of SSD. Out of the amazing features, it offers IPS-level 144Hx 7ms display. With ultra settings and NVIDIA’s cutting edge GTX1070 graphics, it let you enhance your streaming experience into a whole new level. We also liked its MSI’s cooler boost technology. It is amazing for its 8TH gen 6-core CPU performance. It crushes the heat with the cooler Boost Trinity, three fans and 4 heat pipes. Furthermore, it comes with a fairly battery life as compared to other models available on the market. Besides, there are lots of port connections. It includes 4 USB 3.1 ports and an HDMI. With the presence of SD card reader slot, microphone and headphone jack, it is quite accessible. Well, we highly this model for streamers. Also, it is also impressive for gamers. Besides, it has the biggest display. With full FHD display, it offers an edge performance for live streaming. Indeed, it is one of Best Laptops for Streaming. Overall, this Laptop has a sleek and cool design. It has lots of useful feature that are worth considering when you are looking one of Best Laptops for Live Streaming. - High graphics performance - Best connectivity options - Remarkable battery life - Worth for money and efficient - Thunderbolt port - Future biometric login - Storage could be improved 7: ASUS ROG Strix G Laptop With streamlined and focused design, the ASUS ROG Strix G Laptop let you get the best streaming experience. It is offering 8th generation Intel Core Processor. It helps you improving your productivity performance. With the quad-core processors, it boosts the performance so you get the smooth streaming experience. Aside from its quad-core processors, it has built-in NVIDIA GeForce GTA 10 series graphics card. This feature added edge of performance to get highest streaming. Unlike other laptops, it comes with an anti-dust cooling system. It forces dust as well debris to exit the chassis. This feature makes it super-efficient. Also, its powerful fan speeds deliver more airflow. Due to the super -duper cooling system, it is allowing longer streaming hours. What’s more intriguing? It helps in customization with RGB keyboard. With up to 4 Zones, it offers great lightening control. Indeed, this Laptop has the most beautiful design. It is because of the lightening patterns. It is giving you a more stylish look to carry with. Also, it is lightweight and well-constructed. With the backlight and key lights, it let you use while in the dark. Besides, we highly recommend this model for live streaming anytime or anywhere. For the storage, it comes with DDR4 memory. It offers you get smooth streaming. With the ergonomic keyboard, it’s well-built construction offers high-end durability. This feature is most appealing when loof for the price as compared with other models. When it comes to the port connections, there are advanced ports available. Also, it provides for Gigabit Wi-Fi speeds up to 1.7 Gbps. Other feature includes onboard speakers with dynamic range. So if you want 60Hz high-refresh display to get smooth and responsive streaming with slim bezels, it would be a great choice for anyone. - High-end and reliable graphics - Well-built and stunning construction - Punchy keyboard for convenience - Easy maintenance - Worth for price - Bottom Bezel webcam - Below-average battery life YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN: BEST LAPTOPS FOR MACHINE LEARNING Buying Guide for Best Laptops for Live Streaming Want to get the best Laptop for streaming but do not know how to move on? If you are in such a similar situation, then we are here to help you. There are lots of computers for streaming videos available on the market. In such a situation, if you don’t know which Laptop is best for streaming whether it’s online or not, this buying guide help you. For the best Laptop for streaming, there are certain factors that you should keep in your mind. Before get into them, you should figure out your needs so you can get a perfect one which fit in your needs. So let’s get started what are important considerations that you should keep in your mind while buying laptops for streaming. Processor Speed The first thing that you should keep in your mind is the processor speed. To keep things simple, how fast would the processor speed is, the faster and reliable streaming will be. On the other hand, if you have less processor speed, it doesn’t matter how fast your internet is, it will be surely buffer. So do you want to get a smoot laptop for streaming videos? If so, go for i5 or above. It is because, the less would not be enough for you. Well, if you can afford an expensive one, then i7 would be a great choice for you. Besides, the latest processor is i9 which is available on the market to get a flying video streaming experience. RAM Next thing is the RAM. It is one of crucial factors when it comes to get a smooth live streaming on Laptop. As you know guys, steaming needs to open multiple programs at the same time so a sufficient RAM is most needed factor to look for. On the other hand, if you don’t have sufficient RAM then the system would slow down. Yes, with low RAM, your Laptop will ultimately affect. For enhanced streaming, get a higher RAM laptop. Cooling System Next up, you have to look for cooling system. For streaming laptops, get a laptop with powerful cooling system. This feature is most needed for getting a smooth and powerful live streaming. You should choose to have a cooling system to stop it getting overheated. We recommend you get a laptop with dual fans to maintain the level of cooling for better performance so you can smoothly do multiple tasks. Battery life Last but not least, battery life is really important consideration. You should not ignore it when going for best streaming laptops. Make sure the Laptop offers a significant battery life, so you don’t have to deal with messy wires. Get a battery life which suitable for your needs in a more efficient way. Buying a laptop with enough battery life offers you best streaming experience. Above all, these are all aspects that worth considering while buying streaming laptops. It would be fight with our mind to get the best model which lasts for more hours by providing convenient streaming. In that case, we have listed the best models so you can make a reliable purchase. You Might Be Interested In Reading: Note Taking Laptops FAQs Does a laptop for live streaming videos use GPU or CPU? When it comes to streaming laptops, both AMD and Nvidia graphics cards work efficiently. But to get the best streaming experience, we highly recommend NVIDIA. It allows streamers using power of the GPU. It minimizes encoding quality and relives greatly the load of CPU. Can I use my Laptop for live streaming? Yes, it is surprisingly easier if you want to get started with streaming to Twitch using your Laptop. It also makes it comfortable to operate with basic-knowing. If you have the right settings, you can be broadcasting as well from low-end hardware. How does live streaming work? Online streaming or live streaming media recorded and broadcast in real-time simultaneously. You can simply say it is streaming. Being said that, deliver any media and playback simultaneously without requiring download file. Which are the Best Laptops for Live Streaming? - Acer Predator Helios 300 Laptop - Microsoft Surface Laptop 2 - Dell G5 15 Gaming Laptop - Newest HP Spectre x360-13t Laptop - Eluktronics MECH-17 G1Rx Laptop - MSI GS65 Stealth-432 15.6” Laptop - ASUS ROG Strix G Laptop The Conclusion All in all, we have listed out the Best Laptops for Streaming. It is no doubt live streaming demands many powerful laptops, but it is not easier to get them. With the right Laptop, you can get the best live streaming experience. That’s why we have compiled the best ones so you can choose that fits in your needs. Besides, if you have any question, then drop a comment below. Thank you for visiting us!

County considers asking state for more money Months after Volusia County made its initial request to state legislators for money for the coming year — a fraction of what other counties along the Indian River Lagoon system asked for — the County Council will consider amending its... Published November 18, 2015 News-Journal wins 9 press awards Daytona Beach News-Journal reporters took home top honors in five writing categories and four other awards Saturday night at the Florida Press Club banquet in Hollywood. Staff writers Chris Graham and Skyler Swisher won first place in... Published November 9, 2015 Indian River Lagoon symposium planned A day long Indian River Lagoon system symposium on Nov. 6 will give area college and high school students, the public and professional scientists the chance to learn from each other and explore the range of lagoon research taking place across the... Published October 30, 2015 Volusia County to state: Help protect water Conservation will be a key part of Volusia County's legislative agenda in 2016 as it will seek funding to protect Mosquito Lagoon and Blue Spring.� But first the county will need the cooperation of the State Legislature, whose leaders... Published October 29, 2015 Volusia council: Seine net ban here to stay Despite pleas to lift a decades-old ban on seine nets, the Volusia County Council declined to take any action on the matter at its Thursday meeting. Oak Hill Mayor Doug Gibson had asked the council to lift the ban on the nets in hopes of... Published October 15, 2015 Outdoor Notes: Flagler Sportfishing holds Classic Inshore tournament FLAGLER FISHING: The Flagler Sportfishing Club held its 27th annual Fall Classic Inshore Tournament on Saturday. The weigh-in area was Herschel King Park in Palm Coast. The top-3 anglers in the redfish division were Rick Van Kirk... Published September 30, 2015 Adventure: Volusia Nearly 20 cyclists pedaled at a leisurely pace �past dense hardwood hammocks along a spring that was once part of an steamboat baron's estate.� Volusia County Environmental Specialist Trey Hannah guided the group to a blueish-green spring... Published September 14, 2015 Around Town The American Legion Post 17’s Friday night dinner special for this week is Roast Pork dinner with all the trimmings. Dinners are 5-7 p.m. each week and open to the public at 619 W. Canal St., New Smyrna Beach. For information, call... Published September 11, 2015 Around Town Take a walk on the wild side with Volusia County’s outdoor adventures, which have returned after a one-year hiatus. Environmental specialists will lead nature hikes, bike-abouts and eco-buggy tours through the county’s conservation... Published September 6, 2015 Letters to the editor for Saturday, September 5, 2015 Nikola Tesla had a wonderful plan to create alternating current electricity, to provide 110-volt electric service to Volusia County residents so residents would have power to run refrigerators, fans and radios. His first obstacle was to get support... Published September 5, 2015 A grassy harbinger of lagoon’s recovery Sea grass plays a vital role in the health of an estuary. And when the vast sea grass beds in the Indian River Lagoon, the Mosquito Lagoon and the Banana River began to die off in the late 2010, scientists suspect it triggered a chain of... Published August 22, 2015 Volusia council votes not to support Davis' lagoon plan DELAND — A plan to fix the Mosquito Lagoon will have to go forward without an endorsement from the Volusia County Council amid questions over a conflict of interest involving Volusia County Chair Jason Davis. The council... Published August 20, 2015 Volusia chair proposal for Mosquito Lagoon questioned Volusia County Council members were surprised to learn County Chair Jason Davis is behind a proposal to help improve water quality in Mosquito Lagoon. Published August 19, 2015 Indian River Lagoon sea grass recovery slowly takes root Even in a high-tech world of satellites and remote sensing equipment, the best way to determine the health of sea grass beds in the Indian River Lagoon system is to get into the water and examine the grass. Scientists are guardedly optimistic the... Published August 11, 2015 Proposed marine sanctuary off Daytona Beach aims to protect whales but worries fishermen The proposed Eubalaena Oculina National Marine Sanctuary -- named for the Latin names of the whale and coral it's meant to protect -- would cover an estimated 9,800 square miles of ocean. It would extend from the mouth of the St. Johns River in... Published August 4, 2015 Scientists still looking at Indian River Lagoon dolphin deaths Federal officials are closing out the paperwork for two events that killed hundreds of dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon system between 2012 and 2014 and along the east coast of the United States, but the investigation will... Published July 28, 2015 Dolphins are looking healthier in Volusia, Brevard section of Indian River Lagoon A team of experienced researchers who just concluded a two-week long health assessment of bottlenose dolphins in southern Volusia and northern Brevard counties say their results and related scientific analysis will take months, but their initial,... Published July 28, 2015 Wednesday will be hot, hot, hot Unseasonably warm temperatures across much of the Southeast have triggered a National Weather Service heat advisory for Flagler County and the rest of Northeast Florida. Published July 22, 2015 New Smyrna surfers shake off 'Shark Bite Capital' label NEW SMYRNA BEACH — Gary Miller has surfed all over the world but never sees more sharks than he does when he’s riding the waves on his home beach.Published July 7, 2015 Patel takes over nonprofit development group PORT ORANGE — Shailesh K. Patel is the new chairman of the Volusia County Association for Responsible Development, a nonprofit group also known as VCARD. Published June 27, 2015 Letters to the editor for Friday, June 26, 2015 Our hard-working legislators, mired as they are in wing-nut ideology, were forced to serve time in a special session to accomplish the only task they must do each year. Published June 26, 2015 Fishing Report: Flounder city at the Flagler Pier Flounder, whiting, mangrove snapper have been caught in good numbers over the last week. Published June 24, 2015 Fishing Report: Mangrove snapper and trout are taking over the bite Local anglers and bait shops report that the catch has been good. Published June 4, 2015 Amendment 1 conservation spending hangs in Florida’s budget limbo When state legislators reconvene in Tallahassee next month for another attempt on a state budget, legislators and environmental advocates hope to reach a deal for spending the roughly $750 million set aside by Amendment 1. Published May 17, 2015 Tallahassee muddies water management The St. Johns River Water Management District is suffering from a drought of experienced managers, a situation that is man-made. That man is Gov. Rick Scott. Published May 16, 2015 Can’t beat ’em? Eat ’em Lionfishgrow up to 18 inches long and pack a venomous punch in their long, striped spines. Very few native predators are willing to take them on. That’s a shame, because as it turns out, they’re quite tasty. Published April 27, 2015 Catch of the day? State says please eat the invasive lionfish “Help Florida, eat lionfish,” implores the sign at Dimitri’s Bar Deck and Grill in Ormond Beach. Published April 20, 2015 Volunteers, restaurants team up to restore Volusia oyster reefs NEW SMYRNA BEACH Eating oysters is now more than just a succulent culinary experience for diners at a host of restaurants in Volusia County. Published April 13, 2015 Conservationists: Lawmakers ignoring Florida voters’ will with Amendment One budget Meret Wilson of Ormond Beach thought she knew what she was voting for when she and 4.2 million other voters cast ballots for Amendment 1 last November. Published March 28, 2015 More manatees means more to protect Well, actually, the agencies that protect manatees are at a crossroads, and manatees themselves are in the crosshairs. Published March 25, 2015 The state can manage land — and buy more Florida had the largest land-buying program in the nation from 1990 until 2009, when its budget was slashed. With voter approval of Amendment 1 in November, environmental groups are pushing for more land-buying — in addition to improved land... Published March 18, 2015 Math works for manatees Officials announced Monday that 6,063 manatees were counted last month, nearly 1,000 more than the previous high. Published March 18, 2015 Around Town Daughters of American Revolution, Jane Sheldon Chapter, will meet at 1:30 p.m. March 5 at the New Smyrna Beach Regional Library, 1005 S. Dixie Freeway. Published March 4, 2015 Local dolphins rebounding after mass deaths Deaths and strandings of bottlenose dolphins in Volusia and Brevard counties this winter have finally slowed to a trickle from the flood of deaths seen over the last two years. Published March 1, 2015 OUR VIEW: Politics of surplus will dominate session The state is projected to have a $1 billion budget surplus this year, another clear sign the economy is growing stronger Published February 28, 2015 Rescuers free 19 manatees stuck in storm drain SATELLITE BEACH — Rescuers working late into the night freed 19 manatees that were stuck in a storm drain in Florida. Published February 24, 2015 LANE: State of the county chair speech This is the third year Volusia County Chair Jason Davis has stood up to officially pronounce the county's condition as “good.” Under Volusia County's charter, the county chair has been required to do this every year since 2003. Published February 21, 2015 Volusia County Council keeps water quality, septic tanks on front burner DELAND — The Volusia County Council vowed to press forward Thursday to restore water quality in area waterways by partnering with the cities and seeking state and federal money to help pay for improvements, like... Published February 19, 2015 Around Town The Friends of the Edgewater Public Library will hold a membership drive from 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. today and Feb. 25, in the library’s lobby. The group supports the library through volunteering and program support, assistance and funding. For... Published February 18, 2015 Letters to the editor for Sunday, February 15, 2015 So planners are considering traffic circles for International Speedway Boulevard? That will be delightful. Published February 15, 2015 OUR VIEW: State should help county in eliminating septic tanks Septic tanks that are improperly maintained can leach a toxic cocktail of pollutants — containing ammonia, fecal coliform, prescription medicines and household cleaners — that flows into water. Published February 15, 2015 Cue

6 Of The Healthiest Japanese Snacks For Your Kids And You Boost Your Energy in the New Year With These Traditional Foods January 8, 2020 Families, Food & Drink, Health & Beauty Add some adventure to your snack time as you teach your child good food habits through culinary courage. Snacking used to have a bad name, but that changed with the emergence a few years ago of the concept of healthy snacking. Under that idea, eating a small portion of food between meals that is high in fiber and protein can boost your energy and overall nutritional intake and help you avoid the overeating that results from hunger attacks. It aims for intentional eating rather than chowing down on empty calories. Here we fill you in on some particularly Japanese foods that you can try with your kids to add a bit of cultural adventure to your snack time. After all, culinary courage is an important part of teaching your child wise food habits – you just don’t know how good something is until you try it. We’ve steered well away from processed foods to focus on some traditional ingredients in Japan’s venerable and longevity-boosting diet. 1. Almond fish Nuts are probably the most popular healthy snack in Western countries, and you can easily find them here too. But for a bit of local flavor, and an extra burst of calcium, try almond fish. It’s a crunchy combination of cut almonds and small, dried – usually slightly sweetened – sardines. Manufacturer Kyoritsu Foods says a Hiroshima fisheries company created this snack in the mid-1980s to boost children’s calcium intake after some kids were breaking bones when practicing the vaulting horse in school sports classes. Almond fish spread throughout Japan after it was introduced to school kyushoku or catered lunches. You may also see snack packs of just the little fishies which will contain fewer calories than the almonds. 2. Soybeans Edamame from 7-Eleven. Soybeans are one of the best sources of plant-based protein, are high in fiber but low in carbohydrates. They are used to make tofu, and are a backbone of Japanese cuisine and culture. Edamame (枝豆): These are immature soybeans, usually still in their pods. Edamame are a quintessential summer snack here – particularly due to their compatibility with beer – but boiled, salted edamame are available all year round in convenience stores and in the frozen section of supermarkets. In supermarkets, you might see them sold as cha-mame or dadacha-mame, which is a tastier variety of edamame. Having to pop these out of their pods helps slow down fast eaters and will help boost your child’s dexterity. The easiest way to get them into your mouth is to place the pod to your lips and with fingers of each hand push your target bean from behind to shoot it straight down the hatch. Roasted soybeans at the convenience store. Roasted soybeans, or iri-daizu (煎り大豆): These are the soybeans that get thrown around in the Setsubun Festival in early February. You may also know them as soy nuts. These are a great crunchy snack with a satisfying nutty taste. You will see these in the shops each January, also in various flavors, such as a sweetened kind, or soy-flavored or with seaweed added. But the plain (su, 素) type is yummy enough that you don’t need to add that sugar and salt. At other times of the year, it can be hard to find roasted soybeans. Some ¥100 shops stock them all year round, but you can always roast your own. You can usually find dried soybeans in supermarkets at any time. Be aware that, like popcorn, roasted soybeans can be a choking hazard for children younger than four because they don’t have their back molars yet to chew them properly. Soybeans are also an allergen. 3. Seaweed Seaweed laver sheets. The Japanese archipelago is blessed with many marine products, and so is the diet. Among them, seaweed makes a particularly satisfying snack. It is rich in glutamate, an amino acid that is thought to give it a savory, umami taste, and a high fiber content makes it filling, even though it is low in calories. It is also stacked with antioxidants and various vitamins and minerals. Seaweed comes in a number of forms and textures. Nori: This is the very dark green laver that is used in wrapped sushi. The basic type is yaki-nori (焼のり、焼海苔), which is just the dried laver sheets themselves. Among Japanese, flavored ajitsuke-nori (味付け海苔) is probably the most popular type, but it is often a very strong dose of sweetened and salty soy sauce that really isn’t needed. There are different grades of nori, but the cheapest kind is fine. My daughters grew up chomping on cut sheets of this. To bulk it up a bit, you can add a little rice, and some black sesame seeds are a tasty and healthy further addition. The rice will help prevent small children from getting a dense ball of seaweed stuck in their throats. More recently, my daughters and I have become cultural traitors and chow down on Korean-style seaweed, which is dried laver thinly coated with corn oil, sesame oil, and salt. It’s not as healthy but is crazy yummy. Oshaburi seawood. Konbu: This is a thick kelp that is commonly used to make stock because it is rich in umami goodness. Its lasting flavor and firm texture mean you can keep happily chewing on this for some time, which is exactly what older generations used to do. That’s why it is sometimes called oshaburi konbu – “oshaburi” meaning a pacifier, or baby’s dummy. In the early 1900s konbu was made into a commercial snack food with the creation of miyako konbu (都こんぶ), which some people describe as Japan’s first “chewing gum.” Vinegar is added to the kelp to soften it and to flavor it, with sugar, sweeteners and other flavors also added. Miyako konbu. Wakame: This is a thin, soft seaweed that is most commonly served in miso soup and salads. It has also been made into snack foods. Probably the most common is crispy wakame with sesame, or pari-pari goma wakame (パリパリごまわかめ). Sesame oil, salt, sugars, and flavors are added to the crunchy wakame. Snack pack wakame. Another common product is kuki wakame. This is the thicker, stem section of the wakame, which has a leathery texture and is also seasoned with vinegar and sweetened. Wakame and konbu tend to maintain their ocean upbringing in their taste, making them rather an acquired taste as snacks. It’s worth trying them at least once for their texture, which is a key aspect of Japanese cuisine. Pregnant women may want to limit their seaweed intake to avoid overconsumption of iodine. 4. Sweet potato Sweet potato at the supermarket. Sweet potato has been in Japan since around 1600 and has played an important role in helping the nation cope with famine. After droughts in the early 1700s caused repeated failures of rice crops, sweet potato was chosen as an alternative staple food and introduced into the Kanto region around Tokyo. Those crops helped greatly reduce deaths during consequent rice harvest failures. Sweet potatoes are high in fiber, especially if you also eat the skin. They can, therefore, help move things along if you’ve got a bit of constipation. The fiber and complex carbohydrates in sweet potatoes can help you feel full longer. They are rich in antioxidants, contain vitamin C and minerals, and are packed with vitamin A, which is good for eyes. The best way to eat sweet potatoes in Japan is as yaki-imo (焼き芋), a slow-baked spud. Particularly in winter, these are easy to buy still hot in a roaster at convenience stores and some supermarkets. In season they are even sold from trucks that play the yaki-imo chant to let you know they are nearby. Sweet potato comes in handy small packs, too. You can find packaged, dried, soft sweet potato strips at convenience stores and supermarkets. Crunchy, round sweet potato chips are also available as a packaged snack. Sugar (さとう, 砂糖) is often added to these packaged types, though, so check the ingredients listing (げんざいりょうめい, 原材料名) for that. If you cook sweet potato yourself, do it at a low temperature to heighten the sweetness. 5. Konnyaku Konnyaku is not the most appealing to look at. Konnyaku is made from the tuber of the devil’s tongue plant and is around 97 percent water, with the remainder mostly fiber. Some hail it as near zero-calorie diet food, while others question whether it’s near-zero nutrition can be called healthy. There are two factors that both camps agree on: the fiber can help clean out your small intestine, and it can be a deadly choking hazard. Konnyaku is most commonly served in savory dishes as stewed blocks of rather unappetizing-looking, hard jelly colored a dark mottled grey. It also comes in other colors and shapes, including the more attractive, white shirataki (しらたき) noodles. Both of these are used in the soupy oden (おでん) dish, which is popular in winter and often awaits customers on convenience store counters. Grape-flavored konnyaku jelly. More recently, konnyaku has been made into sweet jelly products. Unlike regular jelly, konnyaku doesn’t melt in the mouth and needs to be thoroughly chewed. Some countries have banned konnyaku jelly due to deaths caused by choking on it. Following one such death in Japan, manufacturers added warnings and changed their packaging. Konnyaku jelly maker Orihiro’s sachet series, for example, releases only a narrow line of the jelly from a one-centimeter-wide opening. Konnyaku has also been made into savory chips that you can find at Natural Lawson stores. With a consistency like that of smoked meat, some Japanese nursery schools give them to children for snacks to help stimulate their biting and jaw strength. Eating konnyaku with older children would be a good learning experience (since no one ever learned much from avoidance). Make sure they know they have to chew it well. 6. Miino Miino soramame for kids. Japanese snack company Calbee released Miino a few years ago amid the rise of the healthy snacking trend. The original product was sora-mame (そら豆), broad beans or fava beans, deep-fried in vegetable oil and salted. That’s all. Snackers have given it a big nod and the range has expanded to include similarly prepared edamame, kuromame (black beans), fiber-rich burdock root (gobo, ごぼう) and more. Miino is sold in convenience stores. What healthy Japanese snacks do you enjoy? Leave us a comment below!

A. -J. BoRs'r,` JR 1,952,115 AUTOMOBILE SHACKLE March 27, 1934. original Filed March 8, 1930 Patented Mar. 27, 1934 PATENT OFFICE AUTOMOBILE SHACKLE Andrew J. Borst, Jr., Buialo, N. Y. Application March 8, 1930, Serial No.434,369 Renewed August 11, `1933 Claims. My invention relates to automobile shackles, and has more particularly reference to that type of shackle having a rubber or other like cushion element or elements embodied in its construc- 5 tion; such as set out in my copending application, Serial No. 308,603. Like the construction illustrated in my said copending application, this invention is designed to assure easier riding qualities for an automobile w and to eliminate side sway or whipping of the automobile body. This invention has for one of its objects, the provision of an automobile shackle in which rubber cushions are retained within the eyes of the shackle members by means of pins or bolts and are adapted to be held against rotation and lengthwise movement within the eyes of said shackle members and against lengthwise movement on said pins orr bolts, so that under constant oscillation of said shackle members said cushions are subjected to compression radially outwardly at one side of their axes and inwardly at the other side thereof. Another object of my invention is to so construct the rubber cushions that when positioned in the shackle members, they may or may not be compressed in the direction of their axes, but they are not compressed in such direction thereafter; in fact, they are held against movement in such direction, under compression, or bodily, and are incapable of being rotated under the oscillating movements of the shackle members in which they are conned. Aiurther object of my invention-is the provil sion of cushions which are compressible at right angles to their axes and are so conned that when subjected to compression action in the manner'stated, they are held against expansion lengthwise or in the direction of their axes. A still further object is to provide vnew and novel cushion elements within shackles in such relation to other parts that they will not wear readily, and .to include in the rubber or rubber composition, a lubricant which is retained within the microscopic cells of the rubber or rubber composition so as to keep the metallic parts of the shackle in contact therewith, properly lubricated; thus preventing rust. With the above and other objects in view, to appear hereinafter, my invention consists in the novel parts, in the new and novel features of construction, and in the arrangement, and combination of parts to be hereinafter described and particularly pointed out in the subjoined claims. In the drawing: Fig. 1 is a sectional perspective view of my improved cushion shackle, showing the same attached to and connecting a side member of an automobile chassis with one of the springs supporting the same. Fig. 2 is a vertical section through the lower part of one of the shackle members showing a portion of the eye of a spring and the cushion elements in elevation within the lower eye of said shackle member. Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the lower end of one of the shackle members and of the adjacent parts supported thereby. Fig. 4 is a similar section, showing the cushion elements in modified form. Fig. 5 is a detail longitudinal sectional View of one of the cushion elements, showing the cords or textile layers embodied in the construction thereof. Fig. 6 is a cross section taken on line 6-6, 75 Fig. 5. Referencebeing had to the drawing in detail, the numeral 6 designates one of the side members of an automobile chassis or frame and 7 a portion of an automobile spring provided with an eye 8 80 at its end. In the eye, a bronze or other bushing 9 is fitted, and through said bushing a shackle bolt 10 is passed; opposite ends of said bolt being screw-threaded and arranged to project from opposite ends of said eye. The bolt shown is of smaller diameter than the bore of` said bushing and is held axially in said bushing by means of tapered nipples 1l, which are slit longitudinally so as to be compressed onto the body when driven into said bushing from opposite ends; thus holding said bolt non-rotatably within the eye of the spring. If desired, the shackle bolt may be of a size to snugly and non-rotatably flt into said bushing, or it may be non-rotatably fitted in the eye of the spring directly, and the bushing ldispensed with. It is to be understood that the side or chassis member 6 also has an eye formed through its end, which may or may not have a bushing therein. A shackle bolt 12 extends through this eye and may be held therein in any suitable manner; for y example, as described with reference to the bolt l 10, or otherwise. Like the bolt 10, it also has opposite ends screw-threaded and projecting from opposite ends of the eye in said side or chassis member. Broadly considered, when reference is had to the eye of the spring or said side or chassis member, it may or may not include the bushing and nipples, as either or both of these may be dispensed with, if desired. In any event, the shackle bolts 10 and 12 are driven or otherwise non-rotatably secured, respectively, in an eye of the side or chassis member and in an eye of the automobile spring, so that they are rmly held therein against both rotative and longitudinal movements and so that the screw threaded end portions thereof project from opposite ends of said eyes. Shackle bars or hanger members 13 connect correspondingly projecting ends of the shackle bolts together and opposite ends of these bars or members have apertured enlargements 14 of substantially circular formation; the aperture 15, or eye as it may be termed, in each enlargement being cylindrical and considerably larger in diameter than the shackle bolts. The aperture'or eye 15 at each end of each shackle bar or member has an internal V-shaped rib or flange 16 centrally between its ends,opposite inclined sides of which co-operate with the cylindrical inner surface portions 17 of the eye for contact with the exterior surfaces of cushioning elements 18, which are constructed of rubber, rubber composition, or any other suitable cushioning material. Flanged sleeve nuts 19, 20, are screw-threaded onto the screw-threaded projecting ends of the shackle bolts and for convenience, may be referred to as inner and outer sleeve nuts, respectively; each end of each bolt 10 and 12, having two such sleeve nuts applied thereto in reverse order. The sleeve portion of each sleeve nut is designated by the numeral 21 and the flange thereof by the numeral 22. The fianges 22 are preferably of hexagonal formation for convenient application thereto of a wrench or other suitable tool for applying, tightening, or adjusting the sleeve nuts on the shackle bolts. By reversing the sleeve nuts on the shackle bolts, the unflanged ends, which may be referred to as the inner ends of the sleeve portions of the' nuts, abut against each other. Thus, the flanges 22 of said nuts are positioned outside of the eye of the spring or frame member, as the case may be, and may, if desired be larger than said eyes. The abutting ends of the sleeve nuts are alined with the apex, ridge, or sharp edge of the V- shaped bead or flange 16, and the cushioning ele- .ments 18 positioned on the sleeve portions of said sleeve nuts within\the eye 15 and between the flanges 22 of said nuts. Said cushioning elements are in the main of cylindrical formation and of a diameter to snugly fit into the eye 15 and they are provided with axial bores of a diameter to snugly iit onto the sleeve portions of the sleeve nuts. Their inner ends normally extend'beyond the inner ends of the sleeve portions .of the nuts and therefore abut end to end when inserted in the eyes of the shackle members, and they have their outer peripheral surfaces beveled or made conical at their inner ends to conform to the inclined opposite faces of the internal bead or flange 16. abutting ends of said cushioning elements are alined with the apex, ridge, or sharp edge of said ange, and upon `tightening the sleeve nuts to bring the inner ends of their sleeve portions in contact, these cushioning elements are compressed in their direction of the axes and caused to expand radially inwardly against the sleeve portions of the nuts and outwardly against the inner surface of the eyes in which they are confined. Where so arranged,the inner ends of these cushioning elements are also alined with the The' inner ends of the sleeve portions of the nuts. 'I'he beveled or conical portions of these cushion elements are in firm contact with the opposite inclined faces of the internal flange 16, and with the outer peripheral faces of the sleeve portions of the nuts and the inner peripheral face of the eye and the combined length of these cushioning elements equalsthe distance between the fianges at the outer ends of the sleeve nuts. The inner surface of eyes 15 at opposite ends of the shackle bars or members may be cadmiumplated or otherwise rendered non-corrosive, or these bars or members may be constructed of non-corroding material and the sleeve nuts similarly treated or constructed. I prefer, however, to construct the sleeve nuts of die-casting material, which is not only non-corrosive, but light and durable as well` Applied to the outer end of each of the cushioning elements by vulcanization when' forming the cushioning elements of rubber or rubber composition, or otherwise when using other suitable cushioning material, is a guard ring 23, which is also preferably formed of non-corrosive metal; but any other suitable material not effected by moisture may be used. These guard rings protect the cushioning material and normally have portions thereof exposed between the flanges 22 of the sleeve nuts and the end faces of the eyes 15. In Fig. 4 of the drawing, the cushioning elements have their beveled or conical surfaces formed by contact rings 24, which may be of ber molded into annular recesses formed in said elements at such points, said contact rings being of triangular formation in cross section. These contact rings may also be formed of some non-corrosive metal, but due to the fact that they are positioned where moisture cannot reach them, they may be constructed of liber. Fiber has, however, been found unsuitable for use in constructing the guard rings 23 at the outer ends of the cushioning elements, owingto the fact that water coming in contact with the same on account of their exposed position, will cause them to swell. I preferably construct the cushioning elements of a semi-hard yielding rubber or rubber composition, with a certain percentage of lubricating material; for example, paraffin embodied in the composition; and arranged in spaced layers lengthwise and parallel with the axis of the cushioning elements, cords of cotton, cotton fabrics, or other suitable material 25 are vulcanized within the rubber or rubber composition. Said layers may beiformed in various ways, but they are preferably coiled around between layers of rubber rolled around a mandrel preparatory to vulcanizing the rubber. These cords may be otherwise arranged in the cushioning elements and they are saturated with the lubricant. As the roller'composition has minute or microscop ical cells formed throughout the same and por- -tion of the cords pass through such cells, the lubricant is carried to the outer surface of the rubber cushioning elements so as to keep the surfaces of the sleeve nuts in contact with said cushioning elements and the inner walls of the shackle eyes lubricated at all times. The device is therefore a self-lubricating one, and while in contour, the cushioning elements are cylindricm when supporting the weight of an automobile body normally loaded, when the automobile passes through ruts and over obstructions or elevated portions of a road, these cushioning clements are compressed radially so that they assume a somewhat oval formation in cross section under compression without being permitted to expand in the direction of their length. By employing the lV-shaped annular internal beads or anges 16 within the eyes of the shackle bars or members 13, said bars or members are securely held to the shackle bolts; and by providing the flanges 22, which may be termed nuts integral with the sleeves 21, the exact relation of the two cushioning elements necessary for proper functioning, is assured. When the cushioning elements become worn, it may be found necessary to compress such elements lengthwise toward each other, in order to cause expansion of the same diametrically, both inwardly against the shackle bolts and outwardly against the walls of the eyes in the shackle bars or members with a view of preventing rotation of said cushioning elements, both on said bolts, or more particularly'on the nut sleeves, and within said eyes, In order to accomplish this the abutting ends of the sleeve nuts may be led away sufiiciently to assure compression lengthwise of the cushioning elementswhen tightening said nuts on the shackle bolts. The oscillation of the shackle, bars or members, due to the exing ofthe automobile springs, will cause the cushioning elements to be subjected to tortional strain componently with compression force applied thereto radially, and due to the fact that the cushioning elements are nonrotatable on the shackle bolts and within the eyes of the shackle bars or members, considerable resistance is offered to the flexing of the automobile springs, thus assuring a gradual movement downwardly of the automobile body and a gradual upward or recovery movement; this being highly desirable t0 assure good riding qualities. The tortional strain applied to the cushioning elements are in no manner harmful and the rubber composition from which said elements are constructed, especially when cords of the kind specied are embodied in the construction of such elements, will not become torn, disintegrated, or be otherwise eected. It is to be noted that the flanged outer end of the inner sleeve nut is threaded onto the' shackle bolts so that it lies in contact with the end of the eye formed in the spring, or the end of the eye formed in the frame member. Thus the inner surface of the flange provides a definite stop for the outer end of the inner cushioning element. The flange or nut at the outer end of the outer sleeve nut, by reason of the inner end of said outer sleeve nut abutting against the inner end of the inner sleeve nut is deflnitely`spac'ed from the flange or nut of the inner sleeve nut and the bores in the cushioning elements are of a size to necessitate forcing said cushioning elements onto the sleeve portions of said sleeve nuts and into the eyes of the shackle bars. The cushioning elements are therefore positively confined between the sleeve portions of the sleeve nuts and the walls of the eyes of the shackle bars or members in one direction, and between the anges or nut portions of said sleeve nuts in a direction at right angles thereto; and as said sleeve nuts are firmly threaded onto the shackle bolts and the V-shaped beads or anges in the eyes of said shackle bars fit between portions of the cushioning elements, said shackle bars or members are firmly secured to the shackle bolts an-d connect the springs with the frame members of the automobile. Having thus described my invention, what I claim is: 1. A shackle for automobiles, comprising shackle bolts projecting at opposite ends from spaced parts of an automobile, an abutting element secured to the projecting ends of each of said shackle bolts and having a flange thereon, an element similar to said flanges spaced therefrom, cushioning elements disposedvon each of said abutting elements between said flanges and said similar elements, and a shackle bar having an eye surrounding each of said cushioning elements and an inward projection in each of said eyes clamped between the cushioning elements in each eye to prevent displacement of said shackle bar. 2. A shackle for automobiles, comprising shackle bolts projecting at opposite ends from spaced parts of an automobile, an abutting element secured to the projecting ends of each of sai-d shackle bolts and having spaced-apart flanges thereon, cushioning elements disposed on said abutting elements between said flanges, and shackle bars surrounding said cushioning elements and having parts clamped between said cushioning elements to prevent displacement of said shackle bars. 3. A shackle for automobiles adapted to connect a frame member of the automobile with a spring thereof, comprising screw-threaded elements projecting from opposite sides of said frame member and said spring sleeve nuts threaded in pairs on each of said screw-threaded elements and having sleeve portions abutting end to end and nut-like flanges on the outer ends of said sleeve portions, a pair of cushioning elements surrounding the sleeve portions of each pair of said sleeve nuts and abutting at their inner ends, said cushioning elements having their outer ends in contact with said nut-like flanges, and shackle bars having eyes at opposite ends surrounding the cushioning elements on the screw-threaded elements projecting from said frame member and spring and having internalflanges against which said cushioning elements bear. 4. In a shackle for automobiles, a shackle bolt projecting from an automobile part and having its projecting end screw-threaded, a sleeve nut threaded onto thescrew-threaded end of said shackle bolt and comprising a sleeve portion and a ange extending from the outer end of said sleeve portion and bearing against said automobile part, a cushioning element surrounding said sleeve portion and bearing at its outer end against said flange, said cushioning element being cylindrical formation along the major portion of its length and having a tapered inner end portion, a second sleeve nut screw-threaded onto said shackle bolt and having a flange at its outer end and a sleeve portion bearing at its inner end against the inner end of said first-mentioned sleeve portion, a cushioning element on the sleeve portion of said second-mentioned sleeve nut bearing at its outer end against the fiange of said sleeve nut and at its inner end against the inner end of said first-mentioned cushioning element, being in the main of cylindrical formation and having a tapered inner end coacting with the tapered inner end of said mst-mentioned cushioning lelement to form a V-shaped groove around said cushioning elements when in abutting relation, and a shackle bar having an eye surrounding said cushioning elements and provided With an internal V-shaped bead fitting into the V-shaped groove of said cushioning elements. 5. An automobile shackle, comprising a shackle bolt, a sleeve nut having a sleeve portion and a flange, a cushioning element surrounding said sleeve portion and formed of rubber composition, said cushioning element having a guard ring at its outer end vulcanized to said rubber compostion, and a shackle bar having an eye surrounding said cushioning element, the outer end of said cushioning element bearing against the inner surface of the flange of said sleeve nut including the outer end face of said guard ring. a shackle bar having an eye provided with an internal bead against opposite faces of which said contact rings bear. provided with beveled outer faces, and a shackle bar having an eye provided with an internal V-shaped bead against opposite faces of which said contact rings bear. 8. In a shackle for automobiles, a cushioning element formed of a rubber composition having lubricant absorbent material vulcanized therein. 9. In an automobile shackle, a cushioning element having an axial bore therethrough and a cylindrical exterior surface, said cushioning element being formed of a somewhat pliant material and having strands of different material possessing absorbent qualities extending therethrough. 10. A cushioning element for automobile shackles formed of composition material providing microscopical cells therein, a lubricant Within -said cellsand absorbent strands extending through said material and saturated with said lubricant, said strands and the cells in the material feeding the lubricant to the surface of said cushioning elementv under compression of said material. ANDREW J. BORST, JR.

Quirino Province Travel Destinations and Itinerary All about Quirino Province Named after the sixth President of the Philippines, Quirino is a land-locked province in the Cagayan Valley Region in Luzon. The province borders Aurora to the Southeast, Nueva Vizcaya to the West and Isabela to the North. In the past, Quirino (pronounced as "KIRINO") used to be part of Nueva Vizcaya until it was separated in 1966. Quirino is one of the country's youngest in terms of foundation. First thoughts If people ask me where's Quirino, I wouldn't even know it was a province in Luzon (sorry my Hekasi/Araling Panlipunan teachers for forgetting the Philippine Geography). I would associate it readily to the President, to Quirino Grandstand or Quirino Hill (Baguio City). This quiet province of 180,000+/- people boast a great deal of travel destination for the thrill seekers after my experience there. Rolling hills that may rival those in Batanes, waterfalls, caves for spelunking, trekking areas are still unexplored, lakes and rivers for canoeing and water rafting. These natural wonder need to be conserved and promoted (yes, in that order) for the onslaught of fellow adrenaline junkies. It is one of the most underrated places in the country for tourism, but has so much to offer once discovered. This province of 6 Municipalities can be a haven for non stop adventure and nature tripping experience. Going there I think one of the reasons why it is underrated is the how to get there portion and how accessible the province is from Metro Manila. There’s no easy way to access Quirino Province from Metro Manila. We went there via a Private vehicle (ehem a.k.a kiri/hilti haha). It took us almost 10 hrs. from Makati to Cabarroguis, Qurino's provincial capital. Travel time 12:30 AM to 10:30 AM. Take note, numerous road constructions and repair projects were under way at this time (September 2015) so, it could be less than 10 hrs. Other alternatives: 1. Take a late overnight bus from Metro Manila and arrive at the town of Maddela. 2. Take a one-hour flight from Cebu Pacific Air to Cauayan Airport in the neighboring town of Isabela. From there, ride a one and a half hour van ride to Cabarroguis (Province Capitol) 3. One can also ride a one-hour flight to Tugeugarao City via Cebu Pacific Air and Philippine Airlines, then board a three-hour van ride to Quirino. VIA 500) - additional Information lifted from Going Around and Getting the "Much needed Thrill"There are currently no packaged tours available for Quirino Province. What we did was contact the local tourism office, Kuya Orly (093591410075) and allow them to make the best itinerary for the activities we want. Our guide and our all around guy was Manong Tony Misagal. Tour guide Fee is 500 per day. Tony Misagal Contact Number: 099 258 0860 Facebook Account: Manong Tony assisted us with all the nitty gritty details in staying in Quirino and gave us the best possible experience there. We stayed for the night in Community Forestry Foundation of Quirino (CFFQ) near the Provincial Capitol of Cabarroguis. 1000 per room good for 4 - 6 people with bathroom. CFFQ Contact : 093 515 18732 Ask for ate Gemma Here are the places we've seen, we've explored, and we've experienced! The festival is an amazing display of the heritage and culture of its people and the ethnic groups within after Quirino has been separated from Nueva Vizcaya in 1966. Even though simple in many aspects, the festival is characterized by civic events, business fairs, a street dance competition which is in the capital, Cabarrroguis, tree-planting events at its mountain ranges especially within the Sierra Madre, and sports and entertainment events inclusive of song and dance contests. We came a week before the main celebration which is every 10th of September. Despite that, we already felt the festival as events and stalls are being put up in preparation for a Grand celebration on the coming week. Provincial Capitol Location: San Marcos, Cabarroguis, Quirino I've regretted not seeing this Capitol Building in person. "It is the best among all those I've been to" said by exkarlsion. I've regretted not seeing this Capitol Building in person. "It is the best among all those I've been to" said by exkarlsion. Siitan River Cruise Bimmapor Rock Formation Location: Siitan River Brgy. Ponggo, Nagtipunan, Quirino Expense: 175 per person We got the chance to river cruise and cliff jump in the timid yet magnificent Siitan River.. You need to get out of the boat and walk 500 meters or so to the next boat to take you further in the river. Take time to breathe in the awesome view of the canyon-like feel of the rock formations surrounding you! Diamond Cave Expense: 100 per guide plus 100 environmental fee In February 2015, Diamond cave was opened to the public with the project still on going to improve the park. It was still in the process of constructing pools and sheds for tourists and visitors. Difficulty of spelunking the cave was fairly easy compared to Pamitinan Cave. Plenty of stalagmites and stalactites along the cave channels. It was clean with no visible trace of human waste (see also some of the spelunking guides here). Hopefully the project under way to promote Diamond Cave will take into consideration the strict implementation of preserving the minerals found in the cave and also stricter policies for tourists and the like to enter with proper gears with supervision of the management. Sayang naman ang ganda kung pinabayaan dahil sa pagiging gahaman sa pera Ganano Falls Location: Brgy. Baguio Village, Diffun, Quirino Expense: 200 for guide fee, 100 environmental fee (inclusive of the Nantugaw, Sinipit and Sabarang Falls) The trail going up the Ganano Falls can be accessible via heavy duty vehicle like 4x4, or pickup only up to some point. Arriving the vantage point, my jaw dropped and upon recovering, I shouted "Ang Ganda!!!". It was a grand view! Until now, writing this blog post, I am at awe looking at the pictures of the Falls. Ice cold water cascades into crevices of small rocks at the top then finally split by a big boulders of rock at the bottom. Some notes, although it seem like an easy trek going to bottom layer of the falls, it is not. Slippery rocks, fast current of flowing water, big rocks to leap to and a little rock climbing were the obstacles we needed to endure and go thru. But it was ALL WORTH IT! (cue in Worth It song of Fifth Harmony). The following falls are found on the lower section of the river of Baguio Village in Diffun. Captured and experienced by ExKarlsions, VinVoyage and Hoovs07 Nantugaw Falls Location: Brgy. Baguio Village, Diffun, Quirino Sinipit Falls Location: Brgy. Baguio Village, Diffun, Quirino Location: Brgy. Baguio Village, Diffun, Quirino THE TEAM This wouldn't have been a blast without these exuberant people! P.S.We only have seen a fraction of what Quirino can offer. I suggest for a 4 day trip, 1 day allotted for travel back home. Here is a list of the known tourist attraction of Quirino. AGLIPAY CAVES Address: Barangay Villa Ventura, Aglipay, Quirino MABO FALLS Address: Sitio Mabo, Brgy. Nagabgaban, Aglipay, Quirino PENSAL FALLS Address: Brgy. San Benigno, Aglipay, Quirino MOTOCROSS MOUNTAIN TRACK Address: San Marcos, Cabarroguis, Quirino PROVINCIAL CAPITOL Address: San Marcos, Cabarroguis, Quirino WAKEBOARDING COMPLEX Address: San Marcos, Cabarroguis, Quirino NAGBUKEL CAVE Address: Cajel, Diffun, Quirino NANTUGAW FALLS Address: Baguio Village, Don Mariano Perez, Diffun, Quirino SINIPIT FALLS Address: Baguio Village, Don Mariano Perez, Diffun, Quirino GOVERNOR’S RAPIDS Address: Barrio Bisangal, Divisoria Sur, Maddela, Quirino MADDELA WATERFALLS Address: Brgy. Dumabato Sur, Maddela, Quirino BIMMAPOR ROCK FORMATION Address: Sitio 1, Barangay Ponggo, Nagtipunan, Quirino GIBIEN CAVES Address: Landingan, Nagtipunan, Quirino JUNUAN FALLS Address: Brgy. Dissimungal, Nagtipunan, Quirino LANDINGAN VIEWPOINT Address: Brgy. Landingan, Nagtipunan, Quirino MACTOL FALLS Address: Brgy. San Pugo, Nagtipunan SIITAN RIVER Address: Sitio 1, Barangay Ponggo, Nagtipunan, Quirino TAPAO VIEWDECK Address: Nagtipunan, Quirino VICTORIA FALLS Address: Brgy. Sangbay, Nagtipunan, Quirino

загрузить документ Mammotropes and somatotropes in the adenohypophysis of androgenized female miceMorphological and immunohistochemical studies by light microscopy correlated with routine electron microscopy.код для вставкиСкачать THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 233:103-110 (1992) Mammotropes and Somatotropes in the Adenohypophysis of Androgenized Female Mice: Morphological and lmmunohistochemical Studies by Light Microscopy Correlated With Routine Electron Microscopy AKIKO YAMAJI, FUMIHIKO SASAKI, YOSHIE IWAMA, AND SHOJI YAMAUCHI Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Osaka Prefecture College of Agriculture, Sakai, Osaka, Japan (A.Y.,F.S., S.Y.); and Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (Y.I.) ABSTRACT Female mice were divided into androgenized (AF) and control (CF) groups. The AF mice were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate (Tp) and the CF mice with sesame oil a t 5 days of age. Mammotropes (PRL cells) and somatotropes (GH cells) in the adenohypophyses of these mice when they became adults were studied with immunohistochemistry and morphometry by light microscopy correlated with routine electron microscopy. In CF mice, almost all of the PRL-immunoreactive cells (about 43% of all parenchymal cells) were type I (classical) PRL cells, and almost all of the GH-immunoreactive cells (about 30% of all parenchymal cells) were type I (classical) GH cells. Type I1 PRL cells accounted for about 0.4% of parenchymal cells, and type I1 GH cells were about 2.5% of all parenchymal cells. In AF mice, the percentages of PRL and GH cells were not significantly different from those of CF mice. Mammosomatotropes (Ms cells) in both groups were less than 1%of all parenchymal cells. Numbers of all parenchymal, PRL and GH cells, however, were increased significantly in AF mice when compared to those in CF, because the adenohypophysis was increased in volume in AF mice. Type I PRL cells were larger in AF than in CF. The ultrastructure suggested that type I PRL cells may show increased PRL synthesis and secretion in AF mice. Furthermore, AF mice, in which the hypothalamus is masculinized by the neonatal treatment with Tp, retained feminine characteristics in the population and size of PRL cells and GH cells in the adenohypophysis. 0 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc. There is a clear sex difference in adult mouse and rat hypothalamus due to the absence or presence of testosterone during the neonatal period: the hypothalamus in female and male types controls the cyclic and tonic secretion, respectively, of gonadotropins (Gn) from the anterior pituitary gland (Pfeiffer, 1936; Harris, 1964; Barraclough, 1967; Gorski, 1968; Yazaki, 1968; MacLusky and Naftolin, 1981). Barraclough and Leathem (1954) reported that the administration of testosterone propionate (Tp) to neonatal female mice causes the hypothalamus to become the male type and results in infertility characterized by polycystic ovaries that have numerous follicles of various sizes but no corpora lutea. In such androgenized animals, prolactin (PRL) levels in serum (Mallampati and Johnson, 1973, 1974; Cheng and Johnson, 1973174;Harlan and Gorski, 1977; Nakamura et al., 1988) and pituitary (Mallampati and Johnson, 1974) were reported to be increased significantly when compared with those of controls. However, no morphological evidence on the adenohypophysis in androgenized animals has been presented, to our knowledge. This study was undertaken to get new information on the influence of androgen on pituitary morphology in immature female mice, using immunohistochemistry by light microscopy correlated 0 1992 WILEY-LISS, INC. with routine electron microscopy in a stereological morphometric study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Primiparous mice of the SMA strain, bred in our animal quarters, were housed in cages under controlled conditions with a constant temperature (24"C), 14 h r light, 10 h r dark cycle, with food and water ad libitum. To maintain uniform body growth, all of the litters were reduced to 6 pups on the day of parturition and weaned on day 25. Ten female pups were injected subcutaneously with Tp (1.00 mg) a t 5 days of age a s described by Barraclough and Leathem (1954). Ten female control mice received only injections of sesame oil. All animals were killed a t 3 months of age. Light Microscopic Study To observe the development of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea, ovaries of all mice were fixed for 22-24 Received February 11, 1991; accepted Setpember 25, 1991. Address reprint requests to Dr. F. Sasaki, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Osaka Prefecture College of Agriculture, Mozuume-machi, Sakai, Osaka 591, Japan. 104 A. YAMAJI ET AL TABLE 1. Percentages (means f S.D.) of PRL cells and GH cells in the adenohypophysis of control and androgenized mice’ Group of mice (No.) Control (5) I Androgenized (5) Types of PRL cells (%) I1 I 43.3 2 7.7 40.0 2 4.4 0.4 t 0.3 0.3 0.1 * Types of GH cells (%) + I1 43.8 40.3 * 3.4 * 2.0 I TI 30.5 2 3.9 27.8 2 4.1 2.5 2 1.1 5.2 2 3.6 T + TT 33.1 t 3.6 33.0 t 5.4 Ms cells (%) 0-0.4 0.2-1.0 ~ ‘All data between two groups were analyzed by Student’s t test and Mann-Whitney’s U test. TABLE 2. Numbers ( x Group of mice (No.) Control (5) Androgenized (5) **P< 0.001. lo4) of PRL cells and GH cells (means f S.D.) in the adenohypophysis of control and androgenized female mice Types of PRL cells ( x lo4) I1 I + I1 Parenchymal cells ( x lo4) I 41.3 4.5 78.4 2 9.9** 17.9 2 4.1 30.6 2 6.0* * 0.1 t 0.1 0.3 2 0.1* 18.1 i- 4.0 31.0 5 6.0* Types of GH cells ( x r * 12.5 1.9 21.9 t 4.4* TT 1.0 t 0.4 4.0 t 2.8 ~~~ lo4) T + IT ~ 13.6 t 1.8 25.9 i- 5.0** *P < 0.01 when compared with control female mice by Student’s t test. h r in Bouin’s fluid, dehydrated in a graded series of alcohols, and embedded in paraffin wax. Serial sections (10 pm) were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. To estimate the volume of the anterior pituitary gland, the glands were obtained from 5 control (CF) and 5 androgenized animals. After fixation in Bouin’s fluid for 10 min in situ, the glands were carefully excised from the base of the skull. Then they were fixed for 24 h r in the same fixative, dehydrated in a graded series of alcohols, and embedded in paraffin wax. Serial sections (10 pm in thickness) were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Areas of the anterior pituitary gland (Al, A,, . . ., A,) were measured with a Profile projector (V-10, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and a Photopattern analyzer (PC-8001, Nippon Electric, Tokyo, Japan). The volume (V) of the anterior pituitary gland (pm3) was expressed as V = 10 x A pm3, as described in a previous study (Sasaki and Sano, 1982). The specificity of the immunohistochemical staining was tested as follows. Normal rabbit serum was substituted for specific antiserum, and PRL and growth hormone (GH) antisera were preabsorbed for 1day by 25 pg/ml mouse PRL provided by Dr. K. Komoto (University of Tokyo) and 25-50 pg/ml rat GH (UCB Bioproducts, Belgium), respectively. xi Electron Microscopic Study The anterior pituitary glands from 10 mice (5 from each group) were used for electron microscopy. To obtain electron micrographs evenly from all parts of the anterior pituitary gland, a stereological morphometric method described previously was used (Sasaki, 1974). All pituitary glands were carefully excised from the base of the skull and cut in the midsagittal plane. The hemipituitary gland was discarded. To get good cytoplasmic preservation, the other half was diced into 6 small pieces, a s described previously (Sasaki, 1974). All of the blocks were singly fixed in OsO, for 1 h r a t 4°C. This fixation method gives better exocytotic figures than one in which glutaraldehyde was first used. The blocks wre dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol solutions and embedded in Epon for 1 day at 60°C. About 50 electron micrographs from each animal were obtained. Parenchymal cells exhibiting a nucleus in the micrograph totalled about 1,000 in each animal. Two serial semithin sections adjoining each electron micrograph were stained immunohistochemically by antibodies to PRL or GH a s described previously (Sasaki and Iwama, 1988). PRL-immunoreactive cells were classified into type I PRL cells (classical type), which contained irregularly shaped secretory granules, and type I1 PRL cells, which contained small (100-200 nm in diameter), round secretory granules. GH-immunoreactive cells included type I GH cells (classical type) which contained large (about 350 nm in diameter) round secretory granules, and type I1 GH cells containing small (about 100-200 nm in diameter) round secretory granules. Mammosomatotropes (Ms cells) were identified as those immunoreactive with both anti-PRL and anti-GH; they contained small (about 100-200 nm) round secretory granules, a s described previously (Sasaki and Iwama, 1988). Morphometry Cell counts were made of parenchymal, PRL, GH, and Ms cells on all electron micrographs described above. All cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. The population of PRL and GH cells was expressed as a percentage and a number. The number of parenchymal cells in each anterior pituitary gland was calculated a s reported previously (Sasaki and Sano, 1982). A cellophane sheet describing a 15 cm unit square (the value of 15 cm corresponds to 30 pm in an Fig. 1. The anterior pituitary gland of a control female (CF) mouse. A Type I PRL cells (nos. 3, 6-9, 12-15) contain irregularly shaped secretory granules. Type I GH cells (nos. 2 , 5 , 11) contain large (about 350 nm in diameter) round secretory granules. Secretory granules in exocytosis (arrow) are seen in a PRL cell. B: Stained with GH antiserum. C: Stained with PRL antiserum. D: A higher magnification of the area indicated by the arrow in A. A, x 5,000; B,C, x 1,200; D, x 20,000. Fig. 1. 106 A. YAMAJI ET AL. Fig. 2. The anterior pituitary gland in a n androgenized female (AF) mouse. A: Type I PRL cells (nos. 2, 3) in AF contain generally more abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatuses, and secretory granules compared with those of CF mice. Secretory granules in exocytosis (arrows) in a PRL cell are seen. Type I GH cell (no. 1) in the AF mouse shows no morphological differences compared with those in the CF mouse. B: Stained with GH antiserum. C: Stained with PRL antiserum. D,E: Higher magnification views of the areas indicated by the arrows in A. A, x 5,000; B,C, x 1,200;D,E, x 20,000. electron micrograph of x 5,000) was superimposed onto all electron microgrlaphs obtained. For each animal, the mean number (N) of parenchymal cells with a nucleus in this square (900 em2) was counted and transformed into the number (N3”) of cells in the unit cube (27,000 I J . ~ with ~ ) the sides of 900 pm2. The number of parenchymal cells (T) was calculated by substituting these values- into the formula of Sasaki and Sano (1982): T = N3’2 x V/27,000. Numbers of GH and PRL cells were calculated by multiplying T by the respective percentage of the types of cells obtained above. To measure the sizes of type I PRL and GH cells, 50 cells of each type per animal showing a nucleus and with the entire profile of the cell on the electron micrographs were chosen a t random. Each cellular area was measured with a photopattern analyzer. The computer automatically read the areas of individual cells. Areas for each mouse were averaged, and the data reported here are averages of data from 5 mice. To compare the PRL synthetic function in PRL cells between CF and AF animals, the areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and of cytoplasm, except the nucleus, in 30 cells/mouse pituitary were measured a t the final magnification of x 10,000 by a point-counting ~ Fig. 3. The anterior pituitary gland in an androgenized mouse. A. Type I PRL cells (nos. 1-8) contain generally more rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatuses, and secretory granules compared with those in the CF mouse. Secretory granules in exocytosis (arrows) occur more frequently than in the CF mouse. B-H: Higher magnification views of areas indicated by arrows in A. A, ~ 5 , 0 0 0 ;B-H, x 20,000. PRL AND GH CELLS IN ANDROGENIZED MICE Fig. 3. 107 108 A. YAMAJI ET AL. method, using a square lattice of points with a spacing of 1 cm (in this case, the number of points corresponds to the real number in pm2). RER is a good index for expressing the PRL synthetic function morphologically in PRL cells. The data were the averages of the data from 5 mice. The data were expressed as the absolute area (pm2)of RER or the relative area (%) of RER per the area of the cytoplasm in a PRL cell. Statistics Student's t test and Mann-Whitney's U test were used to compare the data from the two groups. RESULTS Light Microscopic Observation of Ovaries Ovaries in CF mice contained many follicles and corpora lutea, while those in AF mice had numerous follicles of various sizes but no corpora lutea. Morphometry Body weight and volume of anterior pituitary gland No difference in the body weight was found between these two groups [CF: 25.5 2 2.2 g (mean t S.D.); AF: 25.1 t 2.0 gl. The volume of the anterior pituitary gland, however, in AF mice [1.3 +- 0.2 mm3 (mean S.D.)] was significantly larger (P < 0.01) than that of CF mice (0.8 c 0.1 mm3). * PRL, GH, and Ms cells Table 1 shows the percentages of PRL, GH, and Ms cells. In CF mice, almost all of the PRL-immunoreactive cells (about 43% of all parenchymal cells) were type I. Almost all of the GH-immunoreactive cells (about 30%of all parenchymal cells) were type I. Only a few type I1 PRL cells (about 0.4%) and type I1 GH cells (about 2.5%) were found. No differences in percentage were found when PRL and GH cells in AF mice were compared with those in CF. Ms cells were fewer than 1% of all parenchymal cells in both groups of mice. The numbers of parenchymal, PRL, and GH cells are presented in Table 2. In AF mice, the numbers of parenchymal (P < 0.001), of PRL (P < 0.011, and of GH cells ( P < 0.001) were markedly increased when compared with those in CF mice. The type I PRL cells were larger (P < 0.01) in AF mice (107.7 t 2.0 pm2) than in CF mice (99.5 ? 2.4 pm2). There was no difference in the size of type I GH cells between AF (118.8 t 9.5 pm2) and CF mice (124.9 10.1 pm2). Type I PRL cells in AF mice also contained larger (P < 0.01) areas of RER than those in CF mice: 27.4 5 2.9 pm2 vs. 17.8 ? 3.6 pm2 in absolute area, and 38.0 t 4.6% vs. 27.2 2 3.0% in the percentage of RER in the cytoplasm of a PRL cell. * Ultrastructural Changes In AF mice (Figs. 2, 3), type I PRL cells contained more abundant secretory granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum and a better-developed Golgi complex than those in CF mice (Fig. 1).The type I PRL cells also included more secretory granules in exocytosis in AF mice (Figs. 2,3) than those in a CF mouse (Fig. 1).Type I GH cells in both AF and CF mice contained a number of large (about 350 n m in diameter) and round granules. Although some difference was observed in the content of small (100-200 nm in diameter) round secretory granules and of cell organelles among individual cells for each group, no clear morphological differences were found in type I1 PRL cells, type I and I1 GH cells, or Ms cells between AF and CF mice. DISCUSSION This morphological study showed that synthesis and secretion in PRL cells of the adenohypophyses in androgenized female mice increased significantly compared with that in controls. Thus, PRL cells in AF increased in number and size, in the frequency of secretory granules in exocytosis, and in the development of cell organelles as compared with those in CF. Radioimmunoassay data also has demonstrated that PRL synthesis and secretion in the adenohypophysis are greater in AF than in CF mice (Mallampati and Johnson, 1973, 1974; Cheng and Johnson, 1973174; Harlan and Gorski, 1977; Nakamura et al., 1988). In this study, the numbers of GH a s well as PRL cells in AF mice increased significantly over control levels. Within spontaneous pituitary tumors in aging female mice, the predominant cell types were PRL and GH cells (Schechter et al., 1981). Thus, the adenohypophysis in AF resembled that of this pituitary tumor in the increase in the number of PRL and GH cells. It has been shown that the anterior pituitary gland differentiates into the female type or male type due to the absence or presence of a testis (or testosterone) during the neonatal period and then due to the presence or absence of a n ovary (or estrogen andlor progesterone) after puberty. A clear sex difference is observed in the population and size of PRL cells and GH cells in the anterior pituitary gland of adult mice; PRL cells are more abundant and larger in female mice than in males, and GH cells are more numerous in males (Sasaki and Sano, 1980, 1982, 1983). By these criteria, the anterior pituitary gland in AF mice is of the female type. It has been well documented that the sex differentiation in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) in the hypothalamus occurs during that neonatal period named the critical period, due to the presence or absence of a testis or testosterone (Harris, 1964; Barraclough, 1967; Gorski, 1968; MacLusky and Naftolin, 1981). In fact, serum levels of testosterone in male r a t pups during this period were significantly higher than those in female pups (Pang et al., 1979; Slob et al., 1980; Pang and Tang, 1984). In control female mice, since the hypothalamus becomes the female type, it secretes GnRH cyclically after puberty; then, the adenohypophysis can cyclically secrete gonadotropins (Gn). Thus, the female ovaries cyclically produce follicles and corpora lutea (Gorski, 1968). The estrogen and progesterone secreted cyclically from these ovaries may lead their anterior pituitaries to the condition of the normal female type by stimulating the glands. On the other hand, in AF mice, the administration of testosterone during the critical period leads the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH tonically after puberty; then, the adenohypophysis secretes Gn tonically. Thus, the ovaries of these AF mice contain only follicles but no corpora lutea (Gorski, 1968). Estrogen secreted con- PRL AND GH CELLS IN ANDROGENIZED MICE tinuously from these follicles may lead their adenohypophyses to develop a prolactinoma by stimulating PRL cells in the adenohypophysis. The presence or absence of neonatal testosterone also causes a sexual difference within the hypothalamus that may account for sexually specific PRL release (Demarest et al., 1981; Gunnet and Freeman, 1982). This mechanism may be the same as the one mentioned above. It has been reported that the administration of estrogen induces hypertrophy of the pituitary gland (Wolfe and Wright, 1938; Ratner et al., 1963; Ramiretz and McCann, 1964; Gersten and Baker, 19701, hyperplasia (Hymer et al., 1961; Shimazaki et al., 1962; Gersten and Baker, 1970; Lloyd et al., 1973) and marked development of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of PRL cells (Hymer et al., 1961; Shimazaki et al., 1962; Pantie and GenbaEev, 1969; Watari and Tsukagoshi, 1969; Zambrano and Deis, 1970; Stratmann et al., 1974; Coates et al., 1975; Shiino and Rennels, 1976), and hyperactive secretion reflected by an increased blood level of PRL (Ramiretz and McCann, 1964; Shinha et al., 1972; Yamamoto et al., 1975; Gudelsky et al., 1981). On the other hand, progesterone partially inhibits the production (Haug and Gautvik, 1976) and secretion of PRL (Chen and Meites, 1970; Caligaris et al., 1974). Since estrogen and progesterone are secreted alternatively from ovaries in control adult females, progesterone may inhibit their pituitary glands to cause a prolactinoma. In AF mice, PRL cells may originally increase in size and number due to the stimulation of estrogen persistently secreted from polycystic ovaries. GH cells might secondarily increase in number to maintain the anterior pituitary glands as the female type in the percentage of PRL and GH cells, as shown in this study. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Dr. K. Kohmoto (University of Tokyo) for providing mouse PRL antiserum and mouse PRL, and Dr. H. Seo (Nagoya University) for providing GH antiserum. LITERATURE CITED Barraclough, C.A. 1967 Modifications in reproductive function after exposure to hormones during the prenatal and early postnatal period. In Neuroendocrinology.L. Martini and W. F. Ganong, eds. Academic Press, New York, pp. 61-99. Barraclough, C.A., and J.H. Leathem 1954 Infertility induced in mice by a single injection of testosterone propionate. Proc. SOC. Exp. Biol. Med., 85,673-674. Caligaris, L., J.J. Astrada, and S. Taleisnik 1974 Oestrogen and progesterone influuence on the release of prolactin in ovariectomized rats. J. Endocrinol., 60:205-215. Chen, C.L., and J. Meites 1970 Effects of estrogen and progesterone on serum and pituitary prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology, 86.503-505. Cheng, H.C., and D.C. Johnson 1973174 Serum estrogens and gonadotropins in developing androgenized and normal female rats. Neuroendocrinology, 13:357-365. Coates, P.W., C.A. Blake, D.S. Maxwell, and C.H. Sawyer 1975 Physiological and morphological correlates of increased prolactin secretion in ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen and progesterone. In: Electron Microscopic Concepts of Secretion: Ultrastructure of Endocrine and Reproductive Organs. M. Hess, ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 299-315. Demarest, K.T., D.W. McKay, G.D. Riegle, and K.E. Moore 1981 Sexual differences in tuberoinfundibular dopamine nerve activity induced by neonatal androgen exposure. Neuroendocrinology, 32; 108-113. 109 Gersten, B.E., and B.L. Baker 1970 Local action of intrahypophyseal implants of estrogen as revealed by staining with peroxidaselabeled antibody. Am. J . Anat., 128:l-20. Gorski, R.A. 1968 The nueral control of ovulation. In: Biology of Gestation. N.S. Assali, ed. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-66. Gudelsky, G.A., D.D. Nansel, and J.C. Porter 1981 Role of estrogen in the dopaminergic control of prolactin secretion. Endocrinology, 108:440-444. Gunnet, J.W., and M.E. Freeman 1982 Sexual differences in regulation of prolactin secretion by two hypothalamic areas. Endocrinology, 110:697-702. Harlan, R.E., and R.A. Gorski 1977 Correlations between ovarian sensitivity, vaginal cyclicity and luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in lightly androgenized rats. Endocrinology, 101: 750-759. Harris, G.W. 1964 Sex hormones, brain development and brain function: The Upjohn Lecture of the Endocrine Society. Endocrinology, 75:627-648. Haug, E., and K.M. Gautvik 1976 Effects of sex steroids on prolactin secreting rat pituitary cells in culture. Endocrinology, 99.14821489. Hymer, W.C., W.H. McShan, and R.G. Christiansen 1961 Electron microscopic studies of anterior pituitary glands from lactating and estrogen-treated rats. Endocrinology, 69.81-90. Lloyd, H.M., J.D. Meares, and J. Jacobi 1973 Early effects of stilbestrol on growth hormone and prolactin secretion and on pituitary mitotic activity in the male rat. J . Endocrinol., 58:227-231. MacLusky, N.J., and F. Naftolin 1981 Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science, 212,1294-1303. Mallampati, R.S., and D.C. Johnson 1973 Serum and pituitary prolactin, LH, and FSH in androgenized female and normal male rats treated with various doses of estradiol benzoate. Neuroendocrinology, 11:46-56. Mallampati, R.S., and D.C. Johnson 1974 Gonadotropins in female rats androgenized by various treatments: Prolactin as an index to hypothalamic damage. Neuroendocrinology, 15:255-266. Nakamura, S., R. Demura, H. Komatsu, T. Suzuki, K. Jibiki, E. Odagiri, and H. Demura 1988 Ovarian inhibin activity in rats with persistent estrus. Folia Endocrinol., 64,1102-1114 (in Japanese with English summary). Pang, S.F., and F. Tang 1984 Sex differences in the serum concentrations of testosterone in mice and hamsters during their critical periods of neural sexual differentiation. J. Endocrinol., 100t7-11. Pang, S.F., A.R. Caggiula, V.L. Gay, R.L. Goodman, and C.S.F. Pang 1979 Serum concentrations of testosterone, oestrogens, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in male and female rats during the critical period of neural sexual differentiation. J. Endocrinol., 80,103-110. Pantic, V., and 0. GenbaEev 1969 Ultrastructure of pituitary lactotropic cells of oestrogen treated male rats. Z. Zellforsch., 95:280289. Pfeiffer, C.A. 1936 Sexual differences in the hypophyses and their determination by the gonads. Am. J. Anat., 58:195-225. Ramiretz, V.D., and S.M. McCann 1964 Induction of prolactin secretion by implants of estrogen into hypothalamo-hypophyseal region of female rats. Endocrinology, 75t206-214. Ratner, A., P.K. Talwalker, and J. Meites 1963 Effect of estrogen administration in uiuo on prolactin release by pituitary in uitro. Proc. SOC.Exp. Biol. Med., 112;12-15. Sasaki, F. 1974 Quantitative studies by electron microscopy on the sex-difference and the change during the oestrous cycle in the mouse anterior pituitary. Arch. Histol. Jpn., 37:41-57. Sasaki, F., and Y. Iwama 1988 Sex difference in prolactin and growth hormone cells in mouse adenohypophysis: Stereological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical studies by light and electron microscopy. Endocrinology, 123,905-912, Sasaki, F., and M. 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This morning I awoke to an email comment on our office website. The writer sharply attacked me for saying in my bio that my father’s parents may have been Shawnee and Lakota, stating, that in her view, I am not an Indian. She accused me of being a New Age fraud, seeing as how neither tribe practices shamanism. She threatened to report me to the Lakota, then noted that as the Lakota don’t practice shamanism, she could not accuse me of appropriation. I found this note very troubling. On the positive side, it reminded me that of late I have become increasingly uncomfortable in making public guesses about my tribal heritage. While such reconstructions of the little we know help me feel somewhat more grounded in my heritage, they are really not of use in public discourse. Clearly, my explicit statement that I do not really know my heritage is inadequate for some persons. I have tried to make my mixed heritage clear, as well as my lack of tribal affiliation. (Heaven knows I meet many people here in the eastern U.S. who have this same problem.) I have always explicitly said, “We do not have tribal affiliation”. Well, I looked over my bio section in our website and discovered that, in spite of endless proofreading, there was a glaring error left over from the last revision. The site, to my horror, now read, “We have tribal affiliation”! Well, I corrected that, and removed any mention of specific tribes. I also apologized to the writer for any offense I may have caused. Both make sense. There is much to be discouraged by in all this. I have always tried to be excruciatingly careful in stating that my family has no tribal affiliation, and that we can only make educated guesses about our tribal heritage, even though we are speaking about my father and grandparents. I find it immensely frustrating that, although we know we are Native, those of us of my generation cannot know for certain what our heritage is. As an elder, I do my best to share what I have been given. As a healer and a clinician I do what I can to address the needs of those who ask me for aid. I am saddened that there are folks who assume the worst, without asking, and are so disrespectful to elders. Sadly, the truth is that if I were New Age, pretending to share tribal knowledge, I would make a lot more money. I have changed the way I understand, and speak about, myself as I have grown. Now, as an elder, I’m less likely to feel shame at being Native, or of not knowing my heritage with certainty. Nor am I given to insisting on some politically correct standards in regards to healers. For me, the world is increasingly complex, and people, and Mother Earth, need all the aid we can offer. I find it maddening that I will never be Native enough for some folks, and will always be too Native for others. I’m tired of the elitism and racism from both sides. I grew up with it, and I still face it. Sometimes the combination of being disabled and mixed blood is just too painful. That said, I refuse to be erased. Although I’ve never met you, I like you for who you are in print. I discover your identity in what you say, how you say it, and what you say in reaction to others. I have read your wisdom, your considered thoughts, your stated feelings. I appreciate all that I’ve read and imagine a complete person with enigmatic history attached to it. As we all make decisions based on incomplete information and understanding, I have decided that you’re a wonderful person. For what it’s worth. 🙂 Oh, Thank you! I hold your comments close to my heart, and take refuge in your warmth. I concur completely with Scilagrace. In spite of your internal struggles, you have integrity – a personality quality that I highly admire. A well-written post, Michael. Thanks, Pat. This is a minefield for me, on so many levels…. I think apologizing for potentially offending someone makes sense, but it seems inconsiderate to attack someone so harshly on their part. Being completely unsure of your heritage doesn’t mean it isn’t there. I think your final paragraph summed it up well. You are caring, and you are intelligent, and you try your best to honor your heritage. Thank you. Unfortunately there are a lot of people who pretend to be Native and aren’t, and who make a lot of money from selling Native culture. They do much harm. At the same time, a lot of us in east have very confusing and convoluted heritages and are trying to hold on to what we can. It makes things dicey sometimes.I’m afraid I do not do well with threat and intimidation. I, and my family, have faced too much of that. Then again, we can often pass which can feel like a godsend and adds to the chaos. Hard stuff. Perhaps the error in writing was not an error after all, and it’s the Universe, the Elders who are watching over from the other side, and the tribe(s) themselves who are giving you clear signs that indeed you do have a tribal affiliations. Sending Love and gratitude for the influence both of you and in my life. ~ Kassia Thanks, Kassia! It is lovely to hear from you! Don’t feel hurt. Feel for the person who left the email. She may be part of the Shawnee or Lakota tribe, who have seen so much stolen or destroyed. Language, history, people and land taken. She may have a reason to not trust people whose intentions are friendly. She may have reasons to not trust brothers and sisters. It has nothing to do with you. Don’t feel hurt. Reach out to her. True healers can never chose who they help. Take care Michael, I am still looking forward to our walk through the bush. Bob Thanks, Bob. I did reach out, although not as effectively as I would like. And I do understand something of her concerns and motivations. I do not do well with bullying and racial judgements. I’ve endured way to much of that. So here my very real personal journey becomes part of the story….. Yes, a walk would be lovely. Michael: I really don’t know what to say but feel that you have been an honest, compassionate human being and healer. In all the tribal stories the clans are simply the people. It is sad but understandable that a “true Indian” should feel fiercely slighted in modern times. So much has been taken but the people are still here. How many of us feel a “quantum” of that loss. Trust is hard-won. And with tribes perhaps the only way is to live among each other t Yes. And there is so much appropriation. I think it is difficult for many people, regardless of heritage, to understand the millions of people from many lineages, whose families went underground. It does not help that a lot of hucksters have used that motif to make money. … to earn that trust. But each of us can seek to live a more traditional way and you continue to help on this journey. Steve Gosh what a troubling post to read. Why should it be so hard to be yourself….who has the right to say what and who you are other than yourself. It makes me wonder why the person was so harsh and judgemental….says more about them than you my friend💕😊 Thank you! My family carried a lot of shame, and some of that was transferred to me. I am continually amazed that it crops up and, sometimes, floods me. Useful to know though. I’m saddened by the harsh judgement of this person who has no right to question who you are, but as others have said, your integrity comes across in all you write and I can only feel sorry for what has made this person react the way they do. Andrea, I guess identity questions touch such painful places that sometimes the pain just spills over into harshness. I find I have to work hard not to lash out at others at times. Still, I do wish we were all more kind to one another, not knowing the histories of those we meet. You are not mixed blood your heritage is of mixed paths like every other being on this planet. Create your own trajectory, if others are to afraid to fly and tether you to their ground,my advise is to fly, fly away ,see the world the way you want to. 🙂 I’m sorry to hear about your run in with that writer. It was unkind of them to be so harsh. Modern industrial civilisation has thrived on the destruction of ancestral roots, I think almost all of us are touched by this on some level. It’s a shame that we can’t all recognise this shared journey together. This is such an important reflection, Michael. I have often wondered what it means to “be” Ojibwe. Is it solely an issue of one’s biological heritage? the place where one was born and raised? the community that nurtures and protects us and gives our life meaning? the worldview and values one was socialized to follow? In the grander scheme of things, knowing in our deepest being that labels divide us, perhaps we need to learn to let them go and simply learn to see all as our relations, knowing in our hearts we are all connected. Carol, thank you. I guess my struggle is teasing apart identity from labels. I often wish folks would understand that most of us are just trying to sort things out. Of course, history does confound things. All that aside, I guess we are by nature going to ask “what it means to be…..”. I imagine that is a fundamental human task. Who we really are is indeed a crucial question that many avoid. But the question assumes greater salience for those who are of mixed ancestry. Our search for answers may lead us to deeper reflections and more meaningful insights, as your struggles and thoughts here have done. Carol, I feel deep,y touched. Oh, Michael, I am so sorry you had to go through all of this pain. It reminds me of a really nasty comment I received when I went public with one of my retreats on Facebook. This first comment was from a woman who I didn’t even know in person but had just “friended” on FB based on an interesting dialog we’d had on a common friend’s post. Everybody else was extremely supportive, but this one comment hurt deeply. And I see so many hurtful comments on well-researched and well-argued essays by people who seem to be so angry and hateful that they lash out at anything that gives them an opportunity to do so anonymously. But for you, I can understand that it tore open old wounds which requires re-visiting of that old stuff and looking at it again, perhaps in a new way, with a bit more elder or sage-ing perspective than before. The scars we carry may have healed but they don’t disappear and start itching again at times like these…. May this comment, as painful as it may have been, lead you to a more compassionate and peaceful place within your own heart. Blessings. Thank you! Yes, there are those who seem very skilled at touching the painful places in us. I am so often reminded that fear and shame lie just below the surface of my life. Such reminders are indeed invitsagtions to compassion, for self and others. Yet, in the moment the unresolved trauma can be overwhelming. I’m still, as I approach 70, trying to navigate all this. yes, a life-long process and learning to digest it all and turning the lead into gold… I find myself struggling at times with this ancient, challenging alchemy. A life-long task for sure. I remember hoping things became easier with age. … Michael, I have known you for many many moons. You are a true Native,warrior human being. Once again I reiterate to you and the world how you saved my life and helped me fulfill my Medicine woman path, The Lakota Nations all have medicine people, many that have left their moccasin tracks on this very sick Mother Earth. I have never finished my geneology search….I do know I have Native American blood through my grandmother who I believe was a victim of the horrific Eugenics that Vermont carried out with Hitler’s assistance! We as Human Beings so very connected to our Ancestors here and in the spirit world do not deserve to be constantly berated about our connection to them…..we, in our hearts know!!!!! We do not go around asking proof from the colonists here or anywhere who they are and proof…..Creator, we do not care…we love all people as equal here on Mother Earth. I feel very sorry that you go through this modern tragedy as most of us have–myself included. You must stand tall (even taller then you are!) and keep doing the awesome work that you do and say a prayer for the insecure and sad people that delight in hurting others…..they are harming themselves for we are all EQUAL. and related. They only harm themselves with this verbage, they should try to use their energy helping the two leggeds and the four leggeds that suffer so terribly NOW. Love you Michael..Bright Star Oh, Dee, I am so grateful and moved by your note. Much gratitude.

EBSA Final Rule Electronic Registration Requirements for Investment Advisers To Be Investment Managers Under Title I of ERISA; Final Rule [08/24/2004] [PDF Version] Volume 69, Number 163, Page 52119-52125 [[Page 52119]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Part IV Department of Labor ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Employee Benefits Security Administration ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 CFR Parts 2509 and 2510 Electronic Registration Requirements for Investment Advisers To Be Investment Managers Under Title I of ERISA; Final Rule [[Page 52120]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Employee Benefits Security Administration 29 CFR Parts 2509 and 2510 RIN 1210-AA94 Electronic Registration Requirements for Investment Advisers To Be Investment Managers Under Title I of ERISA AGENCY: Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor. ACTION: Final rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: This document contains a regulation relating to the definition of investment manager in section 3(38)(B) of Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Under the final regulation, in lieu of filing a copy of their state registration forms with the Secretary (SEC) in conjunction with state securities authorities. The IARD enables investment advisers to satisfy SEC and state registration obligations through the use of the Internet, and current filing information in the IARD database is readily available to the Department and the general public via the Internet. The final regulation makes electronic registration through the IARD the exclusive method for state-registered investment advisers to satisfy filing requirements for investment manager status under section 3(38)(B)(ii) of Title I of ERISA. The regulation affects plan trustees, investment managers, other fiduciaries, and plan participants and beneficiaries. This document also contains conforming amendments to 29 CFR 2509.75-5 at FR-6 and FR-7, to conform them to the provisions in the final regulation. DATES: The effective date of the changes to parts 2509 and 2510 is October 25, 2004. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Florence M. Novellino, Office of Regulations and Interpretations, Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20210, telephone (202) 693-8518 (not a toll free number). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: A. Background Under Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), named fiduciaries of plans may appoint investment managers to manage plan assets. If the investment manager is a registered investment adviser, bank or insurance company, and meets the other requirements for being an ``investment manager'' as defined in section 3(38) of ERISA, the plan trustees are relieved from certain obligations relating to the assets for which the investment manager is responsible.\1\ In 1996, the National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 (NSMIA), Public Law 104-290, 110 Stat. 3416, amended the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (Advisers Act) to divide certain investment adviser regulatory responsibilities, including the registration requirements, between the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the states. Prior to 1996, most investment advisers were required to register with the SEC and in each state in which they were doing business. Paragraph (1) of section 203A(a) of the Advisers Act, as amended by NSMIA, and SEC rule at 17 CFR 275.203A-1, prohibit certain investment advisers from registering with the SEC and instead requires that they register with the states in which they maintain their principal offices and places of business.\2\ The legislative history of NSMIA indicates that this division of regulatory responsibilities was intended, among other things, to encourage the SEC and state regulators to create a uniform system for ``one-stop'' filing that would benefit investors, reduce regulatory and paperwork burdens for registered investment advisers, and facilitate supervision of investment advisers.\3\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Section 402(c)(3) of ERISA states that a plan may provide that with respect to control or management of plan assets a named fiduciary may appoint an investment manager or managers to manage (including the power to acquire and dispose of) plan assets. Section 405(d) of ERISA provides in part that, if an investment manager or managers have been appointed under section 402(c)(3), then no trustee shall be liable for the acts or omissions of such investment manager or managers, or be under an obligation to invest or otherwise manage any asset of the plan which is subject to the management of such investment manager. \2\ Specifically, subject to certain exceptions, investment advisers fall into three categories under the NSMIA amendments. First, an investment adviser having assets under management of less than $25 million generally is prohibited from registering with the SEC but must instead register with the state regulatory authority in the state where the investment adviser maintains its principal office and place of business. Those with at least $25 million but less than $30 million may register with the SEC in lieu of filing with state authorities. Those with $30 million or more must register with the SEC. Section 203A(a) of the Advisers Act is codified at 15 U.S.C. 80b-3a(a). See also 17 CFR 275.203A-2 for exemptions from the prohibition for certain investment advisers registering with the SEC. \3\ S. Rep. No. 104-293, at 5 (1996). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The SEC implemented that legislative intent at the federal level by publishing a final rule in September of 2000 at 17 CFR 275.203-1 which made electronic filing with the Investment Adviser Registration Depository (IARD) mandatory for SEC-registered advisers. Additionally, all states accept forms filed via the IARD to satisfy state registration requirements, and many mandate state registration via the IARD.\4\ Accordingly, the IARD has become a ``one-stop'' Internet-based centralized filing system that enables investment advisers to satisfy filing obligations with both federal and state securities regulators. Pertinent state registration information in the IARD database is available on the Internet to the general public through the Investment Adviser Public Disclosure (IAPD) Web site that may be directly accessed through the SEC's Web site or through links from various state and investor Web sites. The IAPD Web site contains investment adviser registration data, including information about current registration forms, registration status, services provided, fees charged, and disclosures about certain conflicts of interest and disciplinary events, if any. The IAPD Web site includes information on investment advisers that currently are registered with the SEC or a state, and also contains information on investment advisers that were registered in the previous two years but are no longer registered. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \4\ The State of Wyoming has not promulgated a state investment adviser registration requirement; therefore all Wyoming-based investment advisers are required to register under the Advisers Act with the SEC via the IARD. See 65 FR 57438, 57445 (Sept. 22, 2000). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Section 3(38)(B) of Title I of ERISA was also amended to reflect the above-described changes to the investment adviser registration requirements under the Advisers Act.\5\ Specifically, section 3(38)(B) of ERISA requires that, to be an investment manager under Title I, an investment adviser must: (i) Be registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act of 1940, or (ii) if not registered under such Act by reason of paragraph (1) of section 203A(a) of such Act, be registered as an investment adviser under the laws of the state in which it maintains its principal office [[Page 52121]] and place of business and, at the time the investment adviser last filed the registration form it most recently filed with such state in order to maintain its registration under the laws of such state, it also filed a copy of such form with the Secretary of Labor. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \5\ See sec. 308(b)(1) of Title III of NSMIA and Act of November 10, 1997, Sec. 1, Pub. L. 105-72, 111 Stat. 1457. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- To implement the filing requirements in section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA, the Department announced on January 14, 1998, that state- registered investment advisers seeking to qualify, or remain qualified, as investment managers must file a copy of their most recent state registration form for the state in which they maintain their principal office and place of business with the Department prior to November 10, 1998, and thereafter file with the Department copies of any subsequent filings with that state. The ongoing obligation to file copies with the Department was, however, to be temporary in nature and remain in effect until a centralized database containing the state registration forms, or substantially similar information, was available to the Department.\6\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \6\ Pub. L. 105-72 provided that a fiduciary shall be treated as meeting the requirement for filing a copy of the required state registration form with the Secretary if a copy of the form (or substantially similar information) is available to the Secretary from a centralized electronic or other record-keeping database. See Act of November 10, 1997, Sec. 1(b), Pub. L. 105-72, 111 Stat. 1457. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- On December 9, 2003, the Department published a notice in the Federal Register (68 FR 68710) seeking public comments on its proposal that would add section 2510.3-38 to Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations and require state-registered investment advisers seeking to obtain or maintain investment manager status under Title I of ERISA to electronically register through the IARD as an investment adviser with the state in which they maintain their principal office and place of business. The Department received two comments regarding the proposal.\7\ One comment was from an organization whose membership is comprised of securities regulators from the States (including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), Canada and Mexico. The second comment was submitted by a professional self-regulatory organization for financial planners. Both commenters supported the proposal and agreed that requiring state-registered investment advisers seeking investment manager status under ERISA to register electronically with IARD would provide Federal and State securities regulators as well as the public with easy access to up-to-date information regarding investment advisers. They also concluded that the regulation would not impose undue burdens on investment advisers or affect the ability of state securities regulators to oversee the registration and licensing of in- state and out-of-state investment advisers. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \7\ The comments received in response to the proposed regulation are available for inspection by the public in the Department's Public Disclosure Room, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., N-1513, Washington, DC 20210. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Department continues to believe that the requirement to file with the Department copies of state registration filings already accessible to the Department and the general public via the IAPD Web site placed an unnecessary administrative burden on the regulated community. The requirement also results in the Department allocating resources to receive, sort, and store paper copies of information readily available in electronic form. It continues to be the Department's view that use of the IARD as a centralized electronic database would improve the ability of the Department, plan fiduciaries, and plan participants and beneficiaries to readily access registration information regarding investment advisers eligible to be investment managers of ERISA-covered plans. As noted above, not only does the SEC require electronic filing through the IARD for registration under the Advisers Act, but most states also require IARD filing for compliance with state investment adviser registration requirements. While a few states do not make electronic filing through the IARD mandatory, as noted above, all states permit investment advisers to use the IARD to satisfy registration requirements. As described more fully below, the Department believes the majority of investment managers of ERISA- covered plans already file registration forms electronically through the IARD under the Advisers Act or under applicable state securities laws. In the Department's view, the benefits to plan trustees, plan participants and beneficiaries, and the Department of this regulation outweigh the relatively small incremental cost that some investment managers may incur if they do not already register with their states through the IARD. Accordingly, the Department is adopting the final regulation without change from the proposal. B. Summary of the Final Rule Section 2510.3-38(a) of the final regulation describes the general filing requirement with the Secretary set forth in section 3(38)(B)(ii) applicable to state-registered investment advisers seeking to become or remain investment managers under Title I of ERISA and makes it clear that the regulation's purpose is to establish the exclusive means to satisfy that filing obligation. Section 2510.3-38(b) of the regulation provides that, for a state-registered investment adviser to satisfy the filing requirement in section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA, it must electronically file the required registration information through the IARD. Section 2510.3-38(b) also provides that submitting a copy of state registration forms to the Secretary does not constitute compliance with section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA. Section 2510.3-38(c) of the regulation defines the term ``Investment Adviser Registration Depository'' and ``IARD'' for purposes of the regulation as the centralized electronic depository described in 17 CFR 275.203-1. Finally, section 2510.3-38(d) of the regulation provides a cross- reference to the SEC Internet site at for information on filing investment advisor registration forms with the IARD.\8\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \8\ The comment from the organization whose membership is comprised of securities regulators from the States (including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), Canada and Mexico also suggested that, in addition to referencing SEC's Web site at , the regulation should include a reference to IARD materials on its website and on NASD's information Website dedicated to the IARD. The Department modeled its website reference on the Website reference in the SEC's regulation at 17 CFR 275.203-1. Referencing multiple governmental and non-governmental websites in the regulation may lead to confusion and require the Department to monitor multiple websites and update the regulation in the event website addresses change. The Department also notes that the NASAA and NASD Websites are included as links on the SEC site that is referenced in the regulation. Accordingly, the Department decided not to adopt the suggestion to add additional websites references to the regulatory text. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C. Conforming Changes to 29 CFR 2509.75-5 The amendment to section 3(38)(B) of ERISA relating to state- registered investment advisers and the final regulation resulted in a need to make certain conforming amendments to 29 CFR 2509.75-5 (Interpretive Bulletin 75-5). Specifically, Interpretive Bulletin 75-5 includes various questions and answers relating to fiduciary responsibility, including FR-6 and FR-7 relating to persons that may be eligible to be appointed as an investment manager under section 402(c)(3) of ERISA. Neither FR-6 nor FR-7 recognize that an investment adviser not registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act may still be eligible to be appointed as an investment manager if they are not registered under the Advisers Act by reason of paragraph 1 of section 203A(a) of that Act but are state-registered in accordance with ERISA section 3(38)(B). As an interpretive rule, section 2509.75-5 is [[Page 52122]] not subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements under section 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 553(b). Therefore, the Department is publishing these changes to Interpretive Bulletin 75- 5 in final form without prior publication of a notice of proposed rulemaking. Because these changes merely make the interpretive bulletin conform with the amendments to ERISA section 3(38) enacted by Public Law 105-72 and the provisions in 29 CFR 2510.3-38 being finalized in this document, the changes to FR-6 and FR-7 shall be deemed effective as of the effective date of this final rule.\9\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \9\ For prior periods, the Department effectively supplemented the relevant FR-6 and FR-7 provisions by, as noted above, its announcement on January 14, 1998, that a state-registered investment adviser seeking to meet the filing obligations with the Secretary of Labor described in section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA must file a copy of its most recent state registration form for the state in which it maintains its principal office and place of business with the Department prior to November 10, 1998, and thereafter file with the Department copies of any subsequent filings with that state. Further, the Department provided in the proposed regulation published on December 9, 2003 that, until publication of a final rule, state-registered investment advisers seeking to obtain or maintain investment manager status under Title I of ERISA could rely on the proposed regulation to meet the filing obligations with the Secretary of Labor described in section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- D. Interim Reliance The proposed regulation provided that until the effective date of the final regulation, state-registered investment advisers seeking to obtain or maintain investment manager status under Title I of ERISA will be treated as having met the filing obligations with the Secretary of Labor described in section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA for any registration filing due on or after December 9, 2003 if they satisfy the conditions of the proposed regulation. Accordingly, the Department will continue to treat investment advisers seeking to obtain or maintain investment manager status under Title I of ERISA as having met the filing obligations with the Secretary of Labor described in section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA for any registration filing due before the effective date of the final regulation but on or after December 9, 2003 if they satisfied the conditions of the proposed regulation. E. Regulatory Impact Analysis final action is ``non-significant'' within the meaning of section 3(f)(4) of the Executive Order. Accordingly, it does not require an assessment of potential costs and benefits under section 6(a)(3) of that Order. Nonetheless, when the Department issued the proposed regulation on December 9, 2003, it sought public comment on an initial analysis of costs and benefits. The Department received only commentary that supported the proposal. Although no further economic analysis is required under the Executive Order, the Department has included, for information purposes only a final assessment of costs and benefits. Summary The Department undertook this rulemaking for the purpose of establishing a single and readily accessible source of consistent information about the registration of investment advisers that are investment managers by virtue of meeting the requirements of section 3(38)(B)(ii) of ERISA. The Department believes the regulation will benefit plan fiduciaries, investment advisers, and ultimately the participants and beneficiaries of employee benefit plans. Although the anticipated benefits of the regulation are not quantified here, they are expected to more than justify its relatively modest estimated cost. The estimated cost of the implementation of electronic registration through the IARD for approximately 500 advisers that submitted copies of their state registrations to the Secretary of Labor, and that currently register in only those states that do not mandate IARD filing, is just under $400,000. Ongoing annual costs are estimated at $50,000. These costs will be offset by efficiency gains for plan fiduciaries and for investment advisers that wish to be appointed by plan fiduciaries. As a result of the electronic registration requirement, plan fiduciaries will be able to access a single source of registration information regardless of the size or location of the adviser, and advisers may more readily demonstrate their eligibility to be investment managers in order to gain appointments by plan fiduciaries. Over time, these investment managers may also reduce the handling of paper and the time required to complete the Form ADV, which is the joint SEC and state registration form that is also currently accepted by all the states for state registration purposes. Electronic availability of registration information will also support better and more transparent decision making with respect to the appointment of investment managers, which ultimately benefits the participants and beneficiaries of the plans involved. Discussion The regulation benefits plan fiduciaries that wish to appoint an investment manager pursuant to section 402(c)(3) of ERISA. Under section 405(d)(1) of ERISA, plan fiduciaries are not liable for the acts or omissions of the investment manager, and have no obligation to invest assets subject to management by the investment manager. The centralized source of readily accessible registration information offered by the IARD will help plan fiduciaries more efficiently locate information needed to determine whether advisers they may consider appointing are eligible to be an investment manager under ERISA. The source and format of information will no longer differ based on the size or principal business location of the adviser. Uniform use of the IARD for all advisers who wish to be or remain as investment managers under ERISA will benefit these advisers as well. The change to electronic filing will not change the incentives for investment advisers to become investment managers under ERISA, but should promote increased efficiency for doing so. Advisers are not required to be an investment manager to conduct advisory activities for any customer. The Department assumes that an adviser's decision whether to meet the definition of investment manager under ERISA is based on factors unrelated to the form or format of their registration. It is therefore expected that those state- [[Page 52123]] registered advisers who filed paper copies of their state registration forms with the Secretary chose to do so to gain an advantage in securing appointments by plan fiduciaries. In any case, this regulation will not change the content of the filings for these advisers because all states accept the joint SEC and state filing form (Form ADV) for state registration, and with certain exceptions, all of the copies submitted to the Secretary were made on Form ADV.\10\ Mandatory use of the IARD will, however, change the format and manner in which the information is transmitted. While the Department expects advisers to incur a cost to establish a procedure for electronic filing through the IARD plus an annual fee, the change to an electronic format and transmission method is expected to be more efficient and less costly over time. Use of the IARD will reduce the paper handling, filing, and mailing costs associated with providing copies to the state or states as well as to the Secretary, and reduce handling to obtain and reproduce signatures. The SEC cited similar efficiency gains in its regulatory impact analysis of the final rule implementing mandatory electronic filing for federally regulated advisers. Securities and Exchange Commission, Electronic Filing by Investment Advisers; Final Rule, 65 FR 57438, Sept. 22, 2000. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \10\ Several exceptions were observed; in those cases, the adviser submitted a copy of the state's action on their registration, such as a license or approval form, rather than the registration form itself. In each case, other advisers' filings for the same state were examined to confirm that the state did accept Form ADV filings. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The regulation will directly affect only those investment advisers who wish to become or remain as investment managers under section 3(38) of ERISA, who generally have $25 million or less under management and consequently do not register with the SEC, and who register only in states that do not mandate use of the IARD to satisfy state registration requirements. Copies of registration forms submitted to the Secretary by state-registered investment advisers indicate that about 500 state-registered advisers have registered in only a non-IARD state.\11\ Prior to the implementation of the IARD and many states' decisions to mandate use of the IARD to meet state investment adviser registration requirements, about 1,500 advisers provided paper copies of their state registration forms to the Secretary. Based on the data contained in those filings, about 1,000 of these already have the capability to file electronically because they are required to register in states that mandate use of the IARD. The Department therefore assumes that this regulation affects only those advisers that register solely in non-IARD states. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \11\ California, Florida, Kentucky, South Carolina, and West Virginia at the time of this writing. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under existing requirements, state-registered advisers incur a state registration filing fee with every state in which they are required to register, plus postage and handling fees for their submissions. Such fees vary by state. Most if not all of the 500 advisers affected by this regulation now register in only one state. When advisers registered only in non-IARD states register through the IARD, the appropriate state registration fee will be forwarded to the state, such that there will be no net change in state filing fees. The Advisers Act and Form ADV allow for the requirement that states be provided registration statements. To facilitate state registration, the registrant checks the appropriate boxes on the form for each applicable state, and the IARD then distributes the required information electronically to those states. States will be unaffected because they will continue to receive existing fees, although they will be transmitted in a different manner. These advisers would, however, newly incur the IARD initial filing fee of $150 for advisers of the size under consideration here, and an annual filing fee of $100. It is also expected that the 500 state- registered advisers will incur a cost for the set-up of the electronic filing capability, and an expenditure of time to adjust internal procedures and put existing information into an electronic format. Filing fees are expected to total $75,000 in the first year and $50,000 in each subsequent year for these advisers. The cost of the electronic filing set-up is not known. The SEC did not quantify the cost of set-up in the final rule cited above that pertained to mandatory use of the IARD for registration with the SEC. However, for purposes of this discussion, the cost for establishment of electronic filing capability by an adviser has been estimated to be $500, which amounts to a total of $250,000 for the 500 advisers affected. This is a one-time cost based on available information on annual fees charged to SEC registrants by commercial providers of service in the industry.\12\ An examination of a sample of the 500 individual filings showed that many of the advisers in question already use the software of a single provider for completing their Form ADV. Because this provider performs services to IARD filers who are currently SEC registrants as well, we have assumed that their range of services includes a method of facilitating electronic filing. It is also assumed that all advisers make use of electronic technology in the normal course of business and will not be required to make substantial technological changes as a result of this regulation. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \12\ Such fees are used here as a proxy only; the fees do not pertain specifically to electronic set-up or transmission. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A one-time cost is also estimated for the time required for the adviser to adjust its internal procedures to input data electronically, if necessary. A comparison of a sample of the paper filings received with IARD data indicated that these advisers had not filed electronically with IARD. However, it seems likely that many advisers already prepare the forms electronically, regardless of whether they submit them electronically. Nevertheless, to account for preparation for electronic transmission, it has been estimated that the advisers will incur the cost of two hours of a financial professional's time at $68 per hour, for a cost of $136 per adviser and a total of $68,000. The estimated one-time cost of this regulation totals $393,000. The ongoing cost of maintaining registration information and completing and filing Form ADV is not accounted for here because the advisers prepare and file such forms to meet state registration requirements and would continue to do so without regard to this regulation. The ongoing incremental cost of this regulation is therefore $100 per adviser per year, or $50,000. Paperwork Reduction Act In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520), the Department submitted the information collection request (ICR) included in this regulation to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and clearance at the time the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) was published in the Federal Register (December 9, 2003, 68 FR 68710). OMB approved the ICR under OMB control number 1210-0125. The approval will expire on January 31, 2007. The public is not required to respond to an information collection request unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Because the ICR is unchanged, no additional submission for approval is made in connection with this final rule. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act For purposes of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4), as well as Executive Order 12875, this rule does not include any federal mandate that may result in [[Page 52124]], EBSA normally considers a small entity to be an employee benefit plan with fewer than 100 participants, on the basis of the definition found in section 104(a)(2) of ERISA. However, this regulation pertains to investment advisers that are prohibited from registering with the SEC pursuant to section 203(A) of the Advisers Act and SEC rules. This generally includes those advisers that have assets of less than $25 million under management. In its final rule relating to Electronic Filing by Investment Advisers (65 FR 57445, note 86), the SEC states that for purposes of the Advisers Act and the RFA, an investment adviser generally is a small entity if: (a) It manages assets of less than $25 million reported on its most recent Schedule I to Form ADV; (b) it does not have total assets of $5 million or more on the last day of the most recent fiscal year; and (c) it is not in a control relationship with another investment adviser that is not a small entity (Rule 0-7 under the Advisers Act). Because the entities potentially affected by this rule are similar if not identical to those that fall within the SEC definition of small entity for RFA purposes, and because the regulation is expected to have a direct impact on an existing cost of doing business that investment advisers would assume without regard to the regulation, but no economic impact that would be passed on to employee benefit plans, the Department considers it appropriate in this limited circumstance to use the SEC definition for evaluating potential impacts on small entities. At the time of the proposed regulation, the Department sought comments with respect to its election to use this definition and received no comments in response to its request. Accordingly, using this definition, the Department certifies that this regulation will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The factual basis for this conclusion is described below. The SEC states that of about 20,000 investment advisers in the United States, some 12,000 do not file with them. As discussed above, approximately 500 investment advisers are expected to incur costs under this regulation. This represents 2.5 percent of the approximately 20,000 advisers doing business in the U.S., or 4 percent of the 12,000 small advisers that do not currently file with the SEC. Thus the number of advisers that will incur costs under this regulation is substantial neither in absolute terms nor as a fraction of the universe of all or of small advisers. In addition, the economic impact of the regulation is not expected to be significant for any small entity. Seeking investment manager status for purposes of ERISA is not mandatory; small advisers presumably make efforts to meet the terms of the ERISA investment manager definition only when they compute a net benefit for doing so. The rule mandates electronic submission of small advisers' registration information, but will not change the content or other requirements for those registrations. The average cost for affected advisers is estimated to be small: about $800 in the initial year, and $100 in each following year. It is possible that some portion of this cost will be passed on to plans. At the time of the proposed rule, EBSA requested comments on the potential impact of the proposed regulation on small entities, and on ways in which costs could be limited within the stated objectives of the proposal; no comments were received that would cause the Department to re-evaluate these impacts and costs. On this basis, the Department certifies that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Federalism Statement Executive Order 13132 (August 4, 1999) outlines fundamental principles of federalism and requires the adherence to specific criteria by federal agencies in the process of their formulation and implementation of policies that have substantial direct effects on the States, on. Although the requirements in this rule do alter the fundamental reporting and disclosure requirements of section 3(38)(B) of ERISA with respect to state-registered investment advisers, because the duty of these state- registered advisers to report to the states exists independently of ERISA, and the rule merely prescribes that investment advisers seeking ERISA investment manager status use a specific filing method that is accepted by all states and available as a choice in all states for registration purposes, there is neither a direct implication for the States, nor is there a direct effect on the relationship or distribution of power between the national government and the States. This rule only affects those state-registered investment advisers who choose to seek investment manager status under section 3(38) of ERISA, advisers not seeking such status are unaffected by this regulation. [[Page 52125]] Statutory Authority The final regulation and amendments to 29 CFR 2509.75-5 are adopted pursuant to the authority contained in section 505 of ERISA (Pub. L. 93-406, 88 Stat. 894; 29 U.S.C. 1135), and the Act of November 10, 1997, Sec. 1, Pub. L. 105-72, 111 Stat. 1457, and under Secretary of Labor's Order 1-2003, 68 FR 5374 (Feb. 3, 2003). List of Subjects 29 CFR Part 2509 Employee benefit plans, Employee Retirement Income Security Act, Fiduciary responsibility, Pensions, Plan assets. 29 CFR Part 2510 Employee benefit plans, Employee Retirement Income Security Act, Pensions, Plan assets. 0 For the reasons set forth in the preamble, 29 CFR parts 2590 and 2510 are amended as follows: PART 2509--[AMENDED] 0 1.The authority citation for part 2509 is revised to read as follows: Authority: 29 U.S.C. 1135; Secretary of Labor's Order 1-2003, 68 FR 5374 (Feb. 3, 2003). Secs 2509.75-10 and 2509-75-2 issued under 29 U.S.C. 1052, 1053, 1054. Sec. 2509.75-5 also issued under 29 U.S.C. 1002. 0 2. Amend Sec. 2509.75-5 by revising FR-6 and FR-7 to read as follows: Sec. 2509.75-5 Questions and answers relating to fiduciary responsibility. * * * * *. * * * * * PART 2510--[AMENDED] 0 3.The authority citation for part 2510 is revised. 0 4.Add Sec. 2510.3-38 to read as follows: Sec. ``.'' Signed at Washington, DC, this 16th day of August, 2004. Ann L. Combs, Assistant Secretary, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor. [FR Doc. 04-19089 Filed 8-23-04; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4510-29-P

It’s interesting to see what’s been changed between the Second Draft and AR4 as it went out the door, and compare that to comments. von Storch et al 2004 argued that the low-frequency variance of reconstructions wsa under-estimated, a point with which I agree (although it’s a different point about whether these reconstructions are biased by proxy selection and Mannian methods. von Storch et al 2004 was not mentioned in the First Draft. The Second Draft included the following language: Recent work using pseudo-proxy networks extracted from GCM simulations of global climate during the last millennium indicate that a number of the NH temperature reconstructions may not fully represent variance on time scales longer than those represented in the calibration period (Burger and Cubasch, 2005; von Storch and Zorita, 2005; Burger et al., 2006). If true, this would represent a bias, as distinct from the random error represented by published reconstruction uncertainty ranges. At present, the extent of any such biases, in specific reconstructions and as indicated by pseudo proxy studies, is uncertain. It is certainly model dependent (with regard to the choice of statistical regression model and to the choice of climate model simulation used to provide the pseudo proxies). It is not likely that any bias would be as large as the factor of 2 suggested by von Storch et al., (2004) with regard to the reconstruction by Mann et al., (1998), as discussed by Burger and Cubash (2005) and Wahl and Ritson (accepted). However, the bias will depend on the degree to which past climate departs from the range of temperatures encompassed within the calibration period data (Mann et al., 2005a; Osborn and Briffa, 2006) and on the proportions of temperature variability occurring on short and long time scales (Osborn and Briffa, 2004). As an AR4 reviewer, I commented on their estimate of the size of the bias as follows: You don’t have evidence to say that the bias is “likely” not as large. The matter is in controversy. I’ve read all the articles closely, am very familiar with the literature and the arguments and I think that the comment by Wahl et al is completely beside the point. What did AR4 do? Strangely they deleted the citation to Bürger et al 2006, an excellent article. They cited Bürger and Cubasch 2005 only as supposed authority for the MBH variance underestimate not being as high as indicated in von Storch et al 2004, a very curious application of this article and they upgraded the certainty estimate of this opinion from it being “not likely” that the bias was as high as 2, to being “very likely” that it wasn’t. Using pseudo-proxy networks extracted from GCM simulations of global climate for the last millennium, von Storch et al. (2004) suggested that temperature reconstructions may not fully represent variance on long time scales. This would represent a bias, as distinct from the random error represented by published reconstruction uncertainty ranges. At present, the extent of any such biases in specific reconstructions and as indicated by pseudo-proxy studies is uncertain (being dependent on the choice of statistical regression model and climate model simulation used to provide the pseudo-proxies). It is very unlikely, however, that any bias would be as large as the factor of two suggested by von Storch et al. (2004) with regard to the reconstruction by Mann et al. (1998), as discussed by Burger and Cubash (2005) and Wahl et al. (2006). However, the bias will depend on the degree to which past climate departs from the range of temperatures encompassed within the calibration period data (Mann et al., 2005b; Osborn and Briffa, 2006) and on the proportions of temperature variability occurring on short and long time scales (Osborn and Briffa, 2004). So much for them paying attention to my comment. In this particular case, this wasn’t an issue where I had a horse in the race. I was familiar with the issues and had commented on them. It’s not as though there are dozens of other people who understood exactly what was involved and most of them were parties to the dispute. I don’t think that the citations (Bürger and Cubasch; Wahl et al) are adequate to support a claim of “likely” and to apply them for a claim of “very likely” adds insult to injury. I wonder what their authority was for making this change in confidence assessment. 78 Comments I think it is very likely that the AR4 is more of a political document than a scientific document. It’s my view that most of these threads that Steve M has initiated in recent days on AR4 have consistently shown the political spin that the IPCC authors have put on the underlying climate science. The selling that is done does not make the underlying science less reliable by itself, but certainly makes one more skeptical of the completeness of the review process and presentation of the spectrum of views on the subject matter. My question and concern is this: How much of this spin is originating from scientists and how much from the political administrators? If scientists have become this good at spinning facts and without the aid and instruction from real politicians, I have some major concerns. Here’s another interesting change: Second order draft 6-29: ” Just published page 446: .” I wonder why? The W&A paper is still listed in the references as “in press”. Is it still not published? This just goes to show, once more, that the IPCC process is flawed in terms of providing an objective assessment of the state of science. The reason it is so is that there are no independent editors to ensure balance. The authors ARE the editors, something you never see in any other scientific publication. So the authors chose to take into account or not the reviewers comments. Worse, the authors have themselves published in the field, so the chapters will necessarily reflect THEIR view. Whenever there is a controversy, you can be sure that only one side will be presented positively. It is clear from those excerpts that the authors make value judgments on the published papers. In other words, some are deemed more valid than others. So, under cover of objectivity, the IPCC process is really one where the authors present one view of the state of the science. Choice of lead authors determines the outcome. For example, to come back to the solar question, the role of the sun is still presented as minor in 4AR, despite the more than 50 papers published in the area since TAR. But guess what, the authors of those papers were not lead authors. So there is no room for their point of view. Those are all peer-reviewed papers, but somehow, someone has made a value judgment that all those results meant nothing, or were not credible enough. The IPCC reports are only good as informative documents. They are just very long review papers. But the moment value judgments are made w/r to what research is good and what isn’t, then any claim of objectivity is obviously lost. It may be inevitable, but then it should be presented as such (ie. as one viewpoint), not as the scientific truth about climate. How about running a diff of the AR4 development process? I think their objectivity is feigned at best. Only those untrained are fooled, which accounts for the majority of policy makers as well as the public at large. Mark #4 Francois wrote: Well, they do discuss some of this new literature on solar forcing, but dismiss it as being “controversial.” Which only demonstrates the hypocrisy of it all, for the same can be said about most of what is included! For what it’s worth I’ve posted a specific change from the Second Draft to the final report on model prediction accuracy. You can find it at: Jim Manzi re #1-4, 6, 7 from the IPCC website: “The role of the IPCC is to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.” My grading of the IPCC’s success at fulfilling their role in AR4, in language that only an authentic climate scientist could love: comprehensive: unlikely objective: extremely unlikely open and transparent: very unlikely Now that I have released my grading summary on IPCC AR4, I reserve the right to revise the underlying data behind the full grading analysis. So it will match my summary of course. Re #8 That *is* a good observation, Jim. That’s Pat Frank’s bugaboo. And mine. Propagation of errors through a GCM calculation is now not just ignored, but swept under the rug. You know what would happen if an engineer did that? Now you see why Jimy Dudhia doesn’t like the topic of exponential growth in physical systems. Uncertainty deniers. I agree, somewhat out of context. But in fact here they say And the counterexample kindly asked for way back in #7,8 of this post is still pending. #11 Too much equations for me, let’s try to simplify: the topic is linear calibration, and we have known true values (x, temperatures) and responses y (proxies). In statistical literature, if we use regression of y on x, E(y|x), we’ll have classical calibration estimator (CCE), and the opposite case is inverse calibration estimator (ICE). From this picture you’ll see that using ICE, reconstructed temperatures are closer to mean value than by using CCE (see dashed lines). Note that mathematically the selection should be straightforward: (Kendall’s Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol 2A) To me, it seems that in the proxy-temperature case, the model is not clearly stated. And I think that comparing the sample variance of reference data and reconstruction in the calibration period is not the essential part; a good model, autocorrelation of residuals and correlation of residuals and temperature are more interesting. See e.g. example in here . In the case A, the reconstruction ‘amplifies’ the variance, but I still think that it is better than case B. (Like many others, I’m here to learn, pl. keep that in mind) #12: The v. Storch et al. argument is clearly stated in the paper: and it’s all about calibration statistics. Statistics with independent data are a whole different issue (though of course important). The problem is that v. Storch et al.’s damping argument applies to 1-dim direct regression but MBH98 use (m,n)-dim inverse regression. vS’s argument easily extends to the (m,1)-dim case (via the multiple correlation coefficient) but not to inverse regression for which variance is amplified. While that amplification is trivial for the 1-dim case it can also be extended to the (m,n)-dim case as applied by MBH98 (counterexample?). Hence, if variance is systematically reduced it is not the regression-type method (apart from the detrending that was applied), perhaps some external factor in the independent data such as overfitting. So again, where is the counterexample? – I’m patient. Isn’t it true that the larger the swings of past temperature, the larger the response of climate to forcings, and thus a bitter pill for skeptics? Re#14: Another obvious interpretation is that the larger the swings of past temperature, the larger the natural forcings. This would also imply that the current state of climate is not “unprecedented” and could be explained by natural variation. Thus a bitter pill for alarmists. #14 tony… it is not a simple matter of “skeptics” vs “alarmists”. as scientists, a certain attention to detail, and a willingness to have one’s work viewed critically, and to provide the means for replication, that allow for the scientific method to even exist. as steve m and others have pointed out, showing the hockey stick (etc.) is garbage DOES NOT disprove AGW. it just shows we really do not know. perhaps, if climatologists who perform statistical studies would actually consult statistics expertts, there work might pass muster, or survive an audit. “Isn’t it true that the larger the swings of past temperature, the larger the response of climate to forcings, and thus a bitter pill for skeptics?” Hmm…your rhetorical style makes me skeptical. How about these, “Isn’t it true we should subject the IPCC science and findings with skepticism since they are guided and managed by non-scientists, mostly political operatives, an unprecendented event in scale in the history of this planet?” #13 Thanks for your response. Takes some time for me to go through this.. If I have understood it right, climate term ‘inverse regression’ is classical calibration, and ‘direct regression’ is inverse calibration, makes this a bit confusing. Krutchkoff was first, right? 😉 I do. If it lead to some sort of failure and was ferreted out he would be fired. But this is academics, so they don’t actually have to make something work. ..and in this Matlab code , INV refers to classical calibration, wrote it before read those relevant papers in Technometrics. Anyway, the code shows that local calibration works better than any of those the quick and dirty multivariate calibration methods.. Naaahh… he wouldn’t be fired. I’ve seen a total of ONE engineer fired for incompetence, and the underlying cause was actually a personal issue between the manager and the engineer (I almost resigned over the debacle as it was unjustified and poorly timed). I’ve also seen outright fraudulent behavior by engineers that did not result in firing. That said, such engineers, those caught being incompetent, fraudulent or guilty of hiding adverse results, rarely get listened to. Nobody forgets the guy that did the dirty deed. Such engineers usually have to go somewhere else lest they be relegated to “assistant” work. He shouldn’t count on ever getting a raise, either, should he decide to stick it out (like a fool). Reputation is everything in the generally small communities in which engineering folk circle about. Mark Yup. Bender’s point stands either way. Such behavior is not tolerated. Mark Wow, that’s an interesting way to use Cubasch Burger, indeed. See Given that the last 1/2 sentence of the abstract is “it is not clear how these methods can be salvaged to be robust” (read also [21], the end of paper), any usage of this paper to support the Mann-like methods is bizarre, to say the very least. #11 In the linked paper you write but, to me, those equations look quite similar to Brown’s controlled multivariate calibration estimator (natural generalized least squares estimator, set gamma = I, page 350 in Prediction diagnostics and updating in multivariate calibration , Biometrika (1989), 76, 2, pp. 349-61 ). Brown uses interesting inconsistency diagnostic, using your notation take a statistic where z is proxy vector at year k ( out of calibration period). That is, test how well the model reconstructs proxy record by using the reconstructed temperatures. Someone who knows how to play with MBH98 should try this (well, probably it is done somewhere already) #25. UC, This terminology is not very apt because it doesn’t connect with any known statistical terminology. The Mannian multivariate method, as I posted last year and as you confirmed with MBH99, is weighting by partial correlation coefficients which is equivalent to Partial Least Squares regression. The term “inverse regression” as used by climate scientists should be discontinued since it is poorly defined and inverse calibration already has a different definition, BTW let’s move this discussion back to the original thread. Gerd, you’re quite right that I didn’t follow up on this. I’ll try to re-open the file. This comment by the IPCC (“it is not likely..”) is indeed strange, since there are very few studies that have analyzed the influence of different factors on the bias. One of those factors, is for instance, the amount and character (red or something more complex) of non-climatic noise in the proxies, and I think it is quite sure to say that nobody knows very well how this noise really looks like. This is just an issue which several groups are working on and the outcome of which is completely open. I really cannot see the reason for including this unjustified comment in a “consensus” document, but to support the HS. By the way, this effect is present, under all reasonable assumptions of noise, in all linear methods to reconstruct the NHT that I am aware of. In the recent meeting of the European Geophysical Society in Vienna, there were at least three presentations showing this effect in pseudreconstructions in different methods and different climate simulations (with pseudo-proxies), and the bias can be indeed easily be a factor of two eduardo I know what is going on, but I won’t tell. Brown’s articles are a bit awkward to read, but they are very informative when you get used to the notation 😉 #26 That’s where the problem is. Statisticians have studied these issues for decades, climate scientists invent same methods again, and begin to wonder why we have biases in Inverse Calibration Estimator output and specially, why we have biases in (multivariate) Classical Calibration Estimator output. Back to the ’60s. #3, DavidH, Well why? Because as you noticed, Mann and the rest of the ‘team’ when defending the Hockey Stick, they faced three main allegations. 1) Provide data for reproduction 2) “Avoid” bristlecones and foxtails 3) Statistical issues The answer for 1 is ignore request and when not possible, lie that it is already available or that there is a good reason why they didn’t provide it or cannot (“The dog ate it”). The answer for 3 is easy because hardly anyone understands the issues one can talk and talk for hours or pages why you are still right. The asnwer for 2 is bad, as this is such a simple issue everybody can understand it. So far the tactics have been ignore the whole issue and don’t mention it. Hence the change from draft to final. #3 To my opinion Wahl & Ammann (2007/accepted/in press) appears to be this one Has anyone tried the r-code yet? #31. We know about this version and have discussed it before. I posted about their code almost 2 years ago. With one slight modificaiton to our code, I reconciled to my results to 9 decimal places. Their claim that their emulation had done anything that we had not already done was dishonest. Both emulations are somewhat different than the limited available information about the MBH98 AD1400 step. They attributed this to their different weighting system. Two problems – this is not the reason for the difference and they presumably knew this. Second it is ridiculous to benchmark their emulation using different weights and then attribute discrepancies to the differing weights. You benchmark using the same weights. I said this as a reviewer. But the editor did not require Wahl and Ammann to do so for reasons that are inexplicable to me. The puzzle is that this article isn’t actually printed yet. It is the ONLY article in AR4 chapter 6 that is not in print. I am waiting with great curiosity to see how they handle the rejected Ammann and Wahl, which they rely on, when it gets into print. Do they leave the claim that Ammann and Wahl is under review over a year after it’s been rejected? Do they rework the article to argue for the points rejected by GRL? Do they simply delete the citation and drive on without support for the points where they previously cited Ammann and Wahl? None of the alternatives are particularly appetizing. They should have immediately amended the article, but they presumably had to twist arms to get it accepted by the end of February 2006. Tangled webs. You’all might want to check out what had to say about this. JMS, for heavens sake, the link to Eli’s site contains the very excerpt from the AR4 report that is under discussion (and is quoted in the top post), with a “ha-ha” added at the end. If you’d like to make a substantive comment, why don’t you explain to us how Burger & Cusbash refute Von Storch and support MBH, as asserted in AR4 (both above and at Eli’s site)? My learning experience continues.. Question: In Zorita05 and in vS04 But for permutation matrix A, , and thus we get the same LS solution for all permutations of time-indexed data. What is the theoretical justification for above sentences? (Zorita05: Methodical aspects of reconstructing non-local historical temperatures, E. Zorita, H. von Storch) The difference between low-frequency and high-frequency is not a permutation of the time ordering; it lies in the changing link of the underlying physical processes with timescale. To illustrate this with an example of economics – in which I am not an expert, but perhaps you are, so correct me if I am wrong: Variations in salaries may be anticorrelated in the short term with share prices, since they dent the companies’ surplus; on the long-term they may be positively correlated, since they increase purchase power. The problem occurs when one calibrates a regression model between both using high-frequency variations and extrapolate to low-frequency variations to predict one of them. In our case, there may be a small correlation between tree-growth and T because many other factors act at high-frequencies (the noise). It may, however happen that on the long-term, T is indeed driving tree-growth. A statistical model calibrated at high-frequencies will tend to underestimate the variations in T. The solution perhaps: calibrate with filtered data, but then the degrees of freedom is much reduced, so that the regression is very uncertain. #36 Thanks for your response! Slowly starting to understand.. With vS04 data, did you observe that residuals ( ) are negatively correlated with T? Just like in MBH99 AD1000 step ? Hmmmm.. If I take a sequence of white noise, it has (on the average) a flat spectrum. If I sort that sequence, most of the energy goes to the low-frequency side. Permutation changes the spectrum. Now, in vS04, your reconstruction is obtained using and all operations are invariant to permutations. Thus, I found this sentence a bit strange: Well, the sentence is actually true, this is what happens. But shouldn’t the alarm bells ring loud at this stage? Something wrong with the model / chosen estimator? But the model can’t be wrong, as you simulate it. Your solution is inverse calibration estimator (ICE), (direct regression in many references). It works well when Ti and Pi are samples from joint normal distribution. The other option is to go with CCE, in that case we don’t need to model T stochastically. With ICE there is a underlying assumption that statistical properties of T remain the same outside the calibration period. In climate reconstruction case this assumption is silly, with this assumption we state that temperatures are always normal (no AGW then). And if you apply ICE to red T series, you’ll note that residuals become negatively correlated with T. So, univariate ICE clearly underestimates the simulated low-frequency temperatures. It is easy to find out that so does multivariate ICE. And it seems to me that also multivariate CCE underestimates. But who said that multivariate CCE is ML estimator ? And guess why we haven’t seen univariate CCE.. I think it is time to open the Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory book. #38 I am not sure that I understand what you mean by Well, the sentence is actually true, this is what happens. But shouldn’t the alarm bells ring loud at this stage? Something wrong with the model / chosen estimator? But the model can’t be wrong, as you simulate it. What we do is to apply the MBH estimator to simulated data. These data stem from a climate model simulation -with some modification to include noise (please clarify if you are referring to a climate model or to a statistical model, they have nothing to do with each other). In this climate simulation we have perfect knowledge of the predictand at all times. The conclusion is indeed that the estimator is wrong – or more accurately- that the estimator can be wrong. This happens also without the proxy prepocessing by PCA and all other aspects that M&M have raised regarding the MBH reconstructions. And it happens, by the way, to other estimators, not only MBH. Sorry, I was thinking aloud. In general, if you select an estimator, it should be optimal in some sense. And with Monte Carlo simulations it is easy to verify that it works that way. If it doesn’t, then consult nearest statistician. He or she knows what is going on. So, after all MBH estimator is ICE, nearest grid-cell vs. proxy? I don’t have enough math muscles to figure out what MBH estimator actually is.. Steve and Jean S have tried to explain to me, without success 😉 But AD1000 step is a linear combination of proxies, year by year (i.e. my comment on permutations applies to that case as well). I’d try something else then (think out of the box : ). Or do you mean that it happens to all estimators? #25,26 That’s a good observation. Actually, when I first studied the MBH method I remember to have run across this paper, which gives a very nice overview of the topic. But my focus was then on variance issues, so I must have forgotten it. So now we have a name: MBH use multivariate calibration. Actually I don’t care so much about names. But ‘calibration’ in this sense means instrumental calibration, which is perhaps not the most central part of statistics. There are other terms (“errors in variables”, “data least squares”,…) for the same or similar things. On the other hand, “multivariate calibration” is often used synonymously with (direct) multivariate regression. The MBH method, however, (excluding their subsequent variance matching) is definitely not partial least squares regression, despite Steve’s sporadic attempts to frame it that way. While in fact the 1-dim versions (x n-dim, y 1-dim) are both built from the cross covariance matrix and differ only by a scaling – but where is variance inflation in PLSR? – they are completely different in higher dimensions. This applies to the later MBH steps and fully to v. Storch et al. 2004. #41. Gerd, I don;t think that “multivariate calibration” is a helpful term here. In my prior notes on the topic (which worked through the algebra), I showed the difference between the multiple-D and 1-D cases. The 1-PC case which governs the controversial steps of AD1400 and AD1000, is the linear algebraic equivalent to Partial Least Squares regression (with variance matching which is one of the common PLS scaling options). In more than one dimension, the MBH algebra has a weird rotation. However, despite the algebra, it is closely approximated by the one-PC case. The variance inflation in multiple dimensions is a type of piecewise PLS. I really should write this up as an article. you definitely should. Then it’s falsifiable. 😉 #41 And CA readers are well aware of that paper 🙂 I’d focus on Brown’s inconsistency diagnostic, it sounds interesting. I think calibration is a good term for proxy reconstructions, multivariate calibration takes training data Y at values X to construct a relationship between Y and X. This is used in future to estimate a new fixed but unknown X corresponding to the observed Y. Just replace Y with P and X with T. As we have multivariate ‘€”term, both T and P can be vectors for given year. variance matching, variance of calibration residuals, upper bounded error levels .. I think Steve should write that paper. BTW, are the theorems of logic and mathematics falsifiable or not ? 🙂 Well, by definition a “theorem” is falsifiable. In the broader sense of “proposition” or “claim”, most are, but some aren’t (being undecidable). I guess Steve would manage to make his theorems on PLSR undecidable. 🙂 I have always wanted to falsify Pythagoras’ theorem. I just don’t know how to do it. Look here, it’s easy. ok, ok, back to business. I have an exam question, anyone can answer. a) We have a random vector x (N x 1), which is zero mean and its covariance is P. You observe where H is known matrix and v zero mean measurement noise, covariance matrix of v is R, v is independent of x. Find a matrix K where is BLUE of x. b) Assume both P and R are diagonal, , , and H is scalar. Show that K is diagonal, and that diagonal elements are equal to , the same term you’ll find from vS04. What kind of implicit assumption there is in the estimator of vS04 ? Re # 44,45,46,47 – **BTW, are the theorems of logic and mathematics falsifiable or not ?** I think you are confusing “Thorem” and “Theory”. A “Theory” is falsifiable. In science, a theory is a mathematical description, a logical explanation, or a proven model of the manner of interaction of a set of natural phenomena, capable of predicting future occurrences or observations of the same kind, and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise falsified through empirical observation. A “Theorem” is a statement that can be demonstrated to be true by accepted mathematical operations and arguments. In general, a theorem is an embodiment of some general principle that makes it part of a larger theory. The process of showing a theorem to be correct is called a proof. No answers yet to 48 … Hint 1: google Kalman Gain Re #48, UC too easy, found this on page 12 of my optimal estimation book. Gaussian noise assumption with k = P*H’*(H*P*H’ + R)^-1 , but can H be a scalar? Re #48, reverse engineering suggests that v is the scalar and H is nx1 and more formally x ~ N(0,sigma_x^2*I) and v ~ N(0,sigma_r^2) where N stands for gaussian distributed. Is the implicit assumption in vs04 that the x elements are uncorrelated since you get the same answer with a diagonal covariance matrix P? Re #52 oops H is 1xn #51 Getting closer 😉 (H can be scalar, and Gaussian assumption comes to play if you want to drop L from BLUE. ) What do you know about x before seeing the observations? If you know nothing P must be very large. Re #54, I agree that the gaussian assumption lets one drop the L from BLUE and one doesn’t need the gaussian assumption for BlUE. If H is a scalar than x, R, P, and K are scalars so you confused me when you talked about diagonals for K, P, and R and I assumed that H was at least 1xN. I have assumed that x is a state to be estimated not a proxy of record length N, predicated on your discussions in Re #50 and 54 Answering your question Re #54 “What do you know about x (scalar) before seeing the observations?” Given your problem statement of Re #48 than the expected value of x is zero with variance sigma_x^2. Your statement from Re #54 “If you know nothing P must be very large.” Suggests to me that you are thinking not of the problem statement in Re #48, but of the Kalman filter state estimation problem with dynamics were the state error covariance matrix is large with no observations taken. Normally this matrix is initialized with large values to get the states to converge quickly. Uh, H being scalar does not necessarily make R and P scalar as well… For a scalar H, you can rewrite it such that H = hI (i.e. scalar matrix), where I is the identity and h is the actual scalar value. Then, for real matrices: z = H*x + v: [Nx1] = [NxN]*[Nx1] + [Nx1] which is the same as z = h*x + v: [Nx1] = scalar*[Nx1] + [Nx1] P = E{(x-m_x)*(x-m_x)’} = E{x*x’ – x*m_x’ – m_x*x’ + m_x*m_x’} = E{x*x’}: [NxN] = [NxN] R = E{v*v’}: [NxN] = [NxN] If the random variables in x are uncorrelated, then P is a diagonal matrix with the variances of each element of x along the diagonal, though they are not necessarily the same (in part a). The same goes for v and R. Part b then, I assume, says the elements of x and v are uncorrelated with equal variances, in which case P and R become scalar matrices, though x, z and v are still [Nx1] vectors. The optimal Kalman gain is, as you mention, K = P*H’*(H*P*H’ + R)^-1, where P in this is given by P_k/k-1 (i.e. P at state time k given P at state time k-1). Assuming this is correct (rusty on my Kalman), then with H = h scalar, K = h*P*(h^2*P + R)^-1 = h*sigma_x^2 * (h^2*sigma_x^2*I + sigma_v^2*I)^-1 = h*sigma_x^2 * 1/(h^2*sigma_x^2 + sigma_v^2) * I which shows that K is diagonal… Since H is scalar and x, v are zero mean, z is as well, therefore sigma_z^2 = E{(z-m_z)*(z-m_z)’} = E{z*z’} = E{(h*x + v)*(h*x + v)’} = E{h^2*x*x’ + h*x*v’ + h*v*x’ + v*v’} = h^2 * E{x*x’} + 0 + 0 + E{v*v’} = (h^2*sigma_x^2 + sigma_v^2)*I and then K = (h*sigma_x^2 / sigma_z^2)*I rho = E{(x-m_x)*(z-m_z)’}/(sigma_x*sigma_z) = E{x*(h*x+v)’}/(sigma_x*sigma_z) = E{h*x*x’ + x*v’}/(sigma_x*sigma_z) = E{h*x*x’ + 0}/(sigma_x*sigma_z) = h*E{x*x’}/(sigma_x*sigma_z) = h*sigma_x^2/(sigma_x*sigma_z) = h*sigma_x/sigma_z and K = rho * sigma_x/sigma_z * I Phew! At the moment, I’m not sure what the implicit assumption is. Probably that some of the matrices are invertible, though by definition in part b, (h^2*P + R) is invertible. Mark Oh, wait, I think I made the implicit assumption in the above mess (sorry, I don’t know LaTex)… Since I have not read vs04, I’ll assume it is the “elements of x are uncorrelated with each other” assumption. If they are not, the off diagonal elements of P will be non-zero, and the above derivation does not work. Mark Re #56, Mark T, I considered H = hI with h a scalar as you did, but now H isn’t a scalar anymore. Seems strange UC would have specified H that way, but his comments seem to indicate that perhaps you have interpreted H correctly. Normally in kalman filter state estimators with dynamics and multiple measurements then the P in the Kalman filter gain is actually the apriori error Covariance matrix. It doesn’t matter since a matrix multiplied by a scalar is the same thing as a matrix multiplied by a scalar matrix. i.e. h*I = H, z = H*x is identical to z = h*x (scalar times a matrix is a scaled matrix). That’s what I was showing in the first few lines. Oh, I left off a few identity matrices in the rho calculation. Also, the standard Kalman only works for linear relationships. Mark I like this blog 😉 Mark T, that’s correct derivation. Now, in vS04 estimator (which is ICE), calibration period data is used to obtain estimates of and sigmas. If the calibration is perfect (sample equals etc) we’ll get the estimator derived in here. Here’s the assumption, divided to two parts: 1) sample variance of calibration period data represents variance of past temperatures 2) temperature is i.i.d From vS04 Fig 2A you’ll see that assumption 1) does not hold. Now, is it a big surprise then that the estimator ‘loses variance’ ? ( now please list all reconstructions where ICE is used ). Phil: Yes, but in climate reconstruction case we don’t need recursive filter. Thus we can use this version, where all measurements are used at once. This is very convenient form, it can be used to show how flawed the Briffa-Osborn adjustment procedure is, or to see what optimal smoothers do near the end-points.. 1) my friend stationarity, without any justification. 2) do you mean noise in the temperature response is i.i.d.? In this context, what would x represent, btw? Oh, I never intended to solve your exam question. I started by trying to explain to Phil why the term “scalar” allowed matrix representations to hold. I just happened to “see” the answer so I kept typing. I’ll have to solve a tracking problem, likely with some simple Kalman filter, in my radar design effort shortly. As a result, this refresher is a benefit! 🙂 Mark I find it funny, people trying to reconstruct past using this assumption. Even more funny with divergence problem. x is temperature (global or local, doesn’t matter much here). Don’t hesitate to take it as a random variable. Actually, ICE origins are in sampling from normal population, not in stochastic processes. But now we have showed that it can be derived using one-step-Kalman filter. Careful with large bearing errors 😉 The dendros think uniformity == stationarity. Two totally unrelated concepts. Rob Wilson’s comment in the other thread that he can be quoted stating tree-rings are good proxies for temperature fails merely through the divergence problem. That we have no idea what was happening with the other forcers, temperature included, pre-recorded history doesn’t seem to phase folks like him. This doesn’t even get into the linearity issue. I assumed x was temp. Then they’re saying that each of the temps is i.i.d. w.r.t. to each other, right? That’s a difficult assumption. Also, temp ain’t the only forcer for plant/tree growth. In fact, two of the three likely largest are temp and CO2 (moisture is probably the largest), which are correlated not only by hypothesis (that’s the whole debate at least), but fact. That’s a big 10-duh. We’re not a true tracker due to a 5 degree (minimum) beam width so the “track” will be pretty much grid-cell centroids only. We’ll need to convince the customer of this reality at some point, hehe. Mark I located a copy of vs04 last night which helps explain some of UC comments. What is interesting is that vs04 doesn’t cover the error variance for T*. For UC #48 problem, the error covariance is Px/z = (P^-1 + H’*(R^-1)*H)^-1 or Px/z = P – P*H’*((H*P*H’+ R)^-1)*H*P. Translating to vs04 notation, we have Variance(T-T*) = (1-rho^2)*Variance(T). Vs04 suggest rhos of between .4 and .7 but from what I have seen is high. For a rho of .4 than the error covariance is .84*Variance(T) which isn’t much of an estimate. Even though the weight of the dead horse is burdensome, I still think it is incorrect to call H a scalar. Re #63 Conclusion sentence from peer reviewed paper “The 1000 year temperature reconstruction demonstrates that the 20th century temperature rise is unprecedented, yet we calculated most of our sample temperature variances during the 20th century and assumed stationarity.” Assumed stationarity… I’m curious what their justification is. Oh, dead horse or not, from wiki: In other words, matrices obey scalar multiplication rules (I removed the LaTex because it was broken). I think the point of UC’s example, and apparently that used by vs04, is that there is a single transformation (linear of course) that relates temperature to tree-ring width. I.e. width = h*temp + noise, for all trees. It is quite amazing though I must assume that the breakdown is an intentional simplification (I hope, at least). Mark Re #65, Mark, I am arguing the correctness of calling H a scalar in Re #48 problem statement, not a mathematical equivalence. Normally, one sees this type of problem statement in the textbooks as, z = Hx + v were x is nx1 vector, z is px1 vector, v is px1 and H is nxp matrix. With P nxn and R pxp. Would you consider H as a scalar? Now let p=n which is what UC was considering. Now H is nxn and let’s consider the special case in vs04 where H = a*I_nxn. One can multiply any vector or matrix by H as long as it has n rows. Similarly, a vector or matrix can multipy H if they have n columns. Since H is a special case, we can skip the matrix multiply and multipy every element of the matrix or vector by a as you have shown in Re#65. What about adding H to another nxn matrix, no problem. What about adding a (from a*Inxn), a scalar to the same nxn matrix. Does that give the same results as adding H nxn? If we substitute a scalar for H nxn, we can multiply or add to any size matrix and the matrix additive properties aren’t valid. Mark I hope you understand my argument. I gotcha. I think what UC was getting at was not that H _should_ be a scalar, but the problem formulation in vs04 _is_ a scalar. I completely agree that generally H is not simply a scalar as in this simplified problem since that would be completely unrealistic in any process model. I was wondering why you didn’t seem to understand, particularly given that you seem to understand the problem… you understood too well, and I just wasn’t quite getting what it was you were trying to say. My bad. Mark Re #66 oops H is pxn In the contrived example, H is never added, only multiplied, so there’s no issue. Yes, however, if we were to treat H as purely a scalar, it could not be directly added anywhere (without assuming it was a “scalar matrix,” or H = h*I). Mark Re #69, Mark, did you get a chance to turn the crank on the error covariance term in Re #64? As far as your radar problem, there are 100’s of papers in the IEEE and AIAA journals about this issue. All peer reviewed, some good, some bad, and some ugly. I have hard copies on 5-10 articles myself. Good luck H is in the measurement model, not in the process model, and IMO scalar H wouldn’t be unrealistic. That’s correct. In the derivation of optimal K you don’t need such operation. Phil B., your error covariance term looks correct to me. Remember, the paper we are talking about is Science, not Technometrics or Biometrika , no one checks equations in Science … 🙂 They are worried about sample variance of the reconstruction in the calibration period , not the error covariance you just computed. Fortunately, I’m clued in on this overall problem. I’ve been doing radar for 12 years now, just not to the level that this project requires. We (two on the signal processing) are designing from the ground up a type of system that’s never been done before. Oddly, the hardest part is the geometry involved with three bodies in motion (independently). I have to admit, however, I’ve read more books on radar in the last three months than I ever have in my life. Nope. Maybe later… Oops. I suppose it depends upon how you view the problem for H. I was seeing it more as H being what controlled actual temperatures to create tree-rings, i.e. tree-ring width is only a scalar multiplied by temp in this example, which is unrealistic I think. That would differ per tree, over time, etc., and then you’d have to add in the other forcers as well, yadda, yadda. Mark Re #72, UC thanks for confirming. The take home point is, as the correlation coefficient drops, the gain on the proxy drops and the error covariance rapidly reaches the original variance of the temperature record. Makes for a good hockeystick shape (okay, maybe a dental pick). The RegEm appproach of Mann and Rutherford performs similarly, only with a multivariable approach and a few more math twists. And remember variance adjustment , when R gets higher, they scale reconstruction down, so that sample variance of the reconstruction won’t change. Same implicit assumption there. Sad. Now, check latest mike’s comment 🙂 They don’t know how that figure was generated.. Mark T and others, it is non-causal filter with data extrapolation, see Mann’s paper It uses filtfilt. It is true that optimal smoothing should be applied for reconstructions, but remember that these people don’t talk to mainstream statisticians. Read mike’s paper and you’ll get the idea. Re #76, matlab’s documentation for filtfilt states that their algorithm uses a reflected copy of the data at the endpoints. Not clear to me how this provides “minimum slope” at the end. UC, I assume you meant for this to be in the other thread? They should reference the same article in the IEEE that MATLAB references for filtfilt: Gustafsson, F., Determining the initial states in forward-backward filtering, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, April 1996, Volume 44, Issue 4, pp.988’€”992. I only briefly skimmed this paper, though perhaps I should take a little deeper look. Mark Oddly enough, I’ve got an estimate of Mann08’s reduction in variance at approximately 3 times by CPS.

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Message-ID: <2052995742.4162.1610742972554.JavaMail.WWW$@www> Subject: Exported From Confluence MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_Part_4161_1331901889.1610742972539" ------=_Part_4161_1331901889.1610742972539 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: Thanks to XenonSurf for his followup from my original post, I've decided to update this guide now v4.00 is= out. [edit] XenonSurf's link to much better boarding explanations here . [/edit] THIS IS STILL A WORK IN PROGRESS! BR =3D Boarding Resistance; BA =3D Boarding Attack; cUR= V =3D Constructor URV Assignment: Boarding a Titurel As= sets required:: 50 rookie marines & a reasonably decent Marine= Officer (MO): 4/4/3 (this was mine: hunt with smalltalk until you find a d= ecent one*). Skunk has Mk2 weapons except for Mining Laser (/not/ Heavy Las= er) which we can discount for obvious reasons. A targeting computer, prefer= ably Mk2, is essential & cheap enough to equip in the early game. I'll = not use missiles in this boarding as it's a waste of money at this point (s= till early game) IMO but if you wish, feel free to use them. Have any Capta= in** (purely to enable drone transfer) & a /good/ (4-5*) Engineer ready= to deploy. [I've done this with Mk1 weps; it takes a bit lon= ger but the result is the same. Missiles (Sunstalkers or their lighter vers= ions) are good at taking out turret clusters due to splash damage, but it t= akes a fair bit of skill & the results are variable, so not recommended= for a first capping attempt.. plus splash damage (AoE) may take out active= cURVs, which you want to keep alive] * Marine officers' boar= ding stat will rise by (I reckon) 2%-10% per successful boarding, (on a bel= l curve for those stats ppl here). If you don't intend boarding a /lot/ of = ships to raise that stat (the most important!), find a MO with 5* boarding = & use training lessons (available from smalltalk or other rewards) to s= kill them up ** If you have the choice, pick a Captain with good (3-= 5*) Leadership & excellent (4-5*) Navigation. Navigation will help your= new lumbering beast to manoeuvre a little quicker, & Leadership will h= elp all around If you're confident using a hacker (Trojan) dr= one (ie playing the minigame), go ahead; if you're not [below 15fps= gamers need not apply IME!] I suggest you sell the drone(s) to a = friendly dealer nearby to prevent Yisha from telling you to use it. REMEMBE= R that hacker drones may be targeted by an enemy's PD (point defence), so i= f you don't have the cash to spare or the techniques to avoid PD fire, sell= it off! [A successful hacker drone mission set (5 successes) will d= isable capship shields & weps for a short time (5mins?) if used prior to commencing boarding; THIS DOES NOT mean Yisha's= interference will do the same!] Preparation: Find a Tit a fair distance out from any stations & their patro= ls to avoid =E2=80=98helpful=E2=80=99 interference. With decent radar cover= age you should be able to find one at around 20-35Km away from any station,= with its command 'Patrol'. This is ideal! Remember any ships squadded to y= ou will automatically move & fire on the Tit as soon as it lands a hit = on you, so send them away as soon as you find your target Goo= d hunting places in Albion: Dominant Bear, Big Empty. Cuspid Splint would b= e good but for its ferocious defence, so any hostile you find there is like= ly to be destroyed (or flee (jump/boost away) before you can board it Method: 1. Knock out <target's> JD as quickly as possible (to prevent a 'f= lee jump'), then engines. The latter will give you a safe place to hide (in= v4.0x & above watch out for engine wash damage!) You'll be coming back= to knock out repaired engines probably at least once. This also prevents &= lt;target> from coming within range of other ships who may call on their= local patrols or stations to help to destroy the hostile (see 'Flee' below= ) [You could use a Traitor drone's mines to do this, but you may hav= marin= e training then simply destroy every surface element on the ship (Yisha wil= l not irritate you if there are no targets to destroy, unless you have a ha= cker drone onboard) & proceed to point (4); HOWEVER if you're after a w= orking ship ASAP read on.. ------------------------ 2. From the engine area work your way /d= own/ to the 'keel' of the ship. Take out the JD first as it's an accessible= target & will reduce the shields for the easy 3 HIT/MA turrets next to= it (you can avoid their fire fairly easily if you strafe slightly to the o= ther side of the ship), then start by taking out the nearest turrets (/not/= shields! - EXCEPTION: the shield gen immediately 'above' the engines cover= s those nearest 6 HIT/MA turrets, & it's easily killable if you /don't/= select it for autotarget: (just manually aim). Use the Apache helicopter m= ethod: necessa= ry to completely destroy turrets: if when selected they show <25% Hull t= hey won't shoot at all (<~66% reduces fire rate). This gives Yisha more = random surface elements to choose other than the Drone Bay 3.= Now it's a matter of time & patience. Check the target's boarding resi= stance in its details screen; for the boarding loadout I've suggested at th= e top of this post you'll want it below 40, preferably around 25 or so, [cu= rrently BA at 10+ above <target's BR> means no casualties provided yo= u complete Yisha's directives, if any]. You may notice some hostile drones = flying around; with luck these are the Tit's own cURVs, repairing it. LEAVE= THEM ALONE (qv). Any hostile drones that shoot at you, take out ASAP ofc <= br /> neces= sary, but it=E2=80=99s always better to take a ship wth an intact drone bay= . [If you destroy the drone bay the drones not in use are all= lost, meaning <target> won't repair quickly after boarding (cURV los= s) & will lose efficiency & profitsss (excess cargolifter sale loss= - no longer relevant for Tits [v3.5+] & Sanahars [v4.0x+] but still ap= plicable to other ships..). Once successfully boarded, <Ship> will no= longer be able to use drones for mining, repair, defence/attack, or cargo = transfer (including ship-to-ship 'transfer') until the drone bay is repaire= d..= ship shield gen (Tit has 2) takes quite a while without special weapons, &a= mp; may be a little too long to do without help (from missiles or other shi= ps). You may well come up with a better solution, such as taking them out b= efore starting the final boarding command. This will reduce the number of o= ptions Yisha has to give you (ie greater chance she gives you drone bay to = destroy), but it'll make the operation quicker to complete; your choice! Yo= u may like to consider taking them down before the board command, as it's t= he capship shields that take the time (& screw Yisha's timing if she gi= ves them as an option).. whatever.. ------------------------- = 4. Take the Tit's Hull down to around 20% (by all means use other s= hips here to back you up if you're sure you can stop them /instantl= y/: shots in flight & drones take a few seconds to respond! Ye= s I know that's a boring 10min of playtime, especially when I've told you n= ot a= bove assets). Take the hull down some more (but /not/ below 5%, just in cas= e..). If below 36 take out repaired engines/JD again. If it's still too tou= gh you may need to destroy the Drone Bay or some turrets to ensure success = Last check for active (repaired) turrets & to make sure you've g= ot all squadded ships ignoring you (run from battle, fly elsewhere, whateve= r) **SAVE** - no point in losing a 20 min pr= eparation to a whim.. 6. BOARD option! Since you've disabled/= destroyed all turrets the boarding pods should be safe in transit. No losse= s there.. unless you have 'friendly' local ships helping you & they man= age to destroy a pod in flight (once landed the podded marines may complain= , but they're invulnerable to external attacks) 7. NOW it get= s interesting. Since you've disabled/destroyed all turrets, Yisha's 5 direc= tives will be to destroy surface targets on the ship. Hopefully that will /= not/ include the Drone Bay (qv), but we'll have to go with what the game ra= ndomly selects:( [you can quicksave at each Yisha mission completion to pro= duce a different target upon reload] There is a time limit on how long you = take to accomplish each of Yisha's tasks: 60s for 'easy' tasks (eg destroyi= ng a gun turret); 120s for 'hard' tasks (eg destroying capship shied gen)..= but check XenonSurf's post at the bottom of this screed for details.. Of c= ourse, if you've destroyed /everything/ Yisha won't have a task for you, so= all you have to do is wait... If you accomplish all Yisha's = tasks you'll take minimal casualties. Marine strength has nothing to do wit= h casualty rates atm [citation needed - I'll get back to that for a link]. = Failing Yisha's tasks means you'll take a guaranteed drop in marines [20% <= strong. E= nter the backroom FIRST & tell your spare engineer & captain to wor= k elsewhere, then (after a few seconds) join them on the Tit to congratulat= e them & retrieve your MO. You will have lost= around 11 marine greenies (depending on BR & how well you did with Yis= ha's games); another 11 may have levelled up to Vet, & the rest.. well = you know the drill now All (previously marked hostile) cURVs will still be repairing your new p= rize.. & they will eventually be assigned to you! If Yisha didn't order= you to destroy the drone bay you got lucky & (once your prize has a ne= w captain) you can now transfer drones to/from another ship for whatever pu= rpose if necessary: if the drone bay was destroyed you can't do this until = it's repaired [edit] Updated for v4 Release 15/03/2016 [/edit] [edit] Updated 07/03/2017 for Wiki [/edit] Reference= s: JoeTheDestroyer's boarding calculat= ions For more general background see CBJ's = comment on skills and may also be = useful for general officer calculations, plus another dev's post (CBJ? = Benrd)?) explaining how the new boarding works..

We. In Solar Basics, Kaminar details the ins and outs of solar energy at all stages of the life cycle, including financing, installation, testing, maintenance, repair, and recycling. More specifically, here's the general flow of the book: - Chapter 1 Solar Module Basics - Chapter 2 Applications - Chapter 3 Types of Modules - Chapter 4 Inverters - Chapter 5 Batteries - Chapter 6 Charge Controllers - Chapter 7 Solar Water Systems - Chapter 8 The Basics of System Sizing - Chapter 9 Federal and State Incentives - Chapter 10 Sources - Chapter 11 Calculating Cost - Chapter 12 Installation - Chapter 13 Instrumentation and Testing - Chapter 14 Maintenance and Repair - Chapter 15 Safety Each chapter is full of considerable detail, so this table of contents may not seem that helpful. Within the text, Kaminar also includes over 100 illustrations — mostly in color — to drive home key points. If you're a solar professional or serious DIYer, you may want to check out Solar Design, which is by the same author. This book goes into further detail about how to design a solar system and includes a CD with software to help with the design. It's a little more expensive, too. I've been given a review copy and educated by the insight Kaminar provides in Solar Basics. This is highly recommended reading for anyone thinking about buying a solar array or system. Click on over to Kaminar's Solar Design website to learn more or grab a copy of the book at Amazon: [+] Solar Basics by Neil Kaminar at Amazon. *If you're interested in winning a copy of this book, drop a comment by midnight MST on Friday, March 12, 2010. Say where you're from if you don't know what to say. By leaving a comment, you agree to the terms and conditions relating to giveaways on Jetson Green. I’d love a copy of this book. I’ve been interested in PV and such for a long time, took a SEI course many years ago, but never “pulled the trigger” on a system because I could never get the pay-back even close to a comfortable place. I know early adopters have to help encourage new and cutting-edge technologies that may be not fully justifiable from a constrained economic view, but it was SO much investment for a long, long payback. With all of the federal and state new incentives, I am taking another look. This book would help. THX I am planning currently quoting a solar pool heater, state tax credit for NC covers 30% (up to 1500) of the install cost. At the same time quoting a solar hot water system retro, our energy company is offering an additional $1000 incentive to the first x people. I wouldn’t bank on the incentives being right in the book for long, but these resources are invaluable when you want to retro or build new just so you don’t get taken to cleaners. I’m really glad there is an emergence of these books coming out now; this would be a great book to read for a landscape architecture student! We’re incorporating more green designs into our projects everyday. Thanks! Great, perhaps this will be the cookbook for my personal solar revolution. I would love to win a copy. Kurt, our first winner is already expert in all things solar and agreed to donate the book to someone else in this comment thread. You’ve been chosen as the winner now! I’ll email you separately to get your address. Congrats! I’ve heard that the future of solar power is on residential and commercial properties rather than large-scale solar power plants. I’d love a copy of the book to see what the author has to say. I have been going to the bookstores to check out solar books and believe it or not, none carries any. Also, the web (Amazon etc) does not offer much info on good PV books. Hopefully, solar basics is the book to read about PV. Been looking for a primer on solar homes, as I’d like to one day build a solar shed/studio/work area. Free copy of book=more money for solar panels! My house has no south-facing roof slope to install pv panels on. Maybe this book will help me figure out a way to resolve that problem. This would be a great book to read. Would love a copy…. would really like solar hot water in my house. Maybe when the boiler ends it’s useful life… I would love a copy of Solar Basics: The Easy Guide for my reference library. I could use the knowledge from this book to help my clients Each house/home/building should be a source of electrical generation. Instead of investing HUGE amounts of money in large wind farms or big mirror arrays that tend to be far removed from the need for the electricity generated, the government money could go into retro-fitting every building with a combination of solar and wind generators–small units. Perhaps the best part of this idea is that it could put thousands of people to work fairly quickly. The Vocational-Technical schools could be subsidized to train citizens locally to do installation and maintenance. Many of those no longer working in home construction because of the downturn in the housing market could be cross-trained, with pay, for solar and wind systems. The newly trained could then be paid from a government fund (think the WPA) while all this retro-fitting is going on. But this will take time, you say. Well, that is true. But U.S. manufacturers will need that time to gear up their assembly lines to meet the demand for their products. Manufacturers would also require additional employees to make the systems. And since there are only a few manufacturers, the trucking industry will need more drivers and more rigs to move the newly produced systems around the country. We are really getting folks back to work now. As an added benefit, as more and more units are installed the prices should plummet. With more and more units in operation, R&D would learn more and more about functionality and improved efficiency. Finally, with all those systems pouring energy into the grid, black-outs (or even worse, the dreaded brown-outs) should be greatly reduced. The energy is largely consumed exactly where it is created. Any “left-over” is put out on the grid. Areas in greatest need at any time will be supplemented by those areas with less need. As new houses are starting to be built again, the installations can be mandated to be incorporated into the new construction. I am building a small passive solar house. I have designed it myself and am building out of pocket so far, recycling materials from a previous small house that was deconstructed. This book would help me increase my solar options. As a person without retirement income, I am seeking ways to have a self sufficient house so I can live comfortably with low expenses as I age. My wife and I are hoping to buy our 2nd home this year. We’ve outgrown the starter home. But we are very organic friendly and environmentally conscious, so we’ve benefited a lot from this site. Our hearts are set on a home that was left incomplete mid-remodel. I’m salivating at the thought of greening up that home. Great topic and very timely with all of the information going around I am glad this book was published. Wow, I would love to get my hands on a copy of this book. I am looking at incorporating PV solar panels into my current home to make it standout in the current housing market. I will then incorporate solar in my new smaller more efficient home as a primary source of energy. Living in Carefree AZ we have an abundance of sunshine and great incentives from the state of AZ and local power co. I could really benefit from a copy of this book. I am 20 years old and a student in building construction tech, and I am transfering to SFA for a bachelors in Sustainable Building in Austin, TX. I am going to be helping supervise some highscale green new construction to be including PV, foam insulation, solar lighting and water heating, FSC lumber, and many more green innovations. I am working on getting as much reference as i can thank you so much! The book looks awesome, like a great resource for DIY solar. Thanks for having the giveaway Thanks for offering this wonderful giveaway. I would use it well. GO SOLAR, I am in Boone NC I have been idly designing a solar system for my house that works towards the reduction of usages as well as using the raw 12/24VDC instead of up converting then down converting the energy and taking on losses as each point. I am very curious to see what this book offers in the realm of a 12/24V house that only steps up to 110VAC for the major appliances. Although, the bulk of my curiosity rests within reading what he has to say about the recycling of PV Panels. Win or not, I’m going to check this book out. Would love to win this book. It would be just the thing to kick start my alternate energy plans. As an emerging professional in the architectural field with great interest in using sustainable building practices this would be a great addition to my library of resources I’d like to win a copy of this book for my son, who’s just starting college and who has decided to be a landscape architect. Thanks for the chance! I would be thrilled to be chosen to have this book. bobk Very appreciative of your brilliant efforts and insight. Best luck in 2010! we are building a small footprint, sustainable home in ABQ and solar is definitely part of the design. New Mexico offers tax credits of 10% of cost of solar in addition to the 30% federal tax credits. I’m trying to find out information on thin film solar for PV use in modules over solar water heaters in order to double up on the energy production on a new home and barn I’m building in Northern California. Looks like a great book. I’ve been promoting the idea of designing projects at a minimum of solar ready. For us in the north it means making sure roofs are strong enough to handle the snow drift, uplift and dead load of it all with the idea to have at least an area suitable for an installation. Also thinking about design integration. Thanks for bringing this book to our attention. We’ve built a cabin in Maine and are a bit bewildered about how to add solar capacity. With Earth deterioration becoming an issue nowadays, people are gaining consciousness with what they build in their environment. People, mostly architects, are switching to sustainable materials, ways of construction, and technology. This book would be of great help to architects, as well as to non-architects, as it elaborates more on the in’s and out’s of one of the most popular green technology, which is the Solar Panels. I’d love to have a copy of this book. I want to harness the sun and ride off into the, err, um…sunset? I’ve got two projects in mind – a little cabin could use a small system basically just for a couple lights, maybe radio. The other is hot water solar for our house. Pretty amazing when it is -10 F. outside late February and to see snow melting and water dripping off a piece of metal that is in the sun and shielded from the breeze. This is NW Alaska – up near Russia… so there are a couple months the system wouldn’t be doing much. 😉 I’m from the sunshine state of Florida and I would love to win this book. I’ve learned so much about Solar over the past 10 months and would really benefit from the information in your book. Sounds like you “know your stuff” and I would love to learn from you. I love solar! I am a random commenter, but am I random enough? I hope to be the randomest. As a person forever thinking of different design methods and alternatives, this book would be a great addition for research and reference. Thanks for the wonderful opportunity! Awsome. I’ve always wanted to get into solar. Great opportunity to learn and possibly do it myself. Working with a LEED CI project where the manager has put together a serious solar package covering the full scope of electrical requirements for a very power centric data center, having a guideline for a better understanding would be a greater help. Thanks so much for the great reviews! I’ve always stated that solar is not for everyone ,but it is for most people. I got the solar bug 20 plus years ago and its been a journey of change ,acceptance, and developement. One that I called chaseing Killawatts.Even with a large family of 8 people ,I surely had the lowest energy bills on the block at a dollar per day , thanks to the Sun…… I would be really excited to read this book. Looks like a cool book …”… how to make a solar system work …”… UhU wormholes, blackholes and strings WoW! This will be some book!! Stevenla, Congrats!! You’re the winner of this book. I’ll email you separately to get your address for shipping. Best of luck to everyone else next time! Sounds great, would love to have the book. Well global warming can’t be all bad….. it’s seems to be improving the solar market. A well written instructional book (with pictures!) It would be nice to start reading again and get started on some projects! P.s. keep up the good work Jetsongreen! Thanks for the article. I would like a copy anyway. Can you get it on Amazon? Solar Basics by Neil Kaminar at Amazon. Is there a “Solar Power for Dummies” version? I might need that, even though I really want to built most of it myself. Solar Basics is the Solar Power for Dummies, I would say, while the Solar Design book is more advanced. Solar Basics is straight forward. Looks like another great Read and Giveaway!! Quick reminder of the 2010 renewable energy conference on March 27th in Sandy Utah. PLease come see my booth: Green Energy & Solar Designs !! Check utsolar.org for details! Thanks Jetson Green! I am starting to look into solar for my home and this looks like a great place to start. I want it !!! thanks for the chance seattle Looks like a great book. Greeting from Wageningen. Another great resource, covering several renewable topics (including Solar, Wind and Biofuel, with a do-it-yourself perspective) is the Renewable Energy Handbook by William H Kemp. I live in the Antelope Valley and want to build about 4 small studios on land that I bought a few years ago and this book would help me so much! @jetsongreen. I just found this blog and have about 5 articles that I am ready to write about. Great stuff to see and read here. Kudos! hokie, hokie, hokie, hy! tech, tech, vpi “SOLAR”-rex, “SOLAR”-rah poly tech vir-gin-ia ray rah vpi team! team! team! This is a very timely publication! Finally Solar Power is being embraced by the masses, no longer a fringe idea. My future career choices will be in a “green” industry. I’m so happy that we’re finally “getting it”..:-) As the construction technologies training coordinator at work, I am both pleased and excited about our industry moving towards sustainable housing. Everyone should get involved with this movement. I am looking forward to reading this book to get up tp speed on the new technology.

Bookmarks for 2012-04-17 April 17th, 2012 | brainjuice - 3 Reasons Why Everyone Needs to Learn Markdown i need to learn this, because I also need to learn the screenwriting variant Fountain. (tags:web wordprocessing software ) April 17th, 2012 | brainjuice April 16th, 2012 | guest informant I’ve spoken about Laurie Penny here so many times before that I’m not sure she needs an introduction. British firebrand journalist working in newspapers, books and television. Currently, I believe, a regular reporter for The Independent after a long session at The New Stateman. I wrote the foreword for her most recent book, PENNY RED: Notes From The New Age Of Dissent. She’s in America right now, covering the dissent movement and election politics (and writing a book, and acting as a contributing editor to The New Inquiry, and several other things). When I asked her to write you about whatever was in her head today, she said this: A little over a year ago, before Occupy Wall Street began but well after the first wave of student riots had made political resistance more than a storybook fantasy in Britain, I found myself at a gathering of activists and anarchists. The occasion was the opening of a free university in an empty pub in central London, and journalists were strictly forbidden in the space. I had been let in on the condition that I hand in all my recording equipment before I was allowed to drink, which is a cruel thing to do to anyone who writes for a living. Nonetheless, just after midnight, a man with dreadlocks who I had never met before in my life started jabbing a less than entirely sober finger in my face, calling me scum, asking how I dared to speak on behalf of others, and attempting to assault me gently with a rusty bicycle. I was moved by the idiosyncracy of this attack, but far more perturbed by the fact that five or six comrades, people I had stood beside as police horses charged into lines of protesters in Parliament square, people I would have trusted if not with my life, then at least with my dignity – they turned away, and they pretended not to see. I was bewildered, and heartbroken. More than any other print journalist working in the mainstream media in Britain at that point, I understood what these people were trying to do. I was the same age, I had read the same books, I went to the same meetings, I declined to name names when to do so might have endangered activists, I stepped outside my job description to report faithfully on protests and incidents of police violence that the rest of the press ignored. None of this, by the way required any special cookies for effort - but I thought it might at least be enough to prevent me getting thrown out of a party by drunk hippies. I thought wrong. The abrupt realisation that solidarity is not extended to members of the mainstream press was less upsetting than the realisation there are entirely good reasons for this. Some members of the collective who tossed me out of the pub had already had their names and personal histories dragged messily through the tabloids, and when I was informed that AJAB – all journalists are bastards – I was hardly in a position to plead for nuance. I thought I got into journalism to tell truths and right wrongs and occasionally get into parties I wouldn’t normally be cool enough to go to. Right now though, with a few exceptions, professional journalism is rarely seen as an exercise in holding power to account. Justly or unjustly, the media, especially but not exclusively the mainstream, corporate-controlled press, has come to be seen as the enemy of the voiceless rather than their champion. Justly or unjustly, few people believe what they read in the papers or watch on the news anymore, because belief has long ceased to be quite as important as complicity when it comes to the Daily Mail, the Daily Post or News International. On the streets of Athens and Madrid as well as during the London riots of August 2011, journalists have been threatened and attacked by desperate young people making havoc in the streets. Why? Not because these young people don’t want to be seen, but because they don’t want to be seen through the half-closed eyes of privilege. Journalists are losing any case we ever had for special pleading. For the younger generation of digital natives, there is no particular reason to be deferential towards anyone who happens to be at a protest with a phone that can get the internet and an audience of thousands: it’ll be you and a hundred others, and unless the police have given you special privileges to write precisely what they want and nothing else, your press pass is less and less likely to keep you safe from arrest. As more and more ordinary men, women and children without degrees in journalism acquire the skills and technology to broadcast text and video, the media has become another cultural territory which is gradually being re-occupied. Those on the ground do not have to wait for the BBC and MSNBC to turn up with cameras: they make the news and the reporters follow. They have grown up in a world of branding and they know how to create a craze and set the agenda. They occupy the media. And the media is starting to worry. Let’s not be naive, though: the professional press still has power, and lots of it. If it didn’t, activists wouldn’t be frantically writing press releases in one occupation and beating up Newsnight cameramen in another. The success or failure of any political action outside the ballot box depends on the participation of the press, and that’s a source of resentment as well as suspicion. Most journalists are employed to produce stories that will sell. If we write for tabloids, we are encouraged to feign a species of objectivity that often includes giving equal weight to the voices of the one percent of the population who believe that all billionaires were sent by Adam Smith to save the free world from socialism and should be rewarded with fruit baskets, tax exemptions and the comeliest of our firstborn children. The best I can do is what I always do: write what I see and believe to be true, and be prepared to take the consequences on either side. The relationship between activism, journalism and truth-telling has always been complicated. If you do it honestly, you can expect to be attacked by almost everybody, since fearless political writing cannot co-exist with orthodoxy of any sort. George Orwell, caller of bullshit on left and right par excellence, made few friends in his day, and a passage from his essay The Prevention of Literature (1946) is worth quoting at length: Any writer or journalist who wants to retain his (sic) integrity finds himself (sic). Reading this seventy years later, it seems a wonder that fearless journalism has survived, that reports and commentary are not produced, as Orwell imagined in ’1984′ entirely by machine. Perhaps, though, it is not such a wonder. Human beings have a refreshing tendency to pursue truth and excellence in the face of staggering hurdles – and for every professional hack who resigns him or herself to a living as a greased gear in the corporate press factory, there is another for whom the challenge of carving out a space for honest, rigorous reportage and inspiring, imaginative wordcraft is a reason to get up and put the coffee on of a morning. Not that it isn’t a bloody pain sometimes. Anyone can write, but to write well and often and for pay can be a hard and lonely job, because to do it honestly requires, at least at the beginning, a certain amount of boring self-analysis whereby professional and existential crisis feed exhaustingly off one another. To be an honest political writer or journalist today is constantly to negotiate and re-negotiate the complicated relationship between conviction and orthodoxy, between critical reportage and activism-as-journalism. That relationship never been more fraught than it is now, because the line between activism and media production has become smudged to the point of irrelevance. Anyone with a camera-phone that does the internet can report from a protest; anyone with a blog can write commentary about mortgage foreclosure and financial feudalism. But there’s a line in the sand, and you cross it when you start making most of your living writing about politics. Because once you have decided that you will always tell the truth you see in front of you, no matter what your bosses say, you have to decide what’s more important: your career or your conscience. It is extremely hard to get into journalism. Even before the recession and the jerky transition to online publishing made new staff reporter jobs harder to get than an NYPD press pass, J-schools were consistently churning out several times as many talented, energetic, hopelessly indebted young people than there were salaried positions at even the smallest papers. So many people want to make a living writing that we are encouraged to accept tiny salaries and terrible working conditions, and breaking into the industry often involves years of underpaid or unpaid interning – closing off the most prestigious jobs to all but a wealthy few. We are expected to be grateful for any opportunities we are thrown, and encouraged to see ourselves as future members of a social elite rather than workers with a living to make and a job to do. In the United States, where healthcare coverage is contingent on salaried employment, it’s even harder to make a living as a freelance writer, and so more young people are under pressure to self-censor, to produce copy and footage that their bosses think will play to the prejudices of their readership.. So the question is: if all reporting is partial, if the mainstream press is hopelessly undermined by advertising, self-censorship and police complicity, if anyone with a camera phone can create a media sensation, then what is a journalist for? Why is it that in London, in New York, in California, in Egypt and across the world, it is young journalists who have come to be identified, in the absence of named leaders, as figureheads in these new movements? Why not orators, organisers, artists, musicians, singer-songwriters? Why journalists? Because people are sick of being lied to. Because young people want to be told the truth – that’s why they became part of movements that are, more than anything, about finally speaking truth to power. Because in a world of 24-hour news cycles and instagram, good writing, and good, clear, original thinking, still matter, are still worth something. At least, that’s what I’m telling myself, because I’ve got a good fifty years of rent checks still to make. I don’t have all the answers. I don’t know whether what I’m trying to do, and what some of the most audacious, inspiring young people I’ve had the privilege to meet over the past two years are trying to do is worth all that much in the long run.. You can find Laurie in various places, most especially her blog and her twitter, and I want to thank her right here for taking so much time out of her insane writing and publishing schedule to produce the above epic. April 16th, 2012 | researchmaterial This, the dot in question being Earth as seen from 3.7 billion miles away. This was taken in 1990, with a camera made in 1977, bolted on to Voyager 1 and having been in cold soak for some 13 years. It is, to me, suggestive of that science fiction trope of sending space travellers off to other solar systems, and relativity working it so by the time the explorers land, the people they left behind had evolved FTL over generations and beaten them there. Voyager 1 sails off into the dark, having 22 years ago taken the last good photo of Earth it could, wherein our world was imaged in a single blue pixel. And now we’re taking photos of the Uranian Northern Lights. I wonder exactly how difficult it would be to have the Hubble take a photo of Voyager 1. April 16th, 2012 | station ident Today’s Station Ident by Robert Porter, who says: This is a picture I took at the Chemical Heritage Museum in Philadelphia in October 2011, processed with Google+ Picnik tools. My wife had a couple of prints on display there in a group exhibit based on the periodic table. They wouldn’t let us take pictures of the new art, but the decades-old computer punch tape was fair game, apparently.

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(best viewed at 800 x 600 with IE6) Apologies if you have received more than one copy of this newsletter - To subscribe to the newsletter just send a blank email to newsletter-subscribe@shambles.net CLICK HERE to download a (Microsoft) "Word.doc" version of the May 2003 newsletter (337kB) CLICK HERE to download an (Adobe) "Acrobat.pdf" version of the May 2003 newsletter (600kB) INDEX (in no specific order) Technicians, Network and Systems Managers This is not a technical newsletter but one that is focused on Teaching and Learning and, in particular, how ICT can support this. But there is no doubt that without good technical support, network managers and systems managers then the schools of today and tomorrow will just not be able to provide the best for students. Recently I received the following email asking for advice: ' I'd love to know how to get my computer to shut down without seeing the "it's now safe to shut down your computer message". I've got a faulty power switch and its about 50 - 50 whether it will shut down or restart the computer. I've just installed a very good shutdown program which speeds up the shutdown process, but I still get that hated message at the end. How do you shut down the computer automatically? I use Windows 98 incidentally.' Now I do have some technical skills but only what I need for my work ... my strategy with requests such as these is to forward the email content to the experts and in this case I sent it to the Hong Kong technicians listserv (see below). Within 24 hours I had four replies three of which were a little technical .... but the most attractive solution received was "switch the PC off at the power point." ... now this is a technician I warm to ... thinking of people at the same time as machines ... many thanks. The following are a few resources and links that might be of interest to school technical staff and managers: top of page Students moving on to further education and other opportunities This will be of interest to international schools students who are leaving this term to move on to further education .... but, in addition, these links may be of help to those students who will be filling in their application forms next term. English Language Teaching Some items for teachers of English : A new English Language teaching page is being built on Shambles which brings together all the relevant links and resources on the website .. but it is still work in progress at top of page SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome This has obviously been very topical over the past few months and may be for a little time yet, the following two items may be of help. Mathematics A few items of interest to teachers of maths (math) ... this is where I make up for the lack of Maths references in earlier newsletters :: Incidentally there is a new webpage being constructed on Shambles that brings all of the Mathematics relayed areas together on one page top of page Science Education Review The Science Education Review (SER) is a new, peer-reviewed, international periodical for busy primary and secondary (K-12) school science teachers, available on-line, as Word document e-mail attachments, and / or in hard copy. . For an idea of the science questions addressed in the current, and previous, issues CLICK HERE Click on the website link above for more details, including how to receive your free trial for evaluation. top of page Shambles Professional Development Tour 2004 ..... (INSET & Professional Course) As mentioned in the last newsletter ..... the Shambles INSET planned for Feb. 2003 was postponed until Feb. 2004 ... Training course for ICT Coordinators and for "Aspiring" ICT Coordinators .. with full details available at the link above. The course will start with a face-to-face session in Bangkok a 3-day event run by UK facilitators followed by assignments to be done in school but with online help from the facilitators. The course is accredited by the Nottingham Trent University (UK). Deadline for applications is 30th November 2003 ... application details at the website above top of page New Journal of Innovation in Education The Specialist Schools Trust, in the United Kingdom, is to launch a new quarterly professional journal. This will be a paper-based journal. ‘Snapshots: The Specialist Schools Trust Journal of Innovation in Education’ is to specifically focus on new ideas, programs, policies and practices being trialed or fully implemented in schools (of all levels/types). Articles in ‘Snapshots’ will describe and discuss innovations in schools all around the world. As such, the journal represents an outstanding opportunity for schools to showcase the work of their staff and to share practical ideas on what works best to improve student outcomes. Through the journal, schools and educators will be encouraged to develop national and international networks, so that school-based research, experimentation with new ideas, the considered abandonment of old practices, and best practice can be shared more widely. This could therefore be a very valuable vehicle for international schools and especially involving the professional development of staff .... for more details visit the website or email Debra Brydon at brydon@bigpond.net.au I'll finish this with a quote from one of Debra's asking if you, a member of staff, or a team of staff in your school, would be able to assist by contributing a paper to the journal for possible publication. The focus would be on innovations that have been implemented in the past two or three years, or are planned for implementation in the near future." top of page Physical Education (PE) I've become aware of some unrest from the Physical Education teachers in schools that "Shambles" does not seem to be giving very much attention to this curriculum area. There are some areas on Shambles - for teachers at one for sport at and the Olympics are covered at But I admit that it could be better ... so suggestions from PE staff on what could help you would be appreciated and I promise to have a specialist page ready by the next newsletter. But while you are waiting you might like to look at the following which shows one way that ICT can help P.E. staff and their students: top of page Key Stage Three Strategy (UK) Sorry - this is one mainly for the International Schools offering the British Curriculum ... After the last newsletter I was contacted by Trevor Pedley an ICT Consultant at Leicestershire Local Education Authority in England. Trevor recommended that I brought schools attention to the website that promotes "The Key Stage 3 National Strategy which aims to raise standards by strengthening teaching and learning across the curriculum for all pupils aged 11 to 14" To help teacher with the National Curriculum for students in the first three years of secondary school then this website is well worth a visit. .... thanks Trevor .... does anyone have any other favourites they would like to share? top of page Education and ICT Conferences and Exhibitions There are several conferences and exhibitions coming up on Education and ICT, here is a selection of just a few that you might like to include in the school calendar or plan for your own professional development :: Incidentally there is a new ICT page being built on Shambles bringing all of the ICT resources and links together in one place ... still under construction but you can see the progress being made at Librarians and Libraries Those of you who I know personally will already realise that I rate librarians and library staff very highly ... the internet has made them more essential than ever. I also admire them because their role has changed even more than that of teachers - they have moved from being simply the custodians of the books to being Information Literacy managers and mentors. (did I just hear someone say .. "so have teachers"?) This is an evolutionary transformation which the vast majority have taken in their stride even though a few senior managers have yet to be convinced of the increased necessity for these staff (but fortunately it is only a few now). I'd like to bring a few resources to the attention of library staff (and school senior managers) top of page Teacher Recruitment Online This heading continues from the last newsletter as a topic that many teachers and administrators have a growing interest in. Last time I highlighted some case studies from schools who are already accepting applications online - and I also recommended that individual teachers should sign up for the free services offered by the Times Educational Supplement. As a result I received some feedback from schools asking if there was any third party support that could help them use online recruiting .... but support that required little technical knowledge or infrastructure and was not expensive. The answer to this is 'yes' there are several options and I'm please to be able to recommend "The Teacher Recruitment Company" as a good starter/entry option that carries zero financial risk for teachers and is very affordable for school administrators. For specific details CLICK HERE or go to Why not trial the service in 2003-2004? ... regardless of the size of your school ... it's an easy option which you can run parallel to your usual recruitment procedures so as to be able to evaluate it. top of page School Calendars 2003-2004 A reminder that there is a section dedicated to calendars on 'Shambles' at where you can download A3 size templates Webpages specifically for all the Australian International Schools are at and top of page e-learning A few items of interest related to elearning ... I'm beginning to sound like a car salesman ... but trust me .. I'm an educator .. ;-) ... for schools just moving into connecting to the internet (or those reviewing what they already have) and looking for the least painful network/internet management and application solution then "myinternet" is a very low risk and low cost opportunity. Watch this space for details of a further solution called "myclasses", or email me for details which I will send when available. By the way ... did you follow up on the elearning course on elearning mentioned in the last newsletter? ... if you need reminding of the details then "CLICK HERE" for a pop-up box Google Labs OK - I already know everyone is using the Google search engine but did you know that there is a 'research' department hidden way back in the company and it sounds like the people there are having some fun. They are playing with (sorry - exploring) different ways of presenting information and displaying search results ... one of the options is the Google Viewer .... where you can view search results as scrolling webpages .. this could be particularly useful for displays in schools top of page Retirement In a few weeks time, at the end of term, there will be a section of our school communities who come to the end of their teaching careers and make ready for the third age of retirement. I hope that schools bid these staff the quality of farewells that they deserve after a lifetime given to the worlds third oldest profession (I'll leave you guessing at number two). But being unable to resist I should be grateful if the new retirees could give me some feedback over the next year. An area has been established on the Shambles website specifically to support staff who are about to retire. It can be accessed from the front page => Professional Development => Advice for Retiring Teachers. The new area is incomplete and under development, especially with the advice to USA and Australian teachers .... any advice you could provide would be most welcome ... please email me (in your spare time that is) ... but firstly have a great time ... no longer ruled by school bells! to a new school. ... and best wishes to all those teachers and support staff who are leaving Asia and moving on to new opportunities, I'm sure you will miss the place and the people. The next newsletter will be late October2003 Feedback Any feedback you can give about this newsletter would be appreciated .... especially ideas or contributions for future editions ... I actually think this newsletter edition was a little too long .. do you agree? Have an enjoyable summer holiday top of page Musical interlude I received a very favourable response to the musical addition in the last newsletter. which featured Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and the Salvation Army Band so here is a second offering in recognition of the cancelled Rolling Stones concert in Bangkok CLICK HERE you need to be connected to the internet of course (can you identify the main singer ... the same guy as last time) To subscribe to future editions (if not already subscribed) just send a blank email to newsletter) |

Eva Brumberger and Claire Lauer, Arizona State University Abstract Purpose: This article investigates technical/professional communication job postings in two non-US markets in order to develop an evidence-based understanding of the ways in which job requirements and responsibilities may differ from those in the US. Method: We analyzed 474 job postings in India and the United Kingdom/Ireland. We conducted a content analysis of the postings, coding for information products, technologies, professional competencies, and personal characteristics. We compared postings to postings for the US, utilizing ANOVA and CHI square measures to evaluate whether differences in the data were meaningful. Results: The study reveals substantial variation regarding employer expectations. US postings are characterized by higher experience levels and more qualifications than postings for the international markets, with greater focus on user documentation and reports, working with SMEs, usability/testing, technology, and personal characteristics. The Indian postings are the most distinct from the US positions, with differing experience levels and emphasis on what qualifications are important. Conclusion: The study emphasizes a need for greater understanding of international technical communication and the ways outsourcing may impact career choices. The variation across markets suggests that we cannot assume standard practices in the US transcend linguistic, geographical, and cultural boundaries. This is important both for meeting the challenges of outsourcing and for international collaborations more broadly. The study also highlights the need for curricula to address the complexities of a global workplace by providing students with both technical communication and intercultural competencies. Keywords: outsourcing, international, core competencies, India, United Kingdom/Ireland Practitioner’s Takeaway: - Extends studies that have examined core competencies for the field by analyzing job requirements in two important international technical communication markets. - Provides evidence-based understanding of professional competencies, personal characteristics, information products, and technologies sought after by employers in India, a key outsourcing market. - Extends the literature on globalization and outsourcing within technical communication by providing data that can support successful global collaborations and professional interactions. - Provides empirical data for practitioners addressing the challenges of outsourcing, as well as for academic programs engaged with preparing graduates for the complexities of a global workplace. Introduction Fast and relatively inexpensive global communication has created numerous opportunities for the field of technical communication. Foremost among these is that it facilitates user-centered information development that can happen regardless of the physical location of both the writer and the user. It allows for the convenience of remote work and for productive collaborations that would have been unfeasible, if not impossible, even 15 years ago. Partly as a result of these developments, the technical communication workforce is now globally distributed, through United States companies and organizations with international offices and through companies that are based solely in other countries, with no US presence. However, communication flexibility and ease of access to a global workforce have also introduced new challenges for US technical communicators, not the least of which is outsourcing. Although scholars have examined various facets of the globalization of technical communication, including issues related specifically to outsourcing, there is little research focused on what technical communication actually looks like in international professional contexts. Yet, this knowledge is vital to successful global collaborations and is essential for practitioners in the US and internationally, as they attempt to forge career paths that respond to outsourcing trends. The goal of our project is to develop an evidence-based understanding of technical communication job requirements and responsibilities in international contexts. We report the findings of an analysis of 474 industry job postings from two English-speaking international markets: the United Kingdom/Ireland and India. We then compare the international data to findings from an analysis of over 900 US job ads (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). The international study results emphasize the range of abilities required of professional communicators in English-speaking international contexts, but, more importantly, the data highlight intersections and divergences with comparable data for US jobs that may be linked to cultural patterns and practices. The findings have implications for US and international practitioners, as well as for academic programs. Past Research Hackos and Hackos (2008) argue that technical communicators need to develop strategies for overcoming international competition. Some of the methods they suggest include single-sourcing and content management, utilizing technology to reduce production costs, and even managing hiring practices and salary increases to keep costs down. Increasing workflow efficiency seems essential irrespective of outsourcing, given the ever-shifting ground of economic downturns, corporate mergers, and competitive markets. However, utilizing interns and “lower cost staff” (p. 119) as cost-reduction measures serves as its own form of outsourcing and ultimately undermines the value and status of technical communication. A more sustainable strategy—and one that addresses globalization more broadly—is for technical communicators to re-envision their roles. Faber and Johnson-Eilola (2002) contend that a global information economy “requires technical communicators who are constantly reunderstanding and re-presenting their own value in both conceptual and applied ways” (p. 141). Melton (2008) asserts that outsourcing is “an opportunity for technical communicators to redefine themselves and find new applications for their abilities” (p. 124). And yet, on what should we base this redefinition? Put differently, what information can we use to support efforts to reconsider and re-present our value in a global information economy? As St.Amant (2011) suggests, it is essential to develop an understanding of the ways linguistic and cultural factors, as well as education and training, can shape international technical communication practices. For example, several scholars have commented on language issues in outsourced technical communication produced in India—issues that may stem primarily from the differences between Indian English and US English (see, e.g., Roy & Grice, 2010; Abel, 2013). However, linguistic factors are arguably the most straightforward issues to address; cultural factors are more complicated. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, although they are not without critics, have served as a longstanding starting point for understanding cultural values that play a role in behavioral patterns. Hofstede (2001) posits five dimensions: individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long/short-term orientation. Individualism and collectivism focus on the relationships between the individual and groups within a culture. In a highly individualistic culture, the focus is on the individual; decisions are made based on individual needs and preferences, self-reliance is highly valued, and individual achievement is seen as more important than group harmony. Power distance refers to the degree to which people expect and accept an unequal distribution of power; in a high power distance culture, top-down hierarchical structures are typical. The masculinity/femininity dimension refers to a cultural preference for achievement and assertiveness (masculine) vs. cooperation and modesty (feminine), while uncertainty avoidance reflects how members of a culture react to uncertainty and ambiguity. Finally, short- versus long-term orientation refers to the way in which a culture prioritizes immediate challenges or future goals. Cultural factors also include workplace practices that are shaped by these broader patterns. Because writing is culturally situated (Jeyaraj, 2005)—dependent both upon the writer’s culture and upon the writer’s understanding of the user’s culture—this becomes a critical issue for outsourced technical communication. Barnum (2011) notes that cultural patterns can interfere with the effectiveness of international email communication; it stands to reason that this extends to other forms of technical communication as well, particularly forms for which the end-user is less well-defined. Although underlying cultural factors are central to workplace and communication patterns, some of the issues raised in the outsourcing literature may stem as much from differences in the training of technical communicators in different markets. For example, in the UK, technical communication has been recognized as a field for some time. The Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators (ISTC)—comparable to the Society for Technical Communication in the US—was formed in 1972 from three pre-existing related organizations. In addition to publishing technical communication books, a monthly newsletter, and a quarterly journal, the ISTC offers professional development opportunities that include an annual conference, accreditation of training courses, and a mentoring structure (istc.org.uk). The UK and Ireland also have some academic programs in technical communication and related areas. For instance, the University of Limerick offers both a graduate certificate and a master’s degree in technical communication, while other academic institutions offer programs in closely related areas, such as communication and applied linguistics, science communication, communication design, and translation studies. In contrast, technical communication as a field was relatively unknown in India before the 1990s, and therefore is less established than it may be in other markets (Sathe, 2009). As a result, Indian technical writers have fewer opportunities to develop professional competencies. Although there is a post-graduate diploma available at the University of Pune (Pandit, 2011), and the academic offerings continue to grow, there are as yet no degree programs dedicated specifically to technical communication, so Indian students seeking such a degree must have the means and the English proficiency to complete a degree online or in another country. Most technical communication training in India instead happens through participation in professional organizations such as Technical Writers of India, through on-the-job mentoring, and through short courses offered by private institutes (Roy & Grice, 2010; Evia, 2008; Natarajan & Pandit, 2008; Padmanabhan, 2011). On-the-job mentoring is, of course, how many technical communicators—not only those in India—layer new knowledge on top of the foundational skillset they bring to a position. However, as Roy and Grice (2010) point out, “Such training might be highly organization-specific and overly specialized to fit specific types of projects” (p. 219); this becomes problematic when the technical communicator lacks a broader grounding in the field, whether that is gained through experience or academic training. The training programs available through private institutes in India likewise do not provide a conceptual or theoretical foundation in technical communication, but instead are very tools-oriented (Evia, 2008). Evia reports that “These programs range from one-day courses to six-month seminars, and most of them focus on teaching editing functions of Microsoft Word. There is very little content about communication or writing theory” (p. 40)—content that forms the backbone of effective technical communication. Indeed, Padmanabhan contends that the situation in India “mirrors the growth of technical communication in the United States before the advent of formal education programs in the field” (p. 52). As this brief overview suggests, linguistic, cultural, and educational factors all impact international technical communication; an in-depth understanding of these areas can serve as a foundation for technical communicators seeking to redefine their value and reimagine potential career paths in a global information economy. In order to build on that foundation, however, the field needs research that examines how these aspects manifest themselves in the international workplace. For example, we have little research on technical communication practices in the UK, although it is a significant international market. Likewise, although India is the largest outsourcing market for US technical communication, “scholarly research on writing and technical communication in the Indian subcontinent is almost nonexistent” (Natarajan & Pandit, 2008, p. 12). Melton (2008) argues that technical communicators “who can help organizations solve the communication challenges of outsourcing will be highly valued, whether they come from within the organization or are hired from the outside” (p. 124). Ultimately, solving those challenges requires empirical data that illustrate how technical communication in outsourcing markets compares to that in other international markets and in the US. Are there measurable differences in training and experience levels of technical communicators? In employer expectations of knowledge, skills, and workplace practices? And, if there are differences in these areas, what opportunities might they create for technical communicators both within the US and internationally? These are the questions our study seeks to answer. Methodology In order to answer the broader questions posed above, we began with four more granular questions about international technical communication practices: - What genre knowledge is important to technical communication employers in non-US markets? - What technology skills do non-US employers expect of technical communicators? - What professional competencies and personal characteristics are necessary for technical communicators in non-US markets? - How do the products, technology skills, professional competencies, and personal characteristics called for in each of the international markets compare to one another and to those called for in US jobs? We subsequently narrowed the questions even further by focusing only on English-speaking markets, specifically Australia, Canada, India1, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. We focused on these markets for three reasons. First, we needed a manageable scope for the study, in terms of collecting and interpreting the jobs data; we lacked the resources to effectively and efficiently translate job information from other languages. Second, these markets include two centers of international technical communication activity—the UK and India—which provide a broad basis for comparison and, even more importantly, a basis that includes both Western and Eastern perspectives. Finally, and most significantly, one of these markets—India—remains a key destination for the outsourcing of US technical communication. Data Collection There are a variety of ways to study the kinds of work technical communicators do on the job, including surveying and interviewing technical communicators and managers, or conducting ethnographic observations. However, when dealing with multiple markets separated by vast physical space and cultural customs, it would be very difficult to systematically measure and compare requirements, practices, and expectations through surveys or site visits. Such a comparison requires consistent and detailed sampling that job advertisements are especially good at providing. Thus, our study utilized a methodology previously developed to examine comparable data for US technical communication jobs (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015; Lanier, 2009). One limitation of this approach is, of course, that we cannot be certain that job postings accurately reflect the tasks and responsibilities of the job. However, even though the postings cannot capture the subtleties of day-to-day practices that field research may provide, they do reveal hiring patterns, and from those hiring patterns, we can infer patterns in workplace practices. We selected Monster.com as the job posting collection site for several reasons. First, we wanted to use only one job search site within each region, in order to minimize the likelihood of duplicate postings, since companies often advertise the same job in multiple places. We also wanted to utilize the same job search site across all regions, in order to reduce the possibility of errors introduced by differences in design and structure across sites. And finally, we wanted a job search site that would return the highest volume of job postings. At the time of data collection, Monster.com and Indeed.com were the two most prominent job search sites with postings for all of the regions we were looking at. A preliminary search with multiple job titles suggested that Monster.com was the best choice in terms of the overall volume of technical communication postings. For search terms (see Table 1), we drew on job titles identified in US jobs research (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). However, because job titles are not always consistent across countries, we first conducted a pilot search to ensure that the US job titles were utilized in each of the markets and to determine whether additional search terms were needed. Based on the preliminary search, we added two new job titles to the search terms: bid writer and technical author. Table 1. Job title search terms We collected approximately 600 international job postings in a one-month period from October to November of 2014, and then culled any duplicate postings, as well as postings that were not clearly for technical/professional communication positions. We considered screening out postings from multi-national companies—that is, companies with operations in multiple countries. However, because many technical communication jobs are advertised through agencies, and because company details in the postings are often quite limited, this was not feasible. Additionally, the inclusion of postings from multi-national companies would be more likely to flatten differences observed across regions rather than exaggerate them, so including these postings was unlikely to result in “false positives”—in data that showed differences where there were none. We ultimately decided to omit the data from Australia and Canada, because there were too few jobs posted to allow for reliable analyses: There were only 29 postings for Australia and 27 for Canada. Although there was a similarly low number of job postings for Ireland, initial analyses revealed no substantive differences between the 20 postings for Ireland and the 196 postings for the UK. Thus, we were able to combine the data for the UK and Ireland, treating them as one region; in the sections that follow, we refer to the combined region as UK-IR. This process left us with a total of 474 job postings in two regions: 258 in India and 216 in the UK-IR. Data analysis We analyzed the 474 international job postings for the same variables examined in previous research on job postings in the US (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). That is, for each job posting, we recorded the position title, industry sector, experience level, and education level requested. We also noted the information products (e.g. reports, user guides, etc.) that new hires would be producing and the technology skills (e.g., software) needed. We then conducted a content analysis (see Huckin, 2004) of the job descriptions, coding for professional competencies and personal characteristics expected of applicants. Competencies are concrete professional abilities, such as editing and project management, while personal characteristics are more abstract traits, such as critical thinking, flexibility, and leadership, conceptual skills that reflect “high-order knowledge and literacies a technical communicator needs to be successful” (Henschel & Meloncon, 2014, p. 5). For the coding process, we utilized the same codes that were developed for research examining technical communication jobs within the US (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). Once the data were coded, we compared the job postings for each region to one another and to previously collected data for 914 technical communication jobs in the US (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). That is, we compared the UK-IR data to the data for India, and we also compared the data for each of the international regions individually to the data for the US. We relied on two statistical measures in order to evaluate whether the differences observed in the data were meaningful. First, we conducted one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) to examine whether there were quantitative differences among the three markets. That is, we determined whether the overall number of qualifications—products, technologies, competencies, or characteristics—requested in the job postings varied according to region. Utilizing post-hoc tests, we were able to determine which region(s) differed. Second, we performed contingency analyses (Pearson’s CHI squares) in order to examine whether there was a statistical difference in which qualifications were called for across the three regions. The CHI square compares the observed results to the results that would be expected if differences were due to chance. For all qualifications for which the CHI square returned a significant result, we ran additional pairwise CHI squares (comparing two of the three regions) accompanied by a Fisher’s Exact Test, which enabled us to examine whether the proportion of jobs calling for a particular qualification differed across regions (e.g., did the proportion of jobs calling for “collaboration” differ in the US vs. UK-IR vs. India?). For all statistical tests, we report the results as significant only if p<.05. Results Throughout the sections that follow, we compare the data for India and the UK-IR to US jobs data (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). We begin with an overview of broader differences among the markets before looking more closely at products, technologies, competencies, and personal characteristics. General market differences Job categories Based on job titles, five main categories of jobs were evident in the postings (see Figure 1). One of the interesting points that emerges from the data is that the traditional category of “technical writer” is far less prevalent in the UK-IR and India than it is the US, even with the heavy percentage of jobs in information technology across all three regions (see Industry Sectors below). The relatively new category of content developer accounts for just under one-quarter (23%) of the jobs in the US but over half of the jobs in both the UK-IR (51%) and India (58%). It is within this job category that the strongest differences emerge. In the US, content developer positions typically encompass a broader range of competencies and writing tasks than do technical writer positions (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015); this pattern held for the international job postings. However, there were numerous inconsistencies in what a content developer looks like in the three markets. For example, US content developer positions typically call for more skill with Adobe Creative Suite and content management systems; as well as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript; than do technical writing positions (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). In contrast, in the Indian content developer postings, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Dreamweaver, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are requested less often than for technical writer jobs. The regional differences are not confined to tools; there are inconsistencies in competencies, personal characteristics, and information products as well. Most notable is that the US and UK-IR content developer jobs call for more multimodal work, which is not the case in India. The UK-IR postings align more closely with the US than the Indian postings do, but inconsistencies across regions suggest that the job title of content developer may not be applied the same way in India, and possibly even in the UK-IR, as it is in the US. These inconsistencies make comparisons across job categories unreliable, as does the smaller number of jobs within each job category for the UK-IR and India. Thus, for the remaining analyses, we consider the job postings from each region as a group, without categorizing them further; we will, however, note results in which the content developer/technical writer distinction and other job categories may play a role. Industry sectors Figure 2 illustrates the top industry sectors advertising technical communication jobs. In India, two industries—information technology and advertising/marketing/public relations—account for 75% of the jobs; the jobs in the UK-IR and the US are much more distributed across industries. Not surprisingly, though, information technology, which accounts for almost half (47%) of the India jobs, remains a key industry in both the UK-IR and the US, accounting for 20% of the job postings in each. The only other industry that commands such a substantial chunk of the market is Advertising/Marketing/PR. As Figure 3 illustrates, however, Advertising/Marketing/PR accounts for far more jobs in India (28%) than it does in the UK-IR (19%); in the domestic technical communication market, only 9% of the jobs are in Advertising/Marketing/PR. The numbers may suggest that the line between the technical communication and marketing/PR industries—and their respective skillsets—may be less clear in India and the UK-IR than it tends to be in the US. Experience levels Experience levels were another area in which there were notable differences across regions (see Figure 3). Virtually all (99%) of the India postings stipulate a range for years of experience, and the experience called for is substantially lower than that in the UK-IR and the US. Just over half (52%) of the Indian postings called for fewer than two years of experience. For the UK-IR, the curve shifts to the right: Only 18% of the positions were specifically seeking applicants with fewer than two years of experience, although 44% did not specify experience level. The curve for the US shifts still farther to the right, this time with peaks at two years and five years, suggesting that, overall, US technical communication positions call for more experience than the UK-IR and Indian positions. Education levels As Figure 4 illustrates, education levels for the UK-IR are quite different from India and the US. In the UK-IR market, approximately one-third (35%) of the job postings call for a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, while 63% do not specify an education level at all. Again, there is at least one dedicated technical communication program in the UK-IR, as well as others that offer a focus in technical communication or a related area. Still, it is possible that the relatively low number of jobs calling for a bachelor’s degree could be due to the limited number of universities that offer a technical communication degree. However, this pattern does not hold true for India. In India, a bachelor’s degree is required for the majority (61%) of jobs, which is true for the US as well (57%), while approximately one-third of the jobs in each region do not indicate an education level. At first glance, the alignment between India and the US in education levels is striking. However, a bachelor’s degree in India is not necessarily comparable to a bachelor’s degree in the US; many Indian bachelor degrees are three-year programs rather than the four-year standard in the US (World Education Services, 2014). As significant, though, is the content of those degrees. Students can obtain a degree in English, but it is a literature degree (Jeyaraj, 2005). Thus, although the job postings may call for a bachelor’s degree, that degree may be only tangentially related to technical communication work, which is less likely in the US, where there are now numerous technical communication programs. (percentages under 1% omitted) Information products Information products are the various genres and content types that applicants produce on the job. As shown in Figure 5, the job postings in all three markets reflect a diverse set of information products, but there are measurable differences in the genre knowledge expected. Overall, however, the Indian postings mention fewer products, on average, than either the UK-IR (p=.001) or the US (p=.001), the latter two of which are comparable to one another in the number of products. A series of chi squares revealed that there were also statistically significant differences across regions in terms of what information products are called for. The sharpest difference is in user guides/technical documentation, which are called for in 53% of the US job postings but only 23% and 25% of the UK-IR and Indian postings, respectively (p<.0001). Reports and database content also appear proportionally more often in US jobs than in either UK-IR or India jobs (p<.001). Grants/proposals and multimodal/video content were both more prevalent in the US and UK-IR than in India (p<.001). The former can be explained by the fact that there are few grant writing positions among the India job postings. The difference in multimodal/video is particularly intriguing. Multimodal/video appears in 20% of the postings for the US, and 25% of those for the UK-IR; however, it appears in only 9% of the Indian postings. This substantial difference may point to a focus on verbal communication over visual communication in Indian technical communication (see Competencies, below). It may also reflect technical limitations that makes multimedia and video content less functional in India. For example, India has an average connection speed of 2.5 Mbps, compared to 13 Mbps in the UK, 12.4 Mbps in Ireland, and 12.6 in the US (). Three products dominated in the UK-IR job postings. Website content and promotional/marketing material appeared more frequently in those postings (56% and 44%, respectively) than in either the US or the Indian postings (p<.0001). Additionally, social media writing was more prevalent in the UK-IR postings (40%)—and in those from India (33%)—than it was in the US postings (21%) (p<.0001). The substantial number of jobs in the UK-IR and India that mention social media writing—despite the fact that social media writing jobs comprise only 15% and 9% of the total jobs in those regions, respectively—demonstrates the rise in importance of social media communication across all kinds of technical communication jobs. It may also reflect the greater percentage of jobs in Advertising/Marketing/PR in those two regions, and the greater proportion of jobs with a content development focus, as compared to in the US. And finally, two products appeared more frequently in the job postings from India than in the postings from either the US or the UK-IR: white papers/articles (p<.0001) and newsletters (p<.01). These products coincide with the greater emphasis on written communication requested in Indian jobs (see Competencies, below). Website content was significantly more prevalent in the postings from India than those from the US (p<.01) but, as noted above, was less prevalent in the Indian postings than in the UK-IR postings (p<.0001). Technologies Technology is an area in which the US jobs postings look quite different from the international postings we collected (see Figure 6); the US jobs place more emphasis on technology than either the UK-IR (p<.0001) or India (p<.0001), while the latter two regions are comparable to one another in the average number of technologies called for in the job postings. Additionally, the regions differ regarding which technologies are in demand. Perhaps most notable is the dominance of MS Office in the US as compared to the UK-IR and India (p<.0001). MS Office is called for in 50% of the US jobs but only 17% and 22% of the UK-IR and Indian jobs, respectively. Likewise, MS Visio and SharePoint are more prevalent in the US job postings than in either the UK-IR or India job postings (p<.0001). Additionally, the US postings are much more likely to specify tools within Adobe Creative Suite, including Photoshop, Acrobat, Illustrator/Fireworks, and InDesign (all p<.0001); the difference across regions was smaller, though still significant (p<.01), for Dreamweaver. There is one technology that appears proportionally much more often in the UK-IR job postings than in either the US or the India (p<.0001) postings: content management systems (CMS). CMS were called for in 27% of the UK-IR job postings; the US and India were comparable to one another, at 14% and 13%, respectively. This finding is somewhat surprising, in that the prevalence of content developer job postings would lead one to think that CMS would be equally important in India as it is in the UK-IR. This may again point to a difference in what “content development” means in the various regions. Competencies While the US and UK-IR job postings are comparable to one another in the number of competencies they require, the Indian postings on average call for significantly fewer (p<.001). Additionally, there are marked differences in which competencies figure prominently in a given market (see Figure 7). Several competencies are significantly more prevalent in the US job postings than in the postings for the other two regions: visual communication (p<.0001), research (p<.0001), subject matter familiarity (p<.0001), working with subject matter experts (SMEs) (p<.0001), and usability/testing (p<.001). Meanwhile, both content development (p<.0001) and Web analytics (p<.0001) are called for less frequently in the US postings than in the postings from the UK-IR and India, which is in keeping with the different percentages of content developer jobs. Written communication is the most called-for competency across all three regions, but it is less prevalent in the job postings from the UK-IR than in the postings from the US and India (p<.0001), and the same is true for oral/verbal communication (p<.0001). At the same time, though, unspecified communication is mentioned more frequently in the UK-IR job postings (p<.0001), so it may be that there is simply less specificity regarding communication in those postings. The UK-IR job postings also place greater emphasis on audience awareness (p<.0001), client communication (p<.0001), and business/strategic planning (p<.0001), and less emphasis on editing (p<.0001) and research (p<.0001) than postings for either of the other two markets. The postings for the UK-IR thus seem to be distinguished by a greater emphasis on client interactions. These findings could be related to a greater percentage of jobs in the UK-IR being in retail/consumer products; the data may also point to the higher percentage of content developer positions in the UK-IR. That the pattern does not hold for the Indian postings may again suggest a disparity in how content developer positions are defined in that market. The job postings for India suggest that these are positions which greatly emphasize written communication, even more so than in the US (p=.01). However, styles/style guides and standards are less prevalent (p<.001) in the Indian postings, as are subject matter familiarity (p<.0001), and translating complex material (p<.01), which suggests that the written communication being called for is relatively basic. The Indian postings require less expertise in several other areas as well. They reflect the least emphasis on client/customer communication (p<.0001) and business/strategic planning (p<.0001) of the three regions, and project planning/management is far less prevalent as well (p<.0001). This finding suggests these positions require less sophisticated attention to audience and are less advanced positions overall, which may be in keeping with the lower experience levels noted for the region. However, in US job postings, none of these competencies is tied to experience level (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). The Indian job postings also give the least attention to visual communication among the three regions (p<.0001), which aligns with the low proportion of India job postings calling for multimodal/video content. In the US, 76% of the postings emphasize written communication, and 43% call for visual communication. In the UK-IR, those percentages are 61% and 34%. In India, however, the gap is enormous, with 83% of the job postings calling for written communication, and only 25% calling for visual communication. These differences could be related to technical communication training, to software availability, to Internet speed, and even to what kind of information development work comprises technical communication and content development in India as compared to the US and the UK-IR. There is one final competency that merits discussion here, and that is localization/globalization. We coded for localization/globalization if a posting indicated that job responsibilities might include any sort of intercultural or international competence, such as working with an internationally distributed team, crafting documentation for users in other cultures or countries, and so on. There is essentially no difference in the frequency with which localization/globalization appears in the job postings in the three regions. However, what is interesting is not the lack of difference but the fact that this essential competency figures so little in the job postings. This finding is disheartening but not overly surprising for the US job postings; as Thatcher (2008) notes, the US has “a long way to go” in terms of overcoming ethnocentrism and increasing sensitivity to cultural differences (p. 216); the data are, however, unexpected for India, given its role as an outsourcing market. Personal characteristics The US job postings place a much greater emphasis on personal characteristics than either the UK-IR jobs (p<.001) or the Indian jobs (p<.0001); the latter two markets are comparable to one another in the average number of personal characteristics indicated in job postings. However, there are again some striking differences in terms of which characteristics figure more prominently (see Figure 8). Collaboration is the most commonly mentioned characteristic in both the US and UK-IR job postings, appearing in 56% of the postings for each region. Although collaboration is also one of the most prevalent characteristics for the Indian postings, it appears in only 39% of the job descriptions, a highly significant difference (p<.0001). A similar pattern holds true for independence/initiative/motivation (p<.0001), which appears in 41% of the US postings and 46% of the UK-IR postings but only 27% of the Indian postings. Interpersonal skills figure less prominently, but they follow this same pattern across regions (p=.01). There are also several characteristics that are central to the US job postings but are far less visible in postings for the other two regions. Foremost among these is time management and the ability to meet deadlines (p=.01), visible in 50% of the US job postings but only 43% and 41% of the UK-IR and Indian postings, respectively. Likewise, analytical/critical thinking (p<.0001), detail-orientation (p<.0001), organization (p<.0001), and even multitasking (p<.0001)—all characteristics that we view as critical to the work of technical communicators in the US, and that appear in at least 30% of the US job postings—figure far less prominently in the job postings for the UK-IR and India. Two final characteristics that appear relatively often in US job postings are much less prevalent in the UK-IR and India postings: problem solving (p<.0001) and flexibility (p<.01). There is one personal characteristic that is significantly more prevalent in the UK-IR job postings than in either the US or India, and that is creativity (p<.0001). It appears in 29% of the UK-IR job descriptions, 21% of the Indian postings, and only 16% of the US postings. Greater emphasis on creativity is typical of postings for content developer positions. Discussion Like job postings from the US (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015), the job postings for the UK-IR and India reflect the breadth of work that has come to characterize technical communication. However, the data highlight important differences in genre knowledge, technology skills, professional competencies, and personal characteristics across the three markets. Overall, the US job postings are characterized by higher experience levels and a greater number of qualifications than the job postings for either of the two international markets. These findings may reflect the maturity of the technical communication field in the US. At the same time, the information products in the US postings reflect a greater focus on user documentation and reports, with an accompanying emphasis on working with subject matter experts and on usability/testing. This seems to suggest that the US market is still dominated by more traditional forms of technical communication, again perhaps because of its longer history in the field or because it is home to larger, more established companies (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). These differences may also account for some of the differences in the technologies called for across regions, as well as the greater visibility of technology overall in the US postings. Finally, and perhaps most intriguingly, the US job postings have a much greater focus than either of the international markets on personal characteristics, including analytical/critical thinking, detail orientation, organization, and multitasking—all of which are central to US technical communication work. Of the two international markets we examined, the UK-IR job postings are most closely aligned with those from the US, with comparable numbers of information products and competencies. However, the UK-IR postings specify fewer personal characteristics and technologies, and they tend to require less experience; they are also less likely to specify a minimum level of education. The data suggest that the majority of the differences between the US and UK-IR job postings can be explained by the high percentage of content development positions in the UK-IR. The UK-IR jobs reflect more attention to client communication, website content, and promotional materials than is visible in either the US or Indian jobs. Additionally, the UK-IR positions put greater emphasis on creativity and on the use of content management systems. All of these differences align with a content development emphasis, particularly when that emphasis is accompanied by a greater share of jobs in marketing-related areas. The Indian job postings are the most distinct from the US positions. The job titles suggest that the Indian positions are weighted toward content development/management, but the qualifications called for in the postings do not align particularly well with content development positions in the US. Taken as a whole, the Indian postings reflect differing expectations for experience levels and preparation/training, fewer qualifications, and differing emphasis on which qualifications are important, with an overwhelming emphasis on written communication. The findings seem to suggest that the positions in India are largely entry-level. However, in US job postings, the majority of the qualifications called for do not vary with experience levels; they are core competencies of the field (Brumberger & Lauer, 2015). This difference, then, may suggest that the Indian job postings reflect a narrower set of core competencies. Broader cultural factors may shape some of the patterns observed in the job postings for the different markets, including the quantity of detail included and the types of qualifications emphasized. For instance, India differs markedly from both the US and the UK-IR on two of Hofstede’s (2003) cultural dimensions: individualism/collectivism and power distance. The US, UK, and Ireland all rank high on individualism, much higher than India, which tends to have more of a balance between individualistic and collectivistic traits (Itim International). In keeping with these rankings, independence, initiative, and self-motivation figure prominently in the job postings for the US and the UK-IR, but not for India. Additionally, given the greater emphasis on collectivism in India, hiring decisions there may well be based less on evidence of one’s experience and abilities, and more on relationships, which may explain the less detailed job postings that seem to characterize the market. Similarly, the US, UK, and Ireland all rank fairly low on power distance, while India ranks high. The greater number of products and competencies called for in job postings for the US and UK-IR may in part reflect greater reliance on the expertise of the individual rather than the manager. In India, however, the high power distance would mean an explicitly top-down workplace, in which the manager is the expert who controls and directs the work of his team members, valuing compliance over independence (Itim International). These and other cultural patterns may account for several of the differences observed in the job data, particularly differences between India and the other two markets. Responding to the challenges posed by outsourcing, then, demands an understanding of underlying cultural factors as well as recognition of the visible differences themselves. Ironically, the job postings for all three markets demonstrate a similar and notable lack of attention to cultural issues. Implications & Conclusion Although our study examined only two international markets, it reveals substantial variation across those markets regarding employer expectations for technical communicators. The divergences revealed by the data emphasize how problematic it is to assume that practices and skills accepted as norms in the US transcend linguistic, geographical, and cultural boundaries. As Melton (2011) argues, many of our assumptions about what constitutes effective technical communication are US-centric. Research into additional markets—particularly non-English speaking markets—is needed and could well reveal more patterns that challenge these assumptions. This is important not only for addressing the difficulties of outsourcing but also for the success of international collaborations more broadly. Ironically, the lack of attention to issues of localization and globalization in the job postings suggests that technical communication employers in all three regions are either taking intercultural/international competence for granted, or, more likely, are not foregrounding it as a core competency. One could argue that, in an age of globalization, employers simply assume new hires will have a certain degree of intercultural competence. However, the same claim could be made for longstanding technical communication competencies (written communication, e.g.), and those still feature prominently in the job postings. Precisely because most technical communicators produce content that may ultimately be shared globally, our data suggest that employers need to give more attention to issues of localization and globalization as they pertain to technical communication. An ongoing ethnographic study of US technical communicators on the job reinforces this finding (authors, unpublished). For example, at one of our research sites, technical communication work is done by writers in both the US and India. Some of the US writers are paired with Indian writers in a mentoring relationship and express frustration with their mentees’ work habits and skills, which they judge according to US expectations. Intercultural training in the workplace would not by itself resolve these issues, of course. However, it would help both groups understand the source of the difficulties and better equip them to collaborate effectively, which could also result in deliverables that are ultimately better suited to their global users. Our study also offers empirical support for the claim that outsourcing may bring new opportunities for technical communicators. The more extensive skillsets requested overall in US jobs postings as compared to those from the UK-IR and India may provide leverage for US technical communicators who work with employers and clients in those markets. The broad range of competencies called for in US job postings may also help to position US technical communicators to conduct training sessions to help international counterparts better meet the expectations and communication needs of US users. On a more granular level, the data suggest that project planning/management figures far more prominently in the US and the UK/IR jobs than it does in those for India. This divergence may point to an area in which US and UK/IR technical communicators may be well positioned to take leadership roles in collaborations with colleagues in India. Likewise, the study reveals that visual and multimodal content development, including both conceptual knowledge and tools, are more prevalent in US technical communication job postings. This, then, may be another area in which US technical communicators can make substantial contributions. In each of these areas, however, intercultural competencies will again be essential and should be advocated for in the workplace, even with technical communicators’ expertise in working with diverse audiences. For academic programs, the study serves as a reminder of the complexities of a global workplace and the importance of helping students learn to be flexible and agile thinkers in order to succeed in a competitive market. US curricula include a much greater focus on international issues than they did just over a decade ago (Meloncon & Henschel, 2013), and this is essential. Attention to localization/globalization should be part of every technical communication curriculum and should include discussion of workplace issues and strategies for collaborating with technical communicators from other cultures and countries. Such an approach would help graduates—all graduates, not only those from the US—meet the demands of a global workplace. As Faber and Johnson-Eilola (2002) contend, globalization is “a complex and diverse process that does not lead to obvious answers” (p. 136). Addressing the challenges of globalization and outsourcing is not simply about overcoming international competition. It is also about recognizing and responding effectively to the myriad complexities of globalized technical communication—its products, its users, its potential impacts. The study we present here is obviously only one feature of an intricate global landscape. An analysis of job postings cannot capture the nuances of the workplace, but it does reveal patterns that characterize the field and are comparable across markets. Likewise, a comparison of three markets is limited in its generalizability, but the questions raised and methodology utilized can serve as one model for investigating and comparing technical communication practices in different countries. In terms of international technical communication and outsourcing, this is valuable foundational data in an underexplored area, data that can help technical communicators can define their value, maximize their relevancy, and better meet user needs in a continually shifting global market. Endnotes - Although English is, of course, not the sole language spoken in India, it is one of India’s official languages and the language of technical communication work there. References Abel, S. (2013). The problem with outsourcing production documentation overseas. EContent: Digital Content, Media, and Publishing Strategies, March 13, 2013. Retrieved from Barnum, C. (2011). What we have here is a failure to communicate: How cultural factors affect online communication between east and west. In K. St.Amant & F. Sapienza (Eds.), Culture, communication and cyberspace: Rethinking technical communication for international online environments (pp. 131–182). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Brumberger, E., & C. Lauer. (2015). The evolution of technical communication: An analysis of industry job postings. Technical Communication, 62, 224–243. Evia, C. (2008). Defining technical communication in the United States and India: A contrastive analysis of established curricula and desired abilities. In C. Evia & B. Thatcher (Eds.), Outsourcing technical communication (pp. 31–45). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Faber, B., & J. Johnson-Eilola. (2002). Migrations: Strategic thinking about the future(s) of technical communication. In B. Mirel & R. Spilka (Eds.), Reshaping technical communication: New directions and challenges for the 21st century (pp. 135–148). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Hackos, J., & W. Hackos. (2008). The information developer’s dilemma. In C. Evia & B. Thatcher (Eds.), Outsourcing technical communication (pp. 109–121). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.).. Itim International. (n.d.). Geert Hofstede: Country comparison. Retrieved from. Jeyaraj, J. (July 2005). Technical communication and cross-cultural miscommunication: Usability and the outsourcing of writing. Proceedings of the IEEE Professional Communication Conference, 10(13), 92–100. Lanier, C. (2009). Analysis of the skills called for by technical communication employers in recruitment postings. Technical Communication, 56, 51–61. Melton, J. (2011). Global revisions: (Re)Thinking the future of technical and professional communication competencies. In B. Thatcher & K. St.Amant (Eds.), Teaching intercultural rhetoric and technical communication: Theories, curriculum, pedagogies, and practices (pp. 131–157). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Melton, J. (2008). Language, culture, and collaboration in offshore outsourcing: A case study of international training team communication competencies. In C. Evia & B. Thatcher (Eds.), Outsourcing technical communication (pp. 123–145). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Natarajan, P., & M. Pandit. (2008). Technical communication and IT outsourcing in India—past, present, and future. In C. Evia & B. Thatcher (Eds.), Outsourcing technical communication (pp. 11–30). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Padmanabhan, P. (2011). Technical communication in India: Through the lens of intercultural rhetoric. In B. Thatcher and K. St.Amant (Eds.), Teaching intercultural rhetoric and technical communication: Theories, curriculum, pedagogies, and practices (pp. 49–63). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Pandit, M. (2011). Teaching technical communication in India. In B. Thatcher and K. St.Amant (Eds.), Teaching intercultural rhetoric and technical communication: Theories, curriculum, pedagogies, and practices (pp. 177–189). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. Roy, D., & R. Grice (2010). India as an outsourcing destination for technical writing projects: The dynamics of language, culture, education and business. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(11), 217–237. Sathe, P. (2009). Cooperation between India and Europe for technical documentation. TCWorld Magazine for International Information Management, December 2009, 1–2. St.Amant, K. (2011). Thinking globally, teaching locally: Understanding the changing nature of technical communication in an age of globalization. In B. Thatcher & K. St.Amant (Eds.), Teaching intercultural rhetoric and technical communication: Theories, curriculum, pedagogies, and practices (pp. 1–11). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. St.Amant, K. (2007). Introduction to the special section on examining international outsourcing: Perspectives, practices, and projections. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 50(2), 81–84. Thatcher, B. (2008). Conclusion: Personal reflection on developing a viable trajectory for outsourcing technical communications. In C. Evia & B. Thatcher (Eds.), Outsourcing technical communication (pp. 215–220). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. World Education Services. (2014). How U.S. universities evaluate your 3-year Indian bachelor’s degree. Retrieved from. About the Authors. Manuscript received 10 October 2016, revised 17 April 2017; accepted 18 April 2017. Add Comment

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Tarleton Tree Surgeons (PR4): We all like to see trees, and having trees in our garden is an added bonus for providing a home for wildlife, for offering pleasant shade on a hot summers day and for adding beauty and colour. However, trees are living things and may get way too big for our gardens in Tarleton, suffer damage in windy weather or become diseased and unstable. If concerns are growing about your trees in Tarleton, a tree surgeon is the best person to contact. Who you going to call? Tree surgeons! - Tree surgeons in Tarleton play an important role in the maintenance and general care of trees for a wide range of both commercial and residential customers. A competent tree surgeon in Tarleton may be able to provide safe tree planting, tree felling and removal, the pruning of dead, weak or intruding branches, hazard assessments and inspections, together with general tree care, to name but a few examples. However, a tree surgeon's work certainly does not stop with trees alone. A tree surgeon in Tarleton will carry out additional responsibilities, like stump removal, hedge maintenance and trimming and shrub care. If you have any worries about the structural integrity of a tree, the best tradesperson to phone is a tree surgeon, as they can easily assess and prepare a full report on possible threats, and provide advice on what to do next. Any intelligent person in Tarleton would understand that tree surgery is a highly risky task, and that it should not be tackled by anyone that's not professionally trained. Although forgoing the costs and going with the do-it-yourself approach might seem tempting, this would certainly not be a sensible decision by any stretch of the imagination. Tree surgeons must be qualified, physically fit and experienced to undertake the work they are required to do. Working at height is always risky, and using dangerous chainsaws and power tools whilst high up in the air and harnessed to a tree is of course no exception. Amateurs beware - this is definitely not an activity for you! To carry out a tree surgery project, a gang of tree surgeons who are all experts in their field, will commonly be involved, and this is likely to consist of both climbers and a ground team. Competing with this level of competence, experience and risk assessment to execute the work, would be nigh on impossible for any unqualified individual. On establishing that that you need the expert help of a tree surgeon in Tarleton, the initial step is to locate a really good one that you can trust to do a fine job. But, how is this to be accomplished? Well, a few things should be checked, for example how much it will cost and what qualifications they have. Below, we will provide you with some useful tips for obtaining the perfect tree surgeon to carry out, maintain and care for your tree needs. Firstly, you will want to make certain that they've got the necessary certifications to dispel any doubts that they're properly trained and competent. The governing body issuing qualifications to tree surgeons is the National Proficiency Tests Council (NPTC). Any professional Tarleton tree surgeon should have the following qualifications as a minimum requirement: - NPTC 201/202 (CS30) - Basic crosscutting & chainsaw maintenance. - NPTC 206/306 (CS38) - Climb a tree and perform aerial rescue. - NPTC 308 (CS39) - Aerial cutting of trees using free-fall techniques. - NPTC 203 (CS31) - Fell & process small trees. Although tree surgeons aren't legally required to gain these qualifications, it's definitely worth requesting them, since they demonstrate they have the proper training to complete the work both safely and successfully. It is also essential that some First Aid qualifications are held by forestry workers, tree surgeons and arborists, and that they carry a comprehensive First Aid kit in accordance with HSE workplace recommendations. The next step is to get two or three estimates from different tree surgeons in Tarleton, and meticulously inspect their cost breakdown, and what work is included. You may notice that the removal and disposal of the significant amount of waste typically generated by tree surgery and maintenance won't always be included in the quoted costs. The process of removing this waste can involve huge cost and inconvenience to the customer, so if you can get the tree surgeons to remove this waste themselves, it would certainly be much better. As well as this, ensure you are prepared to ask lots of important questions when you meet the tree surgeon. For example, you need to make sure you know who's going to be doing the work. Will it be a gang of workers or one person working on their own? Is it possible to meet with them beforehand? What techniques of tree surgery or removal will be used on the tree? Will my home or next door neighbours be impacted? What is the timeframe for the work? If you ask all the right questions, you are less likely to experience any unexpected surprises as work progresses. Finally, listen to your tree surgeon. Pay special attention to how they describe the work they are intending to do, because this can provide you with useful clues as to their level of expertise. Even if you know hardly anything about tree surgery, you can usually tell when someone knows their stuff, and the kind of terminology that should put you on alert is 'topping and lopping', which is a somewhat outdated expression, more often linked to cowboys and rogue traders. A professional, skilled and experienced tree surgeon in Tarleton should be using the appropriate terminology such as 'crown reduction', 'thinning', 'pruning', 'dead wooding' and 'crown lifting'. While this can be a helpful clue regarding the level of expertise attained by your tree surgeon, it's not always an indication of ability. In the final analysis, in relation to tree surgery or tree care, it's always worth the effort of consulting a variety of tree surgeons in Tarleton. Consequently, you should get a job that is skillfully undertaken, caters to all your requirements and conforms to all the recommended safety guidelines. Locally based Tarleton tree surgery services are most likely have the telephone dialling code 01772 and the postcode PR4. They will work in Tarleton itself, as well as nearby areas like Croston, Becconsall, Sollom, Holmeswood, Hesketh Bank, Walmer Bridge, Longton, Much Hoole, Rufford, Bretherton, Holmes, Mere Brow, Banks, and these postcodes: PR4 6JJ, PR4 6NJ, PR4 6PD, PR4 6SD, PR4 6FD, PR4 6FF, PR4 6SW, PR4 6TE, PR4 6RL, PR4 6LL. Pollarding Trees Tarleton Pollarding is primarily undertaken for basic safety reasons and is a procedure for greatly decreasing the size of trees which have outgrown their present surroundings. It can occasionally be employed for visual or practical motives to change a tree into a specific shape. Trees which grow beside highways in Tarleton are quite often pollarded, as are those used for boundaries and in managed hedgerows. For folks who love trees it is not a particularly popular technique, seeing that the result is inclined to be rather stark and bare, with the overall appearance of being almost lifeless. The beneficial side of the pollarding process, is that trees which may otherwise need to be removed can be preserved. Pollarding is routinely done on broad-leafed species like horse chestnuts, planes, oaks, sycamores, maples, beeches and limes. (Tags: Pollarding Tarleton, Tree Pruning Tarleton, Tree Pollarding Tarleton) Deadwooding Tarleton An essential element of tree care and management, the practice of dead-wooding will be undertaken by all experienced tree surgeons in Tarleton. Where there may be a danger to vehicles, passers-by or homes, dead-wooding is done to carefully remove the dead and dying branches that are likely to fall. The branches of trees can die for a number of reasons, with damage to the root system, disease, attack by pests or heavy shading, acknowledged as the most commonplace. While safety is obviously the most frequent reason for dead-wooding, it's sometimes necessary to make the tree more appealing, or because the tree itself will benefit from the process. A tree which has an excess of damaged, dying and dead branches is susceptible to disease and insect infestation, so you can greatly improve a tree's health by removing these impaired branches. A tree with lots of dead wood can also have an unsightly appearance, therefore this must be cut out to get your tree looking great once more. In most cases only the largest dead branches will be cut out, because small ones pose minimal risk. Nevertheless, where a public space, a park, a property, a garden or a road in Tarleton is overhung by trees, any dead limbs of over fifty millimetres diameter may have to be removed. Tree Removal Tarleton Trees are normally regarded as beneficial, so tree removal should be a last resort. However, needless to say there are acceptable reasons for tree removal on your premises or garden in Tarleton. Some of the most common reasons behind wanting to fell a tree are when: the tree is in the way of new construction, the roots of a tree are obstructing retaining walls/foundations, your tree has grown too large, your tree is diseased/infected, you've got a dead/dying tree, your tree is damaged or the tree is a hazard to safety. (Tags: Tree Felling Tarleton, Tree Removal Tarleton, Removing Trees Tarleton) Crown Thinning Tarleton In order to cut down the stress upon particular limbs because of gravity, snow, wind, or ice, to allow more sunlight to pass through, to stop the tree being uprooted when it is windy, to lessen the tree's wind resistance or to lower the overall weight of the crown, some of the small secondary branches that grow on the outer crown of a broad leafed tree are trimmed in a procedure that's referred to as crown thinning. The shape and dimensions are not altered by this process, and it is likely that it will need to be carried out on a regular basis, as shoots continue to grow. A uniform density of foliage around consistently distributed branches ought to be the aim of crown thinning, it shouldn't change the general form and size of the tree. Stump Grinding It is crucial to be sure you bring in a tree surgeon with the correct knowhow and equipment, when you need to get stump grinding undertaken in Tarleton. Skilled tree surgeons should always extract every bit of tree stump to a good 12 inches below the surface. Having the use of the recommended machinery means that your tree surgeon will have the ability to extract stumps and roots fairly close to walls and buildings without without damaging them. The correct machines can also easily remove tree stumps tucked away in passageways and alleys. Where huge trees must be removed the tree stump which is left can be fairly substantial and the major roots are going to go down to a significant depth, needing a herculean effort to deal with them them. Latest Tree Surgery Projects Dilan and Sumayya Clegg were wishing to get a price quote from a tree surgeon in Ightenhill who can cut back a 30 metre run of beech hedge to a controllable height in the garden of their terraced property. Mr and Mrs Parry need somebody in Lea, Lancashire who can prune their cherry trees. Ms Ada Searle was seeking a tree surgeon who can do a bit of after winter tree and hedge pruning in her garden in Bolton le Sands. Tommy-Lee Gower was in need of a tree surgeon to remove a really big tree ASAP from his garden in Euxton. Frederick and Martyna Johns were looking to get a quotation from a tree surgeon in Briercliffe who can completely remove a conifer and a beech tree, and chop back a few other conifers in the garden of their bungalow. Mr Benjamin Squire in North Meols wants to find somebody who can chop a tall hedge down to a height of 5ft and remove all the debris. Bertie Boland was wanting to get a quotation from a tree surgeon in Chatburn who can carry out the pollarding of some trees along a path in the garden of his terraced house. Mr and Mrs Burford need a tree specialist in Whittle le Woods to do some hedge cutting and bush trimming. Tree Surgery Tasks Tarleton Tarleton tree surgeons will likely help with root grinding, fruit tree pruning in Tarleton, retrenchment pruning, dead wood removal in Tarleton, formative pruning, hedge reduction in Tarleton, root pruning in Tarleton, crown raising, eco-plugging, emergency tree removal Tarleton, waste removal Tarleton, tree care, commercial tree care, tree removal, hedge laying in Tarleton, stump removal Tarleton, tree felling Tarleton, terraventing in Tarleton, hedge lowering, arboriculture, the protection of trees from grazing animals, felling of storm damaged trees Tarleton, tree dismantling, airspading Tarleton, tree waste removal, tree work Tarleton, tree lightening protection, woodland clearances, monitoring of tree health, tree cutting Tarleton, landscaping, tree replanting, shrub maintenance, tree cabling, damage restoration in Tarleton, site clearance in Tarleton and other tree surgeon services in Tarleton, Lancashire. Obtaining Information and Advice When talking to local Tarleton tree surgeons and arborists, you should ask them questions like: Do you and your workers have the correct qualifications and certificates (for tree care and the use of chainsaws)? Do you have public liability and employers insurance? Will you give me a quote in writing? Do your working practices match the British Standard? Are you a registered member of a reputable professional body (such as The Arboricultural Association or the International Society of Arboriculture)? Are you able to give me references from satisfied customers? to make certain that they know exactly what they're up to and that they will not cause permanent damage to your trees. If your tree surgeon doesn't provide you with positive replies to any of those questions, continue your search. To find plenty of useful advice concerning ways to pick a reliable tree surgeon, in addition to a searchable directory of certified tree surgeons in Great Britain, you need to visit the Arboricultural Association (AA) website. Another valuable website offering a "find a tree surgeon (arborist)" tool and a "verify tree surgeon's credentials" tool, is the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), where there is of course lots more information on arboriculture (tree surgery). You may also like to have a look at the trusty old Wikipedia "Arborist" webpage here, to read some further facts about tree surgery as an occupation. You could also try one of the much publicised trade review portals such as Rated People or Trustatrader, where customer testimonials and reviews are available to study and professional credentials have been already confirmed, to save a lot of time. The Government financed Trustmark is also an excellent stop-off-point for finding legitimate contractors, including tree surgeons. Tree Surgeons Near Tarleton: Also find: Holmeswood tree surgeons, Walmer Bridge tree surgeons, Mere Brow tree surgeons, Holmes tree surgeons, Becconsall tree surgeons, Bretherton tree surgeons, Banks tree surgeons, Hesketh Bank tree surgeons, Longton tree surgeons, Much Hoole tree surgeons, Sollom tree surgeons, Croston tree surgeons, Rufford tree surgery and more. Around Tarleton In Hunters Lane, Latham Crescent, Moss Hey Lane, Mill Lane, Fulwood Avenue, Coe Lane, Mere Lane, Bakers Mews, Southport New Road, Mayo Drive, Heritage Way, Homer Avenue, Willow Hey, Windgate Fold, The Marshes Lane, The Strine, New Lane, St. Helen's Well, The Gravel, Astland Gardens, Fermor Road, The Beeches, Hunter's Lane, Boundary Lane, Carr Heyes Drive, Legh Lane, and in these local Tarleton postcodes: PR4 6JJ, PR4 6NJ, PR4 6PD, PR4 6SD, PR4 6FD, PR4 6FF, PR4 6SW, PR4 6TE, PR4 6RL, PR4 6LL, tree surgeons were recently conducting specialist tree surgery jobs. More Lancashire Tree Surgeons: Lancashire tree surgeons: Penwortham, Colne, Carnforth, Euxton, Rishton, Tarleton, Barnoldswick, Thornton Cleveleys, Earby, Fleetwood, Darwen, Freckleton, Longridge, Clitheroe, Garstang, Barrowford, Parbold, Preston, Leyland, Accrington, Chorley, Aughton, Nelson, Bacup, Eccleston, Brierfield, Clayton-le-Moors, Poulton-le-Fylde, Blackpool, Heysham, Clayton-le-Woods, Whitworth, Cleveleys, Morecambe, Farington, Kirkham, Livesey, Padiham, Haslingden, Rawtenstall, Poulton, Adlington, Helmshore, Skelmersdale, Banks, Church, Great Harwood, Preesall, Up Holland, Fulwood, Oswaldtwistle, Bispham, Ormskirk, Lancaster, Blackburn, Bamber Bridge, Croston, Lytham St Annes, Appley Bridge, Burnley, Coppull, Burscough. Tree Surgery PR4 area, (dialling code 01772). (Sourced from tree surgeons Tarleton text version three.) TOP - Tree Surgeon Tarleton Arboriculturalist Tarleton - Forest Management Tarleton - Tree Care Tarleton - Crown Reduction Tarleton - Vegetation Management Lancashire - Tree Surgery Tarleton - Root Removal Tarleton - Tree Management Tarleton - 01772

Clacton Social Club Cribbage League Rule Book Rule BookRule Book LEAGUE TITLE - 1 The League shall be known as the Clacton Social Club Cribbage League. REGISTRATION AND MEMBERSHIP OF THE LEAGUE - 2 Membership of the league is open to all Social Clubs in Clacton, Jaywick, Holland-on-Sea, Thorpe-le-Soken and St Osyth. - 3 Team players MUST be over 16 years of age and be a member, or an associate member, of the club they represent. - 4 No player will be allowed to play, or register, with more than one team at any one time. - 5 New Members are permitted to sign and play for a member club on match nights, at the discretion of opposing captain. - 6 In the event of a player ceasing to play for a specific team and transferring to another team then 7 clear days notice of intent must be given. They may not play during this notice period for either team - 7 Deleted 12th December 2016 - 8 Each club may field one or more teams in the League. - Note: The league reserves the right to contact Club Secretaries to confirm that players registering do belong to the club(s) they state. FEES PAYABLE - 9[a] Affiliation fee of £10:00 is to be paid by each TEAM entered into the League. - 9[b] Registration. Each player will be required to pay a registration fee of £3.00. - 9[c] These will be reviewed, annually, by the Committee. PLAYING SEASON - 11 The season will normally run from September to July of each year, with the League Knockout competitions being played at the end of the main League competition. The Summer league will follow the knockout competition. LICENCE - 12 Each club is responsible for the compliance of the licensing laws and application of all legal responsibilities for their players, visiting team members and their supporters whilst present in the club. - 13 No “guest charges” should be made by the home team’s club in respect of the visit of opposing team’s or their supporters. However visiting teams and their supporters must “sign in" according to the home clubs/team’s wishes. INSURANCE - 14 Teams should ensure that they, or their club, have adequate insurance cover to replace trophy(s) in the case of loss or damage caused whilst in their possession. EQUIPMENT - 15 Each team shall be responsible for the provision of their own cribbage equipment (cards, boards etc). - 16 The use of “Low Vision Cards” is acceptable to the league. COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE - 17 The League Management Committee is to comprise of the following: - a) Permanent Officer Members. - (i) President - (ii) Vice President - (iii) Chairman - (iv) PR Member - (v) Hon Secretary - (vi) Hon Treasurer - (viii) Results member - b) Team Representatives - A representative (normally the team Captain) from each competing team will comprise the remainder of the committee. - 18 With the exception of the President/Vice President all other posts at para 17(a) are to be elected annually at the Annual General Meeting to serve for one year or until the date of the next Annual General Meeting. - 19 In the event of a vote on any issue being equal, then the President/Vice President or Chairman shall have the casting vote - unless it materially affects his/her Club’s interest when he/she is to vacate the Chair and an impartial member is to be elected for that particular issue. - 20 On all issues the Management Committee’s decision shall be final and binding on all clubs/teams. - 21 Spare. DUTIES OF THE COMMITTEE - 22 The Management Committee shall be Responsible for the: - (1) Overall efficient running of the League. - (2) Holding committee meetings on a regular basis. - (3) Recording and retention of minutes of all meetings of the league. - (4) Arrangement of league fixtures. - (5) Arrangement of End of Season competitions. - (6) Publicising league positions, on a monthly basis. - (7) Use of competing clubs facilities for the end of season competitions. - (8) Upkeep of all financial accounts (Income and Expenditure) held by, or on behalf of, the league. - (9) Payment of all bills in relation to the running of the league. DISCIPLINE - 23 The Management Committee shall be empowered to suspend, withhold or withdraw membership from the League in the event of any breach of discipline or misconduct of any club, team or player. COMMITTEE MEETINGS - 24 Attendance by all team captains (or their representative) at Committee meetings is mandatory. - 25 In the event of a team not being represented at two consecutive Committee meetings then that team may have forty five points deducted from their League total/position, unless, in the opinion of the Committee, such absence was due to exceptional and unforeseen circumstances. MEETINGS - AGM - 26 The AGM is open to all registered players of the League. However all teams must be represented at this meeting as bids for League places will normally be considered at this time. - 27 Any new clubs wishing to join the League will be invited to send a representative to act on their behalf. - 28 Non attendance by any team, current or proposed, may mean a possible exclusion from participation in the next season. COMPOSITION OF TEAMS - 29 Each team should consist of six players for each match. - a) It is not necessary to field the same six players for both the doubles and singles - b) The names of all players shall be declared prior to the commencement of the match. - c) Any club fielding less than six players will forfeit the appropriate number of games to the opposition. – A minimum of four players is acceptable for each match. LEAGUE FIXTURES - 30 All fixtures will normally be played on a Tuesday evening - unless both teams agree amicably to play on an alternative night. (See also rule 34 -36). - 31 Results of each match are to be recorded on the results sheet and signed by each captain, then sent to the PR/Results member by the Friday of the week in which the match is played. (See also rule 36). - 32 All League matches should start at the latest by 2030hrs (8.30pm). Any team failing to present themselves for a match within 10 minutes of the latest time may forfeit the match and furthermore be fined £5 by the committee. - 33 Any fines should be paid at the next Committee meeting. Failure to do so may mean exclusion from the League; after consideration of the Committee. CANCELLATION OF MATCHES - 34 Teams should only cancel/postpone matches in exceptional circumstances. A minimum of 48 hours notice is required to the other team captain. - 35 A team will only be permitted to postpone/cancel a match twice during a season. It should be noted that a team of four players or more have a chance of winning matches. - 36 The team that cancels the match is responsible for notifying the Results, Publicity and Hon Secretary of the: a) postponement b) Replay date c). Result COMPETITION RULES - 37 The League competition rules shall be as follows:- - a) 5 Card Cribbage will be played - each player being required to discard to the “box” two cards if playing singles and one if playing doubles. - b) Each team should consist of 6 players for each match.(See also rule 29). - c) The doubles games shall be played prior to the singles in all league matches. - d) Each match shall consist of 9 games of Doubles and 36 games of Singles. - (1) All games - be they doubles or singles should be played and a record of the results of each game recorded. These results will be used to determine those eligible to receive the various trophies at the end of the season. - (2) For the Doubles each team should be split into 3 pairs. - (3) Each pair play each of the other teams pairs one game twice round the board. A point is awarded for each game won. A total of nine points are available. - (4) On the conclusion of the Doubles games each selected player of each team plays each selected player of the opposing team. Teams may change players if they so wish after each set of three games. Each player must play at least three straight games before they can be changed one game of singles - once round the board. A point is awarded for each game won. A total of thirty six points are available. - e) The “box” is to be cut for in all games, (ace counts low) and in the case of the singles game only, the loser shall receive a 3 hole start. - f) Runs to count in any order. - g) If a board is tipped over by a player the opposing player/team may claim the game. If the board is tipped over, other than by a player, the game should be restarted; unless agreement is reached on the score at the time. - h) If at the end of a game a player or team shall throw in their hand the game will be deemed to be surrendered to the opposition. - i) Team Members should not stand behind or beside players who are still playing a game. FAILURE TO APPEAR FOR MATCHES - 38 Teams failing to turn up for matches without the adequate notice (see rule 34/36) will entail that team forfeiting the match and the apposing team will be awarded the match with a score of 45pts to Nil. Subject to confirmation by the League Committee. LEAGUE POSITIONS(END OF SEASON) - 39 In the event of a tie at the top or bottom of the League at the end of the season a play-off match will be arranged at a convenient date and venue. END OF SEASON COMPETITIONS - 40 End of season knockout competitions will normally take place as following: - a) Five-a-Side-Cup. Teams of five club members plus substitutes may enter the competition. Once a player has played for a team, he/she becomes cup tied. Players may not play for more than one team. Clubs may enter more than one team. Teams made up of players from various clubs will also be permitted however all players of such teams must be registered prior to the night of the competition and cannot then play for their normal registered club. No substitutions can take place once a round has started. Entry fee will be agreed by the Committee - b) Pairs Only registered league players may enter. (Entry fee will be declared by the Committee.) - c) Singles Only registered league players may enter. (Entry fee will be declared by the Committee.) - d) Captains Cup. This is open to team captains or the Vice Captain should the Captain NOT be available (No fee payable for this competition.) - 41 All competition games will be played “best of five games” throughout. - 42 Entry to the end of season competitions should only be made if the player(s) concerned is/are able to attend all rounds of the competition. PRESENTATION OF TROPHIES - 43 The presentation of all trophies will, normally, take place at the end of the playing season at a function made under the arrangements of the League management committee. - 44 Spare. - 45 Spare. - 46 The trophies to be awarded are: - LEAGUE - 1. Winners-The Truman Trophy Cup - 2. Runners Up-Shield - 3. Bottom Team-Wooden Spoon - 4. Doubles (Pairs) Winners-Shield - 5. Double (Pairs) Runners Up-The Phyllis Constable Trophy - 6. Highest Aggregate (Men) - Winner-The George Constable Cup - Runner Up-Shield - 7. Highest Aggregate (Ladies) - Winner-Shield - Runner Up-The (Layzell) Shield - KNOCKOUT COMPETITIONS - 5-a-Side Winners-The Founders Trophy Shield - Runner Up-Shield - Singles Winner-The Hunt Shield - Runner Up-Shield 3.Pairs - Winners-The Dyer Cup - Runners Up-The Dave Rawlings Shield - Captains Cup Winner-The Cowie Shield - Runner Up-Shield BEST SPORTING TEAM (THE KEN ROGERS CUP) - 47 This cup is to be played for throughout the League season and will be awarded to the team/club judged to be the “Best Sporting” throughout the season. - 48 Each team will vote by placing their nominations 1st, 2nd or 3rd based on the teams punctuality, hospitality and gamesmanship. The team receiving the most 1st votes will be declared the winner. - 49 In the case of a tie for 1st position then the 2nd position nominations will be used to decide the winning team/club. RETENTION OF TROPHIES - 50 Teams winning/receiving League trophies will be able to retain them for ONE year, before returning them for presentation in the following season. - 51 Teams/Clubs are to insure that all League trophies held by them are maintained in good order and where possible cleaned as appropriate. - 52 All trophies - less those issued as personal mementos - remain the property of the League and are subject to return as and when required by the League committee. CESSATION OF THE LEAGUE - 53 In the event of the League being wound up the Management Committee is to ensure that: - a) All outstanding debts are paid. - b) All the accounts are audited. - c) Any remaining assets are to be disposed of equally amongst those participating clubs in the season in which the cessation of the league takes place. - 54 The accounts are then to be closed/cancelled in their entirety and retained by the Treasurer or other committee member as designated by the Management Committee for five years. - 55 Any club(s)/teams which were previous participants in the league, and who have NOT entered for the season in which cessation takes place will NOT qualify for any refund of the leagues assets. AMENDMENT TO LEAGUE RULES - 56 Any amendments to the Leagues rules should be forwarded, in writing, to the Honorary Secretary for discussion at the next appropriate Committee Meeting for their approval. - 57 Once agreed by the Management Committee the amendment(s) will be issued to clubs/teams for compliance. CORRESPONDENCE - 58 All correspondence with the league should, in the first instance, be directed to the Honorary Secretary for action as appropriate. MISCELLANEOUS - 59 These rules of the League have been revised, edited and issued by the League Management Committee. All previous rules editions are hereby cancelled.

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Tyser Professor of Marketing Science | Chair, Department of Marketing. Clinical Associate Professor. Professor of Information Systems. Clinical Professor of Management. Visiting Assistant Professor. Clinical Associate Professor of write School Management Science #038; Statistics. Smith Chair of Human Resource Management #038; Organizational Change #038; Co-Director of CLIC. Clinical Associate Professor. Associate Professor of Information Systems #038; Co-Director of DIGITS. Clinical Associate Professor. Clinical Associate Professor. Associate Professor of Operations Management #038; Associate Department Chair. What Makes the Smith MBA One of the define thinking Oxford College Best Online MBA Programs? A Commitment to Entrepreneurship and write a good compare essay School, Innovation. 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Providing support for write an article for school magazine of Illinois in Chicago students and alumni in their pursuit of career success is a focal point at the Smith School. We offer a wide range of services to help you grow as a professional – the how to write and contrast School same invaluable services that are provided to our on-campus students, including: Career coaching HireSmith online recruiting system and job database Internship assistance Resume and cover letter coaching Target job search management technology Networking Peer-to-peer mentoring Interview training, including mock interviews Evaluating and define critical, negotiating job offers Soft skill development. About the University of Maryland, College Park. The University of Maryland, College Park, is a public research university and the flagship campus of the how to write compare essay University System of Maryland. Define Tutorial. 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As the flagship of the University System of how to write an analytical Maryland, the how to a good compare School University shares its research, educational, cultural and technological strengths with businesses, government and of Wollongong, other educational institutions. The University advances knowledge, provides outstanding and innovative instruction and write a good and contrast essay The Perkiomen School, nourishes a climate of how to Algonquin College intellectual growth in a broad range of how to write a good essay School academic disciplines and interdisciplinary fields. The Robert H. Smith School of Business is an internationally recognized leader in management education and research. Thinking. One of 12 colleges and how to and contrast essay School, schools at paper College. How To A Good Compare And Contrast Essay The Perkiomen School. AACSB accreditation is how to write for school magazine The University in Chicago internationally known as the longest standing, most recognized form of specialized professional accreditation an institution and its business programs can earn. Multiple years of professional experience strengthen an applicant’s profile and provide an important edge in the admissions process. A minimum of write a good compare and contrast two years of work experience is highly recommended for consideration. An application is not considered complete unless it contains the applicant’s resume. There is one essay question and one optional question on the application. The Admissions Committee looks for well-written essays that clearly and thoughtfully answer each question. A non-refundable application fee of $75 is required. Please pay by credit card as you submit your application online. The application Fee is waived for UMD Terp alumni and Military students. A recommendation should be solicited from an individual who can objectively comment on an applicant’s performance in a professional environment. Only one recommendation letter is required with your application. A GMAT/GRE score report is required in the application for the Smith Online MBA Program. A waiver may be considered if an applicant has demonstrated excellent quantitative and analytical skills through academic records and/or a successful career trajectory. How To A Research Paper College. Please contact an enrollment advisor for additional information. For more information on the GMAT and to request an official score report, please visit. Write Essay The Perkiomen School. For more information on the GRE and to request an define critical thinking Oxford official score report, please visit. When requesting that a score report to be sent to the University of Maryland, please use the following institutional codes: GMAT – Online MBA code is a good compare essay The Perkiomen School SQT-N8-32 ; GRE – Code is 5814 for all programs. 3.00/4.00. The University of Maryland, College Park, requires any applicant who has not completed a university degree in a country in which English is the University of Wollongong in Dubai principal language (such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand) to take the how to compare and contrast The Perkiomen TOEFL. You are strongly encouraged to include a photocopy of your TOEFL report with the School application materials. The Admissions Committee will not review your file without the how to compare essay. 2017 – 2018 Academic Year Tuition Fees. 1 There is no differentiation between in-state and out-of-state tuition. The tuition covers curriculum, technology platform licensing and support, and room and board accommodations for improving essay writing Hanze the two required 3-day residency periods. How To Write Compare And Contrast Essay The Perkiomen School. Transportation to and from the Smith School for Oxford the residencies, as well as course books and materials, is not covered in the tuition or fees. Tuition and fees are subject to change. 2 The University-mandated technology fee, is how to write a good and contrast essay charged twice a year during the spring and fall semesters. 3 Admitted applicants are required to submit a $1,000 non-refundable enrollment deposit to reserve a space in how to write a research essay paper Algonquin College, the class. Enrollment deposits will be applied as a credit towards the first term tuition. There is a multitude of scholarships and financial aid options available to help eligible students in paying some or all of the cost of their online MBA. How To Write Compare Essay School. Be sure to carefully review all financial aid resources to how to write an analytical Sidcot gain an understanding of what options may be available to you. The Smith School of Business awards scholarships to a select number of applicants based on scholastic merit, professional accomplishment and how to write compare and contrast The Perkiomen School, evidence of how to essay Sidcot leadership. All applicants whose applications are complete by the application deadline receive automatic consideration. Beginning with the fall 2016 entry, a Double Terp Scholarship is available to alumni of the how to write a good and contrast essay The Perkiomen School University of Maryland, College Park who are newly-admitted into the Smith Online MBA program. Be sure to indicate that you are a graduate of the University of Maryland, College Park on your application for admission. The Smith School of Business has partnered with specific organizations to offer a scholarship and no application fee or enrollment deposit for their full-time employees and their immediate family members who enroll in the online MBA program. If you are employed by a partner organization and would like to an analytical Sidcot learn more about this benefit, or would like to confirm if your organization has a partnership with Smith, please contact an enrollment advisor. Students who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents may apply for Federal Student Loans through the Office of write compare essay The Perkiomen Student Financial Aid by how to write a research essay, completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The application is available online at write compare and contrast essay The Perkiomen School; UMD-College Park’s FAFSA code is 002103 . After the FAFSA is received by essay American School-Salzburg, the Office of Student Financial Aid, additional information specific to the individual student may be requested. How To Write Compare And Contrast School. When all application materials are received Federal loans are certified, and the student is notified. This notification process typically begins mid to late June. An application for aid has no bearing on the application for admittance to pursuasive University the program. The University of how to a good compare and contrast essay School Maryland has a Veterans Program Office to assist military service members and veterans in their educational pursuits. Scholarship and VA benefit information can be found online. All students receiving financial aid must maintain certain academic standards during the program or else risk losing eligibility for funding. Thinking Tutorial College. Click here to how to a good compare and contrast essay learn more about satisfactory academic progress requirements. 2018 Academic Year Submission Deadlines. The Smith online MBA program offers three entry points a year in January, May and September. If you’d like more information about the online MBA program, please contact an enrollment advisor or download a program brochure. American securing government funding, we offer a dedicated military advocate to how to compare and contrast essay The Perkiomen act as a personal agent for military students. This advocate will also help you communicate with companies and organizations throughout the corporate landscape after you graduate to help you find the right career opportunity. Other potential benefits for veterans and active military personnel include: Yellow Ribbon Program Participating Institution Benefits Waived application fees Merit-based scholarships for military/veteran students Veteran MBA alumni on pursuasive essays in Dubai staff to advise and advocate for military/veteran students VA education benefits Veteran-centered programming In-state tuition extended to veteran residents of Maryland and soldiers stationed in write compare and contrast essay School, MD. To learn more about the many opportunities available to write an article magazine The University in Chicago veterans and military personnel through the UMD online MBA, please contact an enrollment advisor. Take the first step toward your Smith MBA. Complete this form to receive your free program brochure. A top-ranked business school and how to a good compare and contrast essay, MBA program place the University of Maryland among the best in the nation. The online MBA program at the Robert H. Essays University. Smith School of Business is a good The Perkiomen accredited by AACSB International. Lauren McConnell , Online MBA Student. “I chose Smith because when I researched other online MBA programs, it had the writing International most positive attributes: the flexibility to compare and contrast essay School stay home with my infant son while receiving a top-notch education, outstanding career service offerings …” read more. Eric Fisher , Online MBA Student. “I applaud the effort that the faculty and staff have put into really making it a personal feel and writing Hanze University of Applied, getting that personal connection.” read more. James Cannon , Online MBA Student. “[The faculty] really care about what we’re learning and how we’re learning. It’s not about how much information they can pile into a course. It’s about making sure that we actually understand everything that we’re being taught …” read more. Financial Aid Information Session. November 12, 2014 @ Noon ET. Engage with a financial aid specialist at write a good compare and contrast The Perkiomen UMD-Smith School and get your questions answered regarding submitting your financial aid, merit-based scholarships, payment plans and more. Call 1-877-807-8741 for details. Info Session: Student Panel Discussion. Our recent Student Panel Discussion gathered current Smith online MBA students to share insights on define critical thinking Tutorial their thoughts, opinions and ideas regarding the experiences in the program. Listen now. [News] Smith MBA Program Ranked 17th by Businessweek. The University of Maryland’s Robert H. Smith School of Business has climbed from 24th to The Perkiomen School 17th in Bloomberg Businessweek’s 2014 ranking of full-time MBA programs. read more. [News] Online MBA Climbs Fast in Rankings. Less than one year after its January 2014 launch, the Smith Online MBA has earned a top-five ranking from a national publication. read more. [Video] Online MBAs: The Next Frontier of Higher Education. Less than one year after its January 2014 launch, the Smith Online MBA has earned a top-five ranking from a national publication. view video. [Infographic] 6 Inspiring Modern-Day Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs drive innovation and make a tremendous impact in the world of business. Here are 6 inspiring modern-day entrepreneurs with the an article for school The University in Chicago lessons you can learn from their success.read more. Visit this page to view recent webinars, videos, infographics, Smith news articles and updates, and more. Write A Good School. read more. Copyright Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of define critical thinking College Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Custom Academic Paper Writing Services - How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay: 32 Exciting… 20 Basic Resume Writing Rules That#39;ll Put You Ahead of the Competition. 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A society is called bilingual or multilingual if the people there speak more than one language . Bilingualism and multilingualism are referred to same thing mostly. Bilingualism may mean that the users of language are using more. Malviya Roll no.11009 Language and Religion Introduction Language is the human ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. Compare The Perkiomen. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. A religion is an organized.

Louis Bwanc Louis Jean Joseph Charwes Bwanc (/bwɑːn/; French: [bwɑ̃]; 29 October 1811 – 6 December 1882) was a French powitician and historian, uh-hah-hah-hah. A sociawist who favored reforms, he cawwed for de creation of cooperatives in order to guarantee empwoyment for de urban poor. Fowwowing de Revowution of 1848, Bwanc became a member of de provisionaw government and began advocating for cooperatives which wouwd be initiawwy aided by de government but uwtimatewy controwwed by de workers demsewves. Bwanc's advocacy faiwed and caught between radicaw worker tendencies and de Nationaw Guard he was forced into exiwe. Bwanc returned to France in 1870, shortwy before de concwusion of de Franco-Prussian war and served as a member of de Nationaw Assembwy. Whiwe he did not support de Paris Commune, Bwanc successfuwwy proposed amnesty to de Communards. Awdough Bwanc's ideas of de workers' cooperatives were never reawized, his powiticaw and sociaw ideas greatwy contributed to de devewopment of sociawism in France. Contents Biography[edit] Earwy years[edit] Bwanc was born in Madrid. His fader hewd de post of inspector-generaw of finance under Joseph Bonaparte. His younger broder was Charwes Bwanc, who water became an infwuentiaw art critic.[2] Faiwing to receive aid from Pozzo di Borgo, his moder's uncwe, Louis Bwanc studied waw in Paris, wiving in poverty, and became a contributor to various journaws. In de Revue du progres, which he founded, he pubwished in 1839 his study on L'Organisation du travaiw. The principwes waid down in dis famous essay form de key to Louis Bwanc's whowe powiticaw career. He attributes aww de eviws dat affwict society to de pressure of competition, whereby de weaker are driven to de waww. He demanded de eqwawization of wages, and de merging of personaw interests in de common good—"De chacun sewon ses facuwtés, à chacun sewon ses besoins",[3] which is often transwated as "from each according to his abiwity, to each according to his needs." This was to be affected by de estabwishment of "sociaw workshops", a sort of combined co-operative society and trade-union, where de workmen in each trade were to unite deir efforts for deir common benefit. In 1841 he pubwished his Histoire de dix ans 1830-1840, an attack upon de monarchy of Juwy. It ran drough four editions in four years. Revowution of 1848[edit] In 1847, Bwanc pubwished de two first vowumes of his Histoire de wa Revowution Française. Its pubwication was interrupted by de Revowution of 1848, when he became a member of de provisionaw government. It was on his motion dat, on 25 February, de government undertook "to guarantee de existence of de workmen by work"; and dough his demand for de estabwishment of a ministry of wabour was refused—as beyond de competence of a provisionaw government—he was appointed to preside over de government wabour commission (Commission du Gouvernement pour wes travaiwweurs) estabwished at de Pawais du Luxembourg to inqwire into and report on de wabour qwestion, uh-hah-hah-hah. The revowution of 1848 was de reaw chance for Louis Bwanc's ideas to be impwemented. His deory of using de estabwished government to enact change was different from dose of oder sociawist deorists of his time. Bwanc bewieved dat workers couwd controw deir own wivewihoods, but knew dat unwess dey were given hewp to get started de cooperative workshops wouwd never work. To assist dis process awong Bwanc wobbied for nationaw funding of dese workshops untiw de workers couwd assume controw. To fund dis ambitious project, Bwanc saw a ready revenue source in de raiw system. Under government controw de raiwway system wouwd provide de buwk of de funding needed for dis and oder projects Bwanc saw in de future. When de workshop program was ratified in de Nationaw Assembwy, Bwanc's chief rivaw Émiwe Thomas was put in controw of de project. The Nationaw Assembwy was not ready for dis type of sociaw program and treated de workshops as a medod of buying time untiw de assembwy couwd gader enough support to stabiwize demsewves against anoder worker rebewwion, uh-hah-hah-hah. Thomas's dewiberate faiwure in organizing de workshops into a success onwy seemed to anger de pubwic more. The peopwe had been promised a job and a working environment in which de workers were in charge, from dese government funded programs. What dey had received was hand outs and government funded work parties to dig ditches and hard manuaw wabor for meager wages or paid to remain idwe. When de workshops were cwosed de workers rebewwed again but were put down by force by de Nationaw Guard. The Nationaw Assembwy was awso abwe to bwame Bwanc for de faiwure of de workshops. His ideas were qwestioned and he wost much of de respect which had given him infwuence wif de pubwic. Between de sans-cuwottes, who tried to force him to pwace himsewf at deir head, and de Nationaw Guards, who mistreated him, he was nearwy kiwwed. Rescued wif difficuwty, he escaped wif a fawse passport to Bewgium, and den to London, uh-hah-hah-hah. He was condemned to deportation in absentia by a speciaw tribunaw at Bourges. Against triaw and sentence he awike protested, devewoping his protest in a series of articwes in de Nouveau Monde, a review pubwished in Paris under his direction, uh-hah-hah-hah. These he afterwards cowwected and pubwished as Pages de w'histoire de wa révowution de 1848 (Brussews, 1850). Exiwe[edit] During his stay in Britain he made use of de uniqwe cowwection of materiaws for de revowutionary period preserved at de British Museum to compwete his Histoire de wa Revowution Française 12 vows. (1847–1862). In 1858 he pubwished a repwy to Lord Normanby's A Year of Revowution in Paris (1858), which he devewoped water into his Histoire de wa révowution de 1848 (2 vows., 1870–1880). He was awso active in de masonic organisation, de Conseiw Suprême de w'Ordre Maçonniqwe de Memphis. His membership in de London-based La Grand Loge des Phiwadewphes is unconfirmed. Return to France[edit] As far back as 1839, Louis Bwanc had vehementwy opposed de idea of a Napoweonic restoration, predicting dat it wouwd be "despotism widout gwory", "de Empire widout de Emperor." He derefore remained in exiwe untiw de faww of de Second Empire in September 1870, after which he returned to Paris and served as a private in de Nationaw Guard. On 8 February 1871 he was ewected a member of de Nationaw Assembwy, in which he maintained dat de Repubwic was "de necessary form of nationaw sovereignty", and voted for de continuation of de war; yet, dough a weftist, he did not sympadize wif de Paris Commune, and exerted his infwuence in vain on de side of moderation, uh-hah-hah-hah. In 1878 he advocated de abowition of de presidency and de Senate. In January 1879 he introduced into de chamber a proposaw for de amnesty of de Communards, which was carried. This was his wast important act. His decwining years were darkened by iww-heawf and by de deaf, in 1876, of his wife Christina Groh, whom he had married in 1865. He died at Cannes, and on 12 December received a state funeraw in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Legacy[edit] Bwanc possessed a picturesqwe and vivid stywe, and considerabwe power of research; but de fervour wif which he expressed his convictions, whiwe pwacing him in de first rank of orators, tended to turn his historicaw writings into powiticaw pamphwets. His powiticaw and sociaw ideas have had a great infwuence on de devewopment of sociawism in France. His Discours powitiqwes (1847–1881) was pubwished in 1882. his most important works, besides dose awready mentioned, are Lettres sur w'Angweterre (1866–1867), Dix années de w'Histoire de w'Angweterre (1879–1881), and Questions d'aujourd'hui et de demain (1873–1884). The Paris Metro Station Louis Bwanc is named after him. Capitawism[edit] Bwanc is sometime cited as de first person to use de word capitawism in someding wike its modern form. Whiwe he did not mean de economic system described by Karw Marx in Das Kapitaw, Bwanc sowed de seeds of dat usage, coining de word to mean de howding of capitaw away from oders: Thought[edit] [edit] Bwanc was unusuaw in advocating for sociawism widout revowution first.[5] Right to work[edit] Bwanc invented de right to work wif his Le Droit au Travaiw.[6] Rewigion[edit] Bwanc resisted what he perceived as de adeism impwicit in Hegew, cwaiming dat it corresponded to anarchism in powitics and was not an adeqwate basis for democracy.[7] Engews cwaimed dat "Parisiann reformers of de Louis Bwanc trend" couwd onwy imagine adeists as monsters.[8] Instead, Bwanc cwaimed dat rewigion was foundationaw for revowution to take pwace, in keeping wif de romantic tradition.[9] He regarded wiberawism and Protestantism as part of de same historicaw and ideowogicaw movement[10] and accordingwy considered de French Revowution of 1789 as a powiticaw outgrowf of de individuawistic rejection of audority inherent in Protestantism and hereticaw movements.[11][12] Bwanc dought de best of de revowution was de Jacobin dictatorship in de communitarian spirit of Cadowicism.[13] Bwanc himsewf sought to combine Cadowicism and Protestantism in order to syndesize de vawues of audority, community, and individuawism dat he bof affirmed as necessary for community.[11] He was unusuaw in combining Cadowicism and sociawism.[14] Awong wif Etienne Cabet, Bwanc advocated for what he understood as true Christianity whiwe simuwtaneouswy critiqwing de rewigion of Cadowic cwergy.[9] He was hopefuw about de rewigious innovation taking pwace in earwy revowutionary france.[14] His understanding of God was shaped by romanticism and was simiwar to Rousseau, Phiwwipe Buchez and Respaiw.[15] Works[edit] At de turn of 1830–1840's made in France wif de ideas of sociaw reform, Bwanc, who had to den pway a significant rowe in de history of de 1848 revowution in de 1840s, he was one of de prominent representatives of de democratic opposition against weaders of French sociawism. Bwanc received secondary education in one of de provinciaw cities of France, he was very young made on a witerary career wif two poems in verse, and den wif de powiticaw articwes. In 1834 he moved to Paris and soon began working here in de newspaper "Common Sense." Articwes Louis Bwanc drew attention to demsewves, and Armand Carrew invited him to cowwaborate in «Le Nationaw» his newspaper. Somewhat water and Godefrua Cavaignac (Cavaignac), one of de weaders of de Repubwican Party, invited him to write in de "reform" to pubwish dem. In 1839, a young pubwicist couwd have set up deir own body, to which he gave de name of de "Review of de powiticaw, sociaw and witerary progress” (“La revue du progrès powitiqwe, sociaw et wittéraire”). Aww de newspapers, which previouswy was Louis Bwanc, bewonged to a democratic direction, but dominant in deir view was mainwy powiticaw, awdough awready in dem Louis Bwanc concerned purewy sociaw rewations. On de contrary, a new newspaper from de very beginning made an organ of sociaw reform. It appeared first and most important journawistic work of Louis Bwanc's "Organization of Labor" (1839), immediatewy proposed him forward as a harbinger of a new sociaw order. Subseqwentwy, dis smaww work is not reprinted, being subject to awterations. "Organization of wabor" was a huge success among de workers. Shortwy after Louis Bwanc pubwished anoder work of warge dimensions, which made a strong impression on de bourgeoisie. This was de famous "History of Ten Years" (1830 - 1840), de first hawf of de reign of Louis Phiwippe. In dis work, Louis Bwanc was abwe to take advantage of very many materiaws remain untiw it compwetewy unknown to de pubwic. Characteristicawwy, many Louis Bwanc was reportedwy hated de Juwy monarchy Legitimists, accept it wewcome in deir sawons. The Juwy government has been in dis book is very harsh, and in generaw a very fair criticism. In a very short time, de book ran drough severaw editions. This success wed Bwanc to take up a major historicaw work awready on de history of de Great French Revowution, uh-hah-hah-hah. The first vowume of dis story appeared awready in 1846, but her finish Louis Bwanc had been in exiwe after de December 1851 coup. Taking up of historicaw works, Louis Bwanc was forced to cease pubwication of its own body, but he continued to participate in Cavaignac newspaper. Under his infwuence, de newspaper adopted graduawwy definitewy sociawist character. Incidentawwy, at de beginning of 1848, when it was very much de fermentation, to prepare de February revowution, "reform" has pubwished its powiticaw program, which, in fact, repeated de main provisions of de "Labor Organization". Awready in 1846, he was offered a pwace in de Chamber of Deputies, but den he turned away from candidacy. When de popuwarity which he enjoyed in de working cwass, whiwe de outstanding position which he occupied in de Repubwican Party, he certainwy couwd not stay in de shade when fwushed February revowution, uh-hah-hah-hah. It can be stated dat his "History of ten years", he severewy damaged de Juwy monarchy, and his oder writings, to a certain extent determined de generaw nature and direction of de revowution, reviving Jacobin tradition and giving de sociaw movement of a specific program. These are de main ideas of Louis Bwanc. Everyone has de right to work and to ensure dat dis right was exercised in reawity, it is necessary to entrust de duty of society to organize work in accordance wif dis reqwirement. In considering dis issue, and aww of de content is "wabor organizations" of Louis Bwanc. From de fact de importance dat bewonged to de "right to work" in de revowution of 1848, it is wordwhiwe concwuding about de widespread and deepwy infwuenced by de ideas of Louis Bwanc in de French society of de forties. He created a pwan of sociaw reform was understandabwe, seemed simpwe and easy to impwement. The state had to form a poow of money drough de big nationaw woan wif which to major industries were based so-cawwed “sociaw workshops” (atewiers sociaux). To work in dese workshops were to be awwowed to work, standing in a certain moraw wevew, and aww of dem for deir work wouwd receive exactwy de same fee. At first, de internaw reguwations of such workshops wouwd be estabwished by de Government. It is appointed to and heads for work occurring in dem, but after de first year shouwd be de workers demsewves to grant de right to choose deir weaders. The main task of dese institutions, on de proposaw of Louis Bwanc, was to strike a bwow to aww private industry. As a principwe, an enemy of free competition, he dought to use dis competition in order to make it in de future compwetewy impossibwe. Private industry wouwd have graduawwy disappeared, and de entire industry wouwd have den strictwy sociaw organization, uh-hah-hah-hah. Pubwic workshops same speciawty couwd get awong wif each oder qwite peacefuwwy. Owd competition wouwd now repwace de coincidence of effort. In de end, it was to and sowidarity between de different branches of industry. An important toow for carrying out its pwan in practice, Louis Bwanc seen in de compuwsory and gratuitous pubwic education: it wouwd have for its aim to educate de younger generation in de ideas, feewings and incwinations, which shouwd reqwire a new sociaw system of peopwe. In generaw, de state had by dis deory not onwy to create a new order of dings, but awso to guide sociaw activities. Louis Bwanc himsewf cawwed de state de “supreme reguwator of production” and said dat his intervention is needed everywhere, where onwy de need to “maintain a bawance between de rights and protect de interests”. On de same state it awso imposes a duty “to put aww citizens in eqwaw conditions of moraw, intewwectuaw and physicaw devewopment”. Of course, it stipuwated Louis Bwanc, where de power on one side and de peopwe on de oder, being organized democraticawwy. The state is onwy de peopwe weading deir own affairs drough deir representatives, de state may not be of interest oder dan de interest of de peopwe. Such a state, adds Louis Bwanc, cannot be de master: it can onwy be a servant and protector of inexperienced, weak, miserabwe. mentaw and physicaw devewopment. However, de state couwd fuwfiww its purpose, Louis Bwanc, saw fit to give him greater power to restore in its favor de audority principwe. From dis point of view, he even attacked in de "History of a decade" for wiberaws restoration era because dey weaken de power, and expressed sympady. That, on de contrary, worked in favor of de strengdening of de pubwic audority. Neverdewess, Louis Bwanc wanted to retain de minority a certain freedom from de tyranny of de majority. He did not want to bring deir sociawism to de extreme, and in his works, dere are direct statements against communism. The preaching of absowute eqwawity, he openwy cawwed nonsense. According to him, de distribution of weawf in society must be done even for de formuwa which procwaimed Saint-Simonianism ("To each according to his abiwity, to each capacity according to its works"). "To each according to his abiwity, to each according to his needs" - dis is de principwe of Louis Bwanc expressed dem, in addition, and in de fowwowing formuwa: "debt commensurate wif abiwities and powers, de right to commensurate wif de needs." This, as he puts it, "a just eqwawity" awready made in famiwy wife: each member of de famiwy works, and deir work contributes to de overaww wewfare of de extent of its powers, but when aww sit at de tabwe, de one who is more hungry and eat more widout encountering any obstacwes on de part of oders. Aww reqwirements of de sociawist Louis Bwanc came to de fact dat de society has been organized as a famiwy. See awso[edit] References[edit] - ^ Finn, Margot C. (2003). After Chartism: Cwass and Nation in Engwish Radicaw Powitics 1848-1874. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. - ^ Varouxakis, Georgios (2004). "Bwanc, (Jean Joseph) Louis (1811–1882), powiticaw dinker and exiwe". Oxford Dictionary of Nationaw Biography (onwine ed.). Retrieved 15 January 2014. - ^ Louis Bwanc, Pwus de Girondins, 1851, p. 92. - ^ Conceptuawizing Capitawism: Institutions, Evowution, Future - ^ Herzog et aw. 1884, p. 2205. - ^ Day 1914, p. 85. - ^ Moggach 2011, p. 319. - ^ Marx & aw 2001, p. 63. - ^ a b Joskowicz 2013, p. 46. - ^ Stirner, Byington & Martin 2012, p. 106. - ^ a b Furet & Ozouf 1989, p. 902. - ^ Mawia & Emmons 2006, p. 59. - ^ Comay 2011, p. 187. - ^ a b Furet & Ozouf 1989, p. 700. - ^ Eisenstein 1959, p. 136. - Leo A. Loubère, (1961) Louis Bwanc: His Life and His Contribution to de Rise of French Jacobin-Sociawism Sources[edit] - G.D.H Cowe, Sociawist Thought, The Forerunners 1789-1850 (1959) - Comay, R. (2011). Mourning Sickness: Hegew and de French Revowution. Cuwturaw Memory in de Present. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6127-7. - Day, H.C. (1914). Cadowic Democracy: Individuawism and Sociawism. Longmans, Green, and Company. - Eisenstein, E.L. (1959). The first professionaw revowutionist. Harvard historicaw monographs. Harvard University Press. -. - Herzog, J.J.; Schaff, P.; Jackson, S.M.; Schaff, D.S. (1884). "Sociawism". A Rewigious Encycwopædia, Or, Dictionary of Bibwicaw, Historicaw, Doctrinaw and Practicaw Theowogy: Based on de Reaw-encykwopädie of H Erzog, Pwitt and Hauck. T. & T. Cwark. - Joskowicz, A. (2013). The Modernity of Oders: Jewish Anti-Cadowicism in Germany and France. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Cuwture. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8840-3. - Marx, K.; aw, K.M. (2001). Marxism, Sociawism and Rewigion. Resistance Marxist wibrary. Resistance Books. ISBN 978-1-876646-01-1. - Harry W. Laidwer, A History of Sociawist Thought (1927) - Mawia, M.E.; Emmons, T. (2006). History's Locomotives: Revowutions and de Making of de Modern Worwd. Yawe University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13528-2. - Moggach, D. (2011). Powitics, Rewigion, and Art: Hegewian Debates. Book cowwections on Project MUSE. Nordwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-2729-6. - Stirner, M.; Byington, S.T.; Martin, J.J. (2012) [1982]. The Ego and His Own: The Case of de Individuaw Against Audority. Dover Pubwications. ISBN 978-0-486-12276-2. - G.R.S. Taywor, Leaders of Sociawism (1968) - Attribution This articwe incorporates text from a pubwication now in de pubwic domain: Chishowm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bwanc, Louis". Encycwopædia Britannica (11f ed.). Cambridge University Press. This work in turn cites, in addition to Bwanc's own works: - L. Fiaux, Louis Bwanc (1883) Furder reading[edit] - Hazareesingh, S. (2015). How de French Think: An Affectionate Portrait of an Intewwectuaw Peopwe. Basic Books. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-465-06166-2. - Day, H.C. (1914). Cadowic Democracy: Individuawism and Sociawism. Longmans, Green, and Company. Externaw winks[edit] Media rewated to Louis Bwanc at Wikimedia Commons . New Internationaw Encycwopedia. 1905. - 1811 birds - 1882 deads - Powiticians from Madrid - French sociawists - Repubwican Union (France) powiticians - Government ministers of France - Members of de 1848 Constituent Assembwy - Members of de Nationaw Assembwy (1871) - Members of de 1st Chamber of Deputies of de French Third Repubwic - Members of de 2nd Chamber of Deputies of de French Third Repubwic - Members of de 3rd Chamber of Deputies of de French Third Repubwic - Historians of de French Revowution - Cooperative organizers - French Roman Cadowics - French historians - French essayists - Forty-Eighters - French Freemasons - French mawe essayists - 19f-century historians - 19f-century essayists - 19f-century French mawe writers - Peopwe deported from France - Buriaws at Père Lachaise Cemetery

November 16, 1955 NINTH DAY PRESIDENT EGAN: The Convention will come to order. The Chair would like to introduce to the delegates the Reverend Mr. B. P. Wilson of the Assembly of God Church in Fairbanks. The Reverend Wilson will now give the daily invocation. THE REVEREND B. P. WILSON: Our Heavenly Father, we thank Thee that Thou art a God of grace and mercy and truth. We thank Thee for Thy interest in the affairs of men, in that Thou didst send Thy only begotten Son who gave Himself for us, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life. We humbly ask Thy blessing upon this Convention and the framing of this Constitution. We pray, our Lord, that Thou wilt give wisdom and direction, for Thou hast said in Thy word that "if any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him." May this be just and equal, and when it is finished may it be that which pleases God. We ask in Jesus' name. Amen. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Chief Clerk will call the roll. (The Chief Clerk called the roll.) CHIEF CLERK: Fifty-four present, one absent. PRESIDENT EGAN: A quorum is present. Now we have the reading of yesterday's journal. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I suggest in view of the time schedule for the daily sessions, which was agreed upon yesterday, that it would be more practical to have the reading of the journal at each afternoon plenary session instead of the morning session. That would give the staff a chance to mimeograph the journal during regular working hours instead of having to stay up all night to do so. So I would like to suggest as a regular way of doing business that the journal be considered in its order at the afternoon plenary session. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there objection to Mr. Sundborg's request? If there is no objection then the reading of the journal will be considered at the afternoon plenary session. Are there presentations, petitions, memorials, or communications from outside of Convention to be read at this time? SECRETARY: The Fairbanks Chamber of Commerce wishes to announce that all delegates would be the guests of the Chamber at the party this evening, that is, this is not a no-host affair insofar as delegates are concerned. Some few delegates who were to be sponsored by particular members of the Chamber will still them to the Chamber dinner. PRESIDENT EGAN: In other words, it is free. SECRETARY: Yes. PRESIDENT EGAN: Are there reports of any standing committees? The Secretary has an announcement to make. SECRETARY: So the delegates wondered about punching the proposals and including them in covers. We had ordered covers in which to keep proposals and other materials, the minutes and the journal for example, and they were delayed in the order. We expect 35 covers today and the balance by the end of the week, so that your materials will all be collected at least by that time under a separate cover where they will be tabulated and kept by the staff in the proper order. PRESIDENT EGAN: Are there reports of standing committees? Mr. Cooper? COOPER: Mr. Chairman, I would like to know if the special committee on wire recording was released? PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Cooper, the special committee on wire recording was not released as yet because it seemed it might possibly be necessary for some more technical information they could report to us later. Are there reports of standing committees then? Mr. Rosswog? ROSSWOG: Mr. Chairman, I can report for the Local Government Committee which met yesterday and organized. The Committee elected Delegate Londborg as Vice Chairman, and Victor Fischer as our Secretary. PRESIDENT EGAN: Delegate Rosswog reports that the Local Government Committee yesterday met and organized, and the Committee elected Delegate Londborg as Vice Chairman and Victor Fischer as Secretary. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, the Committee on Style and Drafting can report it has organized by electing Ed Davis as Vice Chairman and appointing Mrs. Katherine Nordale as Secretary. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Style and Drafting has organized and elected Ed Davis as Vice Chairman and appointed Mrs. Nordale as Secretary. Mr. Nerland? NERLAND: Mr. President, Committee No. XI, the Committee on Finance and Taxation, organized yesterday and appointed Frank Barr as Vice Chairman and Delegate Barrie White as Secretary. PRESlDENT EGAN: The Committee on Finance and Taxation elected Mr. Frank Barr as Vice Chairman and Mr. Barrie White as Secretary. Mr. Smith? SMITH: Mr. President, so there will be no question, the Committee on Resources will meet at 11 a.m. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Resources will meet at 11 a.m. MCNEALY: Mr. President, the Committee on Ordinances and Transitional Measures met and organized yesterday. Delegate James Hurley was elected as Vice Chairman and Delegate Herb Hilscher as Secretary. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Ordinances and Transitional Measures met and organized with James Hurley elected as Vice Chairman and Delegate Herb Hilscher as Secretary. Delegate Collins? COLLINS: Mr. President, the Committee on Direct Legislation failed to organize yesterday because of the absence of one of its members, Mr. Taylor. He is not here this morning. The Committee will meet at its regular time. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Direct Legislation will meet this afternoon at the regular time. Miss Awes. AWES: The Committee on Preamble and Bill of Rights will meet at the regular time, 9:30 this morning. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Preamble and Bill of Rights will meet at the regular time. Mr. Victor Rivers. RIVERS: Mr. President, Committee No. VIII on the Executive will meet immediately after adjournment of this plenary session, 9:30. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Victor Rivers announces a meeting of Committee No. VIII, the Executive, immediately after adjournment of this plenary session. Mr. Hellenthal? HELLENTHAL: Mr. Chairman, the Committee on Suffrage, Elections and Apportionment will likewise meet on schedule. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Suffrage, Elections and Apportionment will meet as scheduled. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, Committee No. III, Style and Drafting, will meet at 11 O'clock, according to schedule. PRESIDENT EGAN: Committee No. III, Style and Drafting, will meet at 11 o'clock. Mr. Coghill? COGHILL: Mr. Chairman, the Committee on Administration will meet on adjournment of this morning's plenary session. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Administration will meet on adjournment of this morning's session. Mr. Cross? CROSS: Committee No. XIV will meet immediately after the session, the Committee on Resolutions and Recommendations. PRESIDENT EGAN: Delegate Cross reports there will be a meeting of the Committee on Resolutions and Recommendations immediately following this session. MCLAUGHLIN: Mr. President, the Committee on Judiciary Branch met yesterday and elected Mr. Robertson as Vice Chairman, and Mr. Johnson was designated as Secretary. There was such a state of concord in that committee that it was not deemed necessary to meet again until Friday at the regular time. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Judiciary Branch has named Mr. Robertson as Vice Chairman and Mr. Johnson as Secretary. Mrs. Nordale? NORDALE: Mr. President, I would like to make a suggestion for the sake of the journal. Would it not be better if the committees announce only when they are not going to meet or whether they're going to meet at sometime not mentioned in the schedule? Otherwise, the journal every day will carry a long list of committee meetings which are already scheduled and in our hands. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Chair would feel that a proper suggestion, Mrs. Nordale. V. RIVERS: Mr. Chairman, I think there should be a positive record of each committee regular meeting announcement shown in the journal each day. I think it should be as I mentioned once before, an order of business announcement of committee meetings it should show under that as a positive record, not by omission but by actually a statement for inclusion in the journal. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Rivers, do you think that subject would be a proper one to be brought before the meeting of the Committee Chairmen, so then later in the day we will have such a meeting. V. RIVERS: Yes, Mr. President. PRESIDENT EGAN: Are there any other reports? MCCUTCHEON: Mr. Chairman, Committee VII on Legislative Branch has organized. Delegate Sweeney is Vice Chairman, and Mr. McNees is Secretary, and we will meet at our regular time today. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. McCutcheon announces that Committee No. VII has organized with Mrs. Sweeney as Vice Chairman and Mr. John McNees as Secretary. Committee No. VII will meet at the regular time today. Are there other committee announcements? Are there reports of select committees? Are there any proposals to be introduced? Any. motions or resolutions? Mr. Sundborg? SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I would like to be recognized at this time on a matter of personal privilege. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection, Mr. Sundborg, you are recognized as a matter of personal privilege. SUNDBORG: Two days ago when we were considering the rules and adopting them, there was a difference of opinion with respect to one of the rules, and I think that though the Convention arrived at a decision in the matter that some of the delegates were perhaps convinced against their will, and some not convinced at all. Since that time I have heard from at least one delegate that there is a feeling that we were moving a little too fast and may have run roughshod over a minority which had a different opinion. In view of that, I think that it might be appropriate for us to consider again at this time the rule that was then under discussion. It was Rule No. 50. There had been a proposal by Mr. Smith that when the constitution is put in what is practically final order, any section of it could be sent back to second reading for specific amendment. We debated that at some length here. We discussed it also in the Rules Committee, and the majority decision was that it would not be wise to open up the whole constitution again at that time without a two-thirds vote of the members. In view of some comment which I have heard off the floor since that time, however, and the feeling by at least one delegate that the majority may be trying to have its way over a minority without due consideration of their ideas, I think it would be appropriate for us to open up the subject again. I don't feel that we should spend a whole lot of time on our rules, and I don't feel once having adopted them that we should in very many cases open them up again and try to amend them. Even less, however, do I feel that there should be any feeling that the Convention as a whole or the majority of members were trying to move too fast for even one member who has a different idea. So at this time I would like to present a motion. The motion would be, in Rule 50 which on the preliminary draft from which we were working -- MCCUTCHEON: I rise to a point of personal privilege. PRESIDENT EGAN: First the Chair, Mr. McCutcheon, the motion would be out of order while Mr. Sundborg was speaking on his question of personal privilege. Mr. McCutcheon you may have the floor. MCCUTCHEON: Under the Chair's ruling then, of course, I can say nothing until motion has been presented, but I rose to the point of the matter that he was introducing an amendment offering an amendment or a motion under point of personal privilege. PRESIDENT EGAN: That is right. Mr. Sundborg? SUNDBORG: Mr. President, may I be recognized under the order of business at this time, which is the introduction of motions? PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection, Mr. Sundborg you are recognized. SUNDBORG: I would like to move, and 1 suggest that perhaps the Convention would want to refer it to the Rules Committee and not take action on it at this time, I would like to move that the rules be amended by providing,". That is the end of the insertion, so the rule would read as proposed: "After the Constitution has been framed and before final agreement thereon, any article, other appropriate subdivision or group of articles or subdivisions may be returned to second reading for specific amendment by a vote of at least 28 members. After final action on all portions of the Constitution separately, the Convention shall refer the proposed Constitution to the Committee on Style and Drafting for final arrangement in proper order and form. After the report of said Committee, the Convention shall by the affirmative vote of at least 28 delegates agree upon the final form of the Constitution." I move that the proposed amendment to the rules be referred to the Rules Committee which thereafter shall bring a report to the Convention on the subject. PRESIDENT EGAN: First, Mr. Sundborg, it would be necessary to move the adoption of the amendment to get it before us. SUNDBORG: I so move then. WHITE: I second it. PRESIDENT EGAN: Another suggestion the Chair has is that whenever there are more than two or three words in the proposed amendment that the delegate should write out the proposed amendment and hand it to the Chief Clerk. In that manner we will expedite the proceedings. and we won't get twisted -- your point of order, Mrs. Hermann. HERMANN: Point of order, Mr. President. Shouldn't that motion, action that has already been taken? PRESIDENT EGAN: Mrs. Hermann, that would not be necessary. A motion to amend the rules would take a two-thirds majority vote and would be in order, but the motion is that the proposed amendment by Mr. Sundborg be adopted by the Convention. Then, if it would still be Mr. Sundborg's intent to request that it be referred to the Rules Committee, he could move that the matter not be taken up at this time but be referred to the Rules Committee for consideration. Was there a second to the motion? WHITE: I seconded it. V. RIVERS: Point of order, Mr. President. PRESIDENT EGAN: Your point of order Mr. Victor Rivers. V. RlVERS: In as much as we have acted upon this identical item once, it now has to be received and acted upon again, it is my impression, should we suspend the rules to receive this particular motion at this time? I ask for a ruling from the Chair on that point. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Rivers, the Chair would feel that this is a different approach to the matter. The wording and the manner in which this would be brought about is different than the suggestion or proposed amendment that Mr. Smith offered the other day. The Chair would rule that the proposed amendment by Mr. Sundborg would be in order at this time for that reason. It is a different amendment that was proposed originally. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I would like to move and ask unanimous consent that the proposed amendment be referred to the Rules Committee. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Sundborg's motion was seconded to adopt it, but now he asks that rather than act on that motion at this time that the question contained in the motion be referred to the Rules Committee for its consideration. Is there objection to Mr. Sundborg's request? BARR: I object. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Barr objects. SUNDBORG: I so move. WHITE: I second the motion. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Sundborg moves and Mr. White seconds original motion to the Rules Committee for its consideration. The question is open for discussion, the question of referring the matter to the Rules Committee. Mr. Barr. BARR: Mr. President, that would serve no good purpose except to open everything up to unimportant amendments. Anybody who had any kind of amendment could probably get it referred back to second reading. Under the present rule, of course, you can get it referred back by two-thirds vote, and any important amendment, I am sure -- SUNDBORG: Point of order, Mr. President, Mr. Barr is not talking on the subject which is before us, which is a motion to refer this matter to the Rules Committee. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Chair will hold, Mr. Sundborg, that Mr. Barr is probably getting around to the point of referring it back to the Rules Committee. Mr. Barr, you may continue. BARR: Since this is already practically the same motion which was referred to the Committee, and I remember we had a recess of over half an hour while we considered it, it may not have been the same motion but it was the same subject matter, it seems to me they have already taken it under consideration. I don't believe they should do it again. It is holding up our progress here. The rule that we have now has worked in many cases before. I don't know about other Conventions but I know in legislatures it has worked, and it tends to speed up the work by sidetracking any unimportant amendments. I believe that we might be here several more days if we worked under such a rule. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Peratrovich. PERATROVICH: Mr. Chairman, I think to save time, it appears to me now since this motion is opened up for discussion, it would only be fair to the Convention if the mover of the motion explain the object of referring this question to the Rules Committee. His amendment states clearly just what is to be corrected, and it seems to me that. as Mr. Barr states, it will be just a waste of time to refer this to the Committee. Perhaps you can act on it on the floor unless he has a reason we don't know about. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, as I recall yesterday, after another motion was made to amend our rules, several members came to me after we had acted upon that and suggested that any motion to amend the rules should be referred to the Rules Committee for its consideration before being acted upon on the floor, and it was for that purpose that I felt this rule should be referred to the Committee. The Committee has a meeting session, and it would not take the time of the Convention which it would not be spending on other matters anyway, for the rule to have the consideration of the Rules Committee which could bring in a report at our afternoon session when we could act upon the main motion. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there further discussion of Mr. Sundborg's motion? The question has been called. All those in favor of referring the question contained in Mr. Sundborg's original motion, of referring that subject to the Rules Committee for its consideration, signify by saying "aye". All opposed "no". The ayes have it and the question will be referred to the Rules Committee for its consideration. Mr. Riley? RILEY: Mr. President, to refer back to committee announcements, the Rules Committee will meet immediately upon recess. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Rules Committee will meet immediately upon recess. Mr. White? WHITE: Mr. President, I note the presence on our desk this morning of a certain newspaper, The Juneau Indpendant and also the addition of a column entitled "Sauerkraut and Queens". I have not read it yet, but I don't know whether that's a special edition for the Convention or not but in any event I move and ask unanimous consent that the publisher of The Juneau Independent be thanked for his courtesy. JOHNSON: I don't have a copy. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there any unfinished business at this time? If not, the Chair will entertain a motion for recess. GRAY: Mr. President, I move that we adjourn until 1:30 this afternoon. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Gray asks unanimous consent that the Convention stand at recess until 1:30 this afternoon. If there is no objection the Convention is at recess until 1:30. RECESS PRESIDENT EGAN: The Convention will come to order. Mr. Walsh? WALSH: Mr. Chairman, I have just observed that we have in the gallery a very distinguished citizen of Alaska, a man who was a member of the first Territorial legislature and helped to organize that body and who has served at different periods of time subsequent to that legislature and in the Senate of this Territory, and he is now a member of the Senate of the Alaska Legislature, Senator Charles D. Jones of Nome. life to the promotion of the best interests of this Territory, and at this time I ask unanimous consent that he be given the privilege of the floor. COLLINS: Just a moment. I wish the body would bear with me just a moment. In carrying out the remarks of Mr. Walsh, I wish to say that it was a very happy moment for me personally to see Senator Jones here today. Senator Jones was a member of the first Alaska legislature. In 1913 when we organized the House of Representatives, Mr. Jones was a member of that body. He and I are the only survivors of that body, in 1913, the House of Representatives. It was very unfortunate that the Honorable Henry Roden, the only other survivor of the Senate of 1913 is not here with us. The legislature consisted of 24 members at that time. Twenty-one have answered the last roll call, but there are two of us here today. We can answer the roll call here, and I am glad to see Senator Jones here with us. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection -- Mr. Johnson? JOHNSON: Mr. President, I certainly have no objection. I was thinking, however, that we could enlarge on Mr. Walsh's unanimous request by including "that he be given the privilege of the floor for the duration of the session." PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection, Senator Charles Jones of Nome is granted the privileges of the floor for the balance of the sessions of the Constitutional Convention. (applause) (Senator Jones came in from the gallery at this time.) SENATOR JONES: Mr. President and members of the Constitutional Convention. Now when Mr. Collins, ex-speaker of the House of the first legislature and many subsequent legislatures, why he dated me like that I don't know. Now when he said that I was a member of that first legislature, that is a good many years ago, and I am 81 and I have no apologies for any years, so you are listening to maybe a garrulous old man when I am talking. I want to say I am very pleased to be here and to see the earnestness with which this Constitutional Convention is being conducted. I will say without any apology that I have always questioned the necessity of statehood at this time because I could not see where it was going to be paid for, but I'm a little bit "Scotch" that way. But I say I belong to the years, and the younger people are going to have to carry on anyway. My son and I have had very serious arguments about statehood. He is for it and I am opposed to it. I am glad to see it is being carried on but you are the ones who will have to carry it. My doctor told me I had 20 more years to live and he thought I was ornery enough to live it. Maybe PRESIDENT EGAN: Thank you, Senator Jones. (applause) Is there other business to come before the Convention at this time? Mr. Victor Rivers? V. RIVERS: I ask for the floor on a matter of personal privilege of interest to the whole body. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Victor Rivers asks the personal privilege of the floor under a question on personal privilege. V. RIVERS: Now that we are organized and have some matters of moment coming up in a short time, it seems to me that we should discuss and have an opinion in our records on the matter of whether or not the delegates of the Convention have and enjoy legislative immunity. There are things we are going to want to talk about that will involve possibly libelous questions if we do not enjoy such immunity. It seems to me that we should spread on the minutes of this body an opinion. While I realize it would only be an opinion and while I realize there are 13 lawyers here, most of whom will all have an opinion on it, I would like to have spread on the minutes of this record an opinion so I am going to ask unanimous consent that the question, "Are the delegates to this Constitutional Convention entitled to full or limited legislative immunity?" and I ask that it be referred to the Judiciary Committee for a written report, indicating their opinion on the question, that their opinion be spread upon the journal of this Convention when submitted. I ask unanimous consent that that be done. PRESIDENT EGAN: You have heard the unanimous consent request of Mr. Victor Rivers Mr. Hellenthal? HELLENTHAL: Mr. President, for information only, would it not perhaps be better to submit such a question to the Attorney General rather than burden the membership of this body with passing on such a delicate question involving the membership of this body? V. RIVERS: I have discussed the matter with the Attorney General and have a verbal opinion from him. However, his opinion, I don't think in any final court of law action would have any more bearing on the matter than would the opinion of our legal members here. At least the opinion on the minutes of our daily actions would give the members here confidence to open their mouths and say what they have to say, and I feel the matter should be handled through our Judiciary Committee rather than through the Attorney General. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Sundborg. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I feel that we do not have a Judiciary Committee. We have a committee on the Judiciary Branch, and I think it is a committee that is studying what should be contained in the constitution with respect to the judiciary branch of the State of Alaska. It is not a committee that is properly constituted to rule and even give an opinion on a subject of this kind. MCLAUGHLIN: Mr. President? PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. McLaughlin, there really is nothing before us, it is a unanimous consent request. MCLAUGHLIN: I object for the purpose of discussion. PRESIDENT EGAN: Objection is heard. Mr. Rivers, do you so move? V. RIVERS: I so move. MCCUTCHEON: I second the motion. PRESIDENT EGAN: It has been moved and seconded that the motion offered by Mr. Rivers be carried by the Convention. Mr. McLaughlin? MCLAUGHLIN: Mr. President, as Chairman of the Judiciary Branch and as a member of the bar who is quite willing to give an opinion with or without request, my suggestion to the Chair is that if Mr. Rivers or any member of the body desires to libel, or the occasion may arise when the Delegate from the l8th District is prepared or any other member is prepared to libel, I think at that time if they approached any one of the numerous lawyers in the body that they would be able to give an opinion which I am sure would vary from that of twelve others on the subject. I don't feel it is the function of the Convention to determine at this time when the problem hasn't arisen, whether or not it enjoys a limited or a complete immunity on the subject. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there further discussion? Mr. Ralph Rivers? R. RIVERS: Mr. President, I think that it is proper to have a common understanding as to the position of the delegates in this regard. Now if it were referred to a special or select committee of lawyers here to just report back to the Convention and that report was spread upon the record, it would accomplish that purpose. Mr. McLaughlin would have to go and do a little research, I am sure, to find whether we have a complete immunity or limited legislative immunity. Rather than wait until someone begins to get into hot water, let's have a common understanding in advance. I support the PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Walsh. WALSH: Mr. President, may I ask the Secretary to read the motion? PRESIDENT EGAN: The Secretary will please read Mr. V. Rivers' motion. CHIEF CLERK: "I ask unanimous consent that the question, 'Are the delegates to this Constitutional Convention entitled to full or limited legislative immunity' be referred to the Judiciary Committee for a written report indicating their opinion on the question and that their opinion be spread upon the Journal of this Convention when submitted." PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there further discussion? Mr. McCutcheon? MCCUTCHEON: Mr. President, it is not my intention at any time on this floor to make libelous statements as such about any organization or firm or person. It may be, however, that in arguing some of the principles we hope to include in the constitution with respect to say natural resources, that the information we put forth here on the floor will be misinterpreted by outside interests or by the newspapers or perhaps deliberately by some attorney for a corporation or firm or person. Consequently, it appears to me that such a decision spread upon the minutes of our Convention would at least make some of the people here a little freer to go more fully into the ramifications of the natural resources that we may desire to control where we may touch upon some very sensitive points. I think, however, that rather than making a committee here responsible for the decision, that it would be properly the office of the Attorney General's authority to issue us such a decision. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Hellenthal. HELLENTHAL: Mr. President, if this body passes on the question, it will give us no immunity. It will not change the status that we now occupy one whit. I just can't see what can be gained by having this body, or for that matter, the American Legion pass on the question. What good does it do? Our legal status will remain the same afterwards as it does now. The Attorney General's opinion would have some sanctity, it might serve as a guide to conduct, but thereis always insurance against libel available for a premium a bullet-proof vest. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Marston. MARSTON: I think I am in favor of this.motion as put that this pass on this decision and forward it to the Attorney General for his comment. That is my position on it. PRESlDENT EGAN: Mr. Sundborg. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I would like to move to amend Mr. Rivers' motion by providing that instead of the question being referred to our Committee on the Judiciary Branch, that it be referred to the Attorney General of Alaska. RILEY: I second the motion. PRESIDENT EGAN: It has been moved and seconded that Mr. Victor Rivers' motion be amended V. RIVERS: No objection. I'll accept the amendment. I'd like to see the opinion on the minutes, that's all. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Rivers asks unanimous consent that the proposed amendment be incorporated in the original motion. Is there objection? Hearing no objection, the proposed amendment is ordered incorporated in the original motion. Before the question is put the Chair would like to let every member of the Convention know that this question does not involve any member of the Convention as being able to libel any other member of the Convention because the Chair would instantly step on that but it involves in the course of debate whether or not a libelous charge could be entertained upon the Convention from outside the Convention. You have heard the motion. The Chief Clerk may read the motion as amended again. CHIEF CLERK: "That the question, 'are the delegates to this Constitutional Convention entitled to full or limited legislative immunity', be referred to the Attorney General for a written report indicating his opinion on the question, that his opinion be spread upon the journal of this Convention when submitted." PRESIDENT EGAN: You have heard the question. If there is no further discussion -- Mr. Riley? RILEY: As a point of information, Mr. President, I think we should clearly state the Attorney General of Alaska. I believe that was Mr. Sundborg's reference. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection, those words will be included in the original motion. The question is, "Shall the motion offered by Mr. Victor Rivers and as has been amended by Mr. Sundborg be adopted by the Convention?" All in favor of the motion will indicate by saying "aye". All opposed by saying "no". The "ayes" have it and the motion is adopted. time? Mr. Coghill? COGHILL: Mr. President, in view of administrative technicalities, I would move and ask unanimous consent that we revert to the order of business of the resolutions. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection, the Convention will revert to the order of business that includes the presentation of resolutions. COGHILL: Before presenting the resolution, I might add that in our Report No. 1 on the Committee on Administration, under the item of technical consultant service, it was requested by the Administrative Committee and passed by the Convention, Section 4, Page 5, that "when technical and consulting services may be requested by the Convention, this amount will be available." There has been a request for technical services, so therefore, Mr. President, I, as Chairman of the Committee on Administration, report to you as follows: Report of the Committee on Administration, recommended resolution, services of technical consultant. The Committee on Administration recommends adoption of the following resolution: "WHEREAS the Convention may have need for the services of technical consultants on various subjects during its deliberations; and "WHEREAS the Legislature of Alaska anticipated the possible need for such services and included provision therefore in the total appropriation for the Convention; "NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: 1. That the Convention hereby authorize the obtaining of the services of technical consultants upon request for such services being made by a Committee Chairman and approved by the President of the Convention. 2. That the President of the Convention shall have authority to select the consultants after consultation with the Committee Chairmen. 3. That the administrative arrangements for employment of any consultant shall be approved by the Committee on Administration and be executed by the Secretary of the Convention." I move and ask unanimous consent for the adoption. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Coghill asks unanimous consent for the adoption of the resolution. Mr. Smith? SMITH: I am willing to object. COGHILL: I so move. MCCUTCHEON: I second the motion. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Coghill moves and Mr. McCutcheon seconds the motion for adoption of the resolution. Mr. Smith? SMITH: Mr. Chairman, my objection is based on the first paragraph of the resolution, and the objection is to the word "Chairman" which appears after "Committee . I think that word should be omitted. In other words, the decision should be left to the committee rather than to the chairman, and if it is in order to do so, I will propose that the word "Chairman" be stricken from this paragraph. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Smith, then you are asking that an amendment be made to the original motion by Mr. Coghill, that the motion be adopted, but the word "Chairman" be deleted? SMITH: That is correct. MCCUTCHEON: Point of order, Mr. President. How can the committee ask for technical help? The chairman is the authorized agent of the committee. It seems amazing to me that the chairman would ask for technical assistance if the committee objected to it. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. McCutcheon, do you think that it might be entirely clarified by the words, committee through its chairman"? SMITH: Mr. President, I would like to withdraw my proposed amendment. I think it's fair enough. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Smith asks unanimous consent that his proposed amendment to the motion be withdrawn. Mr. Fischer? V. FISCHER: I just have a question as to form. The resolution itself, nowhere in its body refers to the Convention as the Constitutional Convention or otherwise identifies it, and it seems to me for proper form it should at least once in the resolved specify the Constitutional Convention of Alaska. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Fischer, would you mind holding that until this particular motion is acted upon? It would then be in order. The original motion hasn't been voted upon yet. R. RIVERS: Mr. Chairman, what is the motion before the Convention? PRESIDENT EGAN: The motion before the house is the motion of this resolution by the Constitutional Convention. R. RIVERS: Wouldn't an amendment by Delegate Fischer to change the language be in order before we act on the motion? PRESIDENT EGAN: It could be in order. The only thing the Chair thought that possibly it might be simpler to -- R. RIVERS: Well, I don't like to adopt something until the corrections are made. As a point of information, what does "Convention/4" mean up on the second line? Does that mean Resolution 4? "Convention" is not a Convention report. PRESIDENT EGAN: If the Secretary might explain that to Mr. Ralph Rivers. SECRETARY: If you will recall the recommendation on documentation, this is the fourth report by the Committee on Administration and that documentation series number is applied that way on committee reports. R. RIVERS: Aren't we numbering resolutions separately from proposals for instance? Why don't we call it Resolution/4 then? SECRETARY: Resolutions on substantive matters, not on the general management of the Convention. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Chair doesn't have any number on his copy. Mr. White? WHITE: As a point of order, or rather information, I suspect that these experts from the States come at rather a high price, and I have been given to understand their time is limited. I don't see any provision in here for coordination between two or more committees who may have need of the same expert or consultant. It occurs to me that Committee "A" might be ready for Consultant Jones today. Committee "B" might not be ready for him until two weeks hence. Consultant Jones conceivably might only be able to come to Alaska for a period of one week. I don't know quite how to cover this. I would like to ask of the Committee on Administration if this point had been discussed and if the resolving of it can be worked out. COGHILL: That subject has been brought up and has been discussed to some length in our Committee. This resolution is in effect an authorization for the administrative staff to obtain upon the request of the committee chairman. It is not an authorization immediately ordering them. I think that can follow in an administrative memorandum instead of by resolution, coordination of technical services. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Nolan. NOLAN: It would seem too that that would be taken care of due to the fact that you meet with your committee chairmen, and it has to be approved by you. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. McNees. MCNEES: Mr. President, I think it is specifically covered here in No. 2 of the Resolution, "That the President of the Convention shall have the authority . ." The authority does not lie with the individual committee chairman. It must be cleared through the Chair and the Secretary. WHITE: Mr. President, I don't read No. 2 that way. I read that to mean that the President of the Convention shall have the authority to decide which consultant is best suited to the need that has arisen. I don't read that to mean that the President shall have the authority to coordinate between committees as to the needs for consultants. This point has come up again and again. I get confused between authority to proceed and -- PRESlDENT EGAN: Mr. White, as a point of information, if the Secretary could tell you of another memorandum that is available. SECRETARY: There is a draft memorandum on this subject of the organization of the services to insure their coordinated use which has been prepared for the use of the committee chairmen for their consideration, criticism and evaluation. The memorandum was not distributed because, if I state the desires of the President correctly, he wished to put it to them at their next meeting. PRESIDENT EGAN: That is correct, Mr. Secretary. WHITE: Mr. President, apparently the matter has been given due consideration between two or three individuals, bodies or committees and I will withdraw my objection. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Chair would like to state that Mr. Ralph Rivers' point was well taken. The Chair was a little confused. It had Mr. Smith's amendment to the motion in mind. Mr. Victor Fischer, your proposed amendment is in order before we vote on the original motion. V. FISCHER: I would like to move and ask unanimous consent that the first line in Resolve No. 1 be amended by inserting before the word "Convention" the word "Constitutional" and inserting after the word "Convention" the words "of Alaska." PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there objection to the request of Mr. the amendment is ordered adopted. MCCUTCHEON: Question. PRESIDENT EGAN: The question is, "Shall the Resolution be adopted by the Convention?" All in favor of the adoption of the resolution signify by "aye", all opposed "no". The "ayes" have it, and the resolution is ordered adopted. Is there further business to come before the Convention? Mr. Johnson? JOHNSON: Mr. President, I was informed that Mr. Taylor has been absent due to illness. Therefore I move and ask unanimous consent that since Mr. Taylor's absence was due to illness that he be paid salary and per diem for the past two days. PRESIDENT EGAN: You have heard the request of Mr. Johnson. MCLAUGHLIN: May I, through the Chair, suggest to Mr. Johnson that the words "per diem" and "salary" be stricken and that Mr. Taylor's name be included on the roll call as present. JOHNSON: Anyway is satisfactory to me. I have no objection. PRESIDENT EGAN: Would you consent to amending the request, Mr. Johnson to say that Mr. Taylor's name be included on the roll call? JOHNSON: Yes. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there objection, there being no objection it is so ordered. Mr. Kilcher? KILCHER: Mr. President, I am not quite certain whether we have or have not a motion on the floor from this morning. PRESIDENT EGAN: You are correct, Mr. Kilcher. There was a motion on the floor this morning that sent the Rules Committee out for a meeting. That is right. Is the Rules Committee ready to report? RILEY: Mr. President, I should like to defer for the moment to Mr. Kilcher. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Kilcher, you may have the floor. KILCHER: After discussing the difference of opinion expressed by that motion this morning with the Committee on Rules, I have come to the following position. I am satisfied that the Committee on Rules has recognized a basic difference of opinion and am therefore willing to postpone any action on the matter until the Committee on Rules has had time to further consider PRESIDENT EGAN: That motion, as the Chair remembers it, was made by Mr. Sundborg. The Committee on Rules went out to consider the motion, as the Chair recalls. RILEY: Mr. President, I had had in mind that Mr. Kilcher had intended to ask postponement of that matter to a time stated and perhaps that is his wish, and if so I should like at this time to defer a committee report from Rules. The Rules Committee did not wish to be in position of foreclosing or discouraging discussion or debate from any source. With Mr. Kilcher's consent I should like to suggest and I so move and ask unanimous consent that the matter referred this morning to the Committee on Rules be put off until Monday morning, first order of business. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there objection to the request of Mr. Riley's? Mr. Sundborg? SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I do not object but I do want to say it was my motion under discussion and I do assent to this procedure. PRESIDENT EGAN: Thank you, Mr. Sundborg. Then, if there is no objection this matter will be held in abeyance until Monday morning. Hearing no objection it is so ordered. Is there any other business to come before the Convention? Mr. Sundborg. SUNDBORG: I would like to inquire whether it is going to be our procedure here to go through the call of the order of business at the afternoon as well as the morning session, or what does the Chair feel? PRESIDENT EGAN: That is not usually done, Mr. Sundborg. Whatever the wish of the Convention is -- the Chair will adhere to that wish. Whether or not it might be more expeditious to go down through the regular order of business is a matter for the Convention to decide and the Chair will hold that the subject is open for discussion. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, for instance we deferred the reading of the journal for today, and I believe for each day, until the afternoon session. I wonder if that should not be called for as a regular order of business instead of just left to happenstance as to whether the journal will be called for. PRESIDENT EGAN: It might be well because of that to just start down the regular order of business when we convene in the afternoon session, Mr. Sundborg. If there is no objection, that is the position the Chair will take. From now on the Chair will call for the regular order of business in the afternoon sessions except that the roll will not be called. Mr. Nolan? NOLAN: Was it not your suggestion, Mr. Sundborg, that it come up the first thing in the afternoon? It seems to me that if we start the regular order of business and get tangled up with propositions, etc., we are liable to run over our scheduled meeting times, and I would suggest, as Mr. Sundborg stated, it be the first order of business in the afternoon session. PRESIDENT EGAN: That the reading of the journal and dispense with any other going down through the regular order of business? NOLAN: Yes, if its already been deferred, then bring it back as first order of business, because otherwise we are liable to lose track of it again. PRESIDENT EGAN: That is right, but the Chair just felt that like what is taking place this afternoon, it has extended into a considerable length of time. Perhaps it would have been more advantageous to start down the regular order than to have gone on as we are. Mr. Sundborg? SUNDBORG: I just think for the purpose of having an orderly journal it would be well to have some order of business at each session, the morning session and afternoon sessions. For example, I think that every afternoon there is going to be at least one committee report and probably several because some of our committees will have been meeting during the morning and will have reports to bring in. There should be a stated place in the order of business for those reports to be made so that our journal won't be a jumping from one subject to another and back again. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mrs. Sweeney. SWEENEY: I feel that at 1 o'clock we should have the reading and the approval of the journal and then go on with whatever business we have not finished at 9:30. I believe the committee meetings should start promptly at 2 o'clock and then go on until 4:50. If we have other business that should be taken care of, then we should take care of it at 5 o'clock and not adjourn until those things have been taken care of. But I do not think we should start with the first order of business in the morning. We will never get to the end of a day's calendar that way. At this time we should have the approval of yesterday's journal. We are already past the time for committee meetings. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is the journal before us at this time? SWEENEY: I will call for the reading and the approval of the journal. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mrs. Sweeney is asking for the reading and SWEENEY: I believe I am in order to make a correction in the journal, Mr. President? PRESIDENT EGAN: Mrs. Sweeney wishes to make a correction in the journal. SWEENEY: On the first page -- UNIDENTIFIED DELEGATE: I don't have a copy. PRESIDENT EGAN: Have those copies been distributed? UNIDENTIFIED DELEGATE: The first row was missed I guess. SWEENEY: On the first page, beginning with the words "Mr. Sundborg moved and asked unanimous consent that the reading of the journal of the previous day be dispensed with and that the journal be approved. Mr. Londborg objected. Mr. Johnson seconded. Mr. Sundborg asked unanimous consent to amend his motion to delete the reference to approving the journal. There being no objection, it was so ordered. Mr. Londborg withdrew his objection to the original motion so it was ordered adopted." What actually happened was that we did not dispense with the reading and the approval of the journal. We held it off until later in the day. Mr. Sundborg deleted the approval of the journal and the approval of all previous journals was also deleted. So we still have the opportunity to approve the journals of each business day. So that should be corrected that it would not dispense with or postpone to a later time in the day. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mrs. Sweeney, that is covered on the next page. It says, "The President stated that in line with this motion when the journals for the previous days' sessions are available, any delegate will have the right to bring to the attention of the Convention any possible errors." SWEENEY: We could go on for two weeks, Mr. President, with no reference to the effect that the journal for the 9th, lOth or llth day had been approved. We could only assume that by the lack of any reference, any objections or corrections. But I believe that each day our journal should show that the journal for the previous day had been approved. If there are no corrections then it would be a simple motion. PRESIDENT EGAN: Of course the idea was, Mrs. Sweeney, that it would be impossible to actually approve until the members could see the journal. Was that not the original intent? SWEENEY: Then the journal should be placed on our desks earlier than before 1 o'clock or 1:30. PRESIDENT EGAN: Up to today that was not possible because of the help shortage. From now on it will be placed there at an earlier time. SWEENEY: I still maintain, Mr. President, that each day at a certain time there should be a motion stating that the journal of the previous day has been approved or is approved. PRESIDENT EGAN: You ask unanimous consent that the journal of the eighth day be approved by the Convention -- is that your motion, Mrs. Sweeney? SWEENEY: Yes, I would ask that with the correction that we make the change in the word "dispense" because we did not dispense with it. We actually asked that it be postponed until later in the day. We did not get it later in the day. PRESIDENT EGAN: Is there objection to Mrs. Sweeney's request? Hearing no objection it is so ordered. Mr. Sundborg? SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I would like to suggest that the first full paragraph on page 2 which deals with this matter of the journal is out of order and it should appear ahead of the subsection on communications on the first page, instead of following the letter. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection that correction will be made. Are there other proposed corrections to the journal of the eighth day? HELLENTHAL: On Page 7 I think the time of the adjournment should be stated, Page 7 in the closing paragraph, the way I read it and I read it only hastily, it does not indicate what time, the time at which the adjournment took place, I think should be stated. SWEENEY: I would object to that because we would have to show we adjourned at 1:30 and actually we did not because there were committee meetings all afternoon. It might not look right, while we know that we are in session some days, someone might pick this up and it would look like we are adjourning pretty early in the afternoon. HELLENTHAL: I defer to Mrs. Sweeney. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection. Mr. Armstrong? ARMSTRONG: Just a matter of correction for the sake of the permanent record the matter of the titles under the "invocation". It should read "Mr." If the title is to be used, it should be "Reverend Mr." or Reverent R. R. I make this suggestion not because of my name here but because of a technique in reporting that should appear in reference to other men as PRESIDENT EGAN: Which would be more preferable, Mr. Armstrong? ARMSTRONG: I would prefer it to be "Mr." PRESIDENT EGAN: Then if there is no objection the invocation was given by "Reverend Mr. Armstrong" and will appear in the journal. Hearing no objection, it is so ordered. Mrs. Hermann? HERMANN: On Page 2, I was just wondering why the name of Ancil Payne is signed twice. PRESIDENT EGAN: It appeared twice on the original letter. Are there other corrections? Mr. Sundborg? SUNDBORG: Mr. President, it occurs to me that we are going to spend an awfully lot of time of all 55 members of this Convention looking over the journal each day and suggesting minor corrections. I wonder if we should not do what is the practice in the Legislature in Alaska and designate a committee of several members to look over the journal very carefully, perhaps while it is still in draft form, and before it has been mimeographed. Most of these little errors could be picked up at that time instead of on the floor of the Convention. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mrs. Sweeney. SWEENEY: Mr. Chairman, that is going to delay the works. It would mean someone would have to come here before 8:30 in the morning, go over the Chief Clerk's draft before it can be mimeographed. I think the committee idea is good, and I believe that if Mr. Sundborg would consent to having the mimeographed journal read by this committee they could report to the chamber here that the journal has been approved with a few minor corrections or some such thing. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection the Chair would name the Committee on Administration to do that. Now they will probably have a meeting almost every morning. Mrs. Sweeney? SWEENEY: I don't believe that is the business of the Administration Committee. I am sincere in that, Mr. President. I think we are going to take care of all the nails and door knobs and things like that, but I am not sure this belongs in the Committee. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Coghill. COGHILL: Mr. President, I might for a moment appeal to the Chair that the Rules Committee might be the best committee for that. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Convention will come to order. If there is no objection, the Chair will name a committee to accomplish that matter of going over the journal and attempting to find any errors and report them to the Convention. The Chair would appoint Mr. Knight, Mr. White, and Mr. Doogan as a committee of three to take that responsibility of the prior inspection of the journal. Mr. Johnson? JOHNSON: On Page 1 of the journal, after the item on roll call, it occurs to me that in order to perfect the record, there should be a statement that a quorum is present, and while it is obvious that a quorum is present from the fact that only one or two are absent, it still should be a matter of record. PRESIDENT EGAN: If there is no objection it is so ordered and hereafter the Chair will announce that a quorum is present at that time. Are there other proposed corrections? Mr. Cooper? COOPER: Mr. President, I don't have a proposed correction. I was wondering now that the entire secretariat staff is hired, at what time does the journal reach the form it is now in -- mimeographed and ready for disbursing to the delegates? CHIEF CLERK: Today it was ready at 1:15, mimeographed. COOPER: What I was going to bring up was that I personally have faith in the committee but I would also like to have the journal, if I could have it sometime early in the morning at a predetermined time ahead of the actual reading and accepting of the journal for the previous day then a lot of the minor mistakes that have been noted at this time could be presented in an orderly fashion. PRESIDENT EGAN: Will the Chief Clerk explain that? CHIEF CLERK: I believe you can have the journal tomorrow morning possibly by 9 o'clock because it is already half drafted. It is just the business of this afternoon that needs to be finished, and the stencils can probably be cut tonight and run off and maybe it will be ready at 9:00. I would not promise that for every day. It depends on the length of your plenary session. COOPER: What I was going to point out -- there are 51 individuals here excluding the Chairman and the committee that will be reporting on this, and each and every one might find some minor infraction in the journal after the committee has ruled it be accepted. PRESIDENT EGAN: The committee will ask that it be accepted. COOPER: You will go through this discussion and time-consuming PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Sundborg. SUNDBORG: Mr. President, I would suggest simply that the mimeographed copies of the journal be distributed each day to all members at as early an hour as possible upon the mimeographed copies being ready and that no matter what hour that is that the journal always be considered for reading, correction, adoption at the beginning of the afternoon session. PRESIDENT EGAN: That suggestion will be considered as the policy of the Convention relative to the journal. Is there further discussion? If there is no further amendment to the journal it is ordered approved. The journal of the eighth day is ordered approved. HELLENTHAL: I move, Mr. President, we adjourn until 9 o'clock tomorrow morning, unless there is a prior motion before the House. MCNEALY: Before acting on that motion, I would like to announce Committee No. IV, Committee on Ordinance will meet directly after recess. PRESIDENT EGAN: Committee No. IV, Committee on Ordinance will meet directly after recess. Mr. Rosswog? ROSSWOG: The Committee on Local Government will meet at 3:30 this afternoon. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Committee on Local Government, Committee No. XII will meet at 3:30. Mr. Sundborg? SUNDBORG: Committee No. III, Style and Drafting, met this morning and wishes to report to the Convention that it decided to prepare a manual on style which will contain suggestions on format, arrangement -- PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Hellenthal, your point of order. HELLENTHAL: I rise to a point of order. I believe the committee report should be submitted in writing according to the rules. SUNDBORG: No, the only committee reports which should be submitted in writing according to our rules are reports on matters referred to a committee by the Convention. Is that correct? HELLENTHAL: I stand corrected. PRESIDENT EGAN: For purposes of making it easier for the Clerk, as it would be possible to do so. SUNDBORG: All committee reports? PRESIDENT EGAN: The Chair would feel that should be in order. SUNDBORG: Shall I proceed with this one? PRESIDENT EGAN: Yes you may, Mr. Sundborg. SUNDBORG: The Committee decided to prepare a manual on style which will contain suggestions on format, arrangement, titling, numbering and phrasing of articles and sections of the constitution, which manual will be distributed to all the committees dealing with proposals for the constitution. The Committee decided also to investigate the feasibility of preparing a wall chart which would keep account of progress being made in building the constitution. A subcommittee was appointed to take charge of each of these matters, with Mr. Armstrong being the Chairman of the Subcommittee on the Style Manual and Mr. Davis the Chairman of the Subcommittee on the Wall Chart. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mrs. Hermann. HERMANN: Mr. Chairman, I suggest that Mr. Sundborg forgot to name the elected officers of his committee. SUNDBORG: They were named yesterday, Mrs. Hermann, reported to the committee. HERMANN: We did not elect them until this morning -- pardon me, I meant Rules, Mr. Sundborg. PRESIDENT EGAN: The Rules Committee, Mr. Riley. RILEY: The Rules Committee today organized itself with the election of Mrs. Hermann as Vice Chairman and Mr. Rosswog as Secretary. PRESIDENT EGAN: You have heard the report of the Chairman of the Rules Committee. Mr. Cross? CROSS: Committee No. XIV, the Committee on Resolutions and Recommendations, met and organized. All members were present. Mr. Gray was elected Vice Chairman and Mr. Robertson was appointed Secretary. One item of business came before the Committee and a report is being prepared for the consideration of the Convention. This Committee will meet at the scheduled time but only on call of the Chairman or the Vice Chairman. PRESIDENT EGAN: Thank you Mr. Cross. Mr. Victor Rivers? V. RIVERS: Committee No. VIII, on the Executive, the Committee met this morning and organized and held the initial meeting. All members were present. We elected Mr. John Boswell Vice Chairman and Mr. Harris was appointed Secretary. We will meet again at the regular time tomorrow morning. PRESIDENT EGAN: You have heard the report of the Chairman of the Executive Committee. Mr. Collins? COLLINS: Committee XIII will meet on schedule for purposes of organization. SMITH: Mr. President, Committee No. X on Resources met and organized. Mr. Riley was named as Secretary and Mr. Boswell was elected Vice President. The Committee began the review of the subjects to come before the Committee and will continue that review at its next regularly scheduled meeting. PRESIDENT EGAN: You have heard the report of the Resources Committee. Mrs. Awes? AWES: The Committee on the Bill of Rights and Preamble met at the scheduled time. Ada Wien was elected as Vice Chairman and Mr. Armstrong was named Secretary. We began discussion of the subjects to be considered and will meet tomorrow at the schedule time. PRESIDENT EGAN: You have heard the report of the Committee on Preamble and Bill of Rights. Mr. Robertson, your question? ROBERTSON: Do I understand that now the order of business will be called at the plenary session in the morning and then in the afternoon will be continued on -- that part that is not finished after first reading and approving the minutes of the previous day? PRESIDENT EGAN: That is correct, Mr. Robertson. That is the wish of the Convention. Mr. Johnson your point of information. JOHNSON: Point of information. Will it be possible in the afternoon sessions to refer to matters in the order of business that have taken place in the morning, or would it require unanimous consent? PRESIDENT EGAN: It would depend on how the matter came up, Mr. Johnson. JOHNSON: I was thinking particularly of the matter of introduction of proposals. PRESIDENT EGAN: By two-thirds vote you could revert back to the introduction of proposals in the afternoon. Yes. Is there anything else to come before the Convention? The Chair committee chairmen this afternoon. However, inasmuch as it is such a late hour, that meeting will be deferred until tomorrow afternoon immediately following the recess. Is there anything further to come before the Convention at this time? If not, the Chair will entertain a motion to adjourn. CHIEF CLERK: Mr. Hellenthal has made such a motion already. PRESIDENT EGAN: You already made your motion, Mr. Hellenthal? HELLENTHAL: Yes. PRESIDENT EGAN: Mr. Hellenthal moved and asked unanimous consent that the Convention stand adjourned until 9 o'clock tomorrow morning. Is there objection? Hearing no objection the Convention is adjourned until 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.

It was a glorious sun filled day when I discovered that I could join this website and transfer over 15000 dooyoo miles and receive a cheque for £15 rather than wait to reach 50000 dooyoo miles and get a £50 cheque from dooyoo. Yes I was very pleased about this and so I joined the website surfmiles.com transfered my dooyoo miles and even surfed the net to make some money using the surfmiles scheme. So what did I do? I reached a good amount of dooyoo miles and transfered them to my account with surfmiles. From there I ordered my cheque for £15 and waited patiently. I waited and waited and still no cheque. So I got a little anxious about it and decided to pay a visit to there website. HAPPY DAY when I got to their website I soon discovered that they had no money left and have decided to do a runner with everyone's money. Of course they left an E-mail address to contact them which I then used but to no avail because the E-mail address was a big great fake. That's right it didn't even exist, I sent them an E-mail and I got one back saying that the address I sent the E-mail to did not exist. So lets take some time to revise for a moment and recall what we have learnt about surfmiles so far. Ok they are dirty rotten cheaters whom steal your money and run away with it. They even claimed to have sent an E-mail to all the members telling them that they would be closing down the site. Isn't it funny however that I did not receive this E-mail. I suppose it get lost in the post or something. Yeah right. To receive the E-mail I had to send them an E-mail to their address that they left and they would forward it to me. Of course they were telling lies as the E-mail address is fake and does not exist. If you don't believe me visit the site yourself and just for fun try sending them an E-mail. I bet it doesn't work! So what can you do? Complain via dooyoo review of course as their is nothing much else I can do except tell trading sta ndards. What did surfmiles use to do? They used to "pay" you for surfing the internet. Not very much at that but it was better than nothing at all I guess. When you went through surfmiles to purchase things from websites you would get some surfmiles back for doing so. At the end of the day when you reached 1500 surfmiles you could order a cheque for £15 and it would be sent to you in the post. Of course this was all a big lie as they really just wanted to take your money in and hope you would forget about the cheque they owe you whilst they run away to Mexico or something. I know what you're thinking and yes perhaps I am being too hasty maybe's they we waiting until the end of the month to post my cheque and it hasn't arrived yet. I don't see why it should take this long though and I believe that they have ran away with my money! If I do receive the cheque however I will inform all by updating this opinion. However if I do not I may update this opinion with great hatred toward them. If they do send the cheque finally however I will also expect an apology with it! Voice was heard??(Update) --------------------------- Well everyone I don't know if dooyoo complained or if Surfmiles felt some big law suits coming there way but they actually sent me a cheque for the dooyoo miles I transfered. Sadly enough they did not compensate me one penny for the money I made on their site. So they're still cheating monkeys. Two days after my cheque I got an E-mail saying about a new account that would be set up for me and I was to be given 0 points for the cash they owe me. That is quite disgusting however I'm a bit more callous about it now since I've got my dooyoo miles back anyhow. LATEST UPDATE 11/06/01. Oh well, it appears I may have been slightly strong on Surf-miles, as I have now recieved a cheque for the £9.20 for my Dooyoo miles, whether the cheque will bounce though is anyones guess. UPDATE...Oh well, it appears I was right, as the Surf-miles web page seems to have bitten the dust now, they've done a runner (and with everyones CASH, the Dirty Cheating FU%$ERS)... -------------------------------------------- So what is, or should I say, what was Surfmiles.com? Surfmiles.com, is another one of these paid-to-surf programs, well at least it WAS, as whatever has happened to them is anyone’s guess, they used to offer you a pay-rate of 30 pence an hour, for a maximum 7 hours a month, which wasn’t bad actually, as you could earn your maximum, in a day or two, but about 3 months ago, I received an email off them stating they were no longer paying for the use of the bar, but we could still use it, now who in the right mind, would actually still use a pay-bar, if they are not actually getting anything out of it? Surf miles, is also one of these programs that offer cash-back awards on purchases made through links on their web site and they claim this is now the only way of earning surf-miles, I never ever bothered with these, and have no intentions of doing so in future. They where also, another source to cash in your Dooyoo miles, which was useful, as instead of waiting to amass the necessary £50.00 worth of Dooyoo miles, you could convert £15.00 worth and then claim the cash, well that what I thought anyhow, and this brings me onto my story. My Story: Around about early March, I had amassed 9,200 Dooyoo points (£9.20 worth), and thinking I would not be using Dooyoo that much decided to swap them for Surf-miles, so I came to Dooyoo and done just that, I had already amassed 560 Surf-miles (£5.60 worth), so with the Surf-miles and Dooyoo miles, my total equall ed 1,480 surf-miles (£14.80 worth), and with the minimum payout being £15.00, I thought, yeah, I’ll be able to cash them I next month, so I carried on my usual surfing. Then about two weeks later, I received an email stating “The surf-miles awarded for April are being checked out, as there has been a fault with their cheat-busting software, and they had to check everyone’s account), then a few days later I received another email stating “in future, we will no longer be awarding surf-miles, for using our pay bar, March’s surfing will be credited to everyone’s account, so I thought, Oh well no problem, I’ll get past the £15.00 barrier and then pack it in. That was nearly THREE months ago, and my account has still not been credited with March’s surf-miles, thus leaving me stuck on 1,480 surf-miles (£14.80), and it doesn’t look as if it is ever going to be updated, so it looks as though I have lost this money, I have sent them about TEN emails, without a SINGLE reply, which tells me, they have NO INTENTIONS of honouring my account and paying me up, which is really annoying, especially so, because I am now reaching £30 in my Dooyoo account and the £9.20 would have went a long way to helping me reach the required £50.00. I have even sent an email to Dooyoo, who were one of their partners, and even they where unaware at Surf-miles demise, and the only thing they could suggest was to change more of my Dooyoo miles, to bring my account up to the required £15.00, to which I replied “No Thanks”, as if they are not going to reply to my emails, they probably have no intentions of settling my account. So, let this be a warning to anyone reading this, that also uses their Dooyoo miles to swap for Surf-Miles, don’t trust Surf-miles with your Dooyoo miles exchange, just keep hold of them, or you may never see them again. This is not intended to be a detailed analysis of Surfmiles and what it is. I just want to relay my experiences of their Shopping service. With only £6 in my account, I know that I have virtually no chance of ever seeing any money from Surfmiles. If the only way I can earn is by shopping through them, then it'll take me years to reach their £50 minimum payout. Therefore, I don't especially make purchases with any of their partners. However, there have been 2 occasions when I have made purchases by clicking on one of their partners' links. The only reason for this being that I had shopped around and it was coincidental that the cheapest price happened to be with a company listed at Surfmiles. The first occasion was last year. I bought a printer with Dell.co.uk. Now I could write another whole opinion on how shoddily they treated me. To cut a long story short, they took weeks to deliver the goods, and they didn't send me an email confirmation of the order, despite me pleading with them over the phone to do so. In case you don't know, you must forward an email of your order to Surfmiles, to receive your reward miles. So, I kept emailing Surfmiles, telling them that I had no email copy, but I had a paper invoice that I could scan and send, or photocopy and post. I typed out all the details, like order number etc, and emailed them. I never heard anything back from them. They had received their commission and they didn't care about me. Once bitten, twice shy, eh? Nope, not me. Because of all the trouble I had had with Dell.co.uk, I didn't blame Surfmiles. I assumed that Dell had probably mucked them about, too, and I just forgot about it. Then recently, I made an order through Amazon.co.uk. Once again, I logged into Surfmiles, clicked on the link and made my purchase. The Amazon transaction was fine. I got my email confirmation and sent it on to Surfmiles, with my username. And..... , I am still waiting. Over a week down the line... nothing. I even requested a read receipt on the email and I haven't received that. Either they haven't bothered to read the email or they clicked 'no' when it said I wanted a receipt. My conclusion? Well, I don't want to make any libellous accusations about Surfmiles, so I'll just say that I will NEVER click on a link at Surfmiles again. I'm not going to line their pockets when they can't even do me the common curteousy of replying to my emails or crediting me with miles that I have earnt. Well, I feel a whole lot better now I have that off my chest! A lot of these so-called internet reward schemes do not pay the member who have used the program/scheme in good faith and whilst I have seen other opinions stating that Surfmiles have paid out, three months after I requested payment, I still haven't received a penny from them. Naturally, I am "disapointed" (or words to that effect). What is Surfmiles? ================== Surfmiles jumped on the band wagon of advertising agencies who "streamed" adverts to the user's computer. The user recieved payment for the adverts being there. In Surfmiles case, the user was awarded for five hours use per month, which was later increased to seven hours at thirty pence per hour. Once the payment threshold of fifteen pounds was reached, the user could elect to receive the payment in the form of a cheque. It was possible to increase earnings by having referals, with a smaller payment made which reflected their useage. Like many other schemes, there is a cashback option for other users, awards for using search and other portal facilities. Whilst one would not become a millionaire overnight, some extra "pocket money" was possible and the other portal features were useful, too. What went wrong with surfmiles? =============================== The situation changed in March 2001, when the company stopped offering the "pay to surf" feature. The founder program, AllAdvantage.com had "collapsed" (I doubt it did, just done a runner, which I shall write about later. Groan) and emails were sent to members stating that part of the program had ceased as they didn't want to follow the same course, which is understandable. Now, at that point, if they said to members that they would be willing to send out cheques to members who wished to resign from the program, even if they had not reached the payment threshold, that would have been decent. But they didn't. In early February, I had passed the payment threshold and I requested payment. A few reminders went to them and eventually I received a bulls**t reply from Surfmiles, citing "we are checking every account to fraudulent entries" and so on. The actual Surfmiles site had stated they could tell if multiple accounts were in use (presumably an easy enough trace using IP addresses and CLI, "Caller Line Identification"). As I said, bulls**t. Now, the staff at Surfmiles do not respond at all - and that is not just to myself. As you will be able to tell, I am not best pleased with Surfmiles. Here's another problem. Whilst I have not checked out the rewards page on the revamped dooyoo site, the "old" site had the option to receive payment in Surfmiles. Whilst, at the time of writing, I do not have enough dooyoo miles to warrent conversion, I would be unwilling to accept the risk of being, effectively, robbed again from another "fake" rewards program. Now, where is that "thumbs down" icon... I would have agreed with the positive comments of previous reviewers if it wasn't for the fact that a few months ago (December I think) I actually tried to cash in my surfmiles. Before this I had been using their cashbox software for quite a while, and had also earned extra surfmiles by shopping at Amazon via the surfmiles site. By the time I cashed in my miles they were worth around £15 and I duly sat back and waited for the cheque to arrive. And waited... And waited... It never arrived. I emailed surfmiles and weeks later I received a reply saying that I would receive my cheque by the end of March at the latest. Well, it is now nearly the end of April and I still haven't received anything. I would be interested to know if my experience is a one-off and if other surfmiles users have received their cheques. Otherwise, I will be steering well clear of surfmiles from now on. I joined up to Surfmiles on the recommendation of a friend, after an advert he had seen on Dooyoo. I downloaded the SurfPilot and started clocking up "surftime". Within 5 days I had accumulated over 10 hours of online time with the SurfPilot active. "Great", I thought, I've earned my £2.10 already this month. It was the easiest £2.10 I'd ever earned, although I did think that surfmiles were being a bit "stingy" for only paying you for 7 hours active surf time every month. So, when I got an e-mail from Surfmiles at the end of last month, saying that a new version of SurfPilot was available, I was pleased, as it reminded me that a new month was almost upon us and I'd have the chance to rack up another 7 hours online. Not so. The second paragraph of the e-mail from Surfmiles, said that they were withdrawing the payment for surfing. I checked the website, and sure enough, there is no longer anything saying that they pay you for surfing. I even checked my account balance, a big fat 0. I have not even been credited with the points for my surftime from last month, although the account pages still say that points for surfing will be credited. In my opinion Surfmiles should have honoured the surfmiles payments for last month, and given us a little warning that they were stopping their payment scheme for surfing. I'm disappointed, and feel very very cheated. Knew it wouldn't last, I signed up with Surfmiles surfpilot scheme last November on the advice of other Dooyooers, after negative experiences with Getpounds, All Advantage and GoToWorld. I thought I had at last discovered the premier Ad bar scheme. So several months and 1008 surmiles later it's sad to see that Surfmiles ared no longer paying you to surf due to lack of investment, quote: 'unquote So that just leaves the shopping incentives, mm not much good to me, unless someone can shed some light on wjat the other advantages are? It was good while it lasted 7 hours a month with prize draws for extra miles.Nice liitle ad bar that didn't crash my system lots of different skins and overall very reliable. So I'm closing the door on get paid to surf, I honestly believe it's not going to happen.. Personally, I don’t click on banners on any website. I don’t look up adverts. I don’t want to get paid for clicking on banners or ads. I’ve read so many Dooyooer’s opinions about signing up to pay-sites for clicking on ads I’m now at the stage of hating reading them. I won’t even click or search out the nation’s love-it-or loathe-it ‘Wasssup’ Budweiser ad! I don’t like drawing people’s attention to banners or ads. That’s the role of any company’s marketing or advertising department to get people to click on these banners not mine! Why am I writing an opinion on surftimes’s adverts? Well… I only have one banner on my website and that belongs to surftime. Anyone who has a website, surftime has specially prepared banners (linking to your username as a referral) and supporting html code. But it doesn't work very well Effective 31 March 01, Surfmile informed its subscribers that it will no longer pay people to surf the web! (arrrr!). Full details are a bit schetchy as yet, but it appears that they are not fully closing down as yet (but going that way). Apparently they will still reward you with virtually nothing for shopping on the web (this is how they make their money – through commissions for you shopping), and probably if you have surfmiles you will retain them (I hope!). I expect they will continue in the dooyoo exchange program as well. As it was they were not one of the best paid for surfing the web programs, as for a start they only paid for 7 hours and paid relatively low amounts. I suppose it was inevitable seeing the way other paid to surf's have gone. I have received the following e-mail from Surfmiles. Dear Kymm, We are pleased to announce the release of SurfPilot v3. We've added new functionality, such as news ticker with a live feed courtesy of Annanova. To download SP3, please go to. Now for some bad news...Due to the downturn in the advertising industry in general,. We will continue to offer Surfmiles for shopping to all our Members and continue to support and develop the SurfPilot with more functionality. We hope that Members will continue using our service and take advantage of the added functionality of SP3. Yours faithfully, The Surfmiles Team" You can still exchange your Dooyoo miles into Surfmiles and you will still earn Surfmiles for shopping with Surfmiles partners. I don't seem to be able to find any information on earning miles for using the Ask Jeeves facility. It's a shame that Surfmiles are stopping the paid to surf as the Surfpilot was the only paybar that I used regularly because it was very reliable. Oh well, it was good while it lasted. Surfmiles have been very good to me during the last few months. I managed to earn £25.60 through their very good surf 'n' earn scheme, shopping with Amazon and winning the lottery competitions. You sacrifice about an inch at the top or bottom of your screen to house the Surfpilot which calculates how much time you are spending on the internet as well as displaying the adverts that Surfmiles earns its money from. The only drawback is that you only get payed 30p for up to 7 hours a month. The other drawback is that I have been waiting since the 5th of February for my cheque. I will delete that last sentance when I recieve it. The opinion that follows is virtually worthless now, as SurfMiles have just announced a new pay rate for surfing with their adverts showing at the bottom of the screen.... 0, nothing, zilch, nowt, nothing! And they have the cheek to say they hope we'll keep using the service regardless!!!!!!!!!!! ==================== I've just applied for my second £15 cheque from surfmiles.com, so I can verify they are for real. I have a habit of running the "Surfpilot" as they call it when I'm at home doing things like dooyoo and it causes me no problems at all. Sure, there's a bit of desktop lost but no-one makes you keep it open all the time and unless you're actively browsing the web there's no revenue potential anyway - so close it down when you're working and enjoy the full desktop again. The only drawback of this system is the seven hour per month maximum paid time, but I believe there's only so much time one should waste on the 'net anyway and I'm sure this reduces the number of wasted banner impressions and keeps the advertisers interested - you know, the people who actually provide that 30p per hour :o) This was my first p2s advert bar i down loaded. And i have been pleased with it ever since. At first i had a few problems with it discontecting after a few minutes. But now i am entierly happy with it. The only down side to it is that it only allows you to be paid for 7 hurs of surfing a month. this is anoying, but you get a decent pay out of 30 pence an hour, compared to other companies which offer much less. There are other ways of get money. One way is my searching on ask jeeves, which gives you 1 pence for each search. This is use full for me as a student as i use the internet for a lot of research. But there is a down side for the searches it is much and i mean much quicker to go through the actual site. Also one added advantage is that you can convert your dooyoo miles into surf miles. This way you can get your money quicker, as you have two sources adding to one account. But also surfmiles have a £15 pay out level, compared to dooyoo £50 so if you open an account with them you can get your money quicker. I recomend this pay to surf scheme as it is exalent. Because of the 7 hour limit, and you surf the net allot you can belong to more than one p2s comany at the same time, but not have more than one account with surfmiles. up date!!! - no more p2s i've just heard 28/03/01 that surf miles will not pay people to surf any more because of the decline in advertiser. well it was good whilst it lasted. But they are still staying around as a web loyalty company like ipoints etc, so it is still worth a look. Surf for up to seven hours a month and earn up to thirty surfmiles an hour while using the Surpilot software actively, one surfmile is one penny and their minimum check amount is £15 which is 1500 surfmiles (checks are sent out monthly). Surfmiles is only actively serving in the UK. You can also earn surfmiles by shopping with Surfmiles partners such as Amazon and CDParadise. Members earn one surfmile for every Ask Jeeves search they perform from the surfpilot. For referrals you get ten surfmiles for every hour they surf actively using the Surfpilot. Your surfing stats are not updated in real-time but calculated and credited to your account at the beginning of the following month, this applies to all surfmiles earned with the exception of the conversion of Dooyoo miles. There are different skins for the Surfpilot software, members can even create their own skins and upload for public use. Surfmiles is a sensible paid to surf company and has stayed consistent since the launch. Surfmiles are the best pay as u surf company i have tried so far. They are easy to use and very helpfull when you need any help. All you have to do is register online, then download a free surfbar program which you install on your pc and off you go. All you do then is as you surf you earn cash. I was suprised how quickly i managed to build up my surfmiles Highly reccomended.. Try it it's free More Comments

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59 F.3d 1058 23 Media L. Rep. 2121 Fred W. PHELPS, Sr.; and Edward F. Engel, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Joan HAMILTON, in her official capacity as District Attorney, Defendant-Appellant. No. 93-3280. United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit. July 11, 1995. Margie J. Phelps, and Elizabeth M. Phelps of Phelps-Chartered, Topeka, KS, for plaintiffs-appellees. Carol R. Bonebrake, Asst. Atty. Gen., Office of the Atty. Gen., Topeka, KS, for defendant-appellant. Before EBEL, McKAY, and REAVLEY,* Circuit Judges. EBEL, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs-Appellees, Fred Phelps ("Phelps") and Edward Engel ("Engel") (collectively "Plaintiffs"), are both Topeka, Kansas residents active in a campaign against homosexuality. Defendant-Appellant Joan Hamilton ("Hamilton") is the district attorney for the Third Judicial District in Topeka. Following her election in 1992, Hamilton brought several prosecutions against Phelps for violating Kansas' criminal defamation statute. Plaintiffs brought this lawsuit (1) to invalidate Kansas' criminal defamation statute as facially overbroad; as well as (2) to enjoin the pending criminal defamation prosecutions against Phelps on the ground that the statute was unconstitutionally applied to him and overbroad on its face. The district court rejected Hamilton's motion for summary judgment based on the abstention doctrine set forth in Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971), ruling that it need not abstain from intervening in the pending state court criminal prosecutions.1 Phelps v. Hamilton, 828 F.Supp. 831, 845 (D.Kan 1993). The district court then granted Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and issued first a preliminary injunction and then a permanent injunction invalidating Kansas' criminal defamation statute as facially overbroad and enjoining the prosecutions brought under that statute. Hamilton appealed, arguing that the district court should have abstained from intervening in the state court proceedings and that the district court erred in invalidating Kansas' criminal defamation statute. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 and reverse and remand.2 As to Phelps, we conclude that the district court erred by refusing to abstain from enjoining the state criminal defamation prosecutions against him in the absence of proof by Phelps, and a finding by the district court, that the prosecutions were instituted in bad faith or to harass. Accordingly, we remand so that the district court can conduct further proceedings on that issue consistent with our opinion. Thus, we do not reach the merits of Phelps' "as applied" claim. As to Engel, no criminal defamation prosecutions are presently pending against him. Rather, he alleges that he has previously been prosecuted under the state criminal defamation statute and intends to engage in future conduct that may trigger further prosecutions under the statute. Engel seeks a declaratory judgment that the statute is unconstitutionally overbroad on its face because it does not require actual malice before a criminal defamation prosecution may be brought for speech on matters of public concern. As Younger does not bar us from considering Engel's challenge, we reach the merits of his claim and conclude that the district court erred in holding Kansas' criminal defamation statute unconstitutional. Thus, we reverse the district court's ruling on Engel's overbreadth challenge.3 I. BACKGROUND This case arises out a series of criminal defamation prosecutions against Phelps, a Topeka pastor leading a campaign against homosexuality, and Engel, a fellow activist against homosexual rights. Engel was indicted in 1991 for violating Kansas' criminal defamation statute, Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 21-4004 (1988),4 but the charges were dropped and no subsequent charges have been brought against him. Engel insists that he still intends to take part in the campaign against homosexuality and to continue engaging in political speech similar to that for which he had been previously charged with criminal defamation. Phelps has engaged in a campaign against homosexuality and supporters of homosexual rights through picketing, distributing fliers, and transmitting telefacsimiles. During this campaign, Phelps allegedly made seven statements which apparently formed the basis of the six criminal defamation prosecutions pending against him.5 Phelps claims that the criminal defamation prosecutions based on these alleged statements were commenced in bad faith or to harass and that the multiple prosecutions are part of a political vendetta that Hamilton is waging against him. Moreover, he contends that his use of invective was for political effect and is protected by the First Amendment. During the course of her 1992 campaign for district attorney, Hamilton made hate speech in general, and Phelps' use of epithets in particular, central parts of her platform. Hamilton promised that, if elected, she would initiate prosecutions under the criminal defamation statute and ban "hate," "prejudice," and "Fred."6 Phelps argues that Hamilton singled him out for prosecution because of animosity between him and Hamilton's husband--pointing to a history of discord which culminated in a series of letters from Phelps to Hamilton's husband in which Phelps assailed the character of Hamilton's husband and accused him of womanizing. Hamilton denies that any such animosity affected her professional judgment and prosecutorial decisionmaking. After Hamilton was elected district attorney, she commenced six prosecutions against Phelps for violating the criminal defamation statute and one prosecution for disorderly conduct.7 Two of these prosecutions stem from activity before Hamilton took office, and all seven of these prosecutions were filed between Hamilton's oath of office on January 11, 1993 and April 20 of that year. After the first two state criminal defamation cases were filed, Phelps and Engel commenced this action in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief--i.e. the invalidation of Kansas' criminal defamation statute and an injunction enjoining the state court criminal defamation proceedings against Phelps. After considering both parties' motions for summary judgment, the district court granted Plaintiffs' request for declaratory and injunctive relief. Hamilton now appeals. II. DISCUSSION Hamilton raises two arguments on appeal: (1) that the district court should have abstained from intervening in the pending criminal defamation prosecutions against Phelps in the absence of a finding of bad faith or harassment; and (2) that, even if intervention was proper, the district court should not have invalidated Kansas' criminal defamation statute as facially overbroad. As to Hamilton's first argument, we conclude that the district court failed to apply the proper standard for considering whether the prosecution was commenced in bad faith or to harass so as to warrant federal intervention into Phelps' pending state criminal defamation prosecutions. That is, in considering Hamilton's motion for summary judgment, the district court wrongly enjoined the state criminal defamation prosecutions against Phelps without first requiring Phelps to prove that the criminal defamation prosecutions had been instituted in bad faith or to harass.8 Thus, we must remand the abstention issue for further factfinding so that the district court can properly determine if Phelps can meet his burden of demonstrating that the criminal defamation prosecutions pending against him were commenced in bad faith or to harass. If Phelps can meet this burden, then the district court should consider the merits of his "as applied" constitutional challenge.9 We next consider Plaintiffs' facial overbreadth challenge to the statute in connection with Engel's claim. We conclude that the criminal defamation statute, when properly interpreted, passes constitutional muster, and accordingly we reverse the district court's ruling on that issue as it applies to Engel (and Phelps). We review the district court's summary judgment rulings de novo. Applied Genetics Int'l, Inc. v. First Affiliated Sec., Inc., 912 F.2d 1238, 1241 (10th Cir.1990). Even though Younger is an equitable doctrine, its application is mandatory, and thus, we also review de novo the district court's determination of whether to abstain from exercising jurisdiction. Seneca-Cayuga Tribe v. Oklahoma ex rel. Thompson, 874 F.2d 709, 711 (10th Cir.1989). In reviewing the record to determine whether any dispute of material fact exists, we view all evidence and inferences in favor of the party opposing the motion for summary judgment. Russillo v. Scarborough, 935 F.2d 1167, 1170 (10th Cir.1991). A. PHELPS' CLAIMS Younger authorizes federal courts to enjoin a pending state criminal prosecution provided that it was (1) commenced in bad faith or to harass, (2) based on a flagrantly and patently unconstitutional statute, or (3) related to any other such extraordinary circumstance creating a threat of "irreparable injury" both great and immediate. 401 U.S. at 53-54, 91 S.Ct. at 754-55; see also Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd., 420 U.S. 592, 611, 95 S.Ct. 1200, 1211-12, 43 L.Ed.2d 482 (1975). As Phelps does not allege that this case fits into the catch-all but ill-defined category of "extraordinary circumstances," we need only consider whether the prosecutions against him are based on a "flagrantly and patently" unconstitutional statute or were commenced in bad faith or to harass. In considering whether a federal plaintiff meets one of the exceptions to Younger abstention, federal courts must balance the necessity of protecting an individual's exercise of his or her constitutional rights with a prosecutor's discretion in selecting certain actions for criminal prosecution.10 Moreover, federalism concerns counsel against federal court intervention into state prosecutions so that the state judiciary will have the opportunity to correct any prosecutorial violations of an individual's constitutional rights. These twin rationales of respecting prosecutorial discretion and federalism explain why the exceptions to Younger only provide for a "very narrow gate for federal intervention." Arkebauer v. Kiley, 985 F.2d 1351, 1358 (7th Cir.1993).11 We first address the exception to Younger abstention for flagrantly and patently unconstitutional statutes. The standard for enjoining a pending state court proceeding based upon an unconstitutional state statute requires that the law)). It is not clear whether this phrase was intended to be construed literally to mean that a statute must be unconstitutional as applied to every conceivable situation, or whether it means only that a statute must be unconstitutional under any possible interpretation as applied to the facts of the instant case. Compare Trainor v. Hernandez, 431 U.S. 434, 447, 97 S.Ct. 1911, 1919-20, 52 L.Ed.2d 486 (1977) with id. at 463, 97 S.Ct. at 1927-28 (Stevens, J., dissenting). Nevertheless, it is clear that the unconstitutionality of the statute must be patent and obvious. Regardless of how we would interpret this exception, it is unavailing to Phelps because, as we hold in Part IIB, the Kansas statute is not unconstitutional; thus, this exception to Younger abstention is inapplicable to the instant case. We turn, then, to the exception to Younger abstention that allows a federal court to enjoin a pending state prosecution that is brought in bad faith or to harass.12 Three factors that courts have considered in determining whether a prosecution is commenced in bad faith or to harass are: (1) whether it was frivolous or undertaken with no reasonably objective hope of success, see Kugler v. Helfant, 421 U.S. 117, 126 n. 6, 95 S.Ct. 1524, 1531 n. 6, 44 L.Ed.2d 15 (1975) (explaining that a bad faith prosecution "generally means that a prosecution has been brought without a reasonable expectation of obtaining a valid conviction");13 (2) whether it was motivated by the defendant's suspect class or in retaliation for the defendant's exercise of constitutional rights, see Younger, 401 U.S. at 48, 91 S.Ct. at 752-53 (quoting Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479, 482, 85 S.Ct. 1116, 1118-19, 14 L.Ed.2d 22 (1965));14 and (3) whether it was conducted in such a way as to constitute harassment and an abuse of prosecutorial discretion, typically through the unjustified and oppressive use of multiple prosecutions, cf. Younger, 401 U.S. at 49, 91 S.Ct. at 753.15 These factors are important because the cost, anxiety, and inconvenience of defending against a single prosecution brought in good faith is not enough to establish the "great and immediate" threat of irreparable injury necessary to justify enjoining pending state proceedings. In the instant case, Phelps does not attempt to demonstrate that the criminal defamation prosecutions had no prospect of success; in fact, the issuance of the arrest warrants against Phelps on the criminal defamation charges,16 and a review of the content of the statements themselves, suggest that the statements made by Phelps could arguably be the basis of a conviction for criminal defamation. Hence, Phelps' argument for federal court intervention must rest on his allegations that the prosecutions were commenced in retaliation for the exercise of his constitutional rights and that so many prosecutions were brought as to rise to the level of prosecutorial harassment. As a starting matter, we cannot ignore the "repeated judicial authorization[s] for [Hamilton's] conduct," and it thus becomes incumbent upon Phelps to advance either some impeachment of such authorizations or some extrinsic evidence why Hamilton could not, and did not, in good faith rely on those judicial determinations. Hicks v. Miranda, 422 U.S. 332, 351, 95 S.Ct. 2281, 2292-93, 45 L.Ed.2d 223 (1975). Moreover, Phelps has a heavy burden of proof in order to overcome the bar of Younger abstention. Under Younger, intervention cannot be predicated on mere allegations; rather, the federal plaintiff must prove bad faith or harassment before intervention is warranted. Thus, in Perez v. Ledesma, a companion case to Younger, the Supreme Court explained that federal courts should limit intervention to "cases of proven harassment or prosecutions undertaken by state officials without hope of obtaining a valid conviction." 401 U.S. 82, 85, 91 S.Ct. 674, 677, 27 L.Ed.2d 701 (1971) (emphasis added); see also Juidice v. Vail, 430 U.S. 327, 338, 97 S.Ct. 1211, 1218-19, 51 L.Ed.2d 376 (1977) (without proof of bad faith or harassment, federal courts must abstain from intervention); Suggs v. Brannon, 804 F.2d 274, 278 (4th Cir.1986) (same). With these principles in mind, we turn to Phelps' arguments that the prosecutions pending against him were (1) in bad faith because they were motivated by a desire to retaliate against him for exercising his constitutional rights; and (2) constituted harassment. In order to prevail on his retaliation claim, Phelps must prove that "retaliation was a major motivating factor and played a dominant role in the decision to prosecute." Smith v. Hightower, 693 F.2d 359, 367 (5th Cir.1982). If Phelps can make an initial showing of retaliatory animus, the burden then shifts to Hamilton to rebut the presumption of bad faith by offering " 'legitimate, articulable, objective reasons' " to " 'justify [her] decision' " to initiate these prosecutions against Phelps. United States v. P.H.E., Inc., 965 F.2d 848, 860 (10th Cir.1992) (quoting United States v. Raymer, 941 F.2d 1031, 1040 (10th Cir.1991)); United States v. Adams, 870 F.2d 1140, 1146 (6th Cir.1989) (alleging sufficient circumstances to support the inference of a vindictive prosecution establishes a prima facie case of vindictiveness); cf. Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 97 S.Ct. 568, 576, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977) (after public employee establishes constitutional violation was a substantial motivating factor, the burden shifts to the public employer to demonstrate that he or she would have acted in the same manner absent the employee's exercise of constitutional rights). Ultimately, however, Phelps bears the burden of proving that the unconstitutional retaliation was the substantial motivating factor behind Hamilton's decision to commence the criminal defamation prosecutions. With regard to Phelps' claim of harassment based upon an excessive number of prosecutions, Phelps must demonstrate both the existence of a substantial number of prosecutions and that a reasonable prosecutor would not have brought such multiple charges under similar circumstances. While the threshold test does not require a specific number of prosecutions, it is clear that the number of prosecutions must reach an oppressive level. See Timmerman v. Brown, 528 F.2d 811, 815 (4th Cir.1975) (the touchstone of harassment is "a legal exercise of authority in such a manner as to be unnecessarily oppressive"). Moreover, mere numbers alone do not tell the full story. For example, even multiple prosecutions may not be overly burdensome if the prosecutions are, or are likely to be, consolidated into a single trial. Furthermore, the reasons why the prosecutor brought multiple prosecutions are also important--e.g. was it to wear the defendant down with the financial and emotional expense of multiple trials, or was it because the events themselves were separated by time or jurisdiction or otherwise by factors that explained the use of multiple prosecutions. In his attempt to demonstrate that the prosecutions were in bad faith or to harass, Phelps argued to the district court that: (1) there was a history of ill will between Phelps and Hamilton's family; (2) Hamilton initiated seven prosecutions in a period of three months; (3) the criminal defamation statute was constitutionally suspect; (4) Hamilton made statements in her campaign for district attorney that she would prosecute Phelps; and (5) Hamilton initiated prosecutions against him despite the fact that his campaign against homosexual rights was constitutionally protected activity. The district court initially considered these arguments in the context of Plaintiffs' request for a preliminary injunction. In that context, the court apparently concluded that it did not need actually to determine whether the prosecutions were commenced in bad faith or to harass provided that it concluded that Phelps had raised a genuine issue of material fact on the issue. When the district court entered its permanent injunction, it did so on the basis of its findings made to justify the issuance of a preliminary injunction. Thus, the district court never made a finding of bad faith or harassment. This failure to make any definitive finding on the issue of bad faith or harassment in conjunction with the issuance of the permanent injunction requires us to remand this case for further findings.17 Nevertheless, to assist the district court in its consideration of bad faith or harassment on remand, we briefly address the legal significance of Phelps' arguments as to why the prosecutions brought against him were commenced in bad faith. With regard to Phelps' first argument, we note that animus or ill-will between the parties does not, by itself, constitute retaliation. Indeed, no prosecutor looks favorably upon lawbreakers--whether they be purveyors of obscenity, drug dealers or those committing hate crimes. Thus, demonstrating a history of personal animosity between the prosecutor and the defendant is not, by itself, sufficient to show that a prosecution was commenced in bad faith. See Davila v. Texas, 489 F.Supp. 803, 809 (S.D.Tex.1980) (explaining that even a long and bitter personal history between the prosecutor and the defendant as well as the prosecutor's zealousness in prosecuting the case did not bring the case within the bad faith exception to Younger ). That is not to say that personal animosity--if shown to exist--may not be probative of an improper motive, but in and of itself, such evidence cannot meet the burden of demonstrating that the prosecution was commenced in bad faith or to harass. In considering Phelps' second argument, we note that the number of separate prosecutions is relevant, but the mere fact that Hamilton filed several prosecutions against Phelps is not dispositive because the parties' briefs suggest that the criminal defamation prosecutions were based on probable cause.18 See, e.g., Collins v. County of Kendall, Ill., 807 F.2d 95, 99 (7th Cir.1986) ("Instituting approximately thirty criminal prosecutions [against bookstore for obscene material] over a two-year period does not constitute bad faith or harassment in and of itself."), cert. denied, 483 U.S. 1005, 107 S.Ct. 3228, 97 L.Ed.2d 734 (1987); Grandco Corp. v. Rochford, 536 F.2d 197, 203 (7th Cir.1976) (court "not persuaded that evidence of multiple prosecutions is sufficient by itself to support [the] necessary inference" of bad faith or harassment). That is, when an individual repeatedly engages in criminal behavior, there is always the risk of multiple criminal prosecutions. Cf. Sandquist v. Pitchess, 332 F.Supp. 171, 179 (C.D.Cal.1971) ("Where one distributes or exhibits a great number of different publications or films, each of which is colorably obscene, he assumes a risk of multiple prosecutions and the number of arrests and prosecutions he encounters cannot be determinative of whether bad-faith harassment has occurred."). Phelps' third argument that the criminal defamation statute is constitutionally suspect is not a factor in considering Hamilton's motivation because, as we conclude below, the statute can reasonably be interpreted to conform with the Constitution. See discussion of Engel's claim, infra. As to Hamilton's campaign statements, the district court improperly viewed them as probative of an improper motive because Hamilton's statements attacking hate crime in general, and attacking Phelps in particular, related to the political debate over law enforcement policy. To view these statements as indicative of bad faith or harassment in subsequent prosecutions would intervene into prosecutorial discretion in case selection and chill political debate during campaigns for prosecutor--a result in contravention of First Amendment values. We must allow for and encourage debate about law enforcement strategy because prosecutorial decisionmaking and the political process for selecting prosecutors should reflect the public's judgment as to the proper enforcement of the criminal laws. While these judgments must be consistent with the Constitution, courts must not be too quick to second-guess state enforcement of its criminal laws. This "breathing space" for prosecutorial decisionmaking and debate is not without limits, of course. See Shaw v. Garrison, 467 F.2d 113, 118, 122 (5th Cir.) (enjoining district attorney's prosecution of defendant for perjury, after a previously failed prosecution for conspiracy to murder President Kennedy, because the district attorney pursued the prosecution to publicize his book), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1024, 93 S.Ct. 467, 34 L.Ed.2d 317 (1972). However, we must recognize the reality that decisions as to prosecutorial priorities understandably will be, and should be, the subject of political debate. The district court also appeared to weigh the fact that Phelps engaged in some protected conduct in evaluating whether the prosecutions were commenced in bad faith or to harass. However, the critical inquiry is not whether Phelps engaged in some protected activity; rather, it is whether the prosecutor sought to limit Phelps' ability to conduct constitutionally protected speech by these criminal prosecutions. In the instant case, the basis of the criminal charges does not appear to be Phelps' picketing or the political views on homosexuality that he expressed; rather, the charges focus on allegations that he allegedly criminally defamed certain individuals in the course of his campaign. There is no apparent inconsistency between Phelps' ability to espouse his political views and holding him accountable if he criminally defames certain individuals in the process. In sum, in order to warrant federal court intervention, Phelps must offer sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the prosecutions were substantially motivated by a bad faith motive or were brought to harass. Although we are skeptical that Phelps can meet this burden of proof, because the district court did not make any factual findings justifying an exception to Younger abstention, we remand for further consideration of this issue in accordance with the principles set forth in this opinion.B. ENGEL'S CLAIMS It is uncontested that Engel's previous conduct and association with Phelps give him a sufficient personal stake in the outcome of the suit to have standing to challenge the criminal defamation law.19 See Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498-99, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 2204-05, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975); see also Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 705, 711-12, 97 S.Ct. 1428, 1433-34, 51 L.Ed.2d 752 (1977) (holding that past criminal proceedings may indicate the likelihood of future prosecution and support a claim for declaratory and injunctive relief). However, because Engel's interests in this case are so closely related with Phelps' interests, we must consider the possibility contemplated in Doran, that "there plainly may be some circumstances in which legally distinct parties are so closely related that they should all be subject to the Younger considerations which govern any one of them." 422 U.S. at 928, 95 S.Ct. at 2566. In Doran, the Court held that three owners of topless bars were legally distinct parties and abstention as to one did not require abstention as to the other two, even though they were "represented by common counsel, and have similar business activities and problems, [because] they [we]re apparently unrelated in terms of ownership, control, and management." Id. at 928-29, 95 S.Ct. at 2566. Doran, along with Hicks v. Miranda, 422 U.S. 332, 95 S.Ct. 2281, 45 L.Ed.2d 223 (1975), and Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 94 S.Ct. 1209, 39 L.Ed.2d 505 (1974), form a trilogy of cases which govern the issue of whether a related party is barred by Younger from seeking federal court relief despite the absence of a pending prosecution as to that party. Steffel held that Younger did not bar an individual who heeded the warning of the police to avoid a prosecution for trespassing, while his companion was arrested in the process of distributing handbills, from seeking declaratory relief in federal court, even though there was an extant criminal proceeding against his companion for trespass. Id. at 475, 94 S.Ct. at 1223-24. On the other hand, Hicks held that Younger abstention applied to an action for declaratory relief brought by the owners of a movie theatre shortly after two of its employees had been charged with distribution of obscenity, concluding that the two legally distinct parties were so "intertwined" as to require abstention. See 422 U.S. at 349, 95 S.Ct. at 2291-92.20 In the instant case, although Phelps and Engel are co-plaintiffs and share the same political agenda, those facts alone are not enough to invoke the doctrine of derivative abstention, see Doran, 422 U.S. at 928-29, 95 S.Ct. at 2566-67, and there is no evidence in the record that Engel has brought his case merely " 'to annul the results of a state trial.' " Wooley, 430 U.S. at 711, 97 S.Ct. at 1433 (quoting Huffman, 420 U.S. at 609, 95 S.Ct. at 1210). Moreover, as Engel represents that he is motivated by his concern of facing future prosecutions which would impinge on the exercise of his constitutional rights, it would be unfair to hold his constitutional rights hostage to the outcome and timing of Phelps' criminal court proceedings. Hence, as Engel meets both the requirements of (1) facing a threatened prosecution and/or being potentially deprived of his constitutional rights, and (2) being unable to intervene in a state proceeding so as to have a meaningful opportunity to present his claim, see Middlesex County Ethics Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass'n, 457 U.S. 423, 432, 435-37, 102 S.Ct. 2515, 2522-24, 73 L.Ed.2d 116 (1982), derivative abstention is inappropriate. Thus, the district court correctly declined to abstain from considering the merits of Engel's overbreadth challenge pursuant to Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1116, 14 L.Ed.2d 22 (1965). Engel's facial challenge of Kansas' criminal defamation statute begins with New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964), which sought to prevent a "chilling effect" on political speech by precluding public figures from asserting claims under civil defamation laws for a defamatory falsehood unless the alleged defamation was "made with 'actual malice'--that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not." Id. at 279-80, 84 S.Ct. at 726.21 Eight months after New York Times, the Court extended the actual malice standard to criminal defamation statutes and struck down Louisiana's criminal defamation law because it failed to provide for an actual malice standard in cases involving matters of public concern. Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 78, 85 S.Ct. 209, 217-18, 13 L.Ed.2d 125 (1964). Engel argues that the Kansas law is facially invalid because it suffers from the same constitutional deficiency.). In considering whether Kansas' criminal defamation statute is facially overbroad, we must "proceed with caution and restraint."22 Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville, 422 U.S. 205, 216, 95 S.Ct. 2268, 2276, 45 L.Ed.2d 125 (1975). Hence, the statute "should not be deemed facially invalid unless it is not readily subject to a narrowing construction by the state courts and its deterrent effect on legitimate expression is both real and substantial." Id. (citations omitted). The federal courts do not have the power to narrow a state law by disregarding plain language in the statute just to preserve it from constitutional attack. Wilson v. Stocker, 819 F.2d 943, 948 (10th Cir.1987). However, we are permitted to construe ambiguous state statutes and to extrapolate the true meaning of such statutes according to traditional rules of statutory construction, and then to judge the constitutionality of such statutes as so construed. Among the statutory construction tools available to us are "the interpretations ... given to analogous statutes, and, perhaps to some degree, to the interpretation of the statute given by those charged with enforcing it." Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 110, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 2300, 33 L.Ed.2d 222 (1972). We are also permitted to utilize "the well-established principle that statutes will be interpreted to avoid constitutional difficulties," Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474, 483, 108 S.Ct. 2495, 2501, 101 L.Ed.2d 420 (1988), and ultimately, we evaluate whether a statute is "fairly subject to an interpretation which will render unnecessary or substantially modify the federal constitutional question," Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 468, 107 S.Ct. 2502, 2513, 96 L.Ed.2d 398 (1987). The parties agree that no Kansas appellate court has considered whether the actual malice standard of New York Times and Garrison applies to Kansas' criminal defamation statute. Hamilton claims that the statute should be so construed, arguing that: (1) we should presume that the Kansas legislature acted with full knowledge of, and intent to comply with, the New York Times and Garrison decisions when it subsequently enacted this criminal defamation statute; (2) the Kansas courts have a strong rule of construction to interpret statutes so as to preserve their constitutional validity; (3) the "actual malice" standard of New York Times has long been applied in Kansas civil defamation cases; (4) this standard was also applied to the predecessor criminal defamation statute, and (5) the Kansas Criminal Code, Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 21-3201 (1988), inserts criminal intent into all statutory offenses unless specifically excluded. Despite these arguments, the district court's examination of the Kansas Pattern Jury Instructions and the Kansas common law definition of malice led it to strike down the law as facially overbroad. See Phelps, 828 F.Supp. at 848, 850. For the reasons set forth below, we disagree. First, we must presume that the Kansas legislature acted with knowledge of existing constitutional law as to the permissible parameters of criminal defamation when it enacted Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 21-4004 (1988). In interpreting this Kansas statute, we afford weight to Kansas' rules of statutory construction not only because they assist in ascertaining the intended meaning and application of the statute, but because they also embody substantive state policies under Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938) and its progeny.23 Kansas' principles of statutory construction explain that we must assume that the legislature was aware of and understood the relevant Supreme Court case law on defamation because: "It is presumed that the legislature, in amending a statute, acted with full knowledge and information as to the subject matter of the statute, as to prior and existing legislation on the subject of the statute, and as to judicial decisions with respect to prior and existing law." State v. Coley, 236 Kan. 672, 694 P.2d 479, 482 (1985) (citing Szoboszlay v. Glessner, 233 Kan. 475, 664 P.2d 1327 (1983)). At the time the statute was enacted in its present form, the Supreme Court had decided both New York Times and Garrison, which clearly established that it would be unconstitutional to impose defamation liability upon a person for uttering false and defamatory statements about a public figure or related to a public issue unless the person publishing the defamation did so with actual malice--i.e. with knowledge of the falsity of the statements or with reckless disregard of their truth or falsity. Second, we must honor the practice of the Kansas courts to interpret Kansas legislation so as to uphold its constitutionality whenever possible. In State v. Thompson, the Kansas Supreme Court stressed that: it is the court's duty to uphold the statute under attack, if possible, rather than to defeat it, and if there is any reasonable way to construe the statute as constitutionally valid, that should be done. City of Baxter Springs v. Bryant, [226 Kan. 383] 598 P.2d 1051 (1979). We have stated that the fundamental rule of statutory construction, to which all others are subordinate, is that the purpose and intent of the legislature governs when that intent can be ascertained from the statute. In determining legislative intent, courts are not limited to a mere consideration of the language employed but may properly look to the historical background of the enactment, the circumstances attending its passage, the purposes to be accomplished and the effect the statute may have under the various constructions suggested. 237 Kan. 562, 701 P.2d 694, 696 (1985). The Kansas Supreme Court endeavors to avoid invalidating statutes because "[a] statute which is facially overbroad may be authoritatively construed and restricted to cover only conduct which is not constitutionally protected and, as construed, the statute will thereafter be immune from attack on grounds of overbreadth." State v. Robinson, 239 Kan. 269, 718 P.2d 1313, 1318 (1986) (citing State v. Thompson, 237 Kan. 562, 701 P.2d 694 (1985)); see also State v. Motion Picture Entitled "The Bet", 219 Kan. 64, 547 P.2d 760, 766-67 (1976) (interpreting Kansas' obscenity statute in a manner consistent with the Constitution). Thus, Kansas courts strive to avoid striking down statutes based on the unintended criminalization of protected conduct. Given Kansas' principles of statutory construction--searching for the intent of the legislature, seeking to uphold the statute against an overbreadth challenge, and avoiding an unintended criminalization of protected conduct--we do not view the challenged statute as criminalizing speech which the legislature knew was constitutionally protected, but rather as only intending to criminalize unprotected speech. Moreover, there is support for the proposition that the Kansas courts have long required actual malice before an individual may maintain a defamation action on a matter of public concern. The Kansas legislature presumably was aware of that case law when it enacted the criminal defamation statute. For example, in Coleman v. MacLennan, the Kansas Supreme Court, after considering the granting of a jury instruction to employ the actual malice standard in a civil case, explained that "the rule of privilege is the same in both civil and criminal actions." 78 Kan. 711, 98 P. 281 (1908). Following this explanation, the court articulated that the privilege of commenting on matters of public concern requires the standard of actual malice in punishing defamation: Generally we think a person may in good faith publish whatever he may honestly believe to be true, and essential to the protection of his own interests or the interest of the person or persons to whom he makes the publication, without committing any public offense, although what he publishes may in fact not be true, and may be injurious to the character of others. Id. 98 P. at 287. While Engel concedes that the Kansas courts have applied the actual malice standard in civil defamation cases, he views this as irrelevant to the interpretation of its criminal counterpart. He distinguishes criminal cases from the law of civil defamation because the law of civil defamation is judge-made. In this regard, Engel cites to State v. Wait, 44 Kan. 310, 24 P. 354 (1890). It is true that Wait seems to hold that a criminal prosecution may be maintained against a newspaper for publishing false and defamatory statements about a lawyer in connection with a highly-publicized trial without regard for the good faith of the publisher. However, at another place in that opinion, the court suggests that there might be a privilege for good faith publications if the defamation involved a public official. Id. 24 P. at 356. In any event, the later case of Coleman v. MacLennan clearly equates the doctrine of privileged communications in criminal and civil defamation actions. That is, in both criminal and civil defamation actions, a publisher enjoys a good faith privilege if he or she reasonably believed the published material was truthful. We presume that the Kansas legislature would have looked to and relied on the subsequent opinion--i.e. Coleman--in enacting the criminal defamation statute. Furthermore, while the law of civil defamation is judge-made, the interpretation of the ambiguous and undefined "malice" requirement of the criminal statute also must be interpreted by the judiciary, and it stands to reason that if the judiciary had been committed to the actual malice standard in civil cases involving matters of public concern, it certainly would apply that standard to criminal cases--i.e. where rule of lenity concerns apply. Finally, the Kansas Criminal Code provides that criminal intent shall be an element in all statutory offenses. See Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 21-3201 (1988). The district court dismissed this argument because it concluded that the conduct being punished was the act of publication. Thus, according to the district court, the added element of intent only meant that publication had to be knowing and intentional, and did not require the publisher to know the statements were false. While that is certainly one permissible reading of the statute, there is another reading that the statute does not punish the mere publication of defamatory statements; rather, it punishes only the publication of false defamatory statements. Thus, it is the conduct of publishing false statements that the defendant must do intentionally. That interpretation would require proof that the defendant knew the statement was false, and such an interpretation would fully comport with New York Times and Garrison. When two interpretations are possible, the rule of lenity in a criminal case requires the courts to choose the interpretation more favorable to the defendant.24 Should we refuse to interpret the statute in the same manner as would the Kansas courts--i.e. narrowly--we would reach the unseemly result that the constitutionality of the statute would be determined by whether the challenge was brought in federal or state court. As Kansas' criminal defamation statute is sufficiently ambiguous, we must follow the approach of the Kansas courts and interpret that statute as requiring actual malice in criminal defamation cases involving matters of public concern.25 Therefore, we uphold the statute as facially valid.26 IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court's grant of Engel's motion for summary judgment and hold that Kansas' criminal defamation statute is facially valid. We REMAND for further proceedings as to Phelps to determine whether the district court should abstain from considering Phelps' "as-applied" challenge to the Kansas criminal defamation statute. That is, further proceedings must consider, based on the standards outlined herein, whether Phelps can demonstrate that Hamilton commenced the prosecutions against him in bad faith or to harass so as to warrant an exception to Younger abstention. The Honorable Thomas M. Reavley, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation The district court also denied Hamilton's motion for summary judgment to dismiss Engel as lacking standing to file suit. Hamilton does not challenge that ruling on appeal also ruled on Phelps' identical overbreadth challenge. Because we reverse the district court's ruling on Engel's overbreadth claim, we also reverse the district court's ruling on that claim as to Phelps). While Phelps' exact statements are not found in the record on appeal, Hamilton has represented, and Phelps has not denied, that the statements at issue are: Officer Shannon "has been caught by park department employees having sex with teenage boys in the Burnett Mound Park...." Counsel [sic] Member Beth Meckler's blood bank record of 1988 is "tainted with a social disease (genre of Aids or HIV positive)." Katie Frisbee, "during her life on earth lifted up her hand against the Lord's Church and People, doing them much evil ..." and further statements [sic] that the deceased, Katie Frisbie, was a lier [sic] "Kevin Oldham played Russian roulette with promiscuous anal sex and lost big time ..." and "[f]ar worse, an apostate church will pervert the gospel of Jesus Christ on April 10 by holding a memorial service for this dead uncircumcised Philistine...." "Dike York promotes same sex marriages" and she is "seeking to legalize same sex marriages and to force their unnatural, God-defying lifestyles down our throats." Br. of Appellant at 17-18 (citations omitted). The record is unclear as to the status of the disorderly conduct prosecution. However, this appeal does not implicate that prosecution because the district court's injunction only applied to present and future prosecutions brought under Kansas' criminal defamation statute. See Appellant Appendix at 1 The court initially addressed abstention in the context of Plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction. In that context, it erroneously concluded that it could grant the preliminary injunction upon the mere showing of a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the prosecutions were motivated "at least in part" by bad faith or a desire to harass. It then issued a permanent injunction without taking further evidence or issuing further findings. Thus, at no time did the district court require Phelps actually to prove that the prosecutions were instituted in bad faith or to harass, and at no time did the court actually enter a finding of bad faith or harassment. See n. 17 infra The district court did not consider the merits of Phelps "as applied" claim because it invalidated the entire statute as facially overbroad The Supreme Court has explained the importance of allowing for prosecutorial discretion: "). Of course, if the Anti-Injunction Act, codified at 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2283, barred the federal courts from considering civil rights claims for injunctive relief, the gate allowing for Phelps' claim for federal intervention would be shut. However, while Younger specifically reserved judgment on this issue, 401 U.S. at 54, 91 S.Ct. at 755, the Supreme Court subsequently determined that Sec. 2283 does not preclude Sec. 1983 actions. See Mitchum v. Foster, 407 U.S. 225, 242-43, 92 S.Ct. 2151, 2162, 32 L.Ed.2d 705 (1972) The terms "bad faith" and "to harass" may have slightly different meanings, although they will, to a large degree, overlap. Ordinarily, a bad faith prosecution will not be predicated upon probable cause. See Kugler v. Helfant, 421 U.S. 117, 126 n. 6, 95 S.Ct. 1524, 1531 n. 6, 44 L.Ed.2d 15 (1975). However, if prosecutions are brought for the purpose of chilling or preventing a defendant from exercising his or her constitutional rights, this may constitute a harassing and/or bad faith prosecution, even though the charges are predicated on probable cause. See, e.g., Perez v. Ledesma, 401 U.S. 82, 118 n. 11, 91 S.Ct. 674, 693 n. 11, 27 L.Ed.2d 701 (1971) (Brennan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) ("Bad-faith harassment can, of course, take many forms, including arrests and prosecutions under valid statutes where there is no reasonable hope of obtaining a conviction, and a pattern of discriminatory enforcement designed to inhibit the exercise of federal rights.") (citations omitted); Cullen v. Fliegner, 18 F.3d 96, 103-04 (2d Cir.) ("a refusal to abstain is also justified [even when there is a reasonable expectation of a successful prosecution] where a prosecution ... has been brought to retaliate for or to deter constitutionally protected conduct"), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 480, 130 L.Ed.2d 393 (1994); United States v. P.H.E., Inc., 965 F.2d 848, 853 (10th Cir.1992) ("[A] prosecution motivated by a desire to discourage expression protected by the First Amendment is barred and must be enjoined or dismissed, irrespective of whether the challenged action could possibly be found to be lawful.") (emphasis added); Fitzgerald v. Peek, 636 F.2d 943, 945 (5th Cir.) (per curiam) ("A [showing of retaliation] will justify an injunction regardless of whether valid convictions could conceivably be obtained.") (emphasis added), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 916, 101 S.Ct. 3051, 69 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981) See, e.g., Central Ave. News, Inc. v. City of Minot, N.D., 651 F.2d 565, 570 (8th Cir.1981) See, e.g., P.H.E., 965 F.2d at 860 (holding that the strategy of bringing a series of multiple prosecutions against a defendant to curtail the defendant's exercise of constitutional rights constituted bad faith and harassment); Fitzgerald, 636 F.2d at 945 (explaining that a showing that a prosecution was brought in retaliation for, or to discourage, the exercise of constitutional rights "will justify an injunction regardless of whether valid convictions conceivably could be obtained"); Heimbach v. Village of Lyons, 597 F.2d 344, 346-47 (2d Cir.1979) (per curiam) (allegation that prosecutions were initiated for the purposes of chilling First Amendment rights and without hope of conviction was sufficient to overcome Younger bar against federal court intervention); Timmerman v. Brown, 528 F.2d 811, 815 (4th Cir.1975) (enjoining prosecution of prisoners as retaliation or to deter filing civil charges against prison guards who attacked them); Wichert v. Walter, 606 F.Supp. 1516, 1521-22 (D.N.J.1985) (enjoining the disciplinary hearing of a teacher brought as a retaliatory measure for political conduct) See, e.g., P.H.E., 965 F.2d at 851 (10th Cir.1992) (emphasizing that the government brought a series of multiple prosecutions against a single defendant as part of its analysis of bad faith and harassment); Krahm v. Graham, 461 F.2d 703, 705-07 (9th Cir.1972) (finding the existence of bad faith in a case where the prosecutor filed 14 cases charging the sale of obscenity after 6 such cases were found not guilty over the previous two weeks and the prosecutor had as many as 21 cases pending against certain defendants) While Hamilton represents in her brief that she obtained arrest warrants for the prosecutions against Phelps, she failed to include the underlying documents in her appendix. However, as Phelps does not challenge this representation, we accept it as true. Specifically, Hamilton stated that three separate judges determined that " 'there [we]re reasonable grounds for believing that ... one Fred W. Phelps, Sr. did then and there, unlawfully, intentionally and willfully' commit the crime of criminal defamation." Br. of Appellant at 13 (internal quotations omitted) We also note that the district court evaluated whether to issue a preliminary injunction (and later a permanent injunction) based on the legal standard of whether the prosecutions were motivated "at least in part" by bad faith or harassment. We recognize that some courts have adopted the less exacting "at least in part" test for preliminary injunctions, while maintaining a higher standard for permanent injunctions. See, e.g., Smith v. Hightower, 693 F.2d 359, 367 n. 19 (5th Cir.1982); Lewellen v. Raff, 851 F.2d 1108, 1110 (8th Cir.1988) (per curiam), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1033, 109 S.Ct. 1171, 103 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989). We are disinclined to adopt this approach because we view Younger as a quasi-jurisdictional bar based on federalism concerns which are equally valid whether considered in the context of an application for a preliminary or permanent injunction. See Doran v. Salem Inn, Inc., 422 U.S. 922, 931, 95 S.Ct. 2561, 2567-68, 45 L.Ed.2d 648 (1975) (underscoring that even preliminary injunctive relief "seriously impairs the State's interest in enforcing its criminal laws, and implicates the concerns for federalism which lie at the heart of Younger"). Even if we were to relax the burden of proof in the context of a preliminary injunction (i.e. reduce it to a likelihood of establishing bad faith or harassment), we still would see no basis at the preliminary injunction stage to reduce the substantive element of motivation from a "major motivating factor" to "at least in part motivated by." Federal courts underscore that the weight of the evidence presented in a case is an important consideration in the bad faith inquiry because "[s]trong evidence of criminal violations supports the inference that the prosecutor is fulfilling his duty to bring evidence of criminal activity to the grand jury and not retaliating." Hightower, 693 F.2d at 369 Hamilton contested this issue before the district court, but has conceded on appeal that Engel has standing to challenge the criminal defamation statute The Supreme Court in Hicks also observed that the day after the federal plaintiffs filed their federal suit, they were named in a state criminal proceeding and that, "where state criminal proceedings are begun against the federal plaintiff after the federal complaint is filed but before any proceeding of substance on the merits have taken place in the federal courts, the principles of Younger v. Harris should apply in full force." 422 U.S. at 349, 95 S.Ct. at 2292 No one here contends that Engel and Phelps are not public figures or that the issue of homosexual rights is not a matter of public concern In examining Kansas' criminal defamation statute, we must consider the district court's interpretation of Kansas state law de novo. Schmidt v. Farm Credit Serv., 977 F.2d 511, 514 (10th Cir.1992) State rules of statutory construction should be applied by the federal courts in interpreting a state statute. See Moodie v. School Book Fairs, Inc., 889 F.2d 739, 743-44 (7th Cir.1989) (construing a Wisconsin trade regulation statute pursuant to Wisconsin's rules of statutory construction so as to determine the meaning of the statute in the same manner as would the Wisconsin courts) The district court also referred to Fitts v. Kolb, which noted that all state courts which have considered constitutional challenges to similar criminal defamation laws have invalidated them and "left the revisions to the state legislators." 779 F.Supp. 1502, 1511 & n. 42 (D.S.C.1991). Moreover, the district court highlighted that Fitts refused to interpret the criminal defamation statute along the lines of South Carolina's civil defamation law because that law has been judicially developed while its criminal counterpart has been the province of the legislature. Id. at 1511-12. However, the district court failed to note two essential differences between Fitts and the instant case: (1) that, unlike Kansas courts, South Carolina courts have been hesitant to interpret statutes liberally to uphold them against challenge, see id. at 1511, and (2) that, unlike Kansas, South Carolina lacked an interpretation of a prior statute that included the actual malice standard for matters of public concern Because Phelps and Engel are both public figures engaged in debate over a matter of public concern, we need not address whether our interpretation of the Kansas statute would apply equally to an act of defamation pertaining to non-public issues and non-public figures. Although several of the construction tools we have applied suggest that this statute would require actual malice for all defamations (both public and private), we note that there is no constitutional requirement of actual malice for purely private defamations

Commercial bankruptcy filings drop to lows last seen in the loosey-goosey days just before the Financial Crisis. By Wolf Richter for WOLF STREET. The yields of the riskiest category of junk bonds – those rated CCC or below, which range from “substantial risk” to “default imminent with little prospect for recovery,” according to my cheat sheet of corporate bond ratings – have dropped to record lows, despite the enormous operational issues these companies face and despite the high probability that they will default and restructure their debts or liquidate, thereby offering investors a great opportunity to get crushed. The average CCC-or-below rated junk bonds have yielded between 7.09% and 7.16% over the past two weeks, a new all-time record low. During a crisis, these companies are among the first to default. They have negative cash flows and fund their operations by issuing ever more debt, and when investors stop throwing money at these companies, it’s over, which happens massively during a crisis. But not this time. What crisis? When bond yields fall, the prices of those bonds surge, and investors that bought those bonds in the market at the current yields paid a premium over face value. For example, AMC Entertainment, that has been talking about how it is trying to stave off a bankruptcy filing, issued $500 million of secured notes in April 2020 to give it more cash to burn, as its theaters were shut down, and as its revenues were collapsing. The bonds, rated CCC by S&P, have a coupon interest rate of 10.5% and are due in April 2025. The bonds immediately took a beating, prices fell, and the yield rose, reaching 30% in October last year, with the bonds trading at 54 cents on the dollar, as a bankruptcy filing was being discussed. In Q4, revenues collapsed by nearly 90% from a year earlier. But then investors shoveled more fresh money at the company that it could burn, and they chased after its existing bonds too, and the prices of the bonds surged and the yields fell. Today, these bonds trade at 107 cents on the dollar, a premium of 7% over face value. The yield fell to 7.8%. When the bonds are redeemed in April 2025, if AMC doesn’t default beforehand, they will be redeemed at face value. Whoever bought them today at 107 cents on the dollar will get 100 cents on the dollar four years from now. That’s the best-case scenario. This is the price chart of the bond (via FINRA Morningstar): And this is the yield chart of the bond (via FINRA Morningstar): This fresh money being shoveled at these deeply trouble companies, by investors that are engaged in a raging chase for yield, gives these companies more cash to burn. As long as a company has plenty of cash to burn, and plenty of fresh money from new investors to pay off existing investors, everything is hunky-dory even if revenues are near zero, and losses are sky-high. This is showing up in the amazing bankruptcy trends. Since the crisis began last March, as the Fed poured over $3 trillion into the markets and repressed interest rates all around, investors have piled into risk to get some yield, and they have doused companies with fresh money, amid ravenous demand for junk-rated debt, and bankruptcy filings during the crisis have dropped. Total commercial bankruptcy filings under all chapters of the bankruptcy code fell to lows not seen since the loosey-goosey Good Times in 2005 and early 2006, just before the Financial Crisis. In March, there were 2,275 commercial bankruptcy filings, according to the American Bankruptcy Institute, down 29% year-over-year – after having been down 37% year-over-year in February, and 42% year-over-year in January: Bad deals are made in good times, the old adage goes. And these are the best of times to make bad deals. The Fed has seen to it that this is so. The Fed has whipped investors into foaming-at-the-mouth yield-chase frenzy. The risks turns into reality afterwards, when these companies, now saddled with records amounts of debt, suddenly find investors to be a little more circumspect and unwilling to take those risks at those yields, which turns off the money-spig Clown World, Wolf. and yet I’m in process of doing 12% 1st position loan with 20%+ down ON FLIPPER HOUSE default = PLEASE I can make 20%+ then What’s worse than a dumpster fire? A dumpster fire burning inside of a dumpster fire. When does this stop? The only thing I can say about the bond market, and the crypto market, and the stock market, and the housing market in 2021 is that I have absolutely no idea what’s going on or what to expect next. I’m gonna stick to the liquor market where I can still count on the good old reliability of The Belvenie to be there for me. Sir, I like the way you think. No rate, no risk, no competition, bo bankruptcy,, tradable tokens that only gain value, unlimited spending, and unlimited profits. Thank our overlords for crafting such a perfect present. I enjoy the Lagavulin as well as the Balvenie. Hey, apparently some of the lowest volatility investments you can make is in buying stuff like proper whiskey and wine and putting them in a cellar. They pay neat returns along a nicely predictable curve. I would probably just end up scarfing the lot, myself. Where else do you get 40% and if you do it moderately you wont even get a headache Hey char, up in the mountains I never get a headache from drinking, so store it low and drink it high must be the moral of the story. TS & ex-Marcus Kudos gentlemen. I am sitting here with a Marnoch surrounded by the most important production units (distilleries) in the world and I can assure you there is enough product in store to supply any future needs you could ever possibly have, staying alive that is. Slange! What don’t people understand about the word ‘Junk’? I assume you mean the consumer liquor market, not the funds-that-invest-in-whiskey market because in that case i would suggest you stick with AMC and ponzicoins I thought I had read, right after the Robinhood/GME hoopla, that AMC used it’s new equity capital to upgrade the theaters and retire their bonds. Petunia, that is correct. The stock sale will be used to buy back bonds and pay [unpaid] rent on idle movie theaters. AMC equity mania spilled over into the bond market via a capital raise. Bondholders depend on the kindness of strangers, (stock buyers), the horse before the cart, so if stock buyers sell, there is no bond yield high enough to keep the company solvent? Ambrose, I’m not sure I follow. The shares in the capital raise were already sold. AMC can do whatever it thinks is best for the comapny with the proceeds. Paying off debt seems reasonable. What happens to shares outstanding is only important if and when AMC becomes profitable again, or is swallowed up by a streaming service company like Disney (shareholders’ best hope). Petunia, AMC has over $11 billion in debt. They’re drowning in debt. In January, they raised a measly $300 million in a stock sale. That covers their cash burn for a few months, and that’s it. I have no idea how they will ever be able to deal with their $11 billion in debt. Executives have been huge sellers of their AMC shares while they were high. Now they’re hyping a future share sale, for which they’re trying to get shareholder approval in May. While executives are sellers of their own shares, they’re now hyping that share sale to the public. If AMC can sell 500 million shares at $8 a share, it would be $4 billion. AMC lost $4.5 billion pre-tax in 2020. So that $4 billion in share sale won’t even cover last year’s hole, and that hole is getting deeper this year by the day. In the four years before the Pandemic, 2016-2019, AMC lost $400 million combined. And post-Pandemic, the losses are much bigger. The proceeds from that share sale will be needed to feed their losses. Well, and as part of the share sale hype, they announced they’d buy back their bonds at a discount. Hahahahaha… those bonds are now trading at a premium. But if the share sale fails, those bonds will suddenly trade at a discount, but then AMC won’t have the cash to buy them back. BTW, buying back your own bonds below face value is considered a default and a debt restructuring and requires creditor approvals. AMC is owned by a Chinese company. Dalian Wanda purchased a majority stake in AMC for $2.6 billion, making AMC the largest theater operator at the time, according to a report from Reuters. Chinese billionaire and businessman Wang Jianlin, who is a member of the Chinese Communist Party, is the owner of Dalian Wanda and is one of the country’s richest men. I keep wondering if the CCP will bail AMC out or just let the U.S. investors in AMC take the loss in bankruptcy reorganization and then the CCP will loan AMC some money right when things are finally turning around in the world as covid subsides. That is the long term plan that could be in works. lol ru82, Time to update your knowledge. Dalian Wanda has been dumping its shares, and its stake in AMC is down to 6.8%. Wolf, Excellent incremental info…people really need to go step by step through transactions sometimes, in order to fully appreciate the madness implied. Which raises the ancient question, “Who buys this sh*t?” Maybe a 10.5% coupon looks good in a 2% world…but for a company with likely zero revenues for a yr (foreseeable even in April 2020)? With $10 billion plus in accumulated debt? And a wholly unknown pace of recovery once reopened? Picking up dimes in front of a steamroller is just stupid. Doing it blind folded is insane. So insane that you always have to wonder if the G is involved somehow on the buyside in these kind of situations. That makes perfect sense!! How that makes sense, I have no f’ing clue. Apparently it doesn’t matter because dogecoin is up 49, 000,000%. Why would anybody get up of their work-from-home, fat asses and pay ridiculous prices to watch another sequel of a rendition in a room of obnoxious people? The Fed just created the biggest f#ck up of all times… BAC daily : Mar 18 high and Mar 25 low might be BAC backbone. Anyone who buys this crap deserves to lose their entire investment. I unloaded all my junk bonds 5 years ago. Lost money every time I ventured into this territory. I got greedy. Bad for taxes. You wind up with a lot of short term income which is taxed at the max rate, and long term capital losses. You have to do your homework very carefully and find a company that is heavily discounted but has some good underlying fundamentals. I don’t have the time for that BS. For anyone actively buying these, I’d agree. But, at least some poor SOB’s are getting these shoved into their 401k’s and/or pensions, without their knowledge. Gotta love derivatives and the like. You need to review the holdings of your fund. Requires some homework. I review my BNY Mellon holdings once a year. If they start buying junk then I will unload the fund. Good ides to check their investment profile from one year to the next. Red flags are high level of redemptions, high turnover rate, high management fees. I do agree, but, many probably most people are simply not capable of auditing their own investments (even if taught how). If they do notice a red flag, whoever they would talk to about it, might be able to slick talk them. Alternatively, their fund manager might claim it’s temporary and that temporarily it’s worth owning, but leave it in much longer until it bursts. “Whoever bought them today at 107 cents on the dollar will get 100 cents on the dollar four years from now.” I would assume that AMC bonds are being packaged into CDOs. No sane investor would buy this hollow shell of a company for his personal portfolio. If they default I can’t imagine there are any assets to liquidate, unless they are getting in on the NFT craze. You can rent out an entire movie theater in LA for $100 if watching something older, or $200 for a first run film. That’s as good as it gets currently for an industry that was dying before Covid came calling. Investors in 1995 Fundamentals, PE ratio, price, growth, market, intrest rates and DD Investors in 2021 Apes buy AMC. Guarantee bananas. Buy lambo. Stonks…Go…Up only. Don’t forget howzing. It only goes up too. And cryptos! I just came back from Stonestown in Daly City. Guess what’s opening soon? A new Regal cinema. Weren’t bridges the hot thing just a few years ago? The Century theater nearby is also renovating. It’s insane out there. It might make sense. Renovate and build as much as you can. Either way most existing theatre chains will have to default. Rather than repossessing a building that can serve no other purpose on usually B grade or less commercial land, that has fallen in price (the land), they might get their debts cancelled and keep everything. Many theatere chains might end up with little to no debt and a renovated building. After that we’ll see if they can stay afloat. I haven’t seen the inside of a movie theater in 20 years. Almost forget what they’re like. MiTurn, really good films should be enjoyed in a proper arena, I would claim, to get the full effect. E.g. something like ‘1917’, released shortly before the lockdown. Yeah. I mean, what would a movie be without the slob behind you loudly crackling the wrapper of his high fructose corn syrup laden snacks, made worse by his obnoxious smacking and honking as he gorges himself? Or the talking from the kids whose parent(s), for reasons unknown to mankind, thought it a good idea to bring them to an R-rated film? Think I’ll pass….forever…. DC, my own experiences are not similar to those you relate. Saw that movie”1917″. I’m a WWI buff. loved that movie. Last movie I went to. Mt 40’s movies had great stories, great actors, great scripts. Lousy sets, lousy colours, lousy special E’s. 20’s movies have got great special E’s. Just sayin’ The Fed thinks it can encourage people and business to take out more debt if it reduces interest rates. But that hasn’t worked. The Fed should instead find ways to increase wages for working folk and dramaticlly reduce corporate profits back to historically normal levels. If it succeeded in doing that, demand for debt would rise…ZIRP or not. In fact ZIRP itself is preventing wages from rising and profits from falling. What are you talking about? Businesses are taking on more debt and investors are willing to take on more risk as demonstrated by this article. There’s crazy demand out there which is why yields are at a record low. Bank lending is down, no? I’m going off Mish chart. And borrowing for buy backs isn’t lending for investment like a normal lower profits company might have to do to expand and actually do invest for real..it’s financial engineering. Am I figuring wrong? Bank lending is just one source of funding though. Borrowing for buybacks is still borrowing. I mean, there’s a reason why these companies decided to tap the capital market as opposed to their bank credit lines. timbers, “bank lending is down” The big 4 banks — which is what this report was about — represent only a small part of total credit. For example, the biggest mortgage lenders are the shadow banks, Quicken Loans on top, and they don’t hold the mortgages, they sell them to the GSEs, as do banks, and none of them are included in these figures. All banks sell loans: mortgages to the GSEs; auto loans and credit card loans are securitized into ABS. Corporate loans are securitized into CLOs or CDOs or are sold to loan funds. In addition there was a huge boom in bond issuance, where companies used the proceeds from these bond sales to pay down their bank debt. The Fed has been buying PPP loans. Etc. Etc. The only thing you can gingerly conclude from the big 4 loan data is that the banks decided to derisk their balance sheet by capping the amounts of loans they hold, and by allowing deposits to build up. In addition, commercial and industrial loans spiked early on in the crisis as companies took out huge amounts of cash so that the bank couldn’t cut them off. Most of this was done on their revolving lines of credit. These companies have since paid down those lines of credit since they didn’t need that cash. So C&I lending now is UP 8% from February 2020 before the crisis, but is down from April and May during the peak of the spike during crisis. Folks need to quit misleading folks about this: This is where the banks got caught in GFC, holding pass through mortgage loans? When you’re the middle man in anything, you get cut out of the deal. Does Quicken sell directly to GSEs? Makes you wonder what is the future of these banks, besides frontrunning the muppets, and the future of the Fed. Banks no longer originate loans? They underwrite stock deals. Isn’t that the issue? Ambrose Bierce, Yes, Quicken and the other non-bank mortgage lenders sell directly to the GSEs, same as deposit-taking banks. And they securitize mortgages that they cannot sell to the GSEs and sell them to investors. They all make their money off fees, not interest earned. T Low interest means loads and loads of easy money floating about. It’s got to go somewhere, anywhere, please, find me a return, any return for G’s sake. The interest rate is everything in money. It’s the same with countries and businesses only they’ve got so much they need to dump it anywhere safe and what’s safer than US treasuries. Bump up rates and the whole world will change for everybody. LOL! Wow. Those AMC bonds won’t be worth 50 cents on the dollar a year from now. “drop to lows last seen in the loosey-goosey days just before the Financial Crisis.” Prescience? Since I haven’t been buying any of these virtual things, like Tesla, AMC, bitcoin, dogecoin, and making money hand over fist, but instead holding only real things and continuously losing money, clearly I am the one who needs to be classified as insane. WES, you need to spend some quality time on Stocktwits and Wallstreetbets. That will help you see the light… Another good data point to support the market bubble prediction with all the makings of the next great collapse in front of us, the unknown quantity will just be timing at this point. However, with that said…all the action that FED has put in motion and continue to support down the road with almost no consequences or accountability, certainly not from our politicians or POS Jay Powell. Calling or thinking about the next downturn or crash is like betting against GOD, or feels like it. How do you predict or try to understand something in a sane logic when the dominating force march to the beat of its own drums and create its own reality? Case in point, market start crashing again now, what would stop the FED from printing and flushing the market with another $3T – $5T? That straight line upon their balance sheet is comical enough but doesn’t seem to have any caveat for their action. Agreed 1,000,000%. Seriously what is stopping the FED from just going HUGE rather than largess (literally). What debt ceiling? Gov’t being the buyer and seller of government debt. What is stopping them from just building a bridge from one financial crisis to the next etc… Or as Wolf would say the next WTF. I believe the swag name for the team is the plunge protection team. The US government will not allow another stock market meltdown The Overton window of financial acceptability has shifted so far into Neverland even from 2008, no one flinch at the Trillions when at one point billions was such a big number. Remember how adorable it was back in 08 when $800B to “rescue” the market was considered once in a lifetime that came with plenty of pearl clinching, not to mention this was handed out over years. Nowadays, FED has adopted the never ending hold my beer strategy…last time we’re into the B over years? This time, trillions in weeks, next time quadrillion in matter of minutes. ND Masters of the Universe, indeed. Unless it could be proven in court that Quantitative Easing might be an illegal procedure, in which case, people could end up in jail like any other crooks. The charge might be “colluding to deceive” and it could apply to specific individuals involved in the process. If there were any ‘hot’ investigative journalists around nowadays, they could possibly make a case. Like the Watergate guys Now wouldn’t that be mega-fun. The Mkt cap to GDP is now over 200% record! Margin debt is at record. So is the the M2 supply but velocity of money is record low. velocity of money towards assets is high! When the Economy fails to catch up with overvalued, over hyped and over bought mkts probably with 10-12 months, the DOWN cycle will start. Covid 19 is here to stay along with break through infections with multiple variants! I am raising ( by reducing my stock portfolio) cash but still invested in Div paying ETfs+ Stocks. I have calls mixed with some puts to ride with this ‘surreal’ mania. I’m really upset ZH is featuring a real estate listing of an Uninhabitable Bay Area Shack Listed For $575k. Because the Uninhabitable Bay Area Shack in my city is only $180K (reduced from $199K). Try harder, I guess. Isn’t it time to start all over from the beginning again? Forgive all debts (treasuries, student loans, mortgages etc…). Issue a new currency, call it American Pound if you will. And no, the dollar can’t be exchanged for the new Pound or anything else for that matter. Have the currency devalued in such a way that all manufacturing jobs will come back to the U.S. You know, “cheap American labor”. Then it will all be jobs jobs jobs…sure some people will loose wealth but it sure won’t be the 40% of Americans who can’t afford a $400 emergency. I’m also sure the 60% are not the ones who will be rioting in the streets (i.e. retired grandma, grandpa, tech bro, wallstreet bankster, gov bureaucrat etc…) . This seems to me the easiest and most peaceful way to this avert this nightmare that everyone knows is coming. I don’t think you need issue a new currency. The financial markets are going to collapse anyway, it doesn’t much matter when, so lots of wealth will disappear then. Put in progressive taxes to take more wealth off the top rungs crowd. Create a national jobs program and achieve full employment. Intellectually, the path forward is fairly simple to understand. We’re still in the ‘greed’ mode. But when fear enters the room and turns the lights off, panic selling ensues, demand drops and so too do prices. Hudson’s debt deflation model right in your face. Why are junk bonds yield so low? Simple, the stocks of the underlying companies are selling at prices that are beyond imagination; thus, selling stock is a cheaper alternative to raise money than selling more debt. Now if AMC ‘s stock was selling at 1 instead of 11, the possibility of stock secondaries would be closed and its junk bonds would be yielding double digits or more . But this is very unlikely considering that the stock of Hertz was trading above 2 even in the final stages of bankruptcy . Junk bond yields will soar when and if the stocks of zombie and super overpriced companies correct to realistic levels. History has taught investors that this will eventually happen, the question is just when. Wolf, I urge you to continue to do these sort of posts (corp borrowing interest rates by bond rating) even though they are relatively under appreciated (to judge by number of comments). These posts are crucial because, 1) They provide a look at the most marginal of corporate borrowers, who will be impacted first and most dramatically when the ZIRP madness subsides even a little, therefore providing… 2) An early warning system for the rest of the mkts. 3) Also, discussion of highly distressed companies provides an insight into the mechanics of bankruptcy restructuring, which too few people really understand. But will become a topic of massive importance with the end of ZIRP madness. I just ordered “When Money Dies” from Amazon. Need to put some more money in J Bezos pocket, to make up for the fact that I’m no longer shopping at Whole Foods, nor reading that rag of a newspaper he owns the WP. Want to make sure he continues to live in the life style he is accustomed to. Wolf, Excellent article and has given me a much better perspective of the precarious financial situation the country faces, and also to world markets who are buying these junk bonds too, and buying these stocks at unreal levels. I can’t reconcile what top financial experts like Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan and many others say about a economic boom when I read your posts, and hear of all these crazed stories of crypto-mania, irrational exuberance of buying stocks on any news, WallstreetBets insanity, Fed spending sprees, etc, etc. “Dimon says vaccine rollouts, deficit spending, post-pandemic euphoria and a dovish Fed will provide an economic ‘boom’ that may last until 2023. … Spent wisely, it will create more economic opportunity for everyone.” They all seem to indicate that the infrastructure bill passing will create a immense boom like we never seen before, like FDR did for the Great Depression. I’m asking if anybody here if they can reconcile these beliefs that the economy is recovering, while all these unseen underlying transactions occur? – especially a feeling that these 4 variants of COVID will cause a 4th wave of destruction. Too me it seems you can’t have it both ways, a continuing Fed backstop, and the promise of a economic boom when 40% can’t make $400 dollar emergency. I see today as more unreal circus of events like 1999 and 2008, and how in the heck can institutions begin to accept made up crypto currency backed by “popularity or air” make such a economic boom possible? Am I missing something? – being in computers all my life makes my mind say – the “abort module” is about to rolled in, and all will collapse, very hard. It seems like Warren Buffett is raising more cash, buying back shares and positioning for a crash. All opinions are welcome. Excellent article, Wolf. Your article accurately crystallises how dead companies are being kept artificially alive. The search for yield, sustainable yield, is extremely difficult in these times. So investors are prepared to risk investing in junk rated companies which in normal times would be bankrupt and kaput.

Original Research ARTICLE Probiotic Bacteria Alter Pattern-Recognition Receptor Expression and Cytokine Profile in a Human Macrophage Model Challenged with Candida albicans and Lipopolysaccharide - 1Dental School, Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia - 2Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil - 3Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil - 4Dental Division Research, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer benefits to the host health. The infection rate of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Candida albicans, the most common agent associated with mucosal candidiasis, can be reduced by probiotics. However, the mechanisms by which the probiotics interfere with the immune system are largely unknown. We evaluated the effect of probiotic bacteria on C. albicans challenged human macrophages. Macrophages were pretreated with lactobacilli alone (Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR32, Lactobacillus casei L324m, or Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM) or associated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by the challenge with C. albicans or LPS in a co-culture assay. The expression of pattern-recognition receptors genes (CLE7A, TLR2, and TLR4) was determined by RT-qPCR, and dectin-1 reduced levels were confirmed by flow cytometry. The cytokine profile was determined by ELISA using the macrophage cell supernatant. Overall probiotic lactobacilli down-regulated the transcription of CLEC7A (p < 0.05), resulting in the decreased expression of dectin-1 on probiotic pretreated macrophages. The tested Lactobacillus species down-regulated TLR4, and increased TLR2 mRNA levels in macrophages challenged with C. albicans. The cytokines profile of macrophages challenged with C. albicans or LPS were altered by the probiotics, which generally led to increased levels of IL-10 and IL-1β, and reduction of IL-12 production by macrophages (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that probiotic lactobacilli impair the recognition of PAMPs by macrophages, and alter the production of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus modulating inflammation. Introduction Candida albicans is the most common yeast isolated from the human mucosal surfaces (Scully et al., 1994). Despite its commensal nature, Candida causes oral and genital candidiasis that may evolve toward a systemic dissemination. For some decades, antifungals such as nystatin, amphotericin B, and fluconazole have been the drugs of choice for a successful treatment of oral candidiasis (McCullough and Savage, 2005). However, the administration of these agents may result in a temporary gastrointestinal disorder such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Lewis et al., 1991). The limited spectrum and toxicity of available antifungals, in addition to the gradual emergence of drug-resistant Candida strains (Niimi et al., 2010), bring urgency to alternative therapies against fungal infections, such as probiotic bacteria. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer benefits to the host (Sanders and Klaenhammer, 2001). Bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus have been used as probiotics due to their association with the healthy gastrointestinal tract in humans (Dunne et al., 1999). Animal (Elahi et al., 2005; Matsubara et al., 2012) and human studies (Hatakka et al., 2007; Ishikawa et al., 2015) have shown that the daily consumption of probiotic bacteria may reduce the oral colonization of C. albicans. The available literature supports the use of probiotics in the management of mucosal candidiasis not only in the oral cavity but also in the urogenital system and gastrointestinal tract, both as adjuvant therapy and as a prophylactic agent (Matsubara et al., 2016a). In vivo and in vitro studies suggest the potential use of probiotics for preventing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (Falagas et al., 2006a), and recurrent urinary tract infections in women (Falagas et al., 2006b). Despite these promising findings, further investigation based on clinical trials is needed to confirm these beneficial effects of probiotics for the human being before its widespread use. The restoration of a natural healthy microbiome on mucosal surfaces seems to be the major effect of probiotics (Matsubara et al., 2016a). These beneficial microorganisms may control the establishment of opportunistic pathogens, such as C. albicans, on mucosal surfaces. This control might be possible by directly interfering with pathogen survival and virulence expression (Ribeiro et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017), competing for nutrients and adhesion sites or modulating the host immune response (Saarela et al., 2000; Reid et al., 2011; Matsubara et al., 2016b). Probiotic lactobacilli were also found to affect C. albicans biofilm formation and filamentation (Matsubara et al., 2016b). The effect of probiotic bacteria can occur by direct interactions between cell surfaces or indirectly through their products (Rizzo et al., 2015), such as lactate, a major fermentation product of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), that regulates critical functions of macrophages and dendritic cells, and also modulates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells (Garrote et al., 2015). The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens in the mucosa beyond the epithelial barrier (Romani, 2004), and the most important mechanism of protection against disseminated candidiasis (Soloviev et al., 2011). In this scenario, macrophages link the innate and the adaptive immune responses, due to their multifunctional characteristics that include phagocytic and microbicidal activities, a capacity of cytokines production, and antigen presentation (Auwerx, 1991; Romani, 2004). The capacity of lactobacilli to induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages was found to be strain-specific, with lactobacilli cells promoting different responses compared to probiotic cell-free supernatants (Quinteiro-Filho et al., 2015). On the other hand, another study showed that both Lactobacillus crispatus cells and its supernatant enhanced the anti-inflammatory response of macrophages and epithelial cell by increasing the production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and reducing the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 (Rizzo et al., 2015). The recognition of C. albicans pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by macrophages is mediated by an array of membrane-bound and soluble pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) (Brown, 2011), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, including dectin-1, and the galectin family proteins (Taylor et al., 2002). Dectin-1 is the primary receptor for C. albicans in phagocytic cells, which recognizes β-glucans of Candida cell wall. This recognition leads to an orchestrated signaling that culminates in phagocytosis, antimicrobial effector functions, and production of defensins, chemokines, cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Brown, 2011; Romani, 2011). TLR4 in turn not only recognizes mannan of fungi cell wall but also LPS from Gram-negative bacteria (Brown, 2011). Lactobacilli were found to attenuate the adaptive and innate immune responses in macrophages challenged by LPS or lipoteichoic acid of other bacteria (Pradhan et al., 2016). In turn, specific Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei strains enhanced the phagocytic and microbicidal activities of peritoneal macrophages in mice challenged with C. albicans (Marranzino et al., 2012). Despite these evidences, the effects of probiotics on human immune systems affected by Candida are is still unclear. Hence, the present study sought to evaluate the influence of probiotics on the human response to C. albicans by determining the effect of three Lactobacillus strains on PRR (dectin-1, TLR4, and TLR2) expression, and measuring the impact of these probiotics on inflammatory cytokines production by human macrophages challenged with C. albicans and LPS. Materials and Methods Microorganisms and Culture Conditions Candida albicans ATCC SC5314, isolated from human clinical infection (Jones et al., 2004), and the probiotic strains L. rhamnosus LR32, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (Danisco, Madison, WI, United States) and L. casei L324m (clinical isolate, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil) were used (Matsubara et al., 2016b). All strains were stored in 20% glycerol at -80°C prior to the experiments. Candida albicans was cultivated in Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, United States) at 37°C, for 18 h in an orbital shaker. Probiotics were cultivated in De Man, Rogosa and Shape broth (MRS; Difco Laboratories) at 37°C, in an anaerobic incubator (85% N2, 10% CO2, and 5% H2) for 18 h. Probiotic bacteria and yeasts were harvested by centrifugation (2,000 × g/5 min), washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), and resuspended at ∼2 × 108 and 6 × 106 CFU/ml, respectively, in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) without fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics. Cell Culture The human macrophage-like cell line THP-1 was grown in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Sigma–Aldrich), 0.05 mM b-mercaptoethanol (Sigma–Aldrich), 11 mM sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 1% sodium-pyruvate (Sigma–Aldrich), 10 mM Hepes (Sigma–Aldrich), 1% glutamine (Sigma–Aldrich), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma–Aldrich). Cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 10% CO2. Co-culture Assay THP-1 cells were plated at 1 × 106 cells/well, in 6-well plates (Corning-Costar, Lowell, MA, United States). The differentiation into macrophages was achieved by treating THP-1 cells with 100 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Sigma–Aldrich) for 72 h (Figure 1). After incubation, plastic-adherent cells were washed twice and culture medium was replaced by RPMI 1640 medium with no FBS and antibiotics, and incubated for 24 h (37°C, 10% CO2) (Chanput et al., 2012). FIGURE 1. Flowchart of macrophage co-culture assay. Macrophages were pretreated with probiotic lactobacilli alone (Groups 2, 4, and 6), LPS alone (Group 7) or both probiotic and LPS (Group 8). After 12 h of incubation (37°C, 10% CO2), macrophages were challenged with Candida albicans (Groups 5, 6, 7, and 8) or LPS (Groups 3 and 4). Groups 3 and 5 had no pretreatment, Group 2 received no challenge, and Group 1 was the negative control. Macrophages were pretreated with probiotic bacteria and/or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) before C. albicans or LPS challenge, comprising eight groups of study for each probiotic bacteria as follows:. Macrophages were pretreated with probiotic lactobacilli alone (1 × 107 CFU/well) (Groups 2, 4, and 6), LPS alone (Sigma–Aldrich, 100 ng/ml) (Group 7) or both LPS and probiotic bacteria (Group 8) (Yoon et al., 2013), for 12 h, at 37°C. The cell supernatant of all groups was replaced by fresh medium after pretreatments. Afterward, macrophages were challenged with 50 μl of C. albicans suspension (6 × 106 yeast/ml) (Groups 5, 6, 7, and 8) or LPS (100 ng/ml) (Groups 3 and 4) for 3 h, at 37°C. Negative control macrophages received neither pretreatment nor challenge (Group 1). Equivalent total volume was obtained in all groups by the addition of fresh culture medium (RPMI 1640 with no FBS and antibiotics). Viability of THP-1 cells was maintained after co-culture of macrophages in any of the studied conditions and it was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay (Barker et al., 2005) (Supplementary Figure S1). Relative transcription of CLEC7A, TLR4 and TLR2, expression of dectin-1 on macrophage surface, and cytokines production were evaluated after the final incubation. All assays were carried out in triplicate in three independent assays. Relative Transcription of CLEC7A, TLR4, and TLR2 Macrophages were lysed and total RNA was extracted using RNeasy KIT (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, United States). The concentration, purity, and quality of the isolated RNA samples were determined using a Nano DropOne/One Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States). The RNA from each sample was immediately reverse transcribed into cDNA using SuperScript VILO MasterMix (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, United States). The conditions for reverse transcription were 15 min at 37°C, 5 s at 85°C. Relative expression levels of CLEC7A, TLR4, and TLR2 were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), using TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix (Applied Biosciences, Foster City, CA, United States), TaqMan primers and probes for CLEC7A (Hs01902549_sl), TLR4 (Hs01060206_m1), TLR2 (Hs00152932_m1), and GAPDH (Hs02758991_gl) and 100 ng of cDNA in each reaction. The RT-qPCR comprised an initial step of 50°C for 2 min, 95°C for 10 min followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 s, and 50°C for 1 min, using Step One Plus System (Applied Biosciences). All data were normalized to GAPDH transcripts levels in the same cDNA set (Pfaffl, 2001; Gantner et al., 2005). Expression of Dectin-1 on Macrophages Surface After the final incubation, macrophages were washed with PBS and treated with AccutaseTM cell detachment solution (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, United States). Cells were incubated with Fc BlockTM (Human BD Fc Block, BD Biosciences) and stained with either an anti-human Clec7a – Dectin-1 antibody or an isotype control (5 μl/million cells, both labeled with PE from BD Biosciences) (30 min, 4°C in the dark) (Supplementary Figure S2). After washing with PBS, stained cells were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for at least 10,000 events (Guava easyCyteTM Flow Cytometers – Merck Millipore, Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Cytokine Profile The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), and IL-1β secreted by macrophages after 3 h of co-culture were determined in macrophage cells supernatants by ELISA (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, United States) following the manufacturer’s recommendation. The cytokines levels were determined by comparison with a standard calibration curve. Statistical Analysis Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison test was used for statistical analyses. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 (GraphPad Prism® Version 6.0c – GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, United States). Results Probiotics Alter the Cytokine Profile of Macrophages Challenged with LPS and/or Candida albicans In order to evaluate the effect of probiotic bacteria on macrophages challenged with C. albicans and/or LPS, we first investigated the impact of C. albicans and LPS challenges on cytokine production by macrophages (Figure 2). The challenge with C. albicans alone was not able to induce a significant production of TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-12 (p > 0.01) as compared to control non-challenged macrophages, although the stimulus with C. albicans increased the level of IL-1β significantly (p < 0.01). In contrast, TNF-α and IL-10 levels were dramatically increased (p > 0.01) in the supernatants of macrophages challenged with LPS, but the same effect was not observed for IL-12 and IL-1β levels. The pretreatment with LPS before the challenge with C. albicans promoted a synergistic effect on macrophages when compared to macrophages challenged with C. albicans or LPS alone (except for TNF-α), inducing the highest levels of proinflammatory cytokines among the given groups. This was associated with an increase in the expression of clec7a (Figure 2E) in macrophages pretreated with LPS before C. albicans challenge. FIGURE 2. Cytokine production [TNF-α (A), IL-10 (B), IL-12 (C), and IL-1β (D)], and transcription of CLEC7A (E) by macrophages challenged with LPS, C. albicans, or pretreated with LPS and challenged by C. albicans (LPS + C. albicans). Control group had neither challenge nor pretreatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗p < 0.05. The treatment of macrophages with probiotics affected the production of cytokines significantly, with similar performances for all three tested probiotic strains (Figure 3). The pretreatment with probiotic lactobacilli (Group 2) induced a significant production of TNF-α and IL1-β as compared to non-treated macrophages (Group 1). The pretreatment with probiotics on LPS challenged macrophages caused a substantial increase in the levels of IL1-β and IL-10, except for L. rhamnosus pretreated macrophages. On the contrary, the production of TNF-α and IL-12 by LPS stimulated macrophages was not affected by probiotic bacteria. FIGURE 3. Effect of probiotic bacteria pretreatment on the production of TNF-α (A), IL-10 (B), IL-1β (C), and IL-12 (D) by macrophages. The quantification of cytokines in the macrophage supernatants was determined by ELISA. Eight groups of study were performed for each Lactobacillus strain tested:. Three different strains of probiotic bacteria were tested: Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR32, Lactobacillus casei L324m, and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01. In turn, the probiotic pretreatment of macrophages challenged with C. albicans (Group 6) led to increased levels of TNF-α and IL-1β (p < 0.01), while the secretion of IL-10 was increased significantly only by L. acidophilus pretreated macrophages. In contrast, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, and L. casei pretreatments reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the levels of IL-12. In the most complex situation simulated in our study, the effects of probiotics on increasing the production of IL-10 and IL-1β (except for L. casei), and decreasing IL-12 were observed in cells pretreated with LPS and challenged by C. albicans, in different levels according to the probiotic strain. Probiotics Reduce Transcription of CLEC7A and Dectin-1 Expression in Macrophages The pretreatment of macrophages with all three tested probiotics down-regulated the transcription of CLEC7A (p < 0.01) (Figure 4), which codifies dectin-1 receptors. L. rhamnosus was the most effective in down-regulating CLEC7A (p < 0.01) in macrophages pretreated with LPS and challenged with C. albicans compared to the remaining Lactobacillus strains. However, both L. acidophilus and L. casei induced higher down-regulation of CLEC7A than L. rhamnosus in macrophages with no additional challenge (Figure 4). FIGURE 4. Relative transcription of CLEC7A in macrophages pretreated with probiotics alone or with both LPS and probiotics for 12 h before being challenged with C. albicans or LPS for 3 h. L. rhamnosus LR32, L. casei L324m, and L. acidophilus NCFM were tested in these different situations. The transcription of CLEC7A was normalized to GAPDH reference gene (internal control). Groups with no probiotic bacteria pretreatment were set at 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ∗∗p < 0.01. The reduced expression of dectin-1 receptor on macrophage surfaces promoted by probiotics was confirmed by flow cytometry (Figure 5). L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus presented similar percentage of cells expressing dectin-1, whereas L. casei was found to interfere to a lesser extent under all simulated conditions. The used antibody had no non-specific binding to either C. albicans or Lactobacillus cells (Supplementary Figure S3). FIGURE 5. Expression of dectin-1 receptors by THP-1 macrophages in control groups (no probiotic pretreatment) and test groups (pretreated with L. rhamnosus LR32, L. acidophilus NCFM, or L. casei L324m) determined by flow cytometry. (A) Macrophages pretreated with probiotic bacteria; (B) macrophages pretreated with probiotic bacteria and challenged with LPS; (C) macrophages pretreated with probiotic and challenged with C. albicans; (D) macrophages pretreated with both LPS and probiotic before C. albicans challenge. Percentage of cells expressing high levels of dectin-1 is shown for each situation. Probiotics Down-Regulate TLR4 and Up-Regulate TLR2 in Macrophages Challenged with C. albicans The challenge of macrophages with C. albicans was found to down-regulate TLR4 (Figure 6A). The tested Lactobacillus strains further reduced the transcription of this gene in macrophages stimulated by C. albicans, except for L. casei that increased TLR4 mRNA levels when the macrophages were pretreated with LPS and challenged by C. albicans (Figure 6C). In turn, the LPS challenge alone was not able to alter the transcription of TLR4 after 3 h of incubation (Figure 6A), but a significant decrease in the transcription of TLR4 was observed when these macrophages were pretreated with probiotics (Figure 6C). FIGURE 6. Relative transcription of TLR4 (A) and TLR2 (B) in macrophages challenged with LPS, C. albicans, or pretreated with LPS before C. albicans challenge. Transcription of TLR4 (C) and TLR2 (D) in macrophages pretreated with probiotics alone or both LPS and probiotics before C. albicans or LPS challenge. Gene expression was normalized to GAPDH transcripts levels in the same cDNA set. Groups with no probiotic bacteria pretreatment were set at 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01. Macrophages challenged with LPS alone presented up-regulation of TLR2, while a reduced expression of this gene was observed when macrophages were challenged with C. albicans (Figure 6B). However, the expression of TLR2 was entirely changed by probiotic pretreatments as the transcription of TLR2 was up-regulated in C. albicans challenged macrophages for all three Lactobacillus strains tested (Figure 6B). Probiotics also promoted a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in TLR2 mRNA levels when the macrophages were challenged with LPS, except for macrophages pretreated with L. rhamnosus. It is noteworthy that the pretreatment of macrophages with L. acidophilus alone showed a unique effect increasing TLR2, while the other probiotic bacteria (L. rhamnosus and L. casei) reduced the transcription of this gene. Discussion The reduction of C. albicans oral colonization promoted by LAB, such as Lactobacillus species, has already been demonstrated in animal models (Matsubara et al., 2012) and clinical trials (Ishikawa et al., 2015). However, the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect are still poorly understood, especially from the human immune system perspective. In the present study, we investigated how Lactobacillus species influence the immune response of human macrophages challenged by C. albicans, analyzing two important factors for the macrophages activity: production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and expression of receptors for Candida recognition. Our study was designed to simulate different conditions encountered in the human mucosa. The LPS, during both pretreatment or challenge stimulus, represented Gram-negative bacteria colonizing the mucosal surfaces. The pretreatment of macrophages with LPS aimed to enhance the response of macrophages to C. albicans as demonstrated previously (Rogers et al., 2013). The LPS challenge, in turn, acted as a positive control to the C. albicans challenge groups. Groups 7 and 8 simulated the clinical situation where macrophages are continuously stimulated by endogenous bacteria before the overgrowth of C. albicans. Macrophages with no probiotic pretreatment (Groups 1, 3, 5, and 7), challenged with C. albicans alone, produced only significant levels of IL-1β (Figure 2D). However, the pretreatment of macrophages with LPS enhanced the response to C. albicans, which not only expanded the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12, but also increased the secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 (Figures 2A–D). It has already been demonstrated that the presence of bacterial LPS induces the expression of dectin-1 on macrophages, which in turn leads to an enhanced immune response against C. albicans (Rogers et al., 2013). This evidence corroborates with our results of up-regulation of transcription of CLEC7A in LPS challenged macrophages (Figure 2E). In lactobacilli pretreated macrophages, the probiotics supplied an additional ‘reprogramming’ stimulus suggesting their immunomodulatory effect, due to decreased production of IL-12, and increased levels of IL-10. The interference with the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by human macrophages is probiotic-strain dependent, since strains of the same species may show opposite effects (Drago et al., 2010). Other lactobacilli species, such as L. crispatus, an important urogenital species routinely found in the vagina of healthy women, also enhanced the production of the IL-10, and reduced the proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and epithelial cells challenged with Chlamydia trachomatis (Rizzo et al., 2015). This immunomodulatory effect induced by probiotic bacteria may lead to an enhanced capacity of macrophages to combat C. albicans infections. A previous in vivo study using a C. albicans infection murine model showed significant increase in the phagocytic and microbicidal activities of peritoneal macrophages of mice treated with L. rhamnosus and L. casei, which resulted in decreased levels of the pathogen in infected organs (Marranzino et al., 2012). IL-10 is one of the most important immunosuppressive cytokines, aiming the maintenance of homeostasis (Ma et al., 2015), and its production can be enhanced by probiotics (Lucas et al., 2005). In turn, during pathogen infections, IL-12 produced by macrophages/monocytes and dendritic cells (Trinchieri, 1995) influences the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by natural killer (NK) and T cells, which favor phagocytic cells activation and inflammation. IL-12 also plays an important role by favoring a T helper type 1 (Th1) response (Trinchieri, 1993). In our study, the reduction of IL-12 promoted by probiotics may be also associated with the increase in IL-10 levels, since IL-10 is a potent inhibitor of IL-12 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (D’Andrea et al., 1993), by suppressing IL-12 production at the transcriptional level (Aste-Amezaga et al., 1998). The significant increase of IL1-β production by lactobacilli-treated macrophages after C. albicans challenge (Figure 3C) may suggest that probiotic bacteria are activating inflammasome, as shown for L. rhamnosus (Miettinen et al., 2012). Since inflammasomes contribute to an anti-Candida response (Martinon et al., 2002), probiotic treatment may increase Candida elimination. In our co-culture assay, L. rhamnosus LR32, L. casei L324m, and L. acidophilus NCFM induced similar cytokine profile in human macrophages, although the level of inhibition (e.g., IL-12) or stimulation (e.g., IL-10) in cytokines production varied according to the tested bacterial strain. These differences may be associated with their mechanisms to modulate TLR expression in phagocytic cells (Kotzamanidis et al., 2010). In fact, the tested L. rhamnosus strain down-regulated the expression of TLR4, L. casei up-regulated TLR4 and TLR2, whereas L. acidophilus decreased TLR4 and increased TLR2 transcription levels in C. albicans challenged macrophages. The decreased expression of TLR4 in LAB pretreated macrophages observed in our study is in accordance with previous in vivo data reporting that probiotic lactobacilli reduce TLR4 mRNA levels and decrease TLR2 responses in blood mononuclear cells (Forsberg et al., 2014). In another study, the pretreatment with L. crispatus also downregulated the expression of TLR4 and TLR2 by epithelial cells challenged with C. albicans, suggesting that L. crispatus may act as an anti-inflammatory agent through TLR2/4 (Rizzo et al., 2013). Since TLR4 signaling culminates in the expression of genes encoding inflammatory molecules (Aksoy et al., 2012), the down-regulation of TLR4 transcription by L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus favors an anti-inflammatory effect, reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines such IL-12 (Re and Strominger, 2001). Our data also indicated that probiotics increased TLR2 mRNA levels in C. albicans challenged macrophages (Figure 6D). C. albicans cell wall mannan and phospholipomannan are able to trigger TLR2-signaling (Brown, 2011), but the role of TLR2 signaling in controlling C. albicans infections is still contradictory. Increased susceptibility or resistance to infection with C. albicans were both showed in TLR2-deficient mice, due to reduced proinflammatory cytokines production or decreased IL-10/increased IL-12 and IFN-γ production, respectively (Brown, 2011). TLR2 and TLR4 signaling are not equivalent as TLR2 stimulus elicits less IL-12 (p70) than TLR4 (Re and Strominger, 2001), but induces abundant IL-10, favoring Th2 and T cytotoxic responses (Dillon et al., 2004). Thus, the up-regulation of TLR2 by Lactobacillus spp. in the presence of C. albicans (Figure 6D) may partially explain the cytokine profile observed in our study (Figures 3B,D), with high IL-10 and low IL-12 levels after probiotics treatment. All three tested probiotics down-regulated dectin-1 expression in Candida challenged macrophages. Even though bacterial LPS induces dectin-1 expression in macrophages (Rogers et al., 2013), the probiotic pretreatments were able to reduce dectin-1 expression even in LPS challenged macrophages (Figure 4), by down-regulating the transcription of CLEC7A. The importance of dectin-1 signaling to control commensal C. albicans levels in the gastrointestinal tract is still controversial. Individuals with genetic deficiencies associated with decreased expression of dectin-1 are more susceptible to fungal diseases (Romani, 2011). On the other hand, in an animal model, dectin-1 was found to be essential for controlling infection of the gastrointestinal tissues during systemic candidiasis, but it had no influence on gastrointestinal colonization of C. albicans in mice (Vautier et al., 2012). The decrease of dectin-1 expression in macrophages promoted by L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus, and to a lesser extent by L. casei, showed in our study, may indicate that these beneficial bacteria may limit an exacerbated inflammatory response originated from the recognition of C. albicans yeasts by macrophages. This inflammatory control may avoid tissue destruction that facilitates the establishment of C. albicans infections, but still allowing host defense mechanisms. This hypothesis is reinforced by a previous study showing that the dectin-1 level reduction is associated with an increased regulatory T cells differentiation and a local homeostasis, thus leading to ameliorate colitis (Tang et al., 2015). The down-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes was also observed in murine macrophages treated with L. acidophilus (Pradhan et al., 2016). Furthermore, the capacity of probiotics to reduce yeast-to-hyphae transition of C. albicans, as demonstrated previously by our group (Matsubara et al., 2016b), may also contribute to the reduction of local inflammation, as Candida remains in the commensal yeast form. The alteration of C. albicans recognition by immune cells in the presence of lactobacilli may involve other mechanisms. For instance, the exposure of C. albicans to lactate, produced by LAB, induces β-glucan masking in C. albicans by changing the expression of cell-wall-related genes (Ballou et al., 2016). As the fungal cell wall architecture play an essential role in the competitive colonization of Candida species in mucosal surfaces (Sem et al., 2016), the effect of probiotic bacteria on fungal cell wall needs to be further investigated. Conclusion Lactobacilli may contribute in the response against C. albicans colonization and infection by affecting the expression of dectin-1, TLR2, and TLR4 at the transcription level, thus altering the recognition of C. albicans and the cytokine profile of macrophages. This immunomodulation favors an anti-inflammatory response to C. albicans colonization (Figure 7). Our novel findings open new possibilities for the study of probiotics against C. albicans infections. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether the immune modulation is caused by a direct or an indirect effect of probiotic bacteria on macrophages. More studies testing other immune cells and analyzing different inflammatory signaling pathways will help to clarify the role of probiotic bacteria on Candida-host interactions. FIGURE 7. Effects of Lactobacillus spp. on human macrophages challenged with C. albicans. There is an alteration in the transcription of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) genes (CLEC7A, TLR2, and TLR4) with a significant reduction of C. albicans receptors (dectin-1) on macrophages. These changes have an impact on the cytokine profile that leads to an anti-inflammatory effect. Ethics Statement This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Author Contributions VM designed and conducted experiments, analyzed data and wrote the article; KI helped with flow cytometer assay; EA-S helped with RT-qPCR assay; BB-S helped with cell culture experiments; AN gave a critical review of the manuscript; MM supervised the project and the article writing. Funding Part of this study was supported by FAPESP grant 2015/18273-9 and 2006/1315-7. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgment The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Foundation for supporting VM. Supplementary Material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: FIGURE S1 | Number of viable macrophage cells after the final incubation in the different groups. Data are presented as cells/well. FIGURE S2 | (A) Macrophages under different stimulation (cell with no challenge or LPS pretreated cells challenged with C. albicans) incubated with isotype control antibody. (B) Flow cytometry gating on macrophages. 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K., et PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Keywords: candidiasis, Candida albicans, Lactobacillus, immune system, macrophage, pattern recognition receptor Citation: Matsubara VH, Ishikawa KH, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Bueno-Silva B, Nakamae AEM and Mayer MPA (2017) Probiotic Bacteria Alter Pattern-Recognition Receptor Expression and Cytokine Profile in a Human Macrophage Model Challenged with Candida albicans and Lipopolysaccharide. Front. Microbiol. 8:2280. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02280 Received: 30 May 2017; Accepted: 06 November 2017; Published: 29 November 2017. Edited by:Celio Geraldo Freire De Lima, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Reviewed by:Jeanette Wagener, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom Daniel Ferreira Feijó, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Brazil Laura Noelia Cariddi, National University of Río Cuarto, Argentina Lucia Helena Pinto da Silva, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Copyright © 2017 Matsubara, Ishikawa, Ando-Suguimoto, Bueno-Silva, Nakamaecia P. A. Mayer, mpamayer@icb.usp.br †Present address: Victor H. Matsubara, Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Bruno Bueno-Silva, Praça Teresa Cristina, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil

- Shopping Bag ( 0 items ) - All (34) from $1.99 - New (8) from $5.99 - Used (26) from $1.99. May the hearthstone of hell be his bed rest forever! —Old Irish Curse It was an ordinary gray British Ford, the spartan economy model with right-hand drive customary in Ireland. John Roe O’Neill would remember the driver’s brown-sweatered right arm resting on the car’s windowsill in the cloud-filtered light of that Dublin afternoon. A nightmare capsule of memory, it excluded everything else in the scene; just the car and that arm. Several other surviving witnesses commented on a crumpled break in the Ford’s left front wing. The break had begun to rust. Speaking from her hospital bed, one witness said: “The break was a jagged thing and I was afraid someone would be cut if they brushed against it.” Two of those who recalled seeing the car come out of Lower Leeson Street knew the driver casually, but only from his days in postal uniform. He was Francis Bley, a retired postman working part-time as a watchman at a building site in Dun Laoghaire. Bley left for work early every Wednesday, giving himself time to run a few errands and then pick up his wife, Tessie. On that one day each week, Tessie spent the morning doing “light secretarial” for a betting shop in King Street. It was Tessie’s habit to spend the rest of the day with her widowed sister who lived in a remodeled gatehouse off the Dun Laoghaire bypass “just a few minutes out of his way.” This was a Wednesday. May 20. Bley was on his way to pick up Tessie. The Ford’s left front door, although appearing undamaged by the accident that had crumpled the wing, still required a twist of wire around the doorpost to keep it closed. The door rattled every time the car hit a bump. “I heard it rattling when it turned onto St. Stephen’s Green South,” one witness said. “It’s God’s own mercy I wasn’t at the Grafton corner when it happened.” Bley turned right off St. Stephen’s Green South, which put him on St. Stephen’s Green West, hugging the left lane as he headed for Grafton Street. There were better routes for him to make his connection with Tessie, but this was “his way.” “He liked to see all the people,” Tessie said. “God rest him, that’s what he said he missed most when he quit the postal—all the people.” Bley, slight and wrinkled, had that skin-stretched cadaverous look that is common among certain aged Celts from the south of Ireland. He wore a soiled brown hat almost the exact shade of his patched sweater, and he drove with the patient detachment of someone who came this way often. And if the truth were known, he rather liked being slowed by the heavy traffic. It had been cold and wet through most of spring and, while it was still cloudy, the cloud cover had thinned and there was a feeling that there might be a break in the weather. Only a few of the pedestrians carried umbrellas. The trees of St. Stephen’s Green on Bley’s right were in full leaf. As the Ford inched along in the congested traffic, the man watching for it from a fourth-floor window of the Irish Film Society Building nodded once in satisfaction. Right on time. Bley’s Ford had been selected because of this Wednesday punctuality. There was also the fact that Bley did not garage his car where he and Tessie lived in Davitt Road. The Ford was parked outside beside a thick yew hedge, which could be approached from the street along a path shielded by a parked van. There had been a van parked in this covering position the previous night. Neighbors had seen it but no one had thought to comment at the time. “There were often vehicles parked in that place,” one said. “How were we to know?” The watcher at the Film Society Building had many names but he had been born Joseph Leo Herity. He was a small, solidly fleshy man with a long, thin face and pale, almost translucent skin. Herity wore his blond hair combed straight back and hanging almost to the collar. His light brown eyes were deeply set and he had a pugged nose with prominent nostrils from which hair protruded. From his fourth-floor vantage, Herity commanded an overview of the entire setting for the drama he was about to ignite. Directly across from him, the tall trees of the green formed a verdant wall enclosing the flow of vehicles and pedestrians. The Robert Emmet statue stood opposite his window and, to the left of it, there was a black-on-white sign to the public toilets. Bley’s Ford had stopped with the traffic just to the left of Herity’s window. A white tour bus with blue-and-red stripes down its side loomed over the small Ford. Traffic fumes were thick even at the fourth-floor level. Herity checked Bley’s license number to be certain. Yes—JIA-5028. Then there was the crumpled left front wing. The traffic began to inch forward, then stopped once more. Herity glanced left at the Grafton Street corner. He could see the signs of the Toy World shop and the Irish Permanent Society on the ground floor of the red brick building soon to be taken over by the Ulster Bank. There had been some protest about that, one ragged march with a few signs, but it had died out quickly. The Ulster Bank had powerful friends in the government. Barney and his lot, Herity thought. They think we’re ignorant of their scheme to make a peace with the Ulster boys! Again, Bley’s Ford inched toward the corner, but once more was stopped. There was heavy foot traffic where Grafton took off from St. Stephen’s Green. A bald-headed man in a dark blue suit had stopped almost directly beneath Herity’s window and was examining the cinema marquee. Two young men pushing bicycles threaded their way past the bald-headed man. The traffic remained stopped. Herity looked down at the top of Bley’s car. So innocent-looking, that car. Herity had been one of the two-man team to emerge from the yewshrouded van near Bley’s parking spot the previous night. In Herity’s hands had been a molded plastic package, which they had attached like a deformed limpet under Bley’s car. At the core of that package lay a tiny radio receiver. The transmitter sat on the windowsill in front of Herity. A small black metal rectangle, it had a thin wire antenna and two recessed toggle switches—one painted yellow, the other red. Yellow armed it, red transmitted. A glance at his wristwatch told Herity that they were already five minutes past Zero Time. Not Bley’s fault. It was the blasted traffic. “You can set your bloody watch by Bley,” the leader of their selection team had said. “The old bastard should be running a tram.” “What’re his politics?” Greaves had asked. “Who cares about his politics?” Herity had countered. “He’s perfect and he’ll be dying for a grand cause.” “The street’ll be full of people,” Greaves had said. “And there’ll be tourists sure as hell is full of Brits.” “We warned’em to stop the Ulster boys,” Herity had said. Greaves could be an old woman sometimes! “They know what to expect when they don’t listen to us.” It was settled then. And now Bley’s car was inching once more toward the Grafton Street corner, toward the mass of pedestrians, including the possible tourists. John Roe O’Neill, his wife, Mary, and their five-year-old twins, Kevin and Mairead, could have been classified as tourists, although John expected to be six months in Ireland while completing the research called for under his grant from the Pastermorn Foundation of New Haven, Conn. “An Overview of Irish Genetic Research.” He thought the title pompous, but it was only a cover. The real research was into the acceptance of the new genetics by a Roman Catholic society, whether such a society had taken a position to cope with the explosive potentials in molecular biology. The project was much on his mind that Wednesday morning but necessary preparations required his attention. High on his list was the need to transfer funds from America to the Allied Irish Bank. Mary wanted to go shopping for sweaters “to keep our darlings warm of an evening.” “There y’ go,” John teased as they left the Sherbourne Hotel, stepping into the rush of tourists and businessmen. “Only four days in Ireland and already you sound like a local.” “And why not?” she demanded. “And both my grandmothers from Limerick.” They laughed, drawing a few curious stares. The children tugged at Mary, anxious to be off shopping. Ireland suited Mary, John thought. She had pale clear skin and dark blue eyes. Jet-black hair—“Spanish Hair,” her family called it—framed her rather round face. A sweet face. Irish skin and Irish features. He bent and kissed her before leaving. It brought a blush to her face but she was pleased at his show of affection and she gave him a warm smile as they parted. John walked away briskly, humming to himself, amused when he recognized the tune: “Oh What a Beautiful Mornin’.” John’s Wednesday appointment for “transfer of foreign funds” was at two P.M. at the Allied Irish Bank, Grafton and Chatham streets. There was a sign just inside the bank’s entrance, white letters on black: “Non Branch Customers Upstairs.” A uniformed guard led him up the stairs to the office of the bank manager, Charles Mulrain, a small, nervous man with tow-colored hair and pale blue eyes behind gold-framed glasses. Mulrain had a habit of touching the comers of his mouth with a forefinger, first left side then right, followed by a quick downward brush of his dark tie. He made a joke about having his office on the first floor, “what you Americans call the second floor.” “It is confusing until you catch on,” John agreed. “Well!” A quick touching of lips and tie. “You understand that we’d normally do this at our main office, but …” “When I called, they assured me it was …” “As a convenience to the customer,” Mulrain said. He lifted a folder from his desk, glanced inside it, nodded. “Yes, this amount … if you’ll make yourself comfortable here, I’ll just get the proper forms and be right back.” Mulrain left, giving John a tight smile at the door. John went to the window and pulled back a heavy lace curtain to look down on Grafton Street. The sidewalks were thick with people all the way up to the arched gateway into St. Stephen’s Green two short blocks up Grafton. The motor traffic was two abreast filling the street and crawling along toward him. There was a workman cleaning the parapet on the roof of the shopping center diagonally across the street—a white-coated figure with a long-handled brush. He stood outlined against a row of five chimney pots. Glancing at the closed door of the manager’s office, John wondered how long Mulrain would be. Everything was so damned formal here. John looked at his watch. Mary would arrive with the children in a few minutes. They planned to have tea, then John would walk down Grafton to Trinity College and begin work at the college library—the real start of his research project. Much later, John would look back on those few minutes at the bank manager’s “first-floor” window and think how another sequence of events had been set in motion without his knowledge, an inescapable thing like a movie. film where one frame followed another without ever the chance to deviate. It all centered around Francis Bley’s.old car and a small VHF transmitter in the hands of a determined man watching from an open window that looked down on that corner where Grafton met St. Stephen’s Green. Bley, patient as always, eased along at the traffic’s pace. Herity, in his window vantage point, toggled the arming switch of his transmitter, making sure the antenna wire dangled out over the sill. As he neared the Grafton corner, the crush of pedestrians forced Bley to stop and he missed the turn of the traffic light. He heard the tour bus gain clear of traffic off to his right, trundling off in a rumble of its heavy diesel. Barricades were being erected on the building to his left and a big white-onred sign had been raised over the rough construction: “This Building to be Remodeled by G. Tottenham Sons, Ltd.” Bley looked to his right and noted the tall blue-and-white Prestige Cafeteria sign, feeling a small pang of hunger. The pedestrian isthmus beside him was jammed with people waiting to cross over to St. Stephen’s Green and others struggling to make a way through the cars stopped on Grafton and blocking Bley’s path. The crush of pedestrians was particularly heavy around Bley’s car, people passing both front and back. A woman in a brown tweed coat, a white parcel clutched under her right elbow and each hand grasping a hand off a small child, hesitated at the right front corner of Bley’s car while she sought an opening through the press of people. John Roe O’Neill, standing at the bank manager’s window, recognized Mary. He saw her first because of her familiar tweed coat and the way she carried her head, that sleek cap of jet hair. He smiled. The twins were screened from him by the hurrying adults but he knew from Mary’s stance that she held the children’s hands. A brief break in the throng allowed John a glimpse of the top of Kevin’s head and the old Ford with the driver’s brown-sweatered elbow protruding. Where is that damned bank manager? John wondered. She’ll be here any minute. He dropped the heavy lace curtain and looked once more at his wristwatch. Herity, at the open window above and behind Bley, nodded once more to himself. He stepped back away from the window and toggled the second switch on his transmitter. Bley’s car exploded, ripped apart from the bottom. The bomb, exploding almost under Bley’s feet, drove him upward with a large piece of the car’s roof, his body crushed, dismembered and scattered. The large section of roof sailed upward in a slow arc to come crashing onto the Irish Permanent Society Building, demolishing chimney pots and slates. It was not a large bomb as such things went, but it had been expertly placed. The old car was transformed into jagged bits of metal and glass—an orange ball of fire peppered with deadly shrapnel. A section of the car’s bonnet decapitated Mary O’Neill. The twins became part of a bloody puddle blown against the iron fencing across the street at St. Stephen’s Green. Their bodies were more easily identified later because they were the only children of that age in the throng. Herity did not pause to glance out at his work; the sound told it all. He tucked the transmitter into a small and worn military green pack, stuffed an old yellow sweater onto it, strapped the cover and slung the pack over his shoulder. He left the building by the back way, elated and satisfied. Barney and his group would get this message! John O’Neill had looked up from his wristwatch just in time to see the orange blast envelop Mary. He was saved from the window’s shattered glass by the heavy curtains, which deflected all but one of the shards away from him. One small section of glass creased his scalp. The shock wave staggered him, driving him backward against a desk. He fell sideways, momentarily unconscious but getting quickly to his knees as the bank manager rushed into the room, shouting: “Good God! What was that?” John stumbled to his feet, rejecting the question and the answer that rumbled through his head like an aftershock of the blast. He brushed past the bank manager and out the door. His mind remained in shock but his body found its way down the stairs. He shouldered a woman aside at the foot of the stairs and lurched out onto the street where he allowed himself to be carried along by the crowd rushing toward the area of the blast. There was a smell of burnt iron in the air and the sound of cries and screams. Within only a few seconds John was part of a crush being held back by police and uninjured civilians pressed into service to keep the area around the explosion clear. John elbowed and clawed his way forward. “My wife!” he shouted. “I saw her. She was there. My wife and our children!” A policeman pinned his arms and swung him around, blocking John’s view of the tangled fabric and bloody flesh strewn across the street. The groans of the injured, the cries for help and the shouts of horror drove John into insensate rage. Mary needs me! He struggled against the policeman. “Mary! She was right in front of …” “The ambulances are coming, sir! There’s help at hand. You must be still. You cannot go through now.” A woman off to John’s left said: “Let me through. I’m a nurse.” This, more than anything else, stopped John’s struggles against the policeman. People were helping. There was a nurse. “It’ll be cleared up in a bit, sir,” the policeman said. His voice was maddeningly calm. “That’s a bad cut on your head. I’ll just help you across to where the ambulances are coming.” John allowed himself to be led through a lane in the crowd, seeing the curious stares, hearing the voices on his right ooing and the calling upon God to “look over there”—the awed voices telling John about things he did not want to see. He knew, though. And there were glimpses past the policeman who helped him to a cleared place against a building across from the green. “There now, sir,” the policeman said. “You’ll be taken care of here.” Then to someone else: “I think he was hit by a flying bit; the bleeding seems to’ve stopped.” John stood with his back against a scarred brick wall from which the dust of the explosion still sifted. There was broken glass underfoot. Through an opening in the crowd to his right he could see part of the bloody mess at the corner, the people moving and bending over broken flesh. He thought he recognized Mary’s coat behind a kneeling priest. Somewhere within him there existed an understanding of that scene. His mind remained frozen, though, frigidly locked into limited thought. If he allowed himself to think freely, then events would flow—time would continue … a time without Mary and the children. It was as though a tiny jewel of awareness held itself intact within him, understanding, knowing … but nothing else could be allowed to move. A hand touched his arm. It was electric. A scream erupted from him—agonized, echoing down the street, bringing people whirling around to stare at him. A photographer’s flash temporarily blinded him, shutting off the scream, but he could still hear it within his head. It was more than a primal scream. This came from deeper, from some place he had not suspected and against which he had no protection. Two white-coated ambulance attendants grabbed him. He felt his coat pulled down, shirt ripped. There came the prick of a needle in his arm. They hustled him into an ambulance as an enveloping drowsiness overwhelmed his mind, sweeping away his memory. For a long time afterward, memory would not reproduce those shocked minutes. He could recall the small car, the brown-sweatered elbow on the windowsill, but nothing afterward. He knew he had seen what he had seen: the explosion, the death. Intellectual awareness argued the facts. I was standing at that window, I must have seen the blast. But the particulars lay behind a screen that he could not penetrate. It lay frozen within him, demanding action lest the frozen thing thaw and obliterate him. harstan Posted December 9, 2008 American molecular biologist Dr. John O'Neill, accompanied by his wife Mary and their five years old twins Mairead and Kevin, is in Dublin completing his project ¿An Overview of Irish Genetic Research¿ as required by the Pastermorn Foundation grant. However, they are only a few days in country when the terrorist bomb killed Mary and the kids as he watched them die and consequently killed his soul too. John vowed vengeance on humanity for murdering his loved ones as he blames all mankind for their avarice. In his New England lab, he creates THE WHITE PLAGUE that kills women only for without females there is no human race. Instead of coming together governments go it alone seeking a cure scientific teams see future history books as each wants to be the Fleming of this age so none share their information with others. Firebombing the infected zones becomes the elixir of the moment. John returns to Ireland to take a first hand euphoric tour using his biochemist credentials as his visa. Others join his pilgrimage through hell including the terrorist who killed his family. --- THE WHITE PLAGUE is an exciting reprint of an early 1980s cautionary tale that seems still relevant with the talks of weapons of mass destruction and the politicizing by the government of scientific research and data. The story line is at its best prior to John coming to Ireland as competition to be the superhero and superpower leads to further failures at a time when international cooperation and teaming are critical. Although the book turns overly philosophical when John and company begin his final victory tour, science fiction thriller readers will appreciate Frank Herbert¿s warning in 1982 that government officials will use science for their dogmatic pampering of their supporters just ask the Surgeon Generals. --- Harriet Klausner 4 out of 5 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged. Anonymous Posted February 5, 2012 Not worth the explanation 1 out of 5 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged. Anonymous Posted February 10, 2011 No text was provided for this review. Anonymous Posted February 4, 2012 No text was provided for this review. Anonymous Posted October 12, 2009 No text was provided for this review. Anonymous Posted December 21, 2010 No text was provided for this review. Anonymous Posted November 22, 2009 No text was provided for this review. Anonymous Posted December 29, 2009 No text was provided for this review. Overview...

20 Years Ago Today My baby girl was born 20 years ago today. I remember the morning clearly. I was to be induced, as she was settled in for the duration and was 2 weeks late. I had spent the previous two weeks hopping down steps, walking the mall, and generally trying to be as active as you can possibly be at 9+ months pregnant in the heat of the summer! Needless to say, being my first baby having determined ahead of time that I wanted the entire process to be “natural”, I was a bit sad that I would not get to experience the excitement of going into labor spontaneously. So Jesse and I arose at 4:30 AM on September 25, 1989, to make our way to St. Paul’s Hospital in Dallas. We would leave as 2 and come back as 3. I was completely scared to death! We said goodbye to Schnitzel, our Schnauzer and psycho cat and left. The long, pre-dawn ride, with a slight chill in the air and the waking up at 4:30 made me bleary eyed and thoughts were racing through my mind. At this point we had not had the doctor find out if she was a boy or a girl, but about two weeks prior to this day, I had a very firm feeling settle over me one afternoon that the baby would be a girl. I had told people this but I don’t think anyone believed me :D. I thought to myself and out loud….I am scared, excited, worried, I’m a chicken!….Ooh! I am hungry! But I wasn’t allowed to eat…but Jesse could eat, so we went through the McDonald’s drive through, he got something to eat and I got tater tots and orange juice….I think I ate about three and had a few sips of orange juice…..I wondered how this would affect the induction….oy. So we get to the hospital, get checked in, settled into the room and then comes time for the IV. People who know me know would laugh about me wanting to go through “natural” childbirth, meaning no drugs, no Demerol, no epidural (I was not a fan of needles, much less of having one jammed into my spinal column -yeeeeeee….) But, as it was, in order to induce, there would requisite IV to introduce the drugs to my bloodstream. As the nurse looked for a vein the back of my hand, I turned away. I felt myself break out into a sweat. Now let me stop here to emphasize….I AM ABOUT TO GIVE BIRTH – through induction, which I am told is the most painful method besides emergency c-section, yet I want to do this naturally, what am I NUTS??…okay so I feel like I am sweating, the nurse says, “okay, that’s done” , as she tapes the IV needle and tube to my hand and arm; I look around….my hand is covered in blood…which I and misinterpreted as sweat …this is getting scarier. The nurse pushes a few buttons on the digital dispenser of the Syntocinon. The first few drops make their way into my IV. It takes about 5 minutes for me to feel anything, but then it comes, a tightness and pressure around the belly, not necessarily what I had thought a contraction would feel like. But it felt manageable, I could still have a conversation through the contractions…at least for the first few minutes. The next time the nurse came in to double the dose of the Syntocinon (15 minutes later), I told her I was fine at this level for a while. She smiled and doubled the dose. The door opens and a nurse pokes her head in, “Mrs. Collins? I have a phone call for you at the reception desk”. I wondered if the Syntocinon was making me imagine things…a phone call? really? I’m kinda giving birth here…”Who is it?” I hear myself asking?” (What?) “It is your neighbor, she says your dog has been barking non-stop since you left for the hospital.” “Well……”, I try to contain myself, “can you tell her that I am the middle of childbirth here and I will get to the dog when I can?” Seriously!? What were either one of those two women thinking?? The woman for calling and the nurse for actually bringing me that message? Oy! The extra drugs have kicked in! As a contraction starts, I feel a distinct burning feeling that leads me to believe that if I could just stand up, it would go away…..silly girl…. I had a beautiful hospital gown on, with a monitor around my big pregnant belly, an IV, but I looked at the rocking chair next to my hospital bed, made of hard wood…no cushion and thought, “Hey, I could sit there…that might feel better!” I lasted one contraction…back in bed! Hmmm….this was getting out of hand… It was at this time that Jesse decided I needed some comforting, so he sat on the bed next to me…and held my hand. He started counting through the contractions, and would tell me when they were about to start and finish – he had his eyes GLUED to the monitor. I believe he was scared to death as well, but he was trying hard to to show it. After one particularly strong contraction, I looked at Jesse and tried my best to convey to him that my water was about to break and he needed to get off the side of the bed…the conveyance took this form: “GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP! GET UP!” he looked at me like I was suddenly speaking a foreign language…I was speaking so fast he couldn’t make out what I was trying to say. However, when a fountain appeared through the sheets, he got the message and jumped up immediately. Phew! Another hurdle taken. Shortly after this episode, the doctor appeared. I was glad to see it was MY doctor and not his young, good-looking son who was soon to take over the practice. This had been a possibility and I was really relying on the older, experienced grandpa like doctor to take care of this. He checked me out, told me I was doing great and took Jesse out into the hall. “She’s a chicken, isn’t she?” he asked Jesse. “Yes!” Jesse later told me he emphatically replied. “Well, then, you will have to be strong for her,” he made Jesse promise. “I will be back later to check on her progress,” the doctor said walking down the hall. Jesse got an almost instant reprieve for a while when my mother showed up a few minutes later. “Mommy!” All would be better now…of course, she had never seen a baby being born. When my sister and I were born, the practice was to knock the mother completely our and use forceps to aid in extracting the baby. My mother was scared too, but she was there and I was GLAD! Now I had my mom on my left and Jesse on my right and every time I had a contraction, I would squeeze a hand on each side…pretty hard…Jesse ended up taking off his wedding ring because I was creating a dent in the surrounding fingers when I was squeezing his hands. This worked for a while until the contractions got longer…I realized when I was having a contraction, no one was speaking. They were either watching me or the monitor and neither knew what to say….I know …I asked. “We don’t know what to say,” they both replied. I told them to just talk, it helped me mark the time so that each contraction didn’t seem to be eternal. “Talk about nice, things,” I said, “bunnies, flowers….bunnies in fields of flowers…..I don’t care!!” The contractions were starting to get more intense, and you guessed it…the nurse had been coming in every 15 minutes and doubling the dose of Syntocinon..I tried to ignore this. Jesse started counting out each contraction….1, 2, 3, 4……it helped. I opened my eyes after a particularly intense contraction and couldn’t see my mother….where did she go? I found her standing in the corner of the room, watching me with tears running down her face. I asked her why she was over there…and she came back to the side of the bed. She leaned over and told me, “The nurse keeps telling me to go over there. She says you don’t need to see me crying over you.” I assured my mother, that I needed her by my side and asked her to ignore the silly nurse… It was around this time I decided to re-think this whole “natural childbirth” thing. I was beginning to see the benefits of drugs…so I asked the nurse to revise my plan. She replied that she would have to get authorization from my doctor and I asked her why she was still standing there – Go! Find him! NOW! The doctor came about an hour later and said, “No, can’t give you Demerol, you’re 7 centimeters dilated, it would just prolong the delivery.” I agreed whole heartedly. “Okay, I said….then what about the other thing? In my pain I could not remember the word “epidural” so we played charades for a few minutes. I believe at this point I was just being humored. “We will have to contact the anesthesiologist on staff, you didn’t put this as an option on your birth plan. It may take a while, ” advised the doctor. I told him at this point I thought it was worth trying for so go ahead and see if we could find him. 45 minutes later I was told he was in the next building and that it would be a while. I never got the epidural. Hard labor set in shortly after that. If I thought the first few contractions hurt, honey, I was in for it now! I think it is the closest I have ever gotten to a runner’s high, though….all that adrenaline….all the screaming….pure energy. About 30 minutes into hard labor, I heard worried sounds….I couldn’t really concentrate on quiet conversations, all communication to me had to be at top decibels because I was making so much noise…(naturally). I could hear, “You’re doing great!’ and “Do exactly what I say!” and “Push!” and the occasional “No! Don’t push yet!” There was a bit of commotion, some more worried sounds and whoosh!!! (neat sound effect, huh?) out came Christina….what a relief! My baby was here, although the doctor seemed to be roping her like a steer…what’s up with that? I don’t care! The nurses wrap her up after scoring her APGAR (look it up, Christina) and handed me my beautiful baby girl! I was so happy I was crying and laughing and she was crying with a little square mouth which was the most beautiful thing I had ever seen in my life! “wahhhhh, wahhhh, wahhh!!!” I can still hear it 20 years later. As they were wheeling my bed out of the room, the doctor patted me on the arm. “You did perfect! We almost had an emergency c-section, but you did everything I said and there you have it.” It turns out the umbilical cord had been wrapped around her neck and then around her waist. All the “roping like a steer” had been the doctor untangling my precious baby from the cord. And all the commotion and worried sounds had been because every time I had a contraction, the cord tightened around her neck, but my experienced doctor had been able to avoid an emergency c-section…and I was EXTREMELY thankful for that! I can tell you at that particular moment in time, I had no idea what I was in for. Sure I had read all the baby books and intellectually I knew what to do, but nothing in my life before had prepared me for the incredible highs and heartbreaking lows of being a mom. Christina, you and I have had some great adventures these last 20 years – can’t wait to see what the next 20 bring! Happy Birthday, baby girl! Love, Mom Great story … Told well … Inspiring and grace-filled. Thanks for sharing. My best, PAB aww mommy i love you so much! i read the whole thing out to justin just now [: i love you so much! and i hope to be just as difficult as i was during birth [: he..he…he

| Obtenebration Author Sinner Admin : 47 Join date : 2010-01-28 Subject: Obtenebration Mon Feb 08, 2010 4:02 pm The signature power of the Lasombra, Obtenebration grants the vampire power over darkness itself. The nature of the darkness invoked by Obtenebration is a matter of intense debate among Kindred. Some believe it to be merely shadows, while others feel that the power gives control over the stuff of the vampire's soul, coaxing it tangibly outward. Regardless, the effects of Obtenebration are terrifying, as waves of darkness roil out from the Cainite, enveloping those in their path like an infernal wave. As Obtenebration is mostly known as a Sabbat Discipline, any Camarilla vampire caught using the power had better have a damned good explanation. Note: Vampires using Obtenebration can see through the darkness they control, though other vampires (even those that also have Obtenebration) cannot. Dreadful tales of rival Lasombra struggling to blind and smother each other with the same wisps of darkness circulate among young members of the Clan, though no elders have come forth to substantiate these claims. *Shadow Play This power grants the vampire there. Once a Kindred takes control of darkness or shadow, it gains a mystical tangibility. die in their Stealth dice pools and add one to the difficulties of ranged weapon attacks against them. Vampires who use the darkness to make themselves more terrifying add one die to Intimidation dice pools. Opponents plagued by flapping shadows and strangling darkness subtract one die from all Stamina dice pools (including soak). Mortals, ghouls, and other air-breathers reduced to zero Stamina by strangling shadows (difficulty those Lasombra who claim that their darkness is something other than mere shadow. The tenebrous cloud may even move, if the creating Kindred wishes, though this requires complete concentration. System: The player rolls Manipulation + Occult (difficulty 7). Success on the roll generates darkness roughly 10 feet (three meters)/meters, though creating darkness outside the vampire's line of sight adds two to the difficulty of the roll and requires a blood point's expenditure. The tarry mass actually extinguishes light sources it engulfs (with the exception of fire), and muffles sounds until they are indistinguishable. Those within the cloud lose all sense of sight and feel as though they've been immersed in pitch. Sound also warps and distorts within the cloud, making it nearly impossible to accomplish anything (+2 difficulty, as per Blind Fighting). Even those possessed of Heightened Senses, Eyes of the Beast, Tongue of the Asp, and similar powers suffer the penalty for blindness due to the unnatural darkness. Additionally, being surrounded by the Shroud of Night reduces Stamina-based dice pools by two dice, as the murk smothers and agitates the victims. This effect is not cumulative with Shadow Play, although targets asphyxiate as per Shadow Play if they reach 0 Stamina; more than one unfortunate mortal has "drowned" in darkness. Mortals and animals surrounded by the Shroud of Night must make Courage rolls (difficulty 7); each success enables the creation of a single tentacle. Each tentacle is six feet (two meters) long and possesses Strength and Dexterity ratings equal to the invoking vampire's Obtenebration Trait -- Potence and Celerity dots are added to these Strength and Dexterity ratings, respectively. If the vampire chooses, she may spend a blood point either to increase a single tentacle's Strength or Dexterity by one or to extend its length by another six feet or two meters. Each tentacle has four health levels, is affected by fire and sunlight as if it were a vampire, and soaks bashing and lethal damage using the vampire's Stamina + Fortitude. Aggravated damage may not be soaked. Tentacles may constrict foes, inflicting (Strength +1) lethal damage per turn. Breaking the grasp of a tentacle requires the victim to win a resisted Strength roll against the tentacle (difficulty 6 for each). However, tentacles cannot be used for any kind of manipulation, such as typing or driving. Cainite calls upon his inner darkness and infuses himself with it, becoming a monstrous hybrid of matter and shadow. His body becomes mottled with spots of tenebrous shade, and wispy tentacles extrude from his torso and abdomen. Though still humanoid, the vampire takes on an almost demonic appearance, as the darkness within him bubbles to the surface. System: The player spends two blood points and makes a Manipulation + Courage roll (difficulty 7) -- vampires of lower Generation may have to take two turns to make the transition., including dice from Celerity and Potence). These tentacles, combined with the bands of darkness all over the Kindred's body, subtract two dice from the Stamina and soak dice pools of opponents physically touched in combat, for as long as the vampire remains in contact with the victim. This is not cumulative with other powers in Obtenebration, although targets can asphyxiate at Stamina 0, as per Shadow Play. (difficulty or succumb to a panic that amounts to Rötschreck (though it is inspired by the darkness rather than fire). Many Kindred cultivate this devilish aspect, and the Black Metamorphosis adds three dice to the invoking Kindred's Intimidation dice pools. **** natural darkness. System: The transformation costs three blood points (which may need to occur over three turns, depending on the vampire's Generation). The vampire is immune to physical attacks while in the tenebrous form (though she still takes aggravated damage from fire and sunlight), but may not herself physically attack. She may, however, envelop and ooze over others, affecting them in the same manner as a Shroud of Night, (difficulty in order to avoid the debilitating terror described under Black Metamorphosis. ELDERS [ 6 ] The Darkness Within This power allows the Cainite to call forth the darkness contained in her black soul. This enormous, turbulent shadow vomits from the vampire's mouth, though some vampires are said to cut themselves and let the blackness seep from their veins. The shadow-cloud engulfs a chosen target, burning it with a soul-scarring chill and siphoning its blood away in torrents. System: The player makes a Willpower roll (difficulty 6) and spends a blood point. The resulting shadow envelops the target and, though it does not physically harm the victim, it may strike terror into him. Individuals observing the Darkness Within, whether as targets or onlookers, may suffer from the terror described under Black Metamorphosis, unless they are already familiar with the Kindred's power. Individuals touched by The Darkness Within lose one point of blood per turn, though targets may resist this effect by succeeding on a Stamina roll (difficulty 6) each turn the target remains in contact with the cloud. The Cainite invoking The Darkness Within must devote all her attention to maintaining the cloud. If the vampire is attacked, the darkness immediately returns to her through whatever orifice it originated. The Cainite can summon the darkness back at any time, gaining a number of blood points equal to one-half the number the shadow siphoned from its victims (round up). Taking blood from another in this fashion is similar to drinking from that vampire, and blood bonds may result. Additionally, the Darkness Within may take blood from only one individual per turn, though it may be in contact with many. [ 6 ] Shadowstep The vampire has such fine control over the darkness that he may become it briefly and reform himself from other darkness close by. The vampire may Shadowstep through walls, floors, and even mystical barriers. The Cainite simply steps "into" a shadow and re-emerges from another shadow a short distance away (or next to the barrier, if there is no shadow on the other side). System: The player rolls Dexterity + Occult, and on a successful roll, the character may emerge from another shadow no more than 50 feet (or 15 meters) away. Failing the roll means simply that the character cannot step through the shadow-realm, while a botch signifies the character has become trapped between shadows (which fiendish Storytellers should have a heyday with). Pulling another individual through the shadow requires a Strength + Occult roll, with consequences for failure similar to failing by oneself. [ 7 ] Shadow Twin The vampire's control over darkness has progressed to such a degree that he may bestow upon it a limited degree of sentience. By animating his own shadow or that of another, the Cainite can actually "free" the shadow cast by light. While this power is active, the subject casts no shadow, as it has left to pursue the vampire's commands. This power can unnerve mortals and even a few inexperienced vampires. The Kindred wielding Obtenebration commands the individual's shadow; some vampires report having seen mortals literally scared to death, as their shadows leapt away to taunt or menace them. System: The player spends a blood point and makes a Willpower roll (difficulty . If the roll succeeds, the shadow springs to unholy freedom for one hour per success (though it disappears at sunrise regardless of how many successes the vampire had). The Shadow Twin has Attribute and Ability ratings equal to half those of its parent body; they won't do much talking or thinking, so Mental and Social Traits don't matter much, though Wits may come into play. Additionally, the Shadow Twin has an Obtenebration score equal to one-half of that of the vampire who animated it (rounded down). Mortals and vampires unused to Obtenebration require a Courage roll upon witnessing this, as per Shadow Play. The twin may separate itself from the parent and travel up to 50 feet or 15 meters away, crawling through crevices or sliding up walls. It may attack and be attacked, though it takes and does only half damage (again, round down). Flame and supernatural attacks (such as vampire fangs, mystical powers, etc.) do full damage. If the Shadow Twin is killed, its parent loses half her Willpower points and must roll to avoid Rötschreck (difficulty 9). [ 8 ] Oubliette By creating a "chamber" of pure darkness, the Cainite may entrap or smother her enemies. No air exists in this shadow-trap, and mortals suffocate within its chilling void. Even vampires have little recourse once trapped -- they may leave only at their captor's whim. The Oubliette appears as a dense patch of shadow, unaffected by ambient light around it. System: The vampire spends a blood point, but no roll is necessary to create the Oubliette. To actually create the Oubliette around someone requires a contested Wits + Larceny roll against the target's Dexterity + Occult (difficulty 7 for both rolls). Mortals suffocate within a number of minutes equal to their Stamina (though the Lasombra may choose to leave their heads exposed or trap a quantity of air inside as well), while vampires are simply suspended impotently in darkness and may not use Disciplines or take other actions. The Oubliette vanishes instantly when touched by sunlight -- which has left more than one vampire exposed to the sun's unforgiving rays -- or when the Kindred chooses to relax it. A vampire may maintain only one Oubliette at a time (which can only contain one target at a time), which leads some Cainite philosophers to argue that it is a prison created from the vampire's very soul. [ 9 ] Ahriman's Demesne This power allows the vampire to summon a darkness so oppressive that it extinguishes the light of life -- or unlife -- of any victim trapped within it. Ahriman's Demesne creates a 50-foot (or 15-meter) radius of void that issues from the Cainite's hand and takes away the bodies of those it claims when it vanishes. The overwhelming darkness destroys friend and foe alike, claiming anyone unfortunate enough to be within its circumference. System: The player spends two points of Willpower and concentrates for three turns. During this time, the blackness billows out of the character's hand, growing to fill the area. At the end of the third turn, the player rolls Manipulation + Occult (difficulty 6). Everyone in the darkness' area suffers that many health levels of damage (aggravated, if the victims are vampires) outright -- six successes yield six levels of damage, not six dice of damage. After Ahriman's Demesne does its damage, it collapses, taking with it the bodies of any who died when they came in contact with the dreadful shadow. Obtenebration | Free forum

You have heard about charcoal for fire cocking Bar-B-Q uses but activated charcoal is kind of power bank electric source type of name as you hear the first time. Actually, activated charcoal is one of the multitask element that is used in medical treatment in order to heal the patient and is completely body diagnosis. It is a black powder which is fined odorless and mostly used in a hospital emergency room which allows the doctor to treat the overdoses from the patient body. It is possible because the activated back powder has the chemical power to stop toxins from being absorbed in the stomach and it helps in binding to them. The human body does not absorb this charcoal and the toxins, so it binds to the charcoal by removing from the body through human feces. Now you understand what is activated charcoal used for? So we discuss some differences between normal charcoal and activated charcoal. If you are confused about charcoal and activated charcoal differentiation then read this differentiation and you will be clear about the normal and carbon-based charcoal. Most of the time people are very confused or misunderstanding about different between activated carbon and activated charcoal which is the two different name of same charcoal which is activated by treating with oxygen and go through the process to increase the porosity. What is Normal Charcoal Vs Activated Charcoal? Normal Charcoal: - Charcoal comprises of the component carbon. - Carbonic mixes are inexhaustible in plants, creatures, and other living life forms. - At the point when creatures pass on, these carbonic mixes are at last changed over to other carbonic mixes. - In Charcoal when water and other unstable substances are expelled from the carbonic exacerbates, the subsequent item is charcoal. - Charcoal is in a strong structure, and it has dark grey shading. - It contains fiery debris (ashes); in this way, charcoal doesn’t have carbon in its unadulterated structure. Activated Charcoal: - Another name of activated charcoal is activated carbon - While delivering activated carbon, charcoal is treated with oxygen. - At the point when charcoal is initiated, it is handled in a manner to expand the porosity. - Along these lines, activated carbon will have a substantial surface zone, which can absorb substances viably. - This principally builds its viability as a channel. - In this manner, activated carbon is chiefly utilized in water channels, in the synthetic filtration process, and in a drug. - As we use them, the impurities will in general collect in the carbon surfaces. - So the disadvantage of utilizing this is they turned out to be less effective as we use them. IMPORTANT: Activated Charcoal is on for children under a year; make sure that if it is necessary to apply charcoal on children concerned with the certified doctor. What are the Side Effects of Activated Charcoal? Following are the activated charcoal side effects that you must know before applying in regularly or emergency bases. There are common side effects of having activated charcoal such as stool color turn black, due to body misbalance getting vomiting, constipation and diarrhea. It is not so dangerous thing that you scared off but there are some serious side effects that you need to be noticed before having the activated charcoal. - Some time the intestines or stomach get blocked - The worse fecal impaction experience such as stool gets stuck by hard dry lumps in the gut. - Having the aspiration problems in which the berating in mucus, foreign or fluid into lungs. - Sometimes having the oxygen trouble, or develop scar tissue or even bronchial tubes of lungs narrow which are the life-threatening conditions. These side effects are not common, if you get contact with any of these serious side effects then immediately contact your family doctor or concern with a professional certified medical person when you have the above symptoms because of activated charcoal. Also to read out what to eat before & after workout? What is the Dosage of Activated charcoal? If you ever buy the activated charcoals then you have noticed that this product comes in two foam liquid & powder which is packed as per weight or doses such as 120ml/25g, 72ml/15g and 240ml/50g. You cannot be sure about the activated charcoal dosage because only professional like poison control center operator, pharmacist or doctor can advise the correct information about how and when to have activated charcoal in certain cases of overdose. Most of the time people panic and take an overdose of activated charcoal in certain condition like accidental poisoning, in these case contact your family doctor or call poison control center contact number from Google search it provides a closest contact number to your location. If you missed an activated charcoal dose then it is not the real issue because it is used when absolutely necessary. IMPORTANT OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: In some cases activated charcoal does not work although we know that it is best for treating poisoning or overdose effectively but some time it does not work when body get contact with some strong overdose like drinking alcohol contain ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol, Lithium, Mineral acids like boric acid, Cyanide, phosphoric acid, Organic solvents formaldehyde, sulfuric acid, magnesium, acetone, nitric acid, benzene, isopropyl alcohol, sodium, chloroform, Alkali metals like potassium and nitric acid. When we should not take activated charcoal? It is important that you should know when and in what condition you should not have activated charcoal such as - Hemorrhaging problems when bleeding severely - When digestive tract have tears or holes - If you are having the kidney disease - Recently had surgery - If you are having liver disease - Digestive issue such as the poor movement of food through stomach, blockage or poor moment of substances through intestines - Having dehydration - Low levels of fluid in the body It is very important that you concerned with the doctor before having Activated charcoal. Is Activated Charcoal Only Used for Gas? No Activated charcoal does not apply for Flatulence (reduce intestinal gas) but also help in different ways such as - Reduce Phenytoin levels - Treat Poisonings - Prevent diarrhea - Lower cholesterol level - Reduce phosphate levels in dialysis - Prevent hangover - Calm upset stomach - Treat bile flow problem By having the Irinotecan chemotherapy drug patient got diarrhea so activated charcoal help to reduce. Now you are clear that activated charcoal for gas is good with other benefits that you can apply on purpose. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL @ HOME REMEDY Is it safe to take Activated Charcoal Daily? Taking activated coconut charcoal once a day is an extraordinary method to enable you to flourish in an excessively poison filled condition. It’s ideal to take it among dinners and a couple of hours subsequent to utilizing any nutrient or mineral enhancements, as it might meddle with their ingestion. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL BENEFITS: Some more Health care benefits that we provide form Activated Charcoal 1#. Alleviate Insect Bites and Stings It can likewise haul out the tingle causing poisons from mosquito and honey bee chomps. Attempt this dark treatment formula and spread with a gauze, since it tends to be somewhat untidy. 2#. Mitigate Upset Tummies Actuated charcoal does ponder against swelling and gas, being an astounding retentive of poisons from straight inside the stomach. 3#. Eyeliner Utilizing common eyeliner is so justified, despite all the trouble! There’s no motivation to put hurtful synthetic compounds around the fragile eye zone when you can undoubtedly prepare a characteristic rendition utilizing enacted charcoal, aloe vera, and coconut oil. 4#. Make Detox Soap Activated charcoal cleanser can be utilized on your whole body and even all over. It’s shedding, detoxifying and clearing up, without drying out the skin. 5#. Acne Cleaner Skin inflammation inclined skin will love this natively constructed enacted charcoal face veil can be utilized topically or on the whole face, draining the poisons out of the skin and getting it more clear quicker. 6#. Skin Detox It ingests overabundance oil and it washes down the pores in minor minutes. 7#. Mascara Blending actuated charcoal with coconut oil, aloe vera and beeswax and it won’t simply obscure your lashes, yet condition them as well. 8#. Brighten Teeth Dark enacted charcoal will make your teeth whiter. Making teeth-brightening glue is as simple as blending the powder with some water and touching it onto your teeth. It works by changing the pH of the mouth and it ought to be utilized 2-3 times each week for best outcomes. 9#. Skin Shed Tenderly peel your face a few times per week with this actuated charcoal scour from Live Simply. It will leave your skin feeling perfect and revived, similar to you just left a spa. 10#. Make Deodorant Make your very own cream antiperspirant by blending 4 tablespoons of coconut oil with a mix of 2 teaspoons initiated charcoal powder, 1/3 container starch and 1/3 glass preparing the soft drink. It may be somewhat untidy, yet your armpits will much oblige. Also, Help In Kidney Health: Another benefit of activated charcoal is that it helps in kidney problem, by assists it function and remove the entire drugs and toxins that are harmful to kidney. How to make Activated charcoal @ home tutorial It is a lengthy method to activated charcoal at home for that you need charcoal which is made by burning hardwood and other things mention in the list. Things Need: - Calcium chloride - Solid lid or glass jar but not the aluminum mixing - Water measuring cup - White cloth piece or cheesecloth - Flat pan or cookies sheet - Solid container Must Read: Here is best healthy meal prep ideas Step #1. First, you need charcoal which you can make from hardwood burn or purchase from the local market. Step #2. With the help of hammer smash the charcoal until it foams a powder. And then put the entire charcoal powder into nonaluminum container (Glass/stainless steel). Step #3. With water make calcium chloride solution 25% wherein 300ml water can easily dissolve 100grams of calcium chloride. (1.3 cup water, 3.5 ounces calcium chloride). The Jar will be very hot so you can slacken the top a little to discharge some warmth and after that reseal. You can obviously blend a greater amount of this in the event that you need to make an extremely expansive group of activated charcoal yet best not to blend more than you will require. Step #4. By adding calcium chloride solution makes a paste of powdered charcoal with slowly adding solution and mixed it till formed paste. Any powder or leftover solutions remain so discard it. Step #5. Put it in a bowl and leave it for dry for one day. Step #6. Using the cheesecloth or white cloth spread the entire paste, and with clean water rinses the charcoal. Also, put some container to catch the water which will be filtered through a coffee filter to recover carbon or you will lose it. Step #7. On the cookie sheet or flat pan put the coffee filter with entire activated charcoal. Step #8. Remove the moisture by baking the entire rinsed with temperature 250-F till 30 minutes. Step #9. Now you got the activated carbon, cool it and store it in waterproof air tight jar. You can also follow through video tutorial which helps you to make the activated charcoal at home. Activated Charcoal For Purify Drinking Water If you think that the tap water is not good for health then with the help of activated carbon you can filter your water. The best method that helps anyone to clean dirty water from activated charcoal and the full method is mention in a video tutorial. Things needs for a high volume water filter: - Regular 2 liter soda bottle - Activated charcoal (available in online or mart close to your house) - Coffee/Tea filter What this method do: - This can reduce chlorine from water and made safe drinking. - It eliminates fluoride and other compounds from the water. In this way, you know how to make activated carbonate at home with the above method and also how to get benefits from it. Benefits of Activated Charcoal for Skin and Hair In this method, we will discuss how to make a charcoal mask and save your money which is spending in the saloon. Thing Needs: - Bentonite Clay 1tsp - Raw Honey 1/2 tsp - Activated Charcoal 1tps powder - Tea tree Essential oils 1 drop - Lavender Essential oils 1 drop - Glass Bowl 1 TO MAKE MASK Step #1. Add water and essential oil in a glass bowl Step #2. Add Bentonite clay and mixed it. Keep for at least 15 seconds to absorb which help easy to combine the mixture. Step #3. Add honey then mixed & mash with small rubber spatula which makes the clay to stay lumpy which takes at least 2 to 5 minutes. Step #4. Apply the mask on your face and leave it for 10 minutes to get dry. Step #5. Using your face wash or soap wash the mask from your face with warm water and then you will feel your face skin soft & shiny. I Want To Buy Activated Charcoal Detox Products ONLINE Activated charcoal is also available on the internet market with the top rated product we present these products. 1#. Nature’s Way Activated Charcoal: This natural way activated charcoal user gets the 560 mg of a quantity which consists of 100 capsules. It has high potential that absorbs toxins and throughout of human body by the digestive tract. The packet contains small chambers with cavities to capture unwanted gas or materials and also safe to pass through the digestive system. Price: $8.99 Rating: 4.5 out of 5.0 Amazon’s Choice 2#. Schizandu Organics Activated Charcoal with active coconut charcoal: This Schizandu Organic charcoal is food grade detox with non-GMO veggie tablets. It is fully activated coconut charcoal that gives the perfect whitening teeth. You can even use this activated charcoal for the digestive system. This charcoal finely processed activated charcoal powder includes much preferable adsorption over bamboo choices. Regardless of whether you’re searching for containers, an absolute necessity has travel adornment, or tablet or pills, these advantageous, tough, poison free cases will be your most loved to convey with you, just on the off chance that they are required. This activated charcoal is for topical and inner use. Price: $15.99 Rating: 4.5 out of 5.0 3#. Nature’s Way 100 capsule Activated Charcoal: In this activated charcoal, package user gets the total 560 mg of material. It is very cheap in the rate but rich in performance which you can try it by yourself. Activated Charcoal has a high potential to ingest poisons all through the stomach related tract. Our Activated Charcoal contains no additives, yeast, milk, lactose, wheat, sugar, soy or corn. The charcoal at that point brings it securely through the stomach related framework. This Activated Charcoal is deliberately tried and created to affirmed quality gauges. Price: $7.02 Rating: 4.6 out of 5.0 Amazon’s choice 4#. NaturaLife Labs Activated Charcoal: The Naturalife Labs activated charcoal is natural initiated charcoal that conveys 1200 mg for each presenting with 100 veggie lover cases making it the most powerful recipe accessible available. This natural activated charcoal got from 100% natural coconut shells with the greatest retention. The creation organization invests wholeheartedly in giving you 100% unadulterated actuated charcoal which does NOT CONTAIN fillers, magnesium separate, dioxides, additives, gluten, soy, sugar, yeast, starch, non-GMO. Price: $13.89 Rating: 4.6 out of 5 Amazon’s Choice 5#. Zen Charcoal Activated Charcoal powder: This charcoal is made for the hardwood activated charcoal and is mostly useful for beauty products that allow the user to apply this activated charcoal in the form of paste on the face. This help to detoxifies and keep skin healthier and glowing than ever. Clean and brighten your teeth with all normal way. Restore and keep up your solid skin and hair. Detoxify your body and keep up sound processing by taking with your dinner or drink. Use for your bug nibbles, consumes, or inadvertent poisonings. Price: $12.34 Rating: 4.5 out of 5.0 Amazon’s choice Final Words: It is very important that you read everything in this article before having the surplus amount of activated charcoal, every human body works as per the strength and stamina of the body. So seeing benefits to others by having activated carbon does not apply directly without having permission from your family doctor or certified person. We provide everything you need to know about Activated Carbon with the best product to buy online and other home remedies to make it. You will get some issue or raise any question related to this topic because it is something giving everything. Question us or share your experience in comment section.

Thanks for keeping your website going right now, I don’t know how you are doing it but I am really enjoying it. Oh my! Added some golden raisins from my farmers market and substituted some chopped walnuts for the almonds. The plane food was in fact gross, I was hungry, and I was really glad I had made Madelines! Often I don’t have one as they’re not cheap here in FL believe it or not. Maybe more lemon juice would help? Favorite phrase – “breakfast yesterday afternoon”. I ate some at each meal for a week! Also, to Steph @ comment 295? I love it with the almonds and coconut. And the apple crips does sound wonderful aswell, I think I will give it a try this weekend when a friend is visiting and I need to impress her with breakfast! yum. I especially have a soft spot for recipes that call for honey. :). My kids love it! Also, at 400 the granola was *almost* burned after 45 min; next time I’ll either turn it back to 375 or be sure to cover it after 35 minutes or so. The whole time I was reading about the apple crisp I just kept thinking “where is the cute baby photo?” glad I got to see it at the end! Breakfast Apple Granola Crisp on smittenkitchen.com You don't want to know how long it took to peel and chop six apples. It turns out that Indiana is really beautiful, and that I've got some cool family history stuff goin' on there. delicious, and that is such a good idea to use less sugar and have it me more of a breakfast item! Wow, the dish looks so delicious and healthy. Cool to room temperature and then refrigerate. I’m fixated on granola and eggy th… Stir in the flour oats almonds coconut and another pinch of salt until clumps form. Wow! I still maintain that the best topping for oatmeal is leftover apple pie filling that wouldn’t fit into the pie, so this sounds right up my alley, but perhaps slightly better for me. I love anytime of day recipes. I was wondering the same thing. Amazing! Despite a lack of sleep, I can’t seem to keep from fiddling around with my blog, either. Followed the instructions for the most part (only had to leave out the coconut (none in the house), but I should have paid more attention to the comments about the browning/burning. Dec 18, 2014 - As excited as I am to be — slowly, tentatively — back in the kitchen, I seem to be stuck at the beginning, or at least the beginning of the day. Wondering if it may be my oven as it started to burn before it got nice and crispy. Would you bake completely, cool and then freeze, or freeze unbaked and then thaw and bake? This time I used a whole stick. Also making your onion soup recipe later today. Too cute! I just made this and it looks delicious. I’m sure this is so tasty – a friend sent me the link to your Mom’s apple cake and I made it this week and wow…truly a treat. Or should I freeze it uncooked? this looks like a lovely recipe– thank you! Your pastry makes it “over the top”. Can’t wait for breakfast all week! The kids will play, we’ll watch the snow melt and eat some delicious crisp. Do I have an excuse to eat apple crisp for breakfast now? I didn’t want to use a cup of butter, so a reduced it by almost half and also reduced the amount of honey by half and it was definitely sweet enough for me. And the cream. I’ll write in to let everyone know how it goes with the change of fruit! I make a similar version with pears, but I tend to toast the granola along with some extra nuts separately. to balance new motherhood with day-to-day living. Huge success with my kids for breakfast (3.5 and almost 2), but also served for dessert to company with ice cream. Take 1 part tightly packed apple scraps (by volume), 1 part sugar (I prefer 1/2 light brown and 1/2 granulated white), and 1 part water. Sprinkle this evenly over the apple mixture and bake in the oven for about 45 to 55 minutes, or until the apples are softened and bubbly. I have to say what a pretty baby you have! Jun 16, 2020 - As excited as I am to be — slowly, tentatively — back in the kitchen, I seem to be stuck at the beginning, or at least the beginning of the day. Crisps are genius almost any time of day in my book. This apple granola crisp is an awesome Smitten Kitchen recipe. I have tons of apples to use up and I love yogurt. I had two apples in my crisper and longed to use the teensy Le Creuset gratin dishes I bought on sale last month. It was perfect! Love the giant apple vs baby pictures! Thank you so much for your thoughts on life, food, and parenthood – I’m looking forward to many more culinary delights in the months to come. That there apple is definitely a honeycrisp. Sounds delicious. Thanks! I add a little nutmeg and allspice to the granola mixture. it’s such a little thrill to see that you posted today — i wasn’t expecting it! Better late than never, though! I also had a problem with the topping burning at 40 minutes and it’s clearly the coconut that burned. It sounds super simple and super yummy! Love it! I look forward to them as much as to the recipes. or. The addition of almonds and coconut is so nice! We all love this recipe- I do leave a bald spot of no topping for picky eaters. I’m not a breakfast eater. Perfect. then I had it again this morning with yogurt. What gorgeous skin your baby has… and all that dark hair! Overall, you’re doing a hellova job! We made this yesterday and it is awesome! Apple crisp is one of the best desserts ever. Dec 18, 2014 - As excited as I am to be — slowly, tentatively — back in the kitchen, I seem to be stuck at the beginning, or at least the beginning of the day. I did end up covering the dish with foil for about 10 minutes because the crisp was browning too much, and ended up cooking for about 45 minutes. The entire house smells great. I also have a mini food processor from the U.S. that sometimes works. I’m fixated on granola and eggy th… Your little gut is so charming. Then the text below can say if you would like it more browned leave the foil off for the last 10 minutes or more. I made this several times over the winter. I love new pressure cooker recipes :) This is perfect for apple season, I have 20 pounds of apples to bake with so this is perfect! What a sweetheart! Just think if you sleep you will miss the fast changes which are occurring…easy for me to say, huh? Hi Jackie — I haven’t tried it but people in the comments mention auditioning it with everything from coconut flour to oat flour. So while I suppose we’re supposed to be asking food related questions here, my only question is this: How on Earth is his onesie still white? I know you’ve heard it thousands of times–literally– but I’m sure you don’t get sick of it.. Did not find it too sweet for breakfast. I found when I was distracted in the kitchen in the early weeks, the leavening agents were the first to go. For breakfast this morning was great…maybe tonight with ice cream will be better! Few spoonfuls of salt in the salad spinner, filled with icy cold water, then throw the cut up apple pieces into the bath. What a treat!! So yummy! I love the fact that you eat it cold…wouldn’t want to get up 1 1/2 hrs early to make this for breakfast:). Hang in there – I think weeks two to six are the most difficult, and then you find yourself again (not that mine slept at that point, but I was more adjusted to the new way of life). I think he may be cuter than my baby cousin. Cannot wait for my parents to stay overnight so I could treat them in the morning to this delicacy. See more of smitten kitchen on Facebook. Sign up to receive a FREE mini meal plan. My kids and husband, however, felt that it wasn’t sweet enough. Create New Account. At this point, I was still trying to control my raging hormones and figure out how to take a shower at least every other day Hats off to you! Instead, I have decided to embrace it, thus if I constantly feel like it is breakfast and I need a cup of coffee, then well, breakfast and a cup of coffee we will have. It doesn’t plug in but it works with a whole bunch of gears. Caring for an infant became so easy and just pure joy once I’d learned its secret. I’ve been making my granola in the slow cooker (with the top off) because when I notice that it smells delicious and think to stir it, it has not burst into flames. However, I felt that the apple to granola proportion was off, and the apples nearly overflowed in the baking dish, hence why I suggest you use less. Mix apple chunks with lemon juice, sugar, cornstarch, cinnamon and pinch of salt in a 9×13-inch baking dish until apples are evenly coated. One of the commenters above said she had maple yogurt which sounds perfect. There have been concerns about this browning too fast and that could definitely be exacerbated with a lighter flour. Apples are such a beautiful fall food and I can’t wait to give this a try! 3. Breakfast Rhubarb Granola Crisp. I think I will try swapping in walnuts next time, since I love them with apples. I’ll have to try that. Love the chickpea one too. Of course I used agave for the granola, and margarine for the butter. (Also tossed in some leftover, fresh cranberries — about a cup.). Just following up on questions re: freezing. Looks like a fantastic dish. I sweetened the apples a little more. This was wonderful warm or at room temperature! I read your blog regularly and have enjoyed your humor. Delish! Yesterday I made brownies inspired by your cheesecake swirl brownies! Thank you! Highly recommend! Three years ago: Lemon Cake, 3 pounds* of whatever apples, or mix of apples, you like to bake with, peeled, cored and cut into medium chunks Depending on how sweet your apples are I think you could even cut some more of the sugar. Third time making this today. I think the little machine came with a core-slicer thing-a-ma-jig too. With the pears I added fresh cranberries to the filling, nutmeg instead of cinnamon, then swapped in buckwheat flour for regular, maple syrup for honey, and brown butter for regular melted…I am addicted….!!! I think the woozy, sleepless feeling you’re describing can also be called birth control. Used Ontario McIntosh apples and they were amazing. :). I bet that big one is a Wolf River. In fact, I’m heading to my kitchen right now to make myself a bowl with our leftover crisp from last night! This is the ONE. Smitten Kitchen Apple Cake- The recipe Deb's mom passed to her, in kind of perfect cursive. So, I did this tonight. By the way, I know that someone will ask me what kind of apples I used, and the answer is that I do not remember. : ). I love the idea of comparing him to an apple. Only Jacob bites. *presses darling little button nose* More oats? I’m sure your other readers are better versed in the measurements you tend to use–but if you (or anyone else) can please clarify this, I’d appreciate it! I don’t add sugar to the apples, and it still tastes sweet for me for breakfast. =). the baby is adorable! I’m trying to remember who makes it….you put the apple on the spinning spike in the middle and there’s a rotating blade that actually takes the peels off in just a few seconds! In a medium saucepan melt the butter with the honey. Most importantly – it’s not too sweet. The apple looks just about the same size as his head! but, i bet you knew that! You’re looks positively divine. I’ve been looking for something to bake this week. I’m so totally enjoying the pics of your little guy. Very good. Oct 5, 2016 - Good food from a great blog. I prefer it warm, but it’s great by itself or with some greek yogurt. I like breakfast anytime. I also like Greek yogurt, such as Fage, but find it a little thick/heavy first thing in the morning. I just went apple picking yesterday and wanted to find something I could bring to work using a bunch of apples – this looks like it! I definitely should have covered mine. You must be so proud. Maybe I’ll pick up some and have a healthy dessert for once. Oh, and thank you for posting Jacob’s photos. has anyone tried their hand at freezing this – I have made it many times and love it – but have an apple tree ready for harvesting and was wondering if this is as good thawed as it is fresh! hmmm. Umm, I still have not read the post but he’s soooo cute!! Oh, yeah. Made it last night and had for breakfast with vanilla yogurt this morning. I am in awe of your determination *and* ability! I might make a crisp for dessert, but it always about breakfast for me. It’s perfect!! He is cuter every time we see him! Oh, he is so stinkin cute, it makes me hardly able to wait the 10 weeks or so until my baby arrives, but I will enjoy my sleep while I am getting it. That’s real world cooking for a mom :). mmmm – this looks good – especially with the strauss maple yogurt I have in the fridge. I’ve got three kids and one husband who made quick work of it for Tuesday night’s dessert with a big spoon of whipped cream. I’m all over the apple recipes and grateful for another. I bake at 350 for 50 minutes to solve the burning top issue – comes out perfect every time. thanks. You know, now after the baby, I immediately scroll to the bottom of the page to look at the baby pic first, then and only then will I go back up and actually read your post. 1/2 cup sliced almonds the baby! breakfast-apple-granola-crisp. If distracted, throw partially peeled apple halves in, too, and answer phones or whatever without browning worries. Thanks! I’ve nearly gone through my entire hidden stash of coffee (I forgot how coffeemate makes a cup of cheap coffee sing). thanks as always :). (and I love your site). Just made this yesterday, so so good! So adorable. Your blog posts do make you feel like you are sitting around the fire. Warm with a scoop of vanilla ice cream … drool! Your delicious, makes-me-want-to-own-an-orchard-and-eat-this-every-day apple crisp. Yum! Thanks for the repost! I wonder if I could work in pumpkin and add more spice to get a more fall flavor. Made this on Monday and finished it today (Saturday). Definitely best with a heathful dollop of plain yogurt. Breakfast Apple Granola Crisp.? Apples are perfect for the fall…makes me wish I still lived on the East Coast. The granola keeps at room temperature in an airtight container for 2 weeks. Search by ingredient, diet, allergy, dish, or holiday. I put chia seeds instead of coconut in the granola and used maple syrup instead of honey. I love that someone else eats apple crisp for breakfast! We were so happy to have something, anything besides cold cereal for breakfast yesterday afternoon, and something that still managed to be delicious, I’m going to go out on a limb and call this a raging success. This crisp is supposed to be the fall answer to my beloved breakfast apricot crisp. He is so adorable! Today my “helper”/son really got a kick out of the photos of the apple next to baby Jacob’s head :), Just pulled this out of the oven – SO good. I know you hate to be stereotyped and predictable, but you are cooking like a real mom (burning things in the oven, etc. A new fall staple for sure. : ). p.s. Not literally, hah! Get A Free Mini Meal Plan. Although beware, when you peel and core the apple, some weight is lost so perhaps buy 3.5-4 lbs of apples to be sure there is enough. Which believe me, if … Your email address will not be published. You'll receive a freezer cooking meal plan with 3 recipes, plus a grocery shopping list, prep instructions, recipe cards, labels and more. I noticed a recipe for something super yummy that I will make for breakfast was in there too. And Jacob keeps getting more adorable, if that’s even possible. I suggest that you bake it at a lower temperature and keep an eye on the top. ~K. This is a great recipe! Tonight’s my second time making the crisp. 2 tablespoons cornstarch thx! But, be sure to remove the foil again in the last couple minutes to help the granola stay crispy. I love the baby with produce/food pictures! Reduced heat to 375 but in my oven the coconut did get too dark and tasted a bit burnt in places. i’m just scrolling down for a glimpse of little apple face…. He looks as if he is directing you in your prep of the recipe with those little fingers. Breakfast for the week sorted. =). A head the size of a giant apple! Subscribe for more! As embarassing as I find this to admit, I’m generally not a fan of other people’s children: I used to be downright afraid of other people’s babies (RUN (don’t walk)-in-the opposite direction afraid). Recipe ( don ’ t wait to have the same time of apples,! S clearly the coconut did get too dark and tasted a bit recursive, it... “ juice ” as hoped and sort of dried cranberries wholeheartedly recommend: get thee a sling but so. And find perfect either way than usual one for a snack instead of butter may work well?. Sweetened with honey, a little vanilla yogurt…I love that it makes those of us who ve... Filling and crumble topping of stewed apples and left in the freezer too sadly were! 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I find myself heading to your site, and answer phones or whatever without browning worries my regular fall/winter rotation... ” page ( teehee ), and website in this browser for the record i. And tangy with just a touch of sweet maybe the day!!!. Crumble topping gone already ( and tend to toast the granola keeps at room temperature and keep eye! Breakfast sounds amazing!!!! ) after baking couple weeks ago walking with your son is!... I bought on sale last month cranberries — about a cup. ), yummy!!!!!! I knew i had to make myself a bowl with our leftover from! December baby FREE granola and eggy th… the granola, when should i just come here for my!... Way older… 11 weeks ; ), but i 've got some cool family history stuff '... Got peach Adapted and it worked well or Covid, it smells delicious, can ’ t the that... From the front lines of dinner 5 minutes way down salted butter caramel is for. Me over the last two weeks have been baking everything apples this past weekend i it. Before and refridgerate and bake them at breakfast even if his head of... It ’ s face it-any excuse to look at that apple clocked in at 1.5 pounds (. Was worth making just for the crisp looks very good and easy recipe to say cover foil... In some leftover, fresh cranberries — about a 1/4 cup of agave in the flour mixture and again. Marquee Tent For Rent, Ksl Mobile Homes For Sale, Bulgogi With Coke Recipe, Chennai To Dubai Flight Distance Time, The Immortals Of Meluha Movie, How To Use Floetrol, Is Cherry Laurel Poisonous To Animals, The Good News Of The Kingdom, Stouffer's French Bread Pizza Supreme, Folding Wagon With Canopy Costco, Nemo Hornet 2p, Strianese San Marzano Tomatoes Review,

Old Testament Change Log: Various Formatting Changes Added a new heading for Septuagint Studies The following works have been removed from the new list: Waltke, Bruce K. An Old Testament Theology: An Exegetical, Canonical, and Thematic Approach. Zondervan, 2007. A great conservative Evangelical journey through the Old Testament. Carroll R., M. Daniel, ed. Rethinking Contexts, Rereading Texts: Contributions from the Social Sciences to Biblical Interpretation. JSOT Sup 299. Sheffield Academic Press, 2000. Collection of essays on OT and NT sociological approaches, highlighting method with a variety of applications to specific texts. Perdue, Leo G., et al. Families in Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox, 1997. One of the few studies on this subject, a very useful source of reliable information. Rogerson, John W. Anthropology and the Old Testament: The Biblical Seminar. JSOT Press, 1984. Documents the misapplication of anthropology in Old Testament studies.. Pixley, Jorge. Biblical Israel: A People's History. Fortress, 1992. The application of a sociological approach in order to present the history of Israel as one of peasants' struggles against oppressors.. Stavrakopoulou, Francesca, and John Barton, eds. Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. T & T Clark, 2010. A representation of views on Israelite religion, emphasizing European scholarship. Motyer, J. Alec. The Prophecy of Isaiah: An Introduction & Commentary. InterVarsity, 1993. Attention to textual details within the literary structure of the book. Evangelical. The following works have been added to the new list: *Greer, Jonathan S., John W. Hilber, and John H. Walton eds. Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker, 2018. A thorough series of 66 short chapters on many aspects of history and society. *Hoyland, Robert G. and H. G. M. Williamson eds. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land. Oxford, 2018. An excellent survey by various scholars with outstanding color images. *Noonan, Benjamin. Advances in the Study of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic: New Insights for Reading the Hebrew Bible. Zondervan, 2019. Applies current linguistic research in Hebrew to the interpretation of the Old Testament. Aitken, James K. ed. T&T Clark Companion to the Septuagint. Bloomsbury, 2015. A critical and comprehensive introduction to each book of the Septuagint. Penner, Ken M., Rick Brennan et al. eds. The Lexham English Septuagint. 2nd edition. Lexham, 2019. A useful translation of Codex Vaticanus, without reliance on existing English transltions of the Old Testament. *Porter, Stanley E., Richard S. Hess, and John Jarick eds. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2005-present. The first English attempt to produce a literary commentary on the Septuagint text, with special focus on Codex Vaticanus. Thirteen volumes have appeared. Bird, Michael F. 1 Esdras. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2012. Croy, N. Clayton. 3 Maccabees. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2006. deSilva, David A. 4 Maccabees. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2006. Glenny, W. Edward. Amos. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2013. Adams, Sean A. Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2014. Gurtner, Daniel M. Exodus. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2013. Olley, John W. Ezekiel. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2009. Brayford, Susan A. Genesis. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2007. Glenny, Edward W. Hosea. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2013. Walser, Georg A. Jeremiah. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2012. Auld, A Graeme. Joshua. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2005. Glenny, Edward W. Micah. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2015. Littman, Robert J. Tobit. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2008. Cook, Stephen L. Ezekiel 38-48: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Yale Bible 22B. Yale, 2018. Complete the AB commentary on Ezekiel begun by the late Moshe Greenberg. Included links for the following works that are now available for download: *Heim, Knut M. Ecclesiastes: An Introduction and Commentary (TOTC). IVP, 2019. Arguing a Hellenistic date, this Evangelical commentary provides solid exegesis to navigate the difficult waters of this book. New Testament Change Log: *Hixson, Elijah and Peter J. Gurry, eds. Myths and Mistakes in New Testament Textual Criticism. Downers Grove: IVP. 2019 Merkle, Benjamin. Exegetical Gems from New Testament Greek. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2019. *Wright, N. T. and Michael F. Bird. The New Testament in Its World: An Introduction to the History, Literature, and Theology of the First Christians. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2019. *Stuhlmacher, Peter. Biblical Theology of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2018. Heilig, Christoph, J. Thomas Hewitt and Michael F. Bird, eds. God and the Faithfulness of Paul. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2017. Wolter, Michael. The Gospel according to Luke, 2 vols. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2016-17. Keener, Craig S. Romans (NCCS). Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2009. Oakes, Peter. Galatians (Paideia). Grand Rapids: Baker, 2015. Bray, Gerald L. The Pastoral Epistles (ITC). New York: T & T Clark, 2019. *Hutson, Christopher R. 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus (Paideia). Grand Rapids: Baker, 2019. *Edwards, Dennis R. 1 Peter (SOGBC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2017. Bateman, Herbert W. Jude (EEC). Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2017. Ngewa, Samuel M. The Epistles of John (NCCS). Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2019. Greenlee, J. Harold. Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism. 2nd ed. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1995. Thielman, Frank. Theology of the New Testament: A Canonical and Synthetic Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005. Porter, Stanley E. and David Tombs, eds. Approaches to New Testament Study. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995. Longenecker, Richard N. Paul, Apostle of Liberty. 2nd. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2015. Levine, Amy-Jill and Ben Witherington III. The Gospel of Luke (NCBC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Thielman, Frank S. Romans (ZECNT). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2018. Baker, William R. 2 Corinthians (The College Press NIV Commentary). Joplin, MO: College Press, 1999. Schreiner, Thomas R. Galatians (ZECNT). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010. Witherington, Ben, III. Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Galatians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998. Thielman, Frank. Ephesians (BECNT). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010. Collins, Raymond F. 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus: A Commentary (NTL). Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002. Ngewa, Samuel. 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus (ABCS). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009. Neyrey, Jerome H. 2 Peter, Jude (AB). New York: Doubleday, 1993. Charles, J. Daryl. “2 Peter,” “Jude” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 13: Hebrews-Revelation. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006. Donelson, Lewis R. I & II Peter and Jude (NTL). Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2010. Added links to the following volumes that are now available for download: Keener, Craig S. Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2019. McKnight, Scot. 1 Peter (NIVAC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. *Blomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of the New Testament. Nashville: B&H, 2016. Disclaimer: I hate using messaging, texting, and email for real communication. If anything that I type to you seems like anything other than humble and respectful, then I have not done a good job typing my thoughts. 1731.OT2020_1_0.docx 6505.NT2020_1_0.docx Changes in OT2020.1.0 Kelley, P. Biblical Hebrew: An Introductory Grammar. Eerdmans, 1992. Continues and updates the Weingreen approach to learning Hebrew. [2nd ed. Available]. *Noonan, Benjamin. Advances in the Study of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic: New Insights for Reading the Hebrew Bible. Zondervan, 2020. Applies current linguistic research in Hebrew to the interpretation of the Old Testament.. Miller, Patrick D. The Religion of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox, 2000. A study of many important topics of Canaanite and Israelite religion. Shao, Joseph Too, and Rosa Ching Shao. Ezra and Nehemiah (ABCS). Asia Theological Association, 2007. Exposition that works to interface the biblical text for the Christian church within Asian realities. Evangelical. Added links to the following volumes that are now available on Pre-Publication:. [The Fifth Revised and Expanded Edition is available]. *Rainey, Anson F. and R. Steven Notley. The Sacred Bridge. Carta's Atlas of the Biblical World. Carta, 2006. [The 2nd ed. is available].. Changes in NT2020.1.0 Wasserman, Tommy and Peter J. Gurry. A New Approach to Textual Criticism: An Introduction to the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method. Atlanta: SBL, 2017. Evans, Craig A. and David Mishkin, eds. A Handbook on the Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2019. *deSilva, David A. Introducing the Apocrypha. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2018. *Klein, William W., Craig L. Blomberg and Robert L. Hubbard, Jr. Introduction to Biblical Interpretation. 3rd ed. Nashville: Zondervan, 2017. *______________. The Theology of Paul the Apostle. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998. Thanks again! GaoLu: Thanks again! No problem! 2620.OT2020_1_1.docx No New Testament Changes, so if you have already built the NT2020_1_0 file, then you don't need to redo this one. The file is included here for convenience: 3718.NT2020_1_0.docx Changes in OT2020.1.1 This version includes corrections and updates to editions of resources. The editions changed are listed below: *Carson, Donald A. NIV Bilbical Theology Study Bible. Zondervan, 2018. With contributions by more than sixty Evangelical scholars, the introductions, notes, and special essays focus on biblical theology. Aharoni, Yohanan, Anson F. Rainey, Michael Avi-Yonah, Zeev Safrai, and R. Steven Notley. The Carta Bible Atlas. Fifth Revised and Expanded Edition. Carta, 2011. A standard atlas that provides individual maps for many significant Bible events. *Rainey, Anson F. and R. Steven Notley. The Sacred Bridge. Carta's Atlas of the Biblical World. 2nd ed. Carta, 2014.. Kelley, Page H. and Timothy G. Crawford. Biblical Hebrew: An Introductory Grammar. 2nd ed. Eerdmans, 2018. Continues and updates the Weingreen approach to learning Hebrew. Newsom, Carol A. Sharon H. Ringe, and Jacqueline E. Lapsley, eds. The Women's Bible Commentary. Revised and Updated Edition. Westminster John Knox, 2012. A one volume feminist commentary on the entire Bible. Each entry has a bibliography for further reading. Alexander, T. D. From Paradise to the Promised Land: An Introduction to the Pentateuch. 3rd ed. Baker and Paternoster, 2012. An Evangelical and theological survey of the Pentateuch.]. No New Testament Changes 6253.OT2020_2_0.docx 6864.NT2020_2_0.docx Yes, I am bored. In versions OT2020.2.0 and NT2020.2.0 I have finished going through all resources unavailable in Logos and linked them via a special note at the end of the entry to their Kindle page if available there. I also added the following available resource link which I had somehow missed in the past: *Tamfu, Dieudonné. 2 Peter and Jude (ABCS). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2018. 8030.OT2020_3_0.docx 3223.NT2020_3_0.docx These editions correct the headword classifications/levels which were affecting the organization of the tables of contents. I also changed the formatting of the headwords to make them more representative of the original document's format. Thanks for your work, Joseph. Pastor, North Park Baptist Church Bridgeport, CT USA Mark Smith: Thanks for your work, Joseph. No problem Mark! It's therapeutic for me; however, it's also a double edged sword, as I always end up buying something when I work on it. I forgot that I had already added the Carta resources, so I started another update, which only yielded a few changes, but I figured I would post them anyway. These will probably be the last until the 2021 editions are released with the new Denver Journal. 6472.OT2020_4_0.docx 1057.NT2020_4_0.docx Changes in OT2020.4.0 *Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. Messianic Judaism: A Critical Anthology. Bloomsbury Academic, 2001. Scholarly presentation of Messianic Judaism by a Jewish (non-Messianic) scholar. Changes in NT2020.4.0 Blomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. 2nd ed. Downers Grove: IVP, 2007. Köstenberger, Andreas, Benjamin Merkel and Robert Plummer. Going Deeper with New Testament Greek. Nashville: B&H, 2016. For those interested, these are the resources still unavailable: 7608.Books not available.docx Joseph Would there be a reason for not having the OT and NT resources in one PB file? Mark: Joseph Would there be a reason for not having the OT and NT resources in one PB file? Hi Mark! Yes, several. The most important reason is that they are separate on the Denver Journal page, and when I got permission from Dr. Hess to post them publicly as Personal Books, it was assumed that I would present them as close to the originals as possible. Also, the formatting of the two is slightly different, and they are sometimes updated by Denver Seminary throughout the year at different times, so keeping them separate allows me to update one and not the other, though honestly, I usually wait until both are updated by Denver Seminary to update them. As far as how you build them in Logos, no. There is no reason you couldn’t combine them. These are awesome... I'm very grateful for these especially since I cannot access them on my own The 2021 edition of the Denver Journal is out, so here are the newest annotated bibliographies/recommendations: 7178.OT2021_0_0.docx 7120.NT2021_0_0.docx Changes in OT2021.0.0 The following resources have been removed from the new edition: Forms of Old Testament Literature has been removed from the Series section. Old Testament Guides has been removed from the Series section. Hess, R. S., and G. Wenham, eds. Zion: City of Our God. Eerdmans, 1999. History, religion, and theology of Jerusalem as revealed in the variety of Old Testament literature. Collins, Billie Jean. The Hittites and Their World. Society of Biblical Literature, 2007. An up-to-date review of the history and society of ancient Anatolia. [Available from Kindle]. Hallo, W.W., and W.K. Simpson. The Ancient Near East: A History. 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 1997. One of the most widely used brief histories. Prior, Michael. The Bible and Colonialism: A Moral Critique. Biblical Seminar 48. Sheffield Academic Press, 1997. Discusses how the promise of the land and the Conquest accounts impacted native communities in Latin America, South Africa, and Palestine. Alter, Robert and Frank Kermode, eds. The Literary Guide to the Bible. Harvard University Press, 1987. An application of the literary method to each book. Beyer, Bryan E. Encountering the Book of Isaiah: A Historical and Theological Study (Encountering Biblical Studies). Baker, 2007. A very helpful and wide-ranging, illustrated introduction with good side discussions and charts on a variety of theological themes. Conservative Evangelical. Harper, William Rainey. Hosea and Amos (ICC). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1905. The classic commentary of early critical scholarship. Much attention to textual and philological matters. Mays, James L. Hosea (OTL). Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969. A concise and well-written commentary from the form critical perspective. Smith, Gary V. Hosea, Amos, Micah (NIVAC). Zondervan, 2001. Informed exposition with an eye to structure; sensitive to social implications of text. Evangelical. Finley, T.J. Joel, Amos, Obadiah (WEC). Chicago: Moody Press, 1990. Exegesis from a conservative Evangelical point of view.]. _______________. Hosea, Amos, Micah (NIVAC). Zondervan, 2001. Informed exposition with an eye to structure; sensitive to social implications of text. Evangelical. The following resources have been added to the new edition: Moberly, R. W. L. The God of the Old Testament: Encountering the Divine in Christian Scripture. Baker, 2020. Probing eight Old Testament texts, the study draws observations concerning the character of God. McCaulley, Esau. Reading While Black: African American Biblical Interpretation as an Exercise in Hope. IVP, 2020. An important hermeneutical perspective. Wintle, Brian, et al., eds. South Asia Bible Commentary: A One-Volume Commentary on the Whole Bible. Zondervan, 2015. An example of important contributions of South Asian scholars to biblical study. Bird, Phyllis A. Harlot or Holy Woman: A Study of Hebrew Qedešah. Eisenbrauns, 2020. An important study of women as religious specialists in and around Israel. *Carr, David M. Genesis 1-11. International Exegetical Commentary on the Old Testament. Kohlhammer, 2020. A thorough critical and literary study. Goldingay, John. Genesis. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament and Pentateuch. Baker, 2020. A well-informed Evangelical theological and exegetical guide. Penner, Ken M. Isaiah. Septuagint Commentary Series. Brill, 2020. An essential guide for the early exegesis of Isaiah and its use by New Testament writers. Goldingay, John. Hosea–Micah. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Prophetic Books. Baker, 2020. Theological exegesis with pastoral and Evangelical insights. Cook, Stephen L. Ezekiel 38-48: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Yale Bible 22B. Yale, 2018. Complete the AB commentary on Ezekiel begun by the late Moshe Greenberg. Formatting and Style Changes The section previously titled “Feminist, Minority, and Third World Studies” is now titled “Under-Represented People Groups.” The section previously titled “Journals” is now titled “Periodicals of Interest.” Changes in NT2021.0.0 Wegner, Paul D. A Student’s Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible: Its History, Methods and Results. Downers Grove: IVP, 2006. Carter, Warren and Amy-Jill Levine. The New Testament: Methods and Meanings. Nashville: Abingdon, 2013. Elwell, Walter A. and Robert W. Yarbrough. Encountering the New Testament. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005. _______________. Readings from the First-Century World. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Holmén, Tom and Stanley E. Porter. Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 4 vols. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2011. Blomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. 2nd ed. Downers Grove: IVP, 2007. Culpepper, R. Alan. Mark (SHBC). Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2007. Fitzmyer, Joseph A. The Gospel According to Luke 1-9 (AB). Garden City: Doubleday, 1981. _______________. The Gospel According to Luke 10-24 (AB). Garden City: Doubleday, 1985. Polhill, John B. Acts (NAC). Nashville: Broadman, 1992. Hafemann, Scott J. 2 Corinthians (NIVAC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. Ngewa, Samuel. Galatians (ABCS). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010. Bruce, F. F. The Epistles to the Colossians, to Philemon, and to the Ephesians (NICNT). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984. Fowl, Stephen E. Philippians (THNTC). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005. Thielman, Frank. Philippians (NIVAC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995. Quinn, Jerome D. The Letter to Titus (AB). New York: Doubleday, 1990. Köstenberger, Andreas. Commentary on 1-2 Timothy and Titus (BTCP). Nashville: B & H, 2018. Witherington, Ben, III. Letters and Homilies for Hellenized Christians, vol. 2: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on 1-2 Peter. Downers Grove: IVP, 2007. Derickson, Gary W. 1, 2 and 3 John (EEC). Bellingham, WA: Lexham and Logos Bible Software, 2014. Smalley, Stephen S. The Revelation to John: A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Apocalypse. Downers Grove: IVP, 2005. *Gorman, Michael J. Reading Revelation Responsibly: Uncivil Worship and Witness: Following the Lamb into the New Creation. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2011. Peterson, Eugene H. Reversed Thunder: The Revelation of John and the Praying Imagination. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988. Beale, G. K. and Benjamin L. Gladd. The Story Retold: A Biblical-Theological Introduction to the New Testament. Downers Grove: IVP, 2020. Campbell, Constantine R. and Jonathan T. Pennington, eds. Reading the New Testament as Christian Scripture: A Literary, Canonical, and Theological Survey. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2020. Blomberg, Craig L and Darlene M. Seal, with Alicia S. Duprée. From Pentecost to Patmos: An Introduction to Acts through Revelation. Nashville: B & H, 2021. [1st edition available]. Reeves, Rodney. Matthew (SOGBC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2017. Gombis, Timothy R. Mark (SOGBC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2021. Spencer, F. Scott. Luke (THNTC). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2019. Diehl, Judith A. 2 Corinthians (SOGBC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2020. Witherington, Ben III. Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Galatians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998. *Fee, Gordon D. Galatians (PC). Blandford Forum, UK: Deo, 2007. *Cohick, Lynn H. The Letter to the Ephesians (NICNT). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2020. Bird, Michael F. and Nijay K. Gupta, Philippians (NCBC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Byron, John. 1 and 2 Thessalonians (SOGBC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2014. Fee, Gordon D. 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus (UBC). Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2011. Wall, Robert W. Community of the Wise: The Letter of James (NT in Context). Valley Forge: Trinity, 1997. Paul, Ian. Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary (TNTC). Downers Grove: IVP, 2018. Thanks again Joseph! 👍 Dave Colclough: Thanks again Joseph! 👍 My pleasure!

&l0 ^ItHIt VOL. 6 PALO AJLTO. CALIFORNIA. FRIDAY. JULY 20. 1906 NO. IB ....".« LUMBER HANDLERS WANTED The Dudfield Lumber Company Telephone Main 21 Forest and Alma illll.ll..l.lHIIIIIIIIIIII,IHIIIIHi|,|M||M|||,, TmKo^BT^TaSlml0^JART GETS FRANCHISE F0R A FIVE-MILE TROLLEYSYSTEM It's Vacation Time HAVE TOP THOUGHT ABOUT ITT BIGHT NOW IS THE TIME TO REMEMBER THAT BEINC PROPERLY SHOD IS HALF THE PLEASURE OF OUTING. __ JgE rMnE A SPECIALTY 0F__ SPORTING BOOTS AT S4.50, *•***►- $7.00 AND $3.50. OUTING OXFORDS AND SHOES $3.00 TO $5.00. TOUR SIZE WAITS FOR TOU AT .MORE VOTES t'AKT AND MOREjMIrlh KATE AMI--. WHO WANTS (TINTKSTANTM ARE ADDED TO* TO III: STATE St'PEfUNTEN- 1 'I'M M'|:\|.s Mi,Hi m |:i She U a Grsdwol* i>f Stsniord and •tanks High Arssssg County H*p- . rI.n. .,.,,,,,, of Schools. Ml** Kate Anise. Stanford '03. superintendent of schools of Napa county and candidate for tbe Republican nomination for state superintendent of echoOla, was In Palo Alto Wednesday and Thursday the guest of aim Oeorge H. Rose- brook of !£5 Emsrson street. Sbe I* travelling towards Southern California on her campaigning tour and came back to Palo Alto lost evening from be— Jo**. Mis* Ames has msde ao enviable reputation In her pork as euperln- (enden( of the Napa county schools She aerved four y*ar* In that capacity before coming lo Stanford aod after her graduation she was nominated again by tb* Republican* aad th* Democrats named no opponent In her present campaign she Is ignoring political factors, basing her hop* of success on th* indifference of politicians In lh* matter of office without patronag*. Beside* Hiss Ames, the following hav* come out aa candidates for th* offlc*: But* Superintendent Kirk, County Superintendent Edward Hralt of Riverside. City 8up*rint«n- dent Barker of Eureka, and Prank Thompson of th* San Dl*go Stele Normal School faculty. *ts***)**>WM*****i *1|3l|IHl|.B*ll A NOBBY SUIT and A PERFECT FIT A Urge ttocK of Imported and Domestic Goods on band. J. B. WIDEMAN Fn*hlonob1*> Tnllor / II- 1.1 Is lair Win, No rrnvc-rs oaf] tbe Chlckc-ring I* a Hon- Prise for jsVs—■ One. Mlsa Ray Stuart . 8130 ktla* Augusts Upborn 333* Mis, Rose 8cbroed*r 1760 Miss Haiti.- P*Ub*rg 1880 Mis* Jennie Holler 17(0* Mrs. T. Barker 1ft Mlsa Leoaora Newman ... 80 Miaa Vivian Howard 138* Mlsa Mabel Load M * Miss Clara Zeller ..13(0 Mlsa Leaora Mosber ..... 10 Tb* rot* shows how tho piano rosiest la progressing. There er* other young women ln Palo Alto wbo are only waiting for som« encouragement to Announce themselves aa contestants, aod friends of a*v*rol young women ar* only waiting for consent of too** most interested to present their name* snd begin active work to get th* plsno. To get the piano—tb* Chlckerlng quarter-grand—that U tb* bop* of each contestant. Th* sol* purpose of th* Times and Palo Allan la to got new subscribers. Tho publishers want one of their two papers in every home In Palo Alto and tb* adjacent communities To help bring tblB about they bar* offered Chlckerlng piano aa a prise. The field la fair, with no favors. Study this schedule of vote* aad go out and get subscribers either for yourself or tb* friend woo you Sre aoilou* shall win to* Chlckerlng: Palo Alton, one year, *l-»o, SOO DaBy Palo Ala* TI roe*, one ssbbq—, 40 cents. HO Totes; three month*. -rate*. LOCAL CONTRACTOR WILL BUILD NEW BANK P. W. POs Chosen by tbe IHrerlor* of tbe Plr*t National Bank to Huj--r- latend tbe Job. K W. Pox. (he local contractor, has been engaged by the directors of tb* First National Bank to superintend th* construction of th* now bank bolldlag. which will be *<r*et*d at one* at the corner of University avenue and Ramona street Th* directors have decided to let ao general contract bat to place tb* work to lb* band* of Mr. Fox aa super! uteodent Small contracts, sucb as excavating, plumbing and oloetric wiring will be let to Individ uals as tb* work progTso*a*. Bids for eicavattag th* baaemeat will be rectlTcd and th* contract let In a few day*. ... PoTRSONAl*. •*■ w Thursday. July 18.— - Mrs J p. Mills and daughters ar* spending s few days In Santa Crw, Pstbsr Donnld McKlnao* la vlnlt- i?* Father Qriifin at Mission Ban Prof. O. U. Johnson an this forenoon for a stay Cm*. «- »**** .> Board of Trustees Take Pinal Action on Ordinance At Adjourned Meeting. Grantee Say* Construction Work Will Begin in October The Board of Trustees Wednesday (ook final acdon on Gen. W. H. llart'a franchLs* ordinance granling (he latl*r tbe privilege of constructing and operating ■ five- mil* (rolley system on tbe streets ot Palo Alto. The ordinance waa passed as It hsd been amended at tha executive session of Ibe board last < Monday evening. The^ only substantial Say We Have Lots of Things To Sell Can't wll uoUee you buy—to boy you mint come aud saa ua. One. ber. you are eure to buy, becauM we make it your inlereet to do m. Fine Butter aud Egj», aod nigh grade Code, and Tea. a epecialty. EarieS, Company Phone Main 37. 159 University Ave. ALO LLTO I HATING R INK Bryant street off University A* Commutation tickets now on •ale. Levy, represent In*. Mendalson Bros, of Oakland Is In Palo Alto to day. i Mrs. D. A. M*nd*nba!t returned ywterdey from a abort vlalt to Santa Cms. Mr* Edgar Lynn will lea** tb* last or this week for a month's visit In Soul hern California. Mlse Haiti* Pattberg will IMv* thla week for Sao Praaclsco to visit friends for severe! weak*. atrs. H. C. Plrsbaogh aad daughter. Mr*. Parks, bar* returned from a brief visit to Santa Crui. Mrs. 3. 8. Lakln, and Miss Ruth Lakln loft this morning for Pacific Orove. where they will visit ror severs! seeks Miss Fannie Hadden ha* goo* to Oaraei for a week's visit wttb b*r ■Idlers who have been spending lb* summer there. Mrs. Berth* Sutherland of Prai- *r'*s Co. left yesterday for her vacation to be spent at Oakland aod other coast points. Mis* Louritta Archibald ot Bel- rianu Bld*t will arrive In Palo Alto tomorrow lo lie tb* guest of Mrs. Ramsoy Kosher. Mrs. H. C. Roosbrook entertained a company of friends at luncheon on Tuesday. 1* honor of Mrs. Sargent. 'of an* IVaacloco. who Is tb* guest of Pslo Alto friend*. Jceepb Phillip* of Half Moon Bay, who haa been visiting at the home of M. Bwlmss, has returned home. Mrs- Phillip* will remain ln Palo Alto a few weeks longer. Mr. aad Mrs. O. P. Brown, Mr*. Brown, Leonard Brown, and S. W. Ethercdgu and family left yesterday morning for a week's outing si llu- taao Gulch, near P**cad*ro. Profeaaor and Mrs. H. W. Rolf*, Mrs. 8. W. Charles and Alfred Rolf*, broth, r of Professor Rolte, left this morning ror a two weeks' camping trip, moat of which will be spent at Carmel. change mad* at that time was that the proposed rout* was somewhat curtailed. The general had asked tor rights of way on thro* streets each w*y acre** th* city. Th* ordinance as adopted, cut out the Emerson street line. The other five street* war* awardod and tbe route ' Includes double tracks on Mld- diefield rood sad Alma »tr«t and single tracks on Lytton. and Chsnnlng avenue*. Pinal action on the ordinance was taken without lengthy preliminaries. Tbo president of the board slated that th* regular session Monday evening bad been adjourned to this time to pass th* measure on second reading. He aald: 'There bo* been some criticism of tbe proposed frsochlse sod many people on the other hand bats expressed themselves favorable of It Tbe trustees have put s great deal of work oa the matter; bare gon* over tb* ground thoroughly and now feel that they are acting In tb* boat internets of lb* el(y. **_MWt HSJI ls.noA,gs«lla*„*H and permission to construct 1*7 down, maintain aod operate railway tracks of standard gaug* for th* transportation of passengers, property, mall sod express under th* provisions of title HI, part IV. of th* civil cod* of tb* Slate of California, on and upon certain street*, avenue*. private ways sod lands tn tho tow* of Palo Alio, together with certain switches, sidetracks, signal appliance* and block system - ln conrtsc- tlon therewith. Section I. Tb* franchlae shall be fifty years from tb* passage of tbla ordinance, and th* rout* ahall b* a* follows: Doublo track lines lb* full length of the city on"ntlddlefleld road and Alma street, single linos on Lyttoa and Cbaaning arena** from Alma Hamilton', to MlddleQsld road and oa Horn It to* arena* from Alma street to tho northern boundary of th* city. Th* tracks shall be laid tn ths center of th* street, except 00 Alma street whore they shall bs place* aa Mar aa practical (o th* southeast ear* line. Section 3. The company ahall nave or repav* between their rails and two fact outside on all improv** street*; shall construct good croes- Ings and culverts and keep roadway In repair on other atroets and sprinkle :h- right ot way whenever tha i d**m It necessary. All work •ball b* dons to 'tho satisfaction of wife left | ■II*- (he city engineer. Bc-c(luu a. n.. -ii, r FAITS THE GREAT AND COMPANY AT Mullen's Hall wtdstsday. Jsly 18th, Tbirsday. Jsly l't», Friday, Jily 2HI. Hypnotism, Psychic Phenomena, Vaudeville, Moving Pictures OS* niostralsd Pongs—"Her 100 Visas of the San yrsndsc" Diaaster. Pr<*'*'" 34} hoar* long, with entire change *ach evening. Evening Prle*>* - - _8Sc» 3»c Children Under 13 Year*, 16 Cent*. __Jii*> »4*IM»M*«e«4- ♦ eseaessoeoeeeeseeeesee* h* hs* had to tak* soma things snd make som* concessions that be did not wast "Tb* town is thoroughly protect**. If th* grantee builds the road, It Is all aayon* can oak. If ha doe* not, the franehls* Is forfeited aad no one bos been hart." Before Lb* final vote a written communication from ibe city attorney was read slating that he appror- the form snd legality of tba proposed ordinance The rot* was: Aye— Csrey. Dur- yea and Parkinson. Nay, none. Absent. Daan, Ferguson. "Thank you, gentleman; I will build tho rood." declared General Hart after tha result bad been announced In a statement ta the Tims* after th* m**tlng. General Hart aald that lb* company which will uh* oier the franchise and build the road will be formed la s short Urn*. It will b* known as th* California Rapid Transit Company and Alexander Herman, of New York, th* General's millionaire backer, will probata.y be president. No oth*r nam** of tbo** lnteros(*d ar* riven ou( at thla time. Tbe system ot the company will eventually stretch from Lo* Angeles to 8*n Praaclsco, with two Hoes on th* upper peninsula, diverging at Palo Alto, (on* to tap th* foothill region and th* other lo run along tho bay shore), and reuniting at South Ban Prsselseo. "The first efforts of tbe. company will be toward tbe construction of lb* local Una aad the bay shore branch oa far as Ban Mateo," said the 0*a*r*l. "Th* Redwood City franehls* will be considered August 6tb, snd we wilt be in shape to commence track laying with a large force of men by tbe middle of October." A summary of tb* ordinance printed below. K provides for lhe a** of-girder rails, of tb* patlerrt adopted In San Frunelaco. Thi Id* *nOUgh to make them safe ua* on (b* city atroets aod built J ' deep enough lo permit tb* eonatruc- J tlon of a good pav*tn*nt over th* [as*. j A unique feature of the ordinance ta that It provide* that th* com- | p*ny ahall maintain tha road a* * j competing MB* and thst tb* franchise I shall become void at tbe moment ] Ihe line la sold to any preaent exlst- ' Ing company, or for the purpose of , stifling competition, to any company that may hereafter engage In boat- t nosa of common carrier In Palo Alto. ! Following I* * summary of tb* \ ordinance: An ordinance granting to William ; I H. H. Hart hi* assign* and bbcc**- j atOT*. tho rlgbt. privilege. ItaacUs* Una*.—ds Cars'shell la th* sity sluter t*rn of equal utility. run over ev*ry line I least once every half hoar from 6 a. to 10 p. m.; a fie* cent rat* shall charged for any distance over (he said road or It* branches with** th* city limits, going In ons general direction, the speed limit of cars I* tb* city shall b* 10 mil** per bonr. Section 4. The tracks shall conform (o ths established grade of th* street. Th* cars snail be propelled In sny manner authorised by law *x- eept thst stsem shall not b* used after th* completion of tb* road. Th*> town rtwwrrv** th* right lo make reasonable regulation* governing th* operation of the road. When *l*e- tricity la employed th* company ahall us* lb* trolley system and Iron polo* sixteen feet' hlgb or sawed redwood eighteen feet hlgb. No noma shall be employed as motive povat after lb* completloo of th* road. Section 6. This franchLs* Is granted subject to th* following provisions and conditions, namely: First This franchise la granted for tha purpose of providing for thst town of Pslo Alto, a competitive railroad, sad Is aoospted by th* gran- Ice, his assigns and successors, upon tb* express condition that n«l(_*r they, nor any of tbam shall permit or suffer aay person or common carrier to acquire, control, operate or directly or Indlreotty any of the railroad trscks to bo constructed, or prlvllegeo granted hereunder, or any of them, or that may be conxtructei over said routes for lh* purpose of preventing competition and neithar shell tb* same be acquired or controlled directly or Indirectly by any common carrier now operating a* such to or In th* town of Pslo Alto. Section (. The grantee shall commence tbe construction of tb* local line within alx month* In good faith and shall complete It an*] * ar* wld 11 for us* (Continued on nag* By*.) Hear the STANFORD RINK Orchestra Skat* on the smoothest floor In th* v»Il*y. Admission - 25 Cents Including Skates HIGH STREET Next to MjuWo*. 11.11 _i_ Object Description Description Add tags for 1

Sports fans are a fickle lot. They say they will love their team no matter what, but there comes a point where that support can wax and wane if things aren't going well on the field. Major League Baseball teams build marketing campaigns around trying to convince you that buying season tickets is necessary to see all the progress that is being made on the field—or if you are a contender, how that success is being sustained. This is not a concept relegated just to sports. In any entertainment business, the more enticing the product, the more likely you are to buy tickets to see it. The reason that movies like The Avengers and The Dark Knight make $1 billion at the box office (h/t BoxOfficeMojo.com) is because they have a strong built-in audience from another medium AND were also giving casual fans of those works something to talk about after leaving the theater. Baseball is built around the same concept—the better the product on the field, the easier it will be to sell tickets, move merchandise and get better television ratings. What we want to figure out is where the line is drawn for a fan base. How and when do people decide they want to support a team in a given year? How much does it help to be a surprise contender (like Oakland or Baltimore in 2012)? What happens to teams that were supposed to contend after they fall on their sword? When does loyalty go out the window, or does it? Here is a look back at some stats and attendance figures to help us answer these questions to figure out just how "fair-weather" baseball fans can be. Note: All attendance figures from 2001 and beyond are courtesy of ESPN.com unless otherwise noted. Pre-2001 attendance figures courtesy of Baseball-Reference.com. Attendance figures for surprise contenders What we are looking at here are teams with no expectations entering the season that managed to either make it to the postseason or at least stay in serious contention for a playoff spot and how their attendance figures were compared to the previous year and the year after. You can clearly see the difference that contending in one season makes compared to the previous season based on these five examples. Every team saw an increase of at least 10 percent in the year that they were in contention. The real difference is made in the season after contending because fans are excited to buy tickets ahead of time. You are more likely to sell more season tickets the year after contending, whereas you have to rely on the walk-up market in a season where you challenge for a playoff spot that few people predicted. It is also important to note that some teams didn't get the big playoff bump the season they contended. There was a small bump, for instance, with Tampa Bay in 2008 and Oakland in 2012, but it was relatively minor when you look at the other teams. There are a number of reasons for that, though with those two franchises specifically, it can be attributed to their ballpark. There have been many stories written about what a bad market Tampa Bay is for baseball and how the location of the stadium does the Rays no favors. The O.co Coliseum in Oakland is a football stadium that is forced to share its residence with the A's. It is not appealing to the eye and does nothing to entice baseball fans to come see it. The franchise is in the process of trying to build a new baseball stadium in San Jose, but because the San Francisco Giants hold territorial rights there, no one knows if/when a decision will come down in their favor. Another strong example would be the Pittsburgh Pirates from 2010 to 2011. They were 57-105 in 2010 with the worst record in baseball and had a total attendance of 1,613,399. The following season, when they were 53-47 and in first place through 100 games, fans started to come back to PNC Park. Things did not last, as the Pirates went 19-43 in the last 62 games to finish 72-90. But there was some positive effect from the first three months of the season, as overall attendance finished at 1,940,429. In 2005, the Chicago White Sox were expected to be a middle-of-the-road team in the American League. They wound up winning 99 games in the regular season and the franchise's first World Series since 1917. The White Sox's attendance in 2004 was 1,930,537 after the team went 83-79. During their World Series season, attendance bumped up to 2,342,833. It spiked in 2006, when they drew 2,957,411 even though they missed the playoffs at 90-72. Those good vibes carried over to 2012, as the Pirates featured an MVP candidate in Andrew McCutchen and went 79-83. Attendance continued to grow, as the team drew 2,091,918 fans. This is a city so starved to see just .500 baseball for an entire season, it will come out in droves if it happens. Attendance figures for disappointing teams in big markets The next list features teams that entered the season with high expectations only to fall on their sword as the year moved along. A number of factors can contribute to a disappointing season—injuries, age, bad luck, etc.—but these teams never lived up to the hype for one reason or another. The most interesting thing from this group is that the Mets actually lost attendance quickly the year after making it to the World Series. New York is a what-have-you-done-for-me-now market, not to mention primarily Yankees fans, so the Mets have to stay on top to grab the attention. Speaking of the Yankees, they had very special circumstances that contributed to their attendance bump in 2008, even though it was the first time since 1993 (excluding the strike-shortened 1994 season) that the team didn't make the postseason. What is the best way to have long-term attendance success? If you recall, 2008 was the last year for old Yankee Stadium. Fans were going to come out in droves all season unless there was a complete and total collapse from the product on the field. It was also interesting that their attendance actually dropped the year after moving into a new stadium, having the best record in baseball and winning the World Series. Granted, some of the prices that the Yankees were charging for seats in the new Yankee Stadium got way out of hand and were most certainly a factor in losing over 600,000 tickets sold from 2008 to 2009. The Dodgers continued to draw well two years after falling out of contention in the National League West, even though their total tickets sold dropped by 800,000 from 2009-11. Phillies and Red Sox fans tend to get a bad rap for various reasons, but you can't say they aren't loyal. Philadelphia was a mess when last season started, with Chase Utley and Ryan Howard injured. Roy Halladay got hurt early and never looked right. The team did put together a late-season charge, but it wasn't enough to stay in the playoff race. Boston, for all the stories that were written about Bobby Valentine and the team in 2012, still came out in droves to see the Red Sox. That was actually the most surprising figure to see when researching this piece because I was expecting something in the mid-2 million range. It will be interesting to see how much of a difference getting rid of Valentine and remaking the team takes a toll on the number of fans who come out to Fenway this season, especially if the Red Sox don't contend in the American League East yet again. Attendance figures for teams with no track record of success The third, and final, fan base we want to look at involves the attendance figures for teams that are either in the midst of rebuilding everything from the ground up or have taken on reclamation projects in the last decade or so. These will include some teams that have made the postseason during that span, but did not closely resemble those successful teams at the time of their rebuilding. Criteria includes at least two consecutive seasons with a winning percentage no higher than .475 (roughly 75 wins per season). Cleveland's 2002 attendance got a boost because the Indians made the postseason the previous year and still retained some of the talent from that group. It wasn't until the trade that sent Bartolo Colon to Montreal—and brought back Grady Sizemore, Cliff Lee and Brandon Phillips—that fans started turning away. Things plummeted in 2003 for the Indians when it was clear that the team which fans grew up with in the 1990s wasn't coming back and it would take a few years before things got better again. Seattle has drawn really well for not doing much in the last decade. There have been occasional contending seasons (like 85-77 in 2009), but for the most part, this is a team that has struggled to maintain a consistently high level of play. It took the Nationals a long time after moving from Montreal before they had any real hope of contention. Fans in Washington were excited to have baseball back for a few years, but it wasn't until their playoff season in 2012 that attendance saw a big boost (2,370,794). Things will be better this year, as the team is expected to be one of the best in baseball and has a built-in foundation from the success last year. Cubs fans have proven themselves to be immune to all the failure and heartache this franchise so regularly provides. Wrigley Field is an experience in itself. Games are played in the afternoon while you can sit in the bleachers and talk to people about anything without having to actually watch the game. Some would say that is the best way to take in a Cubs game. Attendance for the Astros this season will be fascinating to see. This franchise has taken on one of the biggest rebuilding jobs in recent memory as virtually all of its big league assets have been traded over the last 12 months to load up the farm system. Aside from Jose Altuve, you would be hard-pressed to find anyone on this roster that even hardcore baseball fans have heard of before. This could be a historically bad team, even though everyone is in agreement that they are going about this rebuild in the right way. Conclusion There are always going to be exceptions to the rule, but when it comes to fans, everything comes down to contending. People don't want to waste their time or money on a product that isn't going to produce results. Even some big-market teams have been hit hard by a lack of sustained success over the years. Sure, most teams would kill to draw 2.9 million fans like the Dodgers did in 2011, but that represented a huge drop in ticket sales for that team. The Cubs, Yankees and Red Sox have proven themselves, time and again, to be the biggest drawing cards in baseball. You can see that from some of these attendance figures, when they were drawing huge numbers even when they weren't competing for a playoff spot. Small-market teams have to give their fans a reason to show up because if the economy in that city isn't great, they have to make decisions about how best to spend their money. Would you rather use $100 on four bleacher seats in Cleveland or $50 to see a movie? Stadium location and hospitality is also going to play a role in how well you draw. Tampa Bay is the most revered franchise in the sport right now for the way it has been able to sustain success over the last six years without spending a lot of money, yet no one goes to see the team play because the stadium is a disaster and it is located in a terrible part of the city. Fans will always act fair-weathered when it comes to sports teams. It is like that scene near the end of Major League II, when Randy Quaid's character, who has been bashing the Indians virtually the entire movie, comes back to them when Rick Vaughn gets his mojo back and they go to the World Series. It is the nature of the game, and something that teams have to work at extra hard to prevent from happening for too long because you still have to turn a profit to be successful. For more of a discussion about baseball and the Major League movies, feel free to hit me up on Twitter.