sent1
stringlengths 15
4.99k
| sent2
stringlengths 14
5.05k
| labels
int64 0
1
|
|---|---|---|
It is a dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. It has a role as a calcium channel blocker, an antihypertensive agent, a vasodilator agent and a geroprotector. It is a C-nitro compound, a dihydropyridine, an ethyl ester, a diester, a member of dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives and a methyl ester. | It is an abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antibacterial agent, a protective agent and a plant metabolite. It is an abietane diterpenoid, a member of phenols, a carbotricyclic compound and a meroterpenoid. | 0 |
It is an organophosphate chemical commonly used as an insecticide and acaricide. It is developed by Rhône-Poulenc in France but EU eliminated it from pesticide registration in December 2006.
The median lethal dose of oral exposure in rat is 85 mg/kg and that of dermal is 390 mg/kg.。It is a weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is taken by not only oral and inhalation but skin and it causes toxic symptoms peculiar to organophosphorus compounds such as miosis, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, chest pressure, pulmonary edema and fecal incontinence. It is flammable and decomposes to toxic gases such as phosphorus oxides, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. It is harmful especially to water creatures. | It is a 3-hydroxy steroid. It has a role as an androgen. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Blaps lethifera, Uloma tenebrionoides, and other organisms with data available. | It is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener 200 times sweeter than sucrose and is commonly used as a sugar substitute in foods and beverages. It is a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide with brand names NutraSweet, Equal, and Canderel. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1974, and then again in 1981, after approval was revoked in 1980.
It is one of the most studied food additives in the human food supply. Reviews by over 100 governmental regulatory bodies found the ingredient safe for consumption at the normal acceptable daily intake limit. | 0 |
5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol is a cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a cholestanoid, a C27-steroid and a Delta(7)-sterol. | It is a diarylmethane. | 0 |
It is an amino acid amide and a glycine derivative. | It is an organotin compound carrying four methyl groups. | 0 |
2-Propenyl phenylacetate is a member of benzenes. | It is a benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. It has a role as a sodium channel blocker, an anti-arrhythmia drug and a platelet aggregation inhibitor. | 0 |
It, also known as norvinodrel or vinylestrenolone and sold under the brand name Vestalin, is a progestin medication which was formerly used in birth control pills for women but is now no longer marketed. It was used in combination with the estrogen ethinylestradiol. It is taken by mouth.
It is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has no androgenic activity.
It was first described in 1962. It is no longer available. | It is an organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8b, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 8, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at position 3a, a phenyl group at position 3 and a N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group at position 1. Isolated from Aglaia odorata and Aglaia duperreana, it exhibits antineoplastic activity. It has a role as a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and an antileishmanial agent. It is an organic heterotricyclic compound, a monomethoxybenzene and a monocarboxylic acid amide. | 0 |
It is a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring. It has a role as a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of an isonicotinate. | It is an ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene and an ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon. | 0 |
It (PFOA; conjugate base perfluorooctanoate; also known colloquially as C8, for its 8-carbon chain structure) is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid produced and used worldwide as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes and as a material feedstock. PFOA is considered a surfactant, or fluorosurfactant, due to its chemical structure, which consists of a perfluorinated, n-heptyl "tail group" and a carboxylate "head group". The head group can be described as hydrophilic while the fluorocarbon tail is both hydrophobic and lipophobic.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as carcinogenic to humans. PFOA is one of many synthetic organofluorine compounds collectively known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Many PFAS such as PFOS, PFOA are a concern because they do not break down via natural processes and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants or "forever chemicals". They can also move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources and can build up (bioaccumulate) in fish and wildlife. Residues have been detected in humans and wildlife.
PFOA is used in several industrial applications, including carpeting, upholstery, apparel, floor wax, textiles, fire fighting foam and sealants. PFOA serves as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers and as a building block for the synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted compounds, polymers, and polymeric materials. PFOA has been manufactured since the 1940s in industrial quantities. It is also formed by the degradation of precursors such as some fluorotelomers. PFOA is used as a surfactant because it can lower the surface tension of water more than hydrocarbon surfactants while having exceptional stability due to having perfluoroalkyl tail group. The stability of PFOA is desired industrially but is a cause of concern environmentally.
The primary manufacturer of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), the 3M Company (known as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company from 1902 to 2002), began a production phase-out in 2002 in response to concerns expressed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Eight other companies agreed to gradually phase out the manufacturing of the chemical by 2015.
By 2014, EPA had listed PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonates (salts of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, PFOS) as emergent contaminants: | It (trade name Posicor) was a pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment of hypertension and chronic angina pectoris. It is a nonselective calcium channel blocker. It was voluntary pulled from the market ten months after FDA approval, citing potential serious health hazards shown in post release studies.
The mechanism of action of mibefradil is characterized by the selective blockade of transient, low-voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels over long-lasting, high-voltage-activated (L-type) calcium channels, which is probably responsible for many of its unique properties.
On June 8, 1998, Roche announced the voluntary withdrawal of the drug from the market, one year after approval by the FDA, due to the potential for drug interactions, some of them deadly, which may occur when it is taken together with some other medications. | 0 |
It is a carboxylic ester. | It (Daptazile) is a respiratory stimulant traditionally used as an antidote for barbiturate or opiate overdose, usually in combination with bemegride, as well as poisoning from other sedative drugs and treatment of respiratory failure from other causes. It was considered particularly useful as it could counteract the sedation and respiratory depression produced by morphine but with less effect on analgesia. It is still rarely used in medicine in some countries, although it has largely been replaced by more effective respiratory stimulants such as doxapram and specific opioid antagonists such as naloxone. | 0 |
It is an imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective. It has a role as an anticonvulsant. | It (lignoceryl alcohol) is a fatty alcohol containing 24 carbon atoms, usually derived from the fatty acid lignoceric acid. | 0 |
It is a natural product originally isolated from Streptomyces rimosus, which is a nucleoside analogue. It acts as an inhibitor of protein kinase C. It has antibiotic, antiviral and anti-cancer properties and has been investigated for various medical applications, though never approved for clinical use itself. However, a number of related derivatives continue to be researched.
Oyagen, a biotechnology company, has been developing sangivamycin or OYA1, which showed efficacy against Ebola infections, as a broad spectrum antiviral for COVID-19. Tonix Pharmaceuticals licensed OYA1 from Oyagen in April 2021 to develop it for the treatment of COVID-19 and it is now called TNX-3500. | It is a carbonyl compound and a member of naphthalenes. | 0 |
It is a hepatoprotective drug. It is a component of tidiacic arginine.
It arginine (trade name Tiadilon) is a 1:1 combination of the amino acid arginine and tidiacic (thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid), which acts as a sulfur donor.
In France, its indications and use have been described as "identical to those of silymarin". | It (TEA) is a quaternary ammonium cation with the chemical formula , consisting of four ethyl groups (, denoted Et) attached to a central nitrogen atom. It is a counterion used in the research laboratory to prepare lipophilic salts of inorganic anions. It is used similarly to tetrabutylammonium, the difference being that its salts are less lipophilic, more easily crystallized and more toxic. | 0 |
It is an aryl sulfide that consists of two phenyl groups connected by a sulphur atom. | It is a deoxygalactose derivative. | 0 |
It is a sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). It is a sulfur oxoanion, a sulfur oxide and a divalent inorganic anion. It is a conjugate base of a hydrogensulfite. | It is an organic compound with the formula . A colorless fragrant liquid, it is classified as a ketone. It is one of three octanones, the others being 2-octanone and 4-octanone. | 0 |
It is an organic molecular entity. | (1R,2S)-2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-diethyl-1-phenyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxamide is a member of acetamides. | 0 |
It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | It is a member of indoles. | 0 |
It (2,2'-dithiobisethanamine) is an organic disulfide. It is formed when cystine is heated, the result of decarboxylation. It is an unstable liquid and is generally handled as the dihydrochloride salt, CHNS·2HCl, which is stable to 203-214 °C at which point it decomposes. It is toxic if swallowed or inhaled and potentially harmful by contact. | It is a cyanogenic glycoside. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa, Euglena gracilis, and other organisms with data available. | It is a tertiary carboxamide. | 0 |
It (DDDA) is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula . A white solid, the compound finds a variety of applications ranging from polymers to materials. The unbranched compound is the most commonly encountered C12 dicarboxylic acid. | It is a thioacetate ester and a dipeptide. It has a role as an EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor. | 0 |
It is a gamma-amino acid having a gamma-vinyl GABA structure. It is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric 664 acid transaminase It has a role as an anticonvulsant and an EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor. | It is a member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties. It has a role as a vasodilator agent, a platelet aggregation inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent. It is a member of methoxybenzenes, a benzoate ester, a diester and a diazepane. It is a conjugate base of a dilazep(2+). | 0 |
It (1,2,9,10-TetraMethoxyAporphine, Bromcholitin, Glauvent, Tusidil, Tussiglaucin) is an aporphine alkaloid found in several different plant species in the family Papaveraceae such as Glaucium flavum, Glaucium oxylobum and Corydalis yanhusuo, and in other plants like Croton lechleri in the family Euphorbiaceae.
It has bronchodilator, neuroleptic and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, and is used medically as an antitussive in some countries. TLRs plays role in its anti inflammatory effects. It may produce side effects such as sedation, fatigue, and a hallucinogenic effect characterised by colourful visual images, and has been detected as a novel psychoactive drug. In a 2019 publication, the isomer (R)-glaucine is reported to be a positive allosteric modulator of the 5-HT2A receptor, which is also associated with the hallucinogenic effects of substances such as psilocybin and mescaline. | It is a quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group. It has a role as an antifungal agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antiseptic drug and a mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor. | 0 |
It is an antiprotozoal agent effective against amoebiasis. It has also been used against Vibrio cholerae. | It is an indolizidine alkaloid. It is a potent inhibitor of Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, an immunomodulator, and a potential chemotherapy drug. As a toxin in locoweed (likely its primary toxin) it also is a significant cause of economic losses in livestock industries, particularly in North America. It was first isolated from Swainsona canescens. | 0 |
It is an alkaloid. It has a role as a metabolite. | It is an alpha-amino acid ester. | 0 |
It is an azaspiro compound. | It is an aspartic acid-containing dipeptide sweetener. It was developed by Pfizer in the early 1980s and currently marketed in some countries under the brand name Aclame. Most dipeptides are not sweet, but the unexpected discovery of aspartame in 1965 led to a search for similar compounds that shared its sweetness. It is one such second-generation dipeptide sweetener. Neotame, developed by the owners of the NutraSweet brand, is another.
It is about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar), about 10 times sweeter than aspartame, and has no aftertaste. Its half-life under hot or acidic conditions is about twice as long as aspartame's, although some other artificial sweeteners, including saccharin and acesulfame potassium, are more stable yet. Unlike aspartame, alitame does not contain phenylalanine, and can therefore be used by people with phenylketonuria.
It has approved for use in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand and China.
Danisco has withdrawn its petition for using alitame as a sweetening agent or flavoring in food in USA.
Sweeny also addresses a compound with a sweetness of 1200 x sucrose in his review, in based on an NH-CH(cyclopropyl)tert-butyl (Ex 6). Ex 5, with NH-CH(cyclopropyl)2 is also 1200 x sucrose. These are good basis for 2nd class picks. Ex 16 is for It proper. Although, in Ex 17, oxidation to the sulfonyl can reduce activity to 1000. | 0 |
It is a cyclohexanone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted at position 2 by a 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group. It is used in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. It has a role as an EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor. It is a member of cyclohexanones, a C-nitro compound, a member of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes and a mesotrione. | It (2-ethoxybenzamide) is a common analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. It is also an ingredient in numerous cold medications and many prescription analgesics. It is used as an over-the-counter drug in Japan, often in combination with caffeine and acetaminophen, where it is marketed for uses including toothache, menstrual cramps, headache, and fever.
It is metabolized in vivo into salicylamide. | 0 |
It is an epoxide. | It is a member of pyridines. | 0 |
It is a propanone consisting of acetone having an amino group at the 1-position. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a methyl ketone and a member of propanones. It is functionally related to an acetone. It is a conjugate base of an ammonioacetone. | It is a natural product found in Solanum lycopersicum with data available. | 0 |
It is the common name of an organosulfur compound with molecular formula , chosen as an abbreviation of pyridinethione, and found in the Persian shallot. It exists as a pair of tautomers, the major form being the thione 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione and the minor form being the thiol 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide; it crystallises in the thione form. It is usually prepared from either 2-bromopyridine, 2-chloropyridine, or 2-chloropyridine N-oxide, and is commercially available as both the neutral compound and its sodium salt. It is used to prepare zinc pyrithione, which is used primarily to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis in medicated shampoos, though is also an anti-fouling agent in paints. | It is an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and gonorrhea. Insomnia is a common adverse effect. It is no longer available in the United States.
It has been shown recently that it may have cancer inhibiting effect. | 0 |
It is an androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone. It has a role as an androgen antagonist and a human metabolite. It is an androstanoid, a 17alpha-hydroxy steroid and a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid. | It is ergocornine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is functionally related to an ergocornine. It derives from a hydride of an ergotaman. | 0 |
It (INN, BAN; brand names Angolon, Angoril, Circuline, Irri-Cor, Irrigor, Coremax) is a coronary vasodilator which is used in the treatment of angina pectoris and as a local anesthetic.
Use patents: | It (FPV), sold under the brand names Lexiva and Telzir, is a medication used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a prodrug of the protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir. It is marketed by ViiV Healthcare as the calcium salt.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2003, and in the European Union in July 2004. The human body metabolizes fosamprenavir in order to form amprenavir, which is the active ingredient.
A head-to-head study with lopinavir showed the two drugs to have comparable potency, but patients on fosamprenavir tended to have a higher serum cholesterol. | 0 |
It is a member of phenothiazines. | It (INN) or pizotyline (USAN), trade name Sandomigran, is a benzocycloheptene-based drug used as a medicine, primarily as a preventive to reduce the frequency of recurrent migraine headaches. | 0 |
2-methylpropanamine is an alkylamine having isobutyl as the alkyl group. It has been isolated from Sambucus nigra (Elderberry). It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a 2-methylpropanaminium. | It is an amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group. It has a role as a chelator. It is a glycine derivative, an amino dicarboxylic acid and a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of an iminodiacetate. | 0 |
It is a monoterpenoid. | It (brand names Magnacort, Ulcortis) is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It is used topically to treat inflammation due to corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Streptomyces with data available. | It is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C19H24N2. It is isolated from the flowering plant genus, Tabernaemontana and exhibits anti-addictive properties. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite and a oneirogen. It is an indole alkaloid fundamental parent, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of an ibogamine(1+). | 0 |
It is a pregnene (21-carbon) steroid hormone. It is a naturally-occurring corticosteroid metabolite that is also used as a pharmaceutical prodrug. Cortisol is converted by the action of the enzyme corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 into the inactive metabolite cortisone, particularly in the kidneys. This is done by oxidizing the alcohol group at carbon 11 (in the six-membered ring fused to the five-membered ring). It is converted back to the active steroid cortisol by stereospecific hydrogenation at carbon 11 by the enzyme 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, particularly in the liver.
The term "cortisone" is frequently misused to mean either any corticosteroid or hydrocortisone, which is in fact cortisol. Many who speak of receiving a "cortisone shot" or taking "cortisone" are more likely receiving hydrocortisone or one of many other, much more potent synthetic corticosteroids.
It can be administered as a prodrug, meaning it has to be converted by the body (specifically the liver, converting it into cortisol) after administration to be effective. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered intravenously, orally, intra-articularly (into a joint), or transcutaneously. It suppresses various elements of the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling. Risks exist, in particular in the long-term use of cortisone. However, using cortisone only results in very mild activity, and very often more potent steroids are used instead. | It is a spectinomycin-type antibiotic which has been isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces gilvospiralissp. It has the molecular formula CHNO. | 0 |
It is a member of acetamides. | It is a carboxylic ester. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Salvia officinalis with data available. | It is a natural product found in Oecophylla smaragdina, Punica granatum, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohol which has a basic skeleton similar to the azulenes. It occurs in oregano among other plants. | It is a tricyclic sesquiterpenoid that is 4-methylidenedecahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulene carrying three methyl substituents at positions 1, 1 and 7 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 7. It has a role as a volatile oil component, a plant metabolite, an anaesthetic and a vasodilator agent. It is a sesquiterpenoid, a carbotricyclic compound, a tertiary alcohol and an olefinic compound. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Lobelia inflata, Lobelia siphilitica, and other organisms with data available. | It is a diarylmethane. | 0 |
It is a sphingoid, an amino alcohol and a triol. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine and a sphinganine. It is a conjugate base of a phytosphingosine(1+). | It is an alkylbenzene that is benzene having one of its aromatic hydrogens substituted by a propyl group. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Santolina rosmarinifolia, Glebionis segetum, and other organisms with data available. | It is a vinca alkaloid with formula C46H56N4O10 found in the Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus. It is used (commonly as the corresponding sulfate salt)as a chemotherapy drug for the treatment of leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, breast cancer and head and neck cancer. It has a role as a tubulin modulator, a microtubule-destabilising agent, a plant metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and a drug. It is a methyl ester, an acetate ester, a tertiary alcohol, a member of formamides, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a tertiary amino compound and a vinca alkaloid. It is a conjugate base of a vincristine(2+). It derives from a hydride of a vincaleukoblastine. | 0 |
It is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in citrus and other plants. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone. Chemically, it is a member of the class of compounds known as furanolactones. | It is a sulfone compound having two S-phenyl substituents. It has been found in plants like Gnidia glauca and Dioscorea bulbifera. It has a role as a plant metabolite. | 0 |
It (MBZ), sold under the brand name Vermox among others, is a medication used to treat a number of parasitic worm infestations. This includes ascariasis, pinworm infection, hookworm infections, guinea worm infections, hydatid disease, and giardia, among others. It is taken by mouth.
It is usually well tolerated. Common side effects include headache, vomiting, and ringing in the ears. If used at large doses it may cause bone marrow suppression. It is unclear if it is safe in pregnancy. It is a broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent of the benzimidazole type.
It came into use in 1971, after it was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica in Belgium. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. | It is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent used to treat heart rhythm disturbances. It is a diastereomer of antimalarial agent quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The drug causes increased action potential duration, as well as a prolonged QT interval. As of 2019, its IV formulation is no longer being manufactured for use in the United States. | 0 |
It (symbol Ala or A), or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an amine group and a carboxylic acid group, both attached to the central carbon atom which also carries a methyl group side chain. Consequently it is classified as a nonpolar, aliphatic α-amino acid. Under biological conditions, it exists in its zwitterionic form with its amine group protonated (as −NH) and its carboxyl group deprotonated (as −CO). It is non-essential to humans as it can be synthesized metabolically and does not need to be present in the diet. It is encoded by all codons starting with GC (GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG).
The -isomer of alanine (left-handed) is the one that is incorporated into proteins. -alanine is second only to -leucine in rate of occurrence, accounting for 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1,150 proteins. The right-handed form, -alanine, occurs in peptides in some bacterial cell walls (in peptidoglycan) and in some peptide antibiotics, and occurs in the tissues of many crustaceans and molluscs as an osmolyte. | It is a heteroarene. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Lanice conchilega, Bos taurus, and other organisms with data available. | Duvoglustat is an optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. It has a role as an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an anti-HIV agent, an anti-obesity agent, a bacterial metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol and a piperidine alkaloid. | 0 |
It is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. | It is an alcoholic β-glucoside. It is produced in (and named after) willow (Salix) bark. It is a biosynthetic precursor to salicylaldehyde. | 0 |
It is an acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine. It is functionally related to a formaldehyde. | (R)-pantoic acid is a pantoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a (R)-pantoate. | 0 |
It (systematically named dihydrogen trioxide,), also called hydrogen trioxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (can be written as or ). It is one of the unstable hydrogen polyoxides. In aqueous solutions, trioxidane decomposes to form water and singlet oxygen:
The reverse reaction, the addition of singlet oxygen to water, typically does not occur in part due to the scarcity of singlet oxygen. In biological systems, however, ozone is known to be generated from singlet oxygen, and the presumed mechanism is an antibody-catalyzed production of trioxidane from singlet oxygen. | It, also known as xantheose, is the principal alkaloid of Theobroma cacao (cacao plant). It is slightly water-soluble (330 mg/L) with a bitter taste. In industry, theobromine is used as an additive and precursor to some cosmetics. It is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, including the leaves of the tea plant, and the kola nut. It is a white or colourless solid, but commercial samples can appear yellowish. | 0 |
It is a butenolide that is furan-2(5H)-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 3 and by a p-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl group at position 4. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was used from 1999 to 2004 for the treatment of ostoarthritis, but was withdrawn following concerns about an associated increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It has a role as a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and an analgesic. It is a sulfone and a butenolide. | It () is the organic compound with the formula HN(C(NH)NH). It is a colorless solid that dissolves in water to give highly basic solution. These solutions slowly hydrolyse to ammonia and urea. | 0 |
It is a drug that acts as a selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.
It produces ataxia, tremor and spasticity, similar to those symptoms seen in Parkinsonism, and has thus become a research tool in experimental studies aimed at determining more effective anti-Parkinsonian drugs.
It also produces antipsychotic effects. | It is a N-alkylpyrrolidine. | 1 |
It is an aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, a fungicide, an EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor, an antimalarial, an EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor, a xenobiotic, a persistent organic pollutant and a drug allergen. It is a member of phenols, an aromatic ether, a dichlorobenzene and a member of monochlorobenzenes. | It is a L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted at positions N3 and C5 on the imidazole ring by methyl and mercapto groups respectively. It has a role as an antioxidant, a marine metabolite and a radical scavenger. It is an aryl thiol, a L-histidine derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It is a tautomer of an ovothiol A zwitterion. | 0 |
It is a ketone. | It is an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound and an organosulfur heterocyclic compound. | 0 |
It is a carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). It has a role as a flour treatment agent, a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a fertilizer. It is a monocarboxylic acid amide and a one-carbon compound. It is functionally related to a carbonic acid. It is a tautomer of a carbamimidic acid. | It is a quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor and an antidote to curare poisoning. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6. It has a role as an anticonvulsant, an antimanic drug, an antidepressant, a non-narcotic analgesic, a calcium channel blocker, an excitatory amino acid antagonist, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a geroprotector. It is a member of 1,2,4-triazines, a primary arylamine and a dichlorobenzene. | It is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis. It is used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a stereoisomer and pseudo-enantiomer of cinchonidine.
It is structurally similar to quinine, an antimalarial drug.
It is a GLP-1 receptor agonist and therefore has potential as a possible treatment for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. | 0 |
It is an aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders. It has a role as an antiplatyhelmintic drug and an antifungal agrochemical. It is an aryl sulfide, an organochlorine pesticide, a dichlorobenzene, a polyphenol, a bridged diphenyl fungicide and a bridged diphenyl antifungal drug. | It is a member of pyrrolizines. | 0 |
It is an inorganic chemical compound of tungsten and chlorine with the chemical formula . This dark violet blue compound exists as volatile crystals under standard conditions. It is an important starting reagent in the preparation of tungsten compounds. Other examples of charge-neutral hexachlorides are rhenium(VI) chloride and molybdenum(VI) chloride. The highly volatile tungsten hexafluoride is also known.
As a d atom, tungsten hexachloride is diamagnetic. | It is an acyl fluoride that is fluoroethane carrying an oxo group at position 1. It is an acyl fluoride and an organofluorine compound. | 0 |
It (NTA) is the aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula N(CHCOH). It is a colourless solid. Its conjugate base nitrilotriacetate is used as a chelating agent for Ca, Co, Cu, and Fe. | It is a corticosteroid hormone. | 0 |
It is an imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively. It has a role as a cross-linking reagent and a biomarker. It is an imidazopyridine and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist and a cholinergic antagonist. It is a member of piperidines and a tertiary amine. | It is a quinolone antibiotic and a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. | 0 |
It is a benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders. It has a role as a geroprotector, a H1-receptor antagonist, an anti-allergic agent and a cholinergic antagonist. It is an ethyl ester, a N-acylpiperidine, a tertiary carboxamide, an organochlorine compound and a benzocycloheptapyridine. It is functionally related to a desloratadine. | It is a natural product found in Corydalis solida, Illigera luzonensis, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It has a controversial safety profile.
It was patented in 1985 and approved for medical use in 1993. Zagam is no longer available in the United States. | It is an ammonium salt and a carbamate ester. It has a role as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, a muscarinic agonist, a non-narcotic analgesic, a cardiotonic drug and a miotic. | 0 |
It is the diethyl ester of sulfuric acid. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent, an apoptosis inducer, an alkylating agent and a mutagen. | It (DES) is a highly toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with the formula (CH)SO It occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive to tissue and metals. It is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols. It is used to manufacture dyes and textiles. | 1 |
It is a macrotetrolide. | It is an anti-convulsant, anti-addictive, CNS stimulant alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga and Crepe Jasmine (Tabernaemontana divaricata). Basic research related to how addiction affects the brain has used this chemical.
It persistently reduced the self-administration of cocaine and morphine in rats. The same study found that ibogamine (40 mg/kg) and coronaridine (40 mg/kg) did not produce "any tremor effects in rats that differ significantly from saline control". While the related alkaloids ibogaine (20–40 mg/kg), harmaline (10–40 mg/kg) and desethylcoronaridine (10–40 mg/kg) were "obviously tremorgenic". | 0 |
It is a member of phenols. | It is an organic compound with the formula CHCHOH. It is one of three isomeric ethylphenols. A colorless liquid, it occurs as an impurity in xylenols and as such is used in the production of commercial phenolic resins. | 1 |
It is an unsaturated fatty acid. It differs from most fatty acids by having a cyclic ring system at the terminus, rather than being entirely straight chain. It is found in the oil from plants of the genus Hydnocarpus from which it derives its name. | It is catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It has a role as a cardiotonic drug, a beta-adrenergic agonist, a dopaminergic agent, a sympathomimetic agent, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a dopaminium(1+). | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Protonix, among others, is a proton pump inhibitor used for the treatment of stomach ulcers, short-term treatment of erosive esophagitis due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis, and pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. It may also be used along with other medications to eliminate Helicobacter pylori. Effectiveness is similar to other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It is available by mouth and by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include headaches, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and joint pain. More serious side effects may include severe allergic reactions, a type of chronic inflammation known as atrophic gastritis, Clostridium difficile colitis, low magnesium, and vitamin B12 deficiency. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. It is a proton pump inhibitor that decreases gastric acid secretion. It works by inactivating (H+/K+)-ATPase function in the stomach.
Study of pantoprazole began in 1985, and it came into medical use in Germany in 1994. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the nineteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 27million prescriptions. | It is a natural product found in Gossypium hirsutum, Picea abies, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid. It has a role as an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, a protective agent, an apoptosis inducer, a prodrug and an antineoplastic agent. It is a triglyceride and a butyrate ester. It is functionally related to a butyric acid. | It is a dibenzooxazepine. | 0 |
It is an aromatic ketone. | It is a terpene lactone. | 0 |
It (2-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-2,3,17β-triol, is an endogenous steroid, catechol estrogen, and metabolite of estradiol, as well as a positional isomer of estriol. | It is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs.
It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, although it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate by most sources. The formula is CHNOS. This carbohydrate is composed of linear polymers of disaccharide units that contain, N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) and iduronic acid (IdoA). These repeating units are sulfated at a variety of positions. It is a component of the compound sulodexide. | 0 |
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester is a member of benzenes. | It is a natural product found in Coprinopsis atramentaria and Caenorhabditis elegans with data available. | 0 |
It (INN, trade name Cleviprex) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker indicated for the reduction of blood pressure when oral therapy is not feasible or not desirable. It is used IV only and practitioners titrate this drug to lower blood pressure. It has a half-life of approximately one minute. It is rapidly inactivated by esterases.
It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on August 1, 2008. | It is a water-soluble pyrimidine-based antibiotic which is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces graminearus and Streptomyces gougerotii. It is named after the dermatologist Henri-Eugène Gougerot. It has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as against viruses. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Linepithema humile with data available. | It is a terpene lactone. | 1 |
It is a methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. | It is an acutely toxic carbamate insecticide used in public health and agriculture and is effective against a wide range of nuisance and disease vector insects. Many bendiocarb products are or were sold under the tradenames "Ficam" and "Turcam."
All bendiocarb-containing products in the United States were recently cancelled, after its manufacturers voluntarily chose to pull their products off the market, rather than conduct additional safety studies required by the EPA. In other countries, it is still used in homes, industrial plants, and food storage sites to control bedbugs, mosquitoes, flies, wasps, ants, fleas, cockroaches, silverfish, and ticks but can be used against a wide variety of insects as well as snails and slugs. It is one of 12 insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for use in malaria control.
It is not considered to be carcinogenic, but it is acutely toxic. Like other carbamates, it reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme required for normal transmission of nerve impulses. It binds to the active site of this enzyme leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine, which is required for the transmission of nerve impulses, at nerve muscle sites.
It was invented in 1971 and was first introduced into the market by Fisons Ltd. It is currently marketed by Bayer CropScience and Kuo Ching under various trade names: Ficam, Dycarb, Garvox, Turcam, Niomil, Seedox, Tattoo
It is highly toxic to birds and fish. In addition, recently, a study in bone marrow cells of Calotes versicolor lizard demonstrated that chronic exposure to this contaminant increases the level of cytoxicity and genotoxicity (Anisha et al., 2019). In mammalian tissue, carbamates are generally excreted rapidly and do not accumulate. | 0 |
It is an aromatic alcohol that induces sleep in humans. It is found in wine as a secondary product of ethanol fermentation. It was first described by Felix Ehrlich in 1912. It is also produced by the trypanosomal parasite in sleeping sickness.
It forms in the liver as a side-effect of disulfiram treatment. | It is a natural product found in Paraphaeosphaeria minitans, Balansia epichloe, and other organisms with data available. | 1 |
It is a dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. It has a role as a serotonergic antagonist, a serotonergic drug, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, an EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor, an antidepressant and an anticoronaviral agent. It is functionally related to an imipramine. It is a conjugate base of a clomipramine(1+). | It is a member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions. It has a role as an iron chelator. It is a member of triazoles, a monocarboxylic acid, a member of benzoic acids and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to a 2,2'-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)diphenol. | 0 |
It () or n-butane is an alkane with the formula CH. It is a highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gas that quickly vaporizes at room temperature and pressure. The name butane comes from the root but- (from butyric acid, named after the Greek word for butter) and the suffix -ane. It was discovered in crude petroleum in 1864 by Edmund Ronalds, who was the first to describe its properties, and commercialized by Walter O. Snelling in the early 1910s.
It is one of a group of liquefied petroleum gases (LP gases). The others include propane, propylene, butadiene, butylene, isobutylene, and mixtures thereof. It burns more cleanly than both gasoline and coal. | It is a bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is an amino sulfonic acid and a bile acid taurine conjugate. It is functionally related to a cholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a taurocholate. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Streptomyces arginensis, Streptomyces, and other organisms with data available. | It is an antibiotic that is used in biology research for selecting cells in cell culture. Cells of interest can express the blasticidin resistance genes BSD or bsr, and can then survive treatment with the antibiotic. It is a nucleoside analogue antibiotic, resembling the nucleoside cytidine. Blasticidin works against human cells, fungi, and bacteria, all by disrupting protein translation. It was originally described by Japanese researchers in the 1950s seeking antibiotics for rice blast fungus. | 1 |
It describes any of the related members of a family of inorganic compounds with the general formula . The most commonly encountered form being the tetrahydrate.The anhydrous form is volatile, but the others are colourless crystalline solids that are deliquescent, tending to absorb enough moisture from the air to form an aqueous solution. Like other cadmium compounds, cadmium nitrate is known to be carcinogenic. According to X-ray crystallography, the tetrahydrate features octahedral Cd centers bound to six oxygen ligands. | It, sold under the brand name Lotrimin, among others, is an antifungal medication. It is used to treat vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush, diaper rash, tinea versicolor, and types of ringworm including athlete's foot and jock itch. It can be taken by mouth or applied as a cream to the skin or in the vagina.
Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea and itchiness. When applied to the skin, common side effects include redness and a burning sensation. In pregnancy, use on the skin or in the vagina is believed to be safe. There is no evidence of harm when used by mouth during pregnancy but this has been less well studied. When used by mouth, greater care should be taken in those with liver problems. It is in the azole class of medications and works by disrupting the fungal cell membrane.
It was discovered in 1969. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 273rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900,000 prescriptions. | 0 |
It is 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. It has a role as an EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor and an antiviral drug. | It is a member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed. | 0 |
It is an organic thiophosphate and an organothiophosphate insecticide. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide and an agrochemical. It is functionally related to a dithiodiphosphoric acid. | It is a cycloalkane and a member of cyclobutanes. | 0 |
It is an imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. It has a role as a GABAA receptor agonist, an anticonvulsant, an anxiolytic drug, an apoptosis inducer, an antineoplastic agent, a muscle relaxant, a sedative, a general anaesthetic and a central nervous system depressant. It is an organochlorine compound, an imidazobenzodiazepine and a member of monofluorobenzenes. | It, also known as tribavirin, is an antiviral medication used to treat RSV infection, hepatitis C and some viral hemorrhagic fevers. For hepatitis C, it is used in combination with other medications such as simeprevir, sofosbuvir, peginterferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2a. Among the viral hemorrhagic fevers it is sometimes used for Lassa fever, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Hantavirus infection but should not be used for Ebola or Marburg infections. It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth) or inhaled. Despite widespread usage, since the 2010s it has faced scrutiny for a lack of efficacy in treating viral infections it has historically been prescribed for.
Common side effects include tiredness, headache, nausea, fever, muscle pains, and an irritable mood. Serious side effects include red blood cell breakdown, liver problems, and allergic reactions. Use during pregnancy results in harm to the baby. Effective birth control is recommended for both males and females for at least seven months during and after use. The mechanism of action of ribavirin is not entirely clear.
It was patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. | 0 |
It is a member of ethanolamines. | It is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera, Hippospongia communis, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a volatile phytoncide, released into the atmosphere, soil and ground water, by members of the Sophora genus. Sophora pachycarpa, and Sophora exigua; all found to grow within the United States in a variety of soil types, within temperate conditions, no lower than 0 °F (US zone 6 - yellow areas shown to the right). It is released in order to protect the plant against harmful protozoa, bacteria, and fungi. It, also called kushenin (in traditional Chinese medicinal recipes), is a flavonoid compound.
Due to an increase in the rates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, scientific efforts have focused on finding either naturally-made or genetically modified compounds that can treat and or prevent these harmful and sometimes deadly bacteria. It, in preliminary research has been found to impact the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and may enhance the effect of currently used antibiotics. | It is a member of piperidines. | 0 |
It is an ester with the molecular formula CHO. It is mainly used as a solvent for resins, polymers, fats and oils. It is also used as a paint additive to improve its dispersion on a surface.
It is also used as a flavoring because of its fruity odor, and it is naturally present in many fruits (such as apples and plums) as well as alcoholic beverages. | It (Compacsul, Cospanon, Ecapron, Pellegal, Argobyl, Floveton, Saritron, Spamorin, Labrodax, Tryalon, Mirulevatin, Padeskin, Profenon) is a spasmolytic or antispasmodic agent. It acts as a COMT inhibitor.
It is synthesized from phloroglucinol in a Hoesch reaction. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Ganoderma boninense, Homo sapiens, and Phlomoides rotata with data available. | L-lanthionine is the L-enantiomer of lanthionine. It is a lanthionine, a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid and a L-alanine derivative. It is a tautomer of a L-lanthionine dizwitterion. | 0 |
It is a carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals. It has a role as a fungal metabolite, an EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor, an antifungal agent, a Penicillium metabolite and an apoptosis inducer. It is a carboxylic ester, a statin (naturally occurring), a member of hexahydronaphthalenes, a member of 2-pyranones and a polyketide. | It is the ammonium salt of phosphoric acid (molar ratio 1:1). It has a role as a fertilizer. It contains a dihydrogenphosphate. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Invirase among others, is an antiretroviral medication used together with other medications to treat or prevent HIV/AIDS. Typically it is used with ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir to increase its effect. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and feeling tired. More serious side effects include problems with QT prolongation, heart block, high blood lipids, and liver problems. It appears to be safe in pregnancy. It is in the protease inhibitor class and works by blocking the HIV protease.
It was patented in 1988 and first sold in 1995. | It is a benzodiazepine. | 0 |
It is a bacterial iron chelating agent (siderophore) found in E. coli. It is a virulence factor enabling E. coli to sequester iron in iron-poor environments such as the urinary tract.
It is biosynthesized by the oxidation of lysine, catalyzed by the enzyme aerobactin synthase, which is then coupled to citric acid. The gene for this enzyme is found in the aerobactin operon, which is roughly 8 kilobases long and contains 5 or more genes in total.
Yersinia pestis contains genes relating to aerobactin, but they have been inactivated by a frameshift mutation, thus Y. pestis is no longer able to synthesize aerobactin. | It is a member of the class of benzoisochromanequinone that is produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and exhibits antibiotic activity. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite and an antimicrobial agent. It is a benzoisochromanequinone, a polyketide, a dicarboxylic acid, a polyphenol, a ring assembly and a member of p-quinones. It is a conjugate acid of an actinorhodin(3-). | 0 |
It is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis. It is used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a stereoisomer and pseudo-enantiomer of cinchonidine.
It is structurally similar to quinine, an antimalarial drug.
It is a GLP-1 receptor agonist and therefore has potential as a possible treatment for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. | It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a prodrug, an antipyretic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic primary alcohol and a member of benzyl alcohols. It is functionally related to a salicyl alcohol. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and a geroprotector. It is functionally related to a biguanide. It is a conjugate base of a metformin(1+). | It is the simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12℃), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead. It has a role as a local anaesthetic, an antipruritic drug and an inhalation anaesthetic. | 0 |
It is a pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position. It has a role as a serotonergic antagonist, an antiemetic and a gastrointestinal drug. It is a pyridoindole and a member of imidazoles. | It, also called 2,4,5-TP, is the organic compound 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid. It is a phenoxy herbicide and a plant growth regulator, an analog of 2,4,5-T in which the latters acetic acid sidechain is replaced with a propionate group (with an extra CH). The addition of this extra methyl group creates a chiral centre in the molecule and useful biological activity is found only in the (2R)-isomer. The compounds mechanism of action is to mimic the auxin growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA). When sprayed on plants it induces rapid, uncontrolled growth. As with 2,4,5-T, fenoprop is toxic to shrubs and trees.
The name Silvex was used in the USA but it has been banned from use there since 1985. According to the Environmental Protection Agency its greatest use was as a postemergence herbicide for control of woody plants, and broadleaf herbaceous weeds in rice and bluegrass turf, in sugarcane, in rangeland improvement programs and on lawns.
It and some of its esters were in use from 1945 but are now obsolete. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Adriamycin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer. This includes breast cancer, bladder cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. It is often used together with other chemotherapy agents. It is given by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, rash, and inflammation of the mouth. Other serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, heart damage, tissue damage at the site of injection, radiation recall, and treatment-related leukemia. People often experience red discoloration of the urine for a few days. It is in the anthracycline and antitumor antibiotic family of medications. It works in part by interfering with the function of DNA.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1974. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Versions that are pegylated and in liposomes are also available; however, they are more expensive. It was originally made from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius'. | It is the organic compound with the formula CHC(O)NHCHCHCH(OH). It is the N-acetylated derivative of dopamine. This compound is a reactive intermediate in sclerotization, the process by which insect cuticles are formed by hardening molecular precursors. The catechol substituent is susceptible to redox and crosslinking. | 0 |
It atom is a copper group element atom and a metal allergen. It has a role as a micronutrient and an Escherichia coli metabolite. | It is a member of quinazolines. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Brassica oleracea and Nicotiana tabacum with data available. | It is a salicylic acid benzyl ester, a chemical compound most frequently used in cosmetics as a fragrance additive or UV light absorber. It appears as an almost colorless liquid with a mild odor described as "very faint, sweet-floral, slightly balsamic" by some, while others smell nothing at all. There is debate whether the odour is caused solely by impurities or a genetic predisposition. It occurs naturally in a variety of plants and plant extracts and is widely used in blends of fragrance materials.
There is some evidence that people may become sensitized to this material and as a result, there is a restriction standard concerning the use of this material in fragrances by the International Fragrance Association.
It is used as a solvent for crystalline synthetic musks and as a component and fixative in floral perfumes such as carnation, jasmine, lilac, and wallflower. | 0 |
It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 6-7 (the 5S,10R-stereoisomer). It is a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and affects cognitive function, learning, and memory. It has a role as a NMDA receptor antagonist, an anaesthetic, an anticonvulsant, a nicotinic antagonist and a neuroprotective agent. It is a secondary amino compound and a tetracyclic antidepressant. It is a conjugate base of a dizocilpine(1+). | It is pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function. It has a role as a histamine agonist, a diagnostic agent and a gastrointestinal drug. It is a member of pyrazoles and a primary amino compound. | 0 |
It is a member of benzenes. | 2-Propenyl hexanoate is a fatty acid ester. | 0 |
It is an indole alkaloid fundamental parent, an indole alkaloid and a yohimban alkaloid. | It, or more accurately orthotelluric acid, is a chemical compound with the formula , often written as . It is a white crystalline solid made up of octahedral molecules which persist in aqueous solution. In the solid state, there are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral molecules, containing one hexavalent tellurium (Te) atom in the +6 oxidation state, attached to six hydroxyl (–OH) groups, thus, it can be called tellurium(VI) hydroxide.
It is a weak acid which is dibasic, forming tellurate salts with strong bases and hydrogen tellurate salts with weaker bases or upon hydrolysis of tellurates in water. It is used as tellurium-source in the synthesis of oxidation catalysts. | 0 |
It is an isoquinoline alkaloid which was discovered in 1851 by Alfred P. Durand. Hydrolysis of hydrastine yields hydrastinine, which was patented by Bayer as a haemostatic drug during the 1910s. It is present in Hydrastis canadensis (thus the name) and other plants of the family Ranunculaceae. | It (DOPAC) is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine can be metabolized into one of three substances. One such substance is DOPAC. Another is 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT). Both of these substances are degraded to form homovanillic acid (HVA). Both degradations involve the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), albeit in reverse order: MAO catalyzes dopamine to DOPAC, and COMT catalyzes DOPAC to HVA; whereas COMT catalyzes dopamine to 3-MT and MAO catalyzes 3-MT to HVA. The third metabolic end-product of dopamine is norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
DOPAC can be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, leading to the formation of toxic metabolites which destroy dopamine storage vesicles in the substantia nigra. This may contribute to the failure of levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease. A MAO-B inhibitor such as selegiline or rasagiline can prevent this from happening.
It can also be found in the bark of Eucalyptus globulus.
This product has been synthesized (52% yield) from 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid via aerobic biotransformation using whole cell cultures of Arthrobacter protophormiae. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens and Bos taurus with data available. | It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | 0 |