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Montana
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.
What was the population of the state in 2015?
{ "text": [ "1,032,949" ], "answer_start": [ 77 ] }
What was the population of the state in [MASK]?
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573424434776f41900661942
Montana
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.
How much did the population increase since 2010?
{ "text": [ "4.40%" ], "answer_start": [ 106 ] }
How much did the population increase since [MASK]?
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573424434776f41900661943
Montana
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.
What county saw the largest growth?
{ "text": [ "Gallatin County" ], "answer_start": [ 428 ] }
What county saw the largest growth?
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573424434776f41900661944
Montana
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.
What city saw the largest growth?
{ "text": [ "Kalispell" ], "answer_start": [ 561 ] }
What city saw the largest growth?
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573424d74776f41900661949
Montana
In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.
What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?
{ "text": [ "1917" ], "answer_start": [ 94 ] }
What year was [MASK] vote against war the [MASK] time?
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573424d74776f4190066194a
Montana
In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.
When did she vote a second time against war?
{ "text": [ "1941" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
When did she vote a [MASK] time against war?
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573424d74776f4190066194b
Montana
In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.
What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?
{ "text": [ "smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties." ], "answer_start": [ 504 ] }
What were conscientious objectors sent to [MASK] to do?
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573425624776f41900661959
Montana
Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.
About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?
{ "text": [ "over 13 million" ], "answer_start": [ 195 ] }
About how many bison were in [MASK] in [MASK]?
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573425624776f4190066195a
Montana
Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.
In 1884 about how many bison remained?
{ "text": [ "about 325" ], "answer_start": [ 484 ] }
In [MASK] about how many bison remained?
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573425624776f4190066195b
Montana
Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.
Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?
{ "text": [ "General Philip Sheridan" ], "answer_start": [ 246 ] }
Who pleaded to [MASK] for slaughtering bison?
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573425624776f4190066195c
Montana
Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.
What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?
{ "text": [ "1875" ], "answer_start": [ 240 ] }
What year did General [MASK] approach [MASK] about killing bison?
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573425f84776f41900661969
Montana
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?
{ "text": [ "1881" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
When did [MASK] reach [MASK] from the west?
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573425f84776f4190066196a
Montana
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?
{ "text": [ "1882" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
When did [MASK] reach [MASK] from the east?
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573425f84776f4190066196b
Montana
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?
{ "text": [ "1871, 1872 and 1873" ], "answer_start": [ 299 ] }
What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?
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573425f84776f4190066196c
Montana
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
What year was the Great White Sioux War?
{ "text": [ "1876" ], "answer_start": [ 572 ] }
What year was [MASK]?
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573425f84776f4190066196d
Montana
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?
{ "text": [ "1883" ], "answer_start": [ 633 ] }
When was the transcontinental [MASK] finished?
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573426864776f4190066197d
Montana
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?
{ "text": [ "1866" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
When was the [MASK] constitutional convention held in [MASK]?
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573426864776f4190066197e
Montana
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
Why was this constitutional convention held?
{ "text": [ "bid for statehood" ], "answer_start": [ 106 ] }
Why was this constitutional convention held?
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573426864776f4190066197f
Montana
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
When was the second constitutional convention held?
{ "text": [ "1884" ], "answer_start": [ 261 ] }
When was the [MASK] constitutional convention held?
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573426864776f41900661980
Montana
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
What year was Montana's statehood approved?
{ "text": [ "1889" ], "answer_start": [ 393 ] }
What year was [MASK] 's statehood approved?
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573426864776f41900661981
Montana
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
What other three states were approved in the same year?
{ "text": [ "North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington" ], "answer_start": [ 483 ] }
What other [MASK] states were approved in [MASK]?
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573426e6d058e614000b6a20
Montana
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.
What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?
{ "text": [ "1862" ], "answer_start": [ 21 ] }
What year did [MASK] provide land to settlers?
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573426e6d058e614000b6a21
Montana
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.
How much land did the Homestead Act allow?
{ "text": [ "160 acres" ], "answer_start": [ 88 ] }
How much land did [MASK] allow?
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573426e6d058e614000b6a22
Montana
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.
What year was the first homestead claim claimed?
{ "text": [ "1868" ], "answer_start": [ 410 ] }
What year was the [MASK] homestead claim claimed?
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57342785d058e614000b6a2e
Montana
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.
When was the Desert Land Act passed?
{ "text": [ "1877" ], "answer_start": [ 23 ] }
When was [MASK] passed?
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57342785d058e614000b6a2f
Montana
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.
How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?
{ "text": [ "640 acres" ], "answer_start": [ 98 ] }
How much land did [MASK] allot?
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57342785d058e614000b6a30
Montana
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.
How much was the charge per acre at first?
{ "text": [ "$.25" ], "answer_start": [ 143 ] }
How much was the charge per acre at [MASK]?
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5734288c4776f419006619bf
Montana
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?
{ "text": [ "1917" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
When did [MASK] pass [MASK]?
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5734288c4776f419006619c1
Montana
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
What were these acts make do to laws?
{ "text": [ "criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means" ], "answer_start": [ 289 ] }
What were these acts make do to laws?
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5734288c4776f419006619c2
Montana
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?
{ "text": [ "200" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
How many people were arrested from [MASK]?
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5734288c4776f419006619c3
Montana
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?
{ "text": [ "78" ], "answer_start": [ 468 ] }
How many of the [MASK] arrested in [MASK] were convicted?
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5733ba844776f41900661146
Genocide
In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".
Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?
{ "text": [ "that biological-physical destruction was necessary" ], "answer_start": [ 267 ] }
[MASK] bodies of [MASK] agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?
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5733ba844776f41900661149
Genocide
In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".
A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?
{ "text": [ "the type of group destruction" ], "answer_start": [ 641 ] }
A definition of what, by the [MASK], was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?
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5733ba844776f41900661147
Genocide
In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".
Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?
{ "text": [ "Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 429 ] }
Which country 's courts were noted by the [MASK] for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?
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5733ba844776f41900661148
Genocide
In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".
The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?
{ "text": [ "Convention States municipal laws" ], "answer_start": [ 521 ] }
The [MASK] found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?
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5733ba844776f41900661145
Genocide
In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".
In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?
{ "text": [ "the judgements of several international and municipal courts" ], "answer_start": [ 40 ] }
In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the [MASK]?
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57335849d058e614000b589a
Genocide
After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.
In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act?
{ "text": [ "the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide" ], "answer_start": [ 482 ] }
In [MASK], what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act?
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57335849d058e614000b5896
Genocide
After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.
In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized?
{ "text": [ "Nazi Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 55 ] }
In which war- era country was the [MASK] immortalized?
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57335849d058e614000b5897
Genocide
After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.
Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?
{ "text": [ "Lemkin" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
Following [MASK], whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?
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57335849d058e614000b5898
Genocide
After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.
Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?
{ "text": [ "United Nations General Assembly" ], "answer_start": [ 268 ] }
Which group convened officially for the [MASK] time in [MASK]?
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57335849d058e614000b5899
Genocide
After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.
While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?
{ "text": [ "provide a legal definition of the crime" ], "answer_start": [ 400 ] }
While recognizing genocide, what did [MASK] fail to do in its resolution?
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5733963c4776f41900660df7
Genocide
In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?
{ "text": [ "majority of legal scholars" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
Which group was accused by the [MASK] of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?
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5733963c4776f41900660df9
Genocide
In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?
{ "text": [ "national, racial, religious or ethnic" ], "answer_start": [ 477 ] }
What groups did the [MASK] feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?
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5733963c4776f41900660df6
Genocide
In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?
{ "text": [ "Jorgic v. Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 77 ] }
In [MASK] what former case did [MASK] draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?
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5733963c4776f41900660df8
Genocide
In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?
{ "text": [ "biological-physical" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?
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573344334776f419006607d2
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
{ "text": [ "as a descriptive term" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
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573344334776f419006607d3
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
{ "text": [ "Lemming" ], "answer_start": [ 137 ] }
Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
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573344334776f419006607d4
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
{ "text": [ "international relations and community" ], "answer_start": [ 476 ] }
[MASK] 's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
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573344334776f419006607d5
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
{ "text": [ "Australian" ], "answer_start": [ 636 ] }
What was the nationality of anthropologist [MASK]?
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573344334776f419006607d6
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
{ "text": [ "\"ritualcide\"" ], "answer_start": [ 689 ] }
What relative term did [MASK] coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
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573206f1b9d445190005e73b
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?
{ "text": [ "ritualcide" ], "answer_start": [ 690 ] }
What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?
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573206f1b9d445190005e73c
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?
{ "text": [ "anthropologist" ], "answer_start": [ 647 ] }
What kind of scientist is [MASK]?
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573206f1b9d445190005e73d
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?
{ "text": [ "language, culture, and economic infrastructure" ], "answer_start": [ 380 ] }
What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e697
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
When was the word "genocide" first used?
{ "text": [ "1944" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
When was the word "genocide" first used?
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e698
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
What is the etymology of the term "genocide"?
{ "text": [ "The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)." ], "answer_start": [ 391 ] }
What is the etymology of the term "genocide"?
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e699
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
What is the definition of genocide?
{ "text": [ "a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them" ], "answer_start": [ 543 ] }
What is the definition of genocide?
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e69a
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
Who coined the term "genocide"?
{ "text": [ "Raphael Lemkin" ], "answer_start": [ 297 ] }
Who coined the term "genocide"?
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e69b
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?
{ "text": [ "Winston Churchill" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
Who referred to acts of genocide in [MASK]?
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5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
{ "text": [ "1944" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
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5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
{ "text": [ "as \"a crime without a name\"" ], "answer_start": [ 225 ] }
In [MASK], how did [MASK] refer to the mass killings of [MASK] prisoners of war?
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5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?"
{ "text": [ "Raphael Lemkin" ], "answer_start": [ 297 ] }
What was the name of the [MASK]- Jewish lawyer who [MASK] described [MASK] atrocities as" genocide?"
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5732c3e8cc179a14009dac49
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
{ "text": [ "Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)" ], "answer_start": [ 435 ] }
What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
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5732c3e8cc179a14009dac4a
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
{ "text": [ "to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them" ], "answer_start": [ 636 ] }
As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
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5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute]."
Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?
{ "text": [ "when the targeted part is substantial enough" ], "answer_start": [ 59 ] }
Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?
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5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute]."
What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry?
{ "text": [ "The numeric size" ], "answer_start": [ 169 ] }
What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry?
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5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute]."
The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?
{ "text": [ "absolute terms" ], "answer_start": [ 391 ] }
The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?
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5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute]."
In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?
{ "text": [ "prominence within the group" ], "answer_start": [ 530 ] }
In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the [MASK]?
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5733c6224776f419006611f4
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."
The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13?
{ "text": [ "perpetrators' access to the victims" ], "answer_start": [ 50 ] }
The issue of what is raised by judges in [MASK]?
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5733c6224776f419006611f5
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."
What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered?
{ "text": [ "historical examples of genocide" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered?
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5733c6224776f419006611f6
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."
The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
{ "text": [ "possible extent of their reach" ], "answer_start": [ 209 ] }
The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
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5733c6224776f419006611f7
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."
What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
{ "text": [ "the opportunity presented to him" ], "answer_start": [ 351 ] }
What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
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5733c6224776f419006611f8
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."
While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
{ "text": [ "inform the analysis" ], "answer_start": [ 511 ] }
While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
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5733ce494776f41900661298
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.
On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?
{ "text": [ "12 January 1951" ], "answer_start": [ 55 ] }
On which date did [MASK] become effective?
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5733ce494776f41900661299
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.
What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties?
{ "text": [ "20" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties?
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5733ce494776f4190066129a
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.
Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?
{ "text": [ "only two" ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
Of the [MASK] permanent members of [MASK], how many were parties to the treaty?
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5733ce494776f4190066129b
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.
What member ratified in 1970?
{ "text": [ "the United Kingdom" ], "answer_start": [ 303 ] }
What member ratified in [MASK]?
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5733ce494776f4190066129c
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.
The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?
{ "text": [ "four" ], "answer_start": [ 601 ] }
The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the [MASK] was largely powerless for over how many decades?
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a2
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
{ "text": [ "a diplomatic compromise" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
In [MASK] it was written that the [MASK] was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a3
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
{ "text": [ "a research tool" ], "answer_start": [ 216 ] }
Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a4
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
What does the treaty possess that others lack?
{ "text": [ "international legal credibility" ], "answer_start": [ 288 ] }
What does the treaty possess that others lack?
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a5
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
{ "text": [ "alternative definitions" ], "answer_start": [ 438 ] }
The writers [MASK] and [MASK] cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
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5733f7b64776f419006615e3
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.
What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
{ "text": [ "Jonassohn and Björnson" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
What [MASK] writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
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5733f7b64776f419006615e4
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.
The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?
{ "text": [ "their focus" ], "answer_start": [ 155 ] }
The [MASK] writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?
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5733f7b64776f419006615e5
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.
What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?
{ "text": [ "Frank Chalk" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
What writer joined [MASK] in the study of the whole of human history?
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5733f7b64776f419006615e6
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.
With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?
{ "text": [ "R. J. Rummel" ], "answer_start": [ 395 ] }
With whom was [MASK] paired in research that focused on [MASK] works?
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5733f7b64776f419006615e7
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.
Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?
{ "text": [ "Ted Gurr" ], "answer_start": [ 503 ] }
[MASK] women and what man concentrated on [MASK] events?
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5733f9c64776f41900661615
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.
Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
{ "text": [ "social and political groups" ], "answer_start": [ 17 ] }
Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
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5733f9c64776f41900661616
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.
In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
{ "text": [ "The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response" ], "answer_start": [ 195 ] }
In what book did [MASK] contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
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5733f9c64776f41900661617
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.
Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
{ "text": [ "political groups" ], "answer_start": [ 349 ] }
[MASK] argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
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5733f9c64776f41900661618
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.
In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?
{ "text": [ "Genocide" ], "answer_start": [ 442 ] }
In the writing of [MASK] and [MASK], what is stated to be a form of [MASK]- sided mass killing?
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5733f9c64776f41900661619
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.
In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator?
{ "text": [ "intends to destroy a group" ], "answer_start": [ 523 ] }
In further elaborating on the definition, how did [MASK] and [MASK] phrase the intention of the perpetrator?
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5733fcd5d058e614000b6717
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.
In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?
{ "text": [ "murder by government" ], "answer_start": [ 86 ] }
In the writings of [MASK], what is the [MASK] and ordinary meaning of genocide?
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5733fcd5d058e614000b6718
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.
Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?
{ "text": [ "religious group" ], "answer_start": [ 159 ] }
[MASK] postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?
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5733fcd5d058e614000b6719
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.
The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
{ "text": [ "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide" ], "answer_start": [ 257 ] }
The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
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5733fcd5d058e614000b671a
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.
Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?
{ "text": [ "eliminate the group" ], "answer_start": [ 375 ] }
Included in the [MASK] is non - killings that ultimately achieve what end?
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5733fcd5d058e614000b671b
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.
In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?
{ "text": [ "preventing births" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
In the interpretation of non - killings, the [MASK] cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?
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57340136d058e614000b6783
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).
In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?
{ "text": [ "Adrian Gallagher" ], "answer_start": [ 188 ] }
In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?
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57340136d058e614000b6784
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).
In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group?
{ "text": [ "collective power" ], "answer_start": [ 243 ] }
In [MASK] 's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group?
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57340136d058e614000b6785
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).
Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?
{ "text": [ "intent" ], "answer_start": [ 522 ] }
[MASK] 's definition upholds the centrality of what?
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57340136d058e614000b6786
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).
The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?
{ "text": [ "group identity" ], "answer_start": [ 604 ] }
The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the [MASK] one?
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