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English: Nearby supernova explosions may cause geological isotope anomalies via the
direct deposition of debris or by cosmic-ray spallation in the earth's
atmosphere. We estimate the mass of material deposited terrestrially by these
two mechanisms, showing the dependence on the supernova distance. A number of
radioactive isotopes are identified as possible diagnostic tools, such as
Be-10, Al-26, Cl-36, Mn-53, Fe-60, and Ni-59, as well as the longer-lived
I-129, Sm-146, and Pu-244. We discuss whether the 35 and 60 kyr-old Be-10
anomalies observed in the Vostok antarctic ice cores could be due to supernova
explosions. Combining our estimates for matter deposition with results of
recent nucleosynthesis yields, we calculate the expected signal from nearby
supernovae using ice cores back to $\sim 300$ kyr ago, and we discuss using
deep ocean sediments back to several hundred Myr. In particular, we examine the
prospects for identifying isotope anomalies due to the Geminga supernova
explosion, and signatures of the possibility that supernovae might have caused
one or more biological mass extinctions.
Chinese: 附近超新星爆炸可能通过直接沉积碎片或通过地球大气中的宇宙射线裂变引起地质同位素异常。我们估计这两种机制在地表沉积的物质质量，并显示其与超新星距离的依赖关系。许多放射性同位素被识别为可能的诊断工具，例如Be-10、Al-26、Cl-36、Mn-53、Fe-60和Ni-59，以及更长寿的I-129、Sm-146和Pu-244。我们讨论了在沃斯托克南极冰芯中观察到的35和60千年前Be-10异常是否可能是由于超新星爆炸引起的。结合我们对物质沉积的估计与最近核合成结果，我们使用冰芯回溯到约300千年前，计算了附近超新星预期的信号，并讨论了使用深海沉积物回溯到数亿年前。特别是，我们检查了识别由于Geminga超新星爆炸引起的同位素异常的前景，以及超新星可能造成一次或多次生物大灭绝的可能性标志。
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English: Speech-to-speech translation directly translates a speech utterance to
another between different languages, and has great potential in tasks such as
simultaneous interpretation. State-of-art models usually contains an auxiliary
module for phoneme sequences prediction, and this requires textual annotation
of the training dataset. We propose a direct speech-to-speech translation model
which can be trained without any textual annotation or content information.
Instead of introducing an auxiliary phoneme prediction task in the model, we
propose to use bottleneck features as intermediate training objectives for our
model to ensure the translation performance of the system. Experiments on
Mandarin-Cantonese speech translation demonstrate the feasibility of the
proposed approach and the performance can match a cascaded system with respect
of translation and synthesis qualities.
Chinese: 语音到语音翻译直接将一种语言的语音表达翻译成另一种语言，在如同声传译等任务中具有巨大潜力。最先进的模型通常包含一个辅助模块用于预测音素序列，而这需要训练数据集的文本标注。我们提出了一种直接语音到语音翻译模型，该模型可以在没有任何文本标注或内容信息的情况下进行训练。我们不是在模型中引入辅助的音素预测任务，而是提议使用瓶颈特征作为我们模型的中间训练目标，以确保系统的翻译性能。在普通话-粤语语音翻译上的实验证明了所提出方法的可行性，并且在翻译和合成质量方面可以与级联系统相媲美。
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English: Using as ingredients the non-perturbative solutions of various QCD Green's
function obtained from Schwinger-Dyson equations (SDEs), we study two versions
of the QCD effective charge. The first one obtained from the pinch technique
gluon self-energy, and the second from the ghost-gluon vertex. Despite the
distinct nature of their buildings blocks, the two effectives charges are
almost identical in the entire range of momenta, due to a fundamental identity
relating the ghost dressing function with the two form factors of Green's
function, which is of central importance in the PT-BFM formalism. In this talk,
we outline how to derive this crucial identity from the SDEs of the
aforementioned Green's functions. The renormalization procedure that preserves
the validity of this identity is discussed in detail. Most importantly, we show
that due to the infrared finiteness of the gluon propagator, the QCD charge
obtained with either definition freezes in the deep infrared, in agreement with
theoretical and phenomenological expectations.
Chinese: 以从施温格-约当方程（SDEs）得到的各种QCD格林函数的非扰动解作为原料，我们研究了两种版本的QCD有效电荷。第一种来自束缚技术的胶子自能，第二种来自虚粒子-胶子顶角。尽管它们的构建块具有不同的性质，这两种有效电荷在整个动量范围内几乎相同，这是由于一个将虚粒子规整函数与格林函数的两个形因子联系起来的基本恒等式，该恒等式在PT-BFM形式主义中具有核心重要性。在本次演讲中，我们概述了如何从上述格林函数的SDEs推导出这个关键恒等式。详细讨论了保持该恒等式有效性的重整化过程。最重要的是，我们证明由于胶子传播子的红外有限性，无论使用哪种定义得到的QCD电荷在红外深处都会冻结，这与理论和现象学的预期一致。
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English: The last years have seen a growing interest in collaborative systems like
electronic marketplaces and P2P file sharing systems where people are intended
to interact with other people. Those systems, however, are subject to security
and operational risks because of their open and distributed nature. Reputation
systems provide a mechanism to reduce such risks by building trust
relationships among entities and identifying malicious entities. A popular
reputation model is the so called flow-based model. Most existing reputation
systems based on such a model provide only a ranking, without absolute
reputation values; this makes it difficult to determine whether entities are
actually trustworthy or untrustworthy. In addition, those systems ignore a
significant part of the available information; as a consequence, reputation
values may not be accurate. In this paper, we present a flow-based reputation
metric that gives absolute values instead of merely a ranking. Our metric makes
use of all the available information. We study, both analytically and
numerically, the properties of the proposed metric and the effect of attacks on
reputation values.
Chinese: 近年来，人们对像电子市场和P2P文件共享系统这样的协作系统越来越感兴趣，在这些系统中，人们被期望与其他人互动。然而，由于这些系统的开放和分布式特性，它们面临着安全和操作风险。声誉系统通过在实体之间建立信任关系并识别恶意实体，提供了一种降低此类风险的机制。一个流行的声誉模型是所谓的基于流量的模型。大多数基于这种模型的现有声誉系统只提供排名，而没有绝对声誉值；这使得很难确定实体是否真正可信或不可信。此外，这些系统忽略了大量可用信息的一部分；因此，声誉值可能不准确。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于流量的声誉度量，它提供绝对值而不是仅仅排名。我们的度量利用了所有可用信息。我们既从理论上又从数值上研究了所提出的度量特性以及攻击对声誉值的影响。
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English: We study the propagation of anisotropic sound and shock waves in dipolar
Bose-Einstein condensate in three dimensions (3D) as well as in quasi-two (2D,
disk shape) and quasi-one (1D, cigar shape) dimensions using the mean-field
approach. In 3D, the propagation of sound and shock waves are distinct in
directions parallel and perpendicular to dipole axis with the appearance of
instability above a critical value corresponding to attraction. Similar
instability appears in 1D and not in 2D. The numerical anisotropic Mach angle
agrees with theoretical prediction. The numerical sound velocity in all cases
agrees with that calculated from Bogoliubov theory. A movie of the anisotropic
wave propagation in a dipolar condensate is made available as supplementary
material.
Chinese: 我们使用平均场方法研究了三维（3D）以及准二维（2D，盘形）和准一维（1D，雪茄形）中双极Bose-Einstein凝聚体中各向异性声波和冲击波的传播。在3D中，声波和冲击波的传播在平行和垂直于偶极轴的方向上是不同的，当达到对应吸引力的临界值时会出现不稳定性。在1D中会出现类似的稳定性，而在2D中则不会。数值模拟的各向异性马赫角与理论预测相符。所有情况下的数值声速与从博戈留博夫理论计算出的声速一致。一个关于双极凝聚体中各向异性波传播的电影作为补充材料提供。
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English: We study the core mass -- halo mass relation of bosonic dark matter halos, in
the form of self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates, harbouring a
supermassive black hole. We use the ``velocity dispersion tracing'' relation
according to which the velocity dispersion in the core $v_c^2\sim GM_c/R_c$ is
of the same order as the velocity dispersion in the halo $v_h^2\sim GM_h/r_h$
(this relation can be justified from thermodynamical arguments) and the
approximate analytical mass-radius relation of the quantum core in the presence
of a central black hole obtained in our previous paper [P.H. Chavanis, Eur.
Phys. J. Plus 134, 352 (2019)]. For a given minimum halo mass $(M_h)_{\rm
min}\sim 10^8\, M_{\odot}$ determined by the observations, the only free
parameter of our model is the scattering length $a_s$ of the bosons (their mass
$m$ is then determined by the characteristics of the minimum halo). For
noninteracting bosons and for bosons with a repulsive self-interaction, we find
that the core mass $M_c$ increases with the halo mass $M_h$ and achieves a
maximum value $(M_c)_{\rm max}$ at some halo mass $(M_h)_{*}$ before
decreasing. The whole series of equilibria is stable. For bosons with an
attractive self-interaction, we find that the core mass achieves a maximum
value $(M_c)_{\rm max}$ at some halo mass $(M_h)_{*}$ before decreasing. The
series of equilibria becomes unstable above a maximum halo mass $(M_h)_{\rm
max}\ge (M_h)_{*}$. In the absence of black hole $(M_h)_{\rm max}=(M_h)_{*}$.
At that point, the quantum core (similar to a dilute axion star) collapses. We
perform a similar study for fermionic dark matter halos. We find that they
behave similarly to bosonic dark matter halos with a repulsive
self-interaction, the Pauli principle for fermions playing the role of the
repulsive self-interaction for bosons.
Chinese: 我们研究了玻色子暗物质晕的核心质量-晕质量关系，这种关系以自引力玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的形式存在，并包含一个超大质量黑洞。我们使用了“速度散度追踪”关系，根据该关系，核心中的速度散度 $v_c^2\sim GM_c/R_c$ 与晕中的速度散度 $v_h^2\sim GM_h/r_h$ 是同一数量级（这个关系可以从热力学论证中得到证明），以及我们在之前论文中获得的中心黑洞存在时量子核心的近似解析质量-半径关系[P.H. Chavanis, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 134, 352 (2019)]。对于由观测确定的给定最小晕质量 $(M_h)_{\rm min}\sim 10^8\, M_{\odot}$，我们模型中唯一的自由参数是玻色子的散射长度 $a_s$（它们的质量 $m$ 由最小晕的特征决定）。对于非相互作用玻色子和具有排斥性自相互作用的玻色子，我们发现核心质量 $M_c$ 随晕质量 $M_h$ 增加并在某个晕质量 $(M_h)_{*}$ 处达到最大值 $(M_c)_{\rm max}$，然后减小。整个平衡系列是稳定的。对于具有吸引性自相互作用的玻色子，我们发现核心质量在某个晕质量 $(M_h)_{*}$ 处达到最大值 $(M_c)_{\rm max}$，然后减小。平衡系列在最大晕质量 $(M_h)_{\rm max}\ge (M_h)_{*}$ 以上变得不稳定。在没有黑洞的情况下 $(M_h)_{\rm max}=(M_h)_{*}$。在这一点上，量子核心（类似于稀疏轴子星）发生坍缩。我们对费米子暗物质晕也进行了类似的研究。我们发现它们的性质与具有排斥性自相互作用的玻色子暗物质晕相似，费米子的泡利原理在玻色子中扮演着排斥性自相互作用的角色。
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English: The linear polarization signals produced by scattering processes in strong
resonance lines are rich in information on the magnetic and thermal structure
of the chromosphere and transition region of the Sun and of other stars. A
correct modeling of these signals requires accounting for partial frequency
redistribution effects, as well as for the impact of quantum interference
between different fine structure levels (J-state interference). In this paper,
we present a theoretical approach suitable for modeling the transfer of
resonance line polarization when taking these effects into account, along with
an accurate numerical method of solution of the problem's equations. We
consider a two-term atom with unpolarized lower term and infinitely sharp lower
levels, in the absence of magnetic fields. We show that by making simple formal
substitutions on the quantum numbers, the theoretical approach derived here for
a two-term atom can also be applied to describe a two-level atom with hyperfine
structure. An illustrative application to the MgII doublet around 2800A is
presented.
Chinese: 由强共振线中的散射过程产生的线性偏振信号，在太阳和其他恒星的大气层和过渡区域的磁性和热结构方面含有丰富的信息。对这些信号的准确建模需要考虑部分频率重分布效应，以及不同精细结构能级之间量子干涉的影响（J态干涉）。在本文中，我们提出了一种适合于考虑这些效应时建模共振线偏振传输的理论方法，以及一个精确的求解问题方程的数值方法。我们考虑了一个具有未极化下能级和无限尖锐的下能级的双能级原子，在没有磁场的情况下。我们表明，通过在量子数上进行简单的形式替换，这里为双能级原子推导出的理论方法也可以用来描述具有超精细结构的双能级原子。我们还展示了一个关于2800A附近MgII双线的说明性应用。
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English: The method of unitary transformations generates five classes of leading-order
reducible chiral four-nucleon interactions which involve pion-exchanges and a
spin-spin contact-term. Their first-order contributions to the energy per
particle of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter and pure neutron matter are
evaluated in detail. For most of the closed four-loop diagrams the occurring
integrals over four Fermi-spheres can be reduced to easily manageable one- or
two-parameter integrals. One observes substantial cancelations among the
different contributions arising from 2-ring and 1-ring diagrams. Altogether,
the net attraction generated by the chiral four-nucleon interaction does not
exceed values of $-1.3$\,MeV for densities $\rho<2\rho_0$.
Chinese: 统一变换的方法产生了五类首阶可约的左手性四核相互作用，这些相互作用涉及π介子交换和自旋-自旋接触项。它们对同位旋对称核物质和纯中子物质每核能量的首次贡献被详细评估。对于大多数封闭的四重循环图，出现在四个费米球上的积分可以简化为易于管理的单参数或双参数积分。观察到来自2环和1环图的不同贡献之间存在显著的抵消。总的来说，由左手性四核相互作用产生的净吸引力对于密度ρ<2ρ_0时不超过-1.3 MeV。
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English: Recent studies have shown the possibility of water transport across carbon
nanotubes, even in the case of nanotubes with small diameter (0.822 nm). In
this case, water shows subcontinuum transport following an ordered 1D structure
stabilized by hydrogen bonds. In this work, we report MD simulations describing
the effect of a perpendicular electric field in this single-file water
transport in carbon nanotubes. We show that water permeation is substantially
reduced for field intensities of 2-3 V/nm and it is no longer possible under
perpendicular fields of 4 V/nm.
Chinese: 最近的研究表明，水可以通过碳纳米管进行运输，即使在直径较小的纳米管（0.822纳米）的情况下。在这种情况下，水表现出亚连续运输，遵循有序的一维结构，该结构由氢键稳定。在这项工作中，我们报道了描述垂直电场对此单通道水在碳纳米管中运输影响的分子动力学模拟。我们显示，在2-3 V/nm的电场强度下，水的渗透显著减少，在4 V/nm的垂直电场下则不再可能。
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English: A proof is given that the polar decomposition procedure for unitarity
restoration works for products of invertible nonunitary operators. A brief
discussion follows that the unitarity restoration procedure, applied to
propagators in spacetimes containing closed timelike curves, is analogous to
the original introduction by Feynman of ghosts to restore unitarity in
non-abelian gauge theories. (The substance of this paper will be a note added
in proof to the published version of gr-qc/9405058, to appear in Phys Rev D.)
Chinese: 给出了一种证明，即极分解方法对于可逆非幺正算子的乘积是有效的。随后进行了一个简要讨论，即当将幺正恢复过程应用于包含闭合类时曲线的时空中的传播子时，该方法与费曼最初在非阿贝尔规范理论中引入鬼以恢复幺正性的做法类似。（本文的主要内容将是添加在证明中的注释，用于发表在Phys Rev D上的gr-qc/9405058版本。）
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English: The Ehrenfest equation is derived rigorously for the case when an 'effective'
volume V* = AV of the strained solids is a continuous function of the
temperature. The Ehrenfest equation for strained solids is generalized to an
arbitrary temperature. Far from 0 K (in contrast to the situation near 0 K) the
phase transition temperature derivative with respect to uniaxial pressure
depends on the temperature expansion coefficient of an ' effective' volume. For
Rochelle salt strained by a uniaxial pressure at room temperature the
predominant contribution into this dependence is made by the coefficient A. At
the second order phase transition under uniaxial pressure the 'effective' (but
not true) volume is the continuous function of the temperature. The Ehrenfest
equation for solids strained by hydrostatic pressure can be presented as a sum
of three linear parts proportional to the crystal linear thermal expansion
coefficients along the axes a, b, c. These parts are equal to the second order
transition temperature derivative with respect to hydrostatic (but not
uniaxial) pressure,
Chinese: 严格推导了当“有效”体积V* = AV（受约束固体的体积）是温度连续函数的情况下Ehrenfest方程。将受约束固体的Ehrenfest方程推广到任意温度。远离0 K（与接近0 K的情况相对比），相变温度对单轴压力的导数依赖于“有效”体积的温度膨胀系数。对于在室温下通过单轴压力拉伸的罗谢盐，这种依赖性的主要贡献来自于系数A。在单轴压力下的第二阶相变中，“有效”（而非真实）体积是温度的连续函数。受等向压力约束的固体的Ehrenfest方程可以表示为三个线性部分的和，这些部分与沿a、b、c轴的晶体线性热膨胀系数成正比。这些部分等于第二阶相变温度对等向（而非单轴）压力的导数。
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English: Among many Bechgaard salts, TMTSF2NO3 exhibits very anomalous low temperature
properties. Unlike conventional spin density wave (SDW), TMTSF2NO3 undergoes
the SDW transition at $\T_SDW\approx 9.5$ K and the low temperature
quasiparticle excitations are gapless. Also, it is known that TMTSF2NO3 does
not exhibit superconductivity even under pressure, while FISDW is found in
TMTSF2NO3 only for P=8.5 kbar and B>20 T. Here we shall show that both the
angle dependent magnetoresistance data and the nonlinear Hall resistance of
TMTSF2NO3 at ambient pressure are interpreted satisfactory in terms of
unconventional spin density wave (USDW). Based on these facts, we propose a new
phase diagram for Bechgaards salts.
Chinese: 在众多贝查德盐中，TMTSF2NO3表现出非常异常的低温性质。与传统的自旋密度波（SDW）不同，TMTSF2NO3在$\T_SDW\approx 9.5$ K时发生SDW转变，低温下的准粒子激发是无隙的。此外，已知即使在压力下，TMTSF2NO3也不表现出超导性，而仅在P=8.5 kbar和B>20 T时，TMTSF2NO3中才发现了FISDW。在这里，我们将展示在常压下，TMTSF2NO3的角度依赖性磁阻数据和非线性霍尔电阻可以很好地用非常规自旋密度波（USDW）来解释。基于这些事实，我们提出了贝查德盐的新相图。
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English: An ordered graph $G$ is a graph together with a specified linear ordering on
the vertices, and its interval chromatic number is the minimum number of
independent sets consisting of consecutive vertices that are needed to
partition the vertex set. The $t$-color Ramsey number $R_t(G)$ of an ordered
graph $G$ is the minimum number of vertices of an ordered complete graph such
that every edge-coloring from a set of $t$ colors contains a monochromatic copy
of $G$ such that the copy of $G$ preserves the original ordering on $G$. An
ordered graph is $k$-ichromatic if it has interval chromatic number $k$. We
obtain lower bounds linear in the number of vertices for the Ramsey numbers of
certain classes of 2-ichromatic ordered graphs. We also determine the exact
value of the $t$-color Ramsey number for two families of 2-ichromatic ordered
graphs, and we prove a linear upper bound for a class of 2-ichromatic ordered
graphs.
Chinese: 一个有序图 $G$ 是一个图，它包含一个顶点的指定线性排序，其区间着色数是所需将顶点集划分为独立集的最小连续顶点集数目。有序图 $G$ 的 $t$-色拉姆齐数 $R_t(G)$ 是一个有序完全图的最小顶点数，使得从 $t$ 种颜色集合中任取一种颜色对边进行着色时，都包含一个保持 $G$ 原始排序的单色子图。一个有序图如果其区间着色数为 $k$，则称为 $k$-着色图。我们得到了某些类别的 2-着色有序图的拉姆齐数的线性下界。我们还确定了两个 2-着色有序图系列的 $t$-色拉姆齐数的确切值，并为一类 2-着色有序图证明了一个线性上界。
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English: We compute the renormalization functions on the lattice, in the RI' scheme,
of local bilinear quark operators $\bar{\psi}\Gamma\psi$, where $\Gamma= 1,
\gamma_5, \gamma_\mu, \gamma_5\gamma_\mu, \gamma_5\sigma_{\mu\nu}$. This
calculation is carried out to two loops for the first time. We consider both
the flavor non-singlet and singlet operators.
As a prerequisite for the above, we compute the quark field renormalization,
$Z_\psi$, up to two loops. We also compute the 1-loop renormalization functions
for the gluon field, $Z_A$, ghost field, $Z_c$, gauge parameter, $Z_\alpha$,
and coupling constant $Z_g$.
We use the clover action for fermions and the Wilson action for gluons. Our
results are given as an explicit function of the coupling constant, the clover
coefficient $c_{SW}$, and the number of fermion colors ($N_c$) and flavors
($N_f$), in the renormalized Feynman gauge. All 1-loop quantities are evaluated
in an arbitrary gauge.
Finally, we present our results in the MS-bar scheme, for easier comparison
with calculations in the continuum. We have generalized to fermionic fields in
an arbitrary representation. Some special features of superficially divergent
integrals, obtained from the evaluation of two-loop Feynman diagrams, are
presented in detail in Ref. 1.
Chinese: 我们在格点上计算了在RI'方案下，局部双线性夸克算符$\bar{\psi}\Gamma\psi$的归一化函数，其中$\Gamma= 1, \gamma_5, \gamma_\mu, \gamma_5\gamma_\mu, \gamma_5\sigma_{\mu\nu}$。这一计算首次在两环中完成。我们考虑了既包括味非奇异也包括味奇异的操作符。
作为上述计算的先决条件，我们计算了夸克场归一化$Z_\psi$，直至两环。我们也计算了鬼场$Z_A$、鬼场$Z_c$、规范参数$Z_\alpha$和耦合常数$Z_g$的一环归一化函数。
我们使用了改进的行动子来描述夸克，使用Wilson行动来描述光子。我们的结果以显式函数的形式给出，该函数依赖于耦合常数、改进系数$c_{SW}$以及复数颜色数$N_c$和复数味数$N_f$，在已归一化的费曼规范下。所有一环量在任意规范下都得到了评估。
最后，我们在MS-bar方案下给出了我们的结果，以便与连续性的计算结果进行更容易的比较。我们已经将任意表示的费米子场推广到了一般情况。在两环费曼图评估过程中得到的表面发散的积分的一些特殊性质，在参考文献1中进行了详细的展示。
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English: We investigate revenue maximization problems in auctions for dynamic spectrum
access. We consider the frequency division and spread spectrum methods of
dynamic spectrum sharing. In the frequency division method, a primary spectrum
user allocates portions of spectrum to different secondary users. In the spread
spectrum method, the primary user allocates transmission powers to each
secondary user. In both cases, we assume that a secondary user's utility
function is linear in the rate it can achieve by using the available
spectrum/power. Assuming strategic users, we present incentive compatible,
individually rational and revenue-maximizing mechanisms for the two scenarios.
Chinese: 我们研究了动态频谱接入拍卖中的收益最大化问题。我们考虑了动态频谱共享的频分和扩频方法。在频分方法中，主频谱用户将频谱的一部分分配给不同的次级用户。在扩频方法中，主用户将传输功率分配给每个次级用户。在这两种情况下，我们假设次级用户的效用函数与通过使用可用的频谱/功率所能达到的速率呈线性关系。考虑到策略性用户，我们为这两种场景提出了激励相容、个体理性且收益最大化的机制。
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English: Recent measurements of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos are
briefly reviewed. With several new large scale observatories nearing completion
or becoming fully operational only very recently, a large body of high quality
and high statistics data is growing up now. Already these first data have
started to open up a new window to the high energy Universe giving us first
direct clues about the origin of the most energetic particles with energies of
about 10^{20} eV as well as about their interactions from extragalactic sources
to Earth. Also, for the first time full sky views of high energy neutrinos have
become available with neutrino telescopes operating on either Hemisphere. While
a "smoking gun" is still missing on galactic sources of cosmic rays,
constraining upper limits to neutrino fluxes from various source candidates are
reported. Thus, future neutrino telescopes, such as KM3NeT in the Mediterranean
should aim at volumes significantly larger than one cubic kilometer. Besides
seeking the sources of galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays, the new
generation of cosmic ray and neutrino observatories touches a wide range of
scientific issues and they have already provided important results on tests of
fundamental physics.
Chinese: 近期超高能宇宙射线和中微子的测量结果简要回顾。随着数个大型观测设施接近完工或刚刚全面投入运行，大量高质量、高统计量的数据正在不断积累。这些首批数据已经开启了观测高能宇宙的新窗口，为我们提供了关于能量高达约10^20 eV的最强粒子的起源以及它们从河外源到达地球的相互作用的首次直接线索。此外，首次通过南北半球的中微子望远镜获得了全天高能中微子的观测图像。尽管银河系宇宙射线的"决定性证据"仍缺失，但已报告了来自各种候选源的中微子通量上限。因此，未来的中微子望远镜（如地中海的KM3NeT）应瞄准体积远超一立方公里的观测空间。除了寻找银河系和河外宇宙射线的来源，新一代宇宙射线和中微子观测设施还涉及广泛的科学问题，并且已经就基本物理检验提供了重要结果。
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English: This is a written version of a talk given at the Fifth Friedmann Seminar on
recent work in Observational Cosmic Topology done in partial collaboration with
Armando Bernui. We address three relevant questions related to the search for
the size and shape of our Universe: (i) How do the actual observation of
multiple images of certain cosmic objects, e.g. galaxy clusters, constrain the
possible models for the shape of our Universe?, (ii) What kind of predictions
can be done once a pair of cosmic objects have been identified to be
topological images related by a translation?, and (iii) Is it possible to
determine if two regions of space are topologically identified, even when
distortions on the distributions of cosmic sources due to observational
limitations are not negligible? We give examples answering the first two
questions using the suggestion of Roukema and Edge that the clusters RXJ
1347.5-1145 and CL 09104+4109 might be topological images of the Coma cluster.
For the third question, we suggest a method based on the analysis of PSH's
noise correlations which seems to give a positive answer.
Chinese: 这是在第五届弗里德曼研讨会上发表的关于观测宇宙拓扑学最新研究成果的书面报告，部分内容与阿曼多·贝尔尼乌合作完成。我们探讨了与寻找宇宙大小和形状相关的三个相关问题：（i）实际观测到的某些宇宙物体（例如星系团）的多重图像如何限制我们宇宙形状的可能模型？（ii）一旦确定一对宇宙物体通过平移相关联，可以做出哪些预测？（iii）即使在观测限制导致的宇宙源分布扭曲不可忽略的情况下，我们是否能够确定两个空间区域在拓扑上是相同的？我们使用鲁克马和埃奇的建议，即RXJ 1347.5-1145和CL 09104+4109星系团可能是科马星系团的拓扑像，来举例回答前两个问题。对于第三个问题，我们提出了一种基于PSH噪声相关分析的方法，这似乎给出了肯定的答案。
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English: A common situation in experimental physics is to have a signal which can not
be separated from a non-interfering background through the use of any cut. In
this paper, we describe a procedure for determining, on an event-by-event
basis, a quality factor ($Q$-factor) that a given event originated from the
signal distribution. This procedure generalizes the "side-band" subtraction
method to higher dimensions without requiring the data to be divided into bins.
The $Q$-factors can then be used as event weights in subsequent analysis
procedures, allowing one to more directly access the true spectrum of the
signal.
Chinese: 在实验物理学中，常见的情况是存在一个信号，无法通过任何切割方法将其与不干扰的背景分离。在这篇论文中，我们描述了一种方法，该方法基于事件，确定一个给定事件是否来自信号分布的质量因子（$Q$-因子）。这种方法将“边带”减法方法推广到更高维度，而不需要将数据划分为不同的区间。然后，这些$Q$-因子可以用作后续分析过程的事件权重，使得人们能够更直接地访问信号的真正频谱。
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English: For integers $n\ge s\ge 2$ let $e(n,s)$ denote the maximum of $|\mathcal F|,$
where $\mathcal F$ is a family of subsets of an $n$-element set and $\mathcal
F$ contains no $s$ pairwise disjoint members. Half a century ago, solving a
conjecture of Erd\H os, Kleitman determined $e(sm-1,s)$ and $e(sm,s)$ for all
$m,s\ge 1$. During the years very little progress in the general case was made.
In the present paper we state a general conjecture concerning the value of
$e(sm-l,m)$ for $1<l<s$ and prove its validity for $s>s_0(l,m).$ For $l=2$ we
determine the value of $e(sm-2,m)$ for all $s\ge 5.$
Some related results shedding light on the problem from a more general
context are proved as well.
Chinese: 对于整数 $n\ge s\ge 2$，令 $e(n,s)$ 表示 $\mathcal F$ 的最大值，其中 $\mathcal F$ 是一个 $n$ 元素集合的子集族，并且 $\mathcal F$ 不包含 $s$ 个两两不相交的成员。半个世纪前，解决了Erdős的一个猜想，Kleitman确定了对于所有 $m,s\ge 1$ 的 $e(sm-1,s)$ 和 $e(sm,s)$。在这些年里，在一般情况下的进展非常有限。在本文中，我们提出一个关于 $e(sm-1,m)$ 值的一般猜想，并证明其在 $s>s_0(l,m)$ 时的有效性。对于 $l=2$，我们确定了对于所有 $s\ge 5$ 的 $e(sm-2,m)$ 的值。此外，还证明了某些相关结果，这些结果从更一般的角度为问题提供了启示。
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English: The reduced Whitehead group $\SK$ of a graded division algebra graded by a
torsion-free abelian group is studied. It is observed that the computations
here are much more straightforward than in the non-graded setting. Bridges to
the ungraded case are then established by the following two theorems: It is
proved that $\SK$ of a tame valued division algebra over a henselian field
coincides with $\SK$ of its associated graded division algebra. Furthermore, it
is shown that $\SK$ of a graded division algebra is isomorphic to $\SK$ of its
quotient division algebra. The first theorem gives the established formulas for
the reduced Whitehead group of certain valued division algebras in a unified
manner, whereas the latter theorem covers the stability of reduced Whitehead
groups, and also describes $\SK$ for generic abelian crossed products.
Chinese: 对由阿贝尔自由群分级的分次分环的降阶Whithead群$\SK$进行了研究。观察到这里的计算比非分级情况下的计算要简单得多。然后通过以下两个定理建立了通向非分级情况的联系：证明了在henselian域上的驯服值分环的$\SK$与其相关联的分次分环的$\SK$相同。此外，还表明分级分环的$\SK$与它的商分环的$\SK$同构。第一个定理以统一的方式给出了某些值分环的降阶Whithead群的已建立公式，而第二个定理涵盖了降阶Whithead群的不变性，并描述了通用阿贝尔交叉积的$\SK$。
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English: Jarzynski Equality (JE) and the thermodynamic integration method are
conventional methods to calculate free energy difference (FED) between two
equilibrium states with constant temperature of a system. However, a number of
ensemble samples should be generated to reach high accuracy for a system with
large size, which consumes a lot computational resource. Previous work had
tried to replace the non-equilibrium quantities with equilibrium quantities in
JE by introducing a virtual integrable system and it had promoted the
efficiency in calculating FED between different equilibrium states with
constant temperature. To overcome the downside that the FED for two equilibrium
states with different temperature can't be calculated efficiently in previous
work, this article derives out the Equilibrium Equality for FED between any two
different equilibrium states by deriving out the equality for FED between
states with different temperatures and then combining the equality for FED
between states with different volumes. The equality presented in this article
expresses FED between any two equilibrium states as an ensemble average in one
equilibrium state, which enable the FED between any two equilibrium states can
be determined by generating only one canonical ensemble and thus the samples
needed are dramatically less and the efficiency is promoted a lot. Plus, the
effectiveness and efficiency of the equality are examined in Toda-Lattice model
with different dimensions.
Chinese: Jarzynski等价（JE）和热力学积分法是计算系统在恒定温度下两个平衡状态之间自由能差（FED）的常规方法。然而，对于大型系统，需要生成大量集合样本才能达到高精度，这会消耗大量计算资源。以往的工作曾尝试通过引入一个虚拟可积系统，将JE中的非平衡量替换为平衡量，从而提高了计算不同温度下不同平衡状态之间FED的效率。为了克服以往工作中无法高效计算不同温度下两个平衡状态之间FED的缺点，本文通过推导不同温度状态下FED的等价关系，并结合不同体积状态下FED的等价关系，推导出任意两个不同平衡状态之间FED的等价关系。本文提出的等价关系将任意两个平衡状态之间的FED表示为某一平衡状态下的集合平均，这使得任意两个平衡状态之间的FED可以通过生成一个正则集合来确定，从而所需样本数量大幅减少，效率显著提高。此外，本文还检验了该等价关系在不同维度的Toda晶格模型中的有效性和效率。
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English: We prove Airy process variational formulas for the one-point probability
distribution of (discrete time parallel update) TASEP with general initial
data, as well as last passage percolation from a general lattice path to a
point. We also consider variants of last passage percolation with inhomogeneous
parameter geometric weights and provide variational formulas of a similar
nature. This proves one aspect of the conjectural description of the
renormalization fixed point of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class.
Chinese: 我们证明了具有一般初始数据的（离散时间并行更新）TASEP单点概率分布的Airy过程变分公式，以及从一般格路径到一点的最后通行渗流。我们还考虑了具有非均匀参数几何权重的最后通行渗流的变体，并提供了类似性质的变分公式。这证明了Kardar-Parisi-Zhang普适类重整化固定点猜想描述的一个方面。
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English: We transmitted 4x28 Gbit/s over 5-km standard GI-MMF using four different
mode groups in combination with direct detection and on-off-keying format
(OOK). Due to the square-law detection in the receiver MIMO processing is not
effective. Therefore proper mode group selective multiplexing and
de-multiplexing is essential.
Chinese: 我们使用四个不同的模式组合，通过直接检测和开关键控格式（OOK），在5公里标准GI-MMF上传输了4x28 Gbit/s。由于接收器中的平方律检测，MIMO处理并不有效。因此，适当的模式组合选择复用和解复用是必不可少的。
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English: Using twisted Fock spaces, we formulate and study two twisted versions of the
n-point correlation functions of Bloch-Okounkov, and then identify them with
q-expectation values of certain functions on the set of (odd) strict
partitions. We find closed formulas for the 1-point functions in both cases in
terms of Jacobi theta functions. These correlation functions afford several
distinct interpretations.
Chinese: 利用扭曲的Fock空间，我们提出了并研究了Bloch-Okounkov n点关联函数的两个扭曲版本，然后将它们与某些函数在（奇数）严格划分集上的q-期望值相对应。我们在这两种情况下都找到了1点函数的封闭公式，这些公式用雅可比θ函数表示。这些关联函数提供了几种不同的解释。
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English: Two approaches for approximating the solution of large-scale Lyapunov
equations are considered: the alternating direction implicit (ADI) iteration
and projective methods by Krylov subspaces. A link between them is presented by
showing that the ADI iteration can always be identified by a Petrov-Galerkin
projection with rational block Krylov subspaces. Then a unique Krylov-projected
dynamical system can be associated with the ADI iteration, which is proven to
be an H2 pseudo-optimal approximation. This includes the generalization of
previous results on H2 pseudo-optimality to the multivariable case.
Additionally, a low-rank formulation of the residual in the Lyapunov equation
is presented, which is well-suited for implementation, and which yields a
measure of the "obliqueness" that the ADI iteration is associated with.
Chinese: 考虑了两种用于逼近大规模李雅普诺夫方程解的方法：交替方向隐式（ADI）迭代法和基于Krylov子空间的投影方法。通过证明ADI迭代法总可以通过Petrov-Galerkin投影与有理块Krylov子空间相对应，建立了这两种方法之间的联系。然后可以与ADI迭代法关联一个唯一的Krylov投影动力系统，该系统被证明是H2伪最优逼近。这包括将先前关于H2伪最优性的研究结果推广到多变量情况。此外，还提出了李雅普诺夫方程中残差的低秩形式，该形式非常适合实现，并能产生与ADI迭代法相关的"斜度"度量。
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English: We develop a data-driven co-segmentation algorithm of passively sensed and
self-reported active variables collected through smartphones to identify
emotionally stressful states in middle-aged and older patients with mood
disorders undergoing therapy, some of whom also have chronic pain. Our method
leverages the association between the different types of time series. These
data are typically non-stationary, with meaningful associations often occurring
only over short time windows. Traditional machine learning (ML) methods, when
applied globally on the entire time series, often fail to capture these
time-varying local patterns. Our approach first segments the passive sensing
variables by detecting their change points, then examines segment-specific
associations with the active variable to identify co-segmented periods that
exhibit distinct relationships between stress and passively sensed measures. We
then use these periods to predict future emotional stress states using standard
ML methods. By shifting the unit of analysis from individual time points to
data-driven segments of time and allowing for different associations in
different segments, our algorithm helps detect patterns that only exist within
short-time windows. We apply our method to detect periods of stress in patient
data collected during ALACRITY Phase I study. Our findings indicate that the
data-driven segmentation algorithm identifies stress periods more accurately
than traditional ML methods that do not incorporate segmentation.
Chinese: 我们开发了一种基于数据驱动的协同分割算法，该算法用于处理通过智能手机收集的被动感知和主动报告的变量，以识别处于治疗中的中年和老年情绪障碍患者的情绪压力状态，其中一些患者还伴有慢性疼痛。我们的方法利用了不同类型时间序列之间的关联。这些数据通常是非平稳的，有意义的关联通常仅在较短的时间窗口内发生。传统的机器学习方法（ML）在应用于整个时间序列时，往往无法捕捉这些随时间变化的地方模式。我们的方法首先通过检测变化点对被动感知变量进行分割，然后检查分割特定关联与主动变量，以识别表现出压力与被动感知指标之间独特关系的协同分割时间段。然后我们使用这些时间段，通过标准的ML方法来预测未来的情绪压力状态。通过将分析的单位从单个时间点转移到数据驱动的时段，并允许不同时段有不同的关联，我们的算法有助于检测只在短时间内存在的模式。我们将我们的方法应用于在ALACRITY Phase I研究中收集的患者数据中检测压力期。我们的发现表明，数据驱动的分割算法比不包含分割的传统ML方法更准确地识别压力期。
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English: Multiplying two sparse matrices (SpGEMM) is a common computational primitive
used in many areas including graph algorithms, bioinformatics, algebraic
multigrid solvers, and randomized sketching. Distributed-memory parallel
algorithms for SpGEMM have mainly focused on sparsity-oblivious approaches that
use 2D and 3D partitioning. Sparsity-aware 1D algorithms can theoretically
reduce communication by not fetching nonzeros of the sparse matrices that do
not participate in the multiplication.
Here, we present a distributed-memory 1D SpGEMM algorithm and implementation.
It uses MPI RDMA operations to mitigate the cost of packing/unpacking
submatrices for communication, and it uses a block fetching strategy to avoid
excessive fine-grained messaging. Our results show that our 1D implementation
outperforms state-of-the-art 2D and 3D implementations within CombBLAS for many
configurations, inputs, and use cases, while remaining conceptually simpler.
Chinese: 稀疏矩阵乘法（SpGEMM）是一种常见的计算基础，广泛应用于图算法、生物信息学、代数多重网格求解器和随机抽样的许多领域。针对SpGEMM的分布式内存并行算法主要关注无疏密感知的方法，这些方法使用2D和3D分区。理论上，疏密感知的1D算法可以通过不检索不参与乘法的稀疏矩阵的非零元素来减少通信量。
在这里，我们提出了一种分布式内存1D SpGEMM算法及其实现。它使用MPI RDMA操作来减轻打包/解包子矩阵进行通信的成本，并使用块检索策略来避免过多的细粒度消息。我们的结果表明，在我们的1D实现中，对于许多配置、输入和用例，其性能优于CombBLAS中的最先进的2D和3D实现，同时概念上更为简单。
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English: In this paper, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions that must be
met for weighted composition operators to act as zero divisors in
$\mathcal{B}(\ell^p).$ We also give a necessary condition and a sufficient
condition for a composition operators to act as zero divisors in
$\mathcal{B}(L^p(\mu)).$ Subsequently, we characterize TDZ in $C(X)$.
Afterward, we establish that a multiplication operator $M_h$ in
$\mathcal{B}(C(X))$ becomes a TDZ if and only if $h$ is a TDZ in $C(X).$
Further, motivated by the definition of TDZ, we introduce notions of
polynomially TDZ and strongly TDZ and prove that every element in $C(X)$ and in
$L^\infty(\mu)$ is a polynomially TDZ. We then prove that a multiplication
operator $M_h$ in $\mathcal{B}(C(X))$ as well as in $\mathcal{B}(L^p(\mu))$ is
a polynomially TDZ. Lastly, we show that each $T\in \mathcal{B}(H)$, where $H$
is a separable Hilbert space, is a strongly TDZ.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们建立了加权复合算子在$\mathcal{B}(\ell^p)$中充当零因子所需且充分的条件。我们也给出了在$\mathcal{B}(L^p(\mu))$中复合算子充当零因子的必要条件和充分条件。随后，我们对$C(X)$中的TDZ进行了描述。接下来，我们证明了在$\mathcal{B}(C(X))$中的乘法算子$M_h$成为TDZ当且仅当$h$在$C(X)$中是TDZ。进一步地，受到TDZ定义的启发，我们引入了多项式TDZ和强TDZ的概念，并证明了$C(X)$和$L^\infty(\mu)$中的每个元素都是多项式TDZ。然后，我们证明了在$\mathcal{B}(C(X))$以及$\mathcal{B}(L^p(\mu))$中的乘法算子$M_h$都是多项式TDZ。最后，我们展示了每个$T\in \mathcal{B}(H)$，其中$H$是可分希尔伯特空间，都是强TDZ。
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English: We have discovered new nickel-based pnictide oxide superconductors,
(Ni2Pn2)(Sr4Sc2O6) (Pn = P, As). These compounds have a tetragonal unit cell
with a space group of P4/nmm and they consist of alternate stacking of
anti-fluorite Ni2Pn2 layers and K2NiF4-type Sr4Sc2O6 blocking layers. Lattice
parameters were a = 4.044 A and c = 15.23 A for (Ni2P2)(Sr4Sc2O6) and a = 4.078
A and c = 15.41 A for (Ni2As2)(Sr4Sc2O6), indicating their thicker blocking
layers than that of LaNiPO (c ~ 8.1 A). Both (Ni2P2)(Sr4Sc2O6) and
(Ni2As2)(Sr4Sc2O6) exhibited superconductivity with zero resistivity at 3.3 K
and 2.7 K, respectively. The perfect diamagnetism observed in both compounds
guaranteed their bulk superconductivity.
Chinese: 我们发现了新的镍基氮化物氧化物超导体，化学式为(Ni2Pn2)(Sr4Sc2O6)（Pn = P, As）。这些化合物具有四方晶胞，空间群为P4/nmm，它们由交替堆叠的反萤石型Ni2Pn2层和K2NiF4型Sr4Sc2O6阻挡层组成。晶格参数为(Ni2P2)(Sr4Sc2O6)的a = 4.044 Å和c = 15.23 Å，以及(Ni2As2)(Sr4Sc2O6)的a = 4.078 Å和c = 15.41 Å，这表明它们的阻挡层比LaNiPO（c ~ 8.1 Å）更厚。两种化合物(Ni2P2)(Sr4Sc2O6)和(Ni2As2)(Sr4Sc2O6)分别在3.3 K和2.7 K时表现出超导性，电阻率为零。两种化合物中观察到的完美抗磁性保证了它们的体相超导性。
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English: We consider an array of Cooper Pair Boxes, each of which is coupled to a
superconducting reservoir by a capacitive tunnel junction. We discuss two
effects that probe not just the quantum nature of the islands, but also of the
superconducting reservoir coupled to them. These are analogues to the
well-known quantum optical effects `superradiance,' and `revival.' When revival
is extended to multiple systems, we find that `entanglement revival' can also
be observed. In order to study the above effects, we utilise a highly
simplified model for these systems in which all the single-electron energy
eigenvalues are set to be the same (the strong coupling limit), as are the
charging energies of the Cooper Pair Boxes, allowing the whole system to be
represented by two large coupled quantum spins. Although this simplification is
drastic, the model retains the main features necessary to capture the phenomena
of interest. Given the progress in superconducting box experiments over recent
years, it is possible that experiments to investigate both of these interesting
quantum coherent phenomena could be performed in the forseeable future.
Chinese: 我们考虑一个库珀对盒（Cooper Pair Boxes, CPB）阵列，每个CPB通过电容隧穿结与超导库结合。我们讨论了两种效应，它们不仅探测了岛屿的量子特性，也探测了与之耦合的超导库的特性。这些效应类似于众所周知的量子光学效应“超辐射”和“revival”。当revival扩展到多个系统时，我们发现“纠缠重现”也可以被观察到。为了研究上述效应，我们采用了一个高度简化的模型，其中所有单电子能量本征值设为相同（强耦合极限），库珀对盒的电荷能也相同，使得整个系统可以用两个强耦合的量子自旋来表示。尽管这种简化非常剧烈，但该模型保留了捕捉感兴趣现象的主要特征。鉴于近年来超导盒实验的进展，未来有可能在可预见的将来进行实验来研究这两种有趣的量子相干现象。
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English: We have carried out a survey of the Andromeda galaxy for unresolved
microlensing (pixel lensing). We present a subset of four short timescale, high
signal-to-noise microlensing candidates found by imposing severe selection
criteria: the source flux variation exceeds the flux of an R=21 magnitude star
and the full width at half maximum timescale is less than 25 days. Remarkably,
in three out of four cases, we have been able to measure or strongly constrain
the Einstein crossing time of the event. One event, which lies projected on the
M31 bulge, is almost certainly due to a stellar lens in the bulge of M31. The
other three candidates can be explained either by stars in M31 and M32 or by
MACHOs.
Chinese: 我们已对仙女座星系进行了未解决微透镜效应（像素透镜效应）的调查。我们展示了通过施加严格的筛选标准发现的四个短时间尺度、高信噪比微透镜候选体的子集：源流量变化超过R=21星等的流量，并且半最大宽度时间尺度小于25天。令人惊讶的是，在四个案例中的三个，我们能够测量或强烈约束事件的爱因斯坦穿越时间。其中一个是位于M31球状星团投影上的事件，几乎可以肯定是由M31球状星团中的恒星透镜引起的。另外三个候选体可以由M31和M32中的恒星或MACHOs来解释。
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English: Language tests measure a person's ability to use a language in terms of
listening, speaking, reading, or writing. Such tests play an integral role in
academic, professional, and immigration domains, with entities such as
educational institutions, professional accreditation bodies, and governments
using them to assess candidate language proficiency. Recent advances in
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the discipline of Natural Language Processing
have prompted language test providers to explore AI's potential applicability
within language testing, leading to transformative activity patterns
surrounding language instruction and learning. However, with concerns over AI's
trustworthiness, it is imperative to understand the implications of integrating
AI into language testing. This knowledge will enable stakeholders to make
well-informed decisions, thus safeguarding community well-being and testing
integrity. To understand the concerns and effects of AI usage in language
tests, we conducted interviews and surveys with English test-takers. To the
best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical study aimed at identifying
the implications of AI adoption in language tests from a test-taker
perspective. Our study reveals test-taker perceptions and behavioral patterns.
Specifically, we identify that AI integration may enhance perceptions of
fairness, consistency, and availability. Conversely, it might incite mistrust
regarding reliability and interactivity aspects, subsequently influencing the
behaviors and well-being of test-takers. These insights provide a better
understanding of potential societal implications and assist stakeholders in
making informed decisions concerning AI usage in language testing.
Chinese: 语言测试评估一个人使用语言的能力，包括听力、口语、阅读或写作。这些测试在学术、职业和移民领域中扮演着重要角色，教育机构、专业认证机构和政府等实体使用它们来评估候选人的语言能力。人工智能（AI）和自然语言处理领域的最新进展促使语言测试提供者探索AI在语言测试中的潜在适用性，导致围绕语言教学和学习转型的活动模式。然而，鉴于对AI可信度的担忧，了解将AI整合到语言测试中的影响至关重要。这些知识将使利益相关者做出明智的决策，从而保障社区福祉和测试的完整性。为了理解AI在语言测试中的使用所引起的担忧和影响，我们进行了对英语测试者的访谈和调查。据我们所知，这是首次旨在从测试者视角识别AI在语言测试中采用影响的实证研究。我们的研究揭示了测试者的看法和行为模式。具体而言，我们发现AI的整合可能会增强公平性、一致性和可用性的感知。相反，它可能会引发对可靠性和互动性方面的不信任，进而影响测试者的行为和福祉。这些见解提供了对潜在社会影响的更好理解，并帮助利益相关者就AI在语言测试中的应用做出明智决策。
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English: Blockchain (BC) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) are leading
technologies which have recently found applications in several network-related
scenarios and have consequently experienced a growing interest in the research
community. Indeed, current networks connect a massive number of objects over
the Internet and in this complex scenario, to ensure security, privacy,
confidentiality, and programmability, the utilization of BC and SDN have been
successfully proposed. In this work, we provide a comprehensive survey
regarding these two recent research trends and review the related
state-of-the-art literature. We first describe the main features of each
technology and discuss their most common and used variants. Furthermore, we
envision the integration of such technologies to jointly take advantage of
these latter efficiently. Indeed, we consider their group-wise utilization --
named BC-SDN -- based on the need for stronger security and privacy.
Additionally, we cover the application fields of these technologies both
individually and combined. Finally, we discuss the open issues of reviewed
research and describe potential directions for future avenues regarding the
integration of BC and SDN.
To summarize, the contribution of the present survey spans from an overview
of the literature background on BC and SDN to the discussion of the benefits
and limitations of BC-SDN integration in different fields, which also raises
open challenges and possible future avenues examined herein. To the best of our
knowledge, compared to existing surveys, this is the first work that analyzes
the aforementioned aspects in light of a broad BC-SDN integration, with a
specific focus on security and privacy issues in actual utilization scenarios.
Chinese: 区块链（BC）和软件定义网络（SDN）是近年来在多个网络相关场景中得到应用的前沿技术，因此在研究界引起了越来越多的关注。事实上，当前的互联网连接了大量的对象，在这种复杂的场景中，为了确保安全、隐私、机密性和可编程性，成功提出了利用区块链和软件定义网络的方法。在本工作中，我们提供了关于这两项最新研究趋势的全面调查，并回顾了相关的最新文献。我们首先描述了每种技术的主要特征，并讨论了它们最常见和常用的变体。此外，我们展望了这些技术的集成，以便共同有效地利用这些技术。确实，我们考虑了它们的分组利用——称为BC-SDN——基于对更强安全性和隐私性的需求。此外，我们分别和结合地涵盖了这些技术的应用领域。最后，我们讨论了所审查研究的开放性问题，并描述了关于BC和SDN集成的未来可能方向的潜在途径。
总之，本调查的贡献从区块链和软件定义网络文献背景的概述到讨论BC-SDN集成在不同领域的利弊，这同时也提出了开放挑战和在此处考察的可能未来途径。据我们所知，与现有的调查相比，这是第一个从广泛的BC-SDN集成角度分析上述方面的工作，特别关注实际应用场景中的安全和隐私问题。
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English: The extremely rapid burst of TeV photons from Mkn 421 (15 May 1996) can be
reconciled with the standard properties of a relativistic gamma-ray emitting
jet (bulk Lorentz factor $\approx$ 10; size $\10^{17}$ cm) if one assumes that
the electrons are accelerated in conical shocks with both opening and viewing
angles $\approx 1/\Gamma$. If the injection time and the cooling time are much
less than the photon crossing time, an emission ring moves along the jet and
leads to the appearance of a very rapid flare, in satisfactory agreement with
the observations.
Chinese: Mkn 421在1996年5月15日发出的极为迅速的TeV光子爆发，如果假设电子是在圆锥形冲击波中加速，并且冲击波的开口角和观测角都大约为1/Gamma，那么就可以与相对论性伽马射线发射喷流的标准性质（相对论性因子大约为10；大小约为$10^{17}$厘米）相一致。如果注入时间和冷却时间都远小于光子穿越时间，那么一个发射环沿着喷流移动，导致出现非常快速的爆发，这与观测结果非常吻合。
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English: Previous studies show that natural disasters decelerate economic growth, and
more so in countries with lower financial development. We confirm these results
with more recent data. We are the first to show that fiscal stability reduces
the negative economic impact of natural disasters in poorer countries, and that
catastrophe bonds have the same effect in richer countries.
Chinese: 先前的研究表明，自然灾害会减缓经济增长，尤其是在金融发展水平较低的国家。我们使用更近期的数据证实了这些结果。我们首先表明，财政稳定可以减少贫困国家自然灾害的负面影响，而在富裕国家，灾难债券也有相同的效果。
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English: The last decade has seen an explosive growth in the use of color centers for
metrology applications, the paradigm example arguably being the
nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Here, we focus on the regime of
cryogenic temperatures and examine the impact of spin-selective, narrow-band
laser excitation on NV readout. Specifically, we demonstrate a more than
four-fold improvement in sensitivity compared to that possible with
non-resonant (green) illumination, largely due to a boost in readout contrast
and integrated photon count. We also leverage nuclear spin relaxation under
resonant excitation to polarize the 14N host, which we then prove beneficial
for spin magnetometry. These results open opportunities in the application of
NV sensing to the investigation of condensed matter systems, particularly those
exhibiting superconducting, magnetic, or topological phases selectively present
at low temperatures.
Chinese: 在过去十年中，用于计量学应用的颜色中心的使用经历了爆炸性增长，氮空位（NV）中心在钻石中的例子可以说是范式性的。在这里，我们关注低温区域，并检查了自旋选择性的窄带激光激发对NV读出的影响。具体来说，我们展示了与非共振（绿色）照明相比，灵敏度提高了四倍以上，这主要归因于读出对比度和积分光子计数的提升。我们还利用共振激发下的核自旋弛豫来极化14N宿主，这随后被证明对自旋磁测量有益。这些结果为NV传感在凝聚态系统研究中的应用开辟了机会，特别是那些在低温下选择性呈现超导、磁或拓扑相的系统。
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English: We describe a recently revived version of the software package
SubalgberaBases, which is distributed in the Macaulay2 computer algebra system.
The package allows the user to compute and manipulate subagebra bases -- which
are also known as SAGBI bases or canonical bases and form a special class of
Khovanskii bases -- for polynomial rings and their quotients. We provide an
overview of the design and functionality of SubalgberaBases and demonstrate how
the package works on several motivating examples.
Chinese: 我们描述了SubalgberaBases软件包的一个最近重新激活的版本，该软件包在Macaulay2计算机代数系统中分发。该软件包允许用户计算和操作子代数基——这些基也被称为SAGBI基或规范基，并构成Khovanskii基的一个特殊类——用于多项式环及其商。我们提供了SubalgberaBases的设计和功能概述，并通过几个具有启发性的例子展示了该软件包的工作方式。
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English: Patterned graphene shows substantial potential for applications in future
molecular-scale integrated electronics. Environmental effects are a critical
issue in a single layer material where every atom is on the surface. Especially
intriguing is the variety of rich chemical interactions shown by molecular
oxygen with aromatic molecules. We find that O2 etching kinetics vary strongly
with the number of graphene layers in the sample. Three-layer-thick samples
show etching similar to bulk natural graphite. Single-layer graphene reacts
faster and shows random etch pits in contrast to natural graphite where
nucleation occurs at point defects. In addition, basal plane oxygen species
strongly hole dope graphene, with a Fermi level shift of ~0.5 eV. These oxygen
species partially desorb in an Ar gas flow, or under irradiation by far UV
light, and readsorb again in an O2 atmosphere at room temperature. This
strongly doped graphene is very different than graphene oxide made by mineral
acid attack.
Chinese: 图案化石墨展现出在未来的分子级集成电子学应用中的巨大潜力。在单层材料中，每个原子都暴露在表面，环境效应是一个关键问题。特别引人注目的是分子氧与芳香分子之间展现的丰富化学相互作用。我们发现，O2蚀刻动力学强烈依赖于样品中石墨烯层的数量。三层的样品表现出与天然块状石墨相似的蚀刻行为。单层石墨反应更快，并显示出与天然石墨不同的随机蚀刻坑，在天然石墨中，成核发生在点缺陷处。此外，基面氧物种强烈地对石墨烯进行掺杂，导致费米能级偏移约0.5 eV。这些氧物种在氩气流中部分解吸，或在远紫外光照射下解吸，并在室温下在O2气氛中重新吸附。这种强烈掺杂的石墨烯与由矿物酸攻击制备的石墨氧化物有很大不同。
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English: In recent years, climate extremes such as floods have created significant
environmental and economic hazards for Australia. Deep learning methods have
been promising for predicting extreme climate events; however, large flooding
events present a critical challenge due to factors such as model calibration
and missing data. We present an ensemble quantile-based deep learning framework
that addresses large-scale streamflow forecasts using quantile regression for
uncertainty projections in prediction. We evaluate selected univariate and
multivariate deep learning models and catchment strategies. Furthermore, we
implement a multistep time-series prediction model using the CAMELS dataset for
selected catchments across Australia. The ensemble model employs a set of
quantile deep learning models for streamflow determined by historical
streamflow data. We utilise the streamflow prediction and obtain flood
probability using flood frequency analysis and compare it with historical
flooding events for selected catchments. Our results demonstrate notable
efficacy and uncertainties in streamflow forecasts with varied catchment
properties. Our flood probability estimates show good accuracy in capturing the
historical floods from the selected catchments. This underscores the potential
for our deep learning framework to revolutionise flood forecasting across
diverse regions and be implemented as an early warning system.
Chinese: 近年来，极端气候事件如洪水已经为澳大利亚带来了重大的环境和经济风险。深度学习方法在预测极端气候事件方面具有很大的潜力；然而，由于模型校准和缺失数据等因素，大规模洪水事件提出了一个关键的挑战。我们提出了一种基于量化的深度学习框架，该框架使用量化回归来预测预测中的不确定性，以解决大规模径流预测问题。我们评估了选定的单变量和多变量深度学习模型以及流域策略。此外，我们使用CAMELS数据集为澳大利亚选定流域实施了一个多步时间序列预测模型。集成模型使用一组由历史径流数据确定的量化深度学习模型来预测径流。我们利用径流预测，通过洪水频率分析获得洪水概率，并将其与选定流域的历史洪水事件进行比较。我们的结果表明，在具有不同流域特性的径流预测中，具有显著的有效性和不确定性。我们的洪水概率估计在捕捉选定流域的历史洪水方面表现出良好的准确性。这突显了我们深度学习框架在革命性地改变不同地区的洪水预测方面的潜力，并可作为早期预警系统实施。
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English: We show that lepton number violating muon decays, \mu^+ -> e^+ + \nu_e-bar +
\nu_i-bar (i=e, \mu or \tau), can consistently explain the neutrino anomaly
reported by the LSND experiment. Two effective operators in the Standard Model
are identified which lead to just such decays and no other processes. The scale
of new physics \Lambda must be relatively low, \Lambda < 500 GeV. Extensions of
the Standard Model which realize these effective operators are presented. Since
new physics affects only the decay of the muon, and not of \pi^+-, our scenario
predicts a null result for \nu_\mu-bar - \nu_e-bar oscillation searches at the
Fermilab mini--BOONE experiment. Models which realize these effective
operators, while consistent with all available data, can be tested in the near
future through (i) discovery of new scalar particles with masses below about
500 GeV, (ii) small but observable deviations in e^+ e^- -> \mu^+ \mu^- and e^+
e^- -> \nu \nu \gamma cross sections, (iii) observable corrections to the muon
g-2, and (iv) lepton number violating Z^0 decays with branching ratios of order
10^{-7}.
Chinese: 我们证明了违反轻子数的中微子衰变，\mu^+ -> e^+ + \nu_e-bar + \nu_i-bar (i=e, \mu 或 \tau)，可以一致地解释LSND实验报告的中微子异常。标准模型中被识别出两个有效算子，它们导致这种衰变而不产生其他过程。新物理的尺度 \Lambda 必须相对较低，\Lambda < 500 GeV。我们展示了实现这些有效算子的标准模型扩展。由于新物理只影响中微子的衰变，而不影响 \pi^+ 的衰变，我们的情景预测费米实验室mini--BOONE实验中 \nu_\mu-bar - \nu_e-bar 振荡搜索将无结果。实现这些有效算子的模型，虽然与所有现有数据一致，但可以通过以下方式在未来不久得到检验：(i) 发现质量低于约500 GeV的新标量粒子，(ii) e^+ e^- -> \mu^+ \mu^- 和 e^+ e^- -> \nu \nu \gamma 截面出现微小但可观测的偏差，(iii) 对中微子g-2的可观测修正，以及 (iv) 分支比为10^{-7}的违反轻子数的Z^0衰变。
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English: The paper is devoted to some applications of Stepanov method. In the first
part of the paper we obtain the estimate of the cardinality of the set, which
is obtained as an intersection of additive shifts of some different subgroups
of F^*_p. In the second part we prove a new upper bound for Heilbronn's
exponential sum and obtain a series of applications of our result to
distribution of Fermat quotients. Also we study additive decompositions of
multiplicative subgroups.
Chinese: 本文致力于探讨Stepanov方法的一些应用。在论文的第一部分，我们得到了一个集合的基数估计，该集合是由F^*_p的一些不同子群的加法移位交集得到的。在第二部分，我们证明了Heilbronn指数和的一个新的上界，并获得了我们结果在费马商分布中的一系列应用。此外，我们还研究了乘法子群的加法分解。
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English: Hyperparameter optimization is both a practical issue and an interesting
theoretical problem in training of deep architectures. Despite many recent
advances the most commonly used methods almost universally involve training
multiple and decoupled copies of the model, in effect sampling the
hyperparameter space. We show that at a negligible additional computational
cost, results can be improved by sampling nonlocal paths instead of points in
hyperparameter space. To this end we interpret hyperparameters as controlling
the level of correlated noise in training, which can be mapped to an effective
temperature. The usually independent instances of the model are coupled and
allowed to exchange their hyperparameters throughout the training using the
well established parallel tempering technique of statistical physics. Each
simulation corresponds then to a unique path, or history, in the joint
hyperparameter/model-parameter space. We provide empirical tests of our method,
in particular for dropout and learning rate optimization. We observed faster
training and improved resistance to overfitting and showed a systematic
decrease in the absolute validation error, improving over benchmark results.
Chinese: 超参数优化既是深度架构训练中的实际问题，也是一个有趣的理论问题。尽管近年来取得了许多进展，但最常用的方法几乎无一例外地涉及训练多个解耦的模型副本，实际上是在超参数空间中进行采样。我们表明，在可忽略的计算成本增加的情况下，通过在超参数空间中采样非局部路径而不是点，可以提高结果。为此，我们将超参数解释为控制训练中相关噪声的水平，这可以映射到一个有效温度。通常独立的模型实例被耦合，并允许在整个训练过程中使用统计物理中建立的并行退火技术交换它们的超参数。每个模拟对应于联合超参数/模型参数空间中的一个独特路径或历史。我们提供了对我们方法的经验测试，特别是针对dropout和学习率优化。我们观察到训练速度更快，对过拟合的抵抗力提高，并显示出绝对验证误差的系统下降，超过了基准结果。
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English: The beam quality factor M^2 for the fundamental LP01 mode of a step-index
fiber is calculated in the presence of gain, in a closed form, as a function of
the complex generalized V-number. It is shown that the M^2 value of a
single-mode gain-guided fiber laser can be arbitrary large. The results are
important for the interpretation of the beam quality measurements in recent
experiments on single-mode gain-guided fiber lasers.
Chinese: 基本LP01模式的阶跃折射率光纤的束质量因子M^2，在增益存在的情况下，以复数广义V数作为函数，以封闭形式进行计算。研究表明，单模增益引导光纤激光器的M^2值可以任意大。这些结果对于解释最近在单模增益引导光纤激光器实验中进行的束质量测量具有重要意义。
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English: When models are inaccurate, the performance of model-based control will
degrade. For linear quadratic control, an event-triggered learning framework is
proposed that automatically detects inaccurate models and triggers the learning
of a new process model when needed. This is achieved by analyzing the
probability distribution of the linear quadratic cost and designing a learning
trigger that leverages Chernoff bounds. In particular, whenever empirically
observed cost signals are located outside the derived confidence intervals, we
can provably guarantee that this is with high probability due to a model
mismatch. With the aid of numerical and hardware experiments, we demonstrate
that the proposed bounds are tight and that the event-triggered learning
algorithm effectively distinguishes between inaccurate models and probabilistic
effects such as process noise. Thus, a structured approach is obtained that
decides when model learning is beneficial.
Chinese: 当模型不准确时，基于模型的控制性能将下降。对于线性二次控制，提出了一种事件触发的学习框架，该框架可以自动检测不准确的模型，并在需要时触发新过程模型的学习。这是通过分析线性二次成本的概率分布并设计一个利用Chernoff界的学习触发器来实现的。特别是，每当经验观察到的成本信号位于推导出的置信区间之外时，我们可以证明这很可能是因为模型不匹配。借助数值和硬件实验，我们证明了所提出的界限是紧的，并且事件触发的学习算法能够有效地区分不准确模型和如过程噪声之类的概率效应。因此，获得了一种结构化的方法，该方法决定何时模型学习是有益的。
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English: Motivated by the detection of a recent outburst of the massive luminous blue
variable LMC-R71, which reached an absolute magnitude M_V = -9.3 mag, we
undertook a systematic study of the optical variability of 1268 massive stars
in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using a recent catalog by Bonanos et al. (2009)
as the input. The ASAS All Star Catalog (Pojmanski 2002) provided well-sampled
light curves of these bright stars spanning 10 years. Combining the two
catalogs resulted in 599 matches, on which we performed a variability search.
We identified 117 variable stars, 38 of which were not known before, despite
their brightness and large amplitude of variation. We found 13 periodic stars
that we classify as eclipsing binary (EB) stars, eight of which are newly
discovered bright, massive eclipsing binaries composed of OB type stars. The
remaining 104 variables are either semi- or non-periodic, the majority (85)
being red supergiants. Most (26) of the newly discovered variables in this
category are also red supergiants with only three B and four O stars.
Chinese: 受最近大麦哲伦云中一颗大质量亮蓝变星LMC-R71爆发事件的激发，该事件达到了绝对星等M_V = -9.3等，我们利用Bonanos等人（2009年）的目录作为输入，对大麦哲伦云中1268颗大质量恒星的光变进行了系统研究。ASAS全星表（Pojmanski 2002年）为这些亮星提供了覆盖10年的高质量采样光曲线。结合这两个目录产生了599个匹配结果，我们在这些匹配结果上进行了变星搜索。我们识别出117颗变星，其中38颗虽然亮度高且变幅大，但此前未知。我们发现了13颗周期性变星，并将它们归类为食变双星（EB），其中8颗是新发现的亮大质量食变双星，由O型星组成。其余104颗变星为半周期性或非周期性变星，其中多数（85颗）为红超巨星。在此类新发现的变星中，多数（26颗）也是红超巨星，仅有3颗B型星和4颗O型星。
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English: In clinics, a radiology report is crucial for guiding a patient's treatment.
However, writing radiology reports is a heavy burden for radiologists. To this
end, we present an automatic, multi-modal approach for report generation from a
chest x-ray. Our approach, motivated by the observation that the descriptions
in radiology reports are highly correlated with specific information of the
x-ray images, features two distinct modules: (i) Learned knowledge base: To
absorb the knowledge embedded in the radiology reports, we build a knowledge
base that can automatically distil and restore medical knowledge from textual
embedding without manual labour; (ii) Multi-modal alignment: to promote the
semantic alignment among reports, disease labels, and images, we explicitly
utilize textual embedding to guide the learning of the visual feature space. We
evaluate the performance of the proposed model using metrics from both natural
language generation and clinic efficacy on the public IU-Xray and MIMIC-CXR
datasets. Our ablation study shows that each module contributes to improving
the quality of generated reports. Furthermore, with the assistance of both
modules, our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods over almost all the
metrics.
Chinese: 在临床中，放射学报告对于指导患者治疗至关重要。然而，撰写放射学报告对放射科医生来说是一项繁重的负担。为此，我们提出了一种基于胸部X光片的自动多模态报告生成方法。我们的方法基于放射学报告中描述与X光图像特定信息高度相关的观察，包含两个不同的模块：(i) 学习知识库：为了吸收放射学报告中嵌入的知识，我们构建了一个知识库，能够自动从文本嵌入中提炼和还原医学知识，无需人工干预；(ii) 多模态对齐：为了促进报告、疾病标签和图像之间的语义对齐，我们明确利用文本嵌入来指导视觉特征空间的学习。我们使用自然语言生成和临床疗效指标，在公开的IU-Xray和MIMIC-CXR数据集上评估了所提出模型的性能。消融实验表明，每个模块都有助于提高生成报告的质量。此外，在两个模块的协助下，我们的方法在几乎所有指标上均优于当前最先进的方法。
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English: In multiband superconductors, each superconducting condensate supports
vortices with fractional quantum flux. In the ground state, vortices in
different bands are spatially bounded together to form a composite vortex,
carrying one quantum flux \Phi_0. Here we predict dissociation of the composite
vortices lattice in the flux flow state due to the disparity of the vortex
viscosity and flux of the vortex in different bands. For a small driving
current, composite vortices start to deform, but the constituting vortices in
different bands move with the same velocity. For a large current, composite
vortices dissociate and vortices in different bands move with different
velocities. The dissociation transition shows up as an increase of flux flow
resistivity. In the dissociated phase, Shapiro steps are developed when an ac
current is superimposed with a dc current.
Chinese: 在多带超导体中，每个超导凝聚态支持具有分数量子通量的涡旋。在基态，不同带的涡旋在空间上相互束缚在一起，形成一个复合涡旋，携带一个量子通量Φ_0。在这里，我们预测由于不同带的涡旋粘度和通量的差异，复合涡旋晶格在通量流状态下发生解离。对于小的驱动电流，复合涡旋开始变形，但不同带的构成涡旋以相同的速度移动。对于大的电流，复合涡旋解离，不同带的涡旋以不同的速度移动。解离转变表现为通量流电阻率的增加。在解离相中，当交流电流叠加在直流电流上时，形成了Shapiro台阶。
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English: Let Omega be a non-empty open proper and connected subset of R^n. Consider p
elliptic Schr\"odinger type operator L_{E}u=A_{E}u+V in Omega, and the linear
parabolic operator L_{P}u=A_{P}u+Vu in Omega x (0,T), where the coefficients of
A_{E} and A_{P} are in VMO and the potential V satisfies a reverse-H\"older
condition. The aim of this paper is to obtain a priori estimates for the
operators L_{E} and L_{P} in weighted Sobolev spaces involving the distance to
the boundary and weights in a local-A class.
Chinese: 设Ω为R^n的非空开集、真子集且连通。考虑在Ω上的椭圆型薛定谔算子L_Eu=A_Eu+V，以及Ω x (0,T)上的线性抛物型算子L_Pu=A_Pu+Vu，其中A_E和A_P的系数属于VMO类，势函数V满足反Holder条件。本文的目的是在加权Sobolev空间中，涉及边界距离和局部-A类权重的情况下，获得算子L_E和L_P的先验估计。
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English: Topology identification comprises reconstructing the interaction Hamiltonian
of a quantum network by properly processing measurements of its density
operator within a fixed time interval. It finds application in several quantum
technology contexts, ranging from quantum communication to quantum computing or
sensing. In this paper, we provide analytical conditions for the solvability of
the topology identification problem for autonomous quantum dynamical networks.
The solvability condition is then converted in an algorithm for quantum network
reconstruction that is easily implementable on standard computer facilities.
The obtained algorithm is tested for Hamiltonian reconstruction on numerical
examples based on the quantum walks formalism.
Chinese: 拓扑识别包括通过适当处理在固定时间间隔内对量子网络密度算符的测量来重建其相互作用哈密顿量。它在量子通信、量子计算或传感等多个量子技术领域得到应用。在本文中，我们为自主量子动力学网络的拓扑识别问题的可解性提供了分析条件。然后，将可解性条件转化为一个易于在标准计算机设施上实现的量子网络重建算法。该算法在基于量子随机游走公式的数值示例上进行了哈密顿量重建的测试。
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English: The redshift evolution of the black hole - bulge relations is an essential
observational constraint for models of black hole - galaxy coevolution. In
addition to the observational challenges for these studies, conclusions are
complicated by the influence of selection effects. We demonstrate that there is
presently no statistical significant evidence for cosmological evolution in the
black hole-bulge relations, once these selection effects are taken into account
and corrected for. We present a fitting method, based on the bivariate
distribution of black hole mass and galaxy property, that accounts for the
selection function in the fitting and is therefore able to recover the
intrinsic black hole - bulge relation unbiased. While prior knowledge is
restricted to a minimum, we at least require knowledge of either the sample
selection function and the mass dependence of the active fraction, or the
spheroid distribution function and the intrinsic scatter in the black hole -
bulge relation. We employed our fitting routine to existing studies of the
black hole-bulge relation at z~1.5 and z~6, using our current best knowledge of
the distribution functions. There is no statistical significant evidence for
positive evolution in the MBH-M* ratio out to z~2. At z~6 the current
constraints are less strong, but we demonstrate that the large observed
apparent offset from the local black hole-bulge relation at z~6 is fully
consistent with no intrinsic offset. The method outlined here provides a tool
to obtain more reliable constraints on black hole - galaxy co-evolution in the
future.
Chinese: 黑洞-球状星团关系的红移演化是黑洞-星系协同演化模型的重要观测约束。除了这些研究在观测上面临的挑战外，结论还受到选择效应的影响。我们证明，一旦考虑到这些选择效应并进行校正，目前没有关于黑洞-球状星团关系中宇宙演化的统计显著证据。我们提出了一种拟合方法，该方法基于黑洞质量和星系属性的双变量分布，考虑了拟合中的选择函数，因此能够无偏地恢复内在的黑洞-球状星团关系。尽管先验知识受到限制，但我们至少需要了解样本选择函数和活动分数的质量依赖性，或者椭圆星系分布函数和黑洞-球状星团关系中内在的散度。我们使用我们的拟合程序对z~1.5和z~6的黑洞-球状星团关系现有研究进行了分析，并利用我们目前对分布函数的最佳知识。在z~2之前，MBH-M*比率的正演化没有统计显著证据。在z~6时，当前的约束较弱，但我们证明，与局部黑洞-球状星团关系相比，在z~6时观察到的较大偏移完全一致于没有内在偏移。这里概述的方法为未来获取更可靠的关于黑洞-星系协同演化的约束提供了一种工具。
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English: We present a new method for assessing and measuring homophily in networks
whose nodes have categorical attributes, namely when the nodes of networks come
partitioned into classes (colors). We probe this method in two different
classes of networks: i) protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, where nodes
correspond to proteins, partitioned according to their functional role, and
edges represent functional interactions between proteins ii) Pokec on-line
social network, where nodes correspond to users, partitioned according to their
age, and edges respresent friendship between users. Similarly to other
classical and well consolidated approaches, our method compares the relative
edge density of the subgraphs induced by each class with the corresponding
expected relative edge density under a null model. The novelty of our approach
consists in prescribing an endogenous null model, namely, the sample space of
the null model is built on the input network itself. This allows us to give
exact explicit expression for the z-score of the relative edge density of each
class as well as other related statistics. The z-scores directly quantify the
statistical significance of the observed homophily via Tchebycheff inequality.
The expression of each z-score is entered by the network structure through
basic combinatorial invariant such as the number of subgraphs with two spanning
edges. Each z-score is computed in O(n + m) time for a network with n nodes and
m edges. This leads to an overall efficient computational method for assesing
homophily. We complement the analysis of homophily/heterophily by considering
z-scores of the number of isolated nodes in the subgraphs induced by each
class, that are computed in O(nm) time. Theoretical results are then exploited
to show that, as expected, both the analyzed network classes are significantly
homophilic with respect to the considered node properties.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种评估和测量具有分类属性的网络中同质性的新方法，即当网络的节点按照功能角色分为类别（颜色）时。我们分别在两类网络中探究这种方法：i）蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络，其中节点对应蛋白质，根据其功能角色进行分类，边表示蛋白质之间的功能相互作用；ii）Pokec在线社交网络，其中节点对应用户，根据其年龄进行分类，边表示用户之间的友谊。与经典的和已得到广泛认可的方法类似，我们的方法将每个类别的子图的相对边密度与在零模型下对应的预期相对边密度进行比较。我们方法的创新之处在于规定了一个内生的零模型，即零模型的样本空间构建于输入网络本身。这使得我们能够给出每个类别的相对边密度的z分数以及其他相关统计量的精确明确表达式。z分数直接通过切比雪夫不等式量化了观察到的同质性的统计显著性。每个z分数的计算时间是O(n + m)，对于具有n个节点和m条边的网络。这导致了一种高效的方法来评估同质性。我们通过考虑每个类别生成的子图中孤立节点的数量的z分数来补充同质性/异质性的分析，这些z分数的计算时间是O(nm)。理论结果被用来证明，正如预期的那样，分析的两个网络类在考虑的节点属性方面都显著地具有同质性。
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English: There is little doubt about whether social networks play a role in modern
protests. This agreement has triggered an entire research avenue, in which
social structure and content analysis have been central --but are typically
exploited separately.
Here, we combine these two approaches to shed light on the opinion evolution
dynamics in Egypt during the summer of 2013 along two axes
(Islamist/Secularist, pro/anti-military intervention). We intend to find traces
of opinion changes in Egypt's population, paralleling those in the
international community --which oscillated from sympathetic to condemnatory as
civil clashes grew. We find little evidence of people "switching" sides, along
with clear changes in volume in both pro- and anti-military camps.
Our work contributes new insights into the dynamics of large protest
movements, specially in the aftermath of the main events --rather unattended
previously. It questions the standard narrative concerning a simplistic mapping
between Secularist/pro-military and Islamist/anti-military. Finally, our
conclusions provide empirical validation to sociological models regarding the
behavior of individuals in conflictive contexts.
Chinese: 关于社交网络在现代社会抗议中是否发挥作用，几乎没有疑问。这一共识引发了一条整个研究途径，其中社会结构和内容分析一直是核心——但通常被分别利用。
在这里，我们将这两种方法结合起来，以揭示2013年夏季埃及在两个轴（伊斯兰主义者/世俗主义者，支持/反对军事干预）上的意见演变动态。我们旨在找到埃及人口中意见变化的痕迹，与国际社会的变化相呼应——随着民间冲突的加剧，从同情到谴责的波动。我们发现几乎没有证据表明人们“转换”立场，同时支持和反对军事的两派在数量上都有明显的变化。
我们的工作为大型抗议运动动态提供了新的见解，特别是在主要事件之后——之前很少受到关注。它质疑了关于世俗主义者/支持军事和伊斯兰主义者/反对军事之间简单映射的常规叙述。最后，我们的结论为关于冲突背景下个体行为的社会学模型提供了经验验证。
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English: We examine the transport in a homogeneous porous medium of a finite slice of
a solute which adsorbs on the porous matrix following a Langmuir adsorption
isotherm and can influence the dynamic viscosity of the solution. In the
absence of any viscosity variation, the Langmuir adsorption induces the
formation of a shock layer wave at the frontal interface and of a rarefaction
wave at the rear interface of the sample. For a finite width sample, these
waves interact after a given time that varies nonlinearly with the adsorption
properties to give a triangle-like concentration profile in which the mixing
efficiency of the solute is larger in comparison to the linear or no-adsorption
cases. In the presence of a viscosity contrast such that a less viscous carrier
fluid displaces the more viscous finite slice, viscous fingers are formed at
the rear rarefaction interface. The fingers propagate through the finite sample
to preempt the shock layer at the viscously stable front. In the reverse case
i.e. when the shock layer front features viscous fingering, the fingers are
unable to intrude through the rarefaction zone and the qualitative properties
of the expanding rear wave are preserved. A non-monotonic dependence with
respect to the Langmuir adsorption parameter $b$ is observed in the onset time
of interaction between the nonlinear waves and viscous fingering. The coupled
effect of viscous fingering at the rear interface and of Langmuir adsorption
provides a powerful mechanism to enhance the mixing efficiency of the adsorbed
solute.
Chinese: 我们研究了在均匀多孔介质中，有限切片的溶质在多孔基质上按照朗缪尔吸附等温线吸附，并可能影响溶液动力粘度时的传输过程。在不存在粘度变化的情况下，朗缪尔吸附会在样品前沿界面形成冲击层波，并在样品后沿界面形成稀疏波。对于有限宽度样品，这些波在经过一个随吸附特性非线性变化的时间后相互作用，形成类似三角形的浓度分布，其中溶质的混合效率相比线性或无吸附情况更高。在存在粘度差异的情况下，即当粘度较低的载体流体置换粘度较高的有限切片时，会在后沿稀疏界面形成粘性指。这些指向前传播通过有限样品，以阻止粘性稳定前沿处的冲击层。在相反的情况下，即当冲击层前沿出现粘性指时，这些指无法侵入稀疏区，扩展的后沿波的定性特性得以保持。在非线性波与粘性指相互作用的发生时间中，观察到对朗缪尔吸附参数$b$的非单调依赖关系。后沿界面处的粘性指与朗缪尔吸附的耦合效应，为提高吸附溶质的混合效率提供了一种强大的机制。
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English: We aim at investigating the formation process of weak bars by measuring their
properties in a sample of 29 nearby SAB galaxies, spanning a wide range of
morphological types and luminosities. The sample galaxies were selected to have
an intermediate inclination, a bar at an intermediate angle between the disc
minor and major axes, and an undisturbed morphology and kinematics to allow the
direct measurement of the bar pattern speed. Combining our analysis with
previous studies, we compared the properties of weak and strong bars. We
measured the bar radius and strength from the r-band images available in SDSS
and bar pattern speed and corotation radius from the stellar kinematics
obtained by CALIFA. We derived the bar rotation rate as the ratio between the
corotation and bar radii. Thirteen out of 29 galaxies, which were
morphologically classified as SABs from a visual inspection, do not actually
host a bar component or their central elongated component is not in rigid
rotation. We successfully derived the bar pattern speed in 16 objects. Two of
them host an ultrafast bar. Using the bar strength to differentiate weak and
strong bars, we found that the SABs host shorter bars with smaller corotation
radii than their strongly barred counterparts. Weak and strong bars have
similar bar pattern speeds and rotation rates, which are all consistent with
being fast. We did not observe any difference between the bulge prominence in
SAB and SB galaxies, whereas nearly all the weak bars reside in the disc inner
parts, contrary to strong bars. We ruled out that the bar weakening is only
related to the bulge prominence and that the formation of weak bars is
triggered by the tidal interaction with a companion. Our observational results
suggest that weak bars may be evolved systems exchanging less angular momentum
with other galactic components than strong bars.
Chinese: 我们的目标是研究弱棒的形成过程，通过测量29个附近SAB星系样本的性质，这些星系在形态类型和亮度上覆盖了广泛的范围。样本星系被选择具有中间倾角，棒在盘的主轴和次轴之间处于中间角度，以及未受扰动的形态和动力学，以便直接测量棒的模式速度。结合我们的分析与先前的研究，我们比较了弱棒和强棒的性质。我们从SDSS提供的r波段图像中测量了棒半径和强度，以及从CALIFA获得的恒星动力学中测量了棒模式速度和共旋半径。我们通过共旋半径与棒半径的比值来得出棒旋转率。在29个星系中，有13个，它们从视觉检查中被分类为SAB，实际上并不包含棒成分，或者其中心的延伸成分不是刚性旋转。我们在16个对象中成功得出了棒的模式速度。其中两个含有超快棒。使用棒强度来区分弱棒和强棒，我们发现SAB星系中棒更短，共旋半径更小，而与它们的强棒对应物相比。弱棒和强棒具有相似的模式速度和旋转速率，这些都与快速一致。我们没有观察到SAB和SB星系中凸起显著性的差异，而几乎所有的弱棒都位于盘的内侧部分，这与强棒相反。我们排除了棒减弱仅与凸起显著性相关，以及弱棒的形成是由伴星系的潮汐交互触发的可能性。我们的观测结果表明，弱棒可能是交换较少的角动量的演化系统，与强棒相比，与其他星系成分的交换更少。
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English: This paper introduces function alignment, a novel theory of mind and
intelligence that is both intuitively compelling and structurally grounded. It
explicitly models how meaning, interpretation, and analogy emerge from
interactions among layered representations, forming a coherent framework
capable not only of modeling minds but also of serving as a blueprint for
building them. One of the key theoretical insights derived from function
alignment is bounded interpretability, which provides a unified explanation for
previously fragmented ideas in cognitive science, such as bounded rationality,
symbol grounding, and analogy-making. Beyond modeling, the function alignment
framework bridges disciplines often kept apart, linking computational
architecture, psychological theory, and even contemplative traditions such as
Zen. Rather than building on any philosophical systems, it offers a structural
foundation upon which multiple ways of understanding the mind may be
reconstructed.
Chinese: 本文介绍了功能对齐，这是一种既具有直观吸引力又具有结构基础的新颖的心智与智能理论。它明确地模拟了意义、解释和类比如何从分层表示之间的交互中产生，形成了一个能够不仅模拟心智而且可以作为构建心智蓝图的一致性框架。功能对齐得出的一个关键理论见解是有限解释性，它为认知科学中先前零散的思想（如有限理性、符号接地和类比构建）提供了一个统一的解释。除了建模之外，功能对齐框架还连接了通常被分开的学科，将计算架构、心理学理论和禅宗等冥想传统联系起来。它不是基于任何哲学体系，而是提供了一个结构基础，在此基础上可以重建多种理解心智的方式。
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English: Following the semiclassical formalism of Strutinsky et al., we have obtained
the complete eigenvalue spectrum for a particle enclosed in an infinitely high
spheroidal cavity. Our spheroidal trace formula also reproduces the results of
a spherical billiard in the limit $\eta\to1.0$. Inclusion of repetition of each
family of the orbits with reference to the largest one significantly improves
the eigenvalues of sphere and an exact comparison with the quantum mechanical
results is observed upto the second decimal place for $kR_{0}\geq{7}$. The
contributions of the equatorial, the planar (in the axis of symmetry plane) and
the non-planar(3-Dimensional) orbits are obtained from the same trace formula
by using the appropriate conditions. The resulting eigenvalues compare very
well with the quantum mechanical eigenvalues at normal deformation. It is
interesting that the partial sum of equatorial orbits leads to eigenvalues with
maximum angular momentum projection, while the summing of planar orbits leads
to eigenvalues with $L_z=0$ except for L=1. The remaining quantum mechanical
eigenvalues are observed to arise from the 3-dimensional(3D) orbits. Very few
spurious eigenvalues arise in these partial sums. This result establishes the
important role of 3D orbits even at normal deformations.
Chinese: 遵循Strutinsky等人提出的半经典形式主义，我们得到了一个被无限高球形容器包围的粒子的完整本征值谱。我们的球形容迹公式在极限$\eta\to1.0$下也重现了球面台球的成果。将每个轨道家族的重复次数与最大的那个进行比较，显著提高了球体的本征值，并且对于$kR_{0}\geq{7}$，观察到与量子力学结果的精确比较直至第二位小数。通过使用适当的条件，从相同的容迹公式中获得了赤道轨道、平面轨道（在对称平面轴上）和非平面轨道（三维）的贡献。在正常形变下，得到的本征值与量子力学的本征值非常吻合。有趣的是，赤道轨道的部分和导致了具有最大角动量投影的本征值，而平面轨道的总和导致了$L_z=0$的本征值，除了L=1的情况。剩余的量子力学本征值观察到来源于三维（3D）轨道。在这些部分和中，只有极少数虚假本征值出现。这一结果确立了三维轨道即使在正常形变下也起着重要作用。
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English: We propose a new way of axial magnetic fields generation in a
non-relativistic laser intensity regime by using a twisted light carrying
orbital angular momentum (OAM) to stimulate two-plasmon decay (TPD) in a
plasma. The growth of TPD driven by an OAM light in a Laguerre-Gauss (LG) mode
is investigated through three dimensional fluid simulations and theory. A
theory based on the assumption that the electron plasma waves (EPWs) are
locally driven by a number of local plane-wave lasers predicts the maximum
growth rate proportional to the peak amplitude of the pump laser field and is
verified by the simulations. The OAM conservation during its transportation
from the laser to the TPD daughter EWPs is shown by both the theory and the
simulations. The theory predicts generation of ~40T axial magnetic fields
through the OAM absorption via TPD, which has perspective applications in the
field of high energy density physics.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种在非相对论激光强度范围内通过使用携带轨道角动量（OAM）的扭曲光来激发等离子体中的双等离子体衰变（TPD）的新方法。通过三维流体模拟和理论，研究了由OAM光在拉盖尔-高斯（LG）模式中驱动的TPD的增长。基于电子等离子体波（EPWs）由多个局部平面波激光器局部驱动的假设的理论预测了最大增长速率与泵浦激光场峰值幅度的比例，并通过模拟得到了验证。理论和模拟都表明，OAM在其从激光传输到TPD子电子波（EWPs）过程中的守恒性。理论预测通过TPD通过OAM吸收产生约40T的轴向磁场，这在高能密度物理领域具有潜在的应用前景。
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English: In this paper we consider the numerical solution of fractional terminal value
problems (FDE-TVPs). In particular, the proposed procedure uses a Newton-type
iteration which is particularly efficient when coupled with a
recently-introduced step-by-step procedure for solving fractional initial value
problems (FDE-IVPs), able to produce spectrally accurate solutions of FDE
problems. Some numerical tests are reported to make evidence of its
effectiveness.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们考虑了分数终端值问题（FDE-TVPs）的数值解。特别是，所提出的程序使用了一种牛顿型迭代法，当与最近引入的用于求解分数初值问题（FDE-IVPs）的逐步程序相结合时，特别有效。一些数值测试被报告出来以证明其有效性。
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English: The document discusses the financial climate risk in the context of the
banking industry, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of
climate change across different spatial and temporal scales. It highlights the
challenges in estimating physical and transition risks, specifically extreme
events and limitations of current climate models. The document also reviews
current gaps in assessing physical and transition risks, including the
development, improvement of modeling frameworks, highlighting the need for
detailed databases of exposed physical assets and climatic hazard modeling. It
also emphasizes the importance of integrating financial climate risks into
financial risk management practices, particularly in smaller banks and lending
organizations.
Chinese: 文档在银行行业中讨论了金融气候风险，强调了在不同空间和时间尺度上全面理解气候变化的必要性。它突出了估计物理风险和转型风险的挑战，特别是极端事件和当前气候模型的局限性。文档还审查了评估物理风险和转型风险的当前差距，包括发展和改进建模框架，强调了详细记录暴露的物理资产和气候灾害建模的必要性。它还强调了将金融气候风险融入金融风险管理实践的重要性，特别是在小型银行和贷款机构中。
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English: We study numerically the vortex-lattice formation in a rapidly rotating
uniform quasi-two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a box trap. We
consider two types of boxes: square and circle. In a square-shaped 2D box trap,
when the number of generated vortices is the square of an integer, the vortices
are found to be arranged in a perfect square lattice, although deviations near
the center are found when the number of generated vortices is arbitrary. In
case of a circular box trap, the generated vortices in the rapidly rotating BEC
lie on concentric closed orbits. Near the center, these orbits have the shape
of polygons, whereas near the periphery the orbits are circles. The circular
box trap is equivalent to the rotating cylindrical bucket used in early
experiment(s) with liquid He II. The number of generated vortices in both cases
is in qualitative agreement with Feynman's universal estimate. The numerical
simulation for this study is performed by a solution of the underlying
mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation in the rotating frame, where the wave
function for the generated vortex lattice is a stationary state. Consequently,
the imaginary-time propagation method can be used for a solution of the GP
equation, known to lead to an accurate numerical solution. We also demonstrated
the dynamical stability of the vortex lattices in real-time propagation upon a
small change of the angular frequency of rotation, using the converged
imaginary-time wave function as the initial state.
Chinese: 我们数值研究了在箱式陷阱中快速旋转的均匀准二维玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚（BEC）中的涡旋晶格形成。我们考虑了两种类型的陷阱：方形和圆形。在一个方形二维陷阱中，当产生的涡旋数量是某个整数的平方时，发现涡旋排列成完美的正方形晶格，尽管当产生的涡旋数量任意时，在中心附近会观察到偏离。对于圆形陷阱，快速旋转的BEC中产生的涡旋位于同心闭合轨道上。在中心附近，这些轨道呈多边形形状，而在外围则呈圆形。圆形陷阱等效于早期液氦II实验中使用的旋转圆柱形桶。两种情况下产生的涡旋数量与费曼的普适估计在定性上相符。本研究中的数值模拟是通过旋转参考系下基本平均场Gross-Pitaevskii（GP）方程的解来进行的，其中产生的涡旋晶格的波函数是稳态。因此，可以使用虚时传播方法来求解GP方程，该方法已知能导致精确的数值解。我们还利用收敛的虚时波函数作为初始状态，在实时传播中演示了涡旋晶格在旋转角频率微小变化时的动力学稳定性。
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English: In this report, we describe characteristics of a ring-structure hydrogen
plasma heated in electron cyclotron resonance conditions and confined in a
mirror magnetic trap and discuss the relative efficiency of secondary electrons
and thermoelectrons in negative hydrogen and deuterium ion production. The
obtained data and calculations of the balance equations for possible reactions
demonstrate that the negative ion production is realized in two stages. First,
the hydrogen and deuterium molecules are excited in collisions with the plasma
electrons to high-laying Rydberg or vibrational levels in the plasma volume.
The second stage leads to the negative ion production through the process of
dissociative attachment of low energy electrons. The low energy electrons are
originated due to a bombardment of the plasma electrode by ions of one of the
driven rings and thermoemission from heated tungsten filaments. Experiments
seem to indicate that the negative ion generation occurs predominantly in the
limited volume filled with thermoelectrons. Estimation of the negative ion
generation rate shows that the main channel of and ion production involves the
process of high Rydberg state excitation.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们描述了在电子回旋共振条件下，被磁镜陷阱所约束的环状结构氢等离子体的特性，并讨论了次级电子和热电子在负氢和氘离子产生中的相对效率。得到的数据以及可能反应的平衡方程计算表明，负离子的产生分为两个阶段。首先，氢和氘分子在等离子体电子的碰撞中激发到等离子体体积内的高赖德伯格或振动能级。第二阶段则通过低能电子的附着的离解过程导致负离子的产生。低能电子来源于等离子体电极被驱动环的离子轰击以及加热钨丝的热发射。实验似乎表明，负离子的生成主要发生在被热电子填充的有限体积内。负离子生成率的估算表明，负离子的主要生成途径涉及高赖德伯格态的激发。
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English: The problem of interpolation at $(n+1)^2$ points on the unit sphere
$\mathbb{S}^2$ by spherical polynomials of degree at most $n$ is proved to have
a unique solution for several sets of points. The points are located on a
number of circles on the sphere with even number of points on each circle. The
proof is based on a method of factorization of polynomials.
Chinese: 在单位球$\mathbb{S}^2$上，通过度数不超过$n$的球面多项式，对$(n+1)^2$个点的插值问题被证明对于几组点集具有唯一解。这些点位于球面上的若干个圆上，每个圆上的点数为偶数。证明基于多项式因式分解的方法。
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English: The effect of the magnetic field on the energy loss rate in the direct Urca
reactions is studied. The general expression for the neutrino emissivity at
arbitrary magnetic field B is derived. The main emphasis is laid on a case, in
which the field is not superstrong, and charged reacting particles (e and p)
populate many Landau levels. The magnetic field keeps the process operative if
Delta k / k_{Fn} < N_{Fp}^{-2/3} (N_{Fp} is the number of the Landau levels
populated by protons and Delta k = k_{Fn}-k_{Fp}-k_{Fe}), that is beyond the
well-known switch-on limit in the absence of the field, Delta k < 0. Cooling of
magnetized neutron stars with strong neutron superfluid in the outer cores and
nonsuperfluid inner cores is simulated. The magnetic field near the stellar
center speeds up the cooling if the stellar mass M is slightly less than the
minimum mass M_c at which the direct Urca reaction becomes allowed for B=0. If
B=3x10^{16} G the affected mass range is M_c-M < 0.1M_c, while for B=3x10^{15}
G the range is M_c-M < 0.015M_c. This may influence a theoretical
interpretation of the observed thermal radiation as illustrated for the Geminga
pulsar. The case of superstrong magnetic fields (B>10^{18} G), such that e and
p populate only the lowest Landau levels is briefly outlined.
Chinese: 研究了磁场对直接Urca反应中能量损失率的影响。推导了任意磁场B下中微子发射率的一般表达式。主要关注这样一种情况：磁场并非超强，且带电反应粒子（电子和质子）占据许多朗道能级。当Δk/kFn < N_Fp^(-2/3)（N_Fp是质子占据的朗道能级数，Δk = kFn - kFp - kFe）时，磁场使该过程持续进行，即在没有磁场的情况下，Δk < 0的著名开关极限之外。模拟了具有强中子超流体外核和非超流内核的磁化中子星的冷却过程。当恒星质量M略小于B=0时直接Urca反应开始允许的最小质量Mc时，恒星中心附近的磁场会加速冷却。若B=3x10^16 G，受影响的质星范围是Mc-M < 0.1Mc，而B=3x10^15 G时该范围是Mc-M < 0.015Mc。这可能影响对观测到的热辐射的理论解释，例如Geminga脉冲星的说明。简要概述了超强磁场（B>10^18 G）的情况，此时电子和质子仅占据最低朗道能级。
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English: We present the redshift distribution of a complete sample of 480 galaxies
with Ks<20 distributed over two independent fields covering a total area of 52
arcmin^2. The redshift completeness is 87% and 98% respectively with
spectroscopic and high-quality and tested photometric redshifts. The redshift
distribution of field galaxies has a median redshift z_{med}\sim 0.80, with
\sim 32% and \sim 9% of galaxies at z>1 and z>1.5 respectively. A ``blind''
comparison is made with the predictions of a set of the most recent LambdaCDM
hierarchical merging and pure luminosity evolution (PLE) models. The
hierarchical merging models overpredict and underpredict the number of galaxies
at low-z and high-z respectively, whereas the PLE models match the median
redshift and the low-z distribution, still being able to follow the high-z tail
of N(z). We briefly discuss the implications of this comparison and the
possible origins of the observed discrepancies. We make the redshift
distribution publicly available.
Chinese: 我们展示了480个Ks<20的完整星系样本的红移分布，这些星系分布在两个独立的区域内，总面积为52平方弧分。红移的完整性分别为光谱和高质量且经过测试的测光红移的87%和98%。场星系的红移分布的中位红移z_{med}约为0.80，其中分别有约32%和约9%的星系位于z>1和z>1.5。我们与一组最新LambdaCDM层次合并和纯亮度演化（PLE）模型的预测进行了“盲”比较。层次合并模型在低红移和高红移分别高估和低估了星系的数量，而PLE模型与中位红移和低红移分布相匹配，仍然能够跟随N(z)的高红移尾部。我们简要讨论了这次比较的含义以及观测到的差异的可能来源。我们将红移分布公开提供。
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English: We deal with a general preferential attachment graph model with multiple type
edges. The types are chosen randomly, in a way that depends on the evolution of
the graph. In the $N$-type case, we define the (generalized) degree of a given
vertex as $\boldsymbol{d}=(d_{1},d_{2},\dots,d_{N})$, where
$d_{k}\in\mathbb{Z}_{0}^{+}$ is the number of type $k$ edges connected to it.
We prove the existence of an a.s.\ asymptotic degree distribution for a general
family of preferential attachment random graph models with multi-type edges.
More precisely, we show that the proportion of vertices with (generalized)
degree $\boldsymbol{d}$ tends to some random variable as the number of steps
goes to infinity. We also provide recurrence equations for the asymptotic
degree distribution. Finally, we generalize the scale-free property of random
graphs to the multi-type case.
Chinese: 我们处理一个具有多种类型边的通用优先连接图模型。类型的选择是随机的，其方式取决于图的演变。在N类型的情况下，我们定义给定顶点的（广义）度为$\boldsymbol{d}=(d_{1},d_{2},\dots,d_{N})$，其中$d_{k}\in\mathbb{Z}_{0}^{+}$是连接到它的类型k边的数量。我们证明了对于具有多类型边的通用优先连接随机图模型族，存在一个几乎必然的渐近度分布。更确切地说，我们表明随着步骤数的增加，具有（广义）度$\boldsymbol{d}$的顶点比例趋向于某个随机变量。我们还提供了渐近度分布的递推方程。最后，我们将随机图的规模无关性质推广到多类型情况。
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English: Poor generalization performance caused by distribution shifts in unseen
domains often hinders the trustworthy deployment of deep neural networks. Many
domain generalization techniques address this problem by adding a domain
invariant regularization loss terms during training. However, there is a lack
of modular software that allows users to combine the advantages of different
methods with minimal effort for reproducibility. DomainLab is a modular Python
package for training user specified neural networks with composable
regularization loss terms. Its decoupled design allows the separation of neural
networks from regularization loss construction. Hierarchical combinations of
neural networks, different domain generalization methods, and associated
hyperparameters, can all be specified together with other experimental setup in
a single configuration file. Hierarchical combinations of neural networks,
different domain generalization methods, and associated hyperparameters, can
all be specified together with other experimental setup in a single
configuration file. In addition, DomainLab offers powerful benchmarking
functionality to evaluate the generalization performance of neural networks in
out-of-distribution data. The package supports running the specified benchmark
on an HPC cluster or on a standalone machine. The package is well tested with
over 95 percent coverage and well documented. From the user perspective, it is
closed to modification but open to extension. The package is under the MIT
license, and its source code, tutorial and documentation can be found at
https://github.com/marrlab/DomainLab.
Chinese: 由于在未见过领域中分布偏移导致泛化性能差，深度神经网络的可信部署经常受到阻碍。许多领域泛化技术通过在训练过程中添加领域不变正则化损失项来解决这个问题。然而，目前缺乏模块化的软件，允许用户以最小的努力结合不同方法的优势，以实现可复现性。DomainLab是一个模块化的Python包，用于训练用户指定的神经网络，并具有可组合的正则化损失项。其解耦设计允许将神经网络与正则化损失构建分离。神经网络的分层组合、不同的领域泛化方法及其相关超参数，可以与其他实验设置一起在单个配置文件中指定。此外，DomainLab提供了强大的基准测试功能，用于评估神经网络在分布外数据中的泛化性能。该包支持在HPC集群或独立机器上运行指定的基准测试。该包经过充分测试，覆盖率达到95%以上，并配有完善的文档。从用户的角度来看，它封闭于修改但开放于扩展。该包采用MIT许可证，其源代码、教程和文档可以在https://github.com/marrlab/DomainLab找到。
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English: The inability of practical MANET deployments to scale beyond about 100 nodes
has traditionally been blamed on insufficient network capacity for supporting
routing related control traffic. However, this paper points out that network
capacity is significantly under-utilized by standard MANET routing algorithms
at observed scaling limits. Therefore, as opposed to identifying the scaling
limit for MANET routing from a capacity stand-point, it is instead
characterized as a function of the interaction between dynamics of path failure
(caused due to mobility) and path repair. This leads to the discovery of the
repair time scaling wall, which is used to explain observed scaling limits in
MANETs. The factors behind the repair time scaling wall are identified and
techniques to extend the scaling limits are described.
Chinese: 传统上，实用MANET（移动自组织网络）部署无法扩展到大约100个节点以上，被归咎于支持路由相关控制流量的网络容量不足。然而，本文指出，在观察到的扩展限制下，标准MANET路由算法对网络容量的利用效率显著低下。因此，与从容量角度确定MANET路由的扩展限制相反，它被描述为路径故障动态（由于移动性引起）和路径修复之间相互作用的结果。这导致了修复时间扩展墙的发现，该墙被用来解释MANET中观察到的扩展限制。修复时间扩展墙背后的因素被识别，并描述了扩展扩展限制的技术。
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English: A modification of the homogeneous isotropic model of the Friedman universe
with a scalar field is proposed, in which the proper time of the universe is
added to the dynamic variables under the additional condition of its classical
dynamics. Along with proper time, an additional parameter is included in the
modified theory, which is an analog of the rest mass of a relativistic
particle. Assuming the dependence of the gravitational constant on proper time,
we obtain the rest mass as an additional dynamic variable.
Chinese: 提出了一种带标量场的弗里德曼宇宙的均匀各向同性模型的修正，在其经典动力学的附加条件下，将宇宙的固有时添加到动力学变量中。除了固有时，修正后的理论中还包括了一个附加参数，它是相对论粒子静止质量的类似物。假设万有引力常数依赖于固有时，我们得到了静止质量作为一个附加的动力学变量。
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English: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) based on deep neural networks
(DNNs) are widely used in autonomous vehicles for critical perception tasks
such as object detection, semantic segmentation, and lane recognition. However,
these systems are highly sensitive to input variations, such as noise and
changes in lighting, which can compromise their effectiveness and potentially
lead to safety-critical failures.
This study offers a comprehensive empirical evaluation of image
perturbations, techniques commonly used to assess the robustness of DNNs, to
validate and improve the robustness and generalization of ADAS perception
systems. We first conducted a systematic review of the literature, identifying
38 categories of perturbations. Next, we evaluated their effectiveness in
revealing failures in two different ADAS, both at the component and at the
system level. Finally, we explored the use of perturbation-based data
augmentation and continuous learning strategies to improve ADAS adaptation to
new operational design domains. Our results demonstrate that all categories of
image perturbations successfully expose robustness issues in ADAS and that the
use of dataset augmentation and continuous learning significantly improves ADAS
performance in novel, unseen environments.
Chinese: 基于深度神经网络（DNNs）的先进驾驶辅助系统（ADAS）被广泛应用于自动驾驶汽车中，用于目标检测、语义分割和车道识别等关键感知任务。然而，这些系统对输入变化（如噪声和光照变化）高度敏感，这会损害其有效性，并可能导致安全关键型故障。
本研究对图像扰动进行了全面的实证评估，图像扰动是评估深度神经网络稳健性的常用技术，旨在验证和提升ADAS感知系统的稳健性和泛化能力。我们首先对文献进行了系统性回顾，识别出38类扰动。随后，我们评估了它们在揭示两种不同ADAS（在组件和系统层面）中的故障有效性。最后，我们探索了基于扰动的数据增强和持续学习策略，以提升ADAS对新运行设计域的适应能力。我们的结果表明，所有图像扰动类别均成功揭示了ADAS的稳健性问题，而数据集增强和持续学习的应用显著提升了ADAS在新型、未见环境中的性能。
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English: One of the most important O($\alpha_s^2$) corrections to the $B \to X_s
\gamma$ branching ratio originates from interference of contributions from the
current-current and photonic dipole operators. Its value has been estimated
using an interpolation in the charm quark mass between the known results at
$m_c=0$ and for $m_c \ll m_b/2$. An explicit calculation for the physical value
of $m_c$ is necessary to remove the associated uncertainty. In the present
work, we evaluate all the ultraviolet counterterm contributions that are
relevant for this purpose.
Chinese: $B \to X_s \gamma$分支比最重要的O($\alpha_s^2$)修正之一源于电流-电流和光子偶极算子贡献的干涉。该值已通过在粲夸克质量$m_c$介于$m_c=0$和$m_c \ll m_b/2$时已知的计算结果之间进行插值来估算。为了消除相关的不确定性，需要针对物理粲夸克质量$m_c$进行显式计算。在本工作中，我们评估了所有与该目的相关的紫外重整化项贡献。
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English: We show that a hybrid metamaterial slab comprising of an one-dimensional
array of two different types of cavities exhibits ferrimagnetic-like surface
resonances which can be used to realize interesting phenomena such as directive
emission as a consequence of strong angle-dependent reflection phase and the
selective coupling of a Gaussian incident beam into a higher order diffractive
channel, giving rise to the phenomenon of negative reflection and
retro-directive backtracking. The findings are verified by experiments in the
microwave regime.
Chinese: 我们表明，一个由一维阵列的两种不同类型的腔体组成的混合超材料板表现出铁磁性的表面共振，这些共振可以被用来实现有趣的现象，例如由于强烈的角依赖性反射相位导致的定向辐射，以及高斯入射光束的选择性耦合进入一个更高阶的衍射通道，导致负反射和反向导引回溯现象。这些发现通过微波频段的实验得到了验证。
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English: The basic principle for achieving high-power capability on an electrochemical
energy storage cell is minimizing the overall resistance. The resistance due to
current collecting systems has not received sufficient attention in the past,
presumably because it was not considered of significance for low-power
batteries and supercapacitors. However, the necessity of high-power cells has
reduced other sources of the inner resistance, and the current collector
potential drop has become more important. Moreover, the miniaturization of
energy storage devices could increase the ohmic loses in current collectors. In
this work, we have developed an electrical model to assess the effect of the
current collector thickness on the maximum potential drop. We have found that
the thickness of current collectors is a critical parameter that can increase
the maximum potential drop drastically. Indeed, the maximum potential drop of
current collectors remains almost constant for thicknesses greater than 500 lm,
but below this value, there is an inverse relationship between the maximum
potential drop and the thickness. We have also analyzed the effect of the
material and tab position in the maximum potential drop.
Chinese: 在电化学储能电池上实现高功率能力的基本原则是尽量减小整体电阻。由于电流收集系统引起的电阻在过去没有得到足够的关注，这可能是由于它被认为对低功率电池和超级电容器来说并不重要。然而，高功率电池的必要性已经减少了其他内阻来源，电流收集器的电位降变得更为重要。此外，储能设备的微型化可能会增加电流收集器的欧姆损耗。在这项工作中，我们开发了一个电学模型来评估电流收集器厚度对最大电位降的影响。我们发现，电流收集器的厚度是一个关键参数，它可以极大地增加最大电位降。事实上，当厚度大于500微米时，电流收集器的最大电位降几乎保持不变，但在此值以下，最大电位降与厚度之间存在反向关系。我们还分析了材料和端子位置对最大电位降的影响。
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English: Heterogeneous graph neural network (HGNN) is a very popular technique for the
modeling and analysis of heterogeneous graphs. Most existing HGNN-based
approaches are supervised or semi-supervised learning methods requiring graphs
to be annotated, which is costly and time-consuming. Self-supervised
contrastive learning has been proposed to address the problem of requiring
annotated data by mining intrinsic information hidden within the given data.
However, the existing contrastive learning methods are inadequate for
heterogeneous graphs because they construct contrastive views only based on
data perturbation or pre-defined structural properties (e.g., meta-path) in
graph data while ignore the noises that may exist in both node attributes and
graph topologies. We develop for the first time a novel and robust
heterogeneous graph contrastive learning approach, namely HGCL, which
introduces two views on respective guidance of node attributes and graph
topologies and integrates and enhances them by reciprocally contrastive
mechanism to better model heterogeneous graphs. In this new approach, we adopt
distinct but most suitable attribute and topology fusion mechanisms in the two
views, which are conducive to mining relevant information in attributes and
topologies separately. We further use both attribute similarity and topological
correlation to construct high-quality contrastive samples. Extensive
experiments on three large real-world heterogeneous graphs demonstrate the
superiority and robustness of HGCL over state-of-the-art methods.
Chinese: 异构图神经网络（HGNN）是用于异构图建模和分析的一种非常流行的技术。大多数现有的基于HGNN的方法是监督或半监督学习方法，需要对图进行注释，这既昂贵又耗时。提出了自我监督对比学习来通过挖掘给定数据内部隐藏的信息来解决需要注释数据的问题。然而，现有的对比学习方法对异构图来说是不够的，因为它们仅基于数据扰动或图数据中的预定义结构属性（例如，元路径）来构建对比视图，而忽略了节点属性和图拓扑中可能存在的噪音。我们首次开发了一种新颖且健壮的异构图对比学习方法，即HGCL，它引入了针对节点属性和图拓扑各自的指导的两个视图，并通过互对比机制将它们集成和增强，以更好地构建异构图。在这个新方法中，我们采用在两个视图中适合但最合适的属性和拓扑融合机制，这有利于分别挖掘属性和拓扑中的相关信息。我们进一步使用属性相似性和拓扑相关性来构建高质量的对比样本。在三个大型实际异构图上的广泛实验表明，HGCL在最先进的方法中具有优越性和鲁棒性。
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English: We report on our research effort to generate large-scale multipartite
optical-mode entanglement using as few physical resources as possible. We have
previously shown that cluster- and GHZ-type N-partite continuous-variable
entanglement can be obtained in an optical resonator that contains a suitably
designed second-order nonlinear optical medium, pumped by at most O(N^2)
fields. In this paper, we show that the frequency comb of such a resonator can
be entangled into an arbitrary number of independent 2x2 and 2x3
continuous-variable cluster states by a single optical parametric oscillator
pumped by just a few optical modes.
Chinese: 我们报告了我们的研究努力，旨在尽可能使用最少的物理资源生成大规模的多粒子光学模式纠缠。我们之前已经表明，在包含适当设计的二阶非线性光学介质的腔体中，可以通过最多O(N^2)个场获得簇型和GHZ型的N粒子连续变量纠缠。在这篇论文中，我们展示了这样的腔体的频率梳可以通过单个光学参量振荡器，由仅几个光学模式泵浦，纠缠成任意数量的独立的2x2和2x3连续变量簇态。
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English: The problem of describing the boundary states of unstable non-BPS D-branes of
type-II string theories in light-cone Green-Schwarz (GS) formalism is
addressed. Regarding the type II theories in light-cone gauge as different
realizations of the $\hat{SO}(8)_{k=1}$ Kac-Moody algebra, the non-BPS D-brane
boundary states of these theories are given in terms of the relevant Ishibashi
states constructed in this current algebra. Using the expressions for the
current modes in terms of the GS variables it is straightforward to reexress
the boundary states in the GS formalism. The problem that remains is the lack
of manifest SO(8) covariance in these expressions. We also derive the various
known expressions for the BPS and non-BPS D-brane boundary states by starting
with the current algebra Ishibashi states.
Chinese: 在光锥格林-斯瓦茨（GS）形式主义下描述II型弦理论中不稳定非BPS D-膜边界状态的问题得到了解决。将光锥规范下的II型理论视为$\hat{SO}(8)_{k=1}$卡西莫夫代数的不同实现，这些理论的非BPS D-膜边界状态用在此当前代数中构造的相关石川状态给出。利用GS变量的当前模式表达式，可以简单地重新表达边界状态在GS形式主义下。剩下的问题是这些表达式中缺乏明显的SO(8)协变性。我们还通过从当前代数石川状态开始，推导出BPS和非BPS D-膜边界状态的已知各种表达式。
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English: C-loops are loops satisfying $x(y(yz))=((xy)y)z$. They often behave
analogously to Moufang loops and they are closely related to Steiner triple
systems and combinatorics. We initiate the study of C-loops by proving: (i)
Steiner loops are C-loops, (ii) C-loops are alternative, inverse property loops
with squares in the nucleus, (iii) the nucleus of a C-loop is a normal
subgroup, (iv) C-loops modulo their nucleus are Steiner loops, (v) C-loops are
power associative, power alternative but not necessarily diassociative, (vi)
torsion commutative C-loops are products of torsion abelian groups and torsion
commutative 2-C-loops; and several other results. We also give examples of the
smallest nonassociative C-loops, and explore the analogy between commutative
C-loops and commutative Moufang loops.
Chinese: C-环是满足$x(y(yz))=((xy)y)z$的环。它们通常与Moufang环的行为相似，并且与Steiner三元系统和组合数学密切相关。我们通过以下证明开始了C-环的研究：(i) Steiner环是C-环，(ii) C-环是具有核中平方的交替、逆性质环，(iii) C-环的核是一个正规子群，(iv) C-环除以其核后的环是Steiner环，(v) C-环是幂结合的，幂交替的，但不一定是二重结合的，(vi)扭结交换的C-环是扭结阿贝尔群和扭结交换2-C-环的乘积；以及其他一些结果。我们还给出了最小的非结合C-环的例子，并探讨了交换C-环与交换Moufang环之间的类比。
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English: We consider a braid $\beta$ which acts on a punctured plane. Then we
construct a local system on this plane and find a homology cicle $D$ in its
symmetric power such that $D\cdot \beta(D)$ coincides with the Alexander
polynomial of the plate closure of $\beta$.
Chinese: 我们需要考虑一个在穿孔平面上作用的辫子$\beta$。然后我们在这个平面上构造一个局部系统，并在它的对称幂中找到一个同调圆环$D$，使得$D\cdot \beta(D)$与$\beta$的盘闭包的亚历山大多项式相匹配。
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English: By exploiting ultrafast and irregular time series generated by lasers with
delayed feedback, we have previously demonstrated a scalable algorithm to solve
multi-armed bandit (MAB) problems utilizing the time-division multiplexing of
laser chaos time series. Although the algorithm detects the arm with the
highest reward expectation, the correct recognition of the order of arms in
terms of reward expectations is not achievable. Here, we present an algorithm
where the degree of exploration is adaptively controlled based on confidence
intervals that represent the estimation accuracy of reward expectations. We
have demonstrated numerically that our approach did improve arm order
recognition accuracy significantly, along with reduced dependence on reward
environments, and the total reward is almost maintained compared with
conventional MAB methods. This study applies to sectors where the order
information is critical, such as efficient allocation of resources in
information and communications technology.
Chinese: 通过利用由具有延迟反馈的激光器产生的超快速和不规则时间序列，我们之前已经展示了一个可扩展的算法，用于解决利用激光混沌时间序列的时分复用多臂老虎机（MAB）问题。尽管该算法能够检测到期望奖励最高的臂，但根据期望奖励正确识别臂的顺序是不可能的。在这里，我们提出了一种算法，其中探索程度是基于表示奖励期望估计精度的置信区间进行自适应控制的。我们通过数值模拟证明了我们的方法显著提高了臂顺序识别的准确性，同时降低了对外部奖励环境的依赖，与传统的MAB方法相比，总奖励几乎保持不变。这项研究适用于那些顺序信息至关重要的领域，例如在信息和通信技术中有效分配资源。
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English: The study of neutrino pair annihilation into electron-positron pairs
($\nu{\bar \nu}\to e^-e^+$) is astrophysically well-motivated because it is a
possible powering mechanism for the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In this paper, we
estimate the gamma-ray energy deposition rate (EDR) arising from the
annihilation of the neutrino pairs in the equatorial plane of a slowly rotating
black hole geometry modified by the broken Lorentz symmetry (induced by a
background bumblebee vector field). More specifically, owing to the presence of
a dimensionless Lorentz symmetry breaking (LSB) parameter $l$ arising from
nonminimal coupling between the bumblebee field with nonzero vacuum expectation
value and gravity, the metric solution in question differs from the standard
slowly rotating Kerr black hole. By idealizing the thin accretion disk
temperature profile in the two forms of isothermal and gradient around the
bumblebee gravity-based slow rotating black hole, we investigate the influence
of spontaneous LSB on the $\nu{\bar \nu}$-annihilation efficiency. For both
profiles, we find that positive values of LSB parameter $l>0$ induce an
enhancement of the EDR associated with the neutrino-antineutrino annihilation.
Therefore, the process of powering the GRBs jets around bumblebee gravity
modified slowly rotating geometry is more efficient in comparison with standard
metric. Using the observed gamma-ray luminosity associated with different GRBs
types (short, long, and ultra-long), we find, through the analysis of the EDR
in the parameter space $l-a$ ($a^2\ll1$), some allowed ranges for the LSB
parameter $l$.
Chinese: 中微子偶对湮灭成电子-正电子对（$\nu{\bar \nu}\to e^-e^+$）的研究在天文学上具有充分的理由，因为它可能是伽玛射线爆发（GRBs）的可能能量产生机制。在这篇论文中，我们估计了由于慢速旋转洛伦兹对称性破坏（由背景胡蜂矢量场诱导）的慢速旋转黑洞几何结构中中微子偶对在赤道平面中的湮灭产生的伽玛射线能量沉积率（EDR）。更具体地说，由于非最小耦合导致的洛伦兹对称性破坏（LSB）参数$l$的存在，引起自带有非零真空预期值的胡蜂场与重力之间的耦合，所提出的度量解与标准慢速旋转Kerr黑洞有所不同。通过在基于胡蜂重力的慢速旋转黑洞周围两种形式的等温和梯度薄吸积盘温度分布下，我们研究了自发LSB对中微子-反中微子湮灭效率的影响。对于两种分布，我们发现正的LSB参数$l>0$能增强与中微子-反中微子湮灭相关的EDR。因此，在胡蜂重力修改的慢速旋转几何结构中，激发GRBs喷流的过程比标准度量更为有效。利用不同类型的伽玛射线爆发（短、长和超长）相关的观测到的伽玛射线亮度，我们通过在参数空间$l-a$（$a^2\ll1$）中分析EDR，找到了LSB参数$l$的一些允许范围。
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English: Providers of online marketplaces are constantly combatting against
problematic transactions, such as selling illegal items and posting fictive
items, exercised by some of their users. A typical approach to detect fraud
activity has been to analyze registered user profiles, user's behavior, and
texts attached to individual transactions and the user. However, this
traditional approach may be limited because malicious users can easily conceal
their information. Given this background, network indices have been exploited
for detecting frauds in various online transaction platforms. In the present
study, we analyzed networks of users of an online consumer-to-consumer
marketplace in which a seller and the corresponding buyer of a transaction are
connected by a directed edge. We constructed egocentric networks of each of
several hundreds of fraudulent users and those of a similar number of normal
users. We calculated eight local network indices based on up to connectivity
between the neighbors of the focal node. Based on the present descriptive
analysis of these network indices, we fed twelve features that we constructed
from the eight network indices to random forest classifiers with the aim of
distinguishing between normal users and fraudulent users engaged in each one of
the four types of problematic transactions. We found that the classifier
accurately distinguished the fraudulent users from normal users and that the
classification performance did not depend on the type of problematic
transaction.
Chinese: 在线市场的提供商一直在与一些用户进行的具有问题的交易作斗争，例如销售非法物品和发布虚假物品。检测欺诈活动的典型方法是对注册用户资料、用户行为以及与个人交易和用户相关的文本进行分析。然而，这种传统方法可能存在局限性，因为恶意用户可以轻易地隐藏他们的信息。鉴于这一背景，网络指数被用于检测各种在线交易平台中的欺诈行为。在本研究中，我们分析了在线消费者对消费者市场平台的用户网络，其中交易中的卖家和相应的买家通过有向边连接。我们构建了数百名欺诈用户和类似数量的正常用户的自我中心网络。我们计算了基于焦点节点邻居之间连通性的八个局部网络指数。基于对这些网络指数的现有描述性分析，我们将从八个网络指数中构建的十二个特征输入到随机森林分类器中，目的是区分参与四种类型的问题交易中的正常用户和欺诈用户。我们发现，分类器能够准确地区分欺诈用户和正常用户，并且分类性能并不依赖于问题交易的类型。
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English: We introduce a model of proportional growth to explain the distribution
$P(g)$ of business firm growth rates. The model predicts that $P(g)$ is Laplace
in the central part and depicts an asymptotic power-law behavior in the tails
with an exponent $\zeta=3$. Because of data limitations, previous studies in
this field have been focusing exclusively on the Laplace shape of the body of
the distribution. We test the model at different levels of aggregation in the
economy, from products, to firms, to countries, and we find that the its
predictions are in good agreement with empirical evidence on both growth
distributions and size-variance relationships.
Chinese: 我们提出一个比例增长模型来解释企业增长率的分布$P(g)$。该模型预测$P(g)$在中心部分呈拉普拉斯分布，并在尾部表现出指数为$\zeta=3$的渐近幂律行为。由于数据限制，该领域的先前研究仅专注于分布主体的拉普拉斯形状。我们在经济体的不同聚合水平上测试了该模型，从产品到企业再到国家，我们发现其预测与增长分布和规模-方差关系方面的经验证据相吻合。
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English: Follow-the-Leader (FTL) is an intuitive sequential prediction strategy that
guarantees constant regret in the stochastic setting, but has terrible
performance for worst-case data. Other hedging strategies have better
worst-case guarantees but may perform much worse than FTL if the data are not
maximally adversarial. We introduce the FlipFlop algorithm, which is the first
method that provably combines the best of both worlds.
As part of our construction, we develop AdaHedge, which is a new way of
dynamically tuning the learning rate in Hedge without using the doubling trick.
AdaHedge refines a method by Cesa-Bianchi, Mansour and Stoltz (2007), yielding
slightly improved worst-case guarantees. By interleaving AdaHedge and FTL, the
FlipFlop algorithm achieves regret within a constant factor of the FTL regret,
without sacrificing AdaHedge's worst-case guarantees.
AdaHedge and FlipFlop do not need to know the range of the losses in advance;
moreover, unlike earlier methods, both have the intuitive property that the
issued weights are invariant under rescaling and translation of the losses. The
losses are also allowed to be negative, in which case they may be interpreted
as gains.
Chinese: 跟随领导者（FTL）是一种直观的序列预测策略，在随机环境中保证了常数遗憾，但对于最坏情况的数据表现糟糕。其他对冲策略在 worst-case 保证方面表现更好，但如果数据不是极端对抗性的，它们的表现可能远不如 FTL。我们引入了 FlipFlop 算法，这是第一个能证明性地结合两者最佳特性的方法。
作为构造的一部分，我们开发了 AdaHedge，这是一种在 Hedge 中动态调整学习率的新方法，无需使用倍增技巧。AdaHedge 细化了 Cesa-Bianchi、Mansour 和 Stoltz（2007）提出的一种方法，稍微提高了 worst-case 保证。通过交替使用 AdaHedge 和 FTL，FlipFlop 算法实现了遗憾，它与 FTL 遗憾的常数因子相差不远，同时不牺牲 AdaHedge 的 worst-case 保证。
AdaHedge 和 FlipFlop 不需要预先知道损失的范围；此外，与早期的方法不同，两者都具有一个直观的性质，即发行的权重对于损失的缩放和移动是不变的。损失也可以为负，在这种情况下，它们可以被解释为收益。
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English: Yielding behavior in amorphous solids has been investigated in computer
simulations employing uniform and cyclic shear deformation. Recent results
characterise yielding as a discontinuous transition, with the degree of
annealing of glasses being a significant parameter. Under uniform shear,
discontinuous changes in stresses at yielding occur in the high annealing
regime, separated from the poor annealing regime in which yielding is gradual.
In cyclic shear simulations, relatively poorly annealed glasses become
progressively better annealed as the yielding point is approached, with a
relatively modest but clear discontinuous change at yielding. To understand
better the role of annealing on yielding characteristics, we perform athermal
quasistaic cyclic shear simulations of glasses prepared with a wide range of
annealing in two qualitatively different systems -- a model of silica (a
network glass), and an atomic binary mixture glass. Two strikingly different
regimes of behavior emerge: Energies of poorly annealed samples evolve towards
a unique threshold energy as the strain amplitude increases, before yielding
takes place. Well annealed samples, in contrast, show no significant energy
change with strain amplitude till they yield, accompanied by discontinuous
energy changes that increase with the degree of annealing. Significantly, the
threshold energy for both systems correspond to dynamical crossover
temperatures associated with changes in the character of the energy landscape
sampled by glass forming liquids. Uniform shear simulations support the
recently discussed scenario of a random critical point separating ductile and
brittle yielding, which our results now associate with dynamical crossover
temperatures in the corresponding liquids.
Chinese: 在计算机模拟中，通过均匀和循环剪切变形研究了非晶态固体的屈服行为。最近的研究将屈服描述为一种不连续的过渡，玻璃退火的程度是一个重要的参数。在均匀剪切下，在屈服时高退火区域中的应力发生不连续变化，与退火不良的区域分开，后者中的屈服是逐渐发生的。在循环剪切模拟中，随着屈服点的接近，相对退火不良的玻璃逐渐变得更好退火，屈服时出现相对适度但明显的不连续变化。为了更好地理解退火对屈服特性的作用，我们进行了非热准静态循环剪切模拟，模拟了在两个质上不同的系统中制备的具有广泛退火范围的玻璃——二氧化硅（一种网络玻璃）和原子二元混合玻璃。出现了两种截然不同的行为区域：退火不良的样品的能量随着应变幅度的增加而趋向于一个独特的阈值能量，在屈服发生之前。相比之下，退火良好的样品在屈服之前，应变幅度下没有明显的能量变化，伴随着随着退火程度增加而增加的不连续能量变化。值得注意的是，两个系统的阈值能量对应于与玻璃形成液体能量景观特性变化相关的动态交叉温度。均匀剪切模拟支持最近讨论的随机临界点将韧性屈服和脆性屈服分开的情景，我们的结果现在将这一情景与相应液体中的动态交叉温度联系起来。
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English: We report the first measurement of CP-violation parameters in B^0 ->
K_S^0\rho^0\gamma decays based on 657 million B\bar B pairs collected with the
Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy collider. We measure the
time-dependent CP violating parameter S_{K_S^0\rho^0\gamma}= 0.11 +/-
0.33(stat.)^{+0.05}_{-0.09}(syst.). We also obtain the effective direct CP
violating parameter A_eff=0.05 +/- 0.18(stat.) +/- 0.06(syst.) for
m_{K_S\pi^+\pi^-}<1.8 GeV/c^2 and 0.6 GeV/c^2<m_{\pi^+\pi^-}<0.9 GeV/c^2.
Chinese: 我们基于KEKB非对称能量对撞机上使用Belle探测器收集的6.57亿对B\bar B介子，报告了首次在B^0 -> K_S^0\rho^0\gamma衰变中测量到的CP破坏参数。我们测量了时变CP破坏参数S_{K_S^0\rho^0\gamma}= 0.11 +/- 0.33(stat.)^{+0.05}_{-0.09}(syst.)。我们还获得了在m_{K_S\pi^+\pi^-}<1.8 GeV/c^2和0.6 GeV/c^2<m_{\pi^+\pi^-}<0.9 GeV/c^2条件下的有效直接CP破坏参数A_eff=0.05 +/- 0.18(stat.) +/- 0.06(syst.)。
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English: Identifying anomalies has become one of the primary strategies towards
security and protection procedures in computer networks. In this context,
machine learning-based methods emerge as an elegant solution to identify such
scenarios and learn irrelevant information so that a reduction in the
identification time and possible gain in accuracy can be obtained. This paper
proposes a novel feature selection approach called Finite Element Machines for
Feature Selection (FEMa-FS), which uses the framework of finite elements to
identify the most relevant information from a given dataset. Although FEMa-FS
can be applied to any application domain, it has been evaluated in the context
of anomaly detection in computer networks. The outcomes over two datasets
showed promising results.
Chinese: 识别异常已成为计算机网络中安全和保护程序的主要策略之一。在此背景下，基于机器学习的方法作为一种优雅的解决方案出现，用于识别此类场景并学习无关信息，从而减少识别时间并可能提高准确性。本文提出了一种名为特征选择有限元机器（FEMa-FS）的新型特征选择方法，该方法使用有限元框架从给定数据集中识别最相关的信息。尽管FEMa-FS可以应用于任何应用领域，但它已在计算机网络异常检测的背景下进行了评估。在两个数据集上的结果显示出有希望的结果。
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English: Two-dimensional hexagonal and oblique lattices were investigated
theoretically with the aim of observing differences in the spin expectation
values between chiral and achiral systems. The spinresolved band structures
were derived from the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian
that includes the lattice potential and the spin-orbit interaction. The spin
texture of the achiral hexagonal system was shown to have two non-zero
components of the spin polarisation, whereas all three components were
calculated to be non-zero for the chiral system. The longitudinal component,
found to be zero in the achiral lattice, was observed to invert between the
enantiomorphs of the chiral lattice. A heuristic model was introduced to
discern the origin of this inverting spin polarisation by considering the
dynamics of an electron in chiral and achiral lattices. This model was further
used to demonstrate the change in magnitude of the spin polarisation as a
function of the lattice parameters and an electric field perpendicular to the
lattice.
Chinese: 二维六角和斜方晶格从理论上进行了研究，目的是观察手性系统和非手性系统之间自旋期望值的差异。从包括晶格势和自旋轨道相互作用的哈密顿量的能量本征值和本征函数中推导出了自旋分辨的能带结构。非手性六角系统的自旋纹理显示出自旋极化有两个非零分量，而对于手性系统，计算得出所有三个分量都是非零的。在非手性晶格中找到的纵向分量，在手性晶格的对应异构体之间观察到发生了反转。引入了一个启发式模型，通过考虑电子在手性和非手性晶格中的动力学来辨别这种反转自旋极化的起源。该模型进一步被用来演示自旋极化的大小随晶格参数和垂直于晶格的电场的变化而变化。
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English: We develop an estimator for the high-dimensional covariance matrix of a
locally stationary process with a smoothly varying trend and use this statistic
to derive consistent predictors in non-stationary time series. In contrast to
the currently available methods for this problem the predictor developed here
does not rely on fitting an autoregressive model and does not require a
vanishing trend. The finite sample properties of the new methodology are
illustrated by means of a simulation study and a financial indices study.
Chinese: 我们开发了一种用于具有平滑趋势的局部平稳过程的高维协方差矩阵估计量，并利用这一统计量从非平稳时间序列中导出一致预测器。与目前可用于该问题的现有方法不同，这里开发的预测器不需要拟合自回归模型，也不需要趋势消失。通过模拟研究和金融指数研究，展示了新方法在有限样本下的性质。
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English: The pair instability supernova (PISN) is a common fate of very massive stars
(VMSs). Current theory predicts the initial and the CO core mass ranges for
PISNe of $\sim$140-260 $M_\odot$ and $\sim$65-120 $M_\odot$ respectively for
stars that are not much affected by the wind mass loss. The corresponding
relative event rate between PISNe and core collapse supernovae is estimated to
be $\sim$1% for the present-day initial mass function. However, no confident
PISN candidate has been detected so far, despite more than 1,000 supernovae are
discovered every recent years. We investigate the evolution of VMSs with
various core carbon-to-oxygen ratios for the first time, by introducing a
multiplication factor $f_{\rm cag} \in [ 0.1, 1.2 ]$ to the $^{12}$C($\alpha,
\gamma$)$^{16}$O reaction rate. We find that a less massive VMS with a high
$X$(C)/$X$(O) develops shell convection during the core carbon-burning phase,
with which the star avoids the pair-creation instability. The second result is
the high explodability for a massive VMS, i.e., a star with high $X$(C)/$X$(O)
explodes with a smaller explosion energy. Consequently, the initial and the CO
core mass ranges for PISNe are significantly increased. Finally, a PISN with
high $X$(C)/$X$(O) yields smaller amount of $^{56}$Ni. Therefore, PISNe with
high $X$(C)/$X$(O) are much rarer and fainter to be detected. This result
advances the first theory to decrease the PISN event rate by directly shifting
the CO core mass range.
Chinese: 对双星不稳定超新星（PISN）是质量非常大的恒星（VMSs）的常见结局。当前理论预测，对于受风质量损失影响不大的恒星，PISN的初始和CO核心质量范围分别为约140-260 $M_\odot$和约65-120 $M_\odot$。对于当前初始质量函数，PISN与核心坍缩超新星之间的相应相对事件率估计为约1%。然而，尽管近年来每年发现了1000多颗超新星，但迄今为止尚未发现任何可信的PISN候选体。我们首次通过引入一个乘数因子$f_{\rm cag} \in [ 0.1, 1.2 ]$到$^{12}$C($\alpha, \gamma$)$^{16}$O反应率，研究了具有不同核心碳氧比的各种VMSs的演化。我们发现，一个质量较小的VMS在核心碳燃烧阶段会发展壳层对流，从而避免了双星形成的不稳定性。第二个结果是，对于质量较大的VMS，即碳氧比高的恒星，爆炸能量较小。因此，PISN的初始和CO核心质量范围显著增加。最后，具有高碳氧比的PISN产生的$^{56}$Ni量较少。因此，高碳氧比的PISN更难被探测到，也更暗淡。这一结果推进了第一个通过直接调整CO核心质量范围来降低PISN事件率的理论。
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English: In this contribution we explore the consequences of including additional
sources to the original Casimir energy Stress-Energy Tensor. In particular, we
will discuss the effects of an additional electromagnetic field, the
modification induced by non-zero temperature effects on the energy density
obtained by a Casimir device and finally the effect obtained by including a
massless scalar field. For each of these examples, we have introduced an
auxiliary stress tensor which we have interpreted as a thermal tensor.
Consequences on the size of the throat are also discussed. We will show that
these additional extra fields do not destroy the traversability of the
wormhole.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们探讨了将额外来源纳入原始卡西米尔能量应力-能量张量的后果。特别是，我们将讨论额外电磁场的影响、非零温度效应对卡西米尔设备获得能量密度的修正，以及包含无质量标量场的影响。对于这些例子中的每一个，我们都引入了一个辅助应力张量，并将其解释为热张量。还讨论了对喉管尺寸的影响。我们将证明，这些额外的额外场不会破坏虫洞的可穿越性。
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English: We study the effect of stacking faults on the topological properties of the
magnetic topological insulator MnBi$_{2}$Te$_{4}$ (MBT) using density
functional theory calculations and the Hubbard $U$ being tuned with many-body
diffusion Monte Carlo techniques. We show that a modest deviation from the
equilibrium interlayer distance leads to a topological phase transition from a
non-trivial to a trivial topology, suggesting that tuning the interlayer
coupling by adjusting the interlayer distance alone can lead to different
topological phases. Interestingly, due to the locally increased interlayer
distance of the top layer, a metastable stacking fault in MBT leads to a nearly
gapless state at the topmost layer due to charge redistribution as the topmost
layer recedes. We further find evidence of spin-momentum locking in the surface
state along with a weak preservation of the band inversion in the near gapless
state, which is indicative of the non-trivial topological surface states for
the metastable stacking fault. Our findings provide a possible explanation for
reconciling the long-standing puzzle of gapped and gapless states on MBT
surfaces.
Chinese: 我们使用密度泛函理论计算和通过多体扩散蒙特卡洛技术调整的Hubbard $U$，研究了堆垛错对磁性拓扑绝缘体MnBi$_{2}$Te$_{4}$（MBT）拓扑性质的影响。我们表明，从平衡层间距的微小偏差会导致从非平凡拓扑到平凡拓扑的拓扑相变，这表明仅通过调整层间距来调节层间耦合可以导致不同的拓扑相。有趣的是，由于顶层局部增加的层间距离，MBT中的亚稳态堆垛错导致顶层退去时电荷重新分布，从而在顶层产生近无隙状态。我们进一步发现了表面态中自旋-动量锁定的证据，以及近无隙状态中能带反转的弱保持，这表明亚稳态堆垛错具有非平凡拓扑表面态。我们的发现为解决MBT表面长期存在的隙态和无隙态之谜提供了可能的解释。
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English: We report a search for non-Standard Model physics through the measurement of
CP-violating asymmetry in the Cabibbo suppressed D0->pi+pi- and D0->K+K- decays
reconstructed in about 5.94/fb of CDF data. We use the strong D*+->D0pi+ decay
("D* tag") to identify the flavor of the charmed meson at production time and
exploit CP-conserving strong c-cbar pair-production in p-pbar collisions. Large
samples of Cabibbo favored D0->K-pi+ decays with and without D* tag are used to
highly suppress systematic uncertainties due to detector effects. The results
are the world's most precise measurements to date.
Chinese: 我们报告了一项通过测量在CDF数据中约5.94/fb的Cabibbo抑制的D0->π+π-和D0->K+K-衰变中CP破坏的不对称性来寻找非标准模型物理的搜索。我们使用强D*+->D0π+衰变（“D*标签”）来在生产时间识别奇强子的味，并利用p-p̅碰撞中CP守恒的强cc̅对产生。使用有和无D*标签的大量Cabibbo有利的D0->K-π+衰变样本，以高度抑制由于探测器效应引起的系统不确定性。这些结果是迄今为止世界上最精确的测量。
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English: We have analyzed the teleconnection of total cloud fraction (TCF) with global
sea surface temperature (SST) in multi-model ensembles (MME) of the fifth and
sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP5 and CMIP6). CMIP6-MME has a
more robust and realistic teleconnection (TCF and global SST) pattern over the
extra-tropics (R ~0.43) and North Atlantic (R ~0.39) region, which in turn
resulted in improvement of rainfall bias over the Asian summer monsoon (ASM)
region. CMIP6-MME can better reproduce the mean TCF and have reduced dry (wet)
rainfall bias on land (ocean) over the ASM region. CMIP6-MME has improved the
biases of seasonal mean rainfall, TCF, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)
over the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) region by ~40%, ~45%, and ~31%,
respectively, than CMIP5-MME and demonstrates better spatial correlation with
observation/reanalysis. Results establish the credibility of the CMIP6 models
and provide a scientific basis for improving the seasonal prediction of ISM.
Chinese: 我们分析了第五次和第六次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5和CMIP6）多模式集合（MME）中总云量（TCF）与全球海表温度（SST）的遥相关。CMIP6-MME在副热带（R~0.43）和北大西洋（R~0.39）地区的TCF和全球SST遥相关模式更为稳健和逼真，进而改善了亚洲夏季季风（ASM）地区的降水偏差。CMIP6-MME能更好地再现平均TCF，并在ASM地区的陆地（海洋）上减少了干（湿）雨偏差。与CMIP5-MME相比，CMIP6-MME通过约40%、45%和31%分别改善了印度夏季季风（ISM）地区的季节平均降水、TCF和向外长波辐射（OLR）的偏差，并显示出与观测/再分析更好的空间相关性。这些结果证实了CMIP6模型的可信度，为改进ISM的季节预测提供了科学依据。
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English: We analyze a game introduced by Andy Niedermaier, where $p$ players take
turns throwing a dart at a dartboard. A player is eliminated unless his dart
lands closer to the center than all previously thrown darts, in which case he
goes to the back of the line, until only one player remains. Using generating
functions, we determine the distribution of the number of throws in the game,
and we obtain a recursive formula to compute the probability that each player
wins.
Chinese: 我们分析由Andy Niedermaier引入的一款游戏，其中$p$名玩家轮流向飞镖盘投掷飞镖。除非某位玩家的飞镖落点比之前所有投掷的飞镖都更靠近中心，否则该玩家将被淘汰，然后他回到队伍的末尾，直到只剩下一名玩家。我们使用生成函数来确定游戏中投掷次数的分布，并得到一个递归公式来计算每位玩家获胜的概率。
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English: The present thesis aims to be an analysis of various aspects of neutrino
phenomenology in two different scenarios. On the one hand, we address the study
of non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) in accelerator and reactor
terrestrial experiments. On the other hand, we discuss the propagation of
supernova (SN) neutrinos, taking into account the recent developments showing
the importance that neutrino background may have in their evolution. This
effect, neglected for a long time, may be of capital importance when trying to
understand the neutrino signal from a future galactic SN. Our SN neutrino
analysis is presented both in absence and presence of NSI.
Chinese: 本论文旨在分析两种不同场景下中微子现象学的各个方面。一方面，我们研究了加速器和反应堆地面实验中的非标准中微子相互作用（NSI）。另一方面，我们讨论了超新星（SN）中微子的传播，考虑到最近的发展表明中微子背景可能在它们的演化中具有重要作用。这种长期被忽视的效果，在试图理解未来银河系超新星的中微子信号时可能具有至关重要的意义。我们的SN中微子分析既考虑了NSI的存在，也考虑了NSI的缺失。
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English: Hybrid analog-digital (AD) beamforming structure is a very attractive
solution to build low cost massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
systems. Typically these systems use a set of fixed beams for transmission and
reception to avoid the need to obtain channel state information at transmitter
(CSIT) for each antenna element individually. However, such a method can not
fully exploit the potential of hybrid AD beamforming systems. Alternatively,
CSIT can be estimated by assuming a model for the propagation channel, whereas
this model is only validated in millimeter-wave (mmWave) band thanks to its
poor scattering nature. In this paper, we focus on time division duplex (TDD)
systems with hybrid beamforming structure and propose a reciprocity calibration
scheme that allows to acquire full CSIT. Different to existing CSIT acquisition
methods, our approach does not require any assumption on the channel model and
can, in theory, estimate the CSIT up to an arbitrary small error.
Chinese: 混合模拟数字（AD）波束成形结构是构建低成本大规模多输入多输出（MIMO）系统的极具吸引力的解决方案。通常这些系统使用一组固定波束进行传输和接收，以避免需要为每个天线单元单独获取发射端信道状态信息（CSIT）。然而，这种方法未能充分利用混合AD波束成形系统的潜力。或者，可以通过假设传播信道模型来估计CSIT，然而该模型仅因毫米波（mmWave）频段散射性差而在该频段得到验证。在本文中，我们关注具有混合波束成形结构的时分双工（TDD）系统，并提出一种互易校准方案，该方案能够获取完整的CSIT。与现有的CSIT获取方法不同，我们的方法无需对信道模型做任何假设，理论上可以估计CSIT，误差可小至任意小的程度。
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English: Many computer vision applications require robust and efficient estimation of
camera geometry. The robust estimation is usually based on solving camera
geometry problems from a minimal number of input data measurements, i.e.,
solving minimal problems, in a RANSAC-style framework. Minimal problems often
result in complex systems of polynomial equations. The existing
state-of-the-art methods for solving such systems are either based on Gr\"obner
bases and the action matrix method, which have been extensively studied and
optimized in the recent years or recently proposed approach based on a sparse
resultant computation using an extra variable.
In this paper, we study an interesting alternative sparse resultant-based
method for solving sparse systems of polynomial equations by hiding one
variable. This approach results in a larger eigenvalue problem than the action
matrix and extra variable sparse resultant-based methods; however, it does not
need to compute an inverse or elimination of large matrices that may be
numerically unstable. The proposed approach includes several improvements to
the standard sparse resultant algorithms, which significantly improves the
efficiency and stability of the hidden variable resultant-based solvers as we
demonstrate on several interesting computer vision problems. We show that for
the studied problems, our sparse resultant based approach leads to more stable
solvers than the state-of-the-art Gr\"obner bases-based solvers as well as
existing sparse resultant-based solvers, especially in close to critical
configurations. Our new method can be fully automated and incorporated into
existing tools for the automatic generation of efficient minimal solvers.
Chinese: 许多计算机视觉应用需要鲁棒且高效的相机几何估计。鲁棒的估计通常基于从最小数量的输入数据测量中解决相机几何问题，即在RANSAC风格的框架中解决最小问题。最小问题通常会导致复杂的多项式方程组。解决此类系统的现有最先进方法要么基于Gröbner基和作用矩阵方法，这些方法在近年来已被广泛研究和优化，要么是基于使用额外变量的稀疏结果计算的新近提出的方法。
在本文中，我们研究了一种有趣的基于稀疏结果的替代方法，通过隐藏一个变量来解决稀疏多项式方程组。这种方法导致比作用矩阵和额外变量稀疏结果方法更大的特征值问题；然而，它不需要计算逆矩阵或消除可能数值不稳定的矩阵。所提出的方法包括对标准稀疏结果算法的几个改进，正如我们在几个有趣的计算机视觉问题中所展示的那样，这些改进显著提高了隐藏变量结果求解器的效率和稳定性。我们表明，对于研究的问题，我们的基于稀疏结果的方法比基于Gröbner基的最先进求解器以及现有的基于稀疏结果的求解器更稳定，特别是在接近临界配置的情况下。我们的新方法可以完全自动化，并集成到现有工具中，用于自动生成高效的求解器。
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English: Due to the limited computational resources, most Large Language Models (LLMs)
developers can only fine-tune Small Language Models (SLMs) on their own data.
These private SLMs typically have limited effectiveness. To boost the
performance of private SLMs, this paper proposes to ask general LLMs for help.
The general LLMs can be APIs or larger LLMs whose inference cost the developers
can afford. Specifically, we propose the G-Boost framework where a private SLM
adaptively performs collaborative inference with a general LLM under the guide
of process reward. Experiments demonstrate that our framework can significantly
boost the performance of private SLMs.
Chinese: 由于计算资源有限，大多数大型语言模型（LLMs）开发者只能在自己数据上微调小型语言模型（SLMs）。这些私有小型语言模型通常效果有限。为提升私有小型语言模型的性能，本文提出请求通用大型语言模型（LLMs）提供帮助。通用大型语言模型可以是API或开发者能负担的更大规模模型。具体而言，我们提出了G-Boost框架，该框架在过程奖励指导下，使私有小型语言模型与通用大型语言模型进行自适应协作推理。实验证明，我们的框架能显著提升私有小型语言模型的性能。
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English: In this series of two papers we present a high dispersion spectroscopic
analysis of 8 candidate extremely metal poor stars selected from the
Hamburg/ESO Survey and of 6 additional very metal poor stars. We demonstrate
that with suitable vetting using moderate-resolution spectra the yield of this
survey for stars with [Fe/H] $\le -3.0$ dex is very high; three out of the
eight stars observed thus far at high resolution from the HES are actually that
metal poor, three more have [Fe/H] $\le -2.8$ dex, and the remainder are only
slightly more metal rich. In preparation for a large scale effort to mine the
Hamburg/ESO Survey database for such stars about to get underway, we lay out in
this paper the basic principles we intend to use to determine in a uniform way
the stellar parameters Teff, surface grav, and reddening.
Chinese: 在这两篇论文中，我们展示了一项高色散光谱分析，分析了来自汉堡/ESO调查的8个候选极端金属贫乏星体，以及另外6个非常金属贫乏的星体。我们证明了使用适度的分辨率光谱进行适当的筛选后，该调查对于[Fe/H] $\le -3.0$ dex的星体的产量非常高；迄今为止，在HES中通过高分辨率观测的8颗星体中，有3颗实际上是如此金属贫乏，另外3颗的[Fe/H] $\le -2.8$ dex，其余星体则稍微金属丰富一些。为了即将开始的一项大规模努力，即从汉堡/ESO调查数据库中挖掘这类星体，我们在本文中阐述了我们打算统一使用的基本原则，以确定恒星参数Teff、表面重力以及消光。
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English: In this work we interpret the Einstein-Hilbert (EH) Lagrangian of gravitation
as the first term of a low-energy effective theory similar to those considered
in the chiral Lagrangian approach to low-energy hadron physics or the
electroweak chiral Lagragians describing the symmetry breaking sector of the
Standard Model (SM). Starting from the one-loop computation of the elastic
graviton-graviton scattering amplitude by Dunbar and Norridge, we unitarize the
IR regularized partial waves by using the Inverse Amplitude Method (IAM). This
method enlarges the regime of applicability of the perturbative results to
higher energies of the order of the Plank scale $M_P$ and allows for the
possibility of poles in the second Riemann which have the natural
interpretation of dynamical resonances. In this work we look for these possible
resonances for the $++++$ and $ -- -$ helicity channels and the $J=0$, $2$ and
$4$ partial waves.
Chinese: 在这项工作中，我们将爱因斯坦-希尔伯特（EH）引力拉格朗日量解释为低能效理论中的第一项，类似于在低能夸克物理的奇异性拉格朗日量方法中考虑的那些，或者描述标准模型（SM）对称性破缺部门的电弱奇异性拉格朗日量。从Dunbar和Norridge计算的一圈弹性引力子-引力子散射振幅开始，我们使用逆振幅方法（IAM）对IR正则化的偏振波进行单位化。这种方法扩大了扰动结果在普朗克尺度$M_P$量级的高能范围内的适用性，并允许存在第二黎曼面的极点，这些极点具有自然解释为动力学共振。在这项工作中，我们寻找$++++$和$---$旋度通道以及$J=0$、$2$和$4$偏振波的可能共振。
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English: It is shown that the equations for pressure, entropy and the isochoric heat
capacity obtained by using generalization of the equilibrium thermodynamics in
fractional derivatives in the paper mentioned above are approximate, the
comparison of the equations with the experimental (tabulated) data for Neon and
Argon made in the paper is incorrect, and the conclusions of the paper made on
the basis of the comparison could be incorrect. The conditions for validity of
the equations are established. It is also established that the question about a
physical sense of the exponent of the derivative of a fractional order is still
open.
Chinese: 研究表明，上述论文中使用分数阶导数推广的平衡热力学所得到的压力、熵和等容热容方程是近似的，该论文中与氖气和氩气的实验（表格）数据对比是不正确的，且基于该对比得出的结论可能是错误的。已建立方程的有效条件。还表明，关于分数阶导数的指数的物理意义的问题仍然是开放的。
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