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English: We sketch a simple language of concurrent objects which explores the design
space between type systems and continuous testing. In our language, programs
are collections of communicating automata checked automatically for multiparty
compatibility. This property, taken from the session types literature but here
applied to terms rather than types, guarantees that no state-related errors
arise during execution: no object gets stuck because it was sent the wrong
message, and every message is processed.
Chinese: 我们勾勒了一种简单的并发对象语言，它探索了类型系统和连续测试设计空间之间的界面。在我们语言中，程序是通信自动机的集合，这些自动机会自动地被检查以确保多方的兼容性。这一性质，虽然源自会话类型文献，但在此处被应用于项而非类型，它保证了在执行过程中不会出现与状态相关的错误：没有对象因为收到错误的消息而陷入僵局，并且每个消息都被正确处理。
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English: We present results for the nucleon's leading-twist spin-independent valence
parton distribution functions obtained from a theoretical framework based on
the Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs) of QCD that previously gave an excellent
description of nucleon electromagnetic form factors. We employ the
rainbow-ladder truncation of the DSEs and utilize nucleon bound state
amplitudes from the Poincar\'e-covariant Faddeev equation, where the dominant
scalar and axial-vector quark-quark correlations are included. This DSE
framework is used to numerically evaluate the first 20 moments of the valence
$u$ and $d$ quark distribution functions, from which the $x$-dependence of the
distributions is found to be well constrained. We find good agreement with
empirical parameterizations of experimental data and make the prediction that
the $d/u$ ratio in the $x\to 1$ limit, invariant under scale evolution, takes
the value $d/u \to 0.087 \pm 0.010$. We find that this ratio is rather
sensitive to the strength of axial-vector diquark correlations. However,
contrary to a naive expectation, our result for the $d/u$ ratio in the $x\to 1$
limit does not vanish when only scalar diquark correlations are present,
although it is an order of magnitude smaller than our $d/u$ result that also
includes axial-vector diquarks. The valence quark distribution results are set
in a broader context via a simple pion cloud model estimate of sea-quark
light-cone momenta and gluon light-cone momentum.
Chinese: 我们展示了基于QCD的Dyson-Schwinger方程（DSEs）理论框架下，得到的结果，该框架之前对核子电磁形式因子提供了极好的描述。我们采用了DSEs的彩虹阶梯截断，并利用了Poincaré协变费叶夫方程中核子的束缚态振幅，其中包含了主要的标量和轴向量夸克-夸克关联。这一DSE框架被用来数值计算了前20个价$u$和$d$夸克分布函数的时刻，从中我们发现分布的$x$依赖性得到了很好的限制。我们发现与实验数据的经验参数化有很好的一致性，并给出了在尺度演化下不变的$x\to 1$极限下的$d/u$比值的预测，该值为$d/u \to 0.087 \pm 0.010$。我们发现这个比值对于轴向量二夸克关联的强度相当敏感。然而，与一个朴素的期望相反，当只有标量二夸克关联存在时，我们的$x\to 1$极限下的$d/u$比值不变为零，尽管它比同时包含轴向量二夸克的$d/u$结果小一个数量级。价夸克分布的结果通过一个简单的π云模型估计海夸克的动量分数和光子动量分数来置于更广泛的背景中。
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English: Semi-supervised learning, i.e. jointly learning from labeled and unlabeled
samples, is an active research topic due to its key role on relaxing human
supervision. In the context of image classification, recent advances to learn
from unlabeled samples are mainly focused on consistency regularization methods
that encourage invariant predictions for different perturbations of unlabeled
samples. We, conversely, propose to learn from unlabeled data by generating
soft pseudo-labels using the network predictions. We show that a naive
pseudo-labeling overfits to incorrect pseudo-labels due to the so-called
confirmation bias and demonstrate that mixup augmentation and setting a minimum
number of labeled samples per mini-batch are effective regularization
techniques for reducing it. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art
results in CIFAR-10/100, SVHN, and Mini-ImageNet despite being much simpler
than other methods. These results demonstrate that pseudo-labeling alone can
outperform consistency regularization methods, while the opposite was supposed
in previous work. Source code is available at https://git.io/fjQsC.
Chinese: 半监督学习，即联合学习有标签和无标签样本，由于其关键作用在于减轻人工监督，是一个活跃的研究课题。在图像分类的背景下，最近从无标签样本中学习的研究进展主要集中在一致性正则化方法上，这些方法鼓励对无标签样本的不同扰动进行不变预测。相反，我们提出通过使用网络预测生成软伪标签来从无标签数据中学习。我们表明，由于所谓的确认偏差，简单的伪标签方法会过拟合到错误的伪标签上，并证明了混合增强和为每个小批量设置有标签样本的最小数量是有效的正则化技术，可以减少这种偏差。所提出的方法在CIFAR-10/100、SVHN和Mini-ImageNet上取得了最先进的结果，尽管比其他方法简单得多。这些结果表明，单独的伪标签方法可以优于一致性正则化方法，而之前的作品中则认为相反。源代码可在https://git.io/fjQsC获取。
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English: As collaborative learning and the outsourcing of data collection become more
common, malicious actors (or agents) which attempt to manipulate the learning
process face an additional obstacle as they compete with each other. In
backdoor attacks, where an adversary attempts to poison a model by introducing
malicious samples into the training data, adversaries have to consider that the
presence of additional backdoor attackers may hamper the success of their own
backdoor. In this paper, we investigate the scenario of a multi-agent backdoor
attack, where multiple non-colluding attackers craft and insert triggered
samples in a shared dataset which is used by a model (a defender) to learn a
task. We discover a clear backfiring phenomenon: increasing the number of
attackers shrinks each attacker's attack success rate (ASR). We then exploit
this phenomenon to minimize the collective ASR of attackers and maximize
defender's robustness accuracy by (i) artificially augmenting the number of
attackers, and (ii) indexing to remove the attacker's sub-dataset from the
model for inference, hence proposing 2 defenses.
Chinese: 随着协作学习和数据收集外包变得越来越普遍，试图操纵学习过程的恶意行为者（或代理）在相互竞争时面临额外的障碍。在后门攻击中，攻击者试图通过将恶意样本引入训练数据来毒害模型，攻击者必须考虑额外的后门攻击者的存在可能会阻碍他们自己的后门攻击的成功。在这篇论文中，我们研究了多代理后门攻击的场景，其中多个非共谋攻击者制作并插入触发样本到一个共享的数据集中，该数据集被模型（防御者）用来学习一项任务。我们发现了一个明显的回火现象：攻击者数量的增加会降低每个攻击者的攻击成功率（ASR）。然后我们利用这一现象来最小化攻击者的集体ASR，并最大化防御者的鲁棒性准确性，通过（i）人工增加攻击者的数量，和（ii）索引来移除攻击者的子数据集，以便模型进行推理，从而提出两种防御措施。
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English: Recently, the authors and de Wolff introduced the imaginary projection of a
polynomial $f\in\mathbb{C}[\mathbf{z}]$ as the projection of the variety of $f$
onto its imaginary part, $\mathcal{I}(f) \ = \ \{\text{Im}(\mathbf{z}) \, : \,
\mathbf{z} \in \mathcal{V}(f) \}$. Since a polynomial $f$ is stable if and only
if $\mathcal{I}(f) \cap \mathbb{R}_{>0}^n \ = \ \emptyset$, the notion offers a
novel geometric view underlying stability questions of polynomials. In this
article, we study the relation between the imaginary projections and
hyperbolicity cones, where the latter ones are only defined for homogeneous
polynomials. Building upon this, for homogeneous polynomials we provide a tight
upper bound for the number of components in the complement $\mathcal{I}(f)^{c}$
and thus for the number of hyperbolicity cones of $f$. And we show that for $n
\ge 2$, a polynomial $f$ in $n$ variables can have an arbitrarily high number
of strictly convex and bounded components in $\mathcal{I}(f)^{c}$.
Chinese: 最近，作者们和de Wolff引入了多项式 $f\in\mathbb{C}[\mathbf{z}]$ 的虚部投影，即 $f$ 的代数簇在其实部的投影，$\mathcal{I}(f) \ = \ \{\text{Im}(\mathbf{z}) \, : \, \mathbf{z} \in \mathcal{V}(f) \}$。由于多项式 $f$ 是稳定的当且仅当 $\mathcal{I}(f) \cap \mathbb{R}_{>0}^n \ = \ \emptyset$，这一概念为多项式的稳定性问题提供了一个新的几何视角。在本文中，我们研究了虚部投影与双曲锥之间的关系，后者仅对齐次多项式有定义。基于此，对于齐次多项式，我们给出了补集 $\mathcal{I}(f)^{c}$ 中分量数量的严格上界，从而也给出了 $f$ 的双曲锥的数量上界。我们还证明了对于 $n \ge 2$，一个 $n$ 元多项式 $f$ 在 $\mathcal{I}(f)^{c}$ 中可以有任意多的严格凸且有界的分量。
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English: This paper introduces a novel deep neural network architecture for solving
the inverse scattering problem in frequency domain with wide-band data, by
directly approximating the inverse map, thus avoiding the expensive
optimization loop of classical methods. The architecture is motivated by the
filtered back-projection formula in the full aperture regime and with
homogeneous background, and it leverages the underlying equivariance of the
problem and compressibility of the integral operator. This drastically reduces
the number of training parameters, and therefore the computational and sample
complexity of the method. In particular, we obtain an architecture whose number
of parameters scale sub-linearly with respect to the dimension of the inputs,
while its inference complexity scales super-linearly but with very small
constants. We provide several numerical tests that show that the current
approach results in better reconstruction than optimization-based techniques
such as full-waveform inversion, but at a fraction of the cost while being
competitive with state-of-the-art machine learning methods.
Chinese: 本文介绍了一种新颖的深度神经网络架构，用于解决频率域中宽带数据的逆散射问题。该架构通过直接逼近逆映射，从而避免了经典方法中昂贵的优化循环。该架构受全孔径区域和均匀背景下的滤波反投影公式的启发，并利用了问题的内在等变性和积分算子的压缩性。这极大地减少了训练参数的数量，因此降低了该方法的计算和样本复杂性。特别是，我们获得了一种架构，其参数数量与输入维度的增长呈亚线性关系，而其推理复杂性呈超线性增长，但常数非常小。我们提供了几个数值测试，表明当前方法在重建质量上优于基于优化的技术，如全波形反演，但成本仅为后者的几分之一，同时在性能上与最先进的机器学习方法相当。
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English: Network intrusions are a significant problem in all industries today. A
critical part of the solution is being able to effectively detect intrusions.
With recent advances in artificial intelligence, current research has begun
adopting deep learning approaches for intrusion detection. Current approaches
for multi-class intrusion detection include the use of a deep neural network.
However, it fails to take into account spatial relationships between the data
objects and long term dependencies present in the dataset. The paper proposes a
novel architecture to combat intrusion detection that has a Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) module, along with a Long Short Term Memory(LSTM) module
and with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification function. The analysis
is followed by a comparison of both conventional machine learning techniques
and deep learning methodologies, which highlights areas that could be further
explored.
Chinese: 网络入侵是当今所有行业中的一个重要问题。解决方案的关键部分是能够有效地检测入侵。随着人工智能的最近进展，当前的研究已经开始采用深度学习方法进行入侵检测。目前用于多类入侵检测的方法包括使用深度神经网络。然而，它没有考虑到数据对象之间的空间关系以及数据集中存在的长期依赖关系。本文提出了一种新的架构来应对入侵检测，该架构具有一个卷积神经网络（CNN）模块，一个长短期记忆（LSTM）模块，以及一个支持向量机（SVM）分类函数。分析之后，对传统的机器学习技术和深度学习方法进行了比较，突出了可以进一步探索的领域。
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English: We put forward a new CNOT gate scheme with atoms and ions based on quantum
interrogation and a bosonic particle extension of the models of linear optics
quantum computation. We show how the possibility of particle collision can
provide the strong interaction that is needed for universal quantum gates. Two
atom optics proposals are provided. Unlike previous schemes, these gates are at
the same time nondestructive, valid for arbitrary inputs and can work with a
probability as close to unity as desired in the lossless case. Data is encoded
into position modes and the gates only require basic atom optics elements,
which gives potentially simpler quantum computer implementations.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种基于量子询问和线性光学量子计算模型的光子粒子扩展的新CNOT门方案。我们展示了粒子碰撞的可能性如何提供实现通用量子门所需的重相互作用。提供了两个原子光学的方案。与之前的方案不同，这些门同时是非破坏性的、适用于任意输入，并且在无损耗的情况下可以以尽可能接近1的概率工作。数据被编码到位置模式中，这些门只需要基本的原子光学元件，这为潜在上更简单的量子计算机实现提供了可能。
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English: This paper gives a new scheme of colour image compression related to singular
values matrix approximation. The image has to be converted in luminance /
chrominance space before being processed like JPEG standard 4 : 2 : 0. Our
approach is first based on a chrominance sub-sampling, then an over estimation
of its singular values. Instead of keeping only the k first singular values for
the 3 components R, G and B, we hold k first coefficients for the Y component
and only k' (k' <= k) coefficients for 2 components Cb and Cr. Results show
that for 512 x 512 pixels that, from k = 40 corresponding in an average
distortion of 30 dB and a ratio of 15 : 1, the restored image has good quality.
The algorithm allows a significant speed gain by sub-sampling too.
Chinese: 本文提出了一种基于奇异值矩阵逼近的彩色图像压缩新方案。图像需要先转换到亮度/色度空间，再按照JPEG标准4:2:0进行处理。我们的方法首先进行色度子采样，然后对其奇异值进行过度估计。不同于为R、G、B三个分量保留k个前奇异值，我们为Y分量保留k个前系数，而仅保留k'（k' <= k）个系数给Cb和Cr两个分量。结果表明，对于512×512像素的图像，当k=40时，平均失真度为30dB，压缩比为15:1，恢复图像质量良好。该算法通过子采样技术显著提升了处理速度。
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English: We prove a version of the Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt theorem for the twisted
quantized enveloping algebra U'_q(sp_2n). This is a subalgebra of U_q(gl_2n)
and a deformation of the universal enveloping algebra U(sp_2n) of the
symplectic Lie algebra. We classify finite-dimensional irreducible
representations of U'_q(sp_2n) in terms of their highest weights and show that
these representations are deformations of the finite-dimensional irreducible
representations of sp_2n.
Chinese: 我们证明了Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt定理的一个版本，适用于扭曲量子 enveloping 代数 U'_q(sp_2n)。这是 U_q(gl_2n) 的一个子代数，也是辛李代数 U(sp_2n) 的泛包代数的一个变形。我们根据最高权重的术语对 U'_q(sp_2n) 的有限维不可约表示进行分类，并表明这些表示是 sp_2n 的有限维不可约表示的变形。
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English: GRBs are the most energetic electromagnetic events in the Universe. Those
whose typical duration is longer than a few seconds are known as long GRBs and
shorter than a few seconds are short GRBs. It is widely accepted that these
events are associated with the collapse of a very massive star and the neutron
star (NS) binary merger, respectively. A fast-spinning, strongly magnetized NS
could be expected before a black hole (BH) in both scenarios. We allude to the
thermal neutrinos' particular properties propagating inside the fireball for
differentiating both scenarios in this work. We first derive the neutrino
effective potential associated with each medium in a strong and weak magnetic
field. We calculate the three-flavor oscillation probabilities, and finally, we
get the expected neutrino rate in both scenarios. Given these observables'
evolution, we can determine whether the progenitor could be associated with a
strongly magnetized NS or a BH.
Chinese: GRBs是宇宙中最强烈的电磁事件。那些持续时间通常超过几秒的被称为长GRB，而持续时间短于几秒的被称为短GRB。人们普遍认为这些事件分别与非常巨大的恒星坍缩和中子星（NS）双星合并有关。在这两种情况下，都可以预期在黑洞（BH）之前存在一个快速自转、强磁化的中子星。在这项工作中，我们提到了热中微子在火球内部传播的特殊性质，以此来区分这两种情况。我们首先推导出在强磁场和弱磁场中与每种介质相关的中微子有效势。我们计算了三种味道的中微子振荡概率，最后，我们得到了两种情况下的预期中微子率。考虑到这些可观察量的演化，我们可以确定先祖是否与一个强磁化的中子星或黑洞有关。
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English: The majority of road accidents occur because of human errors, including
distraction, recklessness, and drunken driving. One of the effective ways to
overcome this dangerous situation is by implementing self-driving technologies
in vehicles. In this paper, we focus on building an efficient deep-learning
model for self-driving cars. We propose a new and effective convolutional
neural network model called `LaksNet' consisting of four convolutional layers
and two fully connected layers. We conduct extensive experiments using our
LaksNet model with the training data generated from the Udacity simulator. Our
model outperforms many existing pre-trained ImageNet and NVIDIA models in terms
of the duration of the car for which it drives without going off the track on
the simulator.
Chinese: 大多数交通事故发生是因为人为错误，包括分心、鲁莽驾驶和酒驾。克服这种危险情况的有效方法之一是在车辆中实施自动驾驶技术。在这篇论文中，我们专注于构建一个高效的深度学习模型用于自动驾驶汽车。我们提出了一种新的、有效的卷积神经网络模型，称为`LaksNet’，由四个卷积层和两个全连接层组成。我们使用从Udacity模拟器生成的训练数据，对LaksNet模型进行了广泛的实验。我们的模型在模拟器上保持车辆不偏离轨道的驾驶时长方面，优于许多现有的预训练的ImageNet和NVIDIA模型。
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English: In (Scodeller et al.) a new and extended point source catalogue obtained from
the WMAP 7-year data was presented. It includes most of the sources included in
the standard WMAP 7-year point source catalogues as well as a large number of
new detections. Here we study the effects on the estimated CMB power spectrum
when taking the newly detected point sources into consideration. We create
point source masks for all the 2102 sources that we detected as well as a
smaller one for the 665 sources detected in the Q, V and W bands. We also
create WMAP7 maps with point sources subtracted in order to compare with the
spectrum obtained with source masks. The extended point source masks and point
source cleaned WMAP7 maps are made publicly available. Using the proper
residual correction, we find that the CMB power spectrum obtained from the
point source cleaned map without any source mask is fully consistent with the
spectrum obtained from the masked map. We further find that the spectrum
obtained masking all 2102 sources is consistent with the results obtained using
the standard WMAP 7-year point source mask (KQ85y7). We also verify that the
removal of point sources does not introduce any skewness.
Chinese: 在（Scodeller等人）中，展示了一个从WMAP 7年数据中获得的新扩展点源目录。它包括标准WMAP 7年点源目录中的大部分源以及大量新的探测。在这里，我们研究了在考虑新发现的点源时，对估计的CMB功率谱的影响。我们为所有检测到的2102个源创建了点源掩码，以及为Q、V和W波段中检测到的665个源创建了一个较小的掩码。我们还创建了减去点源的WMAP7地图，以便与使用源掩码获得的谱进行比较。扩展的点源掩码和点源清洁的WMAP7地图已公开发布。使用适当的残余校正，我们发现从没有源掩码的点源清洁地图获得的CMB功率谱与从掩码地图获得的谱完全一致。我们进一步发现，屏蔽所有2102个源获得的谱与使用标准WMAP 7年点源掩码（KQ85y7）获得的结果一致。我们还验证了移除点源不会引入任何偏斜。
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English: The strange correlator [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 247202 (2014)] has been
proposed as a measure of symmetry protected topological order in one- and
two-dimensional systems. It takes the form of a spin-spin correlation function,
computed as a mixed overlap between the state of interest and a trivial local
product state. We demonstrate that it can be computed exactly (asymptotically,
in the Monte Carlo sense) for various Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki states by
direct evaluation of the wave function within the valence bond loop gas
framework. We present results for lattices with chain, square, honeycomb, cube,
diamond, and hyperhoneycomb geometries. In each case, the spin quantum number S
is varied such that 2S (the number of valence bonds emerging from each site)
achieves various integer multiples of the lattice coordination number. We
introduce the concept of strange correlator loop winding number and point to
its utility in testing for the presence of symmetry protected topological
order.
Chinese: 这个奇怪的关联器[Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 247202 (2014)]被提出作为一维和二维系统中对称保护拓扑序的度量。它表现为一个自旋-自旋关联函数，计算为感兴趣的状态与平凡局部乘积态之间的混合重叠。我们证明，通过在价键环气框架内直接计算波函数，它对于各种Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki态可以被精确计算（在蒙特卡洛意义上的渐近地）。我们展示了具有链状、正方形、蜂窝状、立方体、菱形和超蜂窝状几何结构的晶格的结果。在每种情况下，自旋量子数S被变化，使得2S（每个位点发出的价键数）达到晶格配位数的不同整数倍。我们引入了奇怪关联器环缠绕数的概念，并指出其在检测对称保护拓扑序存在性方面的效用。
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English: We introduce a norm on the space of test configurations, which we call the
minimum norm. We conjecture that uniform K-stability with respect to this norm
is equivalent to the existence of a constant scalar curvature K\"ahler metric.
This notion of uniform K-stability is analogous to coercivity of the Mabuchi
functional. We characterise the triviality of test configurations, by showing
that a test configuration has zero minimum norm if and only if it has zero
$L^2$-norm, if and only if it is almost trivial.
We prove that the existence of a twisted constant scalar curvature K\"ahler
metric implies uniform twisted K-stability with respect to the minimum norm,
when the twisting is ample.
We give algebro-geometric proofs of uniform K-stability in the general type
and Calabi-Yau cases, as well as in the Fano case under an alpha invariant
condition. Our results hold for line bundles sufficiently close to the
(anti)-canonical line bundle, and also in the twisted setting. We show that log
K-stability implies twisted K-stability, and also that twisted K-semistability
of a variety implies that the variety has mild singularities.
Chinese: 我们在测试配置空间上引入一种范数，称之为最小范数。我们猜想，关于这种范数的均匀K稳定性等价于存在一个具有常标量曲率的Kähler度量。这种均匀K稳定性的概念类似于Mabuchi函数的强凸性。我们通过证明测试配置的最小范数为零当且仅当它的$L^2$范数为零，当且仅当它是几乎平凡的，来刻画测试配置的平凡性。
我们证明，当扭曲是丰富的时，扭曲常标量曲率的Kähler度量的存在意味着关于最小范数的均匀扭曲K稳定性。
我们在一般类型和Calabi-Yau情形，以及满足α不变量条件的Fano情形下，给出了均匀K稳定性的代数几何证明。我们的结果适用于与(反)仿射范数足够接近的线束，以及在扭曲情形下。我们证明了log K稳定性意味着扭曲K稳定性，并且一个流形的扭曲K半稳定性意味着该流形具有轻微奇点。
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English: We present a derivation of the flavor neutrino states which describe
neutrinos produced or detected in charged-current weak-interaction processes,
including those operating in neutrino oscillation experiments. We also present
a covariant derivation of the probability of neutrino oscillations which is
consistent with the fact that flavor is Lorentz-invariant. Finally, we clarify
the negative answers to three commonly asked questions: "Do charged leptons
oscillate?"; "Is the standard phase wrong by a factor of 2?" "Are flavor
neutrinos described by Fock states?".
Chinese: 我们提出了描述在带电电流弱相互作用过程中产生或探测的中微子态的味子中微子态的推导，包括在 中微子振荡实验中起作用的情况。我们还提出了与味是洛伦兹不变这一事实一致的 中微子振荡概率的协变推导。最后，我们澄清了三个常见问题的否定答案："带电轻子是否振荡？"；"标准相位是否差一个因子2？"；"味子中微子是否由Fock态描述？"
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English: Processing large complex networks recently attracted considerable interest.
Complex graphs are useful in a wide range of applications from technological
networks to biological systems like the human brain. Sometimes these networks
are composed of billions of entities that give rise to emerging properties and
structures. Analyzing these structures aids us in gaining new insights about
our surroundings. As huge networks become abundant, there is a need for
scalable algorithms to perform analysis. A prominent example is the PageRank
algorithm, which is one of the measures used by web search engines such as
Google to rank web pages displayed to the user. In order to find these
patterns, massive amounts of data have to be acquired and processed. Designing
and evaluating scalable graph algorithms to handle these data sets is a crucial
task on the road to understanding the underlying systems.
This habilitation thesis is a summary a broad spectrum of scalable graph
algorithms that I developed over the last six years with many coauthors. In
general, this research is based on four pillars: multilevel algorithms,
practical kernelization, parallelization and memetic algorithms that are highly
interconnected. Experiments conducted indicate that our algorithms find better
solutions and/or are much more scalable than the previous state-of-the-art.
Chinese: 近年来，处理大型复杂网络引起了广泛关注。
复杂图在从技术网络到人类大脑等生物系统等广泛领域都有用。有时这些网络由数十亿实体组成，从而产生新的属性和结构。分析这些结构有助于我们获得关于周围环境的新见解。随着大型网络的增多，需要可扩展的算法来进行分析。一个突出的例子是PageRank算法，这是谷歌等搜索引擎用来对用户显示的网页进行排名的措施之一。为了找到这些模式，需要收集和处理大量数据。设计和评估可扩展的图算法来处理这些数据集是理解底层系统道路上的关键任务。
这篇资格论文是对我在过去六年中与许多合著者共同开发的广泛可扩展图算法的总结。总的来说，这项研究基于四个支柱：多层算法、实用核化、并行化和高度互联的遗传算法。实验表明，我们的算法找到了更好的解决方案，并且/或者比之前的最先进技术具有更高的可扩展性。
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English: In this paper, we re-investigate the stationary, soliton-like solutions in
the model of the Einstein gravity coupled to a free and complex scalar field,
which have been known as mini-boson stars. With numerical method, we find that
in addition to the usual single mini-boson star solution, there exist a novel
family of solutions interpreted as chains of boson stars, which is made of some
boson stars along the symmetry axis. We show the configuration of two types of
chains, including an even number of constituents and an odd number of
constituents. Furthermore, we also study the effect of the frequency of the
complex scalar field on the ADM mass $M$ and the $U(1)$ scalar charge $Q$. It
is interesting to note that the existence of chains of boson stars does not
require the introduction of a complex scalar field with self-interacting
potential.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们重新研究了爱因斯坦引力与自由且复标量场耦合的模型中的定态、孤子型解，这些解被称为迷你玻色星。通过数值方法，我们发现除了通常的单个迷你玻色星解之外，还存在一种新颖的解族，这些解被解释为玻色星链，由沿对称轴排列的一些玻色星组成。我们展示了两种类型链的配置，包括由偶数个成分和奇数个成分组成的链。此外，我们还研究了复标量场的频率对ADM质量$M$和$U(1)$标量电荷$Q$的影响。值得注意的是，玻色星链的存在并不需要引入具有自相互作用势的复标量场。
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English: Let $G$ and $H$ be $k$-graphs ($k$-uniform hypergraphs); then a perfect
$H$-packing in $G$ is a collection of vertex-disjoint copies of $H$ in $G$
which together cover every vertex of $G$. For any fixed $H$ let $\delta(H, n)$
be the minimum $\delta$ such that any $k$-graph $G$ on $n$ vertices with
minimum codegree $\delta(G) \geq \delta$ contains a perfect $H$-packing. The
problem of determining $\delta(H, n)$ has been widely studied for graphs (i.e.
$2$-graphs), but little is known for $k \geq 3$. Here we determine the
asymptotic value of $\delta(H, n)$ for all complete $k$-partite $k$-graphs $H$,
as well as a wide class of other $k$-partite $k$-graphs. In particular, these
results provide an asymptotic solution to a question of R\"odl and Ruci\'nski
on the value of $\delta(H, n)$ when $H$ is a loose cycle. We also determine
asymptotically the codegree threshold needed to guarantee an $H$-packing
covering all but a constant number of vertices of $G$ for any complete
$k$-partite $k$-graph $H$.
Chinese: 设$G$和$H$为$k$-图（$k$-均匀超图）；那么$G$中的完美$H$打包是一组在$G$中相互独立的$H$的副本，这些副本共同覆盖$G$中的每一个顶点。对于任何固定的$H$，令$\delta(H, n)$为最小的$\delta$，使得任何在$n$个顶点上具有最小代码度$\delta(G) \geq \delta$的$k$-图$G$都包含一个完美的$H$打包。确定$\delta(H, n)$的问题在图（即$2$-图）中已被广泛研究，但对于$k \geq 3$的情况知之甚少。在这里，我们确定了所有完全$k$-分割$k$-图$H$以及一大类其他$k$-分割$k$-图的$\delta(H, n)$的渐近值。特别是，这些结果为Rödl和Ruciński关于当$H$是一个松散的环时$\delta(H, n)$的值的问题提供了一个渐近解。我们还确定了对于任何完全$k$-分割$k$-图$H$，保证除了常数个顶点外都能被$H$打包覆盖所需的代码度阈值。
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English: A luminous X-ray source is associated with a cluster (MGG-11) of young stars
\~200pc from the center of the starburst galaxy M82. The properties of the
X-ray source are best explained by a black hole with a mass of at least
350Msun, which is intermediate between stellar-mass and supermassive black
holes. A nearby but somewhat more massive star cluster (MGG-9) shows no
evidence of such an intermediate mass black hole, raising the issue of just
what physical characteristics of the clusters can account for this difference.
Here we report numerical simulations of the evolution and the motions of stars
within the clusters, where stars are allowed to mergers with each other. We
find that for MGG-11 dynamical friction leads to the massive stars sinking
rapidly to the center of the cluster to participate in a runaway collision,
thereby producing a star of 800-3000Msun, which ultimately collapses to an
black hole of intermediate mass. No such runaway occurs in the cluster MGG-9
because the larger cluster radius leads to a mass-segregation timescale a
factor of five longer than for MGG-11.
Chinese: 一个明亮的X射线源与一个年轻星团（MGG-11）相关联，该星团距离星暴星系M82中心的约200pc。该X射线源的性质最好由一个质量至少为350倍太阳质量的黑洞解释，该黑洞的质量介于恒星级黑洞和超大质量黑洞之间。一个附近但稍大质量的星团（MGG-9）没有这种中间质量黑洞的证据，这引发了关于星团哪些物理特性可以解释这种差异的问题。在这里，我们报告了星团内恒星演化和运动的数值模拟，其中允许恒星相互合并。我们发现，对于MGG-11，动力学摩擦导致大质量恒星迅速沉入星团中心参与失控碰撞，从而产生一个800-3000倍太阳质量的恒星，最终坍缩成一个中间质量黑洞。由于星团半径更大，MGG-9没有发生这种失控现象，因为其质量分离时间尺度比MGG-11长五倍。
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English: This document presents recent results of inclusive top-quark pair production
cross section measurements at 7 and 8 TeV. The results are obtained analyzing
the data collected by the CMS and ATLAS detectors at the LHC accelerator.
Studies are performed in the dilepton channel, where the smallest uncertainty
is reached, with different approaches. The most precise results of both
experiments are combined and confronted with the most precise theoretical
calculation (NNLO-NNLL).
Chinese: 本文展示了在7和8 TeV能量下顶夸克对产生截面测量的最新结果。这些结果是通过分析CMS和ATLAS探测器在LHC加速器中收集的数据获得的。研究在双轻子通道中进行，该通道达到了最小的不确定性，并采用了不同的方法。将两个实验的最精确结果结合起来，并与最精确的理论计算（NNLO-NNLL）进行了对比。
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English: It is shown that FC-central extensions retain sub-exponential volume growth.
A large collection of FC-central extensions of the first Grigorchuk group is
provided by the constructions in the works of Erschler and Kassabov-Pak. We
show that in these examples subgroup separability is preserved. We introduce
two new collections of extensions of the Grigorchuk group. One collection gives
first examples of intermediate growth groups with centers isomorphic to
$\mathbb{Z}^{\infty}$; and the other provides groups with prescribed
oscillating intermediate growth functions.
Chinese: 研究表明，FC-中心扩张保留了亚指数体积增长。
第一格里戈罗奇克群的许多FC-中心扩张由Erschler和Kassabov-Pak的作品中的构造提供。我们证明在这些例子中子群可分性得到保持。我们引入了两个新的格里戈罗奇克群扩张集合。一个集合给出了中心同构于$\mathbb{Z}^{\infty}$的中间增长群的第一个例子；另一个提供了具有预定振荡中间增长函数的群。
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English: We introduce the study of quantum protocols that probabilistically simulate
quantum channels from a sender in the future to a receiver in the past.
The maximum probability of simulation is determined by causality and depends
on the amount and type (classical or quantum) of information that the channel
can transmit. We illustrate this dependence in several examples, including
ideal classical and quantum channels, measure-and-prepare channels, partial
trace channels, and universal cloning channels. For the simulation of partial
trace channels, we consider generalized teleportation protocols that take N
input copies of a pure state in the future and produce M < N output copies of
the same state in the past. In this case, we show that the maximum probability
of successful teleportation increases with the number of input copies, a
feature that was impossible in classical physics. In the limit of
asymptotically large N, the probability converges to the probability of
simulation for an ideal classical channel.
Similar results are found for universal cloning channels from N copies to M >
N approximate copies, exploiting a time-reversal duality between universal
cloning and partial trace.
Chinese: 我们引入了对量子协议的研究，这些协议可以概率性地模拟从未来的发送者到过去的接收者的量子信道。模拟的最大概率由因果律决定，并取决于信道可以传输的信息量及其类型（经典或量子）。我们在几个例子中说明了这种依赖关系，包括理想经典和量子信道、测量-制备信道、部分迹信道和通用克隆信道。对于部分迹信道的模拟，我们考虑了广义的量子隐形传态协议，这些协议使用未来N个纯态的输入副本，并在过去产生M < N个相同状态输出副本。在这种情况下，我们表明成功量子隐形传态的最大概率随着输入副本数量的增加而增加，这是经典物理学中不可能的特征。在N趋于无穷大的极限情况下，概率收敛到理想经典信道的模拟概率。对于从N个副本到M > N个近似副本的通用克隆信道，也发现了类似的结果，这是利用了通用克隆与部分迹之间的时间反转对称性。
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English: We give conditions that characterize the existence of an absolutely
continuous invariant probability measure for a degree one $C^2$ endomorphism of
the circle which is bimodal, such that all its periodic orbits are repelling,
and such that both boundaries of its rotation interval are irrational numbers.
Those conditions are satisfied when the boundary points of the rotation
interval belong to a Diophantine class. In particular they hold for Lebesgue
almost every rotation interval. The measure obtained is a global physical
measure, and it is hyperbolic.
Chinese: 我们给出刻画一个度为1的$C^2$的圆环自同态的绝对连续不变概率测量的存在的条件，这个自同态是双模的，所有的周期轨道都是排斥的，并且它的旋转区间的两个边界都是无理数。这些条件在旋转区间的边界点属于Diophantine类时成立。特别是，它们对Lebesgue测度下几乎所有的旋转区间都成立。得到的测度是一个全局物理测度，且它是超常的。
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English: Based on the connection between the categorical derivation of classical
programs from specifications and the category-theoretic approach to quantum
physics, this paper contributes to extending the laws of classical program
algebra to quantum programming. This aims at building correct-by-construction
quantum circuits to be deployed on quantum devices such as those available at
the IBM Q Experience. Quantum circuit reversibility is ensured by minimal
complements, extended recursively. Measurements are postponed to the end of
such recursive computations, termed "quantamorphisms", thus maximising the
quantum effect. Quantamorphisms are classical catamorphisms which, extended to
ensure quantum reversibility, implement quantum cycles (vulg. for-loops) and
quantum folds on lists. By Kleisli correspondence, quantamorphisms can be
written as monadic functional programs with quantum parameters. This enables
the use of Haskell, a monadic functional programming language, to perform the
experimental work. Such calculated quantum programs prepared in Haskell are
pushed through Quipper to the Qiskit interface to IBM Q quantum devices. The
generated quantum circuits - often quite large - exhibit the predicted
behaviour. However, running them on real quantum devices incurs into a
significant amount of errors. As quantum devices are constantly evolving, an
increase in reliability is likely in the near future, allowing for our programs
to run more accurately.
Chinese: 基于经典程序从规范中推导的范畴化方法与量子物理学的范畴理论方法之间的联系，本文旨在将经典程序代数律扩展到量子编程中。目标是构建可以在量子设备上部署的正确性构建量子电路，例如在IBM Q Experience上可用的量子设备。量子电路的不可逆性通过最小补全得到保证，这些补全被递归地扩展。测量被推迟到递归计算的末尾，即所谓的“quantamorphisms”，从而最大化量子效应。Quantamorphisms是经典catamorphisms，当扩展以确保量子不可逆性时，它们实现了量子循环（通俗地称为for循环）和量子折叠在列表上。通过Kleisli对应关系，quantamorphisms可以被写为带有量子参数的单调式函数式程序。这使得使用Haskell，一种单调式函数式编程语言，进行实验工作成为可能。在Haskell中准备的量子程序计算结果通过Quipper推送到Qiskit接口，以便在IBM Q量子设备上运行。生成的量子电路——通常相当大——展示了预测的行为。然而，在实际量子设备上运行它们会产生大量错误。随着量子设备的不断进化，未来不久可靠性可能会增加，从而使我们的程序能够更准确地运行。
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English: While recent advancements in generative modeling have significantly improved
text-image alignment, some residual misalignment between text and image
representations still remains. Although many approaches have attempted to
address this issue by fine-tuning models using various reward models, etc., we
revisit the challenge from the perspective of representation alignment-an
approach that has gained popularity with the success of REPresentation
Alignment (REPA). We first argue that conventional text-to-image (T2I)
diffusion models, typically trained on paired image and text data (i.e.,
positive pairs) by minimizing score matching or flow matching losses, is
suboptimal from the standpoint of representation alignment. Instead, a better
alignment can be achieved through contrastive learning that leverages both
positive and negative pairs. To achieve this efficiently even with pretrained
models, we introduce a lightweight contrastive fine tuning strategy called
SoftREPA that uses soft text tokens. This approach improves alignment with
minimal computational overhead by adding fewer than 1M trainable parameters to
the pretrained model. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that our method
explicitly increases the mutual information between text and image
representations, leading to enhanced semantic consistency. Experimental results
across text-to-image generation and text-guided image editing tasks validate
the effectiveness of our approach in improving the semantic consistency of T2I
generative models.
Chinese: 尽管最近在生成模型方面的进步显著提高了文本与图像的对齐，但文本和图像表示之间仍然存在一些残余的不对齐。尽管许多方法尝试通过使用各种奖励模型等对模型进行微调来解决这一问题，但我们从表示对齐的角度重新审视了这一挑战——这是一种随着REPresentation Alignment (REPA) 的成功而受到欢迎的方法。我们首先论证，传统的文本到图像（T2I）扩散模型，通常通过最小化分数匹配或流匹配损失在成对的图像和文本数据（即，正对）上训练，从表示对齐的角度来看是次优的。相反，通过利用正负对来实现更好的对齐。为了即使是在预训练模型的情况下也能有效地实现这一点，我们引入了一种轻量级的对比微调策略，称为SoftREPA，它使用软文本标记。这种方法通过向预训练模型添加不到1M个可训练参数来最小化计算开销，从而提高了对齐。我们的理论分析表明，我们的方法明确增加了文本和图像表示之间的互信息，从而提高了语义一致性。在文本到图像生成和文本引导的图像编辑任务上的实验结果验证了我们的方法在提高T2I生成模型的语义一致性方面的有效性。
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English: The ability to switch magnetic elements by spin-orbit-induced torques has
recently attracted much attention for a path towards high-performance,
non-volatile memories with low power consumption. Realizing efficient
spin-orbit-based switching requires harnessing both new materials and novel
physics to obtain high charge-to-spin conversion efficiencies, thus making the
choice of spin source crucial. Here we report the observation of spin-orbit
torque switching in bilayers consisting of a semimetallic film of 1T'-MoTe2
adjacent to permalloy. Deterministic switching is achieved without external
magnetic fields at room temperature, and the switching occurs with currents one
order of magnitude smaller than those typical in devices using the
best-performing heavy metals. The thickness dependence can be understood if the
interfacial spin-orbit contribution is considered in addition to the bulk spin
Hall effect. Further threefold reduction in the switching current is
demonstrated with resort to dumbbell-shaped magnetic elements. These findings
foretell exciting prospects of using MoTe2 for low-power semimetal material
based spin devices.
Chinese: 通过自旋轨道诱导力矩切换磁性元素的能力，最近引起了人们对高性能、低功耗非易失性存储器路径的极大关注。实现基于自旋轨道的高效切换需要利用新材料和新的物理原理来获得高电荷到自旋转换效率，因此自旋源的选择至关重要。在这里，我们报道了在由1T'-MoTe2半金属薄膜和坡莫合金相邻组成的双层结构中观察到的自旋轨道力矩切换。在室温下，无需外部磁场即可实现确定性切换，并且切换电流比使用性能最佳的重金属器件的典型电流小一个数量级。如果考虑界面自旋轨道贡献和体自旋霍尔效应，则可以理解厚度依赖性。进一步采用哑铃形磁性元素，展示了切换电流的三倍降低。这些发现预示着使用MoTe2作为低功耗半金属材料的自旋器件具有令人兴奋的前景。
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English: We discuss methods to extract neutrino oscillation parameters based on the
directly observable quantities, without reconstruction of neutrino energy. The
distributions of muon energies and production angles are compared to Monte
Carlo predictions made for a set of different neutrino oscillation parameters.
The method is applied to T2K neutrino beam and tested for a set of MC data
samples in order to evaluate the statistical error.
Chinese: 我们讨论了基于可直接观测的量来提取中微子振荡参数的方法，而不需要重建中微子能量。我们将μ子能量和产生角度的分布与针对一组不同中微子振荡参数进行的蒙特卡洛预测进行比较。该方法应用于T2K中微子束，并对一组蒙特卡洛数据样本进行了测试，以评估统计误差。
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English: The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading iterative
variational quantum algorithm for heuristically solving combinatorial
optimization problems. A large portion of the computational effort in QAOA is
spent by the optimization steps, which require many executions of the quantum
circuit. Therefore, there is active research focusing on finding better initial
circuit parameters, which would reduce the number of required iterations and
hence the overall execution time. While existing methods for parameter
initialization have shown great success, they often offer a single set of
parameters for all problem instances. We propose a practical method that uses a
simple, fully connected neural network that leverages previous executions of
QAOA to find better initialization parameters tailored to a new given problem
instance. We benchmark state-of-the-art initialization methods for solving the
MaxCut problem of Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi graphs using QAOA and show that our method
is consistently the fastest to converge while also yielding the best final
result. Furthermore, the parameters predicted by the neural network are shown
to match very well with the fully optimized parameters, to the extent that no
iterative steps are required, thereby effectively realizing an iterative-free
QAOA scheme.
Chinese: 量子近似优化算法（QAOA）是一种领先的迭代变分量子算法，用于启发式解决组合优化问题。QAOA中大部分计算工作都用于优化步骤，这些步骤需要多次执行量子电路。因此，当前活跃的研究方向集中在寻找更好的初始电路参数，这将减少所需的迭代次数，从而缩短整体执行时间。虽然现有的参数初始化方法已取得巨大成功，但它们通常为所有问题实例提供单一参数集。我们提出了一种实用方法，该方法使用一个简单的全连接神经网络，利用QAOA的先前执行来为新给定的问题实例找到更好的定制初始化参数。我们使用QAOA求解埃尔德什-雷尼图的最大割问题，对最先进的初始化方法进行基准测试，并证明我们的方法在收敛速度上始终最快，同时也能获得最佳最终结果。此外，研究表明神经网络预测的参数与完全优化的参数非常吻合，程度之高以至于无需迭代步骤，从而有效实现了一种无迭代的QAOA方案。
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English: The long debated protein dynamical transition was recently found also in
non-biological macromolecules, such as poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM)
microgels. Here, by using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we report a
description of the molecular origin of the dynamical transition in these
systems. We show that PNIPAM and water dynamics below the dynamical transition
temperature Td are dominated by methyl group rotations and hydrogen bonding,
respectively. By comparing with bulk water, we unambiguously identify
PNIPAM-water hydrogen bonding as the main responsible for the occurrence of the
transition. The observed phenomenology thus crucially depends on the
water-macromolecule coupling, being relevant to a wide class of hydrated
systems, independently from the biological function.
Chinese: 长期以来备受争议的蛋白质动力学转变最近也被发现在非生物大分子中，例如聚-N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（PNIPAM）微凝胶。这里，我们通过使用原子级分子动力学模拟，报告了这些系统中动力学转变的分子起源描述。我们表明，PNIPAM和水的动力学在动力学转变温度Td以下分别主要由甲基旋转和氢键控制。通过与体相水的比较，我们明确识别出PNIPAM-水氢键是导致转变发生的主要因素。因此，所观察到的现象学关键取决于水-大分子耦合，与生物功能无关，适用于广泛的水合系统。
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English: Polarized parton distribution functions are determined by using asymmetry A_1
data from longitudinally polarized deep inelastic scattering experiments. From
our \chi^2 analysis, polarized u-valence, d-valence, antiquark, and gluon
distributions are obtained. We propose one set of leading-order distributions
and two sets of next-to-leading-order ones as the longitudinally-polarized
parton distribution functions.
Chinese: 极化部分子分布函数是通过使用纵向极化深非弹性散射实验中的不对称性A_1数据确定的。从我们的χ^2分析中，我们得到了极化u价、d价、反夸克和胶子分布。我们提出了一组主导阶分布和两组次主导阶分布作为纵向极化部分子分布函数。
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English: There is growing observational evidence that the variability of red giants
could be caused by excitation of global modes of oscillation. The most recent
evidence of such oscillations was reported for alpha UMa by Buzasi et
al.(2000). We address the problem of radial and nonradial mode excitation in
red giants from the theoretical point of view. In particular, we present the
results of numerical computations of oscillation properties of a model of alpha
UMa and of several models of a 2M_sun star in the red-giant phase. In the red
giant stars by far most of the nonradial modes are confined to to the deep
interior, where they have the g-mode character. Only modes at resonant
frequencies of the p-mode cavity have substantial amplitudes in the outer
layers. We have shown that such modes can be unstable with the linear growth
rates similar to those of corresponding to radial modes.
We have been unable to explain the observed oscillation properties of alpha
UMa, either in terms of mode instability or in terms of stochastic excitation
by turbulent convection. Modes at the lowest frequencies, which exhibit the
largest amplitudes and may correspond to the first three radial modes, are
found stable if all effects of convection are taken into account. The observed
frequency dependence of amplitudes does not agree with what one expects from
stochastic excitation. The predicted fundamental mode amplitude is by about two
orders of magnitude smaller than those of high frequency modes, which is in
stark disagreement with the observations.
Chinese: 越来越多的观测证据表明，红巨星的变化可能是由全局振荡模式的激发引起的。最近关于这种振荡的证据是由Buzasi等人（2000年）报道的，针对α UMa星。我们从理论角度探讨了红巨星中径向和非径向模式激发的问题。特别是，我们展示了α UMa模型和几个红巨星阶段的2M_太阳星振荡性质的数值计算结果。在红巨星中，绝大多数非径向模式都被限制在深层内部，它们具有g模式特征。只有位于p模式腔共振频率的模式的振幅在表层有显著值。我们已经证明，这类模式可以是不稳定的，其线性增长率与径向模式相似。
我们无法用模式不稳定或由湍流对流随机激发来解释α UMa观测到的振荡性质。如果考虑所有对流效应，最低频率的模式，它们表现出最大的振幅，可能对应于前三个径向模式，是稳定的。观测到的振幅频率依赖性不符合从随机激发中预期的结果。预测的基本模式振幅比高频模式的振幅小两个数量级，这与观测结果截然不同。
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English: Protoplanets accrete material from their natal protostellar disks until they
are sufficiently massive to open a gap in the face of the disk's viscosity that
arises from the magneto-rotational instability (MRI). By computing the
ionization structure within observationally well-constrained disk models, we
demonstrate that poorly ionized, low viscosity "dead zones" stretch out to 12
AU within typical disks. We find that planets of terrestrial mass robustly form
within the dead zones while massive Jovian planets form beyond. Dead zones will
also halt the rapid migration of planets into their central stars. Finally, we
argue that the gravitational scattering of low mass planets formed in the dead
zone, to larger radii by a rapidly accreting Jupiter beyond, can explain the
distribution of planetary masses in our solar system.
Chinese: 原行星从其诞生的原恒星盘中积累物质，直到它们的质量足够大，可以在盘的粘性中打开一个间隙，这个间隙是由磁旋转不稳定性（MRI）引起的。通过计算观测上约束良好的盘模型内的电离结构，我们证明了低电离、低粘度的“死亡区”延伸到典型盘的12天文单位。我们发现，在死亡区内可以稳定地形成类地行星，而巨大的木星行星则形成在死亡区之外。死亡区也会阻止行星快速迁移到其中心恒星。最后，我们认为，在死亡区形成的低质量行星，由于快速积累的木星向外扩展到更大的半径，可以解释我们太阳系中行星质量分布。
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English: We report the observation of ubiquitous contamination of
polymethylmethacrylate by organic molecules with optical activity in the
visible spectral range. Contamination sites of individual solvent-specific
fluorophores in thin films of polymethylmethacrylate constitute fluorescence
hot-spots with quantum emission statistics and quantum yields approaching 30%
at cryogenic temperatures. Our findings not only resolve prevalent puzzles in
the assignment of spectral features to various nanoemitters in polymer
matrices, they also identify means for simple and cost-efficient realization of
single-photon sources in the visible spectral range.
Chinese: 我们报告了在可见光谱范围内，聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯普遍被具有光学活性的有机分子污染的观察。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯薄膜中单个溶剂特异性荧光体的污染位点构成了荧光热点，在低温下具有量子发射统计和接近30%的量子产率。我们的发现不仅解决了聚合物基质中各种纳米发射体光谱特征分配的普遍难题，还确定了在可见光谱范围内简单且成本效益高的单光子源实现方法。
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English: Speech segmentation at both word and phoneme levels is crucial for various
speech processing tasks. It significantly aids in extracting meaningful units
from an utterance, thus enabling the generation of discrete elements. In this
work we propose a model-agnostic framework to perform word boundary detection
in a supervised manner also employing a labels augmentation technique and an
output-frame selection strategy. We trained and tested on the Buckeye dataset
and only tested on TIMIT one, using state-of-the-art encoder models, including
pre-trained solutions (Wav2Vec 2.0 and HuBERT), as well as convolutional and
convolutional recurrent networks. Our method, with the HuBERT encoder,
surpasses the performance of other state-of-the-art architectures, whether
trained in supervised or self-supervised settings on the same datasets.
Specifically, we achieved F-values of 0.8427 on the Buckeye dataset and 0.7436
on the TIMIT dataset, along with R-values of 0.8489 and 0.7807, respectively.
These results establish a new state-of-the-art for both datasets. Beyond the
immediate task, our approach offers a robust and efficient preprocessing method
for future research in audio tokenization.
Chinese: 在词级和音素级进行语音分割对于各种语音处理任务至关重要。它显著有助于从说话中提取有意义的单元，从而实现离散元素的生成。在本工作中，我们提出了一种模型无关框架，以监督方式执行单词边界检测，同时采用标签增强技术和输出帧选择策略。我们在Buckeye数据集上进行了训练和测试，并仅在TIMIT数据集上进行了测试，使用最先进的编码器模型，包括预训练解决方案（Wav2Vec 2.0和HuBERT），以及卷积和卷积循环网络。我们的方法，使用HuBERT编码器，超越了其他最先进的架构的性能，无论是在相同的数据集上以监督或自我监督的方式进行训练。具体而言，我们在Buckeye数据集上达到了0.8427的F值，在TIMIT数据集上达到了0.7436的F值，以及Buckeye数据集上的R值为0.8489，在TIMIT数据集上为0.7807。这些结果为两个数据集都建立了新的最先进的水平。除了直接任务，我们的方法提供了一种稳健且高效的预处理方法，适用于未来音频标记化研究的进一步探索。
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English: In a fractional Cauchy problem, the usual first order time derivative is
replaced by a fractional derivative. This problem was first considered by
\citet{nigmatullin}, and \citet{zaslavsky} in $\mathbb R^d$ for modeling some
physical phenomena.
The fractional derivative models time delays in a diffusion process. We will
give a survey of the recent results on the fractional Cauchy problem and its
generalizations on bounded domains $D\subset \rd$ obtained in \citet{m-n-v-aop,
mnv-2}. We also study the solutions of fractional Cauchy problem where the
first time derivative is replaced with an infinite sum of fractional
derivatives. We point out a connection to eigenvalue problems for the
fractional time operators considered. The solutions to the eigenvalue problems
are expressed by Mittag-Leffler functions and its generalized versions. The
stochastic solution of the eigenvalue problems for the fractional derivatives
are given by inverse subordinators.
Chinese: 在分数阶Cauchy问题中，通常的一阶时间导数被分数阶导数所替代。该问题最初由\citet{nigmatullin}和\citet{zaslavsky}在\(\mathbb R^d\)中考虑，用于模拟某些物理现象。
分数阶导数模拟了扩散过程中的时间延迟。我们将综述\citet{m-n-v-aop, mnv-2}在有界域\(D\subset \rd\)上获得的关于分数阶Cauchy问题及其推广的最新结果。我们还研究了将一阶时间导数替换为分数阶导数无穷和的分数阶Cauchy问题的解。我们指出这与所考虑的分数阶时间算子的特征值问题存在联系。特征值问题的解用Mittag-Leffler函数及其推广形式表示。分数阶导数的特征值问题的随机解由逆从属算子给出。
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English: We show that a free-by-cyclic group with a polynomially growing monodromy is
subgroup separable exactly when it is virtually $F_n \times \mathbb{Z}$. We
also prove that random deficiency 1 groups are not subgroup separable with
positive asymptotic probability.
Chinese: 我们证明了当且仅当群是几乎为 $F_n \times \mathbb{Z}$ 时，具有多项式增长单值性的自由-循环群是子群可分的。此外，我们还证明了随机亏格1群在正渐近概率下不是子群可分的。
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English: Optical force responses underpin nanophotonic actuator design, which requires
a large number of force simulations to optimize structures. Commonly used
computation methods, such as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method,
are resource intensive and require large amounts of calculation time when
multiple structures need to be compared during optimization. This research
demonstrates that performing optical force calculations on periodic structures
using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis method is typically on the order of 10
times faster than FDTD with sufficient accuracy to suit optical design
purposes. Moreover, this speed increase is available on consumer grade laptops
with a CUDA-compatible GPU avoiding the need for a high performance computing
resource.
Chinese: 光力响应是纳米光子执行器设计的基础，这需要大量进行力模拟以优化结构。常用的计算方法，如有限差分时域（FDTD）方法，资源消耗大，在优化过程中需要比较多个结构时，计算时间较长。这项研究证明，使用严格的耦合波分析方法对周期性结构进行光力计算，通常比FDTD快10倍，且精度足够，适用于光学设计目的。此外，这种速度提升可以在配备CUDA兼容GPU的消费级笔记本电脑上实现，避免了高性能计算资源的需求。
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English: Video-based large language models (Video-LLMs) have been recently introduced,
targeting both fundamental improvements in perception and comprehension, and a
diverse range of user inquiries. In pursuit of the ultimate goal of achieving
artificial general intelligence, a truly intelligent Video-LLM model should not
only see and understand the surroundings, but also possess human-level
commonsense, and make well-informed decisions for the users. To guide the
development of such a model, the establishment of a robust and comprehensive
evaluation system becomes crucial. To this end, this paper proposes
\textit{Video-Bench}, a new comprehensive benchmark along with a toolkit
specifically designed for evaluating Video-LLMs. The benchmark comprises 10
meticulously crafted tasks, evaluating the capabilities of Video-LLMs across
three distinct levels: Video-exclusive Understanding, Prior Knowledge-based
Question-Answering, and Comprehension and Decision-making. In addition, we
introduce an automatic toolkit tailored to process model outputs for various
tasks, facilitating the calculation of metrics and generating convenient final
scores. We evaluate 8 representative Video-LLMs using \textit{Video-Bench}. The
findings reveal that current Video-LLMs still fall considerably short of
achieving human-like comprehension and analysis of real-world videos, offering
valuable insights for future research directions. The benchmark and toolkit are
available at: \url{https://github.com/PKU-YuanGroup/Video-Bench}.
Chinese: 基于视频的大型语言模型（Video-LLMs）最近被引入，旨在实现感知和理解的根本性改进，以及满足多样化的用户查询。为了实现最终目标——达到人工通用智能，一个真正智能的Video-LLM模型不仅应该能够看到并理解周围环境，还应该具备人类水平的常识，并为用户提供明智的决策。为了指导此类模型的发展，建立一个强大且全面的评估系统变得至关重要。为此，本文提出了\textit{Video-Bench}，这是一个新的综合基准，以及一个专门为评估Video-LLMs设计的工具包。该基准包括10个精心设计的任务，评估Video-LLMs在三个不同层次上的能力：视频专属理解、基于先验知识的问答，以及理解和决策。此外，我们引入了一个针对各种任务自动处理模型输出的工具包，便于计算指标并生成方便的最终分数。我们使用\textit{Video-Bench}评估了8个代表性的Video-LLMs。研究结果揭示，当前的Video-LLMs在实现类似人类的对现实世界视频的理解和分析方面还有相当大的差距，为未来的研究方向提供了宝贵的见解。基准和工具包可在以下网址获取：\url{https://github.com/PKU-YuanGroup/Video-Bench}。
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English: Let $\eta(G)$ be the number of connected induced subgraphs in a graph $G$,
and $\overline{G}$ the complement of $G$. We prove that
$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$ is minimum, among all $n$-vertex graphs, if and
only if $G$ has no induced path on four vertices. Since the $n$-vertex star
$S_n$ with maximum degree $n-1$ is the unique tree of diameter $2$,
$\eta(S_n)+\eta(\overline{S_n})$ is minimum among all $n$-vertex trees, while
the maximum is shown to be achieved only by the tree whose degree sequence is
$(\lceil n/2\rceil,\lfloor n/2\rfloor,1,\dots,1)$. Furthermore, we prove that
every graph $G$ of order $n\geq 5$ and with maximum
$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$ must have diameter at most $3$, no cut vertex and
the property that $\overline{G}$ is also connected. In both cases of trees and
graphs that have the same order, we find that if $\eta(G)$ is maximum then
$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$ is minimum.
As corollaries to our results, we characterise the unique connected graph $G$
of given order and number of vertices of degree $1$, and the unique unicyclic
(connected and has only one cycle) graphs $G$ of a given order that minimises
$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$.
Chinese: 设$\eta(G)$为图$G$中连通导出子图的数目，$\overline{G}$为$G$的补图。我们证明，在所有$n$顶点图中，$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$取最小值当且仅当$G$没有包含四个顶点的诱导路径。因为$n$顶点星形图$S_n$具有最大度数$n-1$，是直径为$2$的唯一树，所以$\eta(S_n)+\eta(\overline{S_n})$在所有$n$顶点树中取最小值，而最大值仅由度数序列为$(\lceil n/2\rceil,\lfloor n/2\rfloor,1,\dots,1)$的树取得。此外，我们证明，对于任意$n\geq 5$的$G$，若$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$取最大值，则$G$必须具有至多直径$3$，无割点，且$\overline{G}$也连通的性质。在树和具有相同顶点数的图中，我们发现若$\eta(G)$取最大值，则$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$取最小值。
作为我们结果的推论，我们刻画了具有给定顶点数和恰好一个度数为$1$的顶点的唯一连通图$G$，以及给定顶点数且$\eta(G)+\eta(\overline{G})$取最小值的唯一单圈图$G$（即连通且仅含一个圈）。
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English: We examine the ground state and excitations of the one dimensional extended
Hubbard model with long range interaction. The ground state wavefunctions and
low lying excitations are given explicitly in the form of a Jastrow product of
two body terms. This results motivates an asymptotic Bethe-ansatz for the
model. We present evidence that this solution is in fact exact and spans the
complete spectrum of states.
Chinese: 我们研究了具有长程相互作用的单维扩展Hubbard模型的基态和激发态。基态波函数和低激发态以两个体项的Jastrow积的形式给出。这一结果激励了对该模型进行渐近Bethe近似的尝试。我们提供了证据表明，这一解实际上是精确的，并涵盖了所有状态的全谱。
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English: Factors determining the carrier distribution in InGaN/GaN
multiple-quantum-well (MQW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are studied via
photoluminescence and temperature-dependent electroluminescence spectra.
Employing a dichromatic LED device, we demonstrate that the carrier
recombination rate should be considered playing an important role in
determining the carrier distribution in the MQW active region, not just the
simple hole characteristics such as low mobility and large effective mass.
Chinese: 通过光致发光和温度依赖型电致发光光谱研究了决定InGaN/GaN多量子阱（MQW）发光二极管（LED）中载流子分布的因素。采用双色LED器件，我们证明载流子复合速率应被视为在决定MQW有源区载流子分布中起重要作用，而不仅仅是简单的空穴特性（如低迁移率和大的有效质量）。
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English: Two type structures are hierarchy-equivalent if they induce the same set of
hierarchies of beliefs. This note shows that the behavioral implications of
"cautious rationality and common cautious belief in cautious rationality"
(Catonini and De Vito 2021) do not vary across hierarchy-equivalent type
structures.
Chinese: 两种类型结构如果能够产生相同的信念层次，则它们是层次等价的。本文表明，“谨慎理性以及普遍对谨慎理性的谨慎信念”（Catonini和De Vito 2021）的行为含义在不同层次等价类型结构中是不变的。
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English: By identifying similarities between successive inputs, Self-Supervised
Learning (SSL) methods for time series analysis have demonstrated their
effectiveness in encoding the inherent static characteristics of temporal data.
However, an exclusive emphasis on similarities might result in representations
that overlook the dynamic attributes critical for modeling cardiovascular
diseases within a confined subject cohort. Introducing Distilled Encoding
Beyond Similarities (DEBS), this paper pioneers an SSL approach that transcends
mere similarities by integrating dissimilarities among positive pairs. The
framework is applied to electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, leading to a notable
enhancement of +10\% in the detection accuracy of Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)
across diverse subjects. DEBS underscores the potential of attaining a more
refined representation by encoding the dynamic characteristics of time series
data, tapping into dissimilarities during the optimization process. Broadly,
the strategy delineated in this study holds the promise of unearthing novel
avenues for advancing SSL methodologies tailored to temporal data.
Chinese: 通过识别连续输入之间的相似性，用于时间序列分析的自监督学习（SSL）方法已经证明了其在编码时间数据内在静态特征方面的有效性。然而，过分强调相似性可能会导致忽略动态属性，而这些属性对于在有限的研究群体中建模心血管疾病至关重要。本文引入了“超越相似性编码”（DEBS），这是一种超越单纯相似性的SSL方法，通过整合正对之间的差异性。该框架应用于心电图（ECG）信号，导致在多种受试者中检测房颤（AFib）的准确性提高了+10%。DEBS强调了通过编码时间序列数据的动态特征，在优化过程中挖掘差异性，从而获得更精细表示的潜力。总的来说，本研究中提出的策略有望开辟新的途径，以推进针对时间数据的SSL方法的发展。
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English: A marvelous exposition on chaos is the book The Essence of Chaos by Dr.
Edward N. Lorenz. In this book Dr. Lorenz, famous for his butterfly icon of
chaos, gives a detailed description of a new and realistic model of chaos; the
sliding of a board (a toboggan to those that live in snowy climes) and a sled
down a "bumpy" hill (moguls to the snow aficionados). His text shows numerous
figures which were calculated by him and this reviewer has formulated the model
using Mathematica. This report is an update and expansion from previous arXiv
publication (0910.2213).
Chinese: 关于混沌的精彩阐述是爱德华·N·洛伦兹博士所著的《混沌的本质》这本书。在这本书中，以混沌的蝴蝶图标闻名的洛伦兹博士详细描述了一个新的、现实的混沌模型：一块板（对住在多雪地区的人来说是雪橇）滑落在一个"崎岖"的山坡上（对滑雪爱好者来说是 moguls）。他的文本展示了由他本人计算出的许多图形，而本评论者则使用Mathematica构建了该模型。这份报告是对先前arXiv出版物(0910.2213)的更新和扩展。
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English: The increasing availability of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has
created a necessity for personalized course recommendation systems. These
systems often combine neural networks with Knowledge Graphs (KGs) to achieve
richer representations of learners and courses. While these enriched
representations allow more accurate and personalized recommendations,
explainability remains a significant challenge which is especially problematic
for certain domains with significant impact such as education and online
learning. Recently, a novel class of recommender systems that uses
reinforcement learning and graph reasoning over KGs has been proposed to
generate explainable recommendations in the form of paths over a KG. Despite
their accuracy and interpretability on e-commerce datasets, these approaches
have scarcely been applied to the educational domain and their use in practice
has not been studied. In this work, we propose an explainable recommendation
system for MOOCs that uses graph reasoning. To validate the practical
implications of our approach, we conducted a user study examining user
perceptions of our new explainable recommendations. We demonstrate the
generalizability of our approach by conducting experiments on two educational
datasets: COCO and Xuetang.
Chinese: 大规模在线公开课程（MOOCs）的日益普及创造了一种对个性化课程推荐系统的需求。这些系统通常结合神经网络与知识图（KGs）来达到对学习者和课程更丰富的表示。尽管这些更丰富的表示允许更准确和个性化的推荐，但解释性仍然是一个重大挑战，尤其是在对教育有重大影响的区域，如教育和在线学习。最近，一类使用强化学习和基于KG的图推理的新型推荐系统被提出，以生成可解释的推荐形式上的KG路径。尽管这些方法在电子商务数据集上的准确性和可解释性方面表现出色，但它们在教育领域的应用很少，且其实际应用尚未被研究。在本工作中，我们提出一个用于MOOCs的可解释推荐系统，该系统使用图推理。为了验证我们方法在实践中的影响，我们进行了一项用户研究，以考察用户对我们新的可解释推荐的看法。我们通过在两个教育数据集上进行的实验展示了我们方法的可泛化性：COCO和Xuetang。
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English: In this paper, we introduce and analyze a normalization method for solving a
system of linear equations over tropical semirings. We use a normalization
method to construct an associated normalized matrix, which gives a technique
for solving the system. If solutions exist, the method can also determine the
degrees of freedom of the system. Moreover, we present a procedure to determine
the column rank and the row rank of a matrix. Flowcharts for this normalization
method and its applications are included as well.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们介绍并分析了一种用于解决热带半环上线性方程组的归一化方法。我们使用归一化方法构建一个相关的归一化矩阵，这提供了一种求解该方程组的技术。如果存在解，该方法还可以确定系统的自由度。此外，我们提出了一种确定矩阵的列秩和行秩的程序。还包括了该归一化方法及其应用的流程图。
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English: Recently, an increasing interest in UV/IR mixing phenomena has drawn
attention to the range of validity of standard quantum field theory. Here we
explore the consequences of such a limited range of validity in the context of
radiative models for neutrino mass generation. We adopt an argument first
published by Cohen, Kaplan and Nelson that gravity implies both UV and IR
cutoffs, apply it to the loop integrals describing radiative corrections, and
demonstrate that this effect has significant consequences for the parameter
space of radiative neutrino mass models.
Chinese: 最近，对紫外/红外混合现象的兴趣日益浓厚，引起了人们对标准量子场论有效范围的关注。在此，我们探讨了在中微子质量产生的辐射模型背景下，这种有限有效范围所产生的影响。我们采用了Cohen、Kaplan和Nelson首次发表的一个论点，即引力意味着紫外和红外截止，将其应用于描述辐射修正的圈积分，并证明这种效应对辐射中微子质量模型的参数空间具有显著影响。
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English: We report fabrication and results of high-resolution X-ray topography
characterization of diamond single crystal plates with a large surface area
(10$\times$10 mm$^2$) and (111) crystal surface orientation for applications in
high-heat-load X-ray crystal optics. The plates were fabricated by laser
cutting of the (111) facets of diamond crystals grown using high-pressure
high-temperature method. The intrinsic crystal quality of a selected
3$\times$7~mm$^2$ crystal region of one of the studied samples was found to be
suitable for applications in wavefront-preserving high-heat-load crystal
optics. The wavefront characterization was performed using sequential X-ray
diffraction topography in the pseudo plane wave configuration and data analysis
using rocking curve topography. The variation of the rocking curve width and
peak position measured with a spatial resolution of 13$\times$13 $\mu m^2$ over
the selected region were found to be less than one microradian.
Chinese: 我们报告了具有大表面积（10×10 mm²）和（111）晶面取向的金刚石单晶板的超分辨率X射线拓扑表征结果，这些板用于高热载X射线晶体光学应用。这些板是通过激光切割使用高压高温法生长的金刚石晶体的（111）晶面制成的。研究发现，所选3×7 mm²晶区的一个研究样品的内在晶体质量适用于波前保持高热载晶体光学应用。波前表征是在伪平面波配置下使用顺序X射线衍射拓扑进行的，并使用摆动曲线拓扑进行数据分析。在所选区域内，使用13×13 μm²的空间分辨率测量的摆动曲线宽度和峰值位置的变化小于1微弧度。
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English: We compute the holographic entanglement entropy for the anomaly polynomial
$\mathrm{Tr} R^2$ in 3+1 dimensions. Using the perturbative method developed
for computing entanglement entropy for quantum field theories, we also compute
the parity odd contribution to the entanglement entropy of the dual field
theory that comes from a background gravitational Chern-Simons term. We find
that, in leading order in the perturbation of the background geometry, the two
contributions match except for a logarithmic divergent term on the field theory
side. We interpret this extra contribution as encoding our ignorance of the
source which creates the perturbation of the geometry.
Chinese: 我们计算了3+1维下畸变多项式 $\mathrm{Tr} R^2$ 的量子引力纠缠熵。利用为计算量子场论纠缠熵而发展的微扰方法，我们还计算了对偶场论纠缠熵的奇宇称贡献，该贡献来自背景引力蔡恩-西蒙斯项。我们发现，在背景几何微扰的主导阶中，这两个贡献除场论方面存在对数发散项外完全匹配。我们将这一额外贡献解释为编码了我们对该几何扰动源的无知。
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English: We explore the cosmological constraints on the parameter w_dm of the dark
matter barotropic equation of state (EoS) to investigate the "warmness" of the
dark matter fluid. The model is composed by the dark matter and dark energy
fluids in addition to the radiation and baryon components. We constrain the
values of w_dm using the latest cosmological observations that measure the
expansion history of the Universe. When w_dm is estimated together with the
parameter w_de of the barotropic EoS of dark energy we found that the
cosmological data favor a value of w_dm = 0.006 +- 0.001, suggesting a -warm-
dark matter, and w_de= -1.11 +- 0.03$ that corresponds to a phantom dark
energy, instead of favoring a cold dark matter and a cosmological constant
(w_dm = 0, w_de = -1). When w_dm is estimated alone but assuming w_de = -1,
-1.1, -0.9, we found w_dm = 0.009 +- 0.002, 0.006 +- 0.002, 0.012 +- 0.002
respectively, where the errors are at 3 sigma (99.73%), i.e., w_dm > 0 with at
least 99.73% of confidence level. When (w_dm, \Omega_dm0) are constrained
together, the best fit to data corresponds to (w_dm=0.005 +- 0.001, \Omega_dm0
= 0.223 +- 0.008) and with the assumption of w_de = -1.1 instead of a
cosmological constant (i.e., w_de = -1). With these results we found evidence
of w_dm > 0 suggesting a -warm- dark matter, independent of the assumed value
for w_{\rm de}, but where values w_de < -1 are preferred by the observations
instead of the cosmological constant. These constraints on w_dm are consistent
with perturbative analyses done in previous works.
Chinese: 我们探索暗物质方程状态参数 \( w_{\text{dm}} \) 的宇宙学限制，以研究暗物质流体的“温度”。该模型包括暗物质和暗能量流体，以及辐射和重子成分。我们使用最新的宇宙学观测，这些观测测量了宇宙的膨胀历史，来限制 \( w_{\text{dm}} \) 的值。当 \( w_{\text{dm}} \) 与暗能量方程状态参数 \( w_{\text{de}} \) 一起估计时，我们发现宇宙学数据倾向于 \( w_{\text{dm}} = 0.006 \pm 0.001 \)，这表明暗物质流体可能是“温暖”的，而 \( w_{\text{de}} = -1.11 \pm 0.03 \) 对应于一个幽灵暗能量，而不是倾向于冷暗物质和宇宙常数（\( w_{\text{dm}} = 0, w_{\text{de}} = -1 \)）。当 \( w_{\text{dm}} \) 单独估计但假设 \( w_{\text{de}} = -1, -1.1, -0.9 \) 时，我们得到 \( w_{\text{dm}} = 0.009 \pm 0.002, 0.006 \pm 0.002, 0.012 \pm 0.002 \) 分别，其中误差为 3 西格玛（99.73%），即 \( w_{\text{dm}} > 0 \) 至少有 99.73% 的置信度。当 \( (w_{\text{dm}}, \Omega_{\text{dm}0}) \) 一起估计时，数据的最佳拟合对应于 \( (w_{\text{dm}}=0.005 \pm 0.001, \Omega_{\text{dm}0} = 0.223 \pm 0.008) \) 以及假设 \( w_{\text{de}} = -1.1 \) 而不是宇宙常数（即 \( w_{\text{de}} = -1 \)）。根据这些结果，我们发现 \( w_{\text{dm}} > 0 \) 的证据，表明暗物质流体可能是“温暖”的，这与 \( w_{\text{de}} \) 的假设值无关，但观测数据更倾向于 \( w_{\text{de}} < -1 \) 而不是宇宙常数。这些对 \( w_{\text{dm}} \) 的限制与先前的研究中进行的扰动分析一致。
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English: In this article, we establish the compatibility between norms and transfers
in motivic homotopy theory. More precisely, we construct norm functors for
motivic spaces equipped with various flavours of transfer. This yields a norm
monoidal refinement of the infinite $\mathbb{P}^1$-delooping machine of
Elmanto-Hoyois-Khan-Sosnilo-Yakerson. We apply this refinement to construct a
normed algebra structure on the very effective Hermitian $\mathrm{K}$-theory
spectrum.
Chinese: 在这篇文章中，我们建立了动机同调理论中规范与转移之间的兼容性。更确切地说，我们为具有各种转移风格的动机空间构建了规范函子。这为Elmanto-Hoyois-Khan-Sosnilo-Yakerson的无穷$\mathbb{P}^1$-去点机器提供了一种规范单子细化。我们将这种细化应用于构建一个非常有效的赫米特$\mathrm{K}$-理论谱的赋范代数结构。
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English: We derive expressions and develop a numerical technique for the analysis of
the line profile moment variations for stars pulsating in oblique non-radial
modes. This represents an extension of the widely used spectroscopic moment
mode identification method to the oblique distorted pulsations observed in
rapidly oscillating Ap stars. We demonstrate that a non-axisymmetric
superposition of the pulsation and rotation velocity fields results in a
qualitatively new behaviour of some of the line profile characteristics. It is
found that for the majority of roAp stars the second moment varies with the
pulsation frequency rather than with its first harmonic even for axisymmetric
modes. We also identify pulsation observables which do not change during
pulsation cycle but are modulated by the stellar rotation and can contribute to
the variability of the stellar spectra averaged over many pulsation cycles. As
an illustration of the new version of the moment technique, we compute
rotational modulation of the pulsational changes of the line profile moments
for the oblique axisymmetric dipolar pulsation modes with different parameters.
It is also shown that a distortion of the oblique dipolar modes predicted by
the recent theoretical studies of the stellar magneto-acoustic oscillations can
be readily diagnosed through the moment analysis. In particular, the shape of
the pulsation phase modulation for the radial velocity and the second moment is
very sensitive to non-axisymmetric pulsation components, whereas the rotational
modulation of the second moment amplitude is best suited to reveal axisymmetric
magnetically induced distortion of pulsations.
Chinese: 我们推导出表达式并开发了一种数值技术，用于分析在非径向斜向模式中脉动的恒星的线轮廓矩的变化。这代表了将广泛使用的光谱矩模式识别方法扩展到快速振荡的Ap星中观察到的斜向畸变脉动。我们证明了脉动和旋转速度场的非轴对称叠加导致了一些线轮廓特性的质的变化。发现对于大多数roAp星，第二矩随脉动频率变化，而不是随其第一谐波变化，即使对于轴对称模式也是如此。我们还确定了在脉动周期内不改变但受恒星旋转调制、可以贡献于许多脉动周期平均的恒星光谱变动的脉动可观测量。作为矩技术新版本的示例，我们计算了具有不同参数的斜向轴对称偶极脉动模式的线轮廓矩脉动变化的旋转调制。还表明，通过最近关于恒星磁声振荡的理论研究预测的斜向偶极模式的畸变可以通过矩分析轻易诊断。特别是，径向速度和第二矩的脉动相位调制形状对非轴对称脉动分量非常敏感，而第二矩振幅的旋转调制最适合揭示轴对称磁诱导脉动畸变。
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English: It is shown that the gravitational ultrarelativistic spin-orbit interaction
violates the weak equivalence principle in the traditional sense. This fact is
a direct consequence of the Mathisson-Papapetrou equations in the frame of
reference comoving with a spinning test particle. The widely held assumption
that the deviation of a spinning test body from a geodesic trajectory is caused
by tidal forces is not correct
Chinese: 已证明，在传统意义上，引力超相对论自旋-轨道相互作用违反了弱等效原理。这一事实是马修森-帕帕佩特鲁方程在随转动的测试粒子参考系中的直接结果。广泛认为的旋转测试物体偏离测地轨迹是由潮汐力引起的这一假设是不正确的。
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English: In a series of recent papers we extended the notion of square integrability,
for representations of nilpotent Lie groups, to that of stepwise square
integrability. There we discussed a number of applications based on the fact
that nilradicals of minimal parabolic subgroups of real reductive Lie groups
are stepwise square integrable. Here, in Part I, we prove stepwise square
integrability for nilradicals of arbitrary parabolic subgroups of real
reductive Lie groups. This is technically more delicate than the case of
minimal parabolics. We further discuss applications to Plancherel formulae and
Fourier inversion formulae for maximal exponential solvable subgroups of
parabolics and maximal amenable subgroups of real reductive Lie groups.
Finally, in Part II, we extend a number of those results to (infinite
dimensional) direct limit parabolics. These extensions involve an infinite
dimensional version of the Peter-Weyl Theorem, construction of a direct limit
Schwartz space, and realization of that Schwartz space as a dense subspace of
the corresponding $L^2$ space.
Chinese: 在一系列最近的研究论文中，我们扩展了平方可积性的概念，将其从幂零李群的表示扩展到逐步平方可积性。在那里，我们讨论了基于实可约李群的最小抛物线子群的幂零子是逐步平方可积的事实的一系列应用。在这里，在第一部分，我们证明了实可约李群的任意抛物线子群的幂零子是逐步平方可积的。这比最小抛物线子群的情况在技术上更为复杂。我们进一步讨论了这些结果在抛物线的极大指数可解子群和实可约李群的极大可阿敏子群的Plancherel公式和傅里叶逆变换公式中的应用。最后，在第二部分，我们将这些结果扩展到（无限维）直接极限抛物线。这些扩展涉及彼得-维尔定理的无限维版本、直接极限Schwartz空间的构造以及将该Schwartz空间实现为相应$L^2$空间的稠密子空间。
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English: Temperature below 100 microKelvin is achieved in a customized cryogen-free
dilution refrigerator with a copper-nuclear demagnetization stage. The lowest
temperature of conduction electrons of the demagnetization stage is below 100
microKelvin as measured by a pulsed platinum NMR thermometer and the
temperature can remain below 100 microKelvin for over 10 hours. An up to 9 T
demagnetization magnetic field and an up to 12 T research magnetic field can be
controlled independently, provided by a coaxial room-temperature-bore
cryogen-free magnet.
Chinese: 在定制的不含液氦稀释制冷机中，通过铜核去磁阶段实现了低于100微开尔文的温度。去磁阶段的传导电子最低温度低于100微开尔文，这是通过脉冲铂NMR温度计测量的，并且温度可以保持低于100微开尔文超过10小时。可以独立控制高达9T的去磁磁场和高达12T的研究磁场，由同轴室温孔径不含液氦磁铁提供。
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English: The asymptotic symmetry group (ASG) at future null infinity (I^+) of
four-dimensional de Sitter spacetimes is defined and shown to be given by the
group of three-dimensional diffeomorphisms acting on I^+. Finite charges are
constructed for each choice of ASG generator together with a two-surface on
I^+. A conservation equation is derived relating the evolution of the charges
with the radiation flux through I^+.
Chinese: 在四维德西特时空的未来光锥无穷远处（I^+），定义了渐近对称群（ASG），并证明了它由作用在I^+上的三维微分同胚群给出。为每个ASG生成元的选择构造了有限电荷，并伴随I^+上的一个二维曲面。推导出了一个守恒方程，该方程将电荷的演化与通过I^+的辐射通量联系起来。
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English: We present a novel method for quantifying dependencies in multivariate
datasets, based on estimating the R\'{e}nyi entropy by minimum spanning trees
(MSTs). The length of the MSTs can be used to order pairs of variables from
strongly to weakly dependent, making it a useful tool for sensitivity analysis
with dependent input variables. It is well-suited for cases where the input
distribution is unknown and only a sample of the inputs is available. We
introduce an estimator to quantify dependency based on the MST length, and
investigate its properties with several numerical examples. To reduce the
computational cost of constructing the exact MST for large datasets, we explore
methods to compute approximations to the exact MST, and find the multilevel
approach introduced recently by Zhong et al. (2015) to be the most accurate. We
apply our proposed method to an artificial testcase based on the Ishigami
function, as well as to a real-world testcase involving sediment transport in
the North Sea. The results are consistent with prior knowledge and heuristic
understanding, as well as with variance-based analysis using Sobol indices in
the case where these indices can be computed.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种基于最小生成树（MSTs）估计Rényi熵来量化多元数据集中依赖关系的新方法。MSTs的长度可用于将变量对从强依赖到弱依赖进行排序，使其成为依赖输入变量敏感性分析的实用工具。该方法适用于输入分布未知且仅提供输入样本的情况。我们引入了一种基于MST长度的依赖性量化估计器，并通过几个数值算例研究了其性质。为了降低构建大型数据集精确MST的计算成本，我们探索了计算精确MST近似值的方法，并发现Zhong等人最近（2015年）引入的多级方法最为准确。我们将所提出的方法应用于基于Ishigami函数的人造测试案例，以及涉及北海泥沙输运的真实世界测试案例。结果与先验知识和启发式理解一致，在可以计算Sobol指数的情况下，也与基于Sobol指数的方差分析方法一致。
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English: We consider the abelian sandpile model and the uniform spanning unicycle on
random planar maps. We show that the sandpile density converges to 5/2 as the
maps get large. For the spanning unicycle, we show that the length and area of
the cycle converges to the hitting time and location of a simple random walk in
the first quadrant. The calculations use the "hamburger-cheeseburger"
construction of Fortuin--Kasteleyn random cluster configurations on random
planar maps.
Chinese: 我们考虑阿贝尔沙堆模型和随机平面图上的均匀遍历单轮车。我们证明随着图的增大，沙堆密度收敛到5/2。对于遍历单轮车，我们证明循环的长度和面积收敛到第一象限中简单随机游走的时间到达和位置。这些计算使用了Fortuin-Kasteleyn随机簇配置在随机平面图上的“汉堡-奶酪汉堡”构造。
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English: We investigate the behavior of minimizers of perturbed Dirichlet energies
supported on a wire generated by a regular simple curve $\gamma$ and defined in
the space of $\mathbb{S}^2$-valued functions. The perturbation $K$ is
represented by a matrix-valued function defined on $\mathbb{S}^2$ with values
in $\mathbb{R}^{3 \times 3}$. Under natural regularity conditions on $K$, we
show that the family of perturbed Dirichlet energies converges, in the sense of
$\Gamma$-convergence, to a simplified energy functional on $\gamma$. The
reduced energy unveils how part of the antisymmetric exchange interactions
contribute to an anisotropic term whose specific shape depends on the curvature
of $\gamma$.
We also discuss the significant implications of our results for studies of
ferromagnetic nanowires when Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is
present.
Chinese: 我们研究了在由规则简单曲线 $\gamma$ 生成的线上的扰动Dirichlet能量的极小值的行为，这些能量在 $\mathbb{S}^2$ 值函数的空间中定义。扰动 $K$ 由一个定义在 $\mathbb{S}^2$ 上并在 $\mathbb{R}^{3 \times 3}$ 中取值的矩阵值函数表示。在 $K$ 上的自然正则性条件下，我们证明了扰动Dirichlet能量的族在 $\Gamma$-收敛的意义下收敛到一个简化的能量泛函，该泛函定义在 $\gamma$ 上。降低的能量揭示了部分反对称交换相互作用如何贡献于一个各向异性的项，其具体形状取决于 $\gamma$ 的曲率。
我们还在Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya相互作用（DMI）存在的情况下，讨论了我们的结果对于铁磁纳米线研究的重要影响。
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English: Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications have been postulated as one of the
most disruptive technologies for future 5G systems. Among mmWave bands the
60-GHz radio technology is specially suited for ultradense small cells and
mobile data offloading scenarios. Many challenges remain to be addressed in
mmWave communications but among them deafness, or misalignment between
transmitter and receivers beams, and interference management lie among the most
prominent ones. In the recent years, scenarios considering negligible
interference on mmWave resource allocation have been rather common in
literature. To this end, interestingly, many open issues still need to be
addressed such as the applicability of noise-limited regime for mmWave.
Furthermore, in mmWave the beam-steering mechanism imposes a forced silence
period, in the course of which no data can be conveyed, that should not be
neglected in throughput/delay calculations. This paper introduces mmWave
enabled Small Cell Networks (SCNs) with relaying capabilities where as a result
of a coordinated meta-heuristically optimized beamwidth/alignment-delay
approach overall system throughput is optimized. Simulations have been conveyed
for three transmitter densities under TDMA and naive 'all-on' scheduling
producing average per node throughput increments of up to 248%. The paper
further elaborates on the off-balancing impact of alignment delay and
time-multiplexing strategies by illustrating how the foreseen transition that
increasing the number of transmitters produces in the regime of a fixed-node
size SCN in downlink operation fades out by a poor choice in the scheduling
strategy.
Chinese: 毫米波（mmWave）通信被预测为未来5G系统中最具颠覆性的技术之一。在毫米波频段中，60GHz无线电技术特别适合超密集小细胞和移动数据卸载场景。在毫米波通信中仍有许多挑战需要解决，但其中最突出的挑战包括无信号或发射器和接收器波束之间的错位，以及干扰管理。近年来，在文献中，考虑毫米波资源分配中可忽略干扰的场景相当普遍。有趣的是，许多开放性问题仍需要解决，例如毫米波中噪声受限制度的适用性。此外，在毫米波中，波束转向机制强制引入了沉默期，在此期间无法传输数据，这在吞吐量/延迟计算中不应被忽视。本文介绍了具有中继能力的毫米波启用的小型蜂窝网络（SCN），通过协调的元启发式优化的波束宽度/对齐延迟方法，整体系统吞吐量得到优化。在TDMA和简单的“全开”调度下，对三种发射器密度进行了仿真，产生了平均每节点吞吐量增加高达248%。本文进一步阐述了对齐延迟和时间复用策略的不平衡影响，通过说明在固定节点大小的SCN下行操作中，通过调度策略的糟糕选择，增加发射器数量的预期过渡如何逐渐消失。
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English: We use planetary nebulae (PNe) as probes to determine the Galactic radial
oxygen gradients, and other abundance patterns. We select data homogeneously
from recent data sets, including PNe at large Galactocentric distances. The
radial oxygen gradient calculated for the general PN population, which probes
the region between the Galactic center and out to $\sim$28 kpc, is shallow,
with slope $\sim$-0.02 dex kpc$^{-1}$, in agreement with previous findings. We
looked for time evolution of the metallicity gradient using PNe with different
age progenitors as metallicity probes. We identify PNe whose progenitor stars
are younger than 1 Gyr (YPPNe), and those whose progenitor stars are older than
7.5 Gyr (OPPNe), based on the comparison between evolutionary yields and
elemental abundances of the PNe. By studying OPPNe and YPPNe separately we
found that: (i) The OPPNe oxygen gradient is shallower ($\sim-0.015$ dex
kpc$^{-1}$) than that derived from YPPNe ($\sim-0.027$ dex kpc$^{-1}$); (ii)
the OPPNe inner radial distribution of oxygen is compatible with no gradient to
the radial extent of the thick disk population ($\sim$10 kpc), similarly to
what has been observed in thick disk stars; (iii) planetary nebulae (especially
OPPNe) indicate that significant gradient slope is limited to Galactocentric
distances between $\sim$10 to $\sim$13.5 kpc, as observed for open clusters and
field stars. Outside this range, the distribution is almost flat. We found that
the radial oxygen gradient is steeper for a PN population closer to the
Galactic disk, similarly to what is observed in the general stellar population
by the SEGUE survey. We use our novel population dating to compare our results
with current chemical evolutionary models, and with gradients from other
Galactic populations, for insight on galaxy chemical evolution.
Chinese: 我们利用行星状星云（PNe）作为探针来确定银河系的径向氧梯度以及其他丰度模式。我们从最近的数据集中均匀选取数据，包括处于较大银心距离的行星状星云。针对普通行星状星云群体计算的径向氧梯度（探针区域介于银心与~28 kpc之外），其梯度较浅，斜率约为-0.02 dex kpc⁻¹，与先前研究结果一致。我们利用具有不同年龄前体的行星状星云作为金属丰度探针，寻找金属丰度梯度的时间演化。根据行星状星云的演化产额与元素丰度比较，我们识别出前体恒星年龄小于1 Gyr的行星状星云（YPPNe）以及前体恒星年龄大于7.5 Gyr的行星状星云（OPPNe）。通过分别研究OPPNe和YPPNe，我们发现：(i) OPPNe的氧梯度（~ -0.015 dex kpc⁻¹）比YPPNe推导的梯度（~ -0.027 dex kpc⁻¹）更浅；(ii) OPPNe的氧向内径向分布与厚盘星族（~10 kpc）的径向范围无梯度相符，类似于厚盘恒星观测到的现象；(iii) 行星状星云（尤其是OPPNe）表明显著的梯度斜率仅限于银心距离~10至~13.5 kpc之间，这与疏散星团和场星的观测结果一致。在此范围之外，分布几乎平坦。我们发现，靠近银河盘的行星状星云群体其径向氧梯度更陡峭，类似于SEGUE调查在普通恒星群体中观测到的现象。我们利用新型种群定年方法，将研究结果与当前化学演化模型以及其他银河系群体的梯度进行比较，以深入了解星系化学演化。
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English: We obtain coincidence rates for passive optical interferometry by exploiting
the permutational symmetries of partially distinguishable input photons, and
our approach elucidates qualitative features of multi-photon coincidence
landscapes. We treat the interferometer input as a product state of any number
of photons in each input mode with photons distinguished by their arrival time.
Detectors at the output of the interferometer count photons from each output
mode over a long integration time. We generalize and prove the claim of
Tillmann et al. [Phys. Rev. X 5 041015 (2015)] that coincidence rates can be
elegantly expressed in terms of immanants. Immanants are functions of matrices
that exhibit permutational symmetries and the immanants appearing in our
coincidence-rate expressions share permutational symmetries with the input
state. Our results are obtained by employing representation theory of the
symmetric group to analyze systems of arbitrary number of photons in
arbitrarily sized interferometers.
Chinese: 我们通过利用部分可区分输入光子的置换对称性，获得了被动光学干涉测量中的符合率，并且我们的方法阐明了多光子符合景观的定性特征。我们将干涉仪输入处理为每个输入模式中任意数量光子的乘积态，这些光子通过到达时间加以区分。干涉仪输出端的探测器在长时间积分内统计每个输出模式的光子。我们推广并证明了Tillmann等人[Phys. Rev. X 5 041015 (2015)]的断言，即符合率可以优雅地用不变量来表示。不变量是具有置换对称性的矩阵的函数，我们符合率表达式中的不变量与输入状态共享置换对称性。我们的结果是通过应用对称群表示理论来分析任意数量光子组成的任意尺寸干涉仪系统而获得的。
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English: Projected policy gradient (PPG) is a basic policy optimization method in
reinforcement learning. Given access to exact policy evaluations, previous
studies have established the sublinear convergence of PPG for sufficiently
small step sizes based on the smoothness and the gradient domination properties
of the value function. However, as the step size goes to infinity, PPG reduces
to the classic policy iteration method, which suggests the convergence of PPG
even for large step sizes. In this paper, we fill this gap and show that PPG
admits a sublinear convergence for any constant step sizes. Due to the
existence of the state-wise visitation measure in the expression of policy
gradient, the existing optimization-based analysis framework for a
preconditioned version of PPG (i.e., projected Q-ascent) is not applicable, to
the best of our knowledge. Instead, we proceed the proof by computing the
state-wise improvement lower bound of PPG based on its inherent structure. In
addition, the finite iteration convergence of PPG for any constant step size is
further established, which is also new.
Chinese: 投影策略梯度（Projected Policy Gradient, PPG）是强化学习中的基本策略优化方法。在能够获取精确策略评估的情况下，已有研究基于值函数的光滑性和梯度主导性，证明了PPG对于足够小的步长具有亚线性收敛性。然而，当步长趋于无穷大时，PPG会退化为经典的策略迭代方法，这表明即使对于较大的步长，PPG也具有收敛性。在本文中，我们填补了这一空白，并证明了PPG对于任何常数步长都存在亚线性收敛性。由于策略梯度表达式中存在状态访问测度，据我们所知，现有的基于优化的预处理版本PPG（即投影Q上升）的分析框架不适用。相反，我们通过基于PPG的内在结构计算状态改进下界来进行证明。此外，我们还进一步建立了PPG对于任何常数步长的有限迭代收敛性，这也是一个新结果。
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English: We present a simple yet generic model for the behavior of a system of many
surface-attached flexible polymers with rigid side chains. Beyond its potential
application in describing the dynamics of the extracellular matrix of mammalian
cells, the model itself shows an interesting phase transition behavior since
the underlying models (a two-dimensional Potts model and a XY-model) undergo
different phase transitions.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种简单而通用的模型，用于描述大量表面附着的柔性聚合物系统，这些聚合物具有刚性侧链的行为。除了在描述哺乳动物细胞外基质动力学方面的潜在应用外，该模型本身显示出有趣相变行为，因为其基础模型（二维Potts模型和XY模型）经历不同的相变。
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English: Many real-world tasks are intuitive for a human to perform, but difficult to
encode algorithmically when utilizing a robot to perform the tasks. In these
scenarios, robotic systems can benefit from expert demonstrations to learn how
to perform each task. In many settings, it may be difficult or unsafe to use a
physical robot to provide these demonstrations, for example, considering
cooking tasks such as slicing with a knife. Extended reality provides a natural
setting for demonstrating robotic trajectories while bypassing safety concerns
and providing a broader range of interaction modalities. We propose the Robot
Action Demonstration in Extended Reality (RADER) system, a generic extended
reality interface for learning from demonstration. We additionally present its
application to an existing state-of-the-art learning from demonstration
approach and show comparable results between demonstrations given on a physical
robot and those given using our extended reality system.
Chinese: 许多现实世界的任务对于人类来说做起来很直观，但当利用机器人执行这些任务时，很难用算法来编码。在这些情况下，机器人系统可以从专家演示中学习如何执行每个任务。在许多环境中，使用物理机器人提供这些演示可能很困难或存在安全隐患，例如考虑烹饪任务，如用刀切片。扩展现实提供了一个自然的环境来演示机器人轨迹，同时绕过安全顾虑并提供更广泛的交互模式。我们提出了扩展现实中的机器人动作演示（RADER）系统，这是一个用于从演示中学习的通用扩展现实界面。我们还展示了它应用于现有的最先进的从演示中学习的方法，并展示了在物理机器人上提供的演示与使用我们的扩展现实系统提供的演示之间的可比结果。
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English: The emergence of Boris Struminsky's January, 1965 paper with a footnote that
introduced a new quark quantum number now known as color caused a response
[arXiv:0908.2772] that is seen, perhaps contrary to what it was intended to
convey, to corroborate the general picture that comes out of the evidence
summarized in [arXiv:0904.0343].
Chinese: 博里斯·斯特鲁明斯基1965年1月发表的论文，其中脚注引入了一种新的夸克量子数，现在被称为颜色，引起了[arXiv:0908.2772]的回应。这种回应似乎与它原本想要传达的意思相反，反而证实了从[arXiv:0904.0343]中总结的证据所呈现的总体图景。
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English: Cloud computing has the capacity to transform many parts of the research
ecosystem, from particular research areas to overall strategic decision making
and policy. Scientometrics sits at the boundary between research and the
decision making and evaluation processes of research. One of the biggest
challenges in research policy and strategy is having access to data that allows
iterative analysis to inform decisions. Many of these decisions are based on
"global" measures such as benchmark metrics that are hard to source. In this
article, Cloud technologies are explored in this context. A novel visualisation
technique is presented and used as a means to explore the potential for scaling
scientometrics by democratising both access to data and compute capacity using
the Cloud.
Chinese: 云计算有能力改变科研生态系统的许多方面，从特定研究领域到整体战略决策和政策。科学计量学处于科研与决策及评估过程之间的交叉领域。科研政策与战略中的一个重大挑战是获取允许迭代分析以指导决策的数据。许多此类决策基于"全球"指标，如基准指标，这些指标难以获取。在本文中，我们在此背景下探讨了云计算技术。提出了一种新颖的可视化技术，并将其作为通过云计算民主化数据访问和计算能力，以探索扩大科学计量学潜力的手段。
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English: The analytical expression for frequency of the maximum of radio emission
intensity in pulsars with free electron emission from the stellar surface has
been found. We have explained the correlation, known from observations, between
the high-frequency cut-off and low-frequency turnover in radio emission
spectrum of the pulsars. The explanation is based on peculiarities of electron
acceleration in the inner polar gap, which we have analyzed.
Chinese: 已经找到了脉冲星从恒星表面自由电子发射产生的无线电发射强度最大频率的分析表达式。我们解释了从观测中已知的脉冲星无线电发射谱中高频截止与低频拐点之间的相关性。该解释基于内部极区间隙中电子加速的特征，我们对此进行了分析。
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English: Low-mass eclipsing binaries show systematically larger radii than model
predictions for their mass, metallicity and age. Prominent explanations for the
inflation involve enhanced magnetic fields generated by rapid rotation of the
star that inhibit convection and/or suppress flux from the star via starspots.
However, derived masses and radii for individual eclipsing binary systems often
disagree in the literature. In this paper, we continue to investigate low-mass
eclipsing binaries (EBs) observed by NASA's {\it Kepler} spacecraft, deriving
stellar masses and radii using high-quality space-based light curves and radial
velocities from high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. We report masses and
radii for three {\it Kepler} EBs, two of which agree with previously published
masses and radii (KIC 11922782 and KIC 9821078). For the third EB (KIC
7605600), we report new masses and show the secondary component is likely fully
convective ($M_2 = 0.17 \pm 0.01 M_{\sun}$ and $R_2 = 0.199^{+0.001}_{-0.002}
R_{\sun}$). Combined with KIC 10935310 from Han et al. (2017), we find that the
masses and radii for four low-mass {\it Kepler} EBs are consistent with modern
stellar evolutionary models for M dwarf stars and do not require inhibited
convection by magnetic fields to account for the stellar radii.
Chinese: 低质量食双星系统显示，相对于模型预测，它们的质量、金属丰度和年龄对应的半径系统性地更大。对于膨胀的明显解释涉及由恒星快速旋转产生的增强磁场，这些磁场抑制对流或通过恒星黑子抑制恒星的辐射流。然而，不同文献中对于个别食双星系统的质量与半径的推导结果往往存在分歧。在这篇论文中，我们继续研究由NASA的《开普勒》探测器观测到的低质量食双星系统，利用高质量的空间基光曲线和由高分辨率红外光谱得出的径向速度来推导恒星的质量与半径。我们报告了《开普勒》食双星系统的质量与半径，其中两个系统与之前已发表的质量与半径一致（KIC 11922782和KIC 9821078）。对于第三个系统（KIC 7605600），我们报告了新的质量，并表明次级成分可能是完全对流的（$M_2 = 0.17 \pm 0.01 M_{\sun}$和$R_2 = 0.199^{+0.001}_{-0.002} R_{\sun}$）。结合Han等人（2017）的KIC 10935310，我们发现四个低质量《开普勒》食双星系统的质量与半径与现代M矮星恒星演化模型一致，不需要磁场产生的抑制对流来解释恒星的半径。
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English: The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), the first multi-kton
liquid scintillator detector, which is under construction in China, will have a
unique potential to perform a real-time measurement of solar neutrinos well
below the few MeV threshold typical for Water Cherenkov detectors. JUNO's large
target mass and excellent energy resolution are prerequisites for reaching
unprecedented levels of precision. In this paper, we provide estimation of the
JUNO sensitivity to 7Be, pep, and CNO solar neutrinos that can be obtained via
a spectral analysis above the 0.45 MeV threshold. This study is performed
assuming different scenarios of the liquid scintillator radiopurity, ranging
from the most opti mistic one corresponding to the radiopurity levels obtained
by the Borexino experiment, up to the minimum requirements needed to perform
the neutrino mass ordering determination with reactor antineutrinos - the main
goal of JUNO. Our study shows that in most scenarios, JUNO will be able to
improve the current best measurements on 7Be, pep, and CNO solar neutrino
fluxes. We also perform a study on the JUNO capability to detect periodical
time variations in the solar neutrino flux, such as the day-night modulation
induced by neutrino flavor regeneration in Earth, and the modulations induced
by temperature changes driven by helioseismic waves.
Chinese: 江门中微子地下观测站（JUNO），这是中国正在建设中的首个多千吨液态闪烁体探测器，将具有独特的潜力，在低于典型于水切伦科夫探测器几兆电子伏特阈值的条件下，对太阳中微子进行实时测量。JUNO的大靶质量和优异的能量分辨率是实现前所未有的精度所必需的。在本文中，我们提供了对JUNO对7Be、pep和CNO太阳中微子的灵敏度估计，这些灵敏度可以通过超过0.45兆电子伏特阈值的能谱分析获得。这项研究是在假设不同液态闪烁体放射性纯度场景下进行的，从最乐观的场景（对应于Borexino实验获得的放射性纯度水平）到进行中微子质量顺序确定的最低要求——这是JUNO的主要目标。我们的研究表明，在大多数场景中，JUNO将能够提高目前对7Be、pep和CNO太阳中微子通量的最佳测量。我们还对JUNO检测太阳中微子通量周期性时间变化的能力进行了研究，例如地球中由中微子味再生引起的日夜调制，以及由日震波驱动的温度变化引起的调制。
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English: Let $\hat H$ be an h-admissible pseudodifferential operator whose principal
symbol, $H$, has a unique non-degenerate global minimum. We give a simple proof
that the semi-classical asymptotics of the eigenvalues of $\hat H$
corresponding to the "bottom of the well" determine the Birkhoff normal form of
$H$ at the minimum. We treat both the resonant and the non-resonant cases.
Chinese: 设 $\hat H$ 是一个 h-适应伪微分算子，其主符号 $H$ 具有唯一的非退化全局最小值。我们给出一个简单证明：$\hat H$ 对应于'阱底'的半经典渐近性态决定了 $H$ 在最小值处的伯克霍夫正规形。我们处理了谐振和非谐振两种情况。
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English: Multilingual language models (MLMs) store factual knowledge across languages
but often struggle to provide consistent responses to semantically equivalent
prompts in different languages. While previous studies point out this
cross-lingual inconsistency issue, the underlying causes remain unexplored. In
this work, we use mechanistic interpretability methods to investigate
cross-lingual inconsistencies in MLMs. We find that MLMs encode knowledge in a
language-independent concept space through most layers, and only transition to
language-specific spaces in the final layers. Failures during the language
transition often result in incorrect predictions in the target language, even
when the answers are correct in other languages. To mitigate this inconsistency
issue, we propose a linear shortcut method that bypasses computations in the
final layers, enhancing both prediction accuracy and cross-lingual consistency.
Our findings shed light on the internal mechanisms of MLMs and provide a
lightweight, effective strategy for producing more consistent factual outputs.
Chinese: 多语言语言模型（MLMs）存储跨语言的客观知识，但常常在提供不同语言中语义等效提示的连贯响应时遇到困难。尽管先前的研究指出了这种跨语言不一致的问题，但其根本原因仍未被探索。在本工作中，我们使用机械解释方法来探究MLMs中的跨语言不一致性。我们发现，MLMs在大多数层中通过一个语言无关的概念空间编码知识，仅在最后几层中过渡到语言特定的空间。在语言过渡期间的失败往往导致目标语言中的错误预测，即使在其他语言中答案正确。为了缓解这种不一致性问题，我们提出了一种线性旁路方法，该方法绕过了最后几层的计算，提高了预测准确性和跨语言一致性。我们的发现揭示了MLMs的内部机制，并提供了一种轻量级且有效的策略，以产生更一致的客观输出。
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English: We study soft supersymmetry breaking parameters in a supersymmetric unified
model which potentially solves the doublet-triplet splitting problem. In the
model the doublet-triplet splitting is solved by the discrete symmetry which is
allowed to be introduced due to the direct product structure of the gauge
group. The messenger fields for the gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking are
naturally embedded in the model. The discrete symmetry required by the
doublet-triplet splitting makes the gaugino masses non-universal and also
induces a different mass spectrum for the scalar masses from the ordinary
minimal gauge mediation model. Independent physical CP phases can remain in the
gaugino sector even after the R-transformation.
Chinese: 我们研究了一个超对称统一模型中的软超对称破缺参数，该模型有可能解决双态-三态分裂问题。在该模型中，双态-三态分裂通过引入的离散对称性得到解决，这种对称性由于规范群的直积结构而被允许引入。规范传递超对称破缺的传递场自然地嵌入到模型中。双态-三态分裂所需的离散对称性使得规范玻色子质量非普遍，同时也导致标量质量谱与普通最小规范传递模型不同。即使经过R变换，规范玻色子领域内仍可能存在独立的物理CP相。
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English: Accurate forecasting of the solar wind has grown in importance as society
becomes increasingly dependent on technology that is susceptible to space
weather events. This work describes an inner boundary condition for ambient
solar wind models based on tomography maps of the coronal plasma density gained
from coronagraph observations, providing a novel alternative to magnetic
extrapolations. The tomographical density maps provide a direct constraint of
the coronal structure at heliocentric distances of 4 to 8Rs, thus avoiding the
need to model the complex non-radial lower corona. An empirical inverse
relationship converts densities to solar wind velocities which are used as an
inner boundary condition by the Heliospheric Upwind Extrapolation (HUXt) model
to give ambient solar wind velocity at Earth. The dynamic time warping (DTW)
algorithm is used to quantify the agreement between tomography/HUXt output and
in situ data. An exhaustive search method is then used to adjust the lower
boundary velocity range in order to optimize the model. Early results show up
to a 32% decrease in mean absolute error between the modelled and observed
solar wind velocities compared to that of the coupled MAS/HUXt model. The use
of density maps gained from tomography as an inner boundary constraint is thus
a valid alternative to coronal magnetic models, and offers a significant
advancement in the field given the availability of routine space-based
coronagraph observations.
Chinese: 随着社会对易受空间天气事件影响的技术的依赖性日益增强，精确预测太阳风的重要性日益凸显。这项工作基于日冕等离子体密度断层扫描图（通过日冕仪观测获得），描述了一种适用于环境太阳风模型的内边界条件，为磁力外推提供了一种新颖的替代方案。断层扫描密度图直接约束了日心距离4至8个太阳半径（Rs）处的日冕结构，从而避免了模拟复杂非径向低日冕的必要性。经验反比关系将密度转换为太阳风速度，这些速度被日球上游外推（HUXt）模型用作内边界条件，以给出地球处的环境太阳风速度。动态时间规整（DTW）算法用于量化断层扫描/HUXt输出与原位数据之间的吻合程度。然后采用穷举搜索方法调整下边界速度范围，以优化模型。早期结果表明，与耦合MAS/HUXt模型相比，该模型模拟的太阳风速度与观测值的平均绝对误差降低了高达32%。因此，利用断层扫描获得的密度图作为内边界约束，是日冕磁模型的有效替代方案，并且鉴于常规空间日冕仪观测的可用性，为该领域带来了显著进展。
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English: We reassess the problem of symmetry restoration induced by observers'
acceleration within the context of interacting quantum field theories in
Minkowski spacetime. We argue that the imposition of a frame-independent
renormalization condition negates any observed symmetry restoration by a
Rindler observer. Technically, we compute the one-loop effective potential of a
$\lambda\varphi^4$ theory for an accelerated observer, employing a distinct
methodology from prior investigations. Emphasizing the intricacies of the
model's renormalization, the analysis offers novel insights into the interplay
between acceleration and spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum field theory.
Chinese: 我们在Minkowski时空相互作用量子场论的背景下，重新评估了由观察者加速引起的对称性恢复问题。我们论证，施加一个与参考系无关的重整化条件，否定了Rindler观察者观察到的任何对称性恢复。技术上，我们使用与先前研究不同的方法，计算了一个加速观察者的$\lambda\varphi^4$理论的一环有效势。强调模型重整化的复杂性，该分析为量子场论中加速与自发对称破缺之间的相互作用提供了新的见解。
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English: The discovery of source states in the X-ray emission of black-hole binaries
and neutron-star low-mass X-ray binaries constituted a major step forward in
the understanding of the physics of accretion onto compact objects. While there
are numerous studies on the correlated timing and spectral variability of these
systems, very little work has been done on high-mass X-ray binaries, the third
major type of X-ray binaries. The main goal of this work is to investigate
whether Be accreting X-ray pulsars display source states and characterise those
states through their spectral and timing properties. We have made a systematic
study of the power spectra, energy spectra and X-ray hardness-intensity
diagrams of nine Be/X-ray pulsars. The evolution of the timing and spectral
parameters were monitored through changes over two orders of magnitude in
luminosity. We find that Be/X-ray pulsars trace two different branches in the
hardness-intensity diagram: the horizontal branch corresponds to a
low-intensity state of the source and it is characterised by fast colour and
spectral changes and high X-ray variability. The diagonal branch is a
high-intensity state that emerges when the X-ray luminosity exceeds a critical
limit. The photon index anticorrelates with X-ray flux in the horizontal branch
but correlates with it in the diagonal branch. The correlation between QPO
frequency and X-ray flux reported in some pulsars is also observed if the peak
frequency of the broad-band noise that accounts for the aperiodic variability
is used. The two branches may reflect two different accretion modes, depending
on whether the luminosity of the source is above or below a critical value.
This critical luminosity is mainly determined by the magnetic field strength,
hence it differs for different sources.
Chinese: 在黑洞双星和中子星低质量X射线双星中探测到源状态，是理解物质吸积到致密天体物理学上的一个重要进展。尽管对这些系统的相关时序和光谱变化进行了大量研究，但对高能X射线双星——X射线双星第三大类——的研究却很少。这项工作的主要目标是研究吸积X射线脉冲星是否表现出源状态，并通过其光谱和时序特性来表征这些状态。我们对九颗Be/X射线脉冲星进行了系统研究，通过亮度变化两个数量级的监测来追踪时序和光谱参数的演化。我们发现Be/X射线脉冲星在硬度-强度图上描绘出两条不同的分支：水平分支对应源的低温状态，其特征是快速的颜色和光谱变化以及高X射线变异性。对角分支是当X射线亮度超过临界极限时出现的高温状态。光子指数在水平分支与X射线通量负相关，但在对角分支中正相关。一些脉冲星中报道的QPO频率与X射线通量之间的相关性，如果使用宽带噪声的峰值频率（该噪声解释了非周期性变化）也会观察到。这两个分支可能反映了两种不同的吸积模式，取决于源的亮度是否高于或低于临界值。这个临界亮度主要由磁场强度决定，因此不同源的临界亮度也不同。
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English: We realize a mechanical analogue of the Dicke model, achieved by coupling the
spin of individual neutral atoms to their quantized motion in an optical
trapping potential. The atomic spin states play the role of the electronic
states of the atomic ensemble considered in the Dicke model, and the in-trap
motional states of the atoms correspond to the states of the electromagnetic
field mode. The coupling between spin and motion is induced by an inherent
polarization gradient of the trapping light fields, which leads to a spatially
varying vector light shift. We experimentally show that our system reaches the
ultra-strong coupling regime, i.e., we obtain a coupling strength which is a
significant fraction of the trap frequency. Moreover, with the help of an
additional light field, we demonstrate the in-situ tuning of the coupling
strength. Beyond its fundamental interest, the demonstrated one-to-one mapping
between the physics of optically trapped cold atoms and the Dicke model paves
the way for implementing protocols and applications that exploit extreme
coupling strengths.
Chinese: 我们实现了一个狄克模型的机械类比，通过将单个中性原子的自旋与其在光学陷阱势中的量子运动耦合。原子自旋态扮演了狄克模型中考虑的原子集合的电子态的角色，原子在陷阱中的运动状态对应于电磁场模式的态。自旋与运动的耦合是由陷阱光场的固有偏振梯度诱导的，这导致光位移在空间上变化。我们实验上表明，我们的系统达到了超强耦合状态，即我们获得了一个与陷阱频率相比占很大比例的耦合强度。此外，借助一个额外的光场，我们展示了耦合强度的现场调节。除了其基本兴趣之外，所展示的将光学捕获冷原子的物理与狄克模型之间的一对一映射为实施利用极端耦合强度的协议和应用铺平了道路。
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English: In this paper, we use a biorthogonal approach (Appell system) to construct
and characterize the spaces of test and generalized functions associated to the
fractional Poisson measure $\pi_{\lambda,\beta}$, that is, a probability
measure in the set of natural (or real) numbers. The Hilbert space
$L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})$ of complex-valued functions plays a central role
in the construction, namely, the test function spaces
$(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{\kappa}$, $\kappa\in[0,1]$ is densely embedded in
$L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})$. Moreover, $L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})$ is also
dense in the dual
$((N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{\kappa})'=(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{-\kappa}$.
Hence, we obtain a chain of densely embeddings
$(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{\kappa}\subset
L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})\subset(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{-\kappa}$. The
characterization of these spaces is realized via integral transforms and chain
of spaces of entire functions of different types and order of growth. Wick
calculus extends in a straightforward manner from Gaussian analysis to the
present non-Gaussian framework. Finally, in Appendix B we give an explicit
relation between (generalized) Appell polynomials and Bell polynomials.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们采用双正交方法（Appell系统）构造并刻画与分数Poisson测度 $\pi_{\lambda,\beta}$ 相关联的测试函数空间和广义函数空间，其中 $\pi_{\lambda,\beta}$ 是自然数（或实数）集合上的概率测度。复值函数的希尔伯特空间 $L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})$ 在构造中起着核心作用，具体而言，测试函数空间 $(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{\kappa}$，$\kappa\in[0,1]$ 以稠密的方式嵌入到 $L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})$ 中。此外，$L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})$ 也稠密地嵌入到其对偶空间 $((N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{\kappa})'=(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{-\kappa}$ 中。因此，我们得到了一个稠密嵌入的链 $(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{\kappa}\subset L^{2}(\pi_{\lambda,\beta})\subset(N)_{\pi_{\lambda,\beta}}^{-\kappa}$。这些空间的刻画通过积分变换和不同类型的增长级数的整函数空间链来实现。Wick算子从高斯分析直接推广到当前的非高斯框架中。最后，在附录B中，我们给出了广义Appell多项式与Bell多项式之间的显式关系。
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English: Fix an infinite field $k$ of characteristic $p$, and let $\g$ be the
Kac-Moody algebra $\mathfrak{sl}_{\infty}$ if $p=0$ and $\hat{\mathfrak{sl}}_p$
otherwise. Let $\PP$ denote the category of strict polynomial functors defined
over $k$. We describe a $\g$-action on $\PP$ (in the sense of Chuang and
Rouquier) categorifying the Fock space representation of $\g$.
Chinese: 固定一个特征为 $p$ 的无穷域 $k$，如果 $p=0$，则令 $\g$ 为 Kac-Moody 代数 $\mathfrak{sl}_{\infty}$，否则为 $\hat{\mathfrak{sl}}_p$。令 $\PP$ 表示在 $k$ 上定义的严格多项式函子的范畴。我们描述了一个 $\g$-作用在 $\PP$ 上（按照 Chuang 和 Rouquier 的意义）的范畴，它范畴化了 $\g$ 的 Fock 空间表示。
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English: Clustering multi-view data has been a fundamental research topic in the
computer vision community. It has been shown that a better accuracy can be
achieved by integrating information of all the views than just using one view
individually. However, the existing methods often struggle with the issues of
dealing with the large-scale datasets and the poor performance in
reconstructing samples. This paper proposes a novel multi-view clustering
method by learning a shared generative latent representation that obeys a
mixture of Gaussian distributions. The motivation is based on the fact that the
multi-view data share a common latent embedding despite the diversity among the
views. Specifically, benefited from the success of the deep generative
learning, the proposed model not only can extract the nonlinear features from
the views, but render a powerful ability in capturing the correlations among
all the views. The extensive experimental results, on several datasets with
different scales, demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the
state-of-the-art methods under a range of performance criteria.
Chinese: 在计算机视觉领域，多视角数据的聚类一直是一个基础的研究课题。研究表明，通过整合所有视角的信息，而不是单独使用一个视角，可以获得更高的准确性。然而，现有的方法往往难以处理大规模数据集，并且在重建样本方面性能不佳。本文提出了一种新颖的多视角聚类方法，通过学习遵循高斯分布混合的共享生成潜在表示。这种动机基于这样一个事实，即尽管视角之间存在多样性，多视角数据仍然共享一个共同的潜在嵌入。具体来说，得益于深度生成学习的成功，所提出的模型不仅能够从视角中提取非线性特征，而且在捕捉所有视角之间的相关性方面具有强大的能力。在多个不同规模的数据集上进行的广泛实验结果表明，所提出的方法在各种性能标准下都优于最先进的方法。
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English: The current-voltage characteristic of a planar vacuum diode with electrons
possessing velocity distribution function during an emission from the cathode
(electron beam) is theoretically considered in this article. The electron beam
movement in the volume is examined. An integral-differential equation for the
electric field potential is got in a correct form. A current-voltage
characteristic of the diode for a model function of the velocity distribution
of the emitted electrons is obtained.
Chinese: 本文从理论上研究了具有速度分布函数的电子在阴极（电子束）发射期间平面真空二极管的电流-电压特性。考察了电子束在空间中的运动。得到了电场势的正确形式积分微分方程。获得了二极管在发射电子的速度分布模型函数下的电流-电压特性。
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English: Spectral line width broadening in Rydberg gases, a phenomenon previously
attributed to the many-body effect, was observed experimentally almost a decade
ago. The observed line width was typically 80-100 times larger than the average
interaction strength predicted from a binary interaction. The interpretation of
such a phenomenon is usually based on the so-called diffusion model, where the
line width broadening mostly originates from the diffusion of excitations. In
this paper, we present a model calculation to show that diffusion is not the
main mechanism to the line width broadening. We find that the rare pair
fluctuation at small separation is the dominant factor contributing to this
broadening. Our results give a width of about 20-30 times larger than the
average interaction strength. More importantly, by turning off the diffusion
process, we do not observe order of magnitude change in the spectral line
width.
Chinese: 里德堡气体中的光谱线宽度展宽，这一现象之前被归因于多体效应，在近十年前几乎被实验观察到。观察到的线宽度通常是来自二元相互作用的平均相互作用强度的80-100倍。这种现象的解释通常基于所谓的扩散模型，其中线宽度展宽主要源于激发的扩散。在这篇论文中，我们提出了一种模型计算，以表明扩散不是线宽度展宽的主要机制。我们发现，在小的分离距离处的稀有对波动是导致这种展宽的主要因素。我们的结果给出了比平均相互作用强度大约20-30倍的宽度。更重要的是，通过关闭扩散过程，我们没有观察到光谱线宽度的数量级变化。
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English: We have determined the distance to a second eclipsing binary system (EB) in
the Large Magellanic Cloud, HV982 (~B1 IV-V + ~B1 IV-V). The measurement of the
distance -- among other properties of the system -- is based on optical
photometry and spectroscopy and space-based UV/optical spectrophotometry. The
analysis combines the ``classical'' EB study of light and radial velocity
curves, which yields the stellar masses and radii, with a new analysis of the
observed energy distribution, which yields the effective temperature,
metallicity, and reddening of the system plus the distance ``attenuation
factor'', essentially (radius/distance)^2. Combining the results gives the
distance to HV982, which is 50.2 +/- 1.2 kpc. This distance determination
consists of a detailed study of well-understood objects (B stars) in a
well-understood evolutionary phase (core H burning), and is free of the biases
and uncertainties that plague various other techniques. After correcting for
the location of HV982, we find an implied distance to the optical center of the
LMC's bar of d(LMC) = 50.7 +/- 1.2 kpc. This result differs by nearly 5 kpc
from our earlier result for the EB HV2274, which implies a bar distance of 45.9
kpc. These results may reflect either marginally compatible measures of a
unique LMC distance or, alternatively, suggest a significant depth to the
stellar distribution in the LMC. Some evidence for this latter hypothesis is
discussed.
Chinese: 我们已经确定了Large Magellanic云中第二个食双星系统（EB）HV982（~B1 IV-V + ~B1 IV-V）的距离。距离的测量——以及其他系统的属性——基于光学光度学和光谱学以及基于空间的紫外/光学光谱色度学。分析结合了“经典的”EB研究，即通过对光度曲线和径向速度曲线的分析来获得恒星质量和半径，与一种新的分析观测能量分布的方法相结合，这种方法可以得出系统的有效温度、金属丰度、消光以及距离“衰减因子”，基本上是（半径/距离）^2。将这些结果结合起来，我们得到了HV982的距离，为50.2 +/- 1.2 kpc。这个距离的确定是对理解良好的对象（B型星）在理解良好的演化阶段（核心H燃烧）进行详细研究的结果，避免了困扰其他各种技术的偏见和不确定性。在纠正了HV982的位置后，我们发现LMC棒的光学中心的距离为d(LMC) = 50.7 +/- 1.2 kpc。这个结果与我们之前对EB HV2274的测量结果相差近5 kpc，后者暗示了LMC棒的距离为45.9 kpc。这些结果可能反映了LMC距离的略微兼容的测量值，或者，也暗示了LMC恒星分布的显著深度。讨论了支持后者假设的一些证据。
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English: The skein module for a d-dimensional manifold is a vector space spanned by
embedded framed graphs decorated by a category A with suitable extra structure
depending on the dimension d, modulo local relations which hold inside d-balls.
For a full subcategory S of A, an S-admissible skein module is defined
analogously, except that local relations for a given ball may only be applied
if outside the ball at least one edge is coloured in S.
In this paper we prove that admissible skein modules in any dimension satisfy
excision, namely that the skein module of a glued manifold is expressed as a
coend over boundary values on the boundary components glued together. We
furthermore relate skein modules for different choices of S, apply our result
to cylinder categories, and recover the relation to modified traces.
Chinese: d维流形上的skein模块是由嵌入的带框架的图组成的一个向量空间，这些图被一个带有适当额外结构的范畴A装饰，这些额外结构依赖于维度d，并且考虑了在d球体内的局部关系。对于A的一个全子范畴S，S-可接受skein模块的定义与此类似，只是对于给定球体的局部关系，只有在球体外部至少有一条边被涂上S的颜色时才能应用。在这篇论文中，我们证明了任何维度的可接受skein模块都满足可除性，即粘合流形的skein模块可以表示为粘合的边界组件上的边界值的共终。此外，我们将不同S选择的skein模块联系起来，将我们的结果应用于圆柱范畴，并恢复与修改后的迹的关系。
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English: The vibration of various structures such as blades of turbines, helicopters,
and all kinds of rotating robot arms can damage the structures and disrupt
their performance and balance. Thus, investigation of the reduction and control
of vibration of these structures is significant. In this paper, the coupled and
nonlinear vibration of a rotating beam in the presence of the piezoelectric
layer is considered. The Von Karman strain displacements are used for deriving
the potential equation. The nonlinear equations of motion are obtained based on
the Hamilton principle, and two ordinary differential equations are derived by
the Assume Mode method. Besides, a feedback linearization control strategy is
proposed for suppressing the vibration of the rotating beam. According to the
equation of motion, flexural and torsional vibrations are coupled. Therefore,
control of flexural mode can result in control of the whole system.
Chinese: 各种结构如涡轮叶片、直升机以及各种旋转机器人臂的振动可能会损坏这些结构，并破坏它们的性能和平衡。因此，对这些结构的振动减少和控制的研究具有重要意义。在本文中，考虑了存在压电层的情况下旋转梁的耦合和非线性振动。使用Von Karman应变位移来推导势方程。基于Hamilton原理，获得了运动方程的非线性方程，并通过假设模态法推导出两个常微分方程。此外，提出了一种反馈线性化控制策略来抑制旋转梁的振动。根据运动方程，弯曲振动和扭转振动是耦合的。因此，控制弯曲模式可以导致整个系统的控制。
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English: We present Hubble Space Telescope NIC2 morphologies of a spectroscopic sample
of massive galaxies at z~2.3, by extending our sample of 9 compact quiescent
galaxies (r_e~0.9 kpc) with 10 massive emission-line galaxies. The
emission-line galaxies are classified by the nature of their ionized emission;
there are six star-forming galaxies and four galaxies hosting an active
galactic nucleus (AGN). The star-forming galaxies are the largest among the
emission-line galaxies, with a median size of re = 2.8 kpc. The three galaxies
with the highest star formation rates (> 100M \odot/yr) have irregular and
clumpy morphologies. The AGN host galaxies are more similar to the compact
quiescent galaxies in terms of their structures (re~1.1 kpc) and spectral
energy distributions. The total sample clearly separates into two classes in a
color-mass diagram: the large star-forming galaxies that form the blue cloud,
and the compact quiescent galaxies on the red sequence. However, it is unclear
how or even if the two classes are evolutionary related. Three out of six
massive star-forming galaxies have dense cores and thus may passively evolve
into compact galaxies due to fading of outer star-forming regions. For these
galaxies a reverse scenario, in which compact galaxies grow inside-out by star
formation is also plausible. We do caution though that the sample is small.
Nonetheless, it is evident that a Hubble sequence of massive galaxies with
strongly correlated galaxy properties is already in place at z > 2.
Chinese: 我们通过扩展我们的样本，将9个紧凑的宁静星系（r_e~0.9 kpc）与10个庞大的发射线星系相结合，展示了哈勃太空望远镜NIC2的形态学，这些星系在z~2.3处的光谱样本。发射线星系根据其电离发射的性质进行分类；有六个恒星形成星系和四个拥有活跃星系核（AGN）的星系。恒星形成星系是发射线星系中最大的，中值大小为re = 2.8 kpc。三个星形成率最高的星系（> 100M \odot/yr）具有不规则和块状形态。AGN宿主星系在结构和光谱能量分布方面与紧凑的宁静星系更为相似（re~1.1 kpc）。整个样本在颜色-质量图中明显分为两类：形成蓝色云的大型恒星形成星系，和在红色序列上的紧凑宁静星系。然而，不清楚这两类是否具有演化上的联系。六颗质量较大的恒星形成星系中有三颗具有密集核心，因此可能由于外围恒星形成区域的衰减而被动地演变成紧凑星系。对于这些星系，一种反向情景也是可能的，即紧凑星系通过恒星形成从内部向外生长。但我们警告说，样本很小。尽管如此，在z > 2的情况下，一个与星系性质强相关的哈勃星系序列已经形成，这是显而易见的。
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English: Alternative computing paradigms open the door to exploiting recent
innovations in computational hardware to probe the fundamental thermodynamic
limits of information processing. One such paradigm employs superconducting
quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) to execute classical computations. This,
though, requires constructing sufficiently complex superconducting circuits
that support a suite of useful information processing tasks and storage
operations, as well as understanding these circuits' energetics.
First-principle circuit design, though, leads to prohibitive algebraic
complications when deriving the effective equations of motion -- complications
that to date have precluded achieving these goals, let alone doing so
efficiently. We circumvent these complications by (i) specializing our class of
circuits and physical operating regimes, (ii) synthesizing existing derivation
techniques to suit these specializations, and (iii) implementing
solution-finding optimizations which facilitate physically interpreting circuit
degrees of freedom that respect physically-grounded constraints. This leads to
efficient, practical circuit prototyping and access to scalable circuit
architectures. The analytical efficiency is demonstrated by reproducing the
potential energy landscape generated by the quantum flux parametron (QFP). We
then show how inductively coupling two QFPs produces a device that is capable
of executing 2-bit computations via its composite potential energy landscape.
More generally, the synthesis methods detailed here provide a basis for
constructing universal logic gates and investigating their thermodynamic
performance.
Chinese: 替代计算范式为利用近期计算硬件的创新来探索信息处理的基本热力学极限敞开了大门。其中一种范式采用超导量子干涉器件（SQUID）执行经典计算。然而，这需要构建足够复杂的超导电路，这些电路需要支持一系列有用的信息处理任务和存储操作，同时还需要理解这些电路的能量特性。
然而，基于第一性原理的电路设计在推导有效运动方程时会带来难以承受的代数复杂性——这些复杂性至今一直阻碍了实现这些目标，更不用说高效地实现了。我们通过（i）专门化我们的电路类别和物理操作范围，（ii）综合现有的推导技术以适应这些专门化，以及（iii）实施求解优化来简化这些复杂性，这些优化有助于物理地解释遵守物理约束的电路自由度。这导致了高效、实用的电路原型设计，并获得了可扩展的电路架构。分析效率通过重现量子通量参数子（QFP）产生的势能景观得到了证明。然后，我们展示了如何通过电感耦合两个QFP来产生一个能够通过其复合势能景观执行2位计算的设备。
更普遍地说，这里详细阐述的合成方法为构建通用逻辑门和研究其热力学性能提供了基础。
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English: Traffic safety is a critical concern in transportation engineering and urban
planning. Traditional traffic safety analysis requires trained observers to
collect data in the field, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and
sometimes inaccurate. In recent years, microscopic traffic simulation, which
simulates individual vehicles' movements within a transportation network, have
been utilized to study traffic safety. However, microscopic traffic simulation
only focuses on traffic-related factors, such as traffic volume, traffic
signals, and lane configurations, neglecting vehicle dynamics and
environment-related factors like weather and lighting conditions, which can
significantly impact traffic safety. In light of this, this paper explores the
application of digital twin technology in traffic safety analysis, integrating
vehicle simulators, which consider vehicle dynamics and environmental factors,
and microscopic traffic simulators, which simulate the operations of traffic
flow, for enhanced safety evaluations. Various scenarios, including different
weather conditions and visibility levels, are simulated using a digital twin of
a road segment in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The simulations employ Surrogate Safety
Measures (SSMs) like Time to Collision (TTC) and Deceleration Rate to Avoid a
Crash (DRAC) to assess safety under varying conditions. The results demonstrate
that traffic digital twin can identify potential safety issues that traditional
microscopic simulation cannot, providing insights for improving traffic control
strategies and transportation infrastructure to enhance traffic safety.
Chinese: 交通安全是交通运输工程和城市规划中的一个关键问题。传统的交通安全分析需要经过培训的观察者在现场收集数据，这既耗时又费力，有时还可能不准确。近年来，微观交通仿真技术，即模拟交通网络中单个车辆的移动，被用于研究交通安全。然而，微观交通仿真只关注与交通相关的因素，如交通流量、交通信号和车道配置，而忽略了车辆动力学和环境因素，如天气和照明条件，这些因素可能会对交通安全产生重大影响。鉴于此，本文探讨了数字孪生技术在交通安全分析中的应用，将考虑车辆动力学和环境因素的车辆模拟器与模拟交通流操作的微观交通仿真器相结合，以增强安全评估。使用阿拉巴马州塔斯卡卢萨的一段道路的数字孪生体，模拟了包括不同天气条件和能见度水平在内的各种场景。这些模拟采用了替代安全措施（SSMs），如碰撞时间（TTC）和避免碰撞的减速度（DRAC），以评估不同条件下的安全性。结果表明，交通数字孪生可以识别出传统微观仿真无法识别的潜在安全问题，为改善交通控制策略和交通基础设施以增强交通安全提供了见解。
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English: This paper deals with the impulsive formation control of spacecraft in the
presence of constraints on the position vector and time. Determining a set of
path constraints can increase the safety and reliability in an impulsive
relative motion of spacecraft. Specially, the feasibility problem of the
position norm constraints is considered in this paper. Under assumptions, it is
proved that if a position vector be reachable, then the reach time and the
corresponding time of impulses are unique. The trajectory boundedness of the
spacecraft between adjacent impulses are analyzed using the Gerschgorin and the
RayleighRitz theorems as well as a finite form of the Jensen's inequality. Some
boundaries are introduced regarding the Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem which
are useful in checking the satisfaction of a constraint. Two numerical examples
(approximate circular formation keeping and collision-free maneuver) are solved
in order to show the applications and visualize the results.
Chinese: 本文讨论了在位置向量和时间约束下脉冲形成控制卫星的问题。确定一组路径约束可以增加脉冲相对运动中的卫星安全性和可靠性。特别地，本文考虑了位置范数约束的可行性问题。在假设下，证明如果位置向量可达，则达到时间和相应的脉冲时间唯一。利用Gerschgorin和Rayleigh-Ritz定理以及Jensen不等式的有限形式，分析了脉冲之间卫星轨迹的有界性。引入了一些边界，这些边界基于Jordan-Brouwer分离定理，对于检查约束的满足情况很有用。给出了两个数值例子（近似圆形形成保持和无碰撞机动）以展示应用并可视化结果。
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English: We discuss various methods of all-optical spin control in semiconductor
quantum dots. We present different ways of rotating a single confined electron
spin by optical coupling to a trion state. We also discuss a method for
controlling the polarization of a confined exciton via a two-photon transition.
Finally, we analyze the effect of phonon-induced decoherence on the fidelity of
these optical spin control protocols.
Chinese: 我们讨论了半导体量子点中全光自旋控制的各种方法。我们提出了通过光学耦合到三重态来旋转单个限制电子自旋的不同方法。我们还讨论了一种通过双光子跃迁控制限制激子极化的方法。最后，我们分析了声子诱导去相干对这些光学自旋控制协议保真度的影响。
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English: Individual agents in a multi-agent system (MAS) may have decoupled open-loop
dynamics, but a cooperative control objective usually results in coupled
closed-loop dynamics thereby making the control design computationally
expensive. The computation time becomes even higher when a learning strategy
such as reinforcement learning (RL) needs to be applied to deal with the
situation when the agents dynamics are not known. To resolve this problem, we
propose a parallel RL scheme for a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) design in a
continuous-time linear MAS. The idea is to exploit the structural properties of
two graphs embedded in the $Q$ and $R$ weighting matrices in the LQR objective
to define an orthogonal transformation that can convert the original LQR design
to multiple decoupled smaller-sized LQR designs. We show that if the MAS is
homogeneous then this decomposition retains closed-loop optimality. Conditions
for decomposability, an algorithm for constructing the transformation matrix, a
parallel RL algorithm, and robustness analysis when the design is applied to
non-homogeneous MAS are presented. Simulations show that the proposed approach
can guarantee significant speed-up in learning without any loss in the
cumulative value of the LQR cost.
Chinese: 在多智能体系统（MAS）中，个体智能体可能具有解耦的开环动力学，但通常合作控制目标会导致耦合的闭环动力学，从而使得控制设计计算成本高昂。当需要应用如强化学习（RL）等学习策略来处理智能体动力学未知的情况时，计算时间会更高。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种用于连续时间线性MAS中线性二次调节器（LQR）设计的并行RL方案。其思路是利用嵌入在LQR目标中的$Q$和$R$加权矩阵的结构特性，定义一个正交变换，可以将原始LQR设计转换为多个解耦的小型LQR设计。我们表明，如果MAS是同质的，那么这种分解保持了闭环最优性。我们提出了分解的条件、构建变换矩阵的算法、并行RL算法以及在应用于非同质MAS时的鲁棒性分析。仿真结果表明，所提出的方法可以在不损失LQR成本累积值的情况下，保证学习速度的显著提高。
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English: We consider $u(t,x)=(u_1(t,x),\cdots,u_d(t,x))$ the solution to a system of
non-linear stochastic heat equations in spatial dimension one driven by a
$d$-dimensional space-time white noise. We prove that, when $d\leq 3$, the
local time $L(\xi,t)$ of $\{u(t,x)\,,\;t\in[0,T]\}$ exists and $L(\bullet,t) $
belongs a.s. to the Sobolev space $ H^{\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ for
$\alpha<\frac{4-d}{2}$, and when $d\geq 4$, the local time does not exist. We
also show joint continuity and establish H\"{o}lder conditions for the local
time of $\{u(t,x)\,,\;t\in[0,T]\}$. These results are then used to investigate
the irregularity of the coordinate functions of $\{u(t,x)\,,\;t\in[0,T]\}$.
Comparing to similar results obtained for the linear stochastic heat equation
(i.e., the solution is Gaussian), we believe that our results are sharp.
Finally, we get a sharp estimate for the partial derivatives of the joint
density of $(u(t_1,x)-u(t_0,x),\cdots,u(t_n,x)-u(t_{n-1},x))$, which is a new
result and of independent interest.
Chinese: 我们考虑 $u(t,x)=(u_1(t,x),\cdots,u_d(t,x))$ 为一维空间中由 $d$ 维时空白噪声驱动的非线性随机热方程组的解。我们证明，当 $d\leq 3$ 时，$\{u(t,x)\,,\;t\in[0,T]\}$ 的局部时间 $L(\xi,t)$ 存在，并且 $L(\bullet,t) $ 几乎处处属于 Sobolev 空间 $ H^{\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^d)$，其中 $\alpha<\frac{4-d}{2}$；而当 $d\geq 4$ 时，局部时间不存在。我们还展示了局部时间的联合连续性，并建立了 $\{u(t,x)\,,\;t\in[0,T]\}$ 的 H\"{o}lder 条件。这些结果随后被用来研究 $\{u(t,x)\,,\;t\in[0,T]\}$ 的坐标函数的不规则性。与线性随机热方程（即解是高斯分布）得到的类似结果相比，我们相信我们的结果是尖锐的。最后，我们得到了 $(u(t_1,x)-u(t_0,x),\cdots,u(t_n,x)-u(t_{n-1},x))$ 的联合密度的偏导数的尖锐估计，这是一个新的结果，并且具有独立的研究价值。
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English: We present B and I band photometry, gas and star kinematics and 3D modelling
of 7 giant spiral galaxies. The stellar systems studied have morphological
types spanning from S0/a to Sc and absolute magnitudes from -20.6 to -22.5.
The spectra have been collected with the spectrographs Boller & Chivens and
EFOSC2 of the 2.2m ESO-MPI telescope. Images have been taken with the same
telescope.
The models fit simultaneously the photometric and kinematics data using a
disk+bulge tridimensional model. The distribution of luminous matter, coming
from the fit of the photometric data is compared with the distribution of total
matter derived from the velocity dispersion and velocity curves.
The intrinsic properties of these galaxies, such as the disk/bulge mass
ratio, the total mass and the scale length of the galaxy components are
presented and discussed.
Chinese: 我们展示了7个巨型螺旋星系的B和I波段光度测量、气体和恒星动力学以及三维建模。所研究的恒星系统具有从S0/a到Sc的形态学类型和从-20.6到-22.5的绝对星等。光谱是用2.2米ESO-MPI望远镜的Boller & Chivens光谱仪和EFOSC2收集的。图像也是用同一望远镜拍摄的。模型同时拟合了光度测量和动力学数据，使用的是盘+球状星团的三维模型。来自光度数据拟合的光学物质分布与来自速度散度和速度曲线的总物质分布进行了比较。这些星系的内在性质，如盘/球状星团质量比、总质量和星系成分的尺度长度，被展示并讨论。
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English: We present semi-streaming algorithms for basic graph problems that have
optimal per-edge processing times and therefore surpass all previous
semi-streaming algorithms for these tasks. The semi-streaming model, which is
appropriate when dealing with massive graphs, forbids random access to the
input and restricts the memory to O(n*polylog n) bits.
Particularly, the formerly best per-edge processing times for finding the
connected components and a bipartition are O(alpha(n)), for determining
k-vertex and k-edge connectivity O(k^2n) and O(n*log n) respectively for any
constant k and for computing a minimum spanning forest O(log n). All these time
bounds we reduce to O(1).
Every presented algorithm determines a solution asymptotically as fast as the
best corresponding algorithm up to date in the classical RAM model, which
therefore cannot convert the advantage of unlimited memory and random access
into superior computing times for these problems.
Chinese: 我们提出了用于基本图问题的半流式算法，这些算法具有最优的每边处理时间，因此超越了所有先前针对这些任务的半流式算法。在处理大规模图时，半流式模型禁止随机访问输入，并将内存限制为O(n*polylog n)位。
特别是，以前寻找连通分量和二分图的每边最佳处理时间是O(alpha(n))，确定k-顶点和k-边连通性分别是O(k^2n)和O(n*log n)，对于任何常数k，计算最小生成树的时间是O(log n)。我们把这些时间界限都降低到O(1)。
所提出的每个算法的解的确定速度在经典随机存取存储器模型中，与迄今为止最佳对应算法的渐近速度相同，因此无法将这些问题的无限内存和随机访问的优势转化为更快的计算时间。
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English: The detection of special nuclear materials (SNM) in commercial cargoes is a
major objective in the field of nuclear security. In this work we investigate
the use of two-neutron time-correlations from photo-fission using the Prompt
Neutrons from Photofission (PNPF) detectors in Passport Systems Inc.'s (PSI)
Shielded Nuclear Alarm Resolution (SNAR) platform~\cite{pnpf} for the purpose
of detecting $\sim$5~kg quantities of fissionable materials in seconds. The
goal of this effort was to extend the secondary scan mode of this system to
differentiate fissile materials, such as highly enriched uranium, from
fissionable materials, such as low enriched and depleted uranium (LEU and DU).
Experiments were performed using a variety of material samples, and data were
analyzed using the variance-over-mean technique referred to as $Y_{2F}$ or
Feynman-$\alpha$. Results were compared to computational models to improve our
ability to predict system performance for distinguishing fissile materials.
Simulations were then combined with empirical formulas to generate receiver
operating characteristics (ROC) curves for a variety of shielding scenarios. We
show that a 10 second screening with a 200~$\mu$A 9~MeV X-ray beam is
sufficient to differentiate kilogram quantities of HEU from DU in various
shielding scenarios in a standard cargo container.
Chinese: 在商业货物中检测特殊核材料（SNM）是核安全领域的一项主要目标。在本工作中，我们研究了在护照系统公司（PSI）的屏蔽核警报解决平台（SNAR）中，利用光裂变产生的快中子（PNPF）探测器进行双中子时间相关性的应用，旨在以秒为单位检测约5公斤的裂变材料。这项工作的目标是扩展该系统的二级扫描模式，以区分可裂变材料（如高浓缩铀）和裂变材料（如低浓缩铀和贫化铀）。实验使用了多种材料样品，并采用方差均值技术（即$Y_{2F}$或费曼-$\alpha$）对数据进行分析。结果与计算模型进行了比较，以提升我们区分可裂变材料的能力。随后将模拟结果与经验公式结合，为各种屏蔽场景生成接收机工作特性（ROC）曲线。我们证明，使用200~$\mu$A 9~MeV X射线束进行10秒的筛查，足以在各种屏蔽场景下区分标准集装箱内不同屏蔽条件下的公斤级高浓缩铀与贫化铀。
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English: Primordial non-Gaussianities of the scalar(tensor)-tensor-tensor type
supporting a non-trivial squeezed component are known to induce anisotropies in
the stochastic gravitational wave background. We derive the explicit form of
such anisotropies by making use, for the first time in this context, of the
in-in formalism for cosmological correlation functions. After illustrating the
general method and using it for the minimal single-field slow-roll case, we
apply it to multi-field models, providing both a tree-level and a one-loop
example. First, we make contact with previous results on anisotropies due to
the presence of an extra spin-2 field during inflation. Secondly, we calculate
the 1-loop scalar-tensor-tensor three-point function in the context of
so-called supersolid inflation. The corresponding gravitational wave anisotropy
is induced atop a gravitational signal that may be sufficiently large for
detection.
Chinese: 已知支持非平凡压缩分量的标量（张量）-张量-张量类型的原始非高斯性会诱导随机引力波背景中的各向异性。我们通过首次在此背景下使用宇宙学相关函数的in-in形式，推导出此类各向异性的显式形式。在阐明通用方法并应用于最小单场慢滚情况后，我们将其应用于多场模型，给出树级和一环的例子。首先，我们与暴胀期间存在额外自旋-2场所引起的各向异性的先前结果建立联系。其次，我们在所谓超固态暴胀的背景下计算了一环标量-张量-张量三点函数。相应的引力波各向异性叠加在可能足够大以供探测的引力信号之上。
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English: This paper presents a novel approach for aerial drone autonomous navigation
along predetermined paths using only visual input form an onboard camera and
without reliance on a Global Positioning System (GPS). It is based on using a
deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) combined with a regressor to output the
drone steering commands. Furthermore, multiple auxiliary navigation paths that
form a navigation envelope are used for data augmentation to make the system
adaptable to real-life deployment scenarios. The approach is suitable for
automating drone navigation in applications that exhibit regular trips or
visits to same locations such as environmental and desertification monitoring,
parcel/aid delivery and drone-based wireless internet delivery. In this case,
the proposed algorithm replaces human operators, enhances accuracy of GPS-based
map navigation, alleviates problems related to GPS-spoofing and enables
navigation in GPS-denied environments. Our system is tested in two scenarios
using the Unreal Engine-based AirSim plugin for drone simulation with promising
results of average cross track distance less than 1.4 meters and mean waypoints
minimum distance of less than 1 meter.
Chinese: 本文提出了一种新颖的方法，用于使用机载摄像头视觉输入，在没有依赖全球定位系统（GPS）的情况下，对预设路径的空中无人机自主导航。该方法基于使用深度卷积神经网络（CNN）与回归器相结合，输出无人机转向命令。此外，多个辅助导航路径，形成导航信封，用于数据增强，以使系统适应实际部署场景。该方法适用于自动化无人机导航，适用于具有定期旅行或访问相同地点（如环境监测和荒漠化、包裹/援助递送和无人机无线互联网交付）的应用。在这种情况下，所提出的算法取代了人类操作员，提高了GPS地图导航的准确性，缓解了与GPS欺骗相关的问题，并在GPS不可用的环境中使导航成为可能。我们的系统在两个使用Unreal Engine基于的AirSim插件的无人机模拟场景中进行了测试，结果令人鼓舞，平均交叉轨迹距离小于1.4米，平均航点最小距离小于1米。
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English: The recently introduced \emph{Degree Preserving Growth} model (Nature
Physics, \DOI{10.1038/s41567-021-01417-7}) uses matchings to insert new
vertices of prescribed degrees into the current graph of an ever-growing graph
sequence. The process depends both on the size of the largest available
matchings, which is our focus here, as well as on the actual choice of the
matching.
First we show that the question whether a graphic degree sequence, extended
with a new degree $2\delta$ remains graphic is closely related to the available
matchings in the realizations of the sequence. Namely we prove that the
extension problem is equivalent to the existence of a realization of the
original degree sequence with a matching of size $\delta$.
Second we present lower bounds for the \emph{forcible matching number} of
degree sequences. This number is the size of the maximum matchings in any
realization of the degree sequence. We then study bounds on the size of maximal
matchings in \emph{some} realizations of the sequence, known as the
\emph{potential matching number}. We also estimate the minimum size of both the
maximal and the maximum matchings, as determined by the degree sequence,
independently of graphical realizations. Along this line we answer a question
raised by Biedl, Demaine \emph{et al.} (\DOI{10.1016/j.disc.2004.05.003}).
Chinese: 最近引入的“度保留增长”模型（Nature Physics，DOI：10.1038/s41567-021-01417-7）利用匹配将指定度数的新顶点插入到不断增长的图序列的当前图中。这个过程既取决于最大可用匹配的大小，这是我们在此处的焦点，也取决于实际选择的匹配。
首先，我们展示了是否将一个新的度数2δ扩展到图形度序列中，使其仍然保持图形性质，这个问题与序列的实际匹配密切相关。具体来说，我们证明了扩展问题等价于存在一个具有大小为δ的匹配的原度序列的实现。
其次，我们提出了度序列的“强制匹配数”的下界。这个数是度序列在任何实现中的最大匹配的大小。然后，我们研究了序列某些实现中最大匹配的大小界限，这些实现被称为“潜在匹配数”。我们还估计了最大和最大匹配的最小大小，这是由度序列确定的，与图形实现无关。沿着这条线，我们回答了Biedl、Demaine等人（DOI：10.1016/j.disc.2004.05.003）提出的问题。
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English: We study the ultimate limits to the decoherence rate associated with
dephasing processes. Fluctuating chaotic quantum systems are shown to exhibit
extreme decoherence, with a rate that scales exponentially with the particle
number, thus exceeding the polynomial dependence of systems with fluctuating
$k$-body interactions. Our findings suggest the use of quantum chaotic systems
as a natural test-bed for spontaneous wave function collapse models. We further
discuss the implications on the decoherence of AdS/CFT black holes resulting
from the unitarity loss associated with energy dephasing.
Chinese: 我们研究了与去相干过程相关的退相干率的终极限制。研究表明波动混沌量子系统表现出极端退相干，其退相干率随粒子数呈指数增长，从而超过了具有波动$k$体相互作用的系统的多项式依赖关系。我们的发现表明量子混沌系统可作为自发波函数坍缩模型的自然试验平台。我们进一步讨论了AdS/CFT黑洞在能量去相干相关的么正性损失下导致的退相干影响。
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