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What do you observe?
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The acid must always be added slowly to water with constant stirring.
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Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
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While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid?
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How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3 O+ ) affected when a solution of an acid is diluted?
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How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH –) affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?
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HOW STRONG ARE ACID OR BASE SOLUTIONS?
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We know how acid-base indicators can be used to distinguish between an acid and a base.
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We have also learnt in the previous section about dilution and decrease in concentration of H+ or OH– ions in solutions.
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Can we quantitatively find the amount of these ions present in a solution?
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Can we judge how strong a given acid or base is?
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We can do this by making use of a universal indicator, which is a mixture of several indicators.
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If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause burns.
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The universal indicator shows different colours at different concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.
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A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called pH scale has been developed.
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The p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ in German, meaning power.
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On the pH scale we can measure pH generally from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline).
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pH should be thought of simply as a number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution.
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Higher is the hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH value.
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The pH of a neutral solution is 7.
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Values less than 7 on the pH scale represent an acidic solution.
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As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, it represents an increase in OH– ion concentration in the solution, that is, increase in the strength of alkali.
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Generally paper impregnated with the universal indicator is used for measuring pH.
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The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
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Variation of pH with the change in concentration of H+ and OH– ions.
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pH of some common substances shown on a pH paper.
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The strength of acids and bases depends on the number of H+ ions and OH– ions produced, respectively.
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Look out for the warning sign on the can of concentrated sulphuric acid and on the bottle of sodium hydroxide pellets.
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Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of ions per unit volume.
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Such a process is called dilution and the acid or the base is said to be diluted.
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QUESTIONS
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Why do HCl, HNO 3, etc., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
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Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?
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If we take hydrochloric acid and acetic acid of the same concentration, say one molar, then these produce different amounts of hydrogen ions.
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The survival of aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.
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Do You Know?
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The atmosphere of venus is made up of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid.
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Do you think life can exist on this planet?
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What is the pH of the soil in your backyard?
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Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth.
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To find out the pH required for the healthy growth of a plant, you can collect the soil from various places and check the pH in the manner described below.
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Also, you can note down which plants are growing in the region from which you have collected the soil.
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Put about 2 g soil in a test tube and add 5 mL water to it.
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Shake the contents of the test tube.
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Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be strong acids, and acids that give less H+ ions are said to be weak acids.
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Filter the contents and collect the filtrate in a test tube.
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Check the pH of this filtrate with the help of universal indicator paper.
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What can you conclude about the ideal soil pH for the growth of plants in your region?
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pH in our digestive system.
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It is very interesting to note that our stomach produces hydrochloric acid.
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It helps in the digestion of food without harming the stomach.
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During indigestion the stomach produces too much acid and this causes pain and irritation.
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To get rid of this pain, people use bases called antacids.
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One such remedy must have been suggested by you at the beginning of this Chapter.
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These antacids neutralise the excess acid.
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Can you now say what weak and strong bases are?
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Magnesium hydroxide, a mild base, is often used for this purpose.
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pH change as the cause of tooth decay.
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Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5.
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Tooth enamel, made up of calcium phosphate is the hardest substance in the body.
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It does not dissolve in water, but is corroded when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5.
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Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth after eating.
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The best way to prevent this is to clean the mouth after eating food.
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Importance of pH in Everyday Life
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Are plants and animals pH sensitive?
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Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.
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Living organisms can survive only in a narrow range of pH change.
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When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.
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When acid rain flows into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water.
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Using toothpastes, which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
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This is due to the methanoic acid secreted by them.
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A traditional remedy is rubbing the area with the leaf of the dock plant, which often grows beside the nettle in the wild.
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Can you guess the nature of the dock plant?
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So next time you know what to look out for if you accidentally touch a nettle plant while trekking.
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Are you aware of any other effective traditional remedies for such stings?
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Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration?
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Which of this is acidic and which one is basic?
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What effect does the concentration of H+ ions have on the nature of the solution?
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Do basic solutions also have H+ ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
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Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium carbonate)?
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Self defence by animals and plants through chemical warfare.
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MORE ABOUT SALTS
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In the previous sections we have seen the formation of salts during various reactions.
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Let us understand more about their preparation, properties and uses.
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Family of Salts
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Write the formulae of the salts given below.
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Potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate and ammonium chloride.
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Identify the acids and bases from which the above salts may be obtained.
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Salts having the same positive or negative radicals are said to belong to a family.
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For example, NaCl and Na2 SO4 belong to the family of sodium salts.
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Similarly, NaCl and KCl belong to the family of chloride salts.
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How many families can you identify among the salts given in this Activity?
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Have you ever been stung by a honey-bee? Bee-sting leaves an acid which causes pain and irritation.
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Collect the following salt samples – sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, aluminium chloride, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate.
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Check their solubility in water (use distilled water only).
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Check the action of these solutions on litmus and find the pH using a pH paper.
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Use of a mild base like baking soda on the stung area gives relief.
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Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid causing burning pain.
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Do You Know?
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Nature provides neutralisation options.
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