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Epub 2018 Nov 14.
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30430613/> Last updated: 2023-05-15 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2019).
Meeting report on Technical Consultation on a Country-level model for SDG2.2.
December 2019.
UNICEF-WHO-World Bank (2020). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769480643.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-02-02-01.pdf | 135 |
December 2019.
UNICEF-WHO-World Bank (2020).
Technical notes from the country consultation on SDG Indicators 2.2.1 on stunting, 2.2.2a on wasting and 2.2.2b on overweight <https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2021- country-consultations/> WHO (2006).
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) <https://www.who.int/tools/child- growth-standards/who-multicentre-growth-reference-study> World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund (2019). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769480643.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-02-02-01.pdf | 170 |
Recommendations for data collection, analysis and reporting on anthropometric indicators in children under 5 years old.
Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2019.
Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
<https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/anthropometry-data-quality-report> WHO.
WHO Anthro Survey Analyser (2019).
Available at https://www.who.int/tools/child-growth- standards/software.
Yang H and de Onis M (2008). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769480643.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-02-02-01.pdf | 157 |
Yang H and de Onis M (2008).
Algorithms for converting estimates of child malnutrition based on the NCHS reference into estimates based on the WHO Child Growth Standards.
BMC Pediatrics 2008, 8:19 (05 May 2008) <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/8/19>. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769480643.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-02-02-01.pdf | 101 |
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN Health Nutritional Status Core indicator 1.
INDICATOR (a) Name: Nutritional Status of Children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 39 |
(b) Brief Definition: Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age below -2 standard deviation (SD) of the WHO Child Growth Standards median) among children under five years of age; percentage of stunting (height-for-age below -2 SD of the WHO Child Growth Standards median) among children under five years of age; and percentage of overweight (weight-for-height above +2SD of the WHO Child Growth Standards median) among children under five years of age.
(c) Unit of Measurement: %. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 126 |
(c) Unit of Measurement: %.
(d) Placement in the CSD Indicator Set: Health/Nutritional Status.
2.
POLICY RELEVANCE (a) Purpose: The purpose of this indicator is to measure long term nutritional imbalance and malnutrition resulting in undernutrition (assessed by underweight and stunting) and overweight.
Relevance (b) (theme/sub-theme): to Sustainable/Unsustainable Development Health and development are intimately interconnected. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 124 |
Meeting primary health care needs and the nutritional requirement of children are fundamental to the achievement of sustainable development.
Anthropometric measurements to assess growth and development, particularly in young children, are the most widely used indicators of nutritional status in a community.
The percentage of low height-for-age reflects the cumulative effects of under-nutrition and infections since birth, and even before birth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 88 |
This measure, therefore, should be interpreted as an indication of poor environmental conditions and/or long term chronic restriction of a child's growth potential.
The percentage of low weight-for-age may reflect the less common wasting (i.e.
low weight-for- height) indicating acute weight loss, and/or the much more common stunting.
Thus, it is a composite indicator which is more difficult to interpret. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 95 |
(c) International Conventions and Agreements: The United Nations World Summit for Children and the Millennium Development Goals represent international agreements relevant to this indicator.
(d) International Targets/Recommended Standards: To half the prevalence of underweight among children younger than 5 years between 1990 and 2015.
This target of the Millennium Development Goal No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 92 |
This target of the Millennium Development Goal No.
1 to "eradicate extreme poverty and hunger" has been established at the Millennium Summit in 2000, where representatives from 189 62 countries committed themselves to give highest priority to sustaining development and eliminating poverty.
(e) Linkages to Other Indicators: This indicator is closely linked with adequate birth weight. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 91 |
It is also associated with such socioeconomic and environmental indicators as squared poverty gap index, access to safe drinking water, infant mortality rate, life expectancy at birth, national health expenditure devoted to local health care, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, environmental protection expenditures as a percent of GDP, and waste water treatment coverage.
3.
METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION (a) Underlying Definitions and Concepts: An international standard (i.e. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 114 |
the WHO Child Growth Standards) is used to calculate the indicator prevalences for low weight-for- age, low height-for-age, and high weight-for-height (1,2). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 44 |
The International Pediatric Association (IPA), the Standing Committee on Nutrition of the United Nations System (SCN), and the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS), have officially endorsed the use of the WHO standards describing them as an effective tool for detecting and monitoring both undernutrition and overweight, thus addressing the double burden of malnutrition affecting populations on a global basis (3-5). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 91 |
The WHO standards may be used for all children up to five years of age, since the influence of ethnic or genetic factors on young children is considered insignificant (6).
Low weight-for-age and low height-for-age are defined as less than two standard deviations below the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards (1,2).
High weight-for- height is defined as more than two standard deviations above the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards (1,2). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 114 |
(b) Measurement Methods: The proportion of children under five with low weight- for-age and low height-for-age can be calculated by using the following formula: % underweight children = (Numerator/ denominator) x 100 Numerator: number of children under five with weight-for-age below -2 SD Denominator: total number of children under five weighed. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 88 |
% stunted children = (Numerator/ denominator) x 100 Numerator: number of children under five with height-for-age below -2 SD Denominator: total number of children under five measured.
The proportion of children under five with high weight-for-height can be calculated by using the following formula: % overweight children = (Numerator/ denominator) x 100 Numerator: number of children under five with weight-for-height above +2 SD Denominator: total number of children under five measured. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 122 |
63 For height, supine length is measured in children under two years of age, and standing height in older children (7).
(c) Limitations of the Indicator: Lack of specificity when using anthropometry to assess nutritional status, as changes in body measurements are sensitive to many factors including intake of essential nutrients, infections, altitude, stress and genetic background.
In some countries, the age of children is difficult to determine. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 103 |
It is also difficult to measure the length of young children, particularly infants, with accuracy and precision.
(d) Status of the Methodology: A well-established methodology for the compilation and standardized analysis of nutritional surveys, as well as robust methods for deriving global & regional trends and forecasting future trends, have been published (8-10).
(e) Alternative Definitions/Indicators: Not Available.
4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 101 |
4.
ASSESSMENT OF DATA Data Needed to Compile the Indicator: The data needed to compile this indicator (a) are the weight, length/height, age and sex of the children in the index populations.
(b) National and International Data Availability and Sources: The data are routinely collected by ministries of health at the national and subnational levels for most countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 88 |
Other sources are: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS, www.measuredhs.com); Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS, www.childinfo.org); Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS, www.worldbank.org/lsms/).
All data from these four sources are being collected and standardized by the WHO Department of Nutrition and disseminated via the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition web site www.who.int/nutgrowthdb. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 122 |
Data References: Available via the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and (c) Malnutrition web site www.who.int/nutgrowthdb 5.
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDICATOR (a) Lead Agency: The lead agency is the World Health Organization (WHO).
At WHO, the contact point is the Director, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development; fax no.
(41 22) 791 3111.
(b) Other Contributing Organizations: UNICEF.
6.
REFERENCES Readings: (a) 1. de Onis M, Garza C, Onyango AW, Martorell R, editors. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 179 |
WHO Child Growth Standards.
Acta Paediatrica Suppl 2006;450:1-101.
64 2. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group.
WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index- for-age: Methods and development.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.
3. International Pediatric Association Endorsement.
The New WHO Growth Standards for Infants and Young Children.
http://www.who.int/childgrowth/Endorsement_IPA.pdf 4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 172 |
Standing Committee on Nutrition of the United Nations System.
SCN Endorses the New WHO Growth Standards for Infants and Young Children.
http://www.who.int/childgrowth/endorsement_scn.pdf 5. International Union of Nutritional Sciences.
Statement of Endorsement of the WHO Child Growth Standards.
http://www.who.int/childgrowth/endorsement_IUNS.pdf 6. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group.
Assessment of differences in linear growth among populations in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 144 |
Acta Paediatrica Suppl 2006;450:56-65.
7. WHO.
Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry.
Report of a WHO Expert Committee.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 1995 (WHO Technical Report Series, No.
854).
8. de Onis M and Blössner M. The WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition: methodology and applications.
International Journal of Epidemiology 2003;32:518-26.
9. de Onis M, Blössner M, Borghi E, Morris R, Frongillo EA. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 178 |
Methodology for estimating regional and global trends of child malnutrition.
International Journal of Epidemiology 2004;33:1260-70.
10. de Onis M, Blössner M, Borghi E, Frongillo EA, Morris R. Estimates of global prevalence of childhood underweight in 1990 and 2015.
JAMA 2004;291:2600-6.
Internet sites: (b) 1. WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition.
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb 2. WHO Child Growth Standards.
http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en 65 | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769502859.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/health/nutritional_status.pdf | 186 |
BREASTFEEDING GUIDELINES UNICEF Division of Human Resources (DHR) CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 Breastfeeding CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 Breastfeeding CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 BREASTFEEDING TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 112 |
Page General ............................................................................................................................... 3 Background .......................................................................................................................... 3 Time-Off............................................................................................................................... 3 Travel of Breastfeeding Infants............................................................................................... 4 Breastfeeding Facilities.......................................................................................................... 4 Additional Information........................................................................................................... 4 Relationship with other Entitlements, Benefits and Options ........................................... 5 Maternity Leave.................................................................................................................... 5 Annual Leave........................................................................................................................ 5 Special Leave Without Pay.................................................................................................... 5 Temporary Half-Time Work.................................................................................................. 6 Flexitime ............................................................................................................................... 6 1 Breastfeeding CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 2 Breastfeeding CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 I. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 237 |
General 1.
2.
3.
4.
Background UNICEF is fully committed to creating a working environment for its staff that fosters and protects six months of exclusive breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding with adequate complementary foods for two years or beyond.
Time-Off All staff members with breastfeeding infants who are two years old or under, are entitled to time away from their desks for the purpose of breastfeeding their infants or expressing milk. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 108 |
In cases when mothers bring their infants to work, they are allowed time off to breastfeed whenever the infant demands.
When mothers choose not to bring their infants to work, and have a care provider at home, they may choose to express milk for the infant. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 56 |
In this case two options apply: a) they may take time away from their desks to express milk at the office, for retention and later pick up by the care giver; or b) those who live close to the office may go home as follows: i) for infants under six months old: • 30 minutes time off, twice per day; plus • a reasonable time off for commuting, subject to a maximum of 60 minutes, twice per day (i.e., the commuting time allowance depends on the location of the staff member's home or child-care provider); and ii) for infants from six months to two years old: • 30 minutes time off twice per day; and 3 Breastfeeding CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 • the time off for commuting is discontinued. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 193 |
Travel of Breastfeeding Infants 5.
UNICEF pays for the following travel expenses for breastfeeding infants, who are 24 months of age or less and who accompany their mothers on official duty travel (DT): a) b) 10 per cent of the cost of the mother's ticket; and 10 per cent of the applicable DSA.
6.
No travel expenses are paid for baby-sitters, or when mothers cannot take their infants with them, for instance when travelling to a non-family duty station.
Breastfeeding Facilities 7. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 135 |
Breastfeeding Facilities 7.
Offices are required to provide a comfortable and private area for mothers to breastfeed their children during the work day or to express their milk.
The office should also provide clean and secure space in a refrigerator for storing the milk.
Additional Information 8.
Staff members interested in further information or documentation, or advice on breastfeeding may contact UNICEF’s local focal point for breastfeeding issues. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 103 |
4 Breastfeeding CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 II.
Relationship with other Entitlements, Benefits and Options Maternity Leave 9.
10.
Combination of Maternity Leave with Half-Time Work.
A staff member who has completed six weeks of post-delivery ML may opt to combine ML with half-time work for the rest of the ML.
Example.
Instead of taking the last four weeks of post-delivery full-time ML, the mother may request half-time ML over an eight-week period, combined with half-time work.
Annual Leave 11. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 160 |
Annual Leave 11.
Subject to exigencies of service, requests to take AL following ML will be favourably considered.
12.
13.
14.
Combination of Half-Time Work with Annual Leave.
Subject to the needs of the organization, requests to combine half-time work with AL following ML, will be given favourable consideration.
Example.
Instead of taking two weeks of full-time AL following ML, the mother may request half- time AL over a four-week period, combined with half-time work. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 127 |
Special Leave Without Pay Subject to exigencies of service, requests from regular staff members for special leave without pay (SLWOP) to take care of their infants following ML, will be given favourable consideration for up to two years, with a possibility of extension for up to an additional two years in exceptional cases.
In the case of a staff member holding a fixed-term appointment, the SLWOP may not exceed the duration of her fixed-term appointment.
15. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 102 |
15.
A local staff member is always given a lien on her post.
16.
Whenever possible, an international staff member is given a lien on her post.
If the latter is not feasible, and depending on the type and duration of her appointment, she is granted a lien on any 5 Breastfeeding CF/AI/2000-023 of 23 October 2000 post at her level or not at all.
Requests should be submitted for approval to the Director DHR, through the Human Resources Officer serving the duty station.
17. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 139 |
17.
When both parents are UNICEF/UN staff members and both request SLWOP, their combined periods of leave may not exceed two years, or four years in exceptional circumstances.
18.
Requests from temporary staff members for SLWOP following ML are not entertained.
19.
Staff members on SLWOP are entitled to the full benefits of ML.
Temporary Half-Time Work 20. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 100 |
Temporary Half-Time Work 20.
Subject to the needs of the organization, requests to temporarily work half-time to take care of an infant following ML for a limited period of time, will be given favourable consideration.
Requests may be approved initially for a maximum of six months, subject to extension by mutual agreement of the organization and the staff member.
Flexitime 21.
Subject to exigencies of service, requests for flexitime following ML will be given favourable consideration.
6 | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769506342.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/UNICEFBreastfeedinguidelines.PDF | 112 |
Levels and trends in child malnutrition: policy and programming implications Jo Jewell Nutrition Specialist, UNICEF October 2020 GLOBAL OVERVIEW Our Progress Since 2000, the world has reduced the proportion of children under 5 suffering from stunting by one third and the number of children who are stunted by 55 million.
This remarkable achievement proves that positive change for nutrition is possible at and is happening at scale – but there is more work to be done. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769509313.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_cpd54_egm_jewell_unicef_nutrition_covid19.pdf | 107 |
GLOBAL OVERVIEW Prevalence and Numbers affected Despite our progress, malnutrition rates remain alarming: stunting is declining too slowly while wasting still impacts the lives of far too many young children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769509313.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_cpd54_egm_jewell_unicef_nutrition_covid19.pdf | 45 |
At same time, overweight is on the rise Percentage of stunted, wasted and overweight children under 5, global, 2000–2019 Number (millions) of stunted, wasted and overweight children under 5, global, 2000–2019 GLOBAL OVERVIEW Africa and Asia bear the greatest share of all forms of malnutrition In 2019, more than half of all stunted children under 5 lived in Asia and two out of five lived in Africa.
. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769509313.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_cpd54_egm_jewell_unicef_nutrition_covid19.pdf | 120 |
.
In 2019, more than two thirds of all wasted children under 5 lived in Asia and more than one quarter lived in Africa.
In 2019, almost half of all overweight children under 5 lived in Asia and one quarter lived in Africa. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769509313.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_cpd54_egm_jewell_unicef_nutrition_covid19.pdf | 63 |
Impact of COVID-19 on Child Malnutrition The 3 Major Pathways COVID-19 Can Negatively Impact Nutrition Poor access to nutritious diets: nutritious food will not be available to vulnerable groups at prices they can afford, in places that they can access Poor access to essential nutrition services: systems face service disruptions because of containment measures or inadequate access to personal protective equipment Poor feeding and dietary practices: negative knock- on effects for child feeding and dietary practices due to disruptions to the food, health, education and social protection systems Impact of COVID-19 on Child Malnutrition COVID-19 is Exacerbating Malnutrition in All its Forms Global prevalence of child wasting could rise by a shocking 14.3% • 6.7 million additional children under 5 with wasting As of September 2020, 3.6 million children 6- 59 months admitted for treatment of severe acute malnutrition during the first 12 months of the pandemic • 80% of them in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia • 10,000 additional child deaths Overall 30% reduction in the coverage of essential, and often lifesaving, nutrition services in LMICs with declines up to 75-100% during lockdown contexts • > 300 million children missing nutritious school meals • Significant reductions in the coverage of Vitamin A supplementation programmes, severe wasting treatment, and Infant and Young Child Feeding services. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769509313.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_cpd54_egm_jewell_unicef_nutrition_covid19.pdf | 345 |
Overweight and diet-related non- communicable diseases are potent risk factors for COVID-related mortality, while emerging data is showing increased snacking behaviours, intake of ultra-processed foods, sedentary behaviour and screen time.
Adaptations to UNICEF Programming UNICEF Programmatic Priorities for Nutrition during COVID-19 UNICEF’s global programmatic response is organized around five results areas: 1.
Prevention of malnutrition in early childhood 2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769509313.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_cpd54_egm_jewell_unicef_nutrition_covid19.pdf | 111 |
Prevention of malnutrition in early childhood 2.
Prevention of malnutrition in middle childhood and adolescence 3.
Prevention of maternal malnutrition 4.
Early detection and treatment of life- threatening malnutrition in early childhood 5.
Governance for maternal and child nutrition Thank you | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769509313.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_cpd54_egm_jewell_unicef_nutrition_covid19.pdf | 76 |
The Social and Economic Impact of Child Undernutrition on Lesotho Vision 2020 LESOTH O The Social and Economic Impact of Child Undernutrition on Lesotho Vision 2020 All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 98 |
Financial Support by: LESOTH O The Social and Economic Impact of Child Undernutrition on Lesotho Vision 2020 1 When a child is undernourished, the negative consequences follow that child for his/her entire life.These negative consequences also have grave effects on the economies where s/he lives, learns and works WFP/ Stephen Wong Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Acronyms Executive Summary Section 1: The Cost of Hunger in Africa A.Introduction: Why is it important?
B. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 122 |
B.
Current Food and Nutrition Situation in Africa C. Mandate to Advocate for Nutrition in Africa D. Adapting a Methodology for Africa: a Consultative Process E. Guiding Principles Section II: Cost of Hunger in Africa Methodology A.
Brief description of the model i.
Conceptual framework ii.
Causes of undernutrition iii.
Consequences of undernutrition iv. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 99 |
Consequences of undernutrition iv.
Dimensions of analysis v. Methodological aspects Section III: Brief Socio Economic Background A. Nutritional Status in lesotho Section IV: Effects and Costs of Child Undernutrition A.
Social and economic cost of child undernutrition in the health sector i.
Effects on morbidity ii.
Stunting levels of the working age population iii.
Effects on mortality iv.
Public and private health costs of undernutrition B. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 116 |
Social and economic cost of child undernutrition in education i.
Effects on repetition ii.
Effects on retention iii.
Estimation of public and private education costs C. The social and economic cost of child undernutrition in productivity i.
Losses from non-manual activities due to reduced schooling ii.
Losses in manual intensive activities iii.
Opportunity cost due to mortality i ii iii iv 15 16 18 19 21 26 26 27 28 29 30 36 40 40 41 42 42 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 iv. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 179 |
Overall productivity losses D. Summary of effects and costs Section V: Analysis of Scenarios Analysis of Scenarios Section VI: Conclusions and Recommendations A.Conclusion B.
The Way Forward-Recommendations Section VII: Annexes Annexe I. Glossary of Terms Annexe II.
Methods and Assumptions Annexe III.
Consulted Resources Annex IV.
Consulted Resources 50 51 54 59 59 64 66 71 72 Foreword The Government of Lesotho is committed to the eradication of hunger and undernutrition. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 146 |
Lesotho is among the seven countries in the world that have shown progress in improving child nutrition outcomes, as evidenced by the 6 percent reduction in stunting in the past five years.
However, the stunting rates still remain unacceptably high at 33.2 percent among children under five years, which is an indication that chronic food and nutrition insecurity are still prevalent.
The high prevalence of malnutrition has impacted greatly on education and health outcomes. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 103 |
The Cost of Hunger in Africa study, which was commissioned by the African Union and supported by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the World Food programme, in which the Kingdom of Lesotho participated has confirmed the magnitude of the consequences that child malnutrition has on health, education and the national economy. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 67 |
The study has highlighted that the country has incurred huge economic losses associated with undernutrition, the highest being the cost in loss of potential productivity.
The study findings have clearly shown that adequate nutrition is critical for one’s physical and intellectual development and work productivity, and hence an integral element for socio-economic development. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 69 |
It is in this context that we are determined as a Government that, moving forward, we need to channel adequate resources towards nutrition interventions.
The Government will also strengthen institutional and human capacities for effective delivery of nutrition services, as well as support sustainable social-protection programmes that promote resilience-building for communities. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 68 |
I would like to thank World Food Programme Lesotho, United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Children’s Fund for providing financial support towards the data collection, processing, and presenting and producing the report.
Special recognition should also go to the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the World Food Programme for their technical support. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 73 |
It is my hope that the commitment of the Government of Lesotho and all stakeholders to undertake the study, and the findings of the study will be an inspiration to expedite the implementation of study recommendations in achieving a well-nourished, healthy and economically productive nation. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 58 |
This will be in line with the Government of Lesotho’s National Strategic Development Plan, including the Lesotho Vision 2020, Agenda 2063, Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) and the Sustainable Development Goals. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 62 |
HONOURABLE MOKOTO FRANCIS HLOAELE MINISTER OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Forewordi Acknowledgements This document was prepared within the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding between the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the World Food Programme (WFP). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 79 |
“The Cost of Hunger in Africa: The Economic and Social Impact of Child Undernutrition” has been made possible by the institutional leadership provided to this project by Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, Chairperson, African Union Commission (AUC), Alicia Bárcena, Executive Secretary, ECLAC, and Ertharin Cousin, Executive Director, WFP.
The implementation of the agreement was coordinated by Mustapha Sidiki Kaloko, Commissioner for Social Affairs at the AUC, and Thomas Yanga, Director of the WFP Africa Office. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 126 |
The design and implementation of the study was directed by a Steering Committee jointly led by Wanja Kaaria of the WFP Africa Office, Dr Margaret K.Y.
Agama-Anyetei Head of the Health, Nutrition and Population Division of the Social Affairs Department at the AUC, and Janet Byaruhanga of the Health, Nutrition and Population Division of the Social Affairs Department at the AUC. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 92 |
We recognize the key roles played by the office of the Prime Minister and the various ministries of the Government of Lesotho, such as Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education and Training, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Development Planning, and last but not least, the Office of the Prime Minister, for their critical role in the implementation and dissemination of the Cost of Hunger in Africa study findings. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 90 |
Special gratitude goes to Mary Njoroge, WFP Lesotho Representative and Country Director, for her leadership and engagement that ensured study fruition, and the National Implementation Team (NIT) in Lesotho, which was responsible for collecting, processing and presenting results.
The team was led by the Ministry of Development Planning and coordinated by the Food and Nutrition Coordinating Office under the office of Prime Minister. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 89 |
Further recognition goes specifically to members of the NIT – Cosmos Mokone and Moipone Lehloara from Ministry of Development Planning, Thuso Seoane from Ministry of Finance, Lisebo Thamae from Bureau of Statistics, Tiisetso Elias and Keketso Lekatsa from Food and Nutrition Coordintating Office, Thithidi Diaho, Leutsoa Matsoso and Thabo Teba from Ministry of Health (Planning and Family Health), Thabang Ramoeti from Ministry of Social Development, Mpaki Makara from Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (Nutrition Department), Makamohelo Semoli from Ministry of Education and Training (ECCD), Kebitsamang Joseph Mothibe from National University of Lesotho (Nutrition Department Research) and Lineo Mathule from the United Nations Children’s Fund Lesotho and Merlyn Tapuwa Chapfunga from WFP Lesotho for their valuable input to the report. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 220 |
The technical support team was led by Priscilla Wanjiru and Mamane Laoualy Salissou, both from the WFP Africa Office.
Additional technical guidance was provided by Rodrigo Martínez and Amalia Palma, both of the Social Development Division of ECLAC. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 63 |
iiAcknowledgements Acronyms ACS ADFNS ADS ARI ARNS African Centre for Statistics Africa Day for Food and Nutrition Acute Diarrheal Syndrome Acute Respiratory Infection Africa Regional Nutrition Strategy ATYS-VMD Africa Ten Year Strategy for the Reduction of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies AU AUC CAADP CSO COHA DHS ECA ECLAC EDPRS FAFS FAO FTF GDP GNI ICU ILO IUGR LAC LBW LSL MDG MICS NCHS NEPAD NIT NPCA OECD PANI P4P Africa Union Africa Union Commission Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme Central Statistics Office Cost of Hunger in Africa Demographic and Health Survey Economic Commission for Africa Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework for African Food Security Food and Agriculture Organization Feed the Future Gross Domestic Product Gross National Income Intensive Care Unit International Labour Organization Intra Uterine Growth Retardation Latin America and the Caribbean Low Birth Weight Lesotho loti (maloti) Millennium Development Goal Multiple Indicator Clustor Survey National Centre for Health Statistics The New Partnership for Africa’s Development National Implementation Team NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Pan- African Nutrition Initiative Purchase for Progress REACH Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger RECs SAM SUN UNECA UNESCO UNICEF USAID WFP WHO Regional Economic Communities Severe Acute Malnutrition Scaling Up Nutrition United Nations Economic Commission for Africa United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Children’s Fund United States Agency for International Development World Food Programme World Health Organization Acronymsiii Executive Summary The Cost of Hunger in Africa (COHA) study is an African Union Commission (AUC) and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) initiative through which countries are able to estimate the social and economic impacts of child undernutrition in a given year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 464 |
In March 2012, the regional COHA study was presented at the Fifth Joint Meeting of the AU Conference of Ministers of Economy and Finance and the ECA Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
At the meeting, the ministers issued a resolution confirming the importance of the study and recommending it to continue beyond the initial stage.
Twelve countries have been initially selected to participate in the study. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 106 |
However, following the Malabo Declaration, passed in June 2014, by the African Union Heads of State and Government, on Nutrition Security for Inclusive Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Africa, which called for all Member States to participate in the study, and noting the invaluable contribution of the COHA study in highlighting the consequences of child undernutrition, many more African countries have requested to be part of the study. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 96 |
The Kingdom of Lesotho (hereafter referred to as Lesotho) is the eleventh country on the continent and the third country in the Southern Africa region to implement the study.
Methodology The COHA model is used to estimate the additional cases of morbidity, mortality, school repetitions and dropouts, and reduced physical capacity that can be associated with a person’s undernutrition status before the age of five. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 92 |
In order to estimate these social impacts for a single year, the model focuses on the current population,1 identifies the percentage of that population who were undernourished before the age of five, and then estimates the associated negative impacts experienced by the population in the current year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 56 |
Using this information and the data provided by the Lesotho National Implementation Team, the model estimates the associated economic losses incurred by the economy in health, education and potential productivity in a single year.
The reference year used in the analysis of the study model is 2014, which is referred throughout the text as “current year”. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 73 |
During the implementation process of the study, secondary datasets were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics of Lesotho, Demographic and Health Survey (DHS-2014), Lesotho Government Gazette, Central Bank of Lesotho, Ministry of Finance, World Health Organization, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2000 and national surveys, while primary data were collected from the Lesotho Central Drug Store, Mafeteng Hospital in Mafeteng District and Leribe Referral Hospital in Leribe District. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 123 |
Trends in Child Undernutrition Recent improvements in poverty rates in Lesotho have been accompanied by a reduction in child undernutrition.
However, stunting rates remain high.
The recent 2014 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) showed a decrease in the prevalence of stunted children by 6 percentage points, approximately 33.2 percent of Basotho children under the age of 5 were suffering from stunting and 10.3 percent of the children were underweight. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 112 |
In 2014, an estimated 88,919 (of 275 000) children were affected by stunting and almost 28,292 children were underweight.
This situation is especially critical for children between 12 and 23 months, where 32.2 percent were affected by stunting and 11 percent were underweight. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 87 |
Initial Results: The Social and Economic Cost of Child Undernutrition in Lesotho Social and Economic Impacts on Health • • Overall, estimated data from the 2014 DHS shows that 50,335 clinical episodes in Lesotho were associated with the higher risk of children being underweight, generating a total cost of 40.8 million maloti (US$ 4.2 million).
Cases of diarrhoea, fever, respiratory infections and anaemia totalled 7,316 episodes. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 121 |
According to the estimated data, only 42.1 percent of these cases received proper health attention.
Between 2008 and 2014 alone, it is estimated that 9,272 child deaths in Lesotho were directly associated with undernutrition, which represents 19.5 percent of all child mortalities for this period.
1 As the model set 2012 as the base year, it is referred to as “current” in this report. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 109 |
vivExecutive Summary • The model also estimated that 45.1 percent of the working age population (939,842 adults) suffered from growth retardation before reaching the age of five.
Out of the total current working age population, 7.2 percent (i.e.
90,906 people who would be between 15–64 years old) has been lost because of the impact of undernutrition with the increasing child mortality rates. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 106 |
Social and Economic Impacts on Education • • Results show that the repetition rate for stunted children in 2014 was 14.1 percent, as compared with 5.8 percent for non-stunted children, i.e.
an incremental risk of 8.3 percentage points for stunted children.
Overall 17.7 percent (17,044) of all repetitions in 2014 were associated with stunting, bearing a total cost of 115 million maloti, (US$11.7 million), 44 percent of which was borne by the families. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 140 |
The lower educational achievement of the stunted population has an impact on the expected level of income a person would earn as anw adult.
Based on historical information, the model estimates that 45.1 percent of the working age population in Lesotho were stunted as children Social and Economic Impacts on Productivity • Of the 478,802 people in Lesotho that are engaged in manual activities, 210,653 (44 percent) were stunted as children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 108 |
This has represented an annual loss in potential income due to lower productivity that surpasses 183 million maloti (US$18.6 million), equivalent to 0.7 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP).
The results further indicate that 342,341 people engaged in non-manual activities also suffered from childhood stunting.
The estimated annual losses in productivity for this group is 110 million maloti (US$11.2 million), equivalent to 0.4 percent of the GDP in 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 125 |
• An estimated 1,077,906 working hours were lost in 2014 due to the absent workforce and as a result of the incremental undernutrition-related child mortalities.
This represented 1.5 billion maloti (US$154.6 million), equivalent to 5.5 percent of the country’s GDP.
Worth noting is the fact that the largest share of productivity loss is attributed to undernutrition- related mortality, which represents 77.2 percent of the total cost. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 122 |
Altogether, the productivity loss in 2014 due to the impact of child undernutrition is 1.8 billion maloti (US$184.4 million), equivalent to 6.56 percent of the GDP.
Total Economic Impact • Results in Lesotho show that an estimated 1.96 billion maloti (or US$200 million) were lost in the year 2014 as a result of child undernutrition.
These losses are equivalent to 7.13 percent of GDP in 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 126 |
The highest element in this cost is the loss in potential productivity as a result of undernutrition-related mortalities.
Analysis of scenarios There are potential savings to the economy should a reduction in child undernutrition be achieved.
The below model generates a baseline that allows development of various scenarios based on nutritional goals established in each country using the prospective dimension. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 78 |
This is a call for action to take preventive measures and reduce the number of undernourished children to avoid large future costs to society The scenarios developed for this report are as follows. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 38 |
Executive Summaryv vi Scenario Scenario #1: Halving the Prevalence of Child Undernutrition by 2025 Scenario #2: The ‘Goal ‘Scenario: “10 and 5 by 2025” LSL (in Millions) US$ (in Millions) LSL (in Millions) US$ (in Millions) Total Potential Savings (2014-2025)* 1 824 185.9 2 864 291.99 Average Annual Savings (2014-2025)* 152 15 239 24 Annual Percentage Reduction of Stunting Necessary (2014-2025) 1.38 1.93 *By having the prevalence of child undernutrtion by 2025, Lesotho stands to save 1.8 billion maloti (US$$186 million), while saving 2.8 billion maloti (US$$292 million) should Lesotho reach the African Union targets of reducing stunting to 10 percent and underweight by 5 percent by 2025. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 276 |
Executive Summary WFP/ Stephen Wong Section The Cost of Hunger in Africa LESOTH O I 15 The Cost of Hunger in Africa: Towards the Elimination of Child Undernutrition in Africa A.
Introduction: Why is it important?
Over the past decade, Africa has experienced a remarkable economic performance that has made the continent increasingly attractive for global investment and trade. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 85 |
The pace of real GDP growth on the continent has doubled in the last decade, and six of the world’s fastest growing economies are in Africa2.
Yet, the continent still displays some of the highest rates of child undernutrition in the world.
Human capital is the foundation of social and economic development, as articulated in the African Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 97 |
Improved nutritional status of people has a direct impact on economic performance through increased productivity and enhanced national comparative advantage.
In order for Africa to maximize its present and future economic prospects, there is an urgent need for sustainable, cost-effective interventions that address the nutritional situation of the most vulnerable members of its society. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 70 |
As noted by the African Heads of State and Government in 2014, food security without improved nutrition will not deliver the desired socio-economic outcomes, as the number of those affected by hunger and malnutrition has continued to increase over the past few years. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 57 |
Therefore, if child undernutrition were reduced, there would be a direct improvement in child mortality rates, as undernutrition is the single most important contributor to child mortality.3 If women were not undernourished as children, they would be less likely to bear underweight children.
Further, healthy children would achieve better education, be more productive as adults and have higher chances of breaking the cycle of poverty. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 89 |
Undernutrition leads to a significant loss in human and economic potential.
The World Bank estimates that undernourished children are at risk of losing about 10 percent of their lifetime earning potential, thus affecting national productivity. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 48 |
Recently, a panel of expert economists at the Copenhagen Consensus Conference concluded that fighting malnourishment should be the top priority for policymakers and philanthropists.4 At that conference, Nobel laureate economist Vernon Smith stated that: “One of the most compelling investments is to get nutrients to the world’s undernourished. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 80 |
The benefits from doing so – in terms of increased health, schooling, and productivity – are tremendous.”5 Improving the nutritional status of children is therefore a priority that needs urgent policy attention to accelerate socio-economic progress and development in Africa.
However, in spite of the compelling economic value of nutrition interventions, investments with apparent shorter-term returns are prioritized in social budgets. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 86 |
Hence, efforts need to be scaled up to sensitize the general population, policymakers and development partners on the high costs of undernutrition in order to strengthen national and international commitments and ensure that young children in Africa grow healthy and properly nourished.
Positioning nutrition interventions as a top priority for development and poverty reduction is often difficult, partly due to the lack of credible data on both short- and long-term returns. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 93 |
Indeed, there is not enough country-specific evidence to demonstrate how improved nutrition can have a direct impact on school performance, and thereby improving opportunities in the labour market and physical work.
Additionally, nutrition is too often regarded as a health issue, disregarding the rippling social and economic implications it has on other areas of development. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 69 |
Despite the aforementioned challenges, efforts continue, both at the regional and global levels, to address the issues of undernutrition and hunger. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 30 |
At the regional level, these efforts include initiatives, such as the African Regional Nutrition Strategy (ARNS), the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), especially CAADP Pillar III that focuses on reducing hunger and improving food and nutrition security, the Pan-African Nutrition Initiative (PANI), the Framework for African Food Security, the Africa Ten-Year Strategy for the Reduction of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies (ATYS-VMD), 2 “World Economic Outlook Database October 2012. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/index.aspx. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 159 |
3 Robert E. Black et al.
Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Global and Regional Exposures and Health Consequences.
The Lancet, 371, No.
9608, 2008. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(07)61690-0.
4 Copenhagen Consensus 2012.
Top Economists Identify the Smartest Investments for Policy-Makers and Philanthropists.
14 May 2012. www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Default.
aspx?ID=1637.
5 Idem. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 174 |
aspx?ID=1637.
5 Idem.
Section I: The Cost of Hunger in Africa 16 Africa Day for Food and Nutrition Security (ADFNS), and the recently launched Africa Day for School Feeding.
At the global level, initiatives include Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger (REACH), Purchase for Progress (P4P), Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN), Feed the Future, the “1,000 Days” partnership, as well as the Abuja Food Security Summit of 2006. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769528620.pdf | https://lesotho.un.org/en/download/3673/19705 | 128 |