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{ "CONTEXT": "The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of staging laparoscopy in patients with biliary cancers in the era of modern diagnostic imaging. From September 2002 through August 2004, 39 consecutive patients with potentially resectable cholangiocarcinoma underwent preoperative staging laparoscopy before laparotomy. Preoperative imaging included ultrasonography and triphasic computed tomography for all patients and magnetic resonance cholangiography in 35 patients (90%). Final pathological diagnosis included 20 hilar cholangiocarcinomas (HC), 11 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHC), and eight gallbladder carcinomas (GBC). During laparoscopy, unresectable disease was found in 14/39 patients (36%). The main causes of unresectability were peritoneal carcinomatosis (11/14) and liver metastases (5/14). At laparotomy, nine patients (37%) were found to have advanced disease precluding resection. Vascular invasion and nodal metastases were the main causes of unresectability during laparotomy (eight out of nine). In detecting peritoneal metastases and liver metastases, laparoscopy had an accuracy of 92 and 71%, respectively. All patients with vascular or nodal involvement were missed by laparoscopy. For prediction of unresectability disease, the yield and accuracy of laparoscopy were highest for GBC (62% yield and 83% accuracy), followed by IHC (36% yield and 67% accuracy) and HC (25% yield and 45% accuracy)", "LONG_ANSWER": "Staging laparoscopy ensured that unnecessary laparotomy was not performed in 36% of patients with potentially resectable biliary carcinoma after extensive preoperative imaging. In patients with biliary carcinoma that appears resectable, staging laparoscopy allows detection of peritoneal and liver metastasis in one third of patients. Both vascular and lymph nodes invasions were not diagnosed by this procedure. Due to these limitations, laparoscopy is more useful in ruling out dissemination in GBC and IHC than in HC.", "QUESTION": "Is utility of staging laparoscopy in subsets of biliary cancers : laparoscopy a powerful diagnostic tool in patients with intrahepatic and gallbladder carcinoma?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and shows a predilection for metastasis to the bone. Bradykinin (BK) is an inflammatory mediator, and shows elevated levels in regions of severe injury and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Bradykinin is associated with migration of prostate cancer cells. Cancer cells migration activity was examined using the Transwell assay. The c-Src and PKCδ phosphorylation was examined by using Western blot method. The qPCR was used to examine the mRNA expression of metalloproteinase. A transient transfection protocol was used to examine NF-κB activity. We found that bradykinin increased the chemomigration and the expression of MMP-9 of human prostate cancer cells. Bradykinin-mediated chemomigration and metalloproteinase expression was attenuated by PKCδ inhibitor (rottlerin), PKCδ siRNA, c-Src inhibitor (PP2) and c-Src mutant. Activations of PKCδ, c-Src and NF-κB pathways after bradykinin treatment was demonstrated, and bradykinin-induced expression of metalloproteinase and chemomigration activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor and mutant of PKCδ, c-Src, and NF-κB cascades.", "LONG_ANSWER": "This study showed for the first time that the bradykinin mediates migration of human prostate cancer cells. One of the mechanisms underlying bradykinin directed migration was transcriptional up-regulation of MMP-9 and activation of B2 receptor, PKCδ, c-Src, and NF-κB pathways.", "QUESTION": "Does bradykinin enhance cell migration in human prostate cancer cells through B2 receptor/PKCδ/c-Src dependent signaling pathway?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent tumor in males in Brazil. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been demonstrated in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) genes and have been associated with development and progression of some cancers. In this study, our aim was to investigate a possible relation between polymorphism of the promoter region of the MMP2 gene and classical prognostic parameters in prostate cancer. Genomic DNA was extracted using conventional protocols. The DNA sequence containing the polymorphic site was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, using fluorescent probes (TaqMan). In patients with tumors of a higher stage (pT3), a polymorphic allele in the MMP2 gene was more frequent (P = 0.026) than in patients with lower tumor stage. A polymorphic allele in the MMP2 gene was more frequent in Gleason ≥ 7 than in Gleason ≤ 6 (P = 0.042).", "LONG_ANSWER": "We conclude that MMP2 polymorphism can be used together with pathological stage and Gleason score to identify patients with worse prognosis. Our results illustrate the potential use of MMP2 SNP as a molecular marker for prostate cancer.", "QUESTION": "Is matrix metalloproteinase-2 polymorphism associated with prognosis in prostate cancer?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The plasma activity of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), which has putative pro- and anti-atherogenic roles in lipoprotein metabolism, is increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We analysed the relationship between carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), an established marker of atherosclerosis, and PLTP activity in diabetic patients and control subjects. The IMT (mean of three segments in both carotid arteries by ultrasonography), clinical variables, plasma PLTP activity (phospholipid vesicle-HDL system), lipoproteins, C-reactive protein and insulin were measured in 87 non-smoking men and women, who had type 2 diabetes mellitus, no cardiovascular disease, and were not on insulin or lipid-lowering medication, and in 83 age-matched control subjects. In diabetic patients, carotid IMT (p=0.02), pulse pressure (p=0.003), plasma PLTP activity (p<0.001), triglycerides (p=0.01), C-reactive protein (p<0.01) and insulin (p<0.001) were higher, whereas HDL cholesterol was lower (p<0.001) than in control subjects. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis demonstrated that in type 2 diabetic patients IMT was independently associated with age (p<0.001), sex (p=0.001), pulse pressure (p=0.003), plasma PLTP activity (p=0.03) and HDL cholesterol (p=0.03), but not with very low density lipoprotein+LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein and insulin (all p>0.20). The relationship between plasma PLTP activity and IMT was not significant in control subjects.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Plasma PLTP activity is a positive determinant of IMT in type 2 diabetes mellitus, suggesting that high PLTP activity is involved in accelerated atherosclerosis in this disease.", "QUESTION": "Is elevated plasma phospholipid transfer protein activity a determinant of carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Propofol anesthesia increases the seizure threshold of patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. Excessive neuronal suppression could result in an unacceptably short seizure. We sought to identify the correlation between the pre-ictal bispectral index (BIS) score and seizure duration in patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy under propofol anesthesia. BIS was monitored in 38 psychotically depressed patients. Anesthesia was induced by a bolus injection of 1 mg/kg of propofol. The duration of muscular and electroencephalographic seizure was measured during the therapy. The BIS immediately before the electrical shock was 54 +/- 13. Both muscular and electroencephalographic seizure durations had a positive correlation with pre-ictal BIS (r = 0.68 and 0.73, respectively; P < 0.01). After the electrically induced seizure, BIS decreased to 30 +/- 8, reflecting post-ictal suppression. BIS scores when the patients had awakened after the seizure had a wide variation (range, 29-81; mean, 45; SD, 13). In conclusion, seizure duration has a positive correlation with BIS immediately before electrical shock; however, BIS may not be an accurate predictor of awakening after electrical shock.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Pre-ictal bispectral index had a positive correlation with seizure duration and could be useful to prevent an unacceptably short seizure in electroconvulsive therapy under propofol anesthesia.", "QUESTION": "Does pre-ictal bispectral index have a positive correlation with seizure duration during electroconvulsive therapy?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Medial calcar erosion is considered a late finding in patients with severe adverse local tissue reactions (ALTRs) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) with dual modular neck stems. Although calcar erosion has been associated with dual modular neck stems, one would expect similar findings in standard stems owing to analogous corrosion at the taper junction. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether medial calcar erosion is also associated with ALTR in patients with standard stems in metal-on-metal (MoM) THA. A total of 96 patients (108 hips) with MoM THA had radiographs and a magnetic resonance imaging of the hip performed at a mean time of 5.7 years after surgery. Calcar erosion was assessed from radiographs. ALTR Anderson grade, diameter, volume, and synovial thickness were assessed from magnetic resonance imaging. Calcar erosion was present in 54 hips (50%) and was associated with ALTR synovial thickness but not with Anderson grade, diameter, or volume. Most of the hips with calcar erosion (n = 45) had an ALTR (positive predictive value 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.70-0.92). The relative risk of having a synovial thickness > 3 mm increased by a factor of 3.0 (95% confidence interval 1.3-6.5) if calcar erosion was observed.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Subtle erosions of the medial calcar after MoM THA may be an early indicator of an adverse reaction to wear particles warranting cross-sectional imaging. Synovial thickness may also be more relevant than absolute size in the classification of ALTR severity and collateral tissue damage.", "QUESTION": "Does medial Calcar Erosion be Associated With Synovial Thickness in Patients With ASR XL Total Hip Arthroplasty?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To determine whether induction of labor (IOL) after successful external cephalic version (ECV) is associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery (CD) compared with IOL with spontaneous cephalic presentation. Retrospective case-control study. All women having IOL after successful ECV were eligible. Each woman in the study group was matched for parity, age and indication for induction with two consecutive controls having IOL and spontaneous cephalic presentation. The primary outcome measure was CD. Secondary outcomes measures were operative vaginal delivery, perineal tear/episiotomy and post-partum hemorrhage. 79 women enrolled in the study group were matched with 158 controls. The overall incidence of CD was significantly higher in the study group compared with the control group (20.3 vs. 10.1 %; OR 2.25, 95 % CI 1.06-4.79, P = 0.03). After dividing the groups according to parity, the difference in the CD rate remained statistically significant for nulliparous women (36.7 vs. 15 %; OR 3.28, 95 % CI 1.17-9.16, P = 0.02), but not for multiparous women (10.2 vs. 7.1 %; OR 1.48, 95 % CI 0.44-4.92, P = 0.53). There was no significant difference in adjusted odds ratios for secondary outcomes.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Induction of labor after successful ECV in nulliparous women increased the risk of CD compared with IOL with spontaneous cephalic presentation.", "QUESTION": "Is induction of labor at term following external cephalic version in nulliparous women associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The present study investigated the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the mitochondria, nucleus, and cytoskeleton of CHO K-1 cells by the use of specific fluorescent probes. The use of LLLT has been recommended by several authors for acceleration of the healing process. The literature on the effects of LLLT in this process is highly contradictory because of difficulties in identifying its effects on cells. CHO K-1 cells were cultivated using MEM containing 5% FBS and were irradiated or not with a semiconductor laser (lambda = 830 nm; phi approximately 0.8 mm; 10 mW; 2 J/cm2). The cells were incubated with specific fluorescent probes--0.1 microM for 30 min with 5,5', 6,6'-tetrachloro-1, 1',3,3'-tetraethyl-benzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) for the mitochondria; 5 mM for 5 min of 4',6'-diamidino, 2'-phenylindole (DAPI)for the nucleus, and 0.1 M of 1:100 PHEM of rhodamine-phalloidin during 1 h for the cytoskeleton--and were analyzed by epifluorescence. Positive biomodulatory effects were observed on irradiated cells compared to their controls as seen on JC-1, DAPI, and rhodamine-phalloidin labeling. Irradiated cells showed an increased level of cellular division, as evidenced by analyzing the intermediary filaments of the cytoskeleton and the chromosomes. Another important observation was that cells maintained under the condition of nutritional deficiency had both membrane and genetic material that was more preserved in comparison to the controls, in which the presence of an apoptotic nucleus could be observed in some cells.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The results of the present study demonstrate that LLLT, in addition to providing positive biomodulation, acts in the re-establishment of cellular homeostasis when the cells are maintained under the condition of nutritional stress; it also prevents apoptosis in CHO K-1 cells.", "QUESTION": "Does laser light prevent apoptosis in Cho K-1 cell line?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Oxidative stress is involved in the hypocontractility of visceral artery to vasoconstrictors and formation of hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis with portal hypertension. In the present study, we investigated the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the mesenteric artery contractility in CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats, and the roles of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) desensitization and RhoA/Rho associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK) pathways. The mesenteric artery contraction to norepinephrine (NE) was determined by vessel perfusion system following treatments with apocynin, tempol or PEG-catalase. The protein expression of α1 adrenergic receptor, β-arrestin-2, ROCK-1, moesin and p-moesin was measured by western blot. The interaction between α1 adrenergic receptor and β-arrestin-2 was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. Pretreatment with apocynin or PEG-catalase in cirrhotic rats, the hydrogen peroxide level in the mesenteric arteriole was significantly decreased, and the dose-response curve of mesenteric arteriole to NE moved to the left with EC50 decreased. There was no significant change for the expression of α1 adrenergic receptor. However, the protein expression of β-arrestin-2 and its affinity with α1 adrenergic receptor were significantly decreased. The ROCK-1 activity and anti- Y-27632 inhibition in cirrhotic rats increased significantly with the protein expression unchanged. Such effects were not observed in tempol-treated group.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The H2O2 decrease in mesenteric artery from rats with cirrhosis resulted in down regulation of the β-arrestin-2 expression and its binding ability with α1 adrenergic receptor, thereby affecting the agonist-induced ROCK activation and improving the contractile response in blood vessels.", "QUESTION": "Are reactive oxygen species involved in regulating hypocontractility of mesenteric artery to norepinephrine in cirrhotic rats with portal hypertension?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "This study was performed to screen cyclin D1 (CCND1) and cyclin dependent kinases (CDK4) genes in order to evaluate their association with breast carcinogenesis. The germline screening of these genes was carried out by combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), followed by DNA sequence analysis. A total of 400 individuals (200 breast cancer patients and 200 healthy controls) were recruited prospectively for this study. Sequence analyses of the coding region of CCND1 revealed 12 mutations. When analyzed, a significant association was found between CCND1 mutations and breast cancer. It was observed that a 6-fold increased breast cancer risk (odds ratio/OR=5.75, 95% confidence interval/CI=1.26-26.33) was associated with Cys7Tyr in breast cancer patients when compared with healthy controls. In addition, a 5-fold increased breast cancer risk was associated with Trp63Stop mutation (OR=5.44, 95% CI=1.82-16.23), 10861C>A (OR=4.84; 95% CI=1.60-14.58) and 7720insTT (OR=5.32, 95% CI=1.98-14.23) in breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Concerning CDK4 gene, 5 mutations were identified and a significant association was observed between CDK4 gene mutations and breast cancer. It was observed that a 6-fold increased risk of breast cancer (OR=5.71, 95% CI=0.29-4.65) was associated with 5693 T>A. In addition, a 5-fold increased risk of breast cancer (OR=5.05, 95% CI=2.17-11.78) was associated with 5732 G>A in breast cancer patients compared to controls.", "LONG_ANSWER": "In this study, our results showed that CCND1 and CDK4 mutations are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and may serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis and detection of breast cancer.", "QUESTION": "Are genetic polymorphisms in cell cycle regulatory genes CCND1 and CDK4 associated with susceptibility to breast cancer?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Variants in the complement factor H (CFH) gene have been shown to be strongly associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, sequence alterations in CFH were investigated in 163 Chinese patients with exudative AMD and 155 unrelated Chinese control subjects. All the 22 CFH exons, intron-exon boundaries, and promoter sequences were screened by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Fifty-eight sequence changes, 42 of them novel, were identified. Six SNPs with an allele frequency >30% were significantly associated with exudative AMD. SNP rs3753396 was novel; the rest had been reported: rs3753394, rs551397, rs800292, rs2274700, and rs1329428. Two haplotype blocks were constructed. The TG haplotype for rs551397 and rs800292 was the major haplotype that conferred a significantly increased susceptibility to exudative AMD (P(corr) = 0.0001, OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.36-2.68).", "LONG_ANSWER": "The findings support prior evidence that the CFH gene is one of the AMD-associated genes. There is a different distribution pattern of CFH variants in the Chinese compared with other populations. Individual SNP and haplotype analyses revealed that the ancient alleles at the 5' end of CFH contribute to an increased susceptibility to exudative AMD.", "QUESTION": "Are multiple gene polymorphisms in the complement factor h gene associated with exudative age-related macular degeneration in chinese?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis demonstrate cognitive impairments that predict later psychotic transition and real-world functioning. Cognitive training has shown benefits in schizophrenia, but has not yet been adequately tested in the CHR population. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, CHR individuals (N = 83) were given laptop computers and trained at home on 40 hours of auditory processing-based exercises designed to target verbal learning and memory operations, or on computer games (CG). Participants were assessed with neurocognitive tests based on the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia initiative (MATRICS) battery and rated on symptoms and functioning. Groups were compared before and after training using a mixed-effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation, given the high study attrition rate (42%). Participants in the targeted cognitive training group showed a significant improvement in Verbal Memory compared to CG participants (effect size = 0.61). Positive and Total symptoms improved in both groups over time.", "LONG_ANSWER": "CHR individuals showed patterns of training-induced cognitive improvement in verbal memory consistent with prior observations in schizophrenia. This is a particularly vulnerable domain in individuals at-risk for psychosis that predicts later functioning and psychotic transition. Ongoing follow-up of this cohort will assess the durability of training effects in CHR individuals, as well as the potential impact on symptoms and functioning over time. Clinical Trials Number: NCT00655239. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00655239?term=vinogradov&rank=5.", "QUESTION": "Does intensive Auditory Cognitive Training improve Verbal Memory in Adolescents and Young Adults at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Increased concentrations of amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 have been observed in the context of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. However, the source of the stimuli that contribute to the accumulation of these proteins in amniotic fluid remains to be identified. The present study was conducted to investigate MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 secretion by decidual cells in response to activated protein kinase C (PKC). Decidual cells were isolated from term placentae, grown to confluence and incubated with control media or 10(-11) to 10(-8) mol/l concentrations of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the culture supernatant were determined using sensitive and specific immunoassays. Substrate zymography was conducted to confirm MMP-9 assays. PMA induced a concentration-dependent stimulation of release of MMP-9 (control vs. PMA l0(-9) and 10(-8) mol/l; p < 0.01) and TIMP-1 (control vs. PMA 10(-9) and 10(-8) mol/l; p < 0.001), but not MMP-2. A direct positive correlation was observed between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 release (r = 0.645; p < 0.001). Substrate zymography confirmed increased release of MMP-9 in response to PMA (control vs. PMA 10(-8) and PMA 10(-7) mol/l; p < 0.01).", "LONG_ANSWER": "Activation of PKC within the decidua will result in enhanced MMP-9 release, which upon activation could contribute to degradation of matrices within fetal membranes leading to PROM.", "QUESTION": "Does protein kinase C stimulate release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by human decidual cells?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "No direct comparison has been made of the relationship between the expression of Wilms' tumor gene WT1 within tumor cells and angiogenesis in vivo. A series of 70 endometrial cancer patients who had undergone a curative resection was studied by immunohistochemistry to determine the correlation between WT1 expression, angiogenesis (proliferation of endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1/CD31) and angiogenic growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF). A strong association was found between WT1 expression score and mean vascular density (p<0.001, n=70, ϱ=0.568). Immunohistochemistry of serial sections revealed that WT1 and VEGF were co-expressed in the same area of endometrial cancer tissue.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Tumor-produced WT1, which may regulate the expression of VEGF, is found to be associated with induction of angiogenesis in endometrial cancer.", "QUESTION": "Does wT1 expression correlate with angiogenesis in endometrial cancer tissue?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a condition affecting many women worldwide, with symptoms including stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). We have previously demonstrated stable elastin-expressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) attenuated PFD in rats, and aim to further study the effect of microRNA-29a-3p regulation on elastin expression and efficacy of BMSC transplantation therapy. We inhibited endogenous microRNA-29a-3p in BMSCs and investigated its effect on elastin expression by RT-PCR and Western blot. MicroRNA-29-inhibited BMSCs were then transplanted into PFD rats, accompanied by sustained release of bFGF using formulated bFGF in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP), followed by evaluation of urodynamic tests. MicroRNA-29a-3p inhibition resulted in upregulated expression and secretion of elastin in in vitro culture of BMSCs. After co-injection with PLGA-loaded bFGF NP into the PFD rats in vivo, microRNA-29a-3p-inhibited BMSCs significantly improved the urodynamic test results.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Our multidisciplinary study, combining microRNA biology, genetically engineered BMSCs, and nanoparticle technology, provides an excellent stem cell-based therapy for repairing connective tissues and treating PFD.", "QUESTION": "Does microRNA-29 facilitate transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to alleviate pelvic floor dysfunction by repressing elastin?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Tropomyosin is an actin-binding protein, which is thought to stabilize actin filaments and influence many aspects of F-actin. In fission yeast, the cdc8 gene encodes tropomyosin, and the gene product Cdc8p is known to be essential for the formation of the F-actin contractile ring and hence for cytokinesis in the mitotic cell cycle. We isolated fission yeast mutants that were defective in cell fusion during conjugation. One of them turned out to carry a point mutation in cdc8. We found that the original temperature-sensitive cdc8 mutant frequently failed to undergo cell fusion when mated at a semi-permissive temperature. Additional cdc8 mutants isolated by targeted mutagenesis also showed defects in both cell fusion and cytokinesis. A decrease in the amount of intracellular Cdc8p also affected both, but cell growth was more severely blocked than cell fusion in this case. Immunostaining revealed that Cdc8p was localized as a spot at the cell-to-cell attachment site during conjugation, without overlapping with F-actin patches.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Tropomyosin Cdc8p is indispensable for cell fusion during conjugation in fission yeast. However, cell fusion appears to require fewer tropomyosin molecules than cytokinesis. We speculate that tropomyosin may organize a small F-actin-containing organelle at the cell-to-cell contact site in each mating cell, which plays a key role in cell fusion.", "QUESTION": "Is tropomyosin required for the cell fusion process during conjugation in fission yeast?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "A T-cell clone, thought to be the source of eosinophilopoietic cytokines, identified by clonal rearrangement of the T-cell receptor and by the presence of aberrant T-cell immunophenotype in peripheral blood defines lymphocytic variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome (L-HES). Peripheral blood samples from 42 patients who satisfied the diagnostic criteria for HES were studied for T-cell receptor clonal rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction according to BIOMED-2. The T-cell immunophenotype population was assessed in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. The FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction. Forty-two HES patients (18 males and 24 females) with a median age at diagnosis of 56 years (range 17-84) were examined in this study. Their median white blood cell count was 12.9 x 10(9)/L (range 5.3-121), with an absolute eosinophil count of 4.5 x 10(9)/L (range 1.5-99) and a median eosinophilic bone marrow infiltration of 30% (range 11-64). Among the 42 patients, clonal T-cell receptor rearrangements were detected in 18 patients (42.8%). Patients with T-cell receptor clonality included: T-cell receptor beta in 15 patients (35%), T-cell receptor gamma in 9 (21%) and T-cell receptor delta in 9 (21%) patients, respectively. Clonality was detected in all three T-cell receptor loci in 4 cases, in two loci in 7 patients and in one T-cell receptor locus in the remaining 7 patients. The FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion transcript was absent in all but 2 patients with T-cell receptor clonality. Three patients out of 42 revealed an aberrant T-cell immunophenotype. In some patients, an abnormal CD4:CD8 ratio was demonstrated.", "LONG_ANSWER": "T-cell abnormalities are present at high frequencies in patients with HES.", "QUESTION": "Are t-cell abnormalities present at high frequencies in patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "It has been proven that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process which is precisely regulated by multiple signaling pathways during the progression and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Canonical MAPK signaling is essential to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced EMT. Using the NSCLC cell line A549 as a model, the aim of this study is to explore the molecular mechanism of ENO1 affecting EMT. We established an A549 strain stably overexpressing ENO1. Cell mobility was measured by the wound-healing assay. EMT-related molecular alterations were detected by Western blot analysis. The effect of ENO1 on EMT was also detected by TGFβ-1-inducing assay. EGF-stimulating assay was performed to illustrate ERK1/2 phosphorylation changes resulting from ENO1 overexpression. Overexpressed ENO1 inhibited the mobility of A549 (P<0.05), as well as the expression of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin, but upregulated the epithelial marker E-cadherin. TGFβ-inducing assay also showed that the negative effect of ENO1 on EMT. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was also obviously suppressed by ENO1 in the EGF-stimulating assay.", "LONG_ANSWER": "In NSCLC cells, ENO1 overexpression can inhibit EMT in vitro by suppressing ERK1/2 phosphorylation.", "QUESTION": "Does [ α-Enolase ( ENO1 ) inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the A549 cell line by suppressing ERK1/2 phosphorylation ]?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Bread can be a good source of nutrients as well as non-nutrient compounds. This study was designed to assess the effect of adding of sourdough and whey proteins to wholemeal (WM) bread produced by bake-off technology on chemical composition and bioavailability of proteins, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron content in Wistar rats. Wholemeal breads were baked with using conventional or bake off technology. In breads chemical composition, selected minerals content, amino acid composition were measured. Five week-old Wistar rats (n = 30, male), were randomly divided into fi ve groups and fed with modified AIN-93G diets containing experimental breads. In animal study the nutritional value of breads' proteins and concentration of selected minerals in serum, liver and femoral bone, were measured. The body weight gain, biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) were significantly higher in rats fed with partially baked frozen wholemeal (PBF WM) bread with sourdough and whey proteins. The level of magnesium was significantly lower in serum of animals fed with the diet containing PBF WM bread with sourdough and whey proteins in comparison to rodents fed with conventional WM bread with sourdough. The content of iron was significantly higher in liver of rats fed with PBF WM with sourdough bread in comparison to the groups fed with conventional WM and conventional WM with sourdough breads.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Sourdough addition can be recommended in a production of whole wheat partially baked frozen bread but its use is further more beneficial if it is fermented with whey proteins.", "QUESTION": "Does an addition of sourdough and whey proteins affect the nutritional quality of wholemeal wheat bread?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To determine the effect of tacrolimus trough concentrations on clinical outcomes in kidney transplantation, while assessing if African-American (AA) race modifies these associations. Retrospective longitudinal cohort study of solitary adult kidney transplants. Large tertiary care transplant center. Adult solitary kidney transplant recipients (n=1078) who were AA (n=567) or non-AA (n=511). Mean and regressed slope of tacrolimus trough concentrations. Subtherapeutic concentrations were lower than 8 ng/ml. AA patients were 1.7 times less likely than non-AA patients to achieve therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations (8 ng/ml or higher) during the first year after kidney transplant (35% vs 21%, respectively, p<0.001). AAs not achieving therapeutic concentrations were 2.4 times more likely to have acute cellular rejection (ACR) as compared with AAs achieving therapeutic concentrations (20.8% vs 8.5%, respectively, p<0.01) and 2.5 times more likely to have antibody-mediated rejection (AMR; 8.9% vs 3.6%, respectively, p<0.01). Rates of ACR (8.3% vs 6.7%) and AMR (2.0% vs 0.9% p=0.131) were similar in non-AAs compared across tacrolimus concentration groups. Multivariate modeling confirmed these findings and demonstrated that AAs with low tacrolimus exposure experienced a mild protective effect for the development of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA; hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-1.32) with the opposite demonstrated in non-AAs (HR 2.2, 95% CI 0.90-5.1).", "LONG_ANSWER": "In contradistinction to non-AAs, AAs who achieve therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations have substantially lower acute rejection rates but are at risk of developing IF/TA. These findings may reflect modifiable time-dependent racial differences in the concentration-effect relationship of tacrolimus. Achievement of therapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations, potentially through genotyping and more aggressive dosing and monitoring, is essential to minimize the risk of acute rejection in AA kidney transplant recipients.", "QUESTION": "Does african-American race modify the influence of tacrolimus concentrations on acute rejection and toxicity in kidney transplant recipients?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are models of molecule-gene interactions instrumental in the coordination of gene expression. Transcription factor (TF)-GRNs are an important subset of GRNs that characterize gene expression as the effect of TFs acting on their target genes. Although such networks can qualitatively summarize TF-gene interactions, it is highly desirable to quantitatively determine the strengths of the interactions in a TF-GRN as well as the magnitudes of TF activities. To our knowledge, such analysis is rare in plant biology. A computational methodology developed for this purpose is network component analysis (NCA), which has been used for studying large-scale microbial TF-GRNs to obtain nontrivial, mechanistic insights. In this work, we employed NCA to quantitatively analyze a plant TF-GRN important in floral development using available regulatory information from AGRIS, by processing previously reported gene expression data from four shoot apical meristem cell types. The NCA model satisfactorily accounted for gene expression measurements in a TF-GRN of seven TFs (LFY, AG, SEPALLATA3 [SEP3], AP2, AGL15, HY5 and AP3/PI) and 55 genes. NCA found strong interactions between certain TF-gene pairs including LFY → MYB17, AG → CRC, AP2 → RD20, AGL15 → RAV2 and HY5 → HLH1, and the direction of the interaction (activation or repression) for some AGL15 targets for which this information was not previously available. The activity trends of four TFs - LFY, AG, HY5 and AP3/PI as deduced by NCA correlated well with the changes in expression levels of the genes encoding these TFs across all four cell types; such a correlation was not observed for SEP3, AP2 and AGL15.", "LONG_ANSWER": "For the first time, we have reported the use of NCA to quantitatively analyze a plant TF-GRN important in floral development for obtaining nontrivial information about connectivity strengths between TFs and their target genes as well as TF activity. However, since NCA relies on documented connectivity information about the underlying TF-GRN, it is currently limited in its application to larger plant networks because of the lack of documented connectivities. In the future, the identification of interactions between plant TFs and their target genes on a genome scale would allow the use of NCA to provide quantitative regulatory information about plant TF-GRNs, leading to improved insights on cellular regulatory programs.", "QUESTION": "Does network component analysis provide quantitative insights on an Arabidopsis transcription factor-gene regulatory network?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "p-values are ubiquitous in medical research, but are often misunderstood. In addition to being misused or perhaps even abused at post-statistical analysis stage of making scientific inference and interpretations, p-values can also be a source of confusion at the design stage. Application of standard test statistic on observed data may result in a small p-value which in turn may give the impression that a new study that has the same sample size as the observed data, perhaps even smaller, would have adequate power. We used re-sampling method and computed statistical power to illustrate the fallacy of this conclusion. We have also calculated power using analytical formulae. We analyzed data consisting of two group comparisons with binary as well as continuous outcome variables. For the binary outcome, the event rates for the outcome of interest in the illustrative data were 15/43 (35%) and 22/34 (65%), respectively (p-value=0.0093). Using these data, a bootstrap-based empirical power was estimated to be 75.4%. One random sample with only two-third of the original data had a p-value of 0.0066, but only an empirical power of 57.4%. Similar results were observed for a continuous outcome.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Our results show that the number of zeros after the decimal point in a p-value from an observed sample cannot and should not be used to gauge the adequacy of sample size for a future study that is expected to have sufficient power to detect an effect as big as the observed.", "QUESTION": "Is a small p-value from an observed data evidence of adequate power for future similar-sized studies : a cautionary note?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Acute irritant contact dermatitis induced by cutaneous exposure to chemicals is a common dermatologic problem in the workplace. In severe cases, irritant contact responses can result in a caustic burn. Chemical burn induced by concentrated sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in bleach) has been reported infrequently in the literature, with no previously reported cases of chemical burn due to an alkyl sulfate (a common surfactant in cleaning fluids). Here we describe a chemical burn in a 16-year-old girl resulting from exposure to a solution of concentrated sodium hypochlorite and alkyl sulfate applied as a sanitizer to the interior of roller skates worn at work. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the patient's exposure history, clinical appearance, and laboratory results. On physical examination, the erythematous plaque, located at the site of chemical exposure, had intact skin lines, surrounding edema, and decreased sensitivity to touch. The peripheral white blood cell count was within normal limits and bacterial and fungal cultures from the lesion were negative.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The irritant effect of exposure to chemicals, including those that usually are not major irritants, and the possible additive effect of simultaneous exposure to different chemicals, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute dermatitis of unknown etiology. Moreover, increased reporting of cases of chemical-induced acute irritant contact dermatitis will help lead to crucial early and appropriate treatment.", "QUESTION": "Do chemical burn induced by cutaneous exposure to a concentrated sodium hypochlorite and alkyl sulfate solution?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "We studied the relationship between minute distance calculated from pulmonary venous flow (PVF) velocity tracing and cardiac output (CO) measured with thermodilution method in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. In 32 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery, simultaneous measurements of hemodynamics including CO and transesophageal pulsed Doppler signals of PVF velocity were performed before and after surgical repair. Minute distance was calculated as the product of the heart rate and the sum of time-velocity integrals of PVF. The minute distance after surgical intervention increased from 1121 +/- 347 cm x sec(-1) to 1764 +/- 538 cm x sec(-1) (p < 0.001; mean +/- SD), while CO increased after surgical intervention from 3.5 +/- 0.9 L x min(-1) to 5.3 +/- 1.1 L x min(-1). Simple linear regression analysis showed that minute distance was related with CO before and after surgical intervention (r = 0.81 and r = 0.76, respectively). The changes in minute distance were also related with those in CO (r = 0.80).", "LONG_ANSWER": "The present study demonstrated that minute distance obtained from the pulsed Doppler tracings of PVF velocity was related with CO during cardiovascular surgery in adults. These results suggest that the changes in CO could be estimated from minute distance in pulmonary vein.", "QUESTION": "Is minute distance obtained from pulmonary venous flow velocity using transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography related to cardiac output during cardiovascular surgery?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The pathogenesis of hypertension is dependent on tissue angiotensin (Ang) II, which induces cardiovascular and renal remodeling. The presence of label-retaining cells (LRCs) as renal stem cells has been reported in nephrotubulus. We examined effects of treatment with valsartan on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and renal LRCs in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). SHR-SP were salt-loaded and treated with hydralazine or valsartan. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) were cultured to assess EPC colony formation and migration. LRCs were labeled for 1 week with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and were detected after a 2-week chase period. We measured expression of c-kit and Pax-2 mRNAs in renal medulla. Colony formation and migration of EPCs were suppressed in salt-loaded SHR-SP. Treatment with valsartan markedly stimulated these EPC functions. There was no difference in the number of renal LRCs in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and SHR-SP. Treatment with valsartan significantly improved renal tubular degeneration and increased the number of LRCs in renal medulla from salt-loaded SHR-SP. Treatment with valsartan significantly increased expression of c-kit and Pax-2 mRNAs in renal medulla from salt-loaded SHR-SP.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These findings suggest that ARBs have cardiovascular and renal protective effects through an antioxidative action that stimulates ECP function and increases the number of the self-repairing renal LRCs.", "QUESTION": "Does treatment with valsartan stimulate endothelial progenitor cells and renal label-retaining cells in hypertensive rats?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Arm lymphedema is a common complication after breast cancer treatment. Although conservative treatment can be used to reduce swelling, treatment often fails, possibly due to chronic edema being transformed from lymph fluid to subcutaneous fat, a condition called nonpitting lymphedema. It is currently unknown if the excess volume is solely due to excess in fat. This study evaluated whether dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) could be used to estimate the excess fat, muscle, and bone tissue in patients with arm lymphedema. Eighteen women with arm lymphedema were investigated. Measurements were converted to volume values and compared with values obtained using plethysmography (PG). Linear regression equations and correlation equations were used to compare the DXA and the PG techniques in regard to total volume and excess volume in the lymphedematous arm. DXA was used to estimate excess fat, muscle, and bone volume in the lymphedematous arm. Both DXA and PG provided similar total arm volume and excess volume measurements for the lymphedematous arm. The lymphedematous arm showed 73% more fat, 47% more muscle, and 7% more bone by volume in the lymphedematous arm.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Both excess fat and muscle volume contributed to the total excess volume in nonpitting arm lymphedema; excess soft tissue developed the first few years after breast cancer surgery. DXA can be used to identify patients with excess fat in their arms and thus unsuitable for conservative treatment and may be useful in estimating the amount of fat to remove in patients scheduled for liposuction.", "QUESTION": "Is breast cancer-related chronic arm lymphedema associated with excess adipose and muscle tissue?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Laparoscopy is important in staging pancreatic cancer, but false negatives remain problematic. Making tumors fluorescent has the potential to improve the accuracy of staging laparoscopy. Orthotopic and carcinomatosis models of pancreatic cancer were established with BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells in nude mice. Alexa488-antiCEA conjugates were injected via tail vein 24 hours prior to laparoscopy. Mice were examined under bright field laparoscopic (BL) and fluorescence laparoscopic (FL) modes. Outcomes measured included time to identification of primary tumor for the orthotopic model and number of metastases identified within 2 minutes for the carcinomatosis model. FL enabled more rapid and accurate identification and localization of primary tumors and metastases than BL. Using BL took statistically significantly longer time than FL (p<0.0001, fold change and 95% CI for BL vs. FL: 8.12 (4.54,14.52)). More metastatic lesions were detected and localized under FL compared to BL and with greater accuracy, with sensitivities of 96% vs. 40%, respectively, when compared to control. FL was sensitive enough to detect metastatic lesions <1mm.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The use of fluorescence laparoscopy with tumors labeled with fluorophore-conjugated anti-CEA antibody permits rapid detection and accurate localization of primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer in an orthotopic model. The results of the present report demonstrate the future clinical potential of fluorescence laparoscopy.", "QUESTION": "Does tumor-specific fluorescence antibody imaging enable accurate staging laparoscopy in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "According to the American Speech and Hearing Association auditory processing and phonological processing abilities have to be treated as separate entities. This predicts that auditory processing tests do not correlate with phonological processing tasks. Prospective study; 30 preschool children (5;0 to 7;0 years old, 33 boys, 19 girls); descriptive statistics and correlational analysis; items: 60 minimal pairs consisting of real words and nonsense words and standardized phonological processing assessment inventory \"BISC\". No relevant correlation was found between any auditory and phonological processing parameter.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These results confirm that auditory and phonological processing have to be treated as separate entities. Although a hierarchical model of auditory input processing ultimately enabling comprehension appears to be accepted in the literature, auditory processing may not predict phonological processing and vice versa.", "QUESTION": "Do [ Auditory processing and phonological processing correlate in preschool children ]?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "F-FDG PET/CT has been recently proposed as a noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of renal allograft acute rejection (AR) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Still, the influence of kidney function on F-FDG uptake by renal grafts remains unknown. We retrospectively identified all KTRs who underwent at least one F-FDG PET/CT. Kidney transplant recipients with documented pyelonephritis or AR were excluded. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was assessed using chronic kidney disease (CKD)-EPI equation. Mean standardized uptake values (SUVmean) of renal graft cortex and aorta were measured in 4 and 1 volumes of interest, respectively. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed. Eighty-two KTRs underwent F-FDG PET/CT for tumor staging (n = 46), suspected infection (n = 11), or fever of unknown origin (n = 25). Mean eGFR was 50 ± 19 mL/min per 1.73 m, including CKD stage 1 (n = 3), stage 2 (n = 21), stage 3a (n = 20), stage 3b (n = 29), and stage 4 (n = 9). Mean kidney and aorta SUVmean were 1.8 ± 0.2 and 1.7 ± 0.3, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between eGFR and kidney SUVmean (ρ, 0.119; P, 0.28) or aorta SUVmean (ρ, -0.144; P, 0.20). ANOVA showed no difference of kidney (P, 0.62) and aorta (P, 0.85) SUVmean between CKD groups. Mean coefficient of variation (on the basis of kidney SUVmean of >3 consecutive F-FDG PET/CT in 15 patients with no significant change of eGFR) reached 13.1%.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The uptake of F-FDG by renal allografts within an hour postinjection is not significantly impacted by CKD.", "QUESTION": "Is the Uptake of 18F-FDG by Renal Allograft in Kidney Transplant Recipients Influenced by Renal Function?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Somatic mutations have been found causative for endocrine autonomy in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs). Whereas mutations of PRKACA (catalytic subunit of protein kinase A) have been identified in cortisol-producing adenomas, the presence of PRKACA variants in APAs is unknown, especially in those that display cosecretion of cortisol. The objective of the study was to investigate PRKACA somatic variants identified in APA cases. Identification of PRKACA somatic variants in APAs by whole-exome sequencing followed by in vitro analysis of the enzymatic activity of PRKACA variants and functional characterization by double immunofluorescence of CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 expression in the corresponding tumor tissues. APA tissues were collected from 122 patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism between 2005 and 2015 at a single institution. PRKACA somatic mutations were identified in two APA cases (1.6%). One APA carried a newly identified p.His88Asp variant, whereas in a second case, a p.Leu206Arg mutation was found, previously described only in cortisol-producing adenomas with overt Cushing's syndrome. Functional analysis showed that the p.His88Asp variant was not associated with gain of function. Although CYP11B2 was strongly expressed in the p.His88Asp-mutated APA, the p.Leu206Arg carrying APA predominantly expressed CYP11B1. Accordingly, biochemical Cushing's syndrome was present only in the patient with the p.Leu206Arg mutation. After adrenalectomy, both patients improved with a reduced number of antihypertensive medications and normalized serum potassium levels.", "LONG_ANSWER": "We describe for the first time PRKACA mutations as rare findings associated with unilateral primary aldosteronism. As cortisol cosecretion occurs in a subgroup of APAs, other molecular mechanisms are likely to exist.", "QUESTION": "Do pRKACA Somatic Mutations Are Rare Findings in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To examine the influence of age on glucose homeostasis in a population of healthy, non-diabetic hospital personnel. One hundred and twenty female and 71 male non-diabetic individuals (fasting plasma glucose < 7.0 mmol/l) were fasted overnight prior to blood sampling. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting plasma insulin (FPI) were measured using a BioRad Diamat automated HPLC, a Hitachi 747 analyser and a sensitive in-house radioimmunoassay, respectively. Mathematical modelling of the fasting glucose and insulin pairs (homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)) generated indices of pancreatic beta cell function, HOMA-B and tissue insulin sensitivity HOMA-S. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that in the whole group there was a significant negative correlation between age and HOMA-B (rs = -0.218, P = 0.0022) and a significant positive correlation between age and both HbA1c (rs = 0.307, P = 0.0001) and FPG (rs = 0.26, P = 0.0003). There was no correlation between age and either FPI (rs = -0.08, P = 0.266) or HOMA-S (rs = 0.024, P = 0.75). Analysis by gender showed the above associations to be present in the females (rs = -0.243, P = 0.0076; rs = 0.304, P = 0.0007; rs = 0.32, P = 0.0004 for age vs. HOMA-B, HbA1c, and FPG, respectively). Again there was no correlation of age with FPI or insulin sensitivity. In the males there was a significant correlation of HbA1c with age (rs = 0.35, P = 0.002), but no significant correlation of age with any of the other parameters.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Glycaemic control deteriorates with age in healthy, non-diabetic individuals. Age-related rises in FPG and haemoglobin A1c result from a small but steady decline in pancreatic beta cell function.", "QUESTION": "Is age-related increase in haemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose accompanied by a decrease in beta cell function without change in insulin sensitivity : evidence from a cross-sectional study of hospital personnel?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To elucidate the clinicopathological significance and the role of Jun Activation Domain-Binding Protein 1 (JAB1), Ser10-phosphorylated p27 (p27S10), and total p27 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. We evaluated the expression of JAB1 and p27S10 in tissues by immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. p27 Ser10 phosphorylation and Ser10 phosphorylation-dependent p27-JAB1 interaction were demonstrated in proliferating Huh7 cells following transfection of pEGFP-p27WT/p27S10A/p27S10D plasmids and pcDNA3.1-p27WT/p27S10A/p27S10D-Myc plasmids. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to determine their role in HCC prognosis. JAB1 and p27S10 are overexpressed in HCC samples compared with paired normal tissues. There was a strong correlation between JAB1 and p27S10 expression (P < 0.001), and expression of both inversely correlated with total p27 levels (P < 0.001). High JAB1 and p27S10 expression correlated with histological grade, vascular invasion, and serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level (all P < 0.01). Total p27 expression also correlated with histological tumor grade (P = 0.048) and AFP level (P = 0.015). The p27S10(high)/JAB1(high)/p27(1ow) profile was the most reliable indication of poor prognostic. Ser10 phosphorylation increased and total p27 levels decreased in a time-dependent manner in serum-starved Huh7 cells following addition of serum. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that p27 Ser-to-Asp substitution at position 10 (S10D) markedly enhanced the interaction between JAB1 and p27, but replacement of S10A reduced binding.", "LONG_ANSWER": "This study revealed that combined JAB1, p27S10, and total p27 expression may serve as a prognostic marker for HCC.", "QUESTION": "Do jAB1 and phospho-Ser10 p27 expression profile determine human hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium is necessary for atheroma formation. This adhesion requires binding of endothelial neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) to monocyte NCAM. NCAM:NCAM binding is blocked by sialylation of NCAM (polysialylated NCAM; PSA-NCAM). Since estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced PSA-NCAM and decreased monocyte adhesion, in consideration of possible clinical applications we tested whether their prohormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has similar effects. (1) DHEA was administered to cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) from men and women. Monocyte binding was assessed using fluorescence-labeled monocytes. (2) HCEACs were incubated with E2, DHT, DHEA alone, or with trilostane, fulvestrant or flutamide. Expression of PSA-NCAM was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibited monocyte adhesion to HCAECs by ≥50% (P < .01). Fulvestrant or flutamide blockade of DHEA's inhibition of monocyte binding appeared to be gender dependent. The DHEA-induced expression of PSA-NCAM was completely blocked by trilostane.", "LONG_ANSWER": "In these preliminary in vitro studies, DHEA increased PSA-NCAM expression and inhibited monocyte binding in an estrogen- and androgen receptor-dependent manner. Dehydroepiandrosteroneappears to act via its end metabolites, E2 and DHT. Dehydroepiandrosterone could furnish clinical prevention against atherogenesis and arteriosclerosis.", "QUESTION": "Is dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) inhibition of monocyte binding by vascular endothelium associated with sialylation of neural cell adhesion molecule?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To determine the role of thyroid hormone in inducing the UV (SWS1)-to-blue (SWS2) opsin switch in the retina of two salmonid fishes, the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Fish were treated with thyroid hormone (T(4)) or the vehicle solution (0.1 M NaOH, control), exogenously or by intraocular injection, at different life history stages. Microspectrophotometry and in situ hybridization with riboprobes against the SWS1 and SWS2 opsins were used to reveal the dynamics of opsin expression in treated and control animals. To assess whether thyroid hormone induced differentiation of retinal progenitor cells into cones, treated and control fish were injected intraocularly with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and the number of proliferating cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) determined. These observations were accompanied by histologic counts of cone densities. Thyroid hormone induced a reversible UV-to-blue opsin switch in differentiated single cones of juvenile salmonids (alevin and parr stages), but failed to exert any effect in the retina of older fish (smolt stage). The switch progressed from the ventral to the dorsal retina in clockwise fashion. Thyroid hormone did not induce cone density changes or alterations in the number of BrdU-labeled cells, which were the same in control and treated animals.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Thyroid hormone induces a UV (SWS1)-to-blue (SWS2) opsin switch in the retina of young salmonid fishes that is identical with that occurring during natural development. The switch occurs in differentiated photoreceptors, is reversible (maintained by thyroid hormone exposure), and can be induced only before its natural onset. Thyroid hormone did not cause changes in the number of proliferating cells in the ONL. These results conform to the dynamics of thyroid hormone-induced opsin expression in the mouse and are consistent with the opsin plasticity found in differentiated photoreceptors of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This work establishes a role for thyroid hormone in triggering opsin switches in the vertebrate retina.", "QUESTION": "Does thyroid hormone induce a time-dependent opsin switch in the retina of salmonid fishes?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been broadly used in the management of vasodilatory shock. However, there are many concerns regarding its clinical use, especially in high doses, as it can be associated with adverse cardiovascular events. To investigate the cardiovascular effects of AVP in continuous IV infusion on hemodynamic parameters in dogs. Sixteen healthy mongrel dogs, anesthetized with pentobarbital were intravascularly catheterized, and randomly assigned to: control (saline-placebo; n=8) and AVP (n=8) groups. The study group was infused with AVP for three consecutive 10-minute periods at logarithmically increasing doses (0.01; 0.1 and 1.0 U/kg/min), at them 20-min intervals. Heart rate (HR) and intravascular pressures were continuously recorded. Cardiac output was measured by the thermodilution method. No significant hemodynamic effects were observed during 0.01 U/kg/min of AVP infusion, but at higher doses (0.1 and 1.0 U/kg/min) a progressive increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were observed, with a significant decrease in HR and the cardiac index (CI). A significant increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) was also observed with the 1.0 U/kg/min dose, mainly due to the decrease in the CI.", "LONG_ANSWER": "AVP, when administered at doses between 0.1 and 1.0 U/kg/min, induced significant increases in MAP and SVRI, with negative inotropic and chronotropic effects in healthy animals. Although these doses are ten to thousand times greater than those routinely used for the management of vasodilatory shock, our data confirm that AVP might be used carefully and under strict hemodynamic monitoring in clinical practice, especially if doses higher than 0.01 U/kg/min are needed.", "QUESTION": "Does [ Vasopressin intravenous infusion cause dose dependent adverse cardiovascular effects in anesthetized dogs ]?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Vitamin D3 and its analogues have recently been shown to enhance the anti-tumour effects of 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) both in vitro and in xenograft mouse model of colon cancer. This study measured the potential mechanism(s) by which vitamin D3 could synergise the tumouricidal activities of 5-FU in azoxymethane (AOM) rat model of colon cancer. Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided equally into 5 groups: Control, AOM, AOM-treated by 5-FU (5-FU), AOM-treated by vitamin D3 (VitD3), and AOM-treated by 5-FU + vitamin D3 (5-FU/D). The study duration was 15 weeks. AOM was injected subcutaneously for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/week). 5-FU was injected intraperitoneally in the 9th and 10th weeks post AOM (8 total injections were given: 12 mg/kg/day for 4 successive days, then 6 mg/kg every other day for another 4 doses) and oral vitamin D3 (500 IU/rat/day; 3 days/week) was given from week 7 post AOM till the last week of the study. The colons were collected following euthanasia for gross and histopathological examination. The expression of β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β type 2 receptor (TGF-βR2), smad4, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90) proteins was measured by immunohistochemistry. In colonic tissue homogenates, quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of Wnt, β-catenin, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes, while ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of TGF-β1, HSP-90 and COX-2 proteins. Monotherapy with 5-FU or vitamin D3 significantly decreased the number of grown tumours induced by AOM (P < 0.05); however, their combination resulted in more significant tumouricidal effects (P < 0.05) compared with monotherapy groups. Mechanistically, vitamin D3/5-FU co-therapy significantly decreased the expression of Wnt, β-catenin, iNOS, COX-2 and HSP-90 and significantly increased the expression of DKK-1, TGF-β1, TGF-βR2, smad4 (P < 0.05), in comparison with their corresponding monotherapy groups.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Vitamin D3 and 5-FU synergise together and exhibit better anticancer effects by modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway, TGF-β1 signals, iNOS, COX-2 and HSP-90. Further studies are required to illustrate the clinical value of vitamin D supplementation during the treatment of colon cancer with 5-FU in human patients.", "QUESTION": "Does vitamin D3 enhance the tumouricidal effects of 5-Fluorouracil through multipathway mechanisms in azoxymethane rat model of colon cancer?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Topiramate has recently proved to be safe and effective in the prevention of migraine and is currently the only neuromodulatory drug indicated for the prevention of migraine in Spain. To evaluate the adherence, effectiveness and safety of preventive treatment with topiramate in patients diagnosed with migraine. A prospective, observational, multi-centre study was conducted in general neurology departments. Patients eligible for the study were those with migraine, above 14 years of age, who needed preventive treatment and in whom other preventive treatments had failed or for whom topiramate was believed to be the most suitable therapy as regards its profile of side effects. The effectiveness of the treatment, patient satisfaction, side effects and loss of body weight were all evaluated. Effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by means of the reduction in the frequency of migraines and the score obtained on the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). A total of 79 patients were evaluated. The dosage of topiramate ranged between 25 and 200 mg/day, with an average of 100 mg/day. 19% of the patients dropped out of the study due to side effects. Paresthesias were the most frequent reason for dropping out. No serious side effects were observed. 14% of the patients lost more than 5% of the base weight. The percentage of patients who responded was 58%. The degree of satisfaction of the patients who completed the follow-up was: good (80%), regular (11%) and poor (9%).", "LONG_ANSWER": "Preventive treatment with topiramate significantly reduces the impact of migraine and the disability that results from it. Treatment is satisfactory and improves the quality of life in a large percentage of patients.", "QUESTION": "Does [ Preventive treatment with topiramate enhance the quality of life of patients with migraine ]?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Previous studies have shown that the cell polarity protein partitioning defective 3 (Par3) plays an essential role in the formation of tight junctions and definition of apical-basal polarity. Aberrant function of this protein has been reported to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer invasion. The aim of this study was to examine the functional mechanism of Par3 in ovarian cancer. First, we investigated the association between Par3 expression level and survival of 50 ovarian cancer patients. Next, we conducted an in vitro analysis of ovarian cancer cell lines, focusing on the cell line JHOC5, to investigate Par3 function. To investigate the function of Par3 in invasion, the IL-6/STAT3 pathway was analyzed upon Par3 knockdown with siRNA. The effect of siRNA treatment was assessed by qPCR, ELISA, and western blotting. Invasiveness and cell proliferation following treatment with siRNA against Par3 were investigated using Matrigel chamber, wound healing, and cell proliferation assays. Expression array data for ovarian cancer patient samples revealed low Par3 expression was significantly associated with good prognosis. Univariate analysis of clinicopathological factors revealed significant association between high Par3 levels and peritoneal dissemination at the time of diagnosis. Knockdown of Par3 in JHOC5 cells suppressed cell invasiveness, migration, and cell proliferation with deregulation of IL-6/STAT3 activity.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Taken together, these results suggest that Par3 expression is likely involved in ovarian cancer progression, especially in peritoneal metastasis. The underlying mechanism may be that Par3 modulates IL-6 /STAT3 signaling. Here, we propose that the expression of Par3 in ovarian cancer may control disease outcome.", "QUESTION": "Does expression of Par3 polarity protein correlate with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Aromatase inhibitors that block the synthesis of estrogen are proving to be superior to antiestrogens and may replace tamoxifen as first-line treatment for postmenopausal estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients. However, acquisition of resistance to all forms of treatments is inevitable and a major clinical concern. In this study, we have investigated the effects of long-term estrogen deprivation in the breast cancer xenograft model and whether sensitivity to antiestrogens can be restored in vivo. We also compared whether combining wortmannin with tamoxifen or fulvestrant inhibited tumor growth better than either drug alone. Long-term estrogen-deprived aromatase-transfected human ER-positive breast cancer cells (UMB-1Ca) were grown as tumors in ovariectomized athymic nude mice. Twelve weeks after inoculation, when tumors reached 300 mm(3), animals were grouped and injected with vehicle, Delta(4)A, letrozole, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, wortmannin, tamoxifen plus wortmannin, and wortmannin plus fulvestrant. Tumor volumes were measured weekly. Tumors of UMB-1Ca cells grew equally well with and without androstenedione, indicating the ability of the cells to proliferate in the absence of estrogen. The combination of wortmannin with tamoxifen or fulvestrant inhibited tumor growth better than either drug alone. The combination of wortmannin plus fulvestrant was the most effective treatment that maintained tumor regression for a prolonged time.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These results suggest that blocking both ER and growth factor receptor pathways could provide effective control over tumor growth of long-term estrogen-deprived human breast cancers.", "QUESTION": "Does inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway improve response of long-term estrogen-deprived breast cancer xenografts to antiestrogens?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Adolescent onset of nicotine abuse is correlated with worse chances at successful abstinence in adulthood. One reason for this may be due to enduring learning deficits resulting from nicotine use during adolescence. Previous work has indicated that chronic nicotine administration beginning in late adolescence (PND38) caused learning deficits in contextual fear when tested in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic nicotine treatment during adolescence would alter sensitivity to nicotine's cognitive enhancing properties in adulthood. C57BL/6J mice received saline or chronic nicotine (12.6mg/kg/day) during adolescence (postnatal day 38) or adulthood (postnatal day 54) for a period of 12 days. Following a 30-day protracted abstinence, mice received either an acute injection of saline or nicotine (0.045, 0.18, and 0.36mg/kg) prior to training and testing a mouse model of contextual fear. It was found that chronic nicotine administration in adult mice did not alter sensitivity to acute nicotine following a protracted abstinence. In adolescent mice, chronic nicotine administration disrupted adult learning and decreased sensitivity to acute nicotine in adulthood as only the highest dose tested (0.36mg/kg) was able to enhance contextual fear learning.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These results suggest that adolescent nicotine exposure impairs learning in adulthood, which could increase the risk for continued nicotine use in adulthood by requiring administration of higher doses of nicotine to reverse learning impairments caused by adolescent nicotine exposure.", "QUESTION": "Does chronic Nicotine Treatment During Adolescence attenuate the Effects of Acute Nicotine in Adult Contextual Fear Learning?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is linked to endothelial damage, NF-κB activation and induced development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum IS levels and the severity of coronary artery stenosis. In addition, the relationship among IS and various cardiovascular risk factors was also explored. Serum IS concentrations were measured using ultra performance liquid chromatography in 191 consecutive patients presenting with stable angina. The associations between serum IS levels and angiographic indexes of the number of diseased vessels, modified Gensini scores and calcium scores were determined. Patients with significant coronary artery stenosis were found to have higher serum IS levels than patients with normal coronary arteries. Using multivariate analysis, serum IS levels were found to be independently associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Furthermore, statistically significant correlation was observed between the serum IS levels and age, Agatston calcium score, volume calcium score, modified Gensini score, coronary lesions, coronary disease and Framingham-10 year risk score.", "LONG_ANSWER": "This study indicates that serum IS levels are significantly higher in the presence of CAD and correlate with the severity of the disease and coronary atherosclerosis scores, which suggest that increased serum IS may be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis.", "QUESTION": "Are levels of indoxyl sulfate associated with severity of coronary atherosclerosis?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Prospective observational study. To investigate the potential association between fibrinogen, bleeding, and transfusion requirements after scoliosis surgery. Bleeding complications during and after orthopedic surgery are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Early identification of patients with increased risk of excessive bleeding offers the possibility to initiate countermeasures. Fibrinogen is a key protein in the coagulation cascade, and thus a potential biomarker for bleeding risk. A total of 82 otherwise healthy patients (mean age: 15 ± 3 years, 85% girls) undergoing surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were included in the study. Patient variables (age, gender, operation time, and thrombosis prophylaxis), preoperative laboratory variables (hemoglobin, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], prothrombin time [PT], and fibrinogen), peroperative and postoperative bleeding volume, and transfusions were registered. Correlations between laboratory variables and bleeding volume were calculated with Pearson test. Patient variables and laboratory variables were compared with Student t test between patients with bleeding volume in the upper quartile (\"bleeders\") and the remaining patients, and between patients with extensive transfusion (defined as >2 U of packed red cells) and no or limited transfusions (≤ 2 U). Mean fibrinogen concentration was 3.0 ± 0.7 g/L (range, 1.3- 4.9). Mean total perioperative bleeding volume was 1552 ± 1019 mL (range, 100-5800 mL). Total bleeding volume correlated significantly with preoperative fibrinogen concentration (r = -0.31, P = 0.005) but neither with platelet count, aPTT, nor PT (P = 0.61, 0.46, and 0.57, respectively). Bleeders had significantly lower preoperative fibrinogen plasma concentration (2.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.1 ± 0.6 g/L, P = 0.002). Of total, 16% (13/82) of the patients were transfused with >2 U of packed red cells. Patients with extensive transfusions had significantly lower preoperative fibrinogen plasma concentration (2.5 ± 0.7 vs. 3.1 ± 0.6 g/L, P = 0.002), while preoperative platelet count, aPTT, and PT did not differ.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The results indicate that preoperative fibrinogen concentration is a limiting factor for postoperative hemostasis during and after scoliosis surgery. Preoperative measurement of fibrinogen concentration provides more information about bleeding volume and transfusion requirements than standard screening tests.", "QUESTION": "Is preoperative fibrinogen plasma concentration associated with perioperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Interposition of a vein cuff between a prosthetic infrainguinal bypass graft and a recipient infrageniculate artery can improve graft patency. There is evidence that the improved performance may be explained by a redistribution of myointimal hyperplasia (MIH) away from the critical areas at the heel and toe of the cuff-artery anastomosis. It is widely accepted that there is an association between hemodynamic forces, more specifically, low wall shear stress (WSS), and the development of MIH. The aim of this study was to determine whether the reported redistribution of MIH in the interposition vein cuff (IVC) may be explained by differences in magnitude and distribution of WSS. Design of Study and Method: Detailed flow velocity measurements were made in life-size models of conventional end-to-side (ETS) and IVC anastomoses using a two-component laser Doppler anemometer under pulsatile flow conditions. Velocity vectors were determined in the plane of symmetry of the anastomosis, and the variation of WSS was estimated from near-wall velocity measurements on the floor and upper wall of the artery. The main flow features in the ETS anastomosis were flow separation at the graft hood, strong radial velocity at the heel, and a stagnation point on the floor of the artery that moved slightly during the flow cycle. In the IVC anastomosis, a coherent vortex that occupied most of the cuff volume was present from the systolic deceleration phase to end diastole. A stagnation point on the anastomosis floor was found to oscillate by about 4 mm. Critical regions of low mean WSS (ie, below 0.5 N/m(2)) were identified. In the ETS anastomosis, they were found at the heel and along the floor. In the IVC anastomosis, low mean WSS was found only on the floor, and it was generally less extensive than in the ETS anastomosis.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The vein cuff anastomosis alters the mean WSS distribution within the recipient artery and removes the area of low WSS at the heel. This may explain the redistribution of MIH away from important sites in the recipient artery.", "QUESTION": "Does interposition vein cuff anastomosis alter wall shear stress distribution in the recipient artery?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Bone matrix mineralization based on quantitative backscatter electron imaging remained unchanged during the first year of menopause in paired transiliac biopsy samples from healthy women. This suggests that the reported early perimenopausal reductions in bone mineral density are caused by factors other than decreases in the degree of mineralization. It is unknown whether perimenopausal loss of bone mass is associated with a drop in bone matrix mineralization. For this purpose, we measured the bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) by quantitative backscatter electron imaging (qBEI) in n = 17 paired transiliac bone biopsy samples at premenopausal baseline and 12 months after last menses (obtained at average ages of 49 ± 2 and 55 ± 2 years, respectively) in healthy women. For interpretation of BMDD outcomes, previously measured bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical and histomorphometric markers of bone turnover were revisited for the present biopsy cohort. Menopause significantly decreased BMD at the lumbar spine (-4.5 %) and femoral neck (-3.8 %), increased the fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (+60 %, all p < 0.01) and histomorphometric bone formation rate (+25 %, p < 0.05), but affected neither cancellous nor cortical BMDD variables (paired comparison p > 0.05). Mean calcium concentrations of cancellous (Cn.CaMean) and cortical bone (Ct.CaMean) were within normal range (p > 0.05 compared to established reference data). Ct.CaMean was significantly correlated with Cn.CaMean before (R = 0.81, p < 0.001) and after menopause (R = 0.80, p < 0.001) and to cortical porosity of mineralized tissue (Ct.Po.) after menopause (R = -0.57, p = 0.02).", "LONG_ANSWER": "Surprisingly, the BMDD was found not affected by the changes in bone turnover rates in this cohort. This suggests that the substantial increase in bone formation rates took place shortly before the second biopsy, and the bone mineralization changes lag behind. We conclude that during the first year after the last menses, the degree of bone matrix mineralization is preserved and does not contribute to the observed reductions in BMD.", "QUESTION": "Is bone matrix mineralization preserved during early perimenopausal stage in healthy women : a paired biopsy study?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare autosomal-crecessive or sporadic disorder, characterized by repeated episodes of unexplained cholestasis followed by prolonged asymptomatic periods. We present two male patients aged 12 and 15 years old who initially presented cholestasis and who had no family history of liver or biliary disease. Typically, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels were elevated, with a slight increase in transaminases and gamma-glutamyltransferase. In both patients biliary tract disease was ruled out by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and magnetic resonance cholangiography while no significant abnormalities of the liver parenchyma were found on liver biopsy. Early treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) reduced the duration of the cholestasis episode compared with that of other episodes in which the patient had received other treatment or the treatment was late (1 or 2 months vs 4 months in patient 1 and 1-3 months vs 5 months in patient 2, respectively).", "LONG_ANSWER": "Consensus is lacking on the treatment of BRIC although several treatment have been used. UDCA could be effective in increasing bile acid secretion and in reducing serum bilirubin levels. In the two patients described, the initial dosage was 15 mg/kg/day, which was subsequently maintained at 6 mg/kg/day, which was subsequently maintained 6 mg/kg/day until biochemical parameters returned to normal. Nevertheless, larger studies are required to confirm that UDA shortens episodes of cholestasis in BRIC.", "QUESTION": "Does [ Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment shorten the course of cholestasis in two patients with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis ]?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The attenuation of the number and severity of infections is of importance to athletes. Probiotics use has increased over recent years with beneficial effects believed to include improvements in immune function. Research has focused on their effectiveness for reducing the number, duration and severity of infections amongst endurance athletes. At present no research has been undertaken with team sport athletes. This randomised controlled trial aimed to determine the effectiveness of probiotics on the number, duration and severity of infections amongst elite union rugby players. Randomised control trial with two arms; placebo and probiotic. Thirty elite rugby union players were allocated in random order to receive a probiotics supplement or a placebo for four weeks each. Supplements were consumed on a daily basis. There was a four week washout period between treatments. Participants completed a daily diary to identify and rate the severity of any infectious symptoms. During the probiotic treatment 14/30 participants never experienced a single upper respiratory tract illness (URTI) or gastrointestinal (GI) episode, compared to 6/30 on the placebo supplementation (p=0.033). The mean±standard deviation for the number of days of illness tended to be higher for the placebo, (5.8±6.6 days) than probiotic (3.4±4.6 days), (p=0.054). There was no significant difference in the severity of the symptoms between the two treatment groups (p=0.110).", "LONG_ANSWER": "These positive effects of probiotic supplements provide evidence for the beneficial effects of daily supplementation with these probiotic strains in highly trained rugby union players.", "QUESTION": "Does probiotic supplementation reduce the duration and incidence of infections but not severity in elite rugby union players?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "T lymphocytes express muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) involved in regulating their proliferation, differentiation and cytokine release. Activation of M1, M3 or M5 mAChRs increases the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) through inositol-1,4,5-phosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca(2+) release from endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores. In addition, T lymphocytes express Ca(2+)-release activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels to induce Ca(2+) influx and to regulate diverse immune functions. Our aim in the present study was to assess the role of CRAC channels during mAChR activation in the Ca(2+)-dependent transduction that contributes to the regulation of T cell function. Changes in [Ca(2+)]i following mAChR activation on human leukemic T cells, CCRF-CEM (CEM), were monitored using fura-2, based on the ratio of 510nm fluorescences elicited by excitation at 340nm and 380nm (R340/380). We demonstrate that CEM cells express mainly M3 and M5 mAChRs, but little the M1 subtype, and that oxotremorine-M (Oxo-M), an mAChR agonist, induces an initial transient increase in [Ca(2+)]i followed by repetitive [Ca(2+)]i oscillations. Removing extracellular Ca(2+) or pharmacological blockade of CRAC channels abolished the [Ca(2+)]i oscillations without affecting the initial [Ca(2+)]i transient induced by Oxo-M. Moreover, CRAC channel blockade also suppressed Oxo-M-induced c-fos and interleukin-2 expression.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These results suggest that upon M3 or M5 mAChR activation, IP3-mediated Ca(2+) release induces extracellular Ca(2+) influx through CRAC channels, which generates repetitive [Ca(2+)]i oscillations and, in turn, enhances c-fos gene expression in T lymphocytes.", "QUESTION": "Are cRAC channels required for [ Ca ( 2+ ) ] i oscillations and c-fos gene expression after muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation in leukemic T cells?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Fight or flight heart rate (HR) increases depend on protein kinase A (PKA)- and calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated enhancement of Ca(2+) uptake and release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in sinoatrial nodal cells (SANC). However, the impact of specific PKA and CaMKII phosphorylation sites on HR is unknown. We systematically evaluated validated PKA and CaMKII target sites on phospholamban and the ryanodine receptor using genetically modified mice. We found that knockin alanine replacement of ryanodine receptor PKA (S2808) or CaMKII (S2814) target sites failed to affect HR responses to isoproterenol or spontaneous activity in vivo or in SANC. Similarly, selective mutation of phospholamban amino acids critical for enhancing SR Ca(2+) uptake by PKA (S16) or CaMKII (T17) to alanines did not affect HR in vivo or in SANC. In contrast, CaMKII inhibition by expression of AC3-I has been shown to slow SANC rate responses to isoproterenol and decrease SR Ca(2+) content. Phospholamban deficiency rescued SR Ca(2+) content and SANC rate responses to isoproterenol in mice with AC3-I expression, suggesting that CaMKII affects HR by modulation of SR Ca(2+) content. Consistent with this, mice expressing a superinhibitory phospholamban mutant had low SR Ca(2+) content and slow HR in vivo and in SANC.", "LONG_ANSWER": "SR Ca(2+) depletion reduces HR and SR Ca(2+) repletion restores physiological SANC rate responses, despite CaMKII inhibition. PKA and CaMKII do not affect HR by a unique target site governing SR Ca(2+) uptake or release. HR acceleration may require an SR Ca(2+) content threshold.", "QUESTION": "Does a Single Protein Kinase A or Calmodulin Kinase II Site Control the Cardiac Pacemaker Ca2+ Clock?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is a positive regulator of tumorigenesis and a valuable prognostic marker of a diverse array of cancers, including liver cancer; however, the relationship between AEG-1 and hepatic fibrogenesis is not known. The objective of this study was to explore the expression of AEG-1 during hepatic fibrogenesis and determine how AEG-1 regulates the profibrogenic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The levels of AEG-1 were monitored in the fibrotic livers and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HSCs. The expression of AEG-1 was knocked down by lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA in HSCs, and collagen expression, proliferation assays, apoptosis induction studies, and migration assays were simultaneously conducted in vitro. AEG-1 expression was increased in the fibrotic livers. At the cellular level, TGF-β or LPS stimulation, which caused HSC activation, induced AEG-1 expression in HSC-T6 and primary rat HSCs (P < 0.05). Knockdown of AEG-1 inhibited collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin expression (P < 0.05), reduced cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and motility (P < 0.05), and induced cell apoptosis (P < 0.05) in HSCs. This antifibrotic effect caused by lack of AEG-1 was associated with the inactivation of PI3K/Akt and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Knockdown of AEG-1 suppressed the activation of HSCs by modulating the phenotype and inducing apoptosis. AEG-1 might be a potential target in treatment of hepatic fibrosis.", "QUESTION": "Does knockdown of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 inhibit Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Many factors are involved in the progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism, including acidosis. Stewart's approach has made it possible to identify real determinants of acid-base status, making chloride a real etiological factor of acid-base disturbances. In addition, it has allowed the quantification of the components of these disturbances, especially the unmeasured anions. We performed a cross-sectional study to quantify each component of acidosis in hemodialysis patients and correlate them with renal bone disease biochemical markers. Sixty maintenance hemodialysis patients and 14 controls were enrolled in this study. Each acid-base determinant was quantified and correlated in multivariate regression with intact serum parathormone and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, adjusting to other variables. Hemodialysis patients were more acidotic than controls, mainly due to the retention of unmeasured anions, hyperchloremia and hyperphosphatemia. In multivariate regression analysis, the only acid-base determinants independently correlated with bone markers were chloride, calcium and phosphorus (beta=0.537, beta=-0.256 and beta=-0.242, respectively). Although unmeasured anions were a major component of acidosis, they had no correlation with these markers.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Although unmeasured anions are considered the main component of acidosis in hemodialysis patients, serum chloride was the only acid-base determinant correlated with bone markers.", "QUESTION": "Is chloride , but not unmeasured anions , correlated with renal bone disease markers?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The association of thyroid cancer and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) has been widely addressed, with conflicting results in surgical and cytological series, likely affected by selection bias. The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between the cytological features suggestive or indicative of malignancy and AIT in 2504 consecutive patients (2029 females and 475 males, mean age 58.3 ± 14.1 y) undergoing fine-needle aspiration cytology for thyroid nodules. Based on the clinical diagnosis, patients were divided into four groups: AIT with nodules (N-AIT, 14.9%); nodular Graves disease (N-GD, 2.8%); nodular goiter and negative thyroid antibodies (NGAb-, 68.4%); and nodular goiter with positive thyroid antibodies (NGAb+, 13.9%). The prevalence of patients with cytological features suggestive (Thy4) or indicative of malignancy (Thy5) was 4.5 % in the N-AIT group, not different compared with the other groups (N-GD, 5.6%; NGAb-, 5.0%; NGAb+, 4.3%). No difference was also found in the other categories (Thy2 and Thy3). When the same analysis was performed in the subgroup of patients (14.3%) with a histological confirmation, we found that the prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer was significantly higher (P = .01) in the N-AIT group (67.8%) compared with the other groups (N-GD, 40.0%; NGAb-, 37.2%; NGAb+, 36.9%).", "LONG_ANSWER": "The results of our cytological series do not support a link between N-AIT and thyroid cancer. The association between cancer and N-AIT found in the histology-based series is likely due to a selection bias represented by the fact that the prevalent indication for surgery in the N-AIT group was suspicious cytology (60.7% of patients) more frequently than in the other groups.", "QUESTION": "Are nodules in autoimmune thyroiditis associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer in surgical series but not in cytological series : evidence for selection bias?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Data from a toddler screening study were used to examine: (1) categories of concerns regarding the development of their child reported by parents prior to diagnostic evaluation, (2) congruence of parent concerns with their child's later diagnosis, (3) the extent to which parent concern(s) were associated with the therapies their child received and types of specialists consulted, and (4) the association between the number of parental concern categories and clinical measures. Toddlers who screened positive for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during well-child checkups received a diagnostic evaluation and parents completed a history questionnaire (n = 532; 274 ASD, 258 non-ASD). Parents' concerns about their child's development, therapy received, and specialists consulted were coded into discrete categories. Most parents (>90%) reported concerns about their child's development. The most common concern in both the ASD and non-ASD groups was speech/communication (78.6%). Significant differences were found between diagnostic groups in the speech/communication, restricted/repetitive behaviors, social, behavioral, and medical concern categories. Parent concerns were associated with therapies received and specialists consulted. The number of concern categories was positively associated with several ASD scores.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The developmental concerns expressed by parents of undiagnosed toddlers were highly consistent with the diagnosis the child later received. Based in part on their areas of concern, parents made contact with the appropriate professionals and their children received some therapy prior to diagnosis. Finally, parents who reported concerns across different areas endorsed more symptoms during screening. Results emphasize the need for providers to elicit and take seriously parent concerns during the referral and diagnostic processes.", "QUESTION": "Do parents ' Concerns as They Relate to Their Child 's Development and Later Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Failure to relay information about test results pending when patients are discharged from the hospital may pose an important patient-safety problem. Few data are available on the epidemiology of test results pending at discharge or on physician awareness of these results. To determine the prevalence, characteristics, and physician awareness of potentially actionable laboratory and radiologic test results returning after hospital discharge. Cross-sectional study. Two tertiary care academic hospitals. 2644 consecutive patients discharged from hospitalist services from February to June 2004. The main outcomes were the prevalence and characteristics of potentially actionable test results returning after hospital discharge, awareness of these results by inpatient and primary care physicians, and satisfaction of inpatient physicians with current systems for follow-up on test results. The authors prospectively collected data on test results pending at the time of discharge and, as results returned after discharge, surveyed hospitalists, junior residents, and primary care physicians about those results that were potentially actionable according to a physician-reviewer. A total of 1095 patients (41%) had 2033 test results return after discharge. Of these results, 191 (9.4% [95% CI, 8.0% to 11.0%]) were potentially actionable. Surveys were sent regarding 155 results, and 105 responses were returned. Of the 105 results in the surveys with responses, physicians had been unaware of 65 (61.6% [CI, 51.3% to 70.9%]); of these 65, they agreed with physician-reviewers that 24 (37.1% [CI, 25.7% to 50.2%]) were actionable and 8 (12.6% [CI, 6.4% to 23.3%]) required urgent action. Inpatient physicians were dissatisfied with their systems for following up on test results returning after discharge.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The authors were unable to determine whether physicians' lack of awareness of test results returning after discharge was associated with adverse outcomes.", "QUESTION": "Does patient safety concerns arising from test result that return after hospital discharge?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "We first showed that absence of p53 accelerates atherosclerosis development in apoE-deficient mice. In this study, we investigated how macrophage-specific loss of p53 function might modulate atherosclerosis development in LDL receptor-deficient mice, a model for familial hypercholesterolemia. We transferred bone marrow cells isolated from p53+/+ and p53-/- mice to lethally irradiated LDL receptor-/- mice and evaluated the aortic atherosclerotic lesion areas in the recipients at different times afterward. At 15 weeks and again at 20 weeks, we found larger aortic lesion size in mice receiving p53-/- cells compared with those that received p53+/+ cells. By measuring the rate of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, we found that the absence of p53 in macrophages stimulates cellular proliferation. In contrast, the rate of apoptosis in the atheromatous lesion was similar in the two groups of mice. Furthermore, we found that the absence of macrophage-specific p53 expression was associated with vulnerable-appearing lesions marked by increased tissue necrosis and reduced collagen deposition.", "LONG_ANSWER": "p53 plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis lesion development and remodeling, and macrophage-specific p53 deficiency stimulates cellular proliferation leading to a vulnerable-appearing phenotype of lesions in a mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia.", "QUESTION": "Does macrophage-specific p53 expression play a crucial role in atherosclerosis development and plaque remodeling?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To investigate the differentiation status and key factors to facilitate hepatic differentiation of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Human MSCs derived from bone marrow were induced into hepatocyte-like cells following a previously published protocol. The differentiation status of the hepatocyte-like cells was compared with various human hepatoma cell lines. Overexpression of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α was mediated by adenovirus infection of these hepatocyte-like cells. The expression of interesting genes was then examined by either reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or real-time RT-PCR methods. Our results demonstrated that the differentiation status of hepatocyte-like cells induced from human MSCs was relatively similar to poorly differentiated human hepatoma cell lines. Interestingly, the HNF-4 isoform in induced MSCs and poorly differentiated human hepatoma cell lines was identified as HNF-4γ instead of HNF-4α. Overexpression of HNF-4α in induced MSCs significantly enhanced the expression level of hepatic-specific genes, liver-enriched transcription factors, and cytochrome P450 (P450) genes.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Overexpression of HNF-4α improves the hepatic differentiation of human MSCs from bone marrow and is a simple way of providing better cell sources for clinical applications.", "QUESTION": "Does hNF-4α determine hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1) is known to conduct various functions related to cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and castration resistance in prostate cancer. However, it is still unknown how YB-1 affects cancer biology, especially its correlations with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Therefore, we aimed to examine the interaction between YB-1 and the MAPK pathway in prostate cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation assay were conducted in prostate cancer cells. YB-1, phosphorylated YB-1 (p-YB-1), and ERK2 protein expressions in 165 clinical specimens of prostate cancer were investigated by immunohistochemistry. YB-1, p-YB-1, and ERK2 nuclear expressions were compared with clinicopathologic characteristics and patient prognoses. EGF upregulated p-YB-1, whereas MEK inhibitor (U0126, PD98059) decreased p-YB-1. Inversely, silencing of YB-1 using siRNA decreased the expression of ERK2 and phosphorylated MEK, ERK1/2, and RSK. Furthermore, YB-1 interacted with ERK2 and Raf-1 and regulated their expressions, through the proteasomal pathway. Immunohistochemical staining showed a significant correlation among the nuclear expressions of YB-1, p-YB-1, and ERK2. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed that high ERK2 expression was an independent prognostic factor [HR, 7.947; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.527-20.508; P<0.0001].", "LONG_ANSWER": "We revealed the functional relationship between YB-1 and MAPK signaling and its biochemical relevance to the progression of prostate cancer. In addition, ERK2 expression was an independent prognostic factor. These findings suggest that both the ERK pathway and YB-1 may be promising molecular targets for prostate cancer diagnosis and therapeutics.", "QUESTION": "Does mutual regulation between Raf/MEK/ERK signaling and Y-box-binding protein-1 promote prostate cancer progression?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To assess the correlation between the outgrowth of mutant viruses (viral genetic heterogeneity), highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and plasma HIV-1 RNA in a population-based observational cohort study. The study population consisted of 42 HIV-1-infected individuals receiving at least two nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and one or more protease inhibitors at study entry. There were no restrictions on antiretroviral therapy after enrollment. Plasma samples were obtained from subjects at baseline, at therapy changes, and at quarterly intervals for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA levels and for sequence determination of the entire protease coding region and the first 235 codons of the reverse transcriptase coding region. Data were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation method for longitudinal data and using linear regression analysis. With increased time on HAART there were significant increases in the number of total HIV-1 mutations in the regions sequenced (P = 0.010). There were significant correlations between the increases in the plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and the numbers of total mutations and reverse transcriptase mutations (P = 0.007 and 0.021, respectively).", "LONG_ANSWER": "The number of HIV-1 mutations increased over time. Failure of HAART in this study population was correlated with outgrowth of virus with numerous mutations in the reverse transcriptase and protease coding regions. Phenotypic results correlated with genotypic results, showing decreased susceptibility to antiretrovirals over time in the majority of this population during HAART. Both synonymous and non-synonymous mutations were observed, with a higher incidence of non-synonymous mutations occurring at codons associated with drug resistance.", "QUESTION": "Is viral genetic heterogeneity in HIV-1-infected individuals associated with increasing use of HAART and higher viremia?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To investigate the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-coated Ti implants on osteoconduction in white New Zealand rabbit mandibles. Sandblasted and cleansed planar titanium specimens with a size of 5 × 5 × 1 mm were coated on one side with 0.25 vol% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The other side of the specimens was kept highly polished (the control side). These specimens were inserted in rabbit mandibles. Twelve rabbits were randomly assigned into three study groups (n = 4). The rabbits were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The harvested specimens with the implants were assessed for new bone formation on both sides of the implant using CBCT, conventional radiographs, and the biaxial pullout test. The results were statistically analyzed by a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman's test as multiple comparisons and by Brunner-Langer nonparametric mixed model approach (R Software). A significant osteoconductive bone formation was found on the EPA-coated Ti implant surface (P < 0.05) at 8 weeks when compared to the polished surface (control). Biaxial pullout test results showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) after 8 and 12 weeks with a maximum force of 243.8 N, compared to 143.25 N after 4 week.", "LONG_ANSWER": "EPA implant coating promoted osteoconduction on the Ti implant surfaces, enhancing the anchorage of the implant to the surrounding bone in white New Zealand rabbits.", "QUESTION": "Do ePA-coated titanium implants promote osteoconduction in white New Zealand rabbits?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To investigate whether, at study entry, (a) weight suppression (WS), the difference between highest past adult weight and current weight, prospectively predicts time to first full remission from bulimia nervosa (BN) over a follow-up period of 8 years, and (b) weight change over time mediates the relationship between WS and time to first full remission. A well-characterized sample of women with BN (N = 110; M age = 25.58 years, SD = 6.48) from the Massachusetts General Hospital Longitudinal Study of Eating Disorders was interviewed at 6-12 month intervals over 8 years. The main outcome measure, a \"time to first full remission\" variable, was based on psychiatric status ratings generated from the Eating Disorders Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. WS was significantly associated with time to first full remission (p = .01; hazard ratio = .89; 95% confidence interval [0.82, 0.97]), indicating that women who were more weight suppressed at study entry took longer to recover. Weight change did not mediate the relationship between WS and time to remission.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Results add to a growing body of evidence that WS predicts maintenance of BN symptoms and extend previous short-term findings by demonstrating, over a period of approximately 8 years, that WS predicts longer time to first full remission. Beyond absolute weight status, WS level may significantly inform the treatment of BN.", "QUESTION": "Does weight suppression predict time to remission from bulimia nervosa?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Optimizing patient satisfaction and scar outcomes is important for the practicing Mohs surgeon. To evaluate whether showing or not showing patients their post-Mohs defect prior to repair influences scar satisfaction. Fifty patients with a nonmelanoma skin cancer on their head or neck requiring Mohs micrographic surgery were randomized to either see or not see their post-Mohs defect in the mirror prior to repair. Patients evaluated their scar at Week 1 and Week 4 using the patient scar assessment questionnaire. There was no statistically significant difference in the primary (scar satisfaction) or secondary outcomes (wound care compliance and complication rates) between the two groups.", "LONG_ANSWER": "There is no difference in patient scar satisfaction whether patients see or do not see their post-Mohs defect prior to repair.", "QUESTION": "Is patient Satisfaction After Mohs Surgery Dependent on Seeing Post-Mohs Defect Prior to Repair?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "IDOL (inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of the LDLR. IDOL is a potential therapeutic target for the development of a novel class of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering therapies. In an attempt to develop a mouse model for testing IDOL inhibitors, we examined the effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated stable expression of human IDOL in the livers of mice 'humanized' with regard to lipoprotein metabolism. Using a liver-specific AAV serotype 8 (AAV8)-mediated delivery, AAV-hIDOL produced a dose-dependent increase in LDL-C levels and a decrease in liver LDLR protein. Furthermore, we expressed hIDOL in a 'humanized' mouse model of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (LDLR(+/-)/Apobec1(-/-)/hApoB-Tg, LAhB). In this model, total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels were increased by ∼60% starting from 1 week and were sustainable for at least 3 weeks post-injection. Finally, we demonstrate that the effects caused by hIDOL expression are LDLR- dependent given the unchanged plasma lipids in LAhB mice lacking LDLR.", "LONG_ANSWER": "In conclusion, our study demonstrates a dose-dependent physiological effect of human IDOL on LDL metabolism in mice. This provides a potential model for preclinical testing of IDOL inhibitors for reduction of LDL-C levels.", "QUESTION": "Does stable liver-specific expression of human IDOL in humanized mice raise plasma cholesterol?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Liver cancer has a very dismal prognosis due to lack of effective therapy. Here, we studied the therapeutic effects of hyper-interleukin15 (hyper-IL-15), which is composed of IL-15 and the sushi domain of the IL-15 receptor α chain, on metastatic and autochthonous liver cancers. Liver metastatic tumour models were established by intraportally injecting syngeneic mice with murine CT26 colon carcinoma cells or B16-OVA melanoma cells. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). A hydrodynamics-based gene delivery method was used to achieve sustained hyper-IL-15 expression in the liver. Liver gene delivery of hyper-IL-15 robustly expanded CD8(+) T and NK cells, leading to a long-term (more than 40 days) accumulation of CD8(+) T cells in vivo, especially in the liver. Hyper-IL-15 treatment exerted remarkable therapeutic effects on well-established liver metastatic tumours and even on DEN-induced autochthonous HCC, and these effects were abolished by depletion of CD8(+) T cells but not NK cells. Hyper-IL-15 triggered IL-12 and interferon-γ production and reduced the expression of co-inhibitory molecules on dendritic cells in the liver. Adoptive transfer of T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic OT-1 cells showed that hyper-IL-15 preferentially expanded tumour-specific CD8(+) T cells and promoted their interferon-γ synthesis and cytotoxicity.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Liver delivery of hyper-IL-15 provides an effective therapy against well-established metastatic and autochthonous liver cancers in mouse models by preferentially expanding tumour-specific CD8(+) T cells and promoting their anti-tumour effects.", "QUESTION": "Does hyper-IL-15 suppress metastatic and autochthonous liver cancer by promoting tumour-specific CD8+ T cell responses?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Visfatin is an adipokine, associated with obesity and possibly glucose regulation. The aim of this study was to examine the association of visfatin and its genetic variants with adiposity, cardiometabolic risk factors and obesity-related morbidities in obese children. Anthropometric measurements, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, fasting blood samples and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed for 243 obese children. We screened the visfatin gene of 24 obese subjects and then performed genotyping of identified genetic variants in other 219 obese children through direct DNA sequencing. Fasting serum visfatin correlated with measures of obesity and liver enzymes and was elevated in obese children with abnormal glucose tolerance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The two upstream single nucleotide polymorphisms, -3187G>A (rs11977021) and -1537C>T (rs61330082), were at complete linkage disequilibrium. The AA genotype of -3187G>A was associated with higher serum visfatin (6.17 ± 0.76 ng mL(-1) vs. 3.92 ± 0.44 ng mL(-1)) and higher triglyceride (1.39 ± 0.08 mmol L(-1) vs. 1.19 ± 0.07 mmol L(-1)) as compared with the GG genotype. There was also a significant linear increase in serum visfatin across GG to GA to AA genotype of -3187G>A, indicating possible additive effect of A allele. The dominant GA + AA genotype model of +21426G>A (rs2302559) was associated with lower serum visfatin (3.83 ± 0.56 ng mL(-1) vs. 5.13 ± 0.34 ng mL(-1)) and lower plasma glucose (4.37 ± 0.08 mmol L(-1) vs. 4.77 ± 0.12 mmol L(-1)) as compared with the GG genotype.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Visfatin and its genetic variants were associated with adiposity, obesity-related morbidities and adverse cardiometabolic parameters. This supported our hypothesis that visfatin plays a significant role in the development of obesity-related morbidities and cardiometabolic risk.", "QUESTION": "Are visfatin and its genetic variants associated with obesity-related morbidities and cardiometabolic risk in severely obese children?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Quercetin and trans-resveratrol (trans-RSV) are plant polyphenols reported to reduce inflammation or insulin resistance associated with obesity. Recently, we showed that grape powder extract, which contains quercetin and trans-RSV, attenuates markers of inflammation in human adipocytes and macrophages and insulin resistance in human adipocytes. However, we do not know how quercetin and trans-RSV individually affected these outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which quercetin and trans-RSV prevented inflammation or insulin resistance in primary cultures of human adipocytes treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-an inflammatory cytokine elevated in the plasma and adipose tissue of obese, diabetic individuals. Cultures of human adipocytes were pretreated with quercetin and trans-RSV followed by treatment with TNF-α. Subsequently, gene and protein markers of inflammation and insulin resistance were measured. Quercetin, and to a lesser extent trans-RSV, attenuated the TNF-α-induced expression of inflammatory genes such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. Quercetin attenuated TNF-α-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase and c-Jun-NH₂ terminal kinase, whereas trans-RSV attenuated only c-Jun-NH₂ terminal kinase phosphorylation. Quercetin and trans-RSV attenuated TNF-α-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun and degradation of inhibitory κB protein. Quercetin, but not trans-RSV, decreased TNF-α-induced nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity. Quercetin and trans-RSV attenuated the TNF-α-mediated suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ target genes and of PPARγ protein concentrations and transcriptional activity. Quercetin prevented the TNF-α-mediated serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene expression and the suppression of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas trans-RSV prevented only the TNF-α-mediated serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These data suggest that quercetin is equally or more effective than trans-RSV in attenuating TNF-α-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in primary human adipocytes.", "QUESTION": "Is quercetin equally or more effective than resveratrol in attenuating tumor necrosis factor- { alpha } -mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in primary human adipocytes?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "14-3-3ε is implicated in regulating tumor progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our earlier study indicated that elevated 14-3-3ε expression is significantly associated with higher risk of metastasis and lower survival rates of HCC patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of how 14-3-3ε regulates HCC tumor metastasis are still unclear. In this study, we show that increased 14-3-3ε expression induces HCC cell migration and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is determined by the reduction of E-cadherin expression and induction of N-cadherin and vimentin expression. Knockdown with specific siRNA abolished 14-3-3ε-induced cell migration and EMT. Furthermore, 14-3-3ε selectively induced Zeb-1 and Snail expression, and 14-3-3ε-induced cell migration was abrogated by Zeb-1 or Snail siRNA. In addition, the effect of 14-3-3ε-reduced E-cadherin was specifically restored by Zeb-1 siRNA. Positive 14-3-3ε expression was significantly correlated with negative E-cadherin expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry analysis in HCC tumors. Analysis of 14-3-3ε/E-cadherin expression associated with clinicopathological characteristics revealed that the combination of positive 14-3-3ε and negative E-cadherin expression is significantly correlated with higher incidence of HCC metastasis and poor 5-year overall survival. In contrast, patients with positive 14-3-3ε and positive E-cadherin expression had better prognostic outcomes than did those with negative E-cadherin expression.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Our findings show for the first time that E-cadherin is one of the downstream targets of 14-3-3ε in modulating HCC tumor progression. Thus, 14-3-3ε may act as an important regulator in modulating tumor metastasis by promoting EMT as well as cell migration, and it may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target for HCC.", "QUESTION": "Does 14-3-3ε overexpression contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang (YCHT) consists of three aqueous extracts from Artemisia capillaris, Gardenia sp., and prepared Rheum rhabarbarum (rhubarb) (3:2:1). YCHT is characterized by its anti-inflammatory properties in liver regulation and relief of jaundice. We aimed to study the effects and mechanisms of action of YCHT on biliary obstructive cirrhosis. Secondary biliary fibrosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation (BDL) and scission. One week after BDL, rats were randomly divided into a saline-treated BDL or YCHT-treated BDL group for 4 weeks. Liver function and hepatic hydroxyproline (Hyp) content were assessed. Types I and IV collagen (Col-IV), laminin, fibronectin, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were assessed with immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the YCHT-treated BDL group, serum total bilirubin, total bile acids, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase were lower than those in the sham-operated BDL group. The proliferation of bile ducts in hepatic tissues and the Hyp content and Col deposition were also significantly lower than those in control rats. In addition, α-SMA and Col-IV staining was less obvious, and mRNA expression of Procol-α1 (IV), platelet derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF)-B, connective tissue growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta in proliferative biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in the YCHT-treated BDL group was significantly lower than those in controls.", "LONG_ANSWER": "YCHT effectively reduces the formation of biliary obstructive cirrhosis mainly via inhibition of BEC proliferation by down-regulation of PDGF-B mRNA expression, inhibition of BEC profibrogenic paracrines, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathological process.", "QUESTION": "Does yin-Chen-Hao-Tang alleviate biliary obstructive cirrhosis in rats by inhibiting biliary epithelial cell proliferation and activation?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in the aqueduct of Sylvius (AoS) in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI)-positive and -negative healthy individuals using cine phase contrast imaging. Fifty-one healthy individuals (32 CCSVI-negative and 19 age-matched CCSVI-positive subjects) were examined using Doppler sonography (DS). Diagnosis of CCSVI was established if subjects fulfilled ≥2 venous hemodynamic criteria on DS. CSF flow and velocity measures were quantified using a semiautomated method and compared with clinical and routine 3T MRI outcomes. CCSVI was associated with increased CSF pulsatility in the AoS. Net positive CSF flow was 32% greater in the CCSVI-positive group compared with the CCSVI-negative group (P = 0.008). This was accompanied by a 28% increase in the mean aqueductal characteristic signal (ie, the AoS cross-sectional area over the cardiac cycle) in the CCSVI-positive group compared with the CCSVI-negative group (P = 0.021).", "LONG_ANSWER": "CSF dynamics are altered in CCSVI-positive healthy individuals, as demonstrated by increased pulsatility. This is accompanied by enlargement of the AoS, suggesting that structural changes may be occurring in the brain parenchyma of CCSVI-positive healthy individuals.", "QUESTION": "Is aqueductal cerebrospinal fluid pulsatility in healthy individuals affected by impaired cerebral venous outflow?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "the association between the three common CARD15 gene mutations (R702W, G908R, L1007fs) and the genetic susceptibility to Crohn s disease (CD) have been confirmed by several studies, with some differences found, in relation to geographic areas and ethnic groups. To analyze the prevalence of CARD15 gen and its polymorphisms in patients with CD in Asturias and its possible correlation with the different genotypes of the disease. a total of 216 CD patients recruited from Asturias (North of Spain) and 86 ethnically matched healthy controls, were typed using Hybprobes on a LightCycler instrument for CARD15 mutations. Patients were subdivided according to Vienna classification. We have studied the frequency of these mutations in the different subgroups of CD patients and analyzed its contribution to the disease clinical characteristics and progression. carrier frequencies for CARD15 mutations in our CD patients were similar to controls (17.8 vs. 17.4%) respectively (NS). CD patients exhibited frequencies of 8.8, 3.0 and 6.0% for the R702, G908R and L1007fs polymorphisms respectively, whereas our control population had allele frequencies of 11.6, 2.3 and 3.5% for the three mutations respectively (NS). We did not find any relationship between CARD15 mutations and the different phenotypes of Crohn s disease, according to Vienna classification.", "LONG_ANSWER": "in our CD population, other factors (i.e. environmental), in addition to genetics, must be mainly involved in the development of the disease.", "QUESTION": "Are [ CARD15 mutations poorly related to Crohn 's disease phenotypes in Asturias ]?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Social identity salience affects group-reference effect in memory. However, limited studies have examined the influence of ethnic identity salience on group-reference effect among minority group people in conditions where the minority group dominates. In the present research, we aim to investigate, in a Tibetan-dominant context, whether the salience of ethnic identity among Tibetan students could display an influence on their group-reference effect via priming method. We recruited 50 Tibetan and 62 Han Chinese students from Tibetan University in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region, where Tibetans were the majority. A month before the experiment, we tested the baseline of ethnic identity salience of both Tibetan and Han Chinese students using the Twenty Statements Test. In the formal experiment, we assessed the effectiveness of priming method first and then conducted a recognition memory test 2 week later via priming approach. The results showed that the ethnic identity both of Tibetan and Han Chinese participants was not salient in the baseline assessment. However, it was successfully induced via priming among Tibetan students. Tibetan students showed a significant group-reference effect in recognition memory task when their ethnic identity was induced via priming. On the contrary, Han Chinese students did not show increased ethnic awareness and superiority of ethnic in-group reference memory after being primed.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Current research provides new evidence for the influence of salience of ethnic identity on group-reference effect, contributing to the application and extension of social identity theory among minority group people.", "QUESTION": "Does ethnic identity salience improve recognition memory in Tibetan students via priming?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Emerging data indicate that serum trefoil factors (TFFs), especially TFF3, could be potential biomarkers for gastric cancer risk. We aimed to evaluate the influence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) status and eradication on serum TFFs and the pepsinogen test. Healthy individuals who underwent a thorough medical checkup were enrolled in study 1, and gastric ulcer patients who undertook H. pylori eradication therapy were enrolled in studies 2 and 3. Serum levels of the TFFs (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3), H. pylori antibody and pepsinogen test were examined in all studies. In study 3, TFF expressions in biopsy samples of the gastric mucosa were additionally examined before and 2 months after eradication. In 1,260 healthy individuals enrolled in study 1, serum TFF1 and TFF2 levels were markedly different between H. pylori antibody-positive and -negative participants (P < 0.0001). Differences in serum TFF3 levels between H. pylori antibody-positive (5.85 ± 3.93 ng/ml) and -negative subjects (5.27 ± 2.38 ng/ml) were statistically significant (P = 0.002) but small in absolute value. In 178 gastric ulcer patients enrolled in study 2, serum TFF1, TFF2 and positive rates of the pepsinogen test significantly decreased 2 months after H. pylori eradication therapy (P < 0.001). In contrast, serum TFF3 levels and positive rates of high TFF3 levels (≥7 ng/ml) did not significantly change with H. pylori-eradication until 5 years after eradication. In 18 gastric ulcer patients (study 3), TFF1 and TFF2 were mainly expressed in the foveolar epithelium, and TFF2 was additionally expressed in the pyloric glands. These expressions significantly decreased with H. pylori eradication. TFF3s were scarcely expressed in the gastric mucosa except in goblet cells of intestinal metaplasia, which did not change with H. pylori eradication.", "LONG_ANSWER": "In serum TFFs and pepsinogen tests, only serum TFF3s were not significantly affected by H. pylori eradication, suggesting that serum TFF3 could be a stable biomarker of gastric cancer risk even after H.pylori eradication in contrast with the pepsinogen test.", "QUESTION": "Is influence of Helicobacter pylori status and eradication on the serum levels of trefoil factors and pepsinogen test : serum trefoil factor 3 a stable biomarker?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To evaluate the pregnancy potential of frozen-thawed surgically retrieved epididymal sperm when used with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). From August 1994 to January 1997, 20 thawed samples of sperm from 19 patients, surgically retrieved and frozen after percutaneous or open epididymal aspiration, were used for ICSI. The results were compared with those obtained using fresh sperm obtained at the same procedure. Of the specimens of surgically retrieved sperm which had been frozen, stored and thawed, 15 had sufficient motile sperm for use with ICSI. The fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy rates in those cycles were similar to the same couples' previous cycle using fresh sperm from the same collection and to the overall results in the NURTURE ICSI programme obtained with fresh epididymal sperm.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Scrotal exploration for diagnostic testicular biopsy and/or reconstructive surgery without having access to sperm-freezing and storage facilities could represent a lost opportunity for the patient.", "QUESTION": "Is frozen-thawed epididymal sperm effective for intracytoplasmic sperm injection : implications for the urologist?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been reported to be elevated in subjects with MetS. However, which component of MetS contributes mostly to the elevation has not been studied in detail. We studied 628 apparently healthy Japanese subjects (men 262, women 366, age 19-85 years). Body mass index, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin and CRP were measured. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report. In partial correlation analysis, WC showed the strongest correlation with CRP among the variables related to MetS. CRP increased as the number of MetS components increased. The mean CRP value adjusted for demographic variables was higher in subjects with MetS than those without MetS, and further adjustments with variables related to MetS revealed that the significant difference between the two groups disappeared only when further adjustment was made for WC. In multiple linear regression analysis, the independent variable that most strongly explained the CRP level was WC, which was followed by HDL-cholesterol. Finally, comparison of the CRP levels in groups stratified by abdominal obesity and the number of MetS components revealed that those with abdominal obesity tended to show higher CRP levels compared with those without abdominal obesity regardless of the number of MetS components other than WC.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Subjects with MetS showed higher levels of CRP and the main determinant of the CRP elevation was WC.", "QUESTION": "Is waist circumference the main determinant of elevated C-reactive protein in metabolic syndrome?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To evaluate and compare the accuracy of transvaginal sonography (TVS) and sonohysterography (SHG) in the investigation of women of reproductive age presenting with irregular uterine bleeding (IUB). This prospective study included 104 women presenting with IUB. All patients underwent TVS, SHG, and hysteroscopy, during which endometrial biopsies were obtained and any endometrial mass was treated with hysteroscopic surgery. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of TVS and SHG in diagnosing endometrial polyp, submucous myoma and all endometrial pathologies (polyp, submucous myoma, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma) with the histopathological report of the tissues obtained by hysteroscopy serving as the end point for the analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, respectively of TVS were 61.2%, 90.9%, 85.7%, and 72.5% for diagnosing endometrial polyps; 75.0%, 92.0%, 63.1%, and 95.3% for diagnosing submucous myomas; and 75.0%, 80.6%, 87.9%, and 63.0% for diagnosing any kind of pathology. The corresponding diagnostic values of SHG were 83.7%, 96.4%, 95.3%, and 86.9% for polyps; 87.5%, 98.9%, 93.3%, and 97.8% for submucous myomas; and 88.2%, 91.7%, 95.2%, and 80.5% for any kind of pathology.", "LONG_ANSWER": "SHG showed superior sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values compared with TVS in diagnosing intrauterine lesions in women of reproductive age with IUB.", "QUESTION": "Is sonohysterography superior to transvaginal sonography for the diagnostic approach of irregular uterine bleeding in women of reproductive age?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Renin-angiotensin system activation is involved in inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, decreases renin-angiotensin system activation, including plasma renin activity and angiotensin II, but increases the prorenin level, which may promote inflammation and fibrosis in renal tissue. Thus, we evaluated whether inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system by aliskiren would decrease renal inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (Samtako, Kyoung Gi-Do, Korea) weighing 30 to 33 gm were divided into 4 groups, including vehicle or aliskiren treated sham operated and vehicle or aliskiren treated unilateral ureteral obstruction groups. We evaluated plasma renin activity, and plasma renin and renal mRNA expression levels of renin and (pro)renin receptor. To evaluate inflammation and fibrosis renal mRNA expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, osteopontin and transforming growth factor-β was measured. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining for CD68, transforming growth factor-β and α-smooth muscle actin were performed. Plasma renin activity was significantly lower in the aliskiren treated obstruction group than in the vehicle treated obstruction group. Aliskiren treatment increased renal mRNA expression of renin. The number of CD68 positive cells, and renal monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and osteopontin mRNA levels were significantly higher in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction than in sham operated mice. Aliskiren decreased the increased levels of these inflammation markers. Aliskiren also decreased renal transforming growth factor-β mRNA expression, transforming growth factor-β and α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining, and Masson's trichrome stained areas of unilateral ureteral obstruction kidneys.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Aliskiren has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in an experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model.", "QUESTION": "Does aliskiren ameliorate renal inflammation and fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The accurate identification of inactive (serum HBV-DNA persistently <or=2000 IU/mL) hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers (IC) is difficult because of wide and frequent HBV-DNA fluctuations. We studied whether hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) serum levels (HBsAgsl) quantification may contribute to diagnosis of HBV phases in untreated hepatitis B e antigen-negative genotype D asymptomatic carriers. HBsAgsl were measured at baseline and end of follow-up and correlated with virologic and biochemical profiles of 209 consecutive carriers followed-up prospectively (median, 29; range, 12-110 months). HBV phases were defined after 1-year monthly monitoring of HBV-DNA and transaminases. HBsAgsl were significantly lower in 56 inactive carriers (IC) than 153 active carriers (AC): median, 62.12 (range, 0.1-4068) vs median, 3029 (range, 0.5-82,480) IU/mL; P<.001. Among AC, HBsAgsl were lower in 31 AC whose viremia remained persistently <20,000 IU/mL (AC1) than in 122 AC with fluctuations>or=20,000 IU/mL (AC2): 883 (0.5-7838) vs 4233 (164-82,480) IU/mL, P=.002. HBV infection was less productive in IC and AC1 than AC2 (log10 HBV-DNA/HBsAgsl ratios 0.25 and 0.49 vs 2.06, respectively, P<.001) and in chronic hepatitis than cirrhosis (1.97 vs 2.34, respectively; P=.023). The combined single point quantification of HBsAg (<1000 IU/mL) and HBV-DNA (<or=2000 IU/mL) identified IC with 94.3% diagnostic accuracy, 91.1% sensitivity, 95.4% specificity, 87.9% positive predictive value, 96.7% negative predictive value. During follow-up, HBsAgsl were stable in AC but declined in IC (yearly median decline, -0.0120 vs -0.0768 log10 IU/mL, respectively, P<.001), 10 of whom cleared HBsAg.", "LONG_ANSWER": "HBsAgsl vary during chronic hepatitis B e antigen-negative genotype D infection and are significantly lower in IC. Single-point combined HBsAg and HBV-DNA quantification provides the most accurate identification of IC, comparable with that of long-term tight monitoring.", "QUESTION": "Do hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), expression levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) correlate with poor prognosis and decreased survival rates. As the mechanisms responsible for cellular immune response to EGFR in vivo remain unclear, the frequency and function of EGFR-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) was determined in HNSCC patients. The frequency of CTL specific for the HLA-A2.1-restricted EGFR-derived YLN peptide (YLNTVQPTCV) and KLF peptide (KLFGTSGQKT) was determined in 16 HLA-A2.1+ HNSCC patients and 16 healthy HLA-A2.1+ individuals (NC) by multicolor flow cytometry. Patients' results were correlated to EGFR expression obtained by immunohistochemistry in corresponding tumor sections. Proliferation and anti-tumor activity of peptide-specific CTL was demonstrated by in vitro stimulation with dendritic cells pulsed with the peptides. Frequency of EGFR-specific CTL correlated significantly with EGFR expression in tumor sections (p = 0.02, r2 = 0.6). Patients with elevated EGFR scores (> 7) had a significantly higher frequency of EGFR-specific CTL than NC and patients with low EGFR scores (< 7). EGFR-specific CTL from cancer patients were expanded ex vivo and produced IFN-γ upon recognition of EGFR+ target cells.", "LONG_ANSWER": "EGFR expressed on HNSCC cells induces a specific immune response in vivo. Strategies for expansion of EGFR-specific CTL may be important for future immunotherapy of HNSCC patients.", "QUESTION": "Do eGFR-specific T cell frequencies correlate with EGFR expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "We discuss the use of levothyroxine for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and prolonged nocturnal sleep time in a euthyroid patient with narcolepsy. After failure of first-line narcolepsy treatments, a 48-year-old female began levothyroxine (25 mcg/day). After 12 weeks of treatment, the patient was evaluated for improvement in total sleep time and subjective daytime sleepiness assessed by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). At baseline, ESS score was 16 and total sleep time averaged 16 h/day. After 12 weeks, ESS was 13 and reported total sleep time was 13 h/day.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Levothyroxine improved EDS and total sleep time in a euthyroid patient with narcolepsy without cataplexy after 12 weeks without side effects.", "QUESTION": "Does levothyroxine improve subjective sleepiness in a euthyroid patient with narcolepsy without cataplexy?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "In higher eukaryotes DNA methylation regulates important biological functions including silencing of gene expression and protection from adverse effects of retrotransposons. In the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, a DNA methyltransferase has been identified and treatment with 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC), a potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, has been reported to attenuate parasite virulence. However, the overall extent of DNA methylation and its subsequent effects on global gene expression in this parasite are currently unknown. In order to identify the genome-wide effects of DNA methylation in E. histolytica, we used a short oligonucleotide microarray representing 9,435 genes (approximately 95% of all annotated amebic genes) and compared the expression profile of E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS parasites with those treated with 23 microM 5-AzaC for up to one week. Overall, 2.1% of genes tested were transcriptionally modulated under these conditions. 68 genes were upregulated and 131 genes down regulated (2-fold change; p-value < 0.05). Sodium-bisulfite treatment and sequencing of genes indicated that there were at least two subsets of genes with genomic DNA methylation in E. histolytica: (i) genes that were endogenously silenced by genomic DNA methylation and for which 5-AzaC treatment induced transcriptional de-repression, and (ii) genes that have genomic DNA methylation, but which were not endogenously silenced by the methylation. We identified among the genes down regulated by 5-AzaC treatment a cysteine proteinase (2.m00545) and lysozyme (52.m00148) both of which have known roles in amebic pathogenesis. Decreased expression of these genes in the 5-AzaC treated E. histolytica may account in part for the parasites reduced cytolytic abilities.", "LONG_ANSWER": "This work represents the first genome-wide analysis of DNA-methylation in Entamoeba histolytica and indicates that DNA methylation has relatively limited effects on gene expression in this parasite.", "QUESTION": "Does growth of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica in 5-azacytidine have limited effects on parasite gene expression?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Explorations into the heterogeneous population of native GABA type A receptors (GABAA Rs) and the physiological functions governed by the multiple GABAA R subtypes have for decades been hampered by the lack of subtype-selective ligands. The functional properties of the orthosteric GABAA receptor ligand 5-(4-piperidyl)-3-isothiazolol (Thio-4-PIOL) have been investigated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Thio-4-PIOL displayed substantial partial agonist activity at the human extrasynaptic GABAA R subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes, eliciting maximal responses of up to ∼30% of that of GABA at α5 β3 γ2S , α4 β3 δ and α6 β3 δ and somewhat lower efficacies at the corresponding α5 β2 γ2S , α4 β2 δ and α6 β2 δ subtypes (maximal responses of 4-12%). In contrast, it was an extremely low efficacious agonist at the α1 β3 γ2S , α1 β2 γ2S , α2 β2 γ2S , α2 β3 γ2S , α3 β2 γ2S and α3 β3 γ2S GABAA Rs (maximal responses of 0-4%). In concordance with its agonism at extrasynaptic GABAA Rs and its de facto antagonism at the synaptic receptors, Thio-4-PIOL elicited robust tonic currents in electrophysiological recordings on slices from rat CA1 hippocampus and ventrobasal thalamus and antagonized phasic currents in hippocampal neurons. Finally, the observed effects of Thio-4-PIOL in rat tests of anxiety, locomotion, nociception and spatial memory were overall in good agreement with its in vitro and ex vivo properties.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The diverse signalling characteristics of Thio-4-PIOL at GABAA Rs represent one of the few examples of a functionally subtype-selective orthosteric GABAA R ligand reported to date. We propose that Thio-4-PIOL could be a useful pharmacological tool in future studies exploring the physiological roles of native synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA Rs.", "QUESTION": "Does the orthosteric GABAA receptor ligand Thio-4-PIOL display distinctly different functional properties at synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To evaluate if desflurane possesses a shorter wake-up onset time and less incidence of recall than fentanyl-based anesthesia. Forty ASA class I-II adolescents, were enrolled into either a desflurane (DES) group, or a fentanyl (FEN) group for scoliosis surgery. Bispectral index (BIS) was monitored continuously in all patients throughout the procedure; the relationship between the wake-up time and BIS value was evaluated. Patients in the DES group had a significantly shorter wake-up onset than patients in the FEN group (4.1 +/- 0.6 vs 8.9 +/- 2.1 min, P < 0.01). No recall occurred during the wake-up test in the DES group, while five patients had recall in the FEN group, including two patients who recalled a given colour. Extubation time was significantly shorter in the DES group than in the FEN group (7.2 +/- 0.6 vs 16 +/- 11.9 min, P < 0.01). BIS values were significantly higher in the FEN group than in the DES group during anesthesia. (62 +/- 4.5 vs 42 +/- 5.3, P < 0.05) BIS after the wake-up test was similar in both groups (90 +/- 2.9 vs 93.8 +/- 2.5). There was a latency period (3.3 +/- 1.2 min) between the maximal BIS value and wake-up time in the FEN group but not in the DES group.", "LONG_ANSWER": "DES provides a significantly shorter onset time during the wake-up test and a rapid emergence after scoliosis surgery. BIS monitoring during the wake-up test was more informative when anesthesia was maintained with DES compared to FEN infusion.", "QUESTION": "Does desflurane accelerate patient response during the wake-up test for scoliosis surgery?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To evaluate the postoperative status of the patients after endolymphatic sac decompression (ESD) for intractable unilateral definite Ménière's disease (MD) using the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) 1995 criteria and to discuss the current status of ESD in the management of MD, especially after the wide use of intratympanic administration of gentamicin for the treatment of intractable MD. Retrospective questionnaire-based analysis. Thirty-nine patients who had undergone ESD between 1996 and May 2003 at Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India, were evaluated via a set format according to AAO-HNS 1995 guidelines. Their preoperative and postoperative data were compared. We found significant improvement in functional level scales (FLSs) in 84.6%, Class A vertigo control in 82%, and improved disability outcome in 87% of cases after surgery at a median postoperative follow-up of 29 months. All the patients showing significant improvement in FLS were preoperatively in scale 4 or more, and all the patients whose treatment failed were in scale 3 or less.", "LONG_ANSWER": "We recommend continued use of ESD in indicated patients. We found a positive relation between preoperative distress level of the patient and postoperative improvement in FLSs; any such relationship should be investigated with a larger sample.", "QUESTION": "Does sac surgery result as a function of preoperative distress level?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Cell adhesion plays an important role in proliferation, metastasis, and tumor growth and may represent a potential vulnerability in treatment of prostate cancer patients. Bicalutamide (Casodex) has been used as an anti-androgen agent for prostate cancer patients during hormone ablation therapy. This study focuses on the effect of Bicalutamide on cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) in prostate cancer cells. Androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells were stimulated with androgen before being irradiated with doses of 0, 5, 10, or 15 Gy. Cell adhesion to fibronectin was then measured to ascertain androgen's role in integrin mediated prostate cancer cell adhesion. Flow cytometry was used to analyze surface expression of integrin subtypes in LNCaP cells. LNCaP cell adhesion to FN was significantly increased by stimulation with androgen when treated with 10 or 15 Gy ionizing radiations but not at 0 or 5 Gy. This increase was inhibited by treatment with Bicalutamide. LNCaP cells exposed to high dose radiation showed an increased expression of alpha(V) and beta(1) integrins in response to androgen treatment while Bicalutamide abolished this effect.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Our data show that Bicalutamide inhibits the effect of androgen on cell adhesion to FN through changes of integrin subtypes in cells given high dose radiation. This suggests new molecular targets and possible treatment strategies for prostate cancer patients to improve the outcome during hormone ablation therapy and radiation therapy.", "QUESTION": "Does bicalutamide inhibit androgen-mediated adhesion of prostate cancer cells exposed to ionizing radiation?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The possibility that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may infect porcine endothelial cells (ECs) was investigated. This may be relevant during xenotransplantation of porcine cells or organs into human recipients. HCMV was inoculated into low-passage porcine ECs. Replication of virus was detected by development of characteristic cytopathogenic effect. Appearance of immediate early, early, and late antigens was studied by immunocytochemical staining. Infectious virus was detected in human fibroblast cells. Presence of HCMV RNA was studied by Northern Blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. All parameters indicated that a fresh clinical HCMV isolate productively infects porcine ECs. The same cells do not fully support replication of the laboratory strain Ad 169.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Our results may indicate the possibility of cross-species infectivity of HCMV to porcine cells.", "QUESTION": "Does human cytomegalovirus productively infect porcine endothelial cells in vitro?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "We have previously shown that omalizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, reduces asthma exacerbations and decreases inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) requirement in patients with severe allergic asthma who were symptomatic despite moderate-to-high doses of ICSs. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of omalizumab on asthma-related quality of life (QOL). These analyses were part of a multicenter, 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of subcutaneous omalizumab (> or =0.016 mg/kg of IgE [in international unit per milliliter] per 4 weeks) in 525 adults with severe allergic asthma. A 16-week steroid-stable phase was followed by a 12-week steroid-reduction phase and a 24-week double-blind extension phase. The effect of treatment on asthma-related QOL was evaluated by using the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) administered at baseline and at weeks 16, 28, and 52. The 2 treatment groups were comparable in terms of baseline AQLQ scores. At weeks 16, 28, and 52, omalizumab-treated patients demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all AQLQ domains, as well as in overall score. Moreover, a greater proportion of patients receiving omalizumab achieved a clinically meaningful improvement in asthma-related QOL during each phase of the study. Greater than 50% of both patients and investigators rated treatment similarly with omalizumab as excellent or good compared with less than 40% of placebo recipients.", "LONG_ANSWER": "In patients requiring moderate-to-high doses of ICSs for severe allergic asthma, the measurably improved disease control afforded by add-on omalizumab therapy is paralleled by clinically meaningful improvements in asthma-related QOL.", "QUESTION": "Does omalizumab improve asthma-related quality of life in patients with severe allergic asthma?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Binding sites specific for growth hormone have been identified in the brain, but the action of GH on the central nervous system is still poorly understood. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled 21-month trial with a cross-over design, with each treatment period lasting for 9 months, we investigated the long-term effect of GH on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of some brain neurotransmitters and thyroid hormones of importance for mood and cognition. Twenty-four patients with documented GH deficiency acquired in adult life took part. Analysis of CSF collected at the end of the two treatment periods showed that the GH concentration was related to the administered dose of rhGH (r = 0.56, P = 0.0044). After rhGH treatment the concentration of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) had decreased from 218 +/- 80 to 193 +/- 82 nmol/l (P = 0.002) and that of the excitatory acid aspartate had increased from 233 +/- 81 to 313 +/- 116 nmol/l (P = 0.032). No effects were observed on the concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (the serotonin metabolite) and of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (the noradrenaline metabolite), or on those of glutamate, glycine and beta-endorphin. However, both CSF and serum levels of free T4 decreased, from 19.8 +/- 6.1 to 16.6 +/- 5.7 nmol/l (P = 0.0002) and 17.0 +/- 5.0 to 13.7 +/- 4.3 nmol/l (P = 0.0001), respectively. The concentration of total T3 was not measurable in CSF but increased in serum from 1.41 to 1.53 nmol/l (P = 0.01).", "LONG_ANSWER": "The study demonstrates a passage of GH from the circulation into the CSF. The observed changes in homovanillic acid and free T4 are similar to those reported after successful treatment of depressive disorders with antidepressant drugs, and may reflect a beneficial effect of GH on mood and behaviour.", "QUESTION": "Does growth hormone treatment affect brain neurotransmitters and thyroxine [ see comment ]?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Melatonin used as an exogenous drug has been documented to have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in animal model. We aimed to examine the effect of melatonin in an experimental human sepsis model. Twelve healthy males were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded cross-over trial. They received lipopolysaccharide endotoxin 0.3 ng/kg of body weight intravenously at 12:00. Before endotoxemia, an 8-hour infusion of melatonin (100 mg) or placebo (saline) was initiated. Blood samples were drawn before and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after lipopolysaccharide administration. Proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL] 1β, IL-6, and YKL-40), anti-inflammatory markers (IL-1Ra, IL-10, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II), a marker for oxidative damage (malondialdehyde), and antioxidants (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid) were analyzed in plasma. Melatonin significantly reduced proinflammatory markers IL-1β (P < .01) and YKL-40 (P < .05) but not TNF-α and IL-6. None of the anti-inflammatory markers (IL-1Ra, IL-10, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II) were lowered by melatonin. Melatonin reduced the levels of ascorbic acid (P < .05) but not dehydroascorbic acid or malondialdehyde.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Melatonin administration before endotoxemia resulted in reduction of certain markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of melatonin in clinical setting.", "QUESTION": "Does melatonin suppress markers of inflammation and oxidative damage in a human daytime endotoxemia model?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The international classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome necessitate the presence of either extractable nuclear antibody or a characteristic focal inflammatory infiltrate in a minor salivary gland. Thus, patients who are extractable nuclear antibody-negative will need to have a labial salivary gland biopsy, which is an invasive procedure associated with morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of ultrasound imaging of the major salivary glands as a predictor of the histology to explore whether ultrasound can help in stratifying Sjögren's patients and reduce the need for biopsy. The records of 85 patients suspected of having Sjögren's syndrome and who have had biopsy and ultrasound were analysed retrospectively. The histology and the ultrasound were reported by experts independently. The reporting was impartial as the examiners were blinded to the results of the other investigations and to the diagnosis. Out of the 85 patients, 34 had positive ultrasound, 29 of whom also had positive histology. Fifty-one patients had negative ultrasound, of whom 49 were also negative for histological features of Sjögren's syndrome. The results show that the ultrasound had a positive predictive value of 85% and a striking negative predicative value of 96% of the histology results. The overall concordance between the ultrasound and the histology was 91% (Kappa = 0.826).", "LONG_ANSWER": "Our study shows that potentially the ultrasound has a role in stratifying patients who are extractable nuclear antibody-negative and can help to prioritize the biopsy for those who have sonographic evidence of SS.", "QUESTION": "Is ultrasound of the salivary glands a strong predictor of labial gland biopsy histopathology in patients with sicca symptoms?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "In type 1 diabetic patients, basal insulin supplementation plays a central role in tight glycaemic control. Therefore, safe and steady supplementation of basal insulin is strongly desirable, despite the need for multiple injections. The aim of this study was to investigate a procedure for supplementation using genetically engineered, primary-cultured adipocytes in diabetic mice. Furin-cleavable human proinsulin cDNA was transferred into murine primary-cultured adipocytes using a retroviral vector. The cells were implanted subcutaneously into streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The transfected cells secreted substantial amounts of mature insulin, as well as C-peptide, into conditioned medium. Syngeneic implantation of the cells significantly improved hyperglycaemia and blood HbA(1)c concentrations in a manner that was dependent on cell number, without causing hypoglycaemia. The plasma insulin concentration was dependent on the implanted cell number, and the systemic effect of the circulating insulin was confirmed by marked improvement of body weight reduction and liver glycogen content. Additionally, surgical resection of the implants, in which the insulin secretion was immunologically confirmed after transplantation, diminished the glucose-lowering effect, suggesting that in vivo expression could be eliminated if necessary.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These results indicate that the autotransplantation of functionalised adipocytes may lead to a clinical application in the treatment of diabetes.", "QUESTION": "Do implantation of primary cultured adipocytes that secrete insulin modifies blood glucose levels in diabetic mice?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal form of locally advanced breast cancer. We found concordant and consistent alterations of two genes in 90% of IBC tumors when compared to stage matched, non-IBC tumors: overexpression of RhoC GTPase and loss of WISP3. Further work revealed that RhoC is a transforming oncogene for HME cells. Despite the aggressiveness of the RhoC-driven phenotype, it does not quantitatively reach that of the true IBC tumors. We have demonstrated that WISP3 has tumor growth and angiogenesis inhibitory functions in IBC. We hypothesized that RhoC and WISP3 cooperate in the development of IBC. Using an antisense approach, we blocked WISP3 expression in HME cells (HME/AS WISP3). Cellular proliferation and anchorage independent growth were determined using the MTT assay and the anchorage independent growth in soft agar assay. VEGF was measured in the conditioned media of the HME/ AS WISP3 by ELISA. Antisense inhibition of WISP3 expression in HME cells increased the levels of RhoC mRNA and increased cellular proliferation, anchorage independent growth and secretion of VEGF in these cells. Conversely, restoration of WISP3 expression in the highly malignant IBC cell line SUM149 was able to decrease the expression of RhoC protein.", "LONG_ANSWER": "WISP3 modulates RhoC expression in HME cells and in the IBC cell line SUM149, and provide further evidence in support that these two genes act in concert to give rise to the highly aggressive IBC phenotype. We propose a model of this interaction as a starting point for further investigations.", "QUESTION": "Do wISP3 and RhoC guanosine triphosphatase cooperate in the development of inflammatory breast cancer?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The aim of this paper is to study the respiratory muscle strength by evaluating the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and lung volume before and 3 and 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. This is an interventional, before and after trial. It was set at the Department of Otolaryngology, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine. We included 29 children (6-13 years old), both genders, consecutively recruited from the waiting list for adenotonsillectomy. Children were submitted to maximal inspiratory pressures (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) evaluation using an analog manovacuometer, lung volume, using incentive expirotometer and thoracic and abdominal perimeter using a centimeter tape. Children were evaluated in 3 different moments: 1 week before and 3 and 6 months after surgery. MIP improved significantly 3 months (p < 0.001) after adenotonsillectomy and MEP did not change (p = 1). There were increases in lung volume (p = 000), chest (p = 0.017) and abdominal perimeter (p = 0.05). Six months after surgery, all parameters improved. MIP (p = 0), MEP (p = 0), lung volume (p = 0.02), chest (p = 0.034) and abdominal perimeter (p = 0.23).", "LONG_ANSWER": "This study suggests that there was an improvement in respiratory muscular strength, once there was a significant improvement in maximal inspiratory pressure, lung volume and other parameters after adenotonsillectomy.", "QUESTION": "Does adenotonsillectomy improve the strength of respiratory muscles in children with upper airway obstruction?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The molecular and morphological alterations of the tight junctions in ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated colorectal cancer are still poorly understood. The possible involvement of claudin-1 (CL-1), one of the major tight junctional proteins, was investigated in the tumorigenesis of UC-associated CRC. A total of 39 patients with UC underwent surgical treatment from January 2001 until October 2009 at Kurume University Hospital in Fukuoka. CRC tissue specimens were analyzed to determine whether the expression of CL-1 correlates with clinicopathological factors and to determine the role of CL-1 and β-catenin in the alteration of tight junctions during tumorigenesis. The operations were 30 of elective surgery and 9 of emergency surgery. Colectomy was performed in five patients (12.8%) because of UC-associated CRC, and in another patient (2.6 %) because of high-grade dysplasia. The immunostaining pattern of the high-grade dysplasia and UC-associated CRC for CL-1 showed much stronger and more diffuse staining in comparison to the normal or UC colonic mucosa. The expression of β-catenin was also positive or up-regulated in all of the UC-associated CRC and high-grade dysplasia tissue specimens.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These observations suggested that CL-1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular morphology and behavior in UC. We speculate that increased CL-1 expression may be involved in the early stages of transformation in UC-associated neoplasia. CL-1 protein may therefore be a good candidate for surveillance of patients with UC.", "QUESTION": "Does increased claudin-1 protein expression contribute to tumorigenesis in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Gene expression profiling by microarray analysis of cells enriched by laser capture microdissection (LCM) faces several technical challenges. Frozen sections yield higher quality RNA than paraffin-imbedded sections, but even with frozen sections, the staining methods used for histological identification of cells of interest could still damage the mRNA in the cells. To study the contribution of staining methods to degradation of results from gene expression profiling of LCM samples, we subjected pellets of the mouse plasma cell tumor cell line TEPC 1165 to direct RNA extraction and to parallel frozen sectioning for LCM and subsequent RNA extraction. We used microarray hybridization analysis to compare gene expression profiles of RNA from cell pellets with gene expression profiles of RNA from frozen sections that had been stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Nissl Stain (NS), and for immunofluorescence (IF) as well as with the plasma cell-revealing methyl green pyronin (MGP) stain. All RNAs were amplified with two rounds of T7-based in vitro transcription and analyzed by two-color expression analysis on 10-K cDNA microarrays. The MGP-stained samples showed the least introduction of mRNA loss, followed by H&E and immunofluorescence. Nissl staining was significantly more detrimental to gene expression profiles, presumably owing to an aqueous step in which RNA may have been damaged by endogenous or exogenous RNAases.", "LONG_ANSWER": "RNA damage can occur during the staining steps preparatory to laser capture microdissection, with the consequence of loss of representation of certain genes in microarray hybridization analysis. Inclusion of RNAase inhibitor in aqueous staining solutions appears to be important in protecting RNA from loss of gene transcripts.", "QUESTION": "Do histological staining methods preparatory to laser capture microdissection significantly affect the integrity of the cellular RNA?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "We investigated the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GcRs) in the intrahepatic biliary epithelium and the role of corticosteroids in the regulation of cholangiocyte secretion. GcR was studied by immunohistochemistry, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blots. The effects of dexamethasone and budesonide on biliary bicarbonate excretion and H+/HCO3- transport processes were investigated in bile fistula rats, isolated intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDUs), and purified cholangiocytes. GcRs were expressed by rat cholangiocytes. Although acute administration of corticosteroids showed no effect, treatment for 2 days with dexamethasone or budesonide increased (P < 0.05) biliary bicarbonate concentration and secretion, which were blocked by the specific GcR antagonist, RU-486. IBDUs isolated from rats treated with dexamethasone or budesonide showed an increased (P < 0.05) activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1 isoform) and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (AE2 member), which was blocked by RU-486. Protein expression of NHE1 and AE2 and messenger RNA for NH1 but not AE2 were increased (P < 0.05) in isolated cholangiocytes by dexamethasone treatment.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The intrahepatic biliary epithelium expresses GcR and responds to corticosteroids by increasing bicarbonate excretion in bile. This is caused by corticosteroid-induced enhanced activities and protein expression of transport processes driving bicarbonate excretion in the biliary epithelium.", "QUESTION": "Do corticosteroids modulate the secretory processes of the rat intrahepatic biliary epithelium?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Induction of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) apoptosis is a viable therapeutic strategy to reduce liver fibrogenesis. Although BH3-only proteins of the Bcl-2 family trigger pro-apoptotic pathways, the BH3-only proteins mediating HSC apoptosis have not been well defined. Our aim, using proteasome inhibition as a model to induce HSC apoptosis, was to examine the BH3-only proteins contributing to cell death of this key liver cell subtype. Apoptosis was induced by treating LX-2 cells, an immortalized human hepatic stellate cell line, and primary rat stellate cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Treatment with proteasome inhibitors increased expression of Noxa both at the mRNA (16-fold) and protein (22-fold) levels indicating that both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms contributed to the increase in cellular Noxa levels. Knockdown of Noxa by siRNA significantly attenuated cell death, mechanistically implicating Noxa as a key apoptotic mediator of proteasome inhibitor-induced cell death. Given the pivotal role for the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein A1 in activated HSC survival, we determined if Noxa bound to this survival protein. Noxa was shown to physically bind the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein A1 by co-immunoprecipitation.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Noxa contributes to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis of stellate cells likely by binding A1. Strategies to therapeutically increase Noxa expression may be useful for inducing HSC apoptosis.", "QUESTION": "Does noxa mediate hepatic stellate cell apoptosis by proteasome inhibition?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To substantiate the claims of Unani and Arabian traditional medicine practitioners on the gastroprotective potential effect of a popular spice anise, \"Pimpinella anisum L.\" on experimentally-induced gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Acute gastric ulceration in rats was produced by various noxious chemicals including 80% ethanol, 0.2 mol/L NaOH, 25% NaCl and indomethacin. Anti-secretory studies were undertaken using pylorus-ligated Shay rat technique. Levels of gastric non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) and wall mucus were estimated and gastric tissue was also examined histologically. Anise aqueous suspension was used in two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) in all experiments. Anise significantly inhibited gastric mucosal damage induced by necrotizing agents and indomethacin. The anti-ulcer effect was further confirmed histologically. In pylorus-ligated Shay rats, anise suspension significantly reduced the basal gastric acid secretion, acidity and completely inhibited the rumenal ulceration. On the other hand, the suspension significantly replenished ethanol-induced depleted levels of gastric mucosal NP-SH and gastric wall mucus concentration.", "LONG_ANSWER": "Anise aqueous suspension possesses significant cytoprotective and anti-ulcer activities against experimentally-induced gastric lesions. The anti-ulcer effect of anise is possibly prostaglandin-mediated and/or through its anti-secretory and antioxidative properties.", "QUESTION": "Does aqueous suspension of anise `` Pimpinella anisum '' protect rats against chemically induced gastric ulcers?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) for the management of asthmatic patients were last published in 1999, with updates in 2001 and June 2004. Large disparities exist in the implementation of these guidelines into clinical practice. The present study evaluated the knowledge of Quebec-based primary care physicians regarding the CPGs, as well as patient outcomes before and after introducing physicians to a new clinical tool--a memory aid in the form of a self-inking paper stamp checklist summarizing CPG criteria and guidelines for assessing asthmatic patient control and therapy. The primary objective of the present study was to assess whether the stamp would improve physicians' knowledge of the CPGs, and as a secondary objective, to assess whether it would decrease patient emergency room visits and hospitalizations. A prospective, randomized, controlled study of 104 primary care physicians located in four Quebec regions was conducted. Each physician initially responded to questions on their knowledge of the CPGs, and was then randomly assigned to one of four groups that received information about the CPGs while implementing an intervention (the stamp tool) aimed at supporting their decision-making process at the point of care. Six months later, the physicians were retested, and patient outcomes for approximately one year were obtained from the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec. The stamp significantly improved physicians' knowledge of the CPGs in all Quebec regions tested, and reduced emergency room visits and hospitalizations in patients who were followed for at least one year.", "LONG_ANSWER": "A paper stamp summarizing CPGs for asthma can be used effectively to increase the knowledge of physicians and to positively affect patient outcomes.", "QUESTION": "Does paper stamp checklist tool enhance asthma guidelines knowledge and implementation by primary care physicians?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "The mechanisms responsible for the development of symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to identify differences in spatiotemporal reflux characteristics (proximal extent and duration of reflux episodes, ascending velocity of the refluxate) between symptomatic and asymptomatic reflux episodes and to assess the influence of different pH sensor positions on the yield of symptom analysis. Esophageal pH was measured for 24 hours at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 18 symptomatic patients with GERD, and spatiotemporal reflux characteristics were assessed for symptomatic and asymptomatic reflux episodes. Additionally, the symptom-association probability (SAP) was calculated for each esophageal level. The median episode duration (at 3 cm above the LES) was longer and the proximal extent was higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic reflux episodes (P = 0.006 and P = 0.01). The ascending velocity of the refluxate was not significantly different. The SAP decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from distal to proximal, but no significant differences were found between distal and proximal esophageal levels for the proportion of patients with positive (> 95%) SAP values.", "LONG_ANSWER": "The perception of reflux symptoms depends on the duration of acid-exposure episodes and on the proximal extent of the refluxate. Small changes in pH-sensor position do not significantly influence the yield of symptom analysis.", "QUESTION": "Is symptom perception in gastroesophageal reflux disease dependent on spatiotemporal reflux characteristics?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Volatile anaesthetics prevent experimental myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) in several species, but this finding is partially inconsistent with clinical evidence. Some experimental models may not accurately represent the complex signal transduction pathways triggered by volatile anaesthetics. We therefore investigated sevoflurane I/R prevention in vivo in a porcine model with greater likeness to human physiology than models previously used and compared it with neutral anaesthetic. Myocardial infarct size [IS/AAR] was compared in three groups of pigs (N=35) randomised to Control anaesthesia (pentobarbital infusion, n=12), sevoflurane inhalation alone (end-tidal concentration 3.2%) (Sevo, n=9), or both Combined (n=14), throughout ischaemia and reperfusion. Anterior/septal myocardial infarcts resulted from distal LAD coronary artery occlusion by balloon catheter for 45 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion. [IS/AAR] was measured in tetrazolium-stained heart slices after standardised image processing with computer-assisted planimetry. Measurements included full invasive monitoring. Control animals developed infarction in 55.0 +/- 3.9% (SEM) of the area at risk, Sevo in 17.5 +/- 4.4% (P=0.0002), and Combined with pentobarbital in 24.3 +/- 3.8% (P=0.0001) of the AAR, sevoflurane reducing infarct size significantly (68% and 60%, respectively).", "LONG_ANSWER": "Sevoflurane markedly decreased myocardial infarct size after prolonged coronary occlusion in a porcine model. In addition to novel sevoflurane cardioprotection in the closed-chest model, which is more comparable to normal human hearts than models previously used, sevoflurane cardioprotection is substantiated in the juvenile intact organism. The perspectives underline recommending volatile anaesthetics in risk patients and in cardiac surgery.", "QUESTION": "Does sevoflurane improve myocardial ischaemic tolerance in a closed-chest porcine model?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "To update the recommendations on the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis issued in 2003 by the French National Authority for Health (HAS). This update was performed under the aegis of the Bone Section of the French Society for Rheumatology (SFR) and Osteoporosis Research and Information Group (GRIO), in collaboration with four French learned societies (primary-care, gastroenterology, internal medicine, and nephrology). A task force composed of members of the medical specialties involved in managing patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis conducted a systematic literature review according to the method developed by the HAS then used the results to develop updated recommendations. These recommendations are intended for all physicians involved in the management of patients who are scheduled to start, or are taking, long-term glucocorticoid therapy (≥ 3 months) in any dose and for any reason. In postmenopausal women and men older than 50 years of age, treatment is warranted in the presence of any of the following risk factors for fracture: history of bone frailty fracture after 50 years of age, bone mineral density T-score ≤ −2.5 at one or more sites, age ≥ 70 years, and dosage ≥ 7.5 mg/d prednisone-equivalent for longer than 3 months. Bisphosphonates can be used in all these situations; teriparatide can be given as first-line therapy in patients at high fracture risk but is reimbursed by the French statutory health insurance system only in patients having two or more prevalent vertebral fractures. The fracture risk is lower in non-menopausal women and in men younger than 50 years of age,in whom treatment decisions should rest on a case-by-case evaluation.", "LONG_ANSWER": "These recommendations are intended to clarify the pharmacological management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.", "QUESTION": "Do 2014 update of recommendations on the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis?" }

{ "CONTEXT": "Acute gouty arthritis is caused by endogenously formed monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, which are potent activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, to induce the release of active interleukin (IL)-1β, an additional stimulus is needed. Saturated long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) can provide such a signal and stimulate transcription of pro-IL-1β. In contrast, the short-chain fatty acid butyrate possesses anti-inflammatory effects. One of the mechanisms involved is inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we explored the effects of butyrate on MSU+FFA-induced cytokine production and its inhibition of specific HDACs. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were stimulated with MSU and palmitic acid (C16.0) in the presence or absence of butyrate or a synthetic HDAC inhibitor. Cytokine responses were measured with ELISA and quantitative PCR. HDAC activity was measured with fluorimetric assays. Butyrate decreased C16.0+MSU-induced production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA in PBMCs from healthy donors. Similar results were obtained in PBMCs isolated from patients with gout. Butyrate specifically inhibited class I HDACs. The HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat and the potent HDAC inhibitor, ITF-B, also decreased ex vivo C16.0+MSU-induced IL-1β production.", "LONG_ANSWER": "In agreement with the reported low inhibitory potency of butyrate, a high concentration was needed for cytokine suppression, whereas synthetic HDAC inhibitors showed potent anti-inflammatory effects at nanomolar concentrations. These novel HDAC inhibitors could be effective in the treatment of acute gout. Moreover, the use of specific HDAC inhibitors could even improve the efficacy and reduce any potential adverse effects.", "QUESTION": "Is suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced cytokine production by butyrate mediated by the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases?" }