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$3B accounting error by The Pentagon (time.com) T he Pentagon said Thursday that it had overcounted the value of weapons and other equipment sent to Ukraine by roughly $3 billion an error that means more U.S. defense funds will be available to support the Ukrainian effort to beat back the Russian invasion. The mistake which the Defense Department discovered after an internal audit in March occurred because the military services were using cost estimates based on new hardware rather than the depreciated older equipment that was pulled from U.S. stockpiles. The department discovered inconsistencies in equipment value for Ukraine Pentagon Spokeswoman Sabrina Singh said in a statement. In some cases replacement cost rather than net book value was used therefore overestimating the value of the equipment drawn down from U.S. stocks. Using a so-called presidential drawdown authority (PDA) President Joe Biden has transferred weapons and equipment from U.S. stocks totaling about $21.1 billion since Russias invasion in Feb. 2022. The true cost is now estimated to be roughly $18 billion officials said which means the Administration has roughly doubled the $2.7 billion Congressionally authorized funds that were remaining to support Ukraine. Read More: Inside the Race to Arm Ukraine. When the miscalculation was discovered the Pentagons comptroller re-issued guidance clarifying how to value equipment to ensure the services use the most accurate accounting methods a Defense official said. The process is now underway meaning theres a possibility additional savings could be found. But Singh maintained the error has not hindered deliveries. This over-valuation has not constrained our support to Ukraine nor impacted our ability to flow capabilities to the battlefield Singh said. The race to supply Ukraine with the weapons it needs to win the war against Russia has taken on increased urgency as the Ukrainian military prepares to launch a counteroffensive against occupying Russian forces in the east and south. The Administration believes what happens in the coming months could shape the outcome of the war. Read More : What to Expect From Ukraines Counteroffensive . The Pentagons discovery drew fire from Republicans. House Armed Services Committee Chairman Mike Rogers of Alabama and House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Michael McCaul of Texas released a joint statement on the news. The revelation of a $3 billion accounting error discovered two months ago and only today shared with Congress is extremely problematic to say the least the statement said. These funds could have been used for extra supplies and weapons for the upcoming counteroffensive instead of rationing funds to last for the remainder of the fiscal year. The Republicans urged the Administration to make up for this precious lost time by using funds to provide Ukraine with more advanced weapons and systems that can tip the conditions on the battlefield in their favor. Write to W.J. Hennigan at william.hennigan@time.com .

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'Be' is nice end of story (abortretry.fail) Jean-Louis Gasse was born in Paris France in 1944. From 68 to 74 he worked for Hewlett Packard in Europe. He was in charge of a project to develop the first scientific desktop computer from HP and he was later promoted to sales manager for the European market. From 74 to 81 he served as the CEO of Data General in France. In 1981 Jean-Louis became the Director of European Operations for Apple Computer. A few years later following the firing of Steve Jobs Jean-Louis was promoted to be the President of Product Development. From what I can tell he spent a lot of time and energy thwarting bad ideas from the rest of the company while at Apple but he also stewarded many great projects: the Newton the Macintosh Portable the Macintosh II line and the much loved SE/30. Sadly in 1990 he suffered the same fate as Steve Jobs before him and he was pushed out of the company by Sculley and the board. Steve Sakoman (developer of the Newton) was the VP of Product Development at Apple and he left the company with Jean-Louis. Shortly after that Erich Ringewald left Apple. He was the lead of the Apple Pink OS group which was the group working on the next generation of Apples Macintosh operating system. Abort Retry Fail is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. These three gentlemen then set to work building a new company Be Inc. The Chairman and CEO was Jean-Louis Gasse the VP of Engineering was Steve Sakoman and the CTO was Erich Ringewald. It becomes rather clear in just a bit that these three minds were required for what was to be created. Mr. Gasse is a rather opinionated man from what I can tell and this isnt new. He formed his opinions through experience in the industry over the course of decades. When he founded Be he set his sights on an ambitious goal: fix the computer industrys stagnation. From an interview for Tech Head Stories 13th December 1995: About the BeBox The BeBox is a personal computer that relies on three ideas. The first idea is that we create a product that has a distinct architectural advantage in the freshness of its operating system. The most obvious example of this advantage is that every BeBox has two Power PC CPUs. Multi-processor PCs are actually quite easy to do on the hardware side of things: They're a very inexpensive way to increase computing power. And yet no one does it because they don't have the infrastructure the the operating system to support multiple CPUs. The other guys Macintosh and Windows they certainly won't be able to anytime soon. I know... I've lived inside one of these sausage factories; the layers of software silt are deadening it's cancerous. It took Microsoft five years to go from Windows 3 to Windows 4. Apple will need six or seven years to move from System 7 to System 8. You know what I'm trying to say? Another example: we have a database engine built into the operating system. This is a dream of all PC makers I can attest to that. Then there's very fast rich I/O multiple serial ports MIDI ports... even a GEEK port that will let the bleeding edge hacker lift the hood and do unspeakable things to our computer. About BeOS The second idea was that we wanted to help the software developers reach the market. There are so many software developers who are frustrated by the dominance of a few large predatory birds in their ecological niche. A fledgling software developer has a hard time developing so to speak. Today imagine that you are a young Windows programmer and that I'm a venture capitalist and you come and see me and say Mr. Gasse do I have a deal for you. Yes? I have the word processor for Windows that will kill Microsoft Word. What am I to do if I'm a caring venture capitalist? I have to open the drawer and instead of pulling out the checkbook I should pull out the Magnum .357 and give you the coup de grace because this will stop what otherwise would be a long ugly expensive agony for your family. You can't compete; you won't get the money and you can't buy the shelf space. What we offer is a much different way to reach the market: You write an application and put up a demonstration version on our Web site. I see the demo I download the demo I use it I like it... so what do I do then? I use the telephone. (Some day we'll have credit cards flying over the Internet but let's rely on the existing infrastructure. ) I call you and give you three numbers: my credit card number my Internet address and my machine serial number so you can customize your application for my machine. The BeBox was a seriously cool machine. It was first released in October of 1995 and it was a monster compared to other machines of the time. Lets start with the outside. So there on the front you have the traditional CDROM drive and floppy drive of the era. Then theres the Blinkenlights. The bottom-most right LED was used to show hard disk activity and the other lights showed CPU load. The left array would light up corresponding to one CPU and the right the other. Nothing there is too revolutionary (though quite cool) but lets look at the back of this thing. So here you have four 9-pin D-sub serial ports a PS/2 mouse port two 15-pin D-sub joystick ports four DIN MIDI ports (two in two out) four RCA ports (two in two out stereo) two 3.5mm audio jacks (one in one out) three 4-pin mini DIN infrared I/O ports (for the younger among my audience infrared was common in the 90s) parallel SCSI-2 AT keyboard and 37-pin D-sub GEEK port. This port was a kind of GPIO interface implemented by Benoit Shilling. The BeBox shipped with two PowerPC 603 CPUs clocked at 66MHz. These are 32-bit RISC microprocessors on a 0.5 micron process. They featured a 8KB code cache and 8KB data cache. Later models shipped with the 603e which doubled both cache sizes and bumped the clock to 133MHz. The 603e CPUs were on a 0.35 micron process. The BeBox allowed for eight 72-pin SIMMs which granted a maximum of 256MB of RAM. For expansion the BeBoxs motherboard had three PCI slots and it had five ISA slots. Another note on hardware that I feel is important is that this machines DAC allowed for 16-bit audio sampled at up to 48kHz; not shocking but still rather impressive for the time. There were other quite powerful workstation machines available in 1995 but I am not aware of any with quite so much I/O. To make full use of this beefy machine Be Inc developed BeOS. The development team was made of twelve software engineers who hailed from companies including Apple NeXT and Sun. They worked for roughly five years to create a preemptive multitasking multithreaded symmetric multiprocessing object-oriented 32-bit operating system. The system was partially POSIX compliant had an API written in C++ and used Bash for its CLI. Despite having Bash the operating system was fully graphical. This OS even featured a 64-bit file system with database-like features (theres even a book about BFS if youre interested). In the end something less than two thousand of these sweet sweet machines were delivered. The BeBox did not succeed in the market. Ive seen a million different reasons people give for why the BeBox failed but I think the real answer to this question is rather quite simple: the PC compatibles. Ive mentioned in other articles here on ARF that the PC platform with Windows was absolutely exploding during the 90s. We have in the BeBox yet another victim. As innovative and as cool as the BeBox and BeOS were they werent compatible with PC software. With MS-DOS and Windows being so dominant there wasnt demand for a machine on which zero already purchased software could run (in the 90s people bought software in boxes from physical stores and that software cost large amounts of money). The other extremely powerful systems of the time period were all UNIX systems (AIX HP-UX Solaris IRIX) and these could usually easily compile code written for other UNICES. Additionally the software market for these UNIX systems was very niche. BeOS wasnt a UNIX either. Neither software compatibility with the PC nor software compatibility with UNIX With the demise of the BeBox BeOS shifted into a pure software play and they rapidly began porting BeOS to other hardware . Of particular interest to BeOS were PowerPC and Intel x86. As of 1996 Apple was looking to replace their varying OS projects. There were problems within Apple that made the development of a next generation OS nearly impossible and to solve these problems Apple sought to purchase something that was close to their own vision. With BeOS having been ported to numerous hardware platforms including some Macintosh machines and even having shipped pre-installed on some Macintosh clones Gil Amelio (then CEO of Apple) initially approached Be Inc about BeOS. Theres conflicting information regarding the reasons for the failure of this deal but Apple eventually chose to purchase NeXT. Macintosh OS X and current macOS is based upon NeXT Step (iOS Watch OS TVOS and the rest are as well). From there things only got worse for Be. The company lingered around until 2001 when it sold its copyrights to Palm for $11 million USD. In 2002 Be brought litigation against Microsoft for anticompetitive practices but the suit was settled out of court for $23.25 million. After purchasing BeOS Palm promptly discontinued the OS. Palm itself later had some problems split and sold. The rights to BeOS are now in the hands of Access Co along with PalmOS. The funny thing is BeOS was just too cool to die. Immediately upon its death a German company called yellowTAB began developing the system as ZETA. ZETA was based upon BeOS 5.1.0. Ultimately the company became insolvent and Magnussoft purchased yellowTAB. Magnussoft failed to learn from the demise of yellowTAB. They continued to develop ZETA. Neither yellowTAB nor Magnussoft ever procured a license for BeOS and Access Co claimed that ZETA was an illegal distribution of BeOS . If you thought that that would be the end for BeOS you are in error. Following the purchase of Be by Palm an open source project was started whose aim was to recreate BeOS from scratch with full binary and source compatibility. This was OpenBeOS. The first release in 2002 was a community update to BeOS 5.0.3 with some open source replacements for Be code. The project name changed in 2004. With everything surrounding the demise of Be being highly litigious it is no surprise that the project wished to avoid legal complications over their name. They chose Haiku. Why did they choose the name Haiku? Error messages from some applications in BeOS are written in haikus (most notably the NetPositive web browser). Additionally they felt that the art of haiku was representative of the elegance and simplicity of BeOS. The Haiku project continues to this day and the system is quite usable. As of today the project is working toward the imminent release of Haiku OS Beta 4. Officially Haiku only supports 32-bit and 64-bit x86 machines. Despite that and in the spirit of BeOS Haiku does have ports to ARM m68k PowerPC RISCV64 and SPARC. Haiku has improved from where Be left off. It has some support for FreeBSD driver compatibility WiFi a WINE port for Windows applications a real package manager and so on. There are still some problems that would prevent many from using Haiku as their daily driver (primary hardware support and a lack of 3D acceleration) but the project has moved quite quickly of late. I look forward to the day that I can run Haiku natively on M1 Macintosh. Thank you for reading Abort Retry Fail. This post is public so feel free to share it. Share Update - here are some images shared by the HN user Helf Reminds me of Digital... and digital is probably a rebranded version of be... a multitrack I/O for board rooms bought in the late 90s. It outlived the building where it was installed they don't makem like they used too. Minor quibble - Pink was an entirely different project that later became Taligent the joint venture between Apple IBM and HP created to replace both OS/2 and the original Mac OS. The Blue project eventually became Copland. Source: I was a Taligent product manager. No posts Ready for more?

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'The People's Hospital' treats uninsured and undocumented (npr.org) Terry Gross Paramedics at Ben Taub General Hospital speed a patient with a gunshot wound to the trauma team for further care. Ben Taub is the largest safety-net hospital in Houston. Gregory Smith/Corbis via Getty Images hide caption Paramedics at Ben Taub General Hospital speed a patient with a gunshot wound to the trauma team for further care. Ben Taub is the largest safety-net hospital in Houston. As a doctor in a so-called safety-net hospital Ricardo Nuila's daily practice looks quite different from that of his colleagues who work in private or not-for-profit hospitals. That's because safety-net hospitals treat everyone who walks in the doors regardless of insurance status. Many of Nuila's patients at Houston's Ben Taub Hospital are dealing with serious illnesses as a result of not being able to get access to basic preventive care. What we see is that patients' lack of health care has meant that the disease has been able to grow within their bodies he says. Their cancer is widespread or we find that they have an infection that has not been treated or discovered. In his new book The People's Hospital Nuila writes about his experiences at Ben Taub which is the largest safety-net hospital in Houston. He says despite the hospital's budget constraints the doctors and nurses there still manage to provide quality health care. By limiting the number of patients a practitioner can see in a day Ben Taub allows physicians to spend more time with their patients than is typical. My cap is 15 patients in one day Nuila says. That's compared to some of my colleagues in the private world who I've heard admit up to 24 patients in one night or don't carry a cap. Because resources are tight at Ben Taub there is an emphasis on using them mindfully Nuila says. Instead of ordering an MRI with the push of a button for instance he might talk to the radiologist directly to find out if extra imaging is really called for. There are benefits to further discussion between medical professionals about emergencies and how to deal with these emergencies he says. Overall Nuila says working at a safety-net hospital allows him to keep his focus on medicine: I like that I have the time to be able to hear my patients' stories that I don't have to think about billing all the time that I can sit with them and hear about why they came to the hospital and learn about their lives and that no matter what we are going to be thinking about how best to help them regardless of whether they have insurance or not. On treating undocumented people at the hospital It's not considered illegal. ... The law EMTALA the Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act that was passed in the 1980s that states that anybody in the United States whether you're a resident or not whether you have health insurance or not can go to a hospital and receive an exam and stabilizing treatment. So that's a right that everybody in the United States has regardless of citizenship. What's different about the safety-net hospital is that we have clinics and we have chronic care also and that was under question by certain politicians who ultimately found that it didn't make any sense to question that. Because when you get in the way of preventive care when you get in the way of primary care those patients end up coming to the emergency room and they become much more expensive. ... So [the politicians] decided that the financial gains were more important [than limiting care]. On explaining the American health care system to uninsured patients The patients are all so different some have had multiple family members in the United States before so they understand the landscape a little bit better. But yeah it can feel very very contradictory when I tell patients that well You need health insurance for that. And they will say sometimes Well in Mexico or in Guatemala (or whatever) I don't necessarily. And it's hard to explain that in the richest country in the world there's little available for people without health care insurance. Now I'm happy that in Harris County [in Texas] where I work at Harris Health we can provide a robust set of services. But somebody who lives outside of the county doesn't have availability for those services. And that's one of the things that I've argued is that the line between Mexico and the United States is not as important as the line between Harris County and Fort Bend County for instance in some of the treatments that we give to patients. On speaking Spanish with patients That's one of the reasons that I love my job and I love the hospital where I work I can speak Spanish. ... The people are so happy to hear somebody attempt to speak their language and not just on a translation basis but the flavor of the language and also thinking about the locations [they come from]. For instance when I ask somebody where they're from and they say Mexico or El Salvador it's never enough for me to hear just a country. I need to ask a region so I can situate it in my mind the map and draw a relationship that I have with that region. And so I think it helps a lot for building trust with patients. On his reaction when very sick patients put their faith in God I don't dismiss it. Because I feel that science and medicine we don't know everything. There's a lot of mystery in this world and I think faith is important. I'm not saying that faith in one particular religion is important but faithfulness is important. I think that in my experience when people demonstrate faith whether it's in their God or whether it's in the treatment they do better. It's not my job to take away that person's faith. What I tell people is that I'm just doing my job which is [that] I'm a human being and I need to tell you ... the recommendation from doctor human beings for this illness and for the treatment but that I'm just a person and I don't know . And that's the truth we don't know everything. We have very good ideas. When somebody is close to death we can prognosticate quite accurately if that person's going to die or not. But I can not tell exactly when that is going to happen. And I don't want to rob somebody of their faithfulness. On struggling with thoughts of suicide after the suicide of a friend and colleague I think everything was a struggle. And I think that seeing somebody like Dave who I admired so much who was a friend my best friend in the hospital who I could speak with and who was so knowledgeable and intelligent just to know that that is a risk for me as I grow older. Dave was also a very good father and it's something that I've struggled with parenting. It felt so much like a pressure of trying to be a good father while trying to be a good doctor while trying to be a good writer. They can work together but there are moments where they feel like they can just implode on themselves. And I think that knowing that that had happened to my friend weighed on me and made me think Is this going to be me? Is this the fate that so many of us who care a lot that we face? ... Therapy helped. I found a therapist who was very attuned to people who were creative types. ... That listening really helped. My relationships improved. When I was at my lowest I could look at my relationships with the people who were around me who I valued the most and I can see that at that moment they weren't great relationships. And somehow over time those relationships started to improve and that helped immensely. I think that writing also helped me too at the end of the day. On hospital staff losing their sense of meaning with their job because of burnout For me that just demonstrates a real fundamental problem with how health care is administered in this country. If something like medicine where you are helping people on a daily basis if you can't see the meaning behind that that's a bad omen. Whenever a patient tells me I'm thirsty and I go get them ice water I feel really good that day. Something as simple as that. With my Spanish-speaking patients they can say one phrase to me and I will feel satisfied for that day when they say Que amable which means you were very kind in the way you said that. And I feel that that gives me a lot of meaning for the day. But I feel that the pressures and the mechanism by which health care operates right now obfuscates that for so many people. And that's sad to me. Now I take a little bit of heart in that the medical field is really taking this seriously and is trying to do something about this. There is an added emphasis now on bringing in the arts and humanities into medicine. If you or someone you know may be considering suicide or is in crisis call or text 9 8 8 to reach the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline . Audio interview produced and edited by: Sam Briger and Thea Chaloner. Audio interview adapted for NPR.org by: Bridget Bentz Molly Seavy-Nesper and Deborah Franklin. Sponsor Message Become an NPR sponsor

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0x0: Share Files from Terminal (0x0.st)

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1 in 5 Young Chinese Is Jobless and Millions More Are About to Graduate (nytimes.com) Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker

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10 years since Google said to hang tight about Linux support for Google Drive (abevoelker.github.io) have elapsed since Google said to hang tight about Linux support for Google Drive . We're still waiting . Made with frustration by @abevoelker

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100 People with rare cancers who attended same NJ high school demand answers (foxnews.com) This material may not be published broadcast rewritten or redistributed. 2023 FOX News Network LLC. All rights reserved. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Market data provided by Factset . Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions . Legal Statement . Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper . Fox News correspondent Bryan Llenas has the latest as 100+ have been diagnosed with rare brain tumors from Colonia High School in Woodbridge New Jersey. A single New Jersey man has uncovered a medical mystery apparently linking 100 people diagnosed with rare cancers or tumors to a Woodbridge high school. In 1999 when he was just 27 Al Lupiano was diagnosed with a very rare and abnormally large brain tumor for someone his age called Acoustic Neuroma (AN). Last summer Lupiano's wife and now-deceased sister were diagnosed with rare brain tumors on the same day. His wife was similarly diagnosed with an abnormally large AN tumor and his sister was diagnosed with Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) which has an incident rate of 30 out of every 1 million people Lupiano explained in a Facebook post that he has been updating since March 7. Their neurologist who has been recognized as a global leader in neurosurgery by the World Federation of Neurological Societies has treated and been involved with tens of thousands of brain tumors in his career. It is his belief my wife and I may be the first documented case of spouses having an AN both roughly the same size and on the same side of the headaccording to him the odds are maybe 1 in a BILLION Lupiano said. Al Lupiano was diagnosed with a very rare and abnormally large brain tumor in 1999 when he was 27 called Acoustic Neuroma. (Al Lupiano) To say he was concerned when he discovered all three of us grew up in the same neighborhood is an understatement. Why? There is one well documented cause of brain tumors radiation exposure he continued. Lupiano eventually arrived at a single linking factor between himself his wife and his sister: they each attended Colonia High School in Woodbridge in the 1990s. But Lupiano was not initially sure that the high school was a link to the similar yet rare brain tumor cases until he made a request on Facebook for others who attended Colonia to reach out to him personally. PROMISING CANCER VACCINE IN THE WORKS UTILIZING SIMILAR MRNA TECHNOLOGY THAT COMBATS COVID: DUKE RESEARCHERS By April 11 he had heard from more than 100 former Colonia High School attendees who had been diagnosed with rare tumors and cancers. Lupiano eventually arrived at a single linking factor between himself his wife and his sister: they each attended Colonia High School in Woodbridge in the 1990s. (Al Lupiano) [A]s of midnight Sunday 4/10 I recorded the 100th case of someone having a primary brain tumor Luapiano said in an update on his Faceboook post. I never in my worst nightmare envisioned ever hitting this milestone. Thats 100 people with their life forever changed. 100 families having to be told the terrible news. 100 stories of shock and disbelief with the diagnosis. I pray we find answers(as of 18:00 4/11 the list stands at 102 individuals). In an earlier update Lupiano said many of those who reached out to him about their brain tumor or cancer cases are former CHS teachers and staff members who didnt live in Colonia they just worked in the school. Colonia High School entrance. (Google Maps) Lupiano is an environmental scientist who tested ground samples for toxins over the course of his career and suggested that the school's grounds could be contaminated according to NJ Spotlight News. 2021 DEADLIEST YEAR IN US HISTORY DUE TO COVID-19 DRUG OVERDOSES Woodbridge Mayor John McCormack told the outlet that his office initiated conversations with the Woodbridge Department of Health and Human Services the Department of Environmental Protection and the Agency for Toxic Substance Disease Registry about opening investigations into potential radiation exposure stemming from the high school's campus. McCormack said the town wants local and federal involvement in the investigation. Lupiano also suggested a potential link between Colonia High School and a Middlesex New Jersey sampling plant in his interview with NJ Spotlight. The Middlesex Sampling Plant which has since closed is located on 9.6 acres about a 30-minute driving from Colonia. It was an entry point for African uranium ores known as pitchblende that were imported for use in the nations early atomic energy program were assayed at the Middlesex Sampling Plant and then shipped to other sites for processing according to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) New York Division. The plant received uranium thorium and beryllium ores between the 1940s and 1967 which is the same year Colonia High School was built. Middlesex Sampling Plant to Colonia High School in New Jersey. (Google Maps) The plant then decontaminated to the standards in effect at the time though overlooked during decontamination were traces of radioactive materials that had been carried offsite over the years by wind and rain to yards of neighboring homes the USACE New York Division said on its website. CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP Also records later revealed that in 1948 some radioactively contaminated materials had been trucked from the plant to the Middlesex Municipal Landfill (MML) one-half mile away. In the 1980's the contaminated residential properties were cleaned up and the excavated soil was stored at the site in a specially constructed pile known as the Vicinity Properties (VP) pile the USACE New York Division's website states. It is possible that soil from the plant had been trucked to Colonia High School during its construction in 1967 NJ Spotlight reported. Audrey Conklin is a digital reporter for Fox News Digital and FOX Business. Email tips toaudrey.conklin@fox.com or on Twitter at @audpants. Get all the stories you need-to-know from the most powerful name in news delivered first thing every morning to your inbox Subscribed You've successfully subscribed to this newsletter! This material may not be published broadcast rewritten or redistributed. 2023 FOX News Network LLC. All rights reserved. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Market data provided by Factset . Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions . Legal Statement . Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper .

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10BASE-T using Raspberry Pi Pico with 2 GPIO pins (github.com/kingyopiyo) 10BASE-T from Raspberry Pi Pico Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more about the CLI . Please sign in to use Codespaces. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download Xcode and try again. Your codespace will open once ready. There was a problem preparing your codespace please try again. 10BASE-T from Raspberry Pi Pico Note: See also : https://github.com/kingyoPiyo/Pico-RJ45-Sock Have fun! Measured with 100 termination. NLP(Normal Link Pulse) Ethernet Packet overview Preamble TP_IDL A simple pulse transformer can be built using ferrite cores that have fallen around! Adding a transformer ensures insulation and safe experimentation. Pass it through the core about three times. Just connect it into the RasPico and you're done! The waveform after passing through the transformer. Physical layer signal waveforms of commercial network equipment operating at 10BASE-T. Measured with 100 termination. 10BASE-T from Raspberry Pi Pico

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12-Year-Old to Graduate from College with Five Degrees (nbclosangeles.com) Most people are adults by the time they get their college degree. But Clovis Hung is only 12 years old and about to graduate with five degrees from Fullerton College. Im going to graduate with 5 degrees, Hung said. Associates degree in History, Associates degrees in Science, Associate degrees in Social Science, Science and Mathematics, arts and human expressions, social behavior and selfdevelopment. In 2019, Hung left his second grade classroom, bored and ready for a bigger challenge. I wanted to be in college because I was really curious at a really young age, Hung said. That curiosity led him to enroll in Fullerton College in 2020. They ask me questions like How old are you and what are you doing here? So I just answer them, Im 12 and Im taking classes with you, Hung said. And hes done it all with his mom, Song Choi, by his side. Get Los Angeless latest local news on crime, entertainment, weather, schools, COVID, cost of living and more. Heres your goto source for todays LA news. He loves studying, actually studying is his hobby, Choi said. Her incredible son has been fighting against the odds since the very beginning. When he was born, he was very incredible because he was a premature baby. And he was born at 27 weeks early. Less than 2 pounds, Choi said. Choi, now beaming with pride, said she hasnt forgotten Clovis is still just a kid. Im not a Tiger Mom, actually its the opposite, Hung said. Sometimes I just need to remind him to relax, take it easy. Outside of the classroom, hes a Boy Scout. He loves basketball, archery and traveling, visiting 23 countries so far with his family. I study a lot so that I can get a lot of things done before I play, Hung said. Hung says the number one thing it takes to succeed is a healthy dose of selfmotivation. What I do is that I tell myself that I can do it, you can keep going. You did a very good job, Hung said.

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20 Years of Gentoo (nawaz.org) Posted on Thu 18 May 2023 It has been 20 years since I first successfully installed Gentoo on mysystem! I have not looked backsince. Lets see how Gentoo is doing these days. Below is a plot of Gentoos rankings on DistroWatch : It started off strong and has steadily declined. At this rate it should drop from the top 50 Linux distributions within a fewyears. In this post I will discuss my journey to Gentoo my experience with it as a user and what I think about it in2023. This section describes how I got to Gentoo. If it bores you feel free to jump to the Why Gentoo?section. I grew up using DOS in the 80s and 90s. Even after Windows 95 came out I continued to boot to the DOS command prompt. One did after all need to play games and in those days Windows consumed too many resources to make some games playable on my486. Microsoft eventually forced my hand and I was forced to live with Windows. While useful for web browsing I missed writing emails in text mode and I really missed Norton Commander . No file manager on Windows made me as efficient as Norton Commander did. [1] Compounding those headaches was the proliferation of adware/spyware on Windows. It was routine to install software just to flush these out of your system. And we all remember the pain of Its been a year since I installed Windows and is now much slower than when I installed it. Let me reinstallit. In 2001 I bought a second hard drive for my PC . Armed with more space experimenting with another operating system became less risky. I could install Linux on the other drive without worrying about any harm coming to my Windows OS . [2] Which Linux to install? I had heard of Red Hat but the Internet suggested Mandrake . It was supposedly compatible with Red Hat [3] and a lot more user friendly without compromising on power. And of course it wasfree. Being on dialup downloading the ISOs for the CDs was a non-option. A kind grad student friend of mine had an office with a CD burner. He created the CD for me. I also bought an OReilly book on Linux . The installation was a breeze. And I was astounded at the result. Whereas Windows came with very little software Mandrake came packed with a ton . Not just one web browser but several. Support for several languages and compilers. Multiple text editors. Multiple file managers. Even multiple office suites. And LaTeX! And Gimp! And a decent MATLAB alternative ! [4] . And a good music player ! And andand Whats more: There were no strings attached! These were not trial versions. They were not handicapped versions. I did not have to pay anyone to get the full version. I did not have to watch ads to get them towork. Once again I could live in text mode for emails and other tasks. Instead of Norton Commander they had Midnight Commander . And package management! What a concept! No more hunting the web to find software and worrying if youre getting the official one or an ad-laden version. Just tell Mandrake what youd like to install and it would download and install foryou! What more could onewant? After installing Mandrake I alternated between Windows and Linux - spending a few weeks at a time in each. Life was good - for a while. But alas little frustrations began to bubbleup. Occasionally a package would not function well. The Internet told me the solution would be to download an rpm and manually install it. But many rpms did not work - they expected a different directory structure from the one Mandrake provided. I lost a lot of time hunting for a compatible rpm. Isnt this the problem package managers were supposed tosolve? Or I would install the package from source. I chanted the mantra of ./configure && make && make install . A bit of a pain but manageable. However I now had to manage these installations manually. I learned what dependency hell meant. Over and over again. If I installed something manually then the package manager would not know about it. It would complain the library I had installed didnt exist. And would try to install what it thought was the right one - clobbering my work. All. Too.Often. There was a more serious problem: Remember Windows getting slow after a year or so? I was paranoid that Mandrake was doing the same. There were so many packages installed on my system. And so many services running all the time. Were they all needed? Were they eating up precious CPU power? I was too scared to uninstall or shut downservices. Once again I did not feel in control of what was on mycomputer! So I searched for solutions online. Could I not get a bare minimum distribution and install just what I need? A friend suggested Debian . It seemed too hard core and had a reputation for being beginner hostile. Anythingelse? Why yes! Linux From Scratch ! Everything is installed from the very bare minimum. You have to compile all the sources for every little thing you want. This way you can configure your system to your needs and no more! I removed Mandrake from my system and got to work on LFS . LFS is not a trivial install. I needed to dedicate a few days for it. But the sales pitch was that one will learn a lot about how Linux works. So I put in the time in 2002 and got a bootablesystem. The system was really bare. OK - now for the job of getting a graphical server working building the Mozilla browser and everything else I wanted. They had a guide for that called Beyond Linux From Scratch . It wasnt long before I decided this was not sustainable. There was no package management. You were the package manager. You have to resolve the dependencies manually. It was good for learning but figuring out the dependencies every time you want to upgrade a package would be too time consuming. Cant someone automate allthis? During Spring Break in 2003 I got Gentoo and did a Stage 0 install on a Pentium 4 2.53GHz machine. I did not even have a high speed Internet connection. It worked like a charm! I kept the emerge.log file from the first machine so I can tell you how long things took to compile in those days if anyone isinterested! So what is Gentoo? Like LFS it compiles everything from source. Unlike LFS it comes with a pretty good package manager which will automatically calculate dependencies download and compile for you. It is very maintainable compared to LFS which is why I still useit. You still ended up with a bare minimal install. You still had to configure your network your graphics server etc. But fortunately you did not have to deal with dependency Hell. Whats more Gentoo had (and still has) fantasticdocumentation. One other thing that struck me about Gentoo: Its rolling releases and the lack of versions . People in the Windows/MacOS world think in terms of versions all the time: Windows XP Vista 7 8 10 and so on. With Gentoo you never upgrade to a newer version. You merely keep upgrading packages on your system as they become available. Thats why I went 7 years without having to reinstall any OS and why my emerge.log goes that far back. Rolling releases were not the norm in thosedays. So what makes Gentoo so good? Why would anyone want to useit? My answer is biased and likely ill informed given that I have not used anything else in 20years! As far as I know it is still the only viable distribution that is source based. If you are into pseudo-minimalism building from source is a goodapproach. I say psuedo-minimalism because I get the sense that people will read this and think my PC environment is a very austere one. In reality you will not be able to distinguish it from any other distribution. I have a fully graphical environment with all the bells and whistles. The important thing is it has only the bells and whistles I want. [5] Furthermore having things source based really helps with custom installs. I still occasionally need to Google for a solution to some problem that requires me to rebuild my package with a patch that has not made it into the Gentoo repository. While Im ashamed to admit I never learned how to write ebuilds from scratch it is easy to take an existing one and modify it to include the patch. The bonus is the new modified install is fully recognized by the package manager. I have no idea how binary based distributions fare on thismetric. In those early days it was common for people to say to me Why should I use Gentoo? Ive installed Slackware - its the ultimate source baseddistribution! So which programs do you use to watchvideos? Oh I switch to Windows when I need to dothat. Ditto with say an Office Suite like OpenOffice. In real life every Slackware advocate Ive met either seriously limits what they do with their machine or they often dual boot into Windows. They use Slackware to geek out not to get workdone. Even more common: Oh Im not going to use Gentoo. I want to go all the way and use LFS ! They never heed my warnings about it. Every one of them either quits in the middle of the install or soon after and swears off source based distributions forlife. Slackware and LFS are the Haskells of the Linux distribution world. People jump to the extreme end of the spectrum and either get burnt or remain unproductive for life when they should have just used OCaml or F#instead. It is still a great distribution for learning about Linux. You still have to set things up and configure them. You still have to compile the kernel for features some of your packages may need. You still get the joy of configuring thebootloader. If you have time on your hand and want to learn this may still be the best distribution for you. Unlike LFS you will have no need or desire to replace it with something else once you have learned it. I think it is ideal for students in STEM fields. This is the killer feature of Gentoo. USE flags are a convenient way to specify what features you want in a package. Consider a somewhat contrived example: I do not own an iPhone and my PC has no Bluetooth capability. I can configure my system not to install iPhone/Bluetooth related features when installing packages. Suppose Im installing a music player. It may have options to sync/connect with iTunes. With my setting it will install without thosefeatures. Nobloat! You can do this systemwide orper-package. I used to make it a point to understand all the various USE flags out there. Now to be honest I mostly stick to defaults making modifications only as needed. Im not as obsessed on being lean as I used tobe. Again I do not know if any binary based distribution handles this feature well (or at all). I cannot imagine life withoutit. One thing I am forever grateful for: You dont needsystemd. In the early days RTFM was the norm in the Linux world giving it a reputation for harshness. The Gentoo forums in contrast was an incredibly friendly place forbeginners. Debian on the other hand had a reputation for being nasty to beginnerquestions. Somehow all this lead to a long thread of concern on the Debian mailing list: Are we losing users to Gentoo? You can tell from the original post that they did not realize the reason wasnt just cool but also friendly. I mean consider this response : Someone finally got part ofit: If youre interested here is the thread on the Gentoo forums discussing the samething. In the early days there was much promotion of Gentoo as being faster because you could compile everything based on your particular processor etc. And you could increase the optimization level for a boost. Their web site still touts this as a reason to useGentoo. In reality the performance is more or less the same as on any other distribution. The folks who stick to Gentoo tend not to care about performance as much. Unfortunately this perception of Gentoo remains and I wish they would remove the verbiage from theirsite. Portage the Gentoo package manager is s l o w. It is written in Python and the dependency graph must be much bigger than in the early days. I am surprised Gentoo has not built an official fasterreplacement. Packages in the official repository are not updated as often as Id like. For popular packages you can find them in the tree soon enough marked as unstable. However it can take a long time to get to stable. As of this writing the latest version in the tree for TeX Live is 2021 - both for stable and unstable. Thats 2 yearsold. The latest stable version of GHC is 9.0.2 - released on 25th December 2021. Over a yearold. In the early days Gentoo was known for being very fast at stabilizing new releases. You can even find posts about it in that Debian thread I link to later. Now it is probably one of the slower distributions in that regard. I dont think this will ever get better without more people actively using Gentoo andcontributing. In the old days I would take the risk of installing unstable packages but that comes with dependency problems and a higher maintenance burden. I do it only asneeded. Wait wasnt not having dependency hell supposed to be one of the perks ofGentoo?! For the most part yes. But Gentoo is also one of the most flexible distributions around. And with great flexibility comes great headaches. Portage manages most of those headaches well but things do fall through thecracks. If you have a modern desktop system with lots and lots of packages installed you simply cannot avoid some dependency pains. On my previous computer any time I upgraded QT to a new major version there was hell to deal with. Too many circular dependencies that Portage could not resolve. The solution would usually be to uninstall all qt related packages and thenupgrade. I update packages once a month. I can easily say that over half of the months I need to deal with a nontrivial dependency issue manually - Portage just doesnt handle them. Some of this may be due to my liberal use of USE flags which Im minimizing on my most recent PC . But some of it isunavoidable. Every once in a while you upgrade a major package and you misconfigure the files and the system breaks. Perhaps network capability is lost. Or the XOrg server wont load. Or you cant even login. These are not fun. You cannot use your PC until you resolve this problem. You have a life to live. How much of your time is debugging this going to eatup? The worst example of this was when I had to do a nontrivial upgrade to udev. After the upgrade and reboot I could not even get a shell prompt. Unfortunately this happened just as I was moving to another city for a new job. I simply could not spend time debuggingthis. Great: A major move coming up and I dont even have a computer! I did not have a smartphone either. Thank God (and taxpayers) for Internet access inlibraries! I think about 6 weeks went by before I fixed it. Debugging wasnt easy. I knew nothing of udev and did not find people on the Internet who had the same problem. Ultimately it was a simple fix. I strongly recommend everyone to have a copy of SystemRescueCD . That was the first time I used it and have occasionally needed itsince. These kinds of breakages are not that common. Once every 1.5-2 years or so. Most of the time I resolve it within a day or two. Still I would never use Gentoo for professional work. Imagine trying to explain to your boss that you cant do any work because you broke a udevupgrade. I wonder if Gentoo is more prone to attracting unhingedfolks? One person I converted to Gentoo is now spending a 30+ year sentence in federalprison. Heres a mass shooter who was also a Gentoouser: An Oklahoma resident and software engineer Ariadne Conill filed complaints against Smith with the FBI after receiving online death threats from him starting in October 2006 and lasting through March 2007 Conill allegedTuesday. Smith had lashed out at Conill and other software engineers after he discovered that the makers of Gentoo a computer operating system he was using removed a software package that he used to play music on his computer and had switched to a different system Conill told TheOregonian/OregonLive. Smith started to make random demands that the old system be restored and then started issuing direct threats and graphic death threats online according to Conill. He wrote that he was going to go on a road trip to Oklahoma and when you step outside Im going to stab you or he would send pictures of guns and knives and stuff and say hes going to come to our houses Conillrecalled. Conill said the FBI never responded other than noting that the complaints had been received after they were filed online with the FBI s Internet Crime ComplaintCenter. In the early years Gentoo was known for having superb documentation. Often when I would tell people I ran Gentoo they would relate a time they were stuck in their non-Gentoo distribution but found the solution to their problems in the Gentoodocs. The documentation is still good but at some point Ubuntu became the resource with the best documentation. I suspect Arch Linux probably holds the titlenow. Gentoo did have its sad periods in history. Most of what I write here is from memory so my details may be off. Its founder Daniel Robbins left the project willingly in 2004. While Gentoo remained in good shape politics did ensue. He later wished to rejoin Gentoo development but was not well received and some felt he was essentially trying to butt in and seize control. He left again after a year orso. In 2007 the Gentoo Foundations charter was revoked - mostly due to neglect. This was a bit of a worrying sign about the future of Gentoo and whether the Gentoo leadership were taking their roleseriously. The unofficial but outstanding Gentoo wiki went down and there was no backup. A lot of knowledge was lost. Solving common problems became much morepainful. All of these contributed to Gentoos decline. While it has recovered from the depths it had plunged into I do not see Gentoo becoming significantly more popular. On the flip side Im fairly confident that Gentoo will always remain amongst us. It is unique and will continue to attract developers to maintainit. For quite a while Gentoo was one of the cool distributions. It was somewhat unique (in as much as source based distributionsare). While writing this post I began to wonder what innovative distributions exist today that could dethrone Gentoo. What would I use if I were starting out today? What has valuable capabilities that Gentoo lacks? I think Guix or NixOS would be candidates along with Gentoo. From a cursory Internet search Gentoo is probably much moremature. Debian is currently ranked 8th on Distrowatch. I guess they didnt need to worry after all. Slackware BTW is ranked 39th - higher thanGentoo. I am hoping to write a 40 Years Of Gentoo blog post oneday. See discussions on Hacker News the Linux subreddit and the Gentoosubreddit. There have been doubts about the validity of Distrowatch rankings - the lower ranking for Arch Linux is a particular tell. Below are some other rankingmethodologies: The key thing to note: Slackware is lower in all ofthem! I think both Google Trends and Alexa are good proxies with a slight preference for the latter as it is challenging to get the right query in Google (e.g. Arch vs Arch Linuxetc). Tags:

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2022 Cloud Report (cockroachlabs.com) A distributed SQL database designed for speed scale and survival Capabilities By Industries Customer Stories See how our customers use CockroachDB to handle their critical workloads. Learn Support About us A distributed SQL database designed for speed scale and survival Capabilities By Industries Customer Stories See how our customers use CockroachDB to handle their critical workloads. Learn Support About us 56 instances. 3000+ benchmark runs. Cockroach Labs 2022 Cloud Report offers an unbiased analysis of a variety of instance types across the three most popular public clouds to help you find the best options for your workloads. Which cloud provider prevails across the key benchmarks todays cloud applications care about most? In the 2022 Cloud Report we sought to put performance in real-world contextto provide practical insights not just pure numbers. Insight 1 Machines with AMD Milan (EPYC Gen 3) processors claimed the top spots in both CPU benchmarking and OLTP testing for both large and small instance types. In past years we saw Intel lead the pack in overall performance with AMD competing on price-for-performance metrics. This year both the overall performance leader and the price-for-performance leader were AMD-based instances. Insight 2 There is at least one instance type and storage combination in the 4-5 cent reserved $/TPM range for all three clouds. Insight 3 When we paid explicitly for a resource we got the promised performance out of that resource. However in cases where the cloud provider advertised a performance range (e.g. up to 10 Gbps) and did not explicitly charge for a specific level of performance the results varied between cloud providers and between runs. We saw a wide range in performance for non-network optimized instance types including some apparent throttling. Insight 4 High-perfomance storage General purpose storage For even relatively small amounts of persistent block storage the cost of running a particular workload is much more influenced by the cost of the storage than it is the cost of the instance. For persistent workloads it is extremely important to optimize cost calculations based on this consideration. This chart shows average storage costs as a percentage of the total instance costs (including storage). Insight 5 TPM per vCPU Warehouses per vCPU (workload complexity) TPM per vCPU Warehouses per vCPU (workload complexity) Our tests suggest that while you may save a bit of money by choosing instance types with a lower vCPU to RAM ratio you will likely see more consistent performance from instance types with more available memory. The impact of this decision is more apparent with larger more complicated workloads. In our tests we found the sweet spot to be a vCPU:RAM ratio of 1:4. Our annual cloud report is an open-source project and youre welcome to run the benchmarks yourself. Hop over to GitHub to get started. If you have questions come say hello in our community Slack channel or watch tutorials via our YouTube channel. Run benchmarks Ask questions Watch videos The 2022 Cloud Report was a massive undertaking we're proud to share with the community free of charge. Simply fill out the form below to get your copy. Thank you!

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2022 letter on life in China (danwang.co) An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.

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20M digits of pi in 1 minute using Julia (gist.github.com) Instantly share code notes and snippets. I recently discovered a relatively obscure algorithm for calculating the digits of pi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GaussLegendre_algorithm . Well at least obscure compared to Chudnovsky's. Wikipedia notes that it is memory-intensive but is it really? Let's compare to the MPFR pi function: 20 million digits is a fair amount! Let's see how they run: All benchmarks shown are run on my 2020 MBP 13' M1. That last number is the error (comparing our implementation to MPFR). Only ~17 seconds slower and with about 6 more gigs of memory allocated. However--my algorithm is written in pure Julia whereas MPFR is in C. Perhaps this is the new holy grail of pi-computation algorithms? Oh and I mentioned Chudnovsky's algorithm: That was for only 100k digits. Perhaps I'm missing something but why has no one set a world record with Gauss-Legendre? If anyone has a super powerful computer and wants to try this out please post the results below. I wanna see how far you can push this. This is really cool! that said none of your ::BigFloat annotations are doing anything here. Sorry something went wrong. Can probably squeeze some more performance Running the same 20 million benchmark Sorry something went wrong.

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25+ years of personal knowledge management (dsebastien.net) In this post I describe my entire Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) system and its evolution over 25+ years In this article I'm going to dissect my entire Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) system and how it has evolved over the years. I'll describe the information I keep and where I currently store it. I'll also cover the tools I use and why I chose them. I'll tell you how I capture/organize/share data and how everything fits together. I'll also try to describe the different processes I use to keep the system under control. Like many other digital natives my Personal Knowledge Management system has evolved a lot over the years. I've accumulated many terabytes of data and store my information all over the Internet. A gazillion 0s and 1s spread across the entire planet. That growth was organic but I've made conscious design choices over time to keep things manageable. In this article I'll use the terms personal data and personal knowledge management (PKM) interchangeably. Those are separate but closely related concepts but it's not very important what I want to discuss with you. So don't get mad right away Take this content with a grain of salt. My system is always in flux and that's the way it should remain. There's no perfect system. It's all very personal. Writing this article is also an opportunity for me to reflect on what still makes sense and what does not. Alright let's dive in! I started taking notes when I received my first computer a Commodore 64 . Before that I didn't think much about writing things down. School only taught me how to write but not why it was great to be able to! There I was staring at a blinking cursor for the first time in my life. It was calling me. Hoping for me to write some things down. So I obliged. And I loved it. Writing text and BASIC code was great but I needed to save my data. When I turned the machine off my text was gone. I had to start all over again. How frustrating! I was lucky because I received a floppy disk drive together with my computer. I had a bunch of 5 1/4 floppy disks each of which could store a whopping 360KB of data (!). To be honest at the time it felt INFINITE. I could store seemingly endless amounts of text onto a single disk. That is until the dreaded RAT-AT-AT-AT-AT sound indicated that the data could not be read anymore. Gasp... During those early days I learned about saving files naming them etc. Those were good lessons. Proper data management starts with clear and consistent naming. I quickly realized that the names were critical for me to be able to retrieve the content later on. I made tons of mistakes and lost my journal more than once along the way. Unfortunately my Commodore is long gone and I have no idea what happened to my old floppy disks. It would be fun to find those back. But the lessons I've learned during those early days are still relevant today. Later on around 1994 I got my first PC: an Intel i486DX2 . I was ~11 years old. That's when I started exploring the Web and collecting information. My uncle was into computers and taught me a lot. He was the one that got me interested in hacking. At the time I didn't realize that computers were new for most people on earth. My brain did not register the fact that the world was just leaving the dark ages (sorry for the older folks ). From that point on I never stopped having fun with computers. I launched and fiddled with every program I could put my hands on. I could never get enough. At the time paper magazines were super popular in France and Belgium. There were many publications dedicated to computers and video games. Some of those can still be found online . I remember PC Magazine PC Loisirs Player One Joypad Nintendo Magazine and others. Those magazines often included CDs filled with images free programs shareware demos and other goodies. It was endless fun to read and explore those. I started collecting the things I found interesting without realizing I was curating content . I took notes about which programs were cool how to use them I saved files I created using those etc. At the time I simply created notes.txt files next to the programs. I tried all the possible tweaks I found and broke my computer a few times along the way. But I didn't care it was my personal laboratory. I did not imagine for one second that I was actually orienting my future career already I vividly remember a magazine called La Bible des Tips which was a compendium of thousands of video game secrets tips & tricks. I would create text files with those I found useful. I had countless files on my computer and at the time it was probably an incredible mess. Somewhere between 1994 and 1997 I finally had access to the Internet at home (I remember the joy!). Before that I had to go to my uncle's to visit Websites (I went over there almost every single day). By that time I had become really introverted and was super shy. I preferred the company of computers. Those were predictable fun fascinating and everything felt way safer behind my screen. I had two passions in life: computers and video games. I was an addict. Every minute of free time was spent in front of a screen (Don't tell my kids... ). Everything in my life was centered around learning more about computers and collecting/playing video games. I collected paper magazines programs tried all the Linux distributions I could put my hands on and downloaded all sorts of things from the Internet. I collected images game solutions taken from Jeuxvideo.com GameFAQs PC game cracks from GameCopyWorld manga scanlations downloaded via IRC (DCC transfers FTW!) and god knows what else I found on FTP servers newsgroups etc. I also wrote a lot even if I kept it all to myself back then. At the time I started developing strong opinions about the importance of free access to knowledge ideas and culture. I discussed a lot about this on IRC. I cared about those conversations so I kept copies of the logs. And I did the same with my other online conversations. I kept everything . I still have my old ICQ logs . I quickly accumulated TONS of data and had no choice but to develop a system to organize my information. I developed naming conventions for files and folders and learned to love the greatest date format: YYYY-MM-DD . Disk space was a real problem at the time. It was a constant struggle to get everything to fit. Luckily the ZIP and RAR formats were there to help. It was a time when Windows users needed to use Defrag for hours and hours. I remember spending so much time looking at the tiny blocks moving around... Sigh Over time hard disk drives were able to store more and more data. But those weren't cheap. Luckily my uncle had a CD burner very early on. It was so cool! CDs were cool but CD burners were next level. Once I got mine I discovered Nero Burning ROM and fell in love with it. I started creating my own CDs as magazines did. I called those PlayZone Rxy. I still have the 20 or so first releases. I burned all the cool utilities demos hacks and fun things I found. I also created my own autorun.exe which would display a nice menu listing the contents. Fun times. I managed to sell a number of copies to other kids at school. It was my first successful business I guess? I remember the folder structure I used for those CDs: Structure brought ease of use and reduced the mental burden of knowing where to find what I needed. And the naming scheme made everything beautiful . I slowly became obsessed with data organization. Between 1997 and 2000 I continued burning tons of CDs. I started making copies of PSX games and music albums. I collected literally thousands of manga chapters. Most are probably nowhere to be found these days. Those were scanlated (i.e. scanned and translated) from Japanese to English by hardcore fans. To organize my Mangas I used a simple but effective file structure. At the top level I simply had a folder with a letter: Inside each of those I had one folder per series with metadata inside brackets: <Name> [<Metadata>] . The metadata either listed the chapters/volumes I had or indicated that I had the complete collection (for ended series). It also included the language. Some examples: Organizing those by letter was useful for multiple reasons: Within each folder I made sure to correctly name all files: <Name> <Number>.cbr . If I were to start over I would probably use something like this . But it didn't exist back then. Organizing thousands of mangas like that represented a crazy amount of work. I did it meticulously for hundreds of hours. I suppose it was a sort of obsessive-compulsive disorder. I couldn't stand looking at folders and files that were not properly named/organized. Apparently I was one of a kind because most files I've seen on other people's computers were so messy that I didn't even want to touch those). Around that time I also started maintaining endless lists. I had a complete inventory of all my stuff. Thinking about that makes me feel pretty bad although I know it partly led to who I am today: a very patient organized and meticulous person. Aside from that I also collected comic books books music (back then Napster was king) emulators & ROMs (oh dear GBATemp ) PSX games (Thank you Paradox ) PC games operating systems etc. I defined specific folder structures and naming conventions for each type of data. I clearly became a data hoarder. I was just eager to get it all hoping that I could consume it all someday somehow. Pretty naive ambition if you ask me Life didn't get any better at school... So computers games and data hoarding were my escape hatch from reality. Over time disks became larger and larger. Prices also dropped. The limits and constraints I had before slowly vanished. I stored even more data. Soon after 2000 I had a DVD recorder and 78 hard disk drives still connected to my PC. I burned tons of CDs and DVDs that I kept in numbered spindles. Every single one of those had a label with a unique identifier (e.g. DVD 067). And that matched an entry in my lists where I described the content. Console games had beautiful covers. My room was Ali Baba's cave for computer and gaming nerds. But I kept it all to myself. It was my secret kingdom. Around the time I got broadband Internet access online piracy became endemic. There were endless sources of content. That's when I became a fan of cinema. I watched 2-4 films each day. I watched more and more anime and discovered Japanese and Korean movies. I couldn't get enough. And again I collected the data. I kept the movies the TV shows the documentaries. Everything . It was tough for me to just let go. Once I had watched a good movie I had to keep it around like a trophy just in case I would want to watch it again later. I had clear naming conventions for everything. For movies: <Engligh name> (YYYY) (EN|FR|JP|...) (<Quality>) . For TV series: <English name>\Sxy_<EN|FR|JP|...> . Consistency was essential for me to be able to stay sane. It also made it much simpler to automate various operations. These were the days of QuickTime RealPlayer Windows Media Player and all that jazz. Fortunately VLC came to save the day I also explored Photoshop (for 2D) and Blender (for 3D) and started collecting digital assets. Patterns backgrounds textures models plugins examples etc. Even more data. And there's more. I also collected music. I explored many genres and discovered that I enjoyed listening to various kinds of music. From classical to reggae dance to metal and blues to French rap (to name but a few). Again I spent time organizing everything properly. This was long before Spotify came along. Those were the days of Amarok Winamp Clementine etc. I collected MP3 and FLAC files. I actually never heard the difference but I still wanted to get the FLAC versions . For music I used the following naming convention: And again as you can imagine harmonizing the names was tough. And there was more. Sound also needed to be normalized. Fortunately there were tools to help with that. Later on I became involved in various online forums and hosted/administered some myself. I remember that PhpBB was all the rage at the time. I discussed movies TV shows and anime with my community sharing discoveries ideas new releases subtitles etc. I backed up the MySQL databases regularly to make sure I could restore the service in case of an issue. Again this was a good learning opportunity as it taught me key principles about data backup and recovery. I of course also had to organize and store those backups ;-) I paid a lot of attention to backups. I made sure to save the most important bits regularly: my books bookmarks mangas music personal notes and Websites. I couldn't stand the idea of losing my treasures. In real life I had so few things and people I was attached to that I probably transferred the attachment I longed for into the digital world... Who knows! Backups are a complex topic so I won't dive into that here. But if you're curious then I'll share some details about my current system. Aside from all that I maintained a personal journal. Writing was always a way for me to express what I couldn't otherwise. I used raw text files (one per day <yyyy-mm-dd Journal.txt) and it worked great. I still have those old journal entries safe and sound. I always had a huge collection of bookmarks (many of which I still haven't explored to this day ). I discovered many interesting sites through StumbleUpon (oh the joy of exploring the Web! ). Over the years I used different approaches to manage my bookmarks. I used Delicious (RIP) XMarks (RIP) and others. Nowadays I've decided to simplify my life and just let Google take care of my bookmarks. I'm privacy-conscious but I accept the risks and tradeoffs. Google knows a lot about me (probably more than I do ). They've got my mail my browsing and search history my position. Bookmarks are just a drop in the ocean in comparison. The structure of my bookmarks has been very stable over the years: I started using RSS feeds and Google Reader around 20052006. I started collecting interesting feeds when I started my IT studies. Most cool Websites and blogs provided an RSS feed. I started following tons of people who wrote interesting things about IT software development technology and science. I started reading all day long the likes of Jeff Atwood Joel Spolsky Steve Yegge John Perry Barlow Dave Winer David Heinemeier Hansson Bruce Schneier Ward Cunningham Chet Haase Romain Guy and so many others. They were my mentors without knowing. That's the beauty of the Web. Google Reader was really important in my life. It was the solution for me to consistently read things I cared about. I had my list of interesting sources ordered by importance and I chose what I wanted to read. I read Slashdot LifeHacker Ars Technica Hackaday etc. There were countless interesting blogs to follow. Blogs about tech photography music sciences nature writing etc. An endless source of discoveries . When I started working I couldn't stop printing blog articles. My bag was full of those. I read non-stop during my train commutes and learned a ton. I still use RSS nowadays even if there are way fewer sources than in the past. I currently use Feedly as my aggregator. What I love about RSS is the fact that it makes it a breeze to avoid missing posts but more importantly the fact that it helps prioritize content consumption . By having an organized list of sources and prioritizing those I can remain mindful about of I want to explore and consume first. Thanks to RSS I've thus switched from a random/serendipity-based content consumption approach to a systematic one. As the Web expanded the number of credentials exploded. In the beginning I did what everybody did I reused a few key passwords. But I learned from my mistakes and was taught better while exploring Linux. I cannot thank enough the people who worked on the outstanding documentation of ArchLinux . It was (and remains) a real gold mine of knowledge. I started using KeePass early on. I configured a password generator and started using it systematically . Different credentials for each Website and even different e-mail addresses for different purposes. I had my main mail address under a pseudonym a secondary one using my real name yet another one for all the Websites I didn't care about (i.e. a spam box) and I also used throwaway addresses from time to time. Of course my KeePass database had to be organized as well. I created different folders for different purposes: To this day KeePass remains my go-to solution for passwords even if it suffers from really bad UI/UX. It's not perfect but it works great and it's safe enough. One thing I should pay more attention to is reviewing and deleting old accounts I don't need anymore. I use multiple KeePass databases. Usually one per major project/organization. I don't want all my eggs in the same basket. There's more to the security aspect but I'll tell you about that another day. For e-mail I used Thunderbird for a long time with IMAP but finally switched over to the Web and mobile apps of GMail. As I sent and received more and more e-mails I also needed to put some order in there. I used folders labels filters and rules to organize everything. I created folders for Conferences Games Job listings Meetups Newsletters Videos etc. Most importantly I created rules to automate whatever I could: mark items as read automatically delete some move others here and there and even forward stuff between different mailboxes because why not. I still rely a lot on this system. It helps me avoid the noise and makes it easier for me to remain at inbox zero. I just added new e-mails to the mix. Fortunately the evolution of GMail has made switching between accounts easier over time. Mailbrew is something I should really look into to reduce the clutter and actually read more of the newsletter I'm subscribed to. When I joined the workforce I introduced new tools and systems into my life. Once I read Getting Things Done by David Allen I started using Google Calendar and never looked back. I use different calendars for different purposes. I have calendars for the family birthdays public holidays work side projects vacations content publication etc. Multiple ones are shared with other people. I'll write an article about how I use my calendar more in detail another time. Next to that I also tested all the task managers I could get my hands on. I used and enjoyed Remember The Milk (RTM) for the longest time. After trying many others I finally settled on Trello. I use one board per major project plus a personal one. In each of those boards I use different columns. There's always a generic one called Backlog and others with endless lists of ideas and things to explore in the future. More importantly I use temporal columns to prioritize and organize my work (e.g. this year this month this week today). It works wonders and removes a lot of guesswork about what to do next. I've been using Clockify for time tracking in order to remain realistic about the costs of my projects and to help me prepare my invoices. I slowly became a productivity nut to the point of burning out. Since then I've learned to love zen productivity. I still work just as hard but I also take care of myself. That's why I liked my friend Andr's idea about building a sane productivity app . I became obsessed with mind maps. I used those document my processes my organization system my naming schemes my PKM system my projects etc. For many years I also used a mind map to keep track of my long-term goals in life. In it I explored what I wanted to learn what I wanted to achieve places I wanted to visit etc. I followed David Allen's advice and used different branches of the map to explore different aspects of my life at different time horizons (e.g. this year within 3 years within 5 within 10). I still use that mind map but now combine it with other tools and techniques to define and review my personal plans. The transition to adulting happened faster than I had anticipated. Before I realized it I transitioned from playing Quake and Diablo to working having kids and building a home for our family. Along with adulting came the boring parts: tons of stupid paperwork created by stupid administrations desperate to remain in a paper-based world. It was tough for me to accept that IT did not change the world any faster But my organized mind helped. My wife and I started scanning and filing all documents getting rid of the paper as soon as we legally could. We had to keep some (grr) like warranty tickets official documents diplomas and the like. But we threw away the rest. I started adulting around 2007-2008. It forced me to create one more organizational system; the documents folder. I organized it like this: Our family budget was defined in YNAB . The methodology behind YNAB helped us a lot. Next to that I started investing so I also needed to keep track of my investments the costs involved when I bought what for how much when I sold how much profit/loss I made etc. That information became part of my personal Wiki along with tons of other things. As soon as I got into photography I knew I was in trouble. It was one more area to organize. And once you start with photography data accumulates at a rapid pace (video is worse indeed ). My organization system for photographs is pretty straightforward: And that's about it. Nothing fancy but that's all I need even with 100K+ pictures! With tools such as Adobe Lightroom I can directly import from an SD card to the catalog and move files to my photos folder with the right naming scheme Today I back up all my pictures multiple times: I use pretty much the same structure for Videos. The Inbox is useful because I don't always have time to process/sort the new files. Sometimes I accumulate videos for months before being able to organize those properly. I also have multiple backups of my videos as those are so important. Now that I'm about to start my YouTube channel I'm also going to have to improve this area of my system. I've shared pictures and videos on different platforms over time: Flickr YouTube WordPress Facebook ... In the past I always saved a copy of the exports to my photo or video folder just to have a backup of what I shared. I don't do it anymore since we can now share content around much more easily. I used Flickr for a while and was a happy customer but it died. Then I started using Google Plus and it died too . I later started using Google Photos to make sharing Photos/Videos with friends easier (and have one more backup around). But I still consider Google Photos as duplicated content so I continue importing photos to my NAS. So my NAS remains the single source of truth for my personal data . At that time I acquired my first NAS. It was a Synology DiskStation DS107e. I really loved it. Having a NAS was a revelation. At that time I still had 7-8 hard disk drives in my computer many external disks (with and without enclosures) and a metric ton of data hoarded over many years. I finally had a device that would always be accessible from the network without having to leave my PC on and fiddling with NFS and Windows shares! Organizing my NAS was rather intuitive since I already had a very organized system. I just moved my over to the NAS creating a different share for each type of data and usage: books courses documents downloads movies music source code TV series uploads etc. The second huge benefit of the Synology NAS was (and still is) the package system and the community around it. Over the years I've used many packages. There were packages to download (e.g. Transmission Sabnzbd Sickbeard Couch Potato Mylar ...) packages to take care of backups copy files around index media files expose photos and videos to the outside world serve Websites create VPN tunnels etc. The NAS slowly replaced all my old hard disks and allowed me to finally stop the madness of having a PC with 7-8 disks partitions all over the place with a mix of NTFS HFS EXT etc. Things became even more interesting around 2013 when I received an 8-bay NAS for my birthday (I loved that present ). It was a Synology DS1812+ a NAS with an Intel CPU; how awesome . I still use that one today. Just with much larger disks As the Web evolved so did my use of online services. I introduced Google Drive into my personal data landscape and started using it as an extension of my NAS. An extension that I could access anywhere anytime and easily share with others. I could already do that with my NAS but I needed to fiddle with OpenVPN tunnels open ports on my home router etc. Not a great experience to say the least. Google Drive was just more convenient. I suppose I've hit the point in my life where I don't want to fiddle with tech just as much as I did before. I still use CloudStation on my Linux and PC to synchronize more sensible data but Google Drive has been a great addition to the mix. What I do now is synchronize some folders between Google Drive and my NAS using Synology Cloud Sync . For instance some personal documents that I need regularly the documents of my company (contracts coaching notes invoices processes etc) shared with my accountant my Obsidian vault etc To this day I still have most of the code that I've written. My first Websites my school projects my open source projects (Ok that one is easy thanks to GitHub). But it's all still part of the overall picture. Private Git repositories on my NAS on GitHub and Gitlab. Public ones on GitHub and Gitlab. I've kept it all. This includes projects but also my books (yes I do version my books) my dotfiles etc. There are also a number of public and private GitHub gists. I don't have any backups of those so that's a risk. Moderate but still a risk. As YouTube slowly took over the world I wanted to capture whatever I found interesting (data hoarder I told you). For a while I downloaded all the videos of YouTube Channels I cared about. No I'm not kidding I even wrote a few scripts to help me do that easily. And to be honest it was a good call. There are so many guitar lessons that have disappeared entirely or are now behind paywalls . I don't do it anymore though. I also kept courses and curated interesting articles about subjects of interest like piano guitar photography 3D modeling etc. I used to download entire Websites to make sure that I would never lose access. For some I'm glad I did because they went dark. For the longest time I didn't put much thought into how I managed my contacts. Initially I only had contact information on my phone. Then I lost contacts because those were only stored on the SIM card. Then fortunately Google Contacts came along and helped me improve the situation. I started centralizing everything in there. I revisited this choice when I decided to start freelancing. I now consider contact management and CRM much more seriously. At first I used my wiki for that but have now migrated that to my Obsidian vault. I like tracking my progress for various things: progress towards my goals (yay for productivity) but also for content I consume. As a big fan of Movies TV series and anime I needed ways to track what I had seen or not what I had access to etc. In the beginning I used text files to track the media that I owned and the status (watched deleted etc). I later switched to Ant Movie Catalog which I used to fetch information from IMDb. But as online platforms matured I started relying more and more on those: IMDb for movies TV Time and Netflix for TV Shows and Anime Goodreads and Calibre for books. It's again a tradeoff between safety and user experience. For video games I still maintain a list in my wiki with the games I own on different platforms and their completion status. My gaming backlog is abysmal. I still haven't played most of my PS2 PS3 PS4 and PC games. And it's not going to happen anytime soon I'm not playing much these days For board games my most recent addiction (costly both in terms of money AND space :p) I maintain my list on BoardGameGeek (BGG). BGG is nice because it allows marking games as owned previously owned for trade pre-ordered or in our wishlist (among other things). It's also possible log plays and game details. In the future I'd like to take ownership of my data again and find other solutions to keep track of it all instead of relying on third-party services that could disappear at any time. With the rise of Netflix Spotify and all their competitors holding onto my collection of movies TV shows and music makes less and less sense. There are of course gems that I won't find anywhere else but those are quite rare. Also older movies that I keep on offline disks were in SD and I'm certainly not going to try and find better quality versions. I don't have time for that anymore. I feel like I've come to terms with the idea that it's time for me to let go of the past. I don't pressure myself but I'm getting rid of more and more things. I do this slowly. Thoughtfully. Not so much because I fear losing something important but rather because I have fond memories and I realize that it takes me time to accept deleting some things even if I know I'll never need those again. While discussing with my friend Andr he mentioned emotional attachment to things and gently letting go of those as Marie Kondo recommends. I gave it some thought and while it's true that I'm not attached to many actual things in my life I'm actually attached to many digital ones. Since my old Commodore 64 days I've used countless tools to write and retain information. I started with simple text files and tried various note-taking/journaling apps before realizing that Wikis were great. I was a very early adopter of MediaWiki. I hosted an instance on my NAS for years and used it to centralize tons of information both for myself and my family: It was a bit messy at first as I also stored notes about work things I was learning about etc. But I later extracted the knowledge part. A few years later I switched to DokuWiki then to Atlassian Confluence. I continued using Confluence until Notion came along. I've finally moved over last year and said goodbye to my old wiki. Wikis have been my single source of truth for a long time. Whenever I need to find information I always know where to start looking: at my wiki. I still own many hard disks each keeping some pieces of my data puzzle. Since my lists are on the wiki I can simply go there and check which disk holds the thing I'm after. In this sense my wiki is also a metadata store. Another example is my user profile. Like most people I have countless online profiles each with a picture a small bio and other information. If I decide to change my profile picture I need to go to 30+ different places. I don't want to have to remember those kinds of details so I documented that in my wiki. The same goes for my PKM system my processes my naming schemes etc. Whenever I start storing new information or moving things around I make sure to update my wiki to reflect the new situation. As the number of online services exploded having a wiki is really critical to be able to keep track of what is where. So far I've barely discussed the elephant in the Personal Knowledge Management room: the notes the journals the notebooks and their treasures. I've used Evernote for years. It was the neuralgic center of my external knowledge. It stored my notes my ideas my thoughts my discoveries etc. For years I took notes and maintained a journal regularly capturing things while learning but I didn't put a lot of thought and energy into that activity. My primary focus was learning more about software development. I really missed out! Aside from note-taking I've been blogging since ~2009. Initially I wanted to share my photographs as well as ideas about software development code quality and Web design. I wasn't very consistent; it was just for fun. I started blogging much more seriously on Medium at the

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3 Men Convicted of Harassing Family on Behalf of China’s Government https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/nyregion/verdict-china-spying-trial.html jbegley Advertisement Supported by The defendants including a private detective who said he did not realize he was working for an intelligence operation pursued people living in New Jersey. By Karen Zraick Three men were convicted in Brooklyn federal court on Tuesday of stalking a family in the New Jersey suburbs on behalf of the Chinese government. The defendants Michael McMahon 55 Zhu Yong 66 and Zheng Congying 27 were found guilty of stalking and a related conspiracy charge. Mr. Zhu and Mr. McMahon were also found guilty of acting as unregistered foreign agents and Mr. Zhu was convicted on a second conspiracy charge. Speaking outside the courthouse on Tuesday Mr. McMahon a retired New York Police Department sergeant turned private investigator maintained his innocence and vowed to continue fighting to clear his name. If I had known that they were part of a foreign government looking to harass anybody I would have said no and I would have called the F.B.I. he said. The verdict capped a three-week trial during which prosecutors laid out a detailed case accusing the men of playing roles in Operation Fox Hunt a decade-long effort that Chinese officials have said is aimed at repatriating fugitives. The Justice Department contends that the campaign is part of the Communist Partys push to control Chinese nationals around the world. The Brooklyn case was the first the Justice Department prosecuted to counter the Chinese operation and it unfolded as tensions between the rival superpowers reached new heights with disagreements over Chinas growing military footprint and other issues. Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken met with Xi Jinping Chinas leader in Beijing over the weekend. The Justice Department has made cases related to China a primary focus in recent years and the office of the U.S. attorney in Brooklyn Breon S. Peace is especially attuned to what it calls transnational repression by foreign governments. In a statement after the verdict Mr. Peace said that Mr. McMahon and Mr. Zhu had acted at the direction of a hostile foreign state. We will remain steadfast in exposing and undermining efforts by the Chinese government to reach across our border and perpetrate transnational repression schemes targeting victims in the United States in violation of our laws he said. Wang Wenbin a spokesman for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs accused the Justice Department on Friday of slanders and smears related to the case adding that transnational repression is an allegation that best matches the U.S.s own practices. Mr. McMahon of Mahwah N.J. could face up to 20 years in prison according to the U.S. attorneys office. But Lawrence Lustberg his lawyer said outside the courtroom last week that federal sentencing formulas are complicated and that he believed the maximum for all four counts in practice would be less than three years. According to prosecutors Mr. Zhu of Queens could face 25 years and Mr. Zheng of Brooklyn could face 10. On Tuesday Mr. Lustberg called the verdict an injustice and added that the conviction on stalking criminalizes the work of private investigators in every case. Mr. McMahon said that he had notified the local police while conducting surveillance on five separate occasions and that he had hired other former N.Y.P.D. detectives to help him. Mr. Lustberg had argued at trial that those facts were proof that Mr. McMahon was unaware that the case was connected to the Chinese government. Renee Wong a lawyer for Mr. Zheng said that she considered the verdict good news since he was acquitted of the two top charges and that her team was considering an appeal of the stalking charge. There were no connections between the people that Mr. Zheng knew and the people that Mr. McMahon and Mr. Zhu knew. The connection was simply lacking she said. Kevin Tung a lawyer for Mr. Zhu said the decision could increase the risks for any citizen or business dealing with overseas counterparts. The message sent to the public is very troubling he said. During the trial Judge Pamela K. Chen warned everyone involved to focus on the specific allegations not the international politics swirling around them.The jury began to deliberate on Thursday. The case centered on Xu Jin a former Chinese government official who moved to the United States over a decade ago. Prosecutors said the three defendants were key to a plot engineered by Chinese government officials to stalk and harass Mr. Xu and his family and to force him to return to China where he could have faced the death penalty on an embezzlement charge. The jury was shown voluminous records documenting communications starting in fall 2016 when Mr. Zhu contacted Mr. McMahon who was working as a private investigator in New Jersey. The older man who did not speak much English enlisted a translation company in Flushing Queens to help him communicate. Mr. McMahons understanding was that he was working for a private company seeking to recoup money Lawrence Lustberg a lawyer representing him said. Mr. McMahon carried out surveillance for five days spread over six months in 2016 and 2017 and unearthed records related to Mr. Xus whereabouts and assets. He also met Mr. Zhus associate Hu Ji who turned out to be a police officer in the Public Security Bureau in Wuhan China. A face-to-face encounter among the men at a Panera Bread restaurant in New Jersey in October 2016 was captured in a photo shown to the jury as evidence of their direct ties. In the picture Mr. McMahon is grinning and standing between the two others with his arm around Mr. Zhu. After the meeting Mr. Hu using the name Eric Yan began contacting Mr. McMahon directly with instructions. Mr. Lustberg argued during the trial that there was no evidence showing that Mr. McMahon knew that his investigation was being directed by the Chinese government. Rather the emails about it had referred to a company requesting the work. The target of his investigation Mr. Xu was once the head of Wuhans Municipal Development and Reform Commission according to reports in Chinese state media. Those reports said he was wanted for embezzlement abuse of power and accepting bribes. Mr. Xu testified at the Brooklyn trial but could not immediately be reached for comment after the verdict. The days for which Mr. McMahon was hired coincided with a 2017 trip to New Jersey by Mr. Xus ailing 82-year-old father that prosecutors said Chinese officials had forced him to make. The elder Mr. Xus daughter had already been jailed because of his sons refusal to return home jurors were told. Chinese officials then plotted to send the elder Mr. Xu to New Jersey to persuade his son to come back to China prosecutors said. The officials did not know the younger Mr. Xus address and used his father as bait to lure him out and follow him prosecutors said. Mr. Xus sister-in-law testified about her shock when the older man showed up on her doorstep in Short Hills N.J. with no warning. She had already received several threats related to Mr. Xu and knew that the Chinese government was trying to find him she said. To thwart them she arranged a meeting the next day at a nearby mall rather than at Mr. Xus home. But the next year two men including Mr. Zheng showed up at his home in Warren N.J. and left a threatening note. Mr. Zhengs lawyer Paul Goldberger said that his client was just a kid who had driven to the home as a favor to the other man and that he had immediately regretted his actions. Mr. Zheng even drove back to try and take the note down Mr. Goldberger said. But he was too late: Mr. Xu testified that he had already done so following instructions from the F.B.I. Karen Zraick is a breaking news and general assignment reporter. @ karenzraick Advertisement

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30 Tons of explosive chemicals disappeared en route from Wyoming to California (kqed.org) Please try again Some 60000 pounds of ammonium nitrate a chemical used as both fertilizer and a component in explosives went missing as it was shipped by rail from Wyoming to California last month prompting four separate investigations. A railcar loaded with 30 tons of the chemical left Cheyenne Wyoming on April 12. The car was found to be empty after it arrived two weeks later at a rail stop in the Mojave Desert according to a short incident report from the explosives firm that made the shipment. The company Dyno Nobel made the report May 10 to the federal National Response Center or NRC. The report also appeared last week in an NRC database of California incidents managed by the state Office of Emergency Services last Wednesday. Some 60000 pounds of ammonium nitrate a chemical used as both fertilizer and a component in explosives went missing as it was shipped by rail from Wyoming to California last month prompting four separate investigations. A railcar loaded with 30 tons of the chemical left Cheyenne Wyoming on April 12. The car was found to be empty after it arrived two weeks later at a rail stop in the Mojave Desert according to a short incident report from the explosives firm that made the shipment. The company Dyno Nobel made the report May 10 to the federal National Response Center or NRC. The report also appeared last week in an NRC database of California incidents managed by the state Office of Emergency Services last Wednesday. Ammonium nitrate is commonly used as fertilizer. Its also an ingredient in high explosives and was used in the homemade bomb detonated in the 1995 attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Dyno Nobel says it believes the material transported in pellet form in a covered hopper car similar to those used to ship coal fell from the car on the way to a rail siding (a short track connecting with the main track) called Saltdale about 30 miles from the town of Mojave in eastern Kern County. The railcar was sealed when it left the Cheyenne facility and the seals were still intact when it arrived in Saltdale. The initial assessment is that a leak through the bottom gate on the railcar may have developed in transit the company said through a spokesperson. A Federal Railroad Administration representative though says the investigation points to one of the hopper car gates not being properly closed. Dyno Nobel says the trip lasted two weeks and included multiple stops. The company says it had limited control over the railcar as Union Pacific moved it through the country. It says the railcar is being transported back to Wyoming for inspection. And it says it hopes to understand how the shipment was lost and will work to prevent something similar happening again. The Federal Railroad Administration the California Public Utilities Commission Union Pacific and Dyno Nobel are investigating the incident according to their representatives. Congress passed a law in 2007 to regulate the sale and transfer of ammonium nitrate to prevent its use in acts of terrorism. The Department of Homeland Security issued proposed regulations in 2011 (PDF) but stopped short of formally adopting them. To learn more about how we use your information please read our privacy policy.

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33 years ago today I submitted a proposal for a system called the World Wide Web (twitter.com/timberners_lee) Weve detected that JavaScript is disabled in this browser. Please enable JavaScript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. You can see a list of supported browsers in our Help Center. Help Center Terms of Service Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint Ads info 2023 X Corp.

GOOD

3dfx: So powerful its kind of ridiculous (abortretry.fail) In 1988 Silicon Graphics made a series of workstation computers that were based upon two pieces of technology: the MIPS CPU and the IRIS graphics system. The latter included both a hardware 3D graphics accelerator and the IRIS GL API. IRIS GL would later become OpenGL. These machines all ran IRIX (a derivative of System V) and these sold decently well in the workstation market for those who needed serious 3D power. With IRISs graphics hardware and API SGI felt that they may have a product for the PC space. This was the IrisVision card. The first push was with Micro Channel. They added 15-pin VGA with a passthrough input connector. Daughter boards provided framebuffer and z-buffer memory. Once the MCA card was made work began on a 16 bit ISA slot variant of the card for the compatibles market. While the primary card was slightly different from the MCA version the daughter boards were the same. SGI didnt know exactly how to sell this card and IrisVision was spun off as Pellucid. Gary Tarolli was born in and grew up in rural New York. He excelled in math and in science and he went to school initially for math at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy. He then went to CalTech for VLSI engineering. He worked on VAX at DEC during graduate school but was recruited by Silicon Graphics where he worked on chip design software for workstations. Scott Sellers was born in Dallas Texas and at a young age moved to Colorado. He fell in love with computers using BASIC on a TRS-80. He attended Princeton for electrical engineering VLSI engineering and computer science. He went to work at SGI after graduation where he spent a lot of time on memory. Ross Smith grew up in Texas and got his EE in 1983 from University of Texas in Austin. His introduction to computers was with CDC Cyber 70 series timesharing system. He too started out with BASIC in which he wrote his first program: tic tac toe. His affinity for computers grew as did his interest in games. He started his professional life working for a defense contractor and worked with AT&T and Sun on various projects. He then went to work for MIPS and through them ended up at SGI. Gordon Campbell grew up in Minnesota and as there wasnt a market for technology there at the time he felt he needed to go to Silicon Valley in 1976. He was hired by Intel where he created their corporate marketing department and ran it for 3 years. He then did their memory marketing for 2 years. He left and started Seeq Technology in 1981. This company achieved quite a bit technologically. For example their 16K EEPROM memory chip was the first to claim a minimum of 1 million write cycles. It operated at 5 volts and had a 10 millisecond write time. The chip was fitted into a 24-pin ceramic DIP. Rather interestingly Seeq used an in-house Silicon Oxynitride process. In 1982 Seeq developed and began selling the worlds first Ethernet chipset (10mbps). Campbell left Seeq and created Chips and Technologies (C&T) in 1984 which was an early fabless semiconductor company. C&Ts first product was a four chip EGA chipset announced in September of 1985. These four chips could replicate the function of 19 chips on the IBM EGA board. At COMDEX of 85 many companies had introduced EGA compatible boards using C&Ts chipset. By the early 1990s Campbell had left C&T and became a venture capitalist. While at SGI Tarolli Sellers and Smith had all had some exposure to SGIs Reality Engine and with video games (especially the PlayStation) moving toward 3D graphics all three saw the potential for consumer 3D acceleration. Importantly SGIs solution had been all in-silicon but Gary had seen that the geometry could be done on the CPU leaving rasterization up to the 3D accelerator. This created the IRIS GL system but it also showed that things could be done less expensively than had previously been done. By this point Tarolli Sellers and Smith were all working at Pellucid and selling the Pro Graphics 1024. This was the IrisVision made for the PC compatible market mentioned earlier. The company had many ideas and little focus. Ultimately they sold to Media Vision in 1993. Media Vision was a rising force in both computer graphics and computer audio. They also got into software publishing and titles were often bundled with their hardware. The company endured litigation for securities fraud for quite sometime declared bankruptcy in December of 1994 and became Aureal Semiconductor Inc on the 9th of September in 1995. This company would also go bankrupt and later be acquired by Creative. After Campbell got his first fund organized Smith was interviewing for a position at a company with which Campbell was involved and the interview went very badly. It went so badly that Campbell asked Smith what he really wanted to do. The response was that Smith wanted to do PC graphics accelerators with two other guys. Well why not do that then! A meeting was then setup. Over a fair amount of beer the four men devised what would become 3dfx. Tarolli Sellers Smith and Campbell founded 3dfx Interactive on the 24th of August in 1994. When launching C&T Campbell had had Japanese investors. Those contacts came in handy at 3dfx. Tarolli and Sellers had build a simulator purely in software of their 3D accelerator and had it running on a Pentium 90. They then took this to Japan and shopped it to those investors. The first pitch was to Mitsui. It didnt take much time for them to get plenty of investors on-board. Meanwhile Smith had designed a GPU expansion card for PCs (initially theyd wanted to do a motherboard and Campbell shot that down repeatedly). The key for this team was to do things cheaply and make the visuals look good enough to sell. Their product didnt need the perfection and precision that SGI aimed to deliver. In fact they pulled out so much that they sacrificed 2D altogether and they aimed squarely at 3D knowing that their target consumer would already have some kind of 2D card. Share To make efficient use of silicon and memory 3dfx used two chips. One chip was the buffer and the other was the T-Rex (texture mapping). Like IRIS GL the geometry was done on the CPU but with the 3dfx GLide API. Together this chipset featured: perspective-correct texture mapping bi-linear and advanced filtered textures multi-level buffering Gouraud shading z-buffering alpha compositing/blending anti-aliasing per-pixel fog smoke and haze effects texture composition and texture morphing. The biggest hurdle for the team was memory bandwidth. There were six memory interleaves across the two chips to attempt to overcome this and the lack of 2D meant that their chips werent fighting for any memory. By the time their designs were sent off to be made into hardware the company had grown to about 12 people. The 3dfx chips were sent to manufacturing on the 6th of November in 1995. The first chips came back a few days before the Super Bowl and on the day of the Super Bowl the team at 3dfx was testing those chips. At first they thought theyd made some serious mistakes. Everything was running incredibly slowly. They debugged for hours. Smith turned off the debugging tools and suddenly everything was running flawlessly! Success! To make their hardware a success 3dfx approached game developers directly to evangelize their hardware and the GLide API. They actually began doing this before they even had any chips on hand by modifying SGIs Reality Engine machines and providing them to developers with GLide and demos of several game genres to start working on their own games. Midway and the other arcade companies adopting 3dfx increased the brands prestige. Doom launched while the cards were in development and Quake initially launched with software rendering. The first chips were put to use in arcade machines; as mentioned theyd adopted 3dfxs technology early (before hardware was available). So once the hardware was out in the cabinets many of these games were huge hits like San Francisco Rush. The price of memory however had been falling quickly the PCI bus became common which was critical for reducing latency from the CPU to the GPU and the 32 bit transition was effectively complete. That 3dfx had ignored legacy turned out to be a good thing . The home consumer market for 3dfx Voodoo cards then exploded. The first Voodoo card was the Orchid Righteous 3D released on the 7th of October in 1996. It was manufactured on a 500 nm process with 1 million transistors. The clock was at 50 MHz and it could achieve 50 MP/s or 50 MT/s. The card featured 4MB of EDO RAM also clocked at 50 MHz with a bus width of 128 bits achieving 800 MB/s. By the end of 1997 3dfxs Voodoo Gaphics and the GLide API were the dominant 3D accelerators and 3D graphics API for the consumer market. An engineer at 3dfx built a GLide API renderer for Quake and 3dfx approached John Carmack and id Software with it. When Carmack saw the result the port was made. Quake ran beautifully on Voodoo. This turned out to be a massive boost to 3dfx. The launch of Unreal with OpenGL/GLide support served to further cement the brand in the minds of gamers everywhere. In 1997 3dfx released the Voodoo Rush. This combined a 3rd party supplied 2D chip with Voodoo Graphics on a single board at the expense of performance. The decreased performance wasnt just with 3D. The boards typically had poor 2D performance as well. Beyond performance troubles there were compatibility issues with many popular game titles with early driver releases. All of this meant that the Voodoo Rush was dead on arrival. When SEGA was designing the successor to the SEGA Saturn a situation developed with SEGA of Japan working on a design that used the Hitachi SH4 processor with PowerVR graphics while SEGA of America was working on a design that used a PowerPC 603e and Voodoo Graphics. The Hitachi system was code named White Belt and the PowerPC system was code named Black Belt. 3dfx Interactive was registered on NASDAQ with the symbol TDFX. Their stock opened for $11.00 ($20.50 in 2023) at IPO on the 25th of June in 1997. 3dfx raised $33 million ($61511588.79 in 2023). The company also revealed every detail of the contract with Sega at IPO. SEGA had been keeping development quiet and SEGA of Japan was apparently quite upset by the release. As a result SEGA chose to proceed with White Belt and the Black Belt project was terminated. In September of 1997 3dfx filed a lawsuit against SEGA and NEC for breach of contract alleging that SEGA had started the deal in bad faith. The matter was settled out of court. The Voodoo 2 launched in March of 1998. It bumped the available RAM to 12MB increased the clock to 90MHz and added a second texture chip (TMU). The Voodoo 2 used 0.35 micron process. The Voodoo 2 also sported Scan-Line Interleave (SLI) where two cards could be connected and each would draw half the lines allowing increased performance. Toward the end of 1998 the Banshee was released. Here 3dfx did a combined 2D and 3D design properly. The Banshee design is essentially a Voodoo 2 with only a single TMU. It did have a higher clock at 100 MHz and the RAM ranged from 8 to 16 MB of SD-RAM or SG-RAM (depending upon board maker and SKU). Some manufacturers pushed the clock to 110 or 120 MHz and Gigabyte released a Banshee clocked at 130 MHz. The 2D capabilities of this card however were top notch. All of the Windows GDI functions were implemented in hardware and this 128 bit VESA 3.0 compliant 2D core could handle MS-DOS games titles with ease. While it wasnt quite as fast at 3D as a Voodoo 2 it was matching or exceeding Matrox in the 2D space and beating most in the 3D space. Its worth noting that the Voodoo Banshee could render at higher resolutions than the Voodoo 2. By February of 1999 3dfx had sold over one million Voodoo Banshees. From the Register on the 27th of January in 1999: 3D graphics leader 3Dfx yesterday reported fourth quarter 1998 revenues of $60.7 million up 273 per cent on the $22.2 million recorded for the same period last year. However the increase in revenue did not translate into equally expanded profitability -- for Q4 98 3Dfx made $2.09 million; the Q4 97 figure was a barely-lower $2.07 million. For the full year the company made $21.7 million well up on the $1.7 million loss it posted last year. Revenue for fiscal 98 totalled $202.6 million up from last year's $44.1 million. At COMDEX in 1998 3dfx announced the Voodoo 3. The Voodoo 3 1000 was released in March of 1999 with higher priced SKUs releasing in April and June of that year. The Voodoo 3 was effectively a Banshee but with the second TMU like the Voodoo 2 and a clock of either 125 or 143 MHz. The Voodoo 3 was produced with a 0.25 micron process and could achieve 125 MP/s and 250 MT/s. Up to this point 3dfx had not been in the board business. It had sold chips to OEMs who made boards. This changed with the Voodoo 3. In December of 1998 3dfx acquired board maker STB for $141 million ($253199099.64 in 2023). From CNN Money on the 14th of December in 1998: Ballard says the talks with STB were originally strategic with 3Dfx hoping to launch an original product through STB's infrastructure. Over the past few weeks though the discussions evolved into a takeover. Once the acquisition is complete STB's operations will remain based in Richardson Texas with the combined companies' headquarters at 3Dfx's office in San Jose. 3dfx was hoping to fully control their brand. At this point gamers had 3dfx boards and games shipped with the 3dfx logo to show support for those boards. 3dfx didnt want to share their brand with Diamond or any other manufacturer. Unfortunately this meant that 3dfx would now be competing with both its former board-making partners and other chip makers which at least according to Sellers was a major reason for the decline of 3dfx. At the same time ATI and NVIDIA were on the rise. At this time 3dfx had two products targeting the low end of the market the Velocity 100 and Velocity 200. These were effectively Voodoo 3 2000s with one TMU disabled. This TMU could easily be re-enabled via the Windows Registry: Then add: Set the value to 2. The Banshee had given 3dfx an inroad into the OEM PC space but 3dfx failed to continue down that path with the Voodoo 3. Their development pace also began to slow. ATIs Radeon and NVIDIAs RIVA TNT2 were now offering higher performance at roughly the same price. GLide was now no longer so important as Direct3D was able to provide good APIs for 3D games. The Voodoo 4 and Voodoo 5 therefore didnt do well in the market. 3dfx had been working on a new accelerator called Rampage. Work began in 1998 and this product still had some ways to go. In an attempt to speed up development 3dfx acquired GigaPixel for $186 million ($323145296.17 in 2023) on the 28th of March in 2000. This wouldnt come to much. Later in 2000 3dfxs creditors initiated bankruptcy proceedings against the company. On the 15th of December in 2000 NVIDIA announced that they would acquire 3dfx Interactives assets for $70 million ($121613821.14 in 2023) and 1 million shares of common stock. Interestingly 20 years later the 3dfx Rampage was tested and found lacking against the NVIDIA GeForce 256 which would have been its competition had the Rampage been released. There were other cards in development at 3dfx that would have been rather competitive but these never saw the light of day. This tale brings up many what ifs. What if 3dfx had gotten the SEGA Dreamcast contract? Would both companies have been better off? What if 3dfx had continued simply doing chips and not gotten into the board business? Would 3dfx then have brought its products to market more quickly? I think that the secret sauce for 3dfx was really the combination of affordable hardware and the GLide API. With competition in both hardware and API someone had to loose and 3dfx made a few more mistakes than the competition. Still Voodoo Graphics and GLide were the standard in the PC graphics space for a time. 3dfx created an industry that is going strong today and that industry has affected far more than just gaming. GPUs now power multiple functions in our computers and they enable AI work as well. For myself I didnt own a Voodoo in the 90s. My father was kind enough to bless me with a Matrox Mystique card and it played such games as I had well enough. I did envy my neighbor who had a Voodoo though: Ah man! She has a Voodoo 3! Thats sick! You wanna see it run Unreal? So many games just looked and felt better. As with other articles I do now have a few Voodoo cards and revisiting old games with them is quite the experience. Apparently I am not the only one who feels that way. On the 12th of February in 2023 a Voodoo 5 6000 prototype board sold for $15000 on eBay. In my mind this is an absolutely insane amount of money to spend on any bit of home computing gear but I get it. No posts Ready for more?

BAD

4.2 Gigabytes Or: How to Draw Anything (andys.page) In our world we can do anything that we want to do here. Any old thing. - Bob Ross The Joy Of Painting Season 29 Episode 1 Watching a vibrant Seattle sunset the other day my imagination started running. The otherworldly hue of the sky evoked something from science fiction. The hazy orange-purple was mesmerizing. I envisioned a massive alien object hovering over a long-abandoned Seattle with a burning orange sky and buildings overgrown as nature reclaimed the city. Later that night I spent a few hours creating the following image: Youll have to forgive the somewhat low resolution - my GPU only has 12GB of memory unfortunately. Since Im clearly a highly-skilled artist with literally dozens of minutes of experience I thought I would share with you how I created the above masterpiece. Lets start with that burning orange sky. A nice little gradient will do. I think that looks nice. It matches the hues in my mental image. Now we need the ground. Well be creating a nice old city scene but I like to start with green for the ground and cover it up with buildings later. There are two things any image of Seattle needs: the Space Needle and Mount Rainier. Lets get that friendly mountain in there. Beautiful. I think some nice warm fall colors would be great for livening up the foreground. Lets add those somewhere near the bottom. Its okay if these blobs dont look perfectly like trees. We can always change our minds about what we want them to be later. The big thing that we try to teach you here is to enjoy what youre doing and have fun. - Bob Ross The Joy Of Painting Season 14 Episode 1 Now lets get those buildings in there as many as you feel like. I like to offset the Space Needle a bit so it contrasts with Mount Rainier. This is really coming along nicely. Now that we have our beautiful rough drawing lets run it through Stable Diffusion img2img and get ourselves a nice output. I recommend you sample a few different seeds and pick whichever one you like most. It can be best to start simple. Instead of overwhelming the prompt with our full request (Alien spaceship burning orange sky overgrown buildings) lets just get a happy little painting of Seattle that well build on top of. You can keep the ddim_steps low around 50. Well crank that up more toward the end. scripts/img2img.py n_samples 1 n_iter 1 prompt Digital fantasy painting of the Seattle city skyline. Vibrant fall trees in the foreground. Space Needle visible. Mount Rainier in background. Highly detailed. ddim_steps 50 seed 47004 scale 7 strength 0.80 init-img step5.png I like this output but Im not too happy about the Space Needle drifting left. Since it seems to float around with different seeds lets just keep it and later on pick a seed that positions it better. We dont make mistakes. We have happy accidents. - Bob Ross The Joy Of Painting Season 3 Episode 5 My preference is to give a high strength value in the first round to really let Stable Diffusion use its imagination. If it goes too wild (for instance by adding multiple copies of the Space Needle) tone down the strength. This can take some experimentation and not all seeds will give perfect results. In my experience if you try ~10 seeds youll probably have one or two that you really like. Now lets take this beautiful city and turn it into ruins. Since the previous image is very clearly the Seattle skyline we can de-emphasize Seattle in the next prompt. Well still mention it to prevent Stable Diffusion from drifting too far but more emphasis will be given to the newly-introduced part which is the post-apocalyptic aspect. scripts/img2img.py n_samples 1 n_iter 1 prompt Digital Matte painting. Hyper detailed. City in ruins. Post-apocalyptic crumbling buildings. Science fiction. Seattle skyline. Golden hour dusk. Beautiful sky at sunset. High quality digital art. Hyper realistic. ddim_steps 100 seed 47200 scale 9 strength 0.80 init-img inputs\step6.png Right away youll notice a few things: The Space Needle moved back to its rightful home around the 1/3rd line of the image. Mount Rainier is gone and so are the trees from the foreground. If we wanted to keep those we could. Simply update the prompt to mention those things and perhaps turn down the strength property to 0.70 to prevent Stable Diffusion from taking too many creative liberties. However I quite like this creative choice by Stable Diffusion. From this viewpoint the trees would be out of place. And theres so much haze that Mount Rainier would certainly not be visible. Plus the warm color of the trees became an eerie glow and the green ground became overgrowth. So I find this change to be an improvement. If you browse around any community focused on image generation youll notice many (most?) prompts will invoke the name of a real artist. For example this creation which uses the prompt: gigantic extraterrestrial futuristic alien ship landed on the kingdom of Julius Caesar roman historic works in brand new condition not ruins hyper-detailed artstation trending world renowned artists historic artworks society antique renewel good contrast realistic color cgsociety by greg rutkowskigustave dore Deviantart (emphasis mine) It seems like adding the names of specific artists really does improve the output. However I feel a bit uneasy doing this. Is it illegal? Certainly not. Is it unethical? probably not? But it still feels a bit wrong to me somehow. The outputs from this model are so good that a reasonable person searching for Greg Rutkowskis art might stumble upon results that include both genuine and AI-generated works. And I feel like I dont want to contribute to that. In fact given that an AI model can create a Greg Rutkowski lookalike in moments while a real Greg Rutkowski probably takes many hours of work its not hard to imagine that one day soon a search for his work will yield more AI-generated images than real ones. This is a bit off putting to me. To be sure one day soon this tech will be so ubiquitous that people would expect to see AI-generated images in that search result. But as it stands Id prefer to let Stable Diffusion create art without guiding it to copying a specific artist. Yes this is a quaint concern given how this tech can and will be used for much much worse things. But here in August 2022 Ill leave the artists out of it. Having said this the next section may seem hypocritical since I explicitly guide the model to build something like a Star Wars ship. In this case I believe Star Wars has been so engrained into popular culture over the last 40+ years that using its likeness for inspiration is not a sin. Heres our creation again: You might be tempted to draw the spaceship directly on the output. And I encourage you to try that! Have fun and experiment. But from what Ive learned Stable Diffusion isnt great at mixing different qualities. It gets confused if you have an immaculately rendered Space Needle and a childish MS-paint spaceship in the same image. So lets keep working in layers and compose the image little by little. Heres my amazing spaceship: Apologies to George Lucas :) It will serve as a great starting point and we can evolve on the idea from there. scripts/img2img.py n_samples 1 n_iter 1 prompt Digital fantasy science fiction painting of a Star Wars Imperial Class Star Destroyer. Highly detailed white background. ddim_steps 50 seed 47001 scale 7 strength 0.80 init-img step7.png Now lets simply drop the spaceship directly on the image: Looks a bit out of place. So lets smooth it out by running through Stable Diffusion again. This pass through Stable Diffusion will do two things: If you were very attached to the exact ship from step 8 you could run the pass with a very low strength to prevent Stable Diffusion from changing it too much. However I enjoy turning the strength to around 0.80 and seeing what it comes up with. It has a tendency to surprise me by showing me something better than what I had envisioned. So lets run this through a few seeds and see what we get. In my output I got some images with a great ship some images with a great city but no images with a great ship and a great city. Great city so-so ship: Great ship so-so city: So lets just combine them! On this canvas youre the creator so you make the decision to put whatever you want in your world. - Bob Ross The Joy Of Painting Season 10 Episode 12 Well take the awesome ship paste it onto the awesome city and run a pass with low strength to blend them without changing either one too much. Heres the combined image from a quick and dirty gimp session: While were here editing in gimp maybe it would be nice to add some happy little birds flying into the distance right in the middle of the image. So lets extract that part of the image and draw some birds on it: Then let Stable Diffusion do its magic: scripts/img2img.py n_samples 1 n_iter 1 prompt Digital Matte painting. Hyper detailed. Brds fly into the horizon. Golden hour dusk. Beautiful sky at sunset. High quality digital art. Hyper realistic. ddim_steps 50 seed 47407 scale 9 strength 0.75 init-img step14a.png Put it all together in one copy-pasted composite: And finally one last pass at low strength to blend it all together creating our masterpiece: scripts/img2img.py n_samples 1 n_iter 1 prompt Digital Matte painting. Hyper detailed. City in ruins. Post-apocalyptic crumbling buildings. Science fiction. Seattle skyline. Star Wars Imperial Star Destroyer hovers. Birds fly in the distance. Golden hour dusk. Beautiful sky at sunset. High quality digital art. Hyper realistic. ddim_steps 100 seed 47413 scale 9 strength 0.20 init-img step14c.png Notice the low strength - 0.20 is all it takes to blend everything together nicely. Dont worry the Bob Ross bit is over now. I barely stuck to it anyway. Please dont ctrl+f nice. Anyway. 4.2 gigabytes. 4.2 gigabytes. Thats the size of the model that has made this recent explosion possible. 4.2 gigabytes of floating points that somehow encode so much of what we know. Yes Im waxing poetic here. No I am not heralding the arrival of AGI or our AI overlords. I am simply admiring the beauty of it while it is fresh and new. Because it wont be fresh and new for long. This thing Im feeling is not much different from how I felt using email for the first time - Grandma got my message already? In Florida ? In seconds? It was the nearest thing to magic my child-self had ever seen. Now email is the most boring and mundane part of my day. There is already much talk about practical uses. Malicious uses. Downplaying. Up playing. Biases. Monetization. Democratization - which is really just monetization with a more marketable name. Im not trying to get into any of that here. Im just thinking about those 4.2 gigabytes. How small it seems in todays terms. Such a little bundle that holds so much. How many images both real photos and fictional art were crammed through the auto-encoder that narrower and narrower funnel of information until some sort of meaning was distilled from them? How many times must a model be taught to de-noise an image until it understands what makes a tiger different from a leopard? I guess now we know. And now I suppose we ride the wave until this new magic is both as widely used and boring as email. So it goes.

GOOD

40k coin tosses yield ambiguous evidence for dynamical bias (stat.berkeley.edu) However no experiment with actual coin-tosses has been done to investigate whether the predicted effect is empirically observed. Diaconis et al noted correctly that to estimate the probability with a S.E. of 0.1% would require 250000 tosses but this seems unnecessarily precise. Let's work with numbers of tosses rather than percents. With 40000 tosses the S.E. for ``number landing same way equals 100 and the means are 20000 under the unbiased null and 20320 under the 0.8% bias alternative. So if the alternative were true it's quite likely one would see a highly statistically significant difference between the observed number and the 20000 predicted by the null. And 40000 tosses works out to take about 1 hour per day for a semester ......... The experiment Over the Spring 2009 semester two Berkeley undergraduates Priscilla Ku and Janet Larwood undertook to do the required 40000 tosses. After preliminary experimentation with practical issues there was formulated a specific protocol described in detail below. Cutting to the chase here is the complete data-set as a .xlsx spreadsheet (see sheet 2). This constitutes a potentially interesting data-set in many ways -- one could compare numerous theoretical predictions about pure randomness (lengths of runs for instance) with this empirical data. For the specific question of dynamical bias the relevant data can be stated very concisely: of 20000 Heads-up tosses (tossed by Janet) 10231 landed Heads of 20000 Tails-up tosses (tossed by Priscilla) 10014 landed Tails Analysis A first comment is that it would have been better for each individual to have done both Heads upand Tails up tosses (which was part of the intended protocol but on this aspect of the protocol there was a miscommunication); this would separate the effect of individual tossing style from any possible effect arising from the physical difference between Heads and Tails. But it is very hard to imagine any such physical effect so we presume the observed difference (if real rather than just chance variation) is due to some aspect of different individual tossing style. Applying textbook statistics: testing the unbiased null hypothesis with the combined data we get z = 2.45 and a (1-sided) p-value < 1% assuming dynamical bias with possibly different individual biases and testing the null hypothesis that these two individuals have the same bias we get z = 2.17 and a (2-sided) p-value = 3 % We leave the statistically literate reader to draw their own conclusions. A caveat is that the experiment did not use iconic tosses (see below) and we can't really distinguish the possible precession bias from the possible few rotations bias even though there was no visual indication of systematic difference between the two tossing styles. Finally for anyone contemplating repeating the experiment we suggest getting a larger group of people to each make 20000 iconic tosses for two reasons. Studying to what extent different people might have different biases is arguably a richer question that asking about overall existence of dynamical bias. And if the few rotations bias exists then we would see it operating in both directions for different people whereas the predicted precession bias' is always positive. Iconic tosses and the few rotations bias We visualize an iconic toss done standing; the coin moves roughly vertically up rising a height of 2 or 3 feet spinning rapidly and is caught in the open hand at around the level it was tossed. The obvious elementary analysis of coin tossing is that a coin lands same way up or opposite way up according to whether the number r of full rotations (r real because a rotation may be incomplete) is in [n - 1/4 n+1/4] or in [n + 1/4 n+3/4] for some integer n. When the random r for a particular individual has large spread we expect these chances to average out to be very close to 1/2; but when r has small spread in particular when its mean \mu is not large one expects a few rotations bias toward same way up if \mu is close to an integer or toward opposite way up if \mu is close to a half integer. Detailed protocol To avoid tiredness when tossing standing up the participants sat on the floor. One person did a long sequence of tosses (all starting the same way up) while the other recorded the result directly onto the spreadsheet. Tosses where the coin was dropped were disregarded. Dates times and person tossing were also recorded on the spreadsheet. The coin used was an ordinary dime. Visually the tosses were typically rather low (maybe 18 inches high) rotating moderately fast and angled rather than purely vertical. if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . And 40000 tosses works out to take about 1 hour per day for a semester ......... The experiment Over the Spring 2009 semester two Berkeley undergraduates Priscilla Ku and Janet Larwood undertook to do the required 40000 tosses. After preliminary experimentation with practical issues there was formulated a specific protocol described in detail below. Cutting to the chase here is the complete data-set as a .xlsx spreadsheet (see sheet 2). This constitutes a potentially interesting data-set in many ways -- one could compare numerous theoretical predictions about pure randomness (lengths of runs for instance) with this empirical data. For the specific question of dynamical bias the relevant data can be stated very concisely: of 20000 Heads-up tosses (tossed by Janet) 10231 landed Heads of 20000 Tails-up tosses (tossed by Priscilla) 10014 landed Tails Analysis A first comment is that it would have been better for each individual to have done both Heads upand Tails up tosses (which was part of the intended protocol but on this aspect of the protocol there was a miscommunication); this would separate the effect of individual tossing style from any possible effect arising from the physical difference between Heads and Tails. But it is very hard to imagine any such physical effect so we presume the observed difference (if real rather than just chance variation) is due to some aspect of different individual tossing style. Applying textbook statistics: testing the unbiased null hypothesis with the combined data we get z = 2.45 and a (1-sided) p-value < 1% assuming dynamical bias with possibly different individual biases and testing the null hypothesis that these two individuals have the same bias we get z = 2.17 and a (2-sided) p-value = 3 % We leave the statistically literate reader to draw their own conclusions. A caveat is that the experiment did not use iconic tosses (see below) and we can't really distinguish the possible precession bias from the possible few rotations bias even though there was no visual indication of systematic difference between the two tossing styles. Finally for anyone contemplating repeating the experiment we suggest getting a larger group of people to each make 20000 iconic tosses for two reasons. Studying to what extent different people might have different biases is arguably a richer question that asking about overall existence of dynamical bias. And if the few rotations bias exists then we would see it operating in both directions for different people whereas the predicted precession bias' is always positive. Iconic tosses and the few rotations bias We visualize an iconic toss done standing; the coin moves roughly vertically up rising a height of 2 or 3 feet spinning rapidly and is caught in the open hand at around the level it was tossed. The obvious elementary analysis of coin tossing is that a coin lands same way up or opposite way up according to whether the number r of full rotations (r real because a rotation may be incomplete) is in [n - 1/4 n+1/4] or in [n + 1/4 n+3/4] for some integer n. When the random r for a particular individual has large spread we expect these chances to average out to be very close to 1/2; but when r has small spread in particular when its mean \mu is not large one expects a few rotations bias toward same way up if \mu is close to an integer or toward opposite way up if \mu is close to a half integer. Detailed protocol To avoid tiredness when tossing standing up the participants sat on the floor. One person did a long sequence of tosses (all starting the same way up) while the other recorded the result directly onto the spreadsheet. Tosses where the coin was dropped were disregarded. Dates times and person tossing were also recorded on the spreadsheet. The coin used was an ordinary dime. Visually the tosses were typically rather low (maybe 18 inches high) rotating moderately fast and angled rather than purely vertical. if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . of 20000 Heads-up tosses (tossed by Janet) 10231 landed Heads of 20000 Tails-up tosses (tossed by Priscilla) 10014 landed Tails Analysis A first comment is that it would have been better for each individual to have done both Heads upand Tails up tosses (which was part of the intended protocol but on this aspect of the protocol there was a miscommunication); this would separate the effect of individual tossing style from any possible effect arising from the physical difference between Heads and Tails. But it is very hard to imagine any such physical effect so we presume the observed difference (if real rather than just chance variation) is due to some aspect of different individual tossing style. Applying textbook statistics: testing the unbiased null hypothesis with the combined data we get z = 2.45 and a (1-sided) p-value < 1% assuming dynamical bias with possibly different individual biases and testing the null hypothesis that these two individuals have the same bias we get z = 2.17 and a (2-sided) p-value = 3 % We leave the statistically literate reader to draw their own conclusions. A caveat is that the experiment did not use iconic tosses (see below) and we can't really distinguish the possible precession bias from the possible few rotations bias even though there was no visual indication of systematic difference between the two tossing styles. Finally for anyone contemplating repeating the experiment we suggest getting a larger group of people to each make 20000 iconic tosses for two reasons. Studying to what extent different people might have different biases is arguably a richer question that asking about overall existence of dynamical bias. And if the few rotations bias exists then we would see it operating in both directions for different people whereas the predicted precession bias' is always positive. Iconic tosses and the few rotations bias We visualize an iconic toss done standing; the coin moves roughly vertically up rising a height of 2 or 3 feet spinning rapidly and is caught in the open hand at around the level it was tossed. The obvious elementary analysis of coin tossing is that a coin lands same way up or opposite way up according to whether the number r of full rotations (r real because a rotation may be incomplete) is in [n - 1/4 n+1/4] or in [n + 1/4 n+3/4] for some integer n. When the random r for a particular individual has large spread we expect these chances to average out to be very close to 1/2; but when r has small spread in particular when its mean \mu is not large one expects a few rotations bias toward same way up if \mu is close to an integer or toward opposite way up if \mu is close to a half integer. Detailed protocol To avoid tiredness when tossing standing up the participants sat on the floor. One person did a long sequence of tosses (all starting the same way up) while the other recorded the result directly onto the spreadsheet. Tosses where the coin was dropped were disregarded. Dates times and person tossing were also recorded on the spreadsheet. The coin used was an ordinary dime. Visually the tosses were typically rather low (maybe 18 inches high) rotating moderately fast and angled rather than purely vertical. if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . Analysis A first comment is that it would have been better for each individual to have done both Heads upand Tails up tosses (which was part of the intended protocol but on this aspect of the protocol there was a miscommunication); this would separate the effect of individual tossing style from any possible effect arising from the physical difference between Heads and Tails. But it is very hard to imagine any such physical effect so we presume the observed difference (if real rather than just chance variation) is due to some aspect of different individual tossing style. Applying textbook statistics: testing the unbiased null hypothesis with the combined data we get z = 2.45 and a (1-sided) p-value < 1% assuming dynamical bias with possibly different individual biases and testing the null hypothesis that these two individuals have the same bias we get z = 2.17 and a (2-sided) p-value = 3 % We leave the statistically literate reader to draw their own conclusions. A caveat is that the experiment did not use iconic tosses (see below) and we can't really distinguish the possible precession bias from the possible few rotations bias even though there was no visual indication of systematic difference between the two tossing styles. Finally for anyone contemplating repeating the experiment we suggest getting a larger group of people to each make 20000 iconic tosses for two reasons. Studying to what extent different people might have different biases is arguably a richer question that asking about overall existence of dynamical bias. And if the few rotations bias exists then we would see it operating in both directions for different people whereas the predicted precession bias' is always positive. Iconic tosses and the few rotations bias We visualize an iconic toss done standing; the coin moves roughly vertically up rising a height of 2 or 3 feet spinning rapidly and is caught in the open hand at around the level it was tossed. The obvious elementary analysis of coin tossing is that a coin lands same way up or opposite way up according to whether the number r of full rotations (r real because a rotation may be incomplete) is in [n - 1/4 n+1/4] or in [n + 1/4 n+3/4] for some integer n. When the random r for a particular individual has large spread we expect these chances to average out to be very close to 1/2; but when r has small spread in particular when its mean \mu is not large one expects a few rotations bias toward same way up if \mu is close to an integer or toward opposite way up if \mu is close to a half integer. Detailed protocol To avoid tiredness when tossing standing up the participants sat on the floor. One person did a long sequence of tosses (all starting the same way up) while the other recorded the result directly onto the spreadsheet. Tosses where the coin was dropped were disregarded. Dates times and person tossing were also recorded on the spreadsheet. The coin used was an ordinary dime. Visually the tosses were typically rather low (maybe 18 inches high) rotating moderately fast and angled rather than purely vertical. if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . Applying textbook statistics: testing the unbiased null hypothesis with the combined data we get z = 2.45 and a (1-sided) p-value < 1% assuming dynamical bias with possibly different individual biases and testing the null hypothesis that these two individuals have the same bias we get z = 2.17 and a (2-sided) p-value = 3 % We leave the statistically literate reader to draw their own conclusions. A caveat is that the experiment did not use iconic tosses (see below) and we can't really distinguish the possible precession bias from the possible few rotations bias even though there was no visual indication of systematic difference between the two tossing styles. Finally for anyone contemplating repeating the experiment we suggest getting a larger group of people to each make 20000 iconic tosses for two reasons. Studying to what extent different people might have different biases is arguably a richer question that asking about overall existence of dynamical bias. And if the few rotations bias exists then we would see it operating in both directions for different people whereas the predicted precession bias' is always positive. Iconic tosses and the few rotations bias We visualize an iconic toss done standing; the coin moves roughly vertically up rising a height of 2 or 3 feet spinning rapidly and is caught in the open hand at around the level it was tossed. The obvious elementary analysis of coin tossing is that a coin lands same way up or opposite way up according to whether the number r of full rotations (r real because a rotation may be incomplete) is in [n - 1/4 n+1/4] or in [n + 1/4 n+3/4] for some integer n. When the random r for a particular individual has large spread we expect these chances to average out to be very close to 1/2; but when r has small spread in particular when its mean \mu is not large one expects a few rotations bias toward same way up if \mu is close to an integer or toward opposite way up if \mu is close to a half integer. Detailed protocol To avoid tiredness when tossing standing up the participants sat on the floor. One person did a long sequence of tosses (all starting the same way up) while the other recorded the result directly onto the spreadsheet. Tosses where the coin was dropped were disregarded. Dates times and person tossing were also recorded on the spreadsheet. The coin used was an ordinary dime. Visually the tosses were typically rather low (maybe 18 inches high) rotating moderately fast and angled rather than purely vertical. if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . Finally for anyone contemplating repeating the experiment we suggest getting a larger group of people to each make 20000 iconic tosses for two reasons. Studying to what extent different people might have different biases is arguably a richer question that asking about overall existence of dynamical bias. And if the few rotations bias exists then we would see it operating in both directions for different people whereas the predicted precession bias' is always positive. Iconic tosses and the few rotations bias We visualize an iconic toss done standing; the coin moves roughly vertically up rising a height of 2 or 3 feet spinning rapidly and is caught in the open hand at around the level it was tossed. The obvious elementary analysis of coin tossing is that a coin lands same way up or opposite way up according to whether the number r of full rotations (r real because a rotation may be incomplete) is in [n - 1/4 n+1/4] or in [n + 1/4 n+3/4] for some integer n. When the random r for a particular individual has large spread we expect these chances to average out to be very close to 1/2; but when r has small spread in particular when its mean \mu is not large one expects a few rotations bias toward same way up if \mu is close to an integer or toward opposite way up if \mu is close to a half integer. Detailed protocol To avoid tiredness when tossing standing up the participants sat on the floor. One person did a long sequence of tosses (all starting the same way up) while the other recorded the result directly onto the spreadsheet. Tosses where the coin was dropped were disregarded. Dates times and person tossing were also recorded on the spreadsheet. The coin used was an ordinary dime. Visually the tosses were typically rather low (maybe 18 inches high) rotating moderately fast and angled rather than purely vertical. if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . The obvious elementary analysis of coin tossing is that a coin lands same way up or opposite way up according to whether the number r of full rotations (r real because a rotation may be incomplete) is in [n - 1/4 n+1/4] or in [n + 1/4 n+3/4] for some integer n. When the random r for a particular individual has large spread we expect these chances to average out to be very close to 1/2; but when r has small spread in particular when its mean \mu is not large one expects a few rotations bias toward same way up if \mu is close to an integer or toward opposite way up if \mu is close to a half integer. Detailed protocol To avoid tiredness when tossing standing up the participants sat on the floor. One person did a long sequence of tosses (all starting the same way up) while the other recorded the result directly onto the spreadsheet. Tosses where the coin was dropped were disregarded. Dates times and person tossing were also recorded on the spreadsheet. The coin used was an ordinary dime. Visually the tosses were typically rather low (maybe 18 inches high) rotating moderately fast and angled rather than purely vertical. if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects . if you enjoyed this page you might also enjoy other Undergraduate Research Projects .

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418 I'm a teapot https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/418 SirAllCaps Web technology reference for developers Structure of content on the web Code used to describe document style General-purpose scripting language Protocol for transmitting web resources Interfaces for building web applications Developing extensions for web browsers Web technology reference for developers Learn web development Learn web development Learn to structure web content with HTML Learn to style content using CSS Learn to run scripts in the browser Learn to make the web accessible to all A customized MDN experience All browser compatibility updates at a glance Learn how to use MDN Plus Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus The HTTP 418 I'm a teapot client error response code indicates that the server refuses to brew coffee because it is permanently a teapot. A combined coffee/tea pot that is temporarily out of coffee should instead return 503. This error is a reference to Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol defined in April Fools' jokes in 1998 and 2014. Some websites use this response for requests they do not wish to handle such as automated queries. BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Enable JavaScript to view data. This page was last modified on Apr 10 2023 by MDN contributors . Your blueprint for a better internet. Visit Mozilla Corporations not-for-profit parent the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are 1998 2023 by individual mozilla.org contributors. Content available under a Creative Commons license .

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5-min breathing workout lowers blood pressure as much as exercise drugs (2021) (colorado.edu) Skip to Content Working out just five minutes daily via a practice described as strength training for your breathing muscles lowers blood pressure and improves some measures of vascular health as well as or even more than aerobic exercise or medication new CU Boulder research shows. The study published today in the Journal of the American Heart Association provides the strongest evidence yet that the ultra-time-efficient maneuver known as High-Resistance Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training (IMST) could play a key role in helping aging adults fend off cardiovascular diseasethe nations leading killer. In the United States alone 65% of adults over age 50 have above-normal blood pressureputting them at greater risk of heart attack or stroke. Yet fewer than 40% meet recommended aerobic exercise guidelines. There are a lot of lifestyle strategies we know can help people maintain cardiovascular health as they age. But the reality is they take a lot of time and effort and can be expensive and hard for some people to access said lead author Daniel Craighead an assistant research professor in the Department of Integrative Physiology. IMST can be done in five minutes in your own home while you watch TV. Developed in the 1980s as a way to help critically ill respiratory disease patients strengthen their diaphragm and other inspiratory (breathing) muscles IMST involves inhaling vigorously through a hand-held device which provides resistance. Imagine sucking hard through a tube that sucks back. Initially when prescribing it for breathing disorders doctors recommended a 30-minute-per-day regimen at low resistance. But in recent years Craighead and colleagues at the University of Arizona have been testing whether a more time-efficient protocol30 inhalations per day at high resistance six days per weekcould also reap cardiovascular cognitive and sports performance improvements. For the new study they recruited 36 otherwise healthy adults ages 50 to 79 with above normal systolic blood pressure (120 millimeters of mercury or higher). Half did High-Resistance IMST for six weeks; and half did a placebo protocol in which the resistance was much lower. Participants didnt know which group they were in. When assessed after six weeks the IMST group saw their systolic blood pressure (the top number) dip nine points on average a reduction which generally exceeds that achieved by walking 30 minutes a day five days a week. That decline is also equal to the effects of some blood pressure-lowering drug regimens. Even six weeks after they quit doing IMST they maintained most of that improvement. Tom Heinbockel demonstrating how tousea Power Breathe device when he wasa master's student in the Integrative Physiology department in 2019. (Photo by Casey A. Cass/CU Boulder) We found not only is it more time-efficient than traditional exercise programs the benefits may be longer lasting Craighead said. The treatment group also saw a 45% improvement in vascular endothelial function or the ability for arteries to expand upon stimulation and a significant increase in levels of nitric oxide a molecule key for dilating arteries and preventing plaque buildup. Nitric oxide levels naturally decline with age. Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress which can also boost heart attack risk were significantly lower after people did IMST for six weeks. And remarkably those in the IMST group completed 95% of the sessions. We have identified a novel form of therapy that lowers blood pressure without giving people pharmacological compounds and with much higher adherence than aerobic exercise said senior author Doug Seals a Distinguished Professor of Integrative Physiology. Thats noteworthy. The practice may be particularly helpful for postmenopausal women. In previous research Seals lab showed that postmenopausal women who are not taking supplemental estrogen dont reap as much benefit from aerobic exercise programs as men do when it comes to vascular endothelial function. IMST the new study showed improved it just as much in these women as in men. If aerobic exercise wont improve this key measure of cardiovascular health for postmenopausal women they need another lifestyle intervention that will said Craighead. This could be it. Preliminary results from the same group suggest IMST also improved some measures of brain function and physical fitness. And previous studies from other researchers have shown it can be useful for improving sports performance. If youre running a marathon your respiratory muscles get tired and begin to steal blood from your skeletal muscles said Craighead who uses IMST in his own marathon training. The idea is that if you build up endurance of those respiratory muscles that wont happen and your legs wont get as fatigued. Seals said theyre uncertain exactly how a maneuver to strengthen breathing muscles ends up lowering blood pressure but they suspect it prompts the cells lining blood vessels to produce more nitric oxide enabling them to relax. The National Institutes of Health recently awarded Seals $4 million to launch a larger follow-up study of about 100 people comparing a 12-week IMST protocol head-to-head with an aerobic exercise program. Meanwhile the research group is developing a smartphone app to enable people to do the protocol at home using already commercially available devices. They say the practice is not necessarily meant to replace exercise but can be a useful option for those who lack access to walking trails or recreation centers have trouble doing aerobic activities due to health reasons or just want to add another tool to their blood-pressure-lowering toolbox. In an editorial accompanying the journal publication researchers not involved in the study called for more research on the myriad health benefits including potentially mental health benefits the practice may hold. Those considering IMST should consult with their doctor first. But thus far IMST has proven remarkably safe they said. Its easy to do it doesnt take long and we think it has a lot of potential to help a lot of people said Craighead. Editorsnote: This research was originally covered by CU Boulder Today in February 2019. 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50% on HumanEval with just 1.3B model https://twitter.com/sytelus/status/1671333552204693504 sytelus Weve detected that JavaScript is disabled in this browser. Please enable JavaScript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. You can see a list of supported browsers in our Help Center. Help Center Terms of Service Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint Ads info 2023 X Corp.

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5000x faster CRDTs: An adventure in optimization (2021) (josephg.com) July 31 2021 A few years ago I was really bothered by an academic paper. Some researchers in France put together a comparison showing lots of ways you could implement realtime collaborative editing (like Google Docs). They implemented lots of algorithms - CRDTs and OT algorithms and stuff. And they benchmarked them all to see how they perform. (Cool!!) Some algorithms worked reasonably well. But others took upwards of 3 seconds to process simple paste operations from their editing sessions. Yikes! Which algorithm was that? Well this is awkward but .. it was mine. I mean I didn't invent it - but it was the algorithm I was using for ShareJS. The algorithm we used for Google Wave. The algorithm which - hang on - I knew for a fact didn't take 3 seconds to process large paste events. Whats going on here? I took a closer look at the paper. In their implementation when a user pasted a big chunk of text (like 1000 characters) instead of creating 1 operation with 1000 characters their code split the insert into 1000 individual operations. And each of those operations needed to be processed separately. Do'h - of course it'll be slow if you do that! This isn't a problem with the operational transformation algorithm. This is just a problem with their particular implementation . The infuriating part was that several people sent me links to the paper and (pointedly) asked me what I think about it. Written up as a Published Science Paper these speed comparisons seemed like a Fact About The Universe. And not what they really were - implementation details of some java code written by a probably overstretched grad student. One of a whole bunch of implementations that they needed to code up. Nooo! The peer reviewed science isn't right everybody! Please believe me!. But I didn't have a published paper justifying my claims. I had working code but it felt like none of the smart computer science people cared about that. Who was I? I was nobody. Even talking about this stuff we have a language problem. We describe each system as an algorithm. Jupiter is an Algorithm. RGA is an Algorithm. But really there are two very separate aspects: If some academic's code runs slowly what does that actually teach us? Maybe it's like tests. A passing test suite suggests but can never prove that there are no bugs. Likewise a slow implementation suggests but can never prove that every implementation of the system will be slow. If you wait long enough somebody will find more bugs. And maybe someone out there can design a faster implementation. Years ago I translated my old text OT code into C Javascript Go Rust and Swift. Each implementation has the same behaviour and the same algorithm. But the performance is not even close. In javascript my transform function ran about 100 000 times per second. Not bad! But the same function in C does 20M iterations per second. That's 200x faster. Wow! Were the academics testing a slow version or the fast version of this code? Maybe without noticing they had fast versions of some algorithms and slow versions of others. It's impossible to tell from the paper! So as you may know I've been getting interested in CRDTs lately. For the uninitiated CRDTs (Conflict-Free Replicated Data types) are fancy programming tools which let multiple users edit the same data at the same time. They let you work locally with no lag. (You don't even have to be online). And when you do sync up with other users & devices everything just magically syncs up and becomes eventually consistent. The best part of CRDTs is that they can do all that without even needing a centralized computer in the cloud to monitor and control everything. I want Google Docs without google. I want my apps to seamlessly share data between all my devices without me needing to rely on some flakey startup 's servers to still be around in another decade. I think they're the future of collaborative editing . And maybe the future of all software - but I'm not ready to talk about that yet. But most CRDTs you read about in academic papers are crazy slow. A decade ago I decided to stop reading academic papers and dismissed them. I assumed CRDTs had some inherent problem. A GUID for every character? Nought but madness comes from those strange lands! But - and this is awkward to admit - I think I've been making the same mistake as those researchers. I was reading papers which described the behaviour of different systems. And I assumed that meant we knew how the best way to implement those systems. And wow I was super wrong. How wrong? Well. Running this editing trace Automerge (a popular CRDT written by a popular researcher ) takes nearly 5 minutes to run. I have a new implementation that can process the same editing trace in 56 milliseconds. Thats 0.056 seconds which is over 5000x faster. It's the largest speed up I've ever gotten from optimization work - and I'm utterly delighted by it. Lets talk about why automerge is currently slow and I'll take you through all the steps toward making it super fast. Wait no. First we need to start with: Automerge is a library to help you do collaborative editing. It's written by Martin Kleppmann who's a little bit famous from his book and excellent talks . Automerge is based on an algorithm called RGA which you can read about in an academic paper if you're into that sort of thing. Martin explains automerge far better than I will in this talk from 2020: Automerge (and Yjs and other CRDTs) think of a shared document as a list of characters. Each character in the document gets a unique ID and whenever you insert into the document you name what you're inserting after. Imagine I type abc into an empty document. Automerge creates 3 items: We can draw this as a tree! Lets say Mike inserts an 'X' between a and b so we get aXbc. Then we have: Note the 'X' and 'b' both share the same parent. This will happen when users type concurrently in the same location in the document. But how do we figure out which character goes first? We could just sort using their agent IDs or something. But argh if we do that the document could end up as abcX even though Mike inserted X before the b . That would be really confusing. Automerge (RGA) solves this with a neat hack. It adds an extra integer to each item called a sequence number . Whenever you insert something you set the new item's sequence number to be 1 bigger than the biggest sequence number you've ever seen: This is the algorithmic version of Wow I saw a sequence number and it was this big! Yeah? Mine is even bigger! The rule is that children are sorted first based on their sequence numbers (bigger sequence number first). If the sequence numbers match the changes must be concurrent. In that case we can sort them arbitrarily based on their agent IDs. (We do it this way so all peers end up with the same resulting document.) Yjs - which we'll see more of later - implements a CRDT called YATA. YATA is identical to RGA except that it solves this problem with a slightly different hack. But the difference isn't really important here. Automerge (RGA)'s behaviour is defined by this algorithm: So how should you implement automerge? The automerge library does it in the obvious way which is to store all the data as a tree. (At least I think so - after typing abc this is automerge's internal state . Uh uhm I have no idea whats going on here. And what are all those Uint8Arrays doing all over the place? Whatever.) The automerge library works by building a tree of items. For a simple benchmark I'm going to test automerge using an editing trace Martin himself made . This is a character by character recording of Martin typing up an academic paper. There aren't any concurrent edits in this trace but users almost never actually put their cursors at exactly the same place and type anyway so I'm not too worried about that. I'm also only counting the time taken to apply this trace locally which isn't ideal but it'll do. Kevin Jahns (Yjs's author) has a much more extensive benchmarking suite here if you're into that sort of thing. All the benchmarks here are done on my chonky ryzen 5800x workstation with Nodejs v16.1 and rust 1.52 when that becomes appropriate. (Spoilers!) The editing trace has 260 000 edits and the final document size is about 100 000 characters. As I said above automerge takes a little under 5 minutes to process this trace. Thats just shy of 900 edits per second which is probably fine. But by the time it's done automerge is using 880 MB of RAM. Whoa! That's 10kb of ram per key press . At peak automerge was using 2.6 GB of RAM! To get a sense of how much overhead there is I'll compare this to a baseline benchmark where we just splice all the edits directly into a javascript string. This throws away all the information we need to do collaborative editing but it gives us a sense of how fast javascript is capable of going. It turns out javascript running on V8 is fast : This is a chart showing the time taken to process each operation throughout the test averaged in groups of 1000 operations. I think those spikes are V8's garbage collector trying to free up memory. In the slowest spike near the end a single edit took 1.8 seconds to process. Oof. In a real application the whole app (or browser tab) would freeze up for a couple of seconds sometimes while you're in the middle of typing. The chart is easier to read when we average everything out a bit and zoom the Y axis. We can see the average performance gets gradually (roughly linearly) worse over time. Automerge is slow for a whole slew of reasons: Automerge was just never written with performance in mind. Their team is working on a replacement rust implementation of the algorithm to run through wasm but at the time of writing it hasn't landed yet. I got the master branch working but they have some kinks to work out before it's ready. Switching to the automerge-rs backend doesn't make average performance in this test any faster. (Although it does halve memory usage and smooth out performance.) There's an old saying with performance tuning: You can't make the computer faster. You can only make it do less work. How do we make the computer do less work here? There's lots of performance wins to be had from going through the code and improving lots of small things. But the automerge team has the right approach. It's always best to start with macro optimizations. Fix the core algorithm and data structures before moving to optimizing individual methods. There's no point optimizing a function when you're about to throw it away in a rewrite. By far Automerge's biggest problem is its complex tree based data structure. And we can replace it with something faster. Luckily there's a better way to implement CRDTs pioneered in Yjs . Yjs is another (competing) opensource CRDT implementation made by Kevin Jahns. It's fast well documented and well made. If I were going to build software which supports collaborative editing today I'd use Yjs. Yjs doesn't need a whole blog post talking about how to make it fast because it's already pretty fast as we'll see soon. It got there by using a clever obvious data structure trick that I don't think anyone else in the field has noticed. Instead of implementing the CRDT as a tree like automerge does: Yjs just puts all the items in a single flat list: That looks simple but how do you insert a new item into a list? With automerge it's easy: But with this list approach it's more complicated: Essentially this approach is just a fancy insertion sort. We're implementing a list CRDT with a list. Genius! This sounds complicated - how do you figure out where the new item should go? But it's complicated in the same way math is complicated. It's hard to understand but once you understand it you can implement the whole insert function in about 20 lines of code: (But don't be alarmed if this looks confusing - we could probably fit everyone on the planet who understands this code today into a small meeting room.) I implemented both Yjs's CRDT (YATA) and Automerge using this approach in my experimental reference-crdts codebase. Here's the insert function with a few more comments . The Yjs version of this function is in the same file if you want to have a look. Despite being very different papers the logic for inserting is almost identical. And even though my code is very different this approach is semantically identical to the actual automerge and Yjs and sync9 codebases. ( Fuzzer verified (TM) ). If you're interested in going deeper on this I gave a talk about this approach at a braid meeting a few weeks ago. The important point is this approach is better: Theoretically this algorithm can slow down when there are concurrent inserts in the same location in the document. But that's really rare in practice - you almost always just insert right after the parent item. Using this approach my implementation of automerge's algorithm is about 10x faster than the real automerge. And it's 30x more memory-efficient: I wish I could attribute all of that difference to this sweet and simple data structure. But a lot of the difference here is probably just immutablejs gumming automerge up. It's a lot faster than automerge: We're using a clean and fast core data abstraction now but the implementation is still not fast . There are two big performance bottlenecks in this codebase we need to fix: (These lines are marked (1) and (2) in the code listing above). To understand why this code is necessary lets say we have a document which is a list of items. And some of those items might have been deleted. I've added an isDeleted flag to mark which ones. (Unfortunately we can't just remove them from the array because other inserts might depend on them. Drat! But that's a problem for another day.) Imagine the document has 150 000 array items in it representing 100 000 characters which haven't been deleted. If the user types an 'a' in the middle of the document (at document position 50 000) what index does that correspond to in our array? To find out we need to scan through the document (skipping deleted items) to figure out the right array location. So if the user inserts at position 50 000 we'll probably have to linearly scan past 75 000 items or something to find the insert position. Yikes! And then when we actually insert the code does this which is double yikes: If the array currently has 150 000 items javascript will need to move every single item after the new item once space forward in the array. This part happens in native code but it's still probably slow when we're moving so many items. (Aside: V8 is actually suspiciously fast at this part so maybe v8 isn't using an array internally to implement Arrays? Who knows!) But in general inserting an item into a document with n items will take about n steps. Wait no - it's worse than that because deleted items stick around. Inserting into a document where there have ever been n items will take n steps. This algorithm is reasonably fast but it gets slower with every keystroke. Inserting n characters will take O(n^2) . You can see this if we zoom in on the diagram above. There's a lot going on here because Martin's editing position bounced around the document. But there's a strong linear trend up and to the right which is what we would expect when inserts take O(n) time: And why this shape in particular? And why does performance get better near the end? If we simply graph where each edit happened throughout the editing trace with the same bucketing and smoothing the result is a very familiar curve: It looks like the time spent applying changes is dominated by the time it takes to scan through the document's array. Can we fix this? Yes we can! And by we I mean Kevin fixed these problems in Yjs. How did he manage that? So remember there are two problems to fix: Kevin solved the first problem by thinking about how humans actually edit text documents. Usually while we're typing we don't actually bounce around a document very much. Rather than scanning the document each time an edit happens Yjs caches the last (index position) pair where the user made an edit. The next edit will probably be pretty close to the previous edit so Kevin just scans forwards or backwards from the last editing position. This sounds a little bit dodgy to me - I mean thats a big assumption to make! What if edits happen randomly?! But people don't actually edit documents randomly so it works great in practice. (What if two users are editing different parts of a document at the same time? Yjs actually stores a whole set of cached locations so there's almost always a cached cursor location near each user no matter where they're making changes in the document.) Once Yjs finds the target insert location it needs to insert efficiently without copying all the existing items. Yjs solves that by using a bidirectional linked list instead of an array. So long as we have an insert position linked lists allow inserts in constant time. Yjs does one more thing to improve performance. Humans usually type in runs of characters. So when we type hello in a document instead of storing: Yjs just stores: Finally those pesky paste events will be fast too! This is the same information just stored more compactly. Unfortunately we can't collapse the whole document into a single item or something like that using this trick. The algorithm can only collapse inserts when the IDs and parents line up sequentially - but that happens whenever a user types a run of characters without moving their cursor. And that happens a lot. In this data set using spans reduces the number of array entries by 14x. (180k entries down to 12k). How fast is it now? This blows me away - Yjs is 30x faster than my reference-crdts implementation in this test. And it only uses about 10% as much RAM. It's 300x faster than automerge! . Honestly I'm shocked and a little suspicious of how little ram Yjs uses in this test. I'm sure there's some wizardry in V8 making this possible. It's extremely impressive. Kevin says he wrote and rewrote parts of Yjs 12 times in order to make this code run so fast. If there was a programmer version of the speedrunning community they would adore Kevin. I can't even put Yjs on the same scale as the other algorithms because it's so fast: If we isolate Yjs you can see it has mostly flat performance. Unlike the other algorithms it doesn't get slower over time as the document grows: But I have no idea what those spikes are near the end. They're pretty small in absolute terms but it's still weird! Maybe they happen when the user moves their cursor around the document? Or when the user deletes chunks? I have no idea. This is neat but the real question is: Can we go even faster ? Honestly I doubt I can make pure javascript run this test any faster than Kevin managed here. But maybe.. just maybe we can be... When I told Kevin that I thought I could make a CRDT implementation that's way faster than Yjs he didn't believe me. He said Yjs was already so well optimized going a lot faster probably wasn't possible. Maybe a little faster if you just port it to Rust. But not a lot faster! V8 is really fast these days!! But I knew something Kevin didn't know: I knew about memory fragmentation and caches. Rust isn't just faster . It's also a lower level language and that gives us the tools we need to control allocations and memory layout. Kevin knows this now too and he's working on Yrs to see if he can claim the performance crown back. Imagine one of our document items in javascript: This object is actually a mess like this in memory: Bad news: Your computer hates this. This is terrible because all the data is fragmented. It's all separated by pointers. And yes I know V8 tries its hardest to prevent this sort of thing when it can. But its not magic. To arrange data like this the computer has to allocate memory one by one for each item. This is slow. Then the garbage collector needs extra data to track all of those objects which is also slow. Later we'll need to read that data. To read it your computer will often need to go fetch it from main memory which - you guessed it - is slow as well. How slow are main memory reads? At human scale each L1 cache read takes 0.5 seconds. And a read from main memory takes close to 2 minutes! This is the difference between a single heartbeat and the time it takes to brush your teeth. Arranging memory like javascript does would be like writing a shopping list. But instead of Cheese Milk Bread your list is actually a scavenger hunt: Under the couch On top of the fridge and so on. Under the couch is a little note mentioning you need toothpaste. Needless to say this makes doing the grocery shopping a lot of work. To go faster we need to squish all the data together so the computer can fetch more information with each read of main memory. (We want a single read of my grocery list to tell us everything we need to know). Linked lists are rarely used in the real world for exactly this reason - memory fragmentation ruins performance . I also want to move away from linked lists because the user does sometimes hop around the document which in Yjs has a linear performance cost. Thats probably not a big deal in text editing but I want this code to be fast in other use cases too. I don't want the program to ever need those slow scans. We can't fix this in javascript. The problem with fancy data structures in javascript is that you end up needing a lot of exotic objects (like fixed size arrays). All those extra objects make fragmentation worse so as a result of all your work your programs often end up running slower anyway. This is the same limitation immutablejs has and why its performance hasn't improved much in the decade since it was released. The V8 optimizer is very clever but it's not magic and clever tricks only get us so far. But we're not limited to javascript. Even when making webpages we have WebAssembly these days. We can code this up in anything . To see how fast we can really go I've been quietly building a CRDT implementation in rust called Diamond types . Diamond is almost identical to Yjs but it uses a range tree instead of a linked list internally to store all of the items. Under the hood my range tree is just a slightly modified b-tree. But usually when people talk about b-trees they mean a BTreeMap . Thats not what I'm doing here. Instead of storing keys each internal node of the b-tree stores the total number of characters (recursively) in that item's children. So we can look up any item in the document by character position or insert or delete anywhere in the document in log(n) time. This example shows the tree storing a document which currently has 1000 characters: This is a range tree right? The wikipedia article on range trees is a pretty weak description of what I'm doing here. This solves both of our linear scanning problems from earlier: We never merge edits from remote peers in this test but I made that fast too anyway. When merging remote edits we also need to find items by their ID (eg ['seph' 100] ). Diamond has little index to search the b-tree by ID. That codepath doesn't get benchmarked here though. It's fast but for now you'll have to take my word for it. I'm not using Yjs's trick of caching the last edit location - at least not yet. It might help. I just haven't tried it yet. Rust gives us total control over the memory layout so we can pack everything in tightly. Unlike in the diagram each leaf node in my b-tree stores a block of 32 entries packed in a fixed size array in memory. Inserting with a structure like this results in a little bit of memcpy-ing but a little bit of memcpy is fine. Memcpy is always faster than I think it will be - CPUs can copy several bytes per clock cycle. Its not the epic hunt of a main memory lookup. And why 32 entries? I ran this benchmark with a bunch of different bucket sizes and 32 worked well. I have no idea why that worked out to be the best. Speaking of fast how fast does it go? If we compile this code to webassembly and drive it from javascript like in the other tests we can now process the whole editing trace in 193 milliseconds. Thats 5x faster than Yjs. And remarkably 3x faster than our baseline test editing a native javascript string despite doing all the work to support collaborative editing! Javascript and WASM is now a bottleneck. If we skip javascript and run the benchmark directly in rust we can process all 260k edits in this editing trace in just 56 milliseconds . That's over 5000x faster than where we started with automerge. It can process 4.6 million operations every second. Performance is smooth as butter. A b-tree doesn't care where edits happen. This system is uniformly fast across the whole document. Rust doesn't need a garbage collector to track memory allocations so there's no mysterious GC spikes. And because memory is so tightly packed processing this entire data set (all 260 000) only results in 1394 calls to malloc. Oh what a pity. Its so fast you can barely see it next to yjs ( fleexxxx ). Lets zoom in a bit there and bask in that flat line: Well a nearly flat line. And remember this chart shows the slow version. This chart is generated from javascript calling into rust through WASM. If I run this benchmark natively its another ~4x faster again. Why is WASM 4x slower than native execution? Are javascript calls to the WASM VM really that slow? Does LLVM optimize native x86 code better? Or do WASM's memory bounds checks slow it down? I'm so curious! This implementation has another small important change - and I'm not sure if I like it. In rust I'm actually doing something like this: Notice the document's text content doesn't live in the list of items anymore. Now it's in a separate data structure. I'm using a rust library for this called Ropey . Ropey implements another b-tree to efficiently manage just the document's text content. This isn't universally a win. We have unfortunately arrived at the Land of Uncomfortable Engineering Tradeoffs: So I'm still not sure whether I like this approach. But regardless my CRDT implementation is so fast at this point that most of the algorithm's time is spent updating the document contents in ropey. Ropey on its own takes 29ms to process this editing trace. What happens if I just ... turn ropey off? How fast can this puppy can really go? Boom. This is kind of useless but it's now 14000x faster than automerge. We're processing 260 000 operations in 23ms. Thats 11 million operations per second. I could saturate my home internet connection with keystrokes and I'd still have CPU to spare. We can calculate the average speed each algorithm processes edits: But these numbers are misleading. Remember automerge and ref-crdts aren't steady. They're fast at first then slow down as the document grows. Even though automerge can process about 900 edits per second on average (which is fast enough that users won't notice) the slowest edit during this benchmark run stalled V8 for a full 1.8 seconds. We can put everything in a single pretty chart if I use a log scale. It's remarkable how tidy this looks: Huh - look at the bottom two lines. The jitteryness of yjs and diamond mirror each other. Periods when yjs gets slower diamond gets faster. I wonder whats going on there! But log scales are junk food for your intuition. On a linear scale the data looks like this: That my friends is how you make the computer do a lot less work. That silly academic paper I read all those years ago says some CRDTs and OT algorithms are slow. And everyone believed the paper because it was Published Science. But the paper was wrong. As I've shown we can make CRDTs fast. We can make them crazy fast if we get creative with our implementation strategies. With the right approach we can make CRDTs so fast that we can compete with the performance of native strings. The performance numbers in that paper weren't just wrong. They were a billionaire guessing a banana costs $1000 kind of wrong. But you know what? I sort of appreciate that paper now. Their mistake is ok. It's human . I used to feel inadequate around academics - maybe I'll never be that smart! But this whole thing made me realise something obvious: Scientists aren't gods sent from the heavens with the gift of Truth. No they're beautiful flawed people just like the rest of us mooks. Great at whatever we obsess over but kind of middling everywhere else. I can optimize code pretty well but I still get zucchini and cucumber mixed up. And no matter the teasing I get from my friends thats ok. A decade ago Google Wave really needed a good quality list CRDT. I got super excited when the papers for CRDTs started to emerge. LOGOOT and WOOT seemed like a big deal! But that excitement died when I realised the algorithms were too slow and inefficient to be practically useful. And I made a big mistake - I assumed if the academics couldn't make them fast nobody could. But sometimes the best work comes out of a collaboration between people with different skills. I'm terrible at academic papers I'm pretty good at making code run fast. And yet here in my own field I didn't even try to help. The researchers were doing their part to make P2P collaborative editing work. And I just thumbed my nose at them all and kept working on Operational Transform. If I helped out maybe we would have had fast workable CRDTs for text editing a decade ago. Oops! It turned out collaborative editing needed a collaboration between all of us. How ironic! Who could have guessed?! Well it took a decade some hard work and some great ideas from a bunch of clever folks. The binary encoding system Martin invented for Automerge is brilliant. The system of avoiding UUIDs by using incrementing (agent id sequence) tuples is genius. I have no idea who came up with that but I love it. And of course Kevin's list representation + insertion approach I describe here makes everything so much faster and simpler. I bet 100 smart people must have walked right past that idea over the last decade without any of them noticing it. I doubt I would have thought of it either. My contribution is using run-length encoded b-trees and clever indexing. And showing Kevin's fast list representation can be adapted to any CRDT algorithm. I don't think anyone noticed that before. And now after a decade of waiting we finally figured out how to make fast lightweight list CRDT implementations. Practical decentralized realtime collaborative editing? We're coming for you next. If you're building a document based collaborative application today you should use Yjs . Yjs has solid performance low memory usage and great support. If you want help implementing Yjs in your application Kevin Jahns sometimes accepts money in exchange for help integrating Yjs into various applications. He uses this to fund working on Yjs (and adjacent work) full time. Yjs already runs fast and soon it should become even faster. The automerge team is also fantastic. I've had some great conversations with them about these issues. They're making performance the #1 issue of 2021 and they're planning on using a lot of these tricks to make automerge fast. It might already be much faster by the time you're reading this. Diamond is really fast but there's a lot of work before I have feature parity with Yjs and Automerge. There is a lot more that goes into a good CRDT library than operation speed. CRDT libraries also need to support binary encoding network protocols non-list data structures presence (cursor positions) editor bindings and so on. At the time of writing diamond does almost none of this. If you want database semantics instead of document semantics as far as I know nobody has done this well on top of CRDTs yet. You can use ShareDB which uses OT. I wrote ShareDB years ago and it's well used well maintained and battle tested. Looking forward I'm excited for Redwood - which supports P2P editing and has planned full CRDT support.

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53% of parents say climate change affects their decision to have more kids https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/20/climate-change-affects-53percent-of-parents-decision-to-have-more-kids.html mfiguiere Credit Cards Loans Banking Mortgages Insurance Credit Monitoring Personal Finance Small Business Taxes Help for Low Credit Scores Investing SELECT All Credit Cards Find the Credit Card for You Best Credit Cards Best Rewards Credit Cards Best Travel Credit Cards Best 0% APR Credit Cards Best Balance Transfer Credit Cards Best Cash Back Credit Cards Best Credit Card Welcome Bonuses Best Credit Cards to Build Credit SELECT All Loans Find the Best Personal Loan for You Best Personal Loans Best Debt Consolidation Loans Best Loans to Refinance Credit Card Debt Best Loans with Fast Funding Best Small Personal Loans Best Large Personal Loans Best Personal Loans to Apply Online Best Student Loan Refinance SELECT All Banking Find the Savings Account for You Best High Yield Savings Accounts Best Big Bank Savings Accounts Best Big Bank Checking Accounts Best No Fee Checking Accounts No Overdraft Fee Checking Accounts Best Checking Account Bonuses Best Money Market Accounts Best CDs Best Credit Unions SELECT All Mortgages Best Mortgages Best Mortgages for Small Down Payment Best Mortgages for No Down Payment Best Mortgages with No Origination Fee Best Mortgages for Average Credit Score Adjustable Rate Mortgages Affording a Mortgage SELECT All Insurance Best Life Insurance Best Homeowners Insurance Best Renters Insurance Best Car Insurance Travel Insurance SELECT All Credit Monitoring Best Credit Monitoring Services Best Identity Theft Protection How to Boost Your Credit Score Credit Repair Services SELECT All Personal Finance Best Budgeting Apps Best Expense Tracker Apps Best Money Transfer Apps Best Resale Apps and Sites Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) Apps Best Debt Relief SELECT All Small Business Best Small Business Savings Accounts Best Small Business Checking Accounts Best Credit Cards for Small Business Best Small Business Loans Best Tax Software for Small Business SELECT All Taxes Best Tax Software Best Tax Software for Small Businesses Tax Refunds SELECT All Help for Low Credit Scores Best Credit Cards for Bad Credit Best Personal Loans for Bad Credit Best Debt Consolidation Loans for Bad Credit Personal Loans if You Don't Have Credit Best Credit Cards for Building Credit Personal Loans for 580 Credit Score or Lower Personal Loans for 670 Credit Score or Lower Best Mortgages for Bad Credit Best Hardship Loans How to Boost Your Credit Score SELECT All Investing Best IRA Accounts Best Roth IRA Accounts Best Investing Apps Best Free Stock Trading Platforms Best Robo-Advisors Index Funds Mutual Funds ETFs Bonds Climate change is affecting people's decisions about where to work what companies they buy things from and how many kids to have. More than half of parents 53% say that climate change affects their decision about having more children according to a new survey. Global research firm Morning Consult conducted the survey on behalf of computer tech company HP polling more than 5000 adult parents in India Mexico Singapore the United States and the United Kingdom polled between May 18 and 26. About 1000 parents in each of the five countries were surveyed. Virtually all 91% of parents are concerned about climate change the survey found. The particular effects they're concerned about include rising temperatures (62%) water shortages (51%) sea levels changing (43%) and large weather events (43%). Parents say that concern about climate change is impacting their career decisions too. More than four in ten 43% of survey respondents said they reconsidered working for a company due to the company's level of commitment to environmental and social issues the HP study found. A company's demonstrated actions to address climate change influence buying decisions too. Almost two-thirds 64% of parents surveyed report they prefer products that are sustainably sourced and 60% of parents say that a company's sustainability practices play a large part in what they actually purchase. Parents are likely to pay more for products that they know are more sustainable the survey found. Willingness to pay more for sustainable products depends on the kind of product the survey found: 75% of parents will pay more for sustainable clothing 62% for pet supplies 59% for tech purchases like laptops and 66% for cell phones. That commitment to sustainable products comes at a time when 84% of parents say the general cost of living is rising and 57% of parents who say that it takes a lot of time to act in environmentally conscious ways which included things like composting recycling purchasing products made with recycled materials and upcycling as opposed to throwing things away. It is largely the responsibility of corporations to make good climate decisions parents say. Just more than half 51% of parents say companies have a lot of responsibility to hold themselves accountable to do the right thing for the climate and only 36% of parents say the responsibility to push companies to act sustainably lies with the customer. Got a confidential news tip? We want to hear from you. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox Get this delivered to your inbox and more info about our products and services. 2023 CNBC LLC. All Rights Reserved. A Division of NBCUniversal Data is a real-time snapshot *Data is delayed at least 15 minutes. Global Business and Financial News Stock Quotes and Market Data and Analysis. Data also provided by

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90% of Kidnappings in So Paulo result from dates on Tinder and similar apps (restofworld.org) Joo Eleutrio da Silva a 51-year-old man from So Paulo has changed his dating habits on Tinder over the past year and a half. Hes afraid of becoming another victim of the recent spate of kidnappings money transfer scams and even homicides all of which start by luring men like him on dating apps. So when his Tinder match a woman decades younger than him showed intense interest but refused to meet in public he became suspicious. The offer [of company] was too easy da Silva told Rest of World . I didnt feel safe and ended up not following up with the conversation. His behavior is not unwarranted: Police statistics show that nine out of 10 kidnappings in So Paulo in the past year have occurred after a date was arranged through Tinder and similar apps. According to Eduardo Bernardo Pereira a police officer from the So Paulo anti-kidnapping division men like da Silva ranging from 30 to 65 years old are the main targets. The fear over what have become known as Tinder robberies has left thousands of Brazilians on dating apps to devise their own safety measures. Rest of World spoke to three current users of dating apps all of whom confirmed that their behavior on these apps had changed drastically in recent months. They now rigorously verify their dates identity on other social media platforms and insist on meeting in public places cutting conversations short when they dont feel safe. I get suspicious when women that are much younger than me and wearing very little clothing in the photos make forward propositions said da Silva. If I am 51 and she is 23 how can I not think I am being catfished for a possible robbery? The rise in scams has coincided with the widespread adoption of two forms of technology: dating apps and mobile payment. A combination of recent factors has made men particularly vulnerable to this form of scam in Brazil. Criminals use fake dating app profiles to lure unsuspecting targets to a private place with ease and then take their money using PIX an instant QR payment method used by 67% of Brazilians. Criminals have found they can use PIX to extract large quantities of cash from the victims they scam using apps like Tinder. According to Gustavo Torrente professor of cybersecurity at Faculdade de Informtica e Administrao Paulista (FIAP) a technology education center in So Paulo criminals consistently follow this same pattern to devastating effect. Rest of World reached out to Tinder and Grindr for comment on what they were doing to safeguard their users from these scams but did not receive an answer by the time of publication. 9 out of 10 The proportion of kidnappings in SoPaulothat originated from a dating app. For many Brazilians the popular PIX app is a fast and efficient mode of payment. It is this very efficiency and ease of use that have made it the perfect tool for these sorts of scams. Though the Central Bank of Brazil categorically states each transaction is completely traceable authorities still need additional corroborating evidence say CCTV footage to be able to confirm that any given transaction was the result of coercion. This is why Tinder scammers are not only adamant about meeting potential victims in quiet and secluded areas but also take extra precautions such as using bank accounts that dont belong to them to quickly distribute the money and make traceability even harder Fabio Assolini head of research at Kaspersky Latin America a cybersecurity company told Rest of World . Although reports and rumors surrounding criminal modus operandi have come to be known as Tinder robberies Torrente said the phenomenon was not exclusive to a single dating app or limited to heterosexual men. Users on Grindr mostly used by the LGBTQ+ community have also reported growing distrust while using the app though these sorts of threats are not necessarily new to them said Gemma Gibson a sociologist at the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom who has researched gender dynamics across online communities . Although there has been a rise in the violence aimed at heterosexual men via dating apps the safety protocols associated with online dating will not necessarily be new to men who fit under the wide umbrella term of queer Gibson told Rest of World . Violence in this sense is still very much gendered For many [heterosexual men] it is the first time they have to consider [having security protocols]. The risk of being on those apps is enormous. Ill probably keep using them but I no longer expect them to change my life. The target demographic of criminals generally comprises men across various age groups and sexual preferences with threats and fake seduction tactics employed in equal measure. But although the lightning kidnappings a term used to describe the brief kidnapping of a victim who is allowed to go as soon as theyve been extorted have become known as the main form of Tinder scams there are other modes of coercion being used across dating apps. Rodrigo Souza who uses Grindr in So Paulo told Rest of World hes never fallen victim to a scam or kidnapping because he is suspicious about everything. He said that recently criminals had tried to coerce him by pretending to be the police and claiming they had proof he had had a relationship with an underage boy. It happened after he shared his phone number with a match on Grindr. They demanded $1000 to not proceed with the supposed charges. When a scam takes the form of seduction the purpose is often to lure a potential victim into a private and secluded place said Pereira the anti-kidnapping officer. He warned that while many men had clearly adopted greater precautions while dating there were still gaps in basic care that left them vulnerable. For Franco Ribeiro a Tinder user in Juiz de Fora a smaller city in southeastern Brazil disappointment is the main feeling the Tinder scam saga has left him with. He is disappointed that the onus to keep safe has fallen on him rather than the apps or the police and that as other mens best dating years flit past they must now give up on promising prospects in the name of safety. The risk of being on those apps is enormous he told Rest of World . And that adds to the fact that its really hard to find worthwhile people on them anyway Ill probably keep using [Tinder] but I no longer expect it to change my life.

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A $200 mini-laptop with a Intel 8088 chip and 640KB (liliputing.com) Liliputing Disclosure Some links on this page are monetized by the Skimlinks, Amazon, Rakuten Advertising, and eBay, affiliate programs. All prices are subject to change, and this article only reflects the prices available at time of publication. More than four decades after Intel launched the 8088 processor, a Chinese PC maker has launched a brand new minilaptop sporting the 4.77 MHz processor, along with support for an optional 8087 math coprocessor. This new Book 8088 DOS system is available from AliExpress for 201 and up. And while it wont run most modern software, it looks like a retro computing dream, with support for MSDOS 6.22 and Windows 3.0 or earlier. The starting price is for just the basic computer, which is a 240 x 150 x 30mm 9.4 x 5.9 x 1.2 system with an Intel 8088 chip, IBMCGA graphics card, 640KB of memory, and a 16color, 640 x 200 pixel display. It does have a few modern touches, including a 512MB CompactFlash card for storage and a USB port for peripherals. But this thing is very much designed for running decadesold software. Optional accessories include an OPL3 sound card module with a Yamaha YYMF262M sound chip which is the same chip used in the Sound Blaster Pro 2.0, an ISA expansion card connector, or an 8087 coprocessor. A system with all of those addons is still pretty affordable, at 275. Overall the little PC seems like a fascinating little device for playing DOS games, running classic programs like early versions of Microsoft Word, or just getting a glimpse of computer history without the need for any sort of emulation software to trick modern hardware to run decadesold software. Unfortunately theres no information on the battery capacity or battery life, but the little computer works with a 12V1.5A power supply. thanks jdr! Liliputings primary sources of revenue are advertising and affiliate links if you click the Shop button at the top of the page and buy something on Amazon, for example, well get a small commission. But there are several ways you can support the site directly even if youre using an ad blocker and hate online shopping. Contribute to our Patreon campaign or... Contribute via PayPal 6 Comments Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked Comment Name Email Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Notify me of followup comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. Δ This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Early versions of Microsoft Word. . . . Hey, nowhow about showing a little love to WordStar, WordPerfect, or Ami Pro? It reminds me of the IBM PC 110. It ran different operating systems older Windows, DOS and OS2. It would be interesting to see how it compares. I wonder how it would work with FreeDOS? it is an open source version of DOS that is developed and better than the original DOS. I agree with Grant Russell. Why not release it with a processor from the apex of the DOS era like a 486 or Pentium, along with graphics hardware. With such a processor all you would have to do to enjoy the life of the 8088 era would be to not running in turbo mode, yet youd still have the flexibility to run software that was released at the height of the DOS era. Vintage 486 and Pentium machines are very easy to get on the 2nd hand market. In the past couple of years, Ive picked up 1 486, 1 Pentium I, and 2 Pentium III laptops for less than 100 total. All of them are working and only needed a minor amount of restoration. By comparison, working XTAT desktops are much harder to find and tend to be quite expensive, and XT286386era laptops are even more so. A lot of early DOS software will not run well on anything faster than 4 or 8mhz, and even 386s in turbo slow mode fail to run many applications properly. Therefore there is more of a niche right now for a retro 8088 laptop than for a 486Pentium. Its also worth noting that the XTAT DOS period is probably the singlemost underappreciated era of retro computing. It rarely gets much of a mention compared to the more nostalgic 80s microcomputers and the popular 486Pentium era of the 90s. However, it was the XT clone boom that established the PC as a dominant platform. In 1984 IBM PC compatibles were just 22 of all computer sales, but by 1987 due that share rose to 66, and by 1989 it was 82. This was almost all due to the success of humble sub1000 CGAEGA XT and AT clones, long before VGA or 486s were standard. So seeing this era of PC computing getting some love with a new retro machine is more than welcome. I personally would have preferred it to have both CGA and EGA support, as well as possibly TandyPC Jr graphics and sound. But I will take what I can get. Id love to see this kind of thing turn into a trend. Id totally buy something like this if it was a slightly more recent CPU, like a 486, or a Pentium 1. Makes a great starter computer for kids too, since itll make sure they appreciate how computers work. And it doesnt connect to the internet, so you never have to worry about them going anywhere too crazy. Asus ROG Ally handheld gaming PC goes up for preorder for 700, available starting June 13 Intel introduces Alder Lake Nseries chips for laptops priced below 400 Compare handheld gaming PC specs Anbernic, Asus, AYA, GPD, ONEXPLAYER, and Valve Daily Deals 5182023 Lilbits Pixel 8 Pros temperature sensor, Anbernics keychainsized game console, and more Past meets present in this 200 minilaptop with a Intel 8088 chip and 640KB of memory Huawei MatePad Air tablet sports an 11.5 inch, 144 Hz display and Snapdragon 888 Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Email Address Subscribe

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A 'subterranean Galapagos' inside the Earth (2018) (vice.com) There is a vast biosphere deep underground that is nearly twice as big as Earths oceans and contains some 23 billion tons of organisms. This subterranean Galapagos was described on Monday by the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) a collaboration between 1000 scientists studying deep Earth ecosystems to kick off the American Geophysical Unions annual meeting this week. According to researchers knowing how organisms survive in the extreme conditions below Earths surface will help us understand the origins and evolution of life on our planetand perhaps others. A decade ago we had no idea that the rocks beneath our feet could be so vastly inhabited Isabelle Daniel a mineralogist at Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 in France said in a statement. This is simply fascinating and will surely foster enthusiasm to look for the biotic-abiotic fringe on Earth and elsewhere. These intraterrestrials are microbes that can live miles beneath land and seafloor habitats. Though an estimated 70 percent of all bacteria and archaea on Earth live in this subsurface environment very little is known about them because their habitats are so difficult for humans to access. The DCO sampled hundreds of deep Earth habitats sometimes drilling boreholes three miles deep to reach them. Millions of microbe species are estimated to occupy this biosphere and some are able to survive boiling temperatures or pressures 400 times those at sea level. Many organisms take much more time to grow and reproduce compared to their counterparts on land because they subsist on fewer nutrients. Archaea collected from under German hot springs. Image: DCO Species highlighted by the team include a nematode found a mile underground in the Kopanang gold mine of South Africa a methane-breathing microbe discovered in a mile-deep borehole on the Pacific Ocean seafloor and an archaea species in a sulfur-rich sample taken 100 feet below a hot spring in Germany. Its mind-boggling to imagine such a diverse biosphere existing beneath the ground we tread on and it could have major implications for speculating about alien life on other worlds. Read More: There's an Ocean Deep Inside the Earth Even in dark and energetically challenging conditions intraterrestrial ecosystems have uniquely evolved and persisted over millions of years said Fumio Inagaki a geomicrobiologist at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in a DCO statement . Expanding our knowledge of deep life will inspire new insights into planetary habitability leading us to understand why life emerged on our planet and whether life persists in the Martian subsurface and other celestial bodies. Get six of our favorite Motherboard stories every day by signing up for our newsletter . By signing up you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Vice Media Group which may include marketing promotions advertisements and sponsored content.

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A 1.5GB string (backslasher.net) If this prod is rocking dont come a-knocking 4 minute read In my previous role I supported a Java service that operated similarly to RDP or Citrix by enabling remote UI functionality. This service relied on sessions which consisted of interconnected Java objects that were supposed to be cleaned up either when a user logged out or after a predetermined timeout period. During the course of our capacity planning we discovered a significant memory waste that I wanted to share with you. Part of my routine work with the team included capacity planning for the next year. By analyzing our usage metrics growth patterns and population research our data scientists were able to predict how many users we could expect to have in the coming year . To determine the necessary infrastructure required to support this anticipated user base we employed a sophisticated formula: To know how many servers we need to have for next year. One of our capacity planning sessions revealed that due to the immense popularity of our service we were anticipating a significant growth in the number of users in the coming year. Our calculations indicated that we would require more servers than we had available to accommodate this increased demand. Consequently we were faced with the challenge of figuring out how to fit more users onto each individual server in order to support the projected user base. With capacity measurement we can pinpoint the bottleneck in our system and in this case it is the memory. As more users are added to the server the system begins to falter under the increased load ultimately running out of memory. Understanding we are memory-bound is crucial as it directs our efforts towards reducing memory consumption in order to accommodate more users on the server. We had a crude estimation of our per-user memory consumption using this: Using imaginary numbers we can say something like: So we can approxiamte per-user memory requirement as 300MB. In order to understand how to reduce this number we went into more serious memory measurement. We began analyzing the Java memory dump of our servers to identify potential areas for improvement. Initially we reviewed the dumps manually but due to the sheer number of servers we developed a custom script to automate the process. Using this script we were able to identify memory-wasting objects that were attributed to specific sessions. By pinpointing these issues we can effectively eliminate the waste and optimize our systems memory usage. I might cover the script and analysis in another post but for now I want to focus on a specific quick win the memory analysis gave us. We started with going over our thousands of memdumps and looking for very big objects. Our biggest whale was a 1.5GB string. It looked something like this: In case the picture didnt convey the message the string contained many many backslashes. We found similar smaller ones but this one was the biggest. Investigating what the purpose of the string was I saw that we had classes that looked like this: So each screen has the previous screen the user visited to allow the user to go back and get the exact screen they were in before (state scrolling position validation notices etc). The user session also has the current screen the user is in so if the user reconnects to an existing session we can return to where they were. There are two design problems here: It turns out that a user with a session with lots of screens produced a currentScreen String of gigantic proportions. We divided the problem into a quick fix and a long-term one: The quick fix was truncating the previous string if it goes over a specific char amount (e.g. not letting it go over 100MB). While this is not a complete solution and might impact the user experience it was very quick to implement and easy to test boosting our reliability (preventing a specific session from inflating and bringing the server down). The long-term fix was rewriting the previous stack solution completely creating a dedicated real stack with self-imposed size limits and reporting. It took a long time to write and longer to test and slowly release but it really prevented memory waste rather than only hide away whale-strings as another form of memory (e.g. very deep JSON objects). We continued to use the memory-dump analysis tool and found more nonsense we killed but nothing as easy as this. My main takeway from this story is that sometimes checking the details of how your program uses resources (e.g. examining a memdump rather than just measuring overall memory utilization) is crucial for success and produces quick wins from the start. Tags: Java Ramblings Updated: April 6 2023 6 minute read One of the teams I worked with would do an engineering pain-point survey twice a year. During one of those surveys the main complaint was that on-calls ha... 1 minute read Upon receiving a notification from my NVidia Shield indicating that it was running low on storage space I attempted to use the devices interface to trouble... 4 minute read Act 1 where I write Java In the past I had the opportunity to assist a team in developing an Android application and a Java server. While my primary focus ... less than 1 minute read Sapling (the Facebook-released SCM) is great but the docs are not-great. I thought Id list some commands it took me a while to undertand for me and for ot...

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A 23-byte hello world program assembled with DEBUG.EXE in MS-DOS (github.com/susam) A 23-byte hello world program assembled with DEBUG.EXE in MS-DOS Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more about the CLI . Please sign in to use Codespaces. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download Xcode and try again. Your codespace will open once ready. There was a problem preparing your codespace please try again. The program HELLO.COM was developed on MS-DOS Version 6.22 using the DOS program named DEBUG.EXE . It is exactly 23 bytes in length. It can be used to print the string hello world followed by newline to standard output. Here is the complete DEBUG.EXE session that creates a hello world program: Note that the N (name) command specifies the name of the file where we write the binary machine code to. Also note that the W (write) command expects the registers BX and CX to contain the number of bytes to be written to the file. When DEBUG.EXE starts BX is already initialized to 0 so we only set the register CX to 17 (decimal 23) with the R CX command above. The debugger session inputs are archived in the file named HELLO.TXT so the binary file named HELLO.COM can also be created by running the following DOS command: The binary executable file can be created on a Unix or Linux system using the printf command as follows: Here is a disassembly of HELLO.COM to confirm that it has been written correctly: To run this program on MS-DOS simply enter the following command at the command prompt: Another way to terminate a .COM program is to simply use the instruction INT 20 . This consumes two bytes in the machine code: CD 20 . While producing the smallest possible executable is not the goal of this project this project indulges in a little bit of size reduction by using the RET instruction to terminate the program. This consumes only one byte: C3 . This works because when a .COM file starts the register SP contains FFFE. The stack memory locations at offset FFFE and FFFF contain 00 and 00 respectively. Further the memory address offset 0000 contains the instruction INT 20 . As a result executing the RET instruction pops 0000 off the stack at FFFE and loads it into IP. This results in the intstruction INT 20 at offset 0000 getting executed which leads to program termination. While both INT 20 and RET lead to successful program termination both in DOS as well as while debugging with DEBUG.EXE there is some difference between them which affects the debugging experience. Terminating the program with INT 20 allows us to run the program repeatedly within the debugger by repeated applications of the G debugger command. But when we terminate the program with RET we cannot run the program repeatedly in this manner. The program runs and terminates successfully the first time we run it in the debugger but the stack does not get reinitialized with zeros to prepare it for another execution of the program within the debugger. Therefore when we try to run the program the second time using the G command the program does not terminate successfully. It hangs instead. It is possible to work around this by reinitializing the stack with the debugger command E FFFE 0 0 before running G again. This is free and open source software. You can use copy modify merge publish distribute sublicense and/or sell copies of it under the terms of the MIT License. See LICENSE.md for details. This software is provided AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND express or implied. See LICENSE.md for details. The example presented in this document relies on INT 21 which is a DOS service. See the ALT subdirectory for example programs that do not rely on DOS services. These additional examples also show how to create boot sector programs that print hello world on booting the computer. There is also a 5-byte reboot program available at github.com/susam/reboot . A 23-byte hello world program assembled with DEBUG.EXE in MS-DOS

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A 74xx-Defined Radio (2021) (acidbourbon.wordpress.com) I built a shortwave radio receiver from scratch using only cheap and easily available components i.e. standard transistors op-amps and 74xx logic chips. No typical radio parts no coils no variable capacitors no exotic diodes. This project is easy to build and gives you a hands-on experience with radio technology which you wont get from a fully integrated SDR . Here is the schematic . Edit: If you dont actually want to build a radio but you want to have an FX pedal to make sth sound like an old radio do the following: Build the radio as shown but exchange C13 for 1nF. Feed your guitar/synth/audio source into the antenna input and turn the tuning knob until you receive your instrument sounding pleasingly LoFi-ish. A friend of mine had an idea: He wanted to build a guitar FX pedal that is essentially a short wave radio receiver. It should use the guitar cable as an antenna and it should be very straightforward to build. No weird coils no exotic rotary capacitors no Russian voodoo detector diodes. And it would be okay (or even desirable) if itd be LoFi. He had some weird sound experiments in mind probably in combination with synthesizers and funny effects. So he asked me if I had an opinion on how to build such a thing. I answered that I am not the radio type of tinkerer. I had never built anything resembling a ham radio and had never played with a software defined radio receiver. But I said that at least I think I understand the general working principle of AM radio . So long story short my friend had me nerd-sniped and I found myself doing some LTspice simulations modulating/multiplying sine waves etc. Lets sum up the rules (dogmas) again that I set for myself: So essentially to build a radio from scratch with no radio parts but at the same time as simple as possible. So I consulted the Wikipedia page about short wave broadcast and I learned that short wave is defined as everything ranging from 3 to 30 MHz. And I figured that due to my self-proclaimed ban of LC-circuits I probably want to build a heterodyne receiver . (Picture embedded from Wikipedia) Im not going to explain the heterodyne receiver in full glory here there are others who already have done a good job doing just that. Lets just highlight the most important idea: A tunable oscillator (the Local Oscillator) is tuned to a frequency not identical but very close to the carrier frequency of the radio station that we want to tune in to. The received carrier and the local oscillator waveforms are fed into an RF Mixer a device that essentially performs an analog multiplication. The two slightly out of tune waves will beat against each other in the mix with the beat frequency being exactly the frequency difference of the input signals. For example: We have a radio station broadcasting at 10 MHz and we tune our local oscillator to 10.1 MHz then the signal after the mixer will have a signal component oscillating at 10.1 MHz 10 MHz = 100 kHz. The catch: The 100 kHz signal still has the same envelope function as the the 10 MHz AM station i.e. the same audio information that was modulated onto the carrier. We basically only tune down the carrier wave without changing the information that is carried. The beat frequency is often called IF intermediate frequency. Why do we do that? Because the lower the frequency of the signals the easier it becomes to amplify and filter them! So in order to listen to our station we have to have a bandpass filter and filter out and amplify only the intermediate signal at (in our example) 100 kHz. Be aware that all the other stations have also been mixed with the local oscillator and have landed at some other intermediate frequency (that we dont want to listen to). Because we already have a tunable local oscillator that determines which station lands where after the mixing the IF band pass filter can be set to a fixed frequency (here 100 kHz). Now all we have to do is rectify and low-pass filter the selected IF signal to recover the envelope function (i.e. the AM audio information). Okay so the heart of a heterodyne receiver is a RF mixer. I did some googling and found the classical implementations: I was reading some more about RF mixer theory and I came across this document from analog devices which seems to be a course about RF/IF circuits. In the theoretical introduction to RF mixers they discussed an ideal (switching) RF mixer: I have never viewed it like this before but it sort of makes sense: Make two copies of the RF input signal with opposite polarities and switch between these two at a fixed frequency f_LO. This is effectively the same as multiplying (mixing) the RF input signal with a square wave of frequency f_LO. Well mixing with a square wave is not exactly the same as mixing with a pure sine wave (because you also mix with the higher order harmonics of the local oscillator frequency) but for building our heterodyne short wave receiver it does not make that big of a difference. In the analog devices course they went on and discussed the diode ring and the Gilbert Cell mixer as examples of real-world mixers which gave me the impression that using an actual switch as a mixer is impractical or yields poor results. Also the usual sources of RF circuit knowledge on the web dont seem to mention switching mixers that often. But I wanted to see it with my own eyes. At least I wanted to build a crappy mixer to see that the principle works. Yes using an actual mechanical switch is very much impractical if we are talking about reversing the polarity of an RF signal several million times a second. But what about a good old analog multiplexer? For example the humble 74HC4051? The 74HC4051 has 8 analog inputs A0-A7 and one analog output A (or 1 in and 8 out the switch works both ways). Internally the HC4051 acts just like a single-pole 8 throw switch. The switch position is determined by the three logical select inputs S0 S1 and S2. So in order to use it as a mixer we first use our good old friend the 2N3904 npn transistor wired as a phase splitter (like an emitter follower but you get an additional inverted copy for free). This will give us a positive and a negative (inverted) copy of the RF input. This is fed to the analog inputs A0 and A1 of the multiplexer. The local oscillator waveform has to be provided as a logical TTL or CMOS signal and is fed into S0. S1 and S2 are wired to GND this way we will only switch between A0 and A1. The IF output (A) is then connected to the base of another 2N3904 wired as an emitter follower just to buffer the signal in order to drive the next stage. I tested it with a two channel signal generator and an oscilloscope. The above device behaves exactly like an ideal switching mixer! In the below example I mixed a 30 MHz sine wave at the RF input with a 31 MHz square wave at the LO input. The result is this spiky beast of a waveform. But unmistakably the dominating low frequency component is a sine wave at 1 MHz. Hooray! It might not be the best mixer ever. But it was cheap and straightforward and seems to work up to 50 MHz until you begin to see noticeable injection loss. Over the entire short wave band (3-30 MHz) the mixer works with a gain of more or less exactly 1. I am impressed. A caveat: Please use the 74HC4051 chip and not its older and slower cousin the MOS4051. Okay we have our mixer. Now we need a local oscillator that provides a stable rhythm by which to flick the switch. Desired frequency range: The entire shortwave band of 3-30 MHz. Luckily the toolbox of 74xx chips provides exactly what we are looking for! It is called 74HC4046 and it is a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) IC. A PLL always comprises a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in combination with a phase detector which compares the phase of the VCO with the phase of the oscillation that the PLL is supposed to synchronize with. But lets not talk about PLLs. We are only interested in the first half of the chip the VCO. Elliot Williams from Hackaday.com has written a very nice article introducing the 4046 as a fun an versatile source of logic noise synthesizer sounds: https://hackaday.com/2015/08/07/logic-noise-4046-voltage-controlled-oscillator-part-one/ This basically explains everything about the 4046 you need to know. Well be using it in a similar way but not in the audio frequency range but at much higher frequencies. This is achieved by changing the external resistor and capacitor to smaller values. By trial and error I ended up with 10k and 47p. Tuning the oscillator (and thus selecting the radio station) is done via two regular potentiometers. One for coarse and one for fine tuning. Making the second poti a fine tuner is achieved simply by connecting it though a ten times larger resistor than the coarse tuner. This way its influence on the VCO control voltage is also ten times smaller. A caveat : Please do use an actual 74HC(T)4046 and not its older and slower cousin the MOS4046 (aka HEF4046 CD4046). I got good results with a Texas Instruments CD74HC T 4046 (with a T). Funny enough I got bad results (too slow too low frequency) with a Texas Instruments CD74HC4046 (without the T) even though the datasheets claimed both chips have similar performance. If possible check the frequency range of the oscillator output with an oscilloscope or with a frequency counter. You dont actually have to have an oscilloscope that can measure all the way up to 30 MHz. You could feed the output of the VCO into the clock input (CP) of a 74HC4024 (7-stage binary counter) and study the output of its Q6 output. It gives you a square wave with 1/128 the frequency of the VCO (30 MHz/128 = 234.375 kHz). This is something you can study with a very cheap oscilloscope. Or you could just count oscillation cycles with an Arduino. If this is still too fast for your measurement device then just cascade two 74HC4024 and divide the frequency by some more factors of two. Mixer check local oscillator check now we need a narrow filter! Remember we want to pick out one narrow frequency band which we want amplified all other mixing products which dont land near our target frequency (here 100 kHz) shall be suppressed. Once again: no tuned LC circuits! So we go for a classic op amp band pass: An LTspice simulation helps us selecting the right values to get our filter response right. In the end we want a very high gain and a small resonance maximum. But not infinitely small: The bandwidth of the pass band should be at least around 5 kHz otherwise you dont have enough bandwidth to fit in a significant part of the audio spectrum. Note that the virtual GND of the OpAmp is at half the VCC = 2.5V. This reference voltage is created with a resistive divider and stabilized by a 100n capacitor. The 2.5V reference is also used for the demodulator OpAmp. Maybe this is not the most ideal IF filter but it does the job Okay. After the IF filter we have a single 100 kHz sine wave with audio information modulated onto it. To get to the audio we only have to rectify the waveform and smoothen it a bit with a low-pass filter. A lot of classical AM demodulator circuits that I found on the web use a germanium or Schottky diode as a half-wave rectifier (to cut away the negative half of the IF wave). They perform better than your regular silicon diodes because they have a lower threshold voltage and thus can rectify smaller input signals. But what if we dont have and dont want to buy special magic radio diodes? Fear not there is a nice OpAmp circuit that goes by the name of active half wave rectifier and makes the use of special diodes obsolete. Here we use negative feedback to actively mitigate the finite threshold of the rectifier diode (D2). The second diode (D1) is only there to limit the negative output swing during the negative (removed) half wave. By choosing the feedback resistor ten times larger than the input resistor (R14/R13=10) we also get a gain factor of 10 for free. R15 and C10 form a low-pass filter that reduces the depth of the high frequency ripples (stuff that you dont hear anyway). In the end we have a volume poti and an AUX-level audio output jack. Here is the complete schematic . As you see and hear it works and it makes some nice clich AM radio noises. As an antenna I used a thin wire circa 6 meters long fixed with thumbtacks to the wall. If your reception is poor do not despair. Sometimes the air is full of radio stations some hours later. Shortwave reception depends massively on the time of day (because sun and atmosphere and stuff). You can cross check your results with an interactive WebSDR like this well-crafted Web-App for a receiver in the Netherlands: http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/ there are others maybe you find one near your area. (Picture embedded from Wikipedia) One more thing: In the initial heterodyne block diagram (which I borrowed from Wikipedia) you see an RF filter and and RF amplifier. If you payed close attention youll have noticed that I have built no such things. I noticed that the receiver worked just fine when I attach the antenna directly to the mixer. The necessary signal gain comes solely from the active IF filter (in theory x100) and the active rectifier (x10). If we amplify only the frequency that we already tuned in to then we dont need an RF filter anyways. This way we can keep it nice and simple. After all this is just for fun. Hope you succeed in building your own receiver. Please do send me a video of your receiver in action! If you read this far then you already have your basic receiver. But you can make it slightly better In the following video you see the shortwave receiver with both upgrades the Arduino controlled local oscillator and an additional RF filter+amplifier. The mini oscilloscope displays the amplified and filtered IF waveform before the demodulator. The most wacky part of the whole system is the local oscillator. If you want precision tuning and excellent stability you can buy a ready made HF clock generator. There is an inexpensive and very versatile Arduino breakout board out there thats based on the si5351 chip. Here is a link to the original module from Adafruit: https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-si5351-clock-generator-breakout It can synthesize you anything between 8 kHz and 160 MHz with quartz perfection. It has an i2c interface and can be programmed with any arduino. There exists a control library that works straight out of the box: https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Si5351_Library or just search for si5351 in your Arduino library manager. Just connect one of the clock outputs to the S0 input of the 74HC4051-mixer and youre good to go. There exist China copies of this board that you can get for less than 5 including shipping and they work with the Adafruit library just as fine. I just told you that the radio works perfectly fine without the RF filter and amplifier before the mixer. And it does. But: Maybe you understand more about antennas than me and say you have built a very compact antenna that has very cool properties but picks up less RF than my 6 m wire. So you wish you can get a little more RF signal gain from the electronics. Okay so here is a simple RF filter and amplifier to have some more flexibility regarding input gain. The first block is a (quick and dirty) second-order high-pass filter that just suppresses everything below roughly 1 MHz. I expect the antenna to pick up first of all 50 Hz power line hum and switching power supply interference in the dozens to hundreds of kilohertz range. Feeding this dirt into the RF amplifier might lead to clipping and distortion of the amplified waveform (destroying information). We dont want that so we filter it out before the amplifier. The second block The RF amplifier makes use of a cheap HF transistor the BFR92 to boost our RF signal by a factor of 50. I could only find it in an SMD package. But fear not with a bit of fiddling you can solder it on a regular protoboard. The output of the RF amp can be connected to the antenna input of the RF mixer module. A logarithmic potentiometer between filter and amplifier lets you adjust the gain of the RF input circuit. Here is the schematic as PDF . As I mentioned in the introduction the whole project started with the FX pedal idea of my friend [Sten]. Meanwhile he also tried and succeeded at building his shortwave FX pedal. Here is a demo of the beauty. Since its designed to generate radio NOISE and is fed into a guitar amplifier expect the sound to be noisy. In this case it is a FEATURE! Remember the antenna IS the guitar cable (and the guitar). Here is another build from our friend Vito from Italy This looks like a REAL radio build! If you have build a 74xx shortwave receiver too please do send me a picture or youtube link. Id be glad to showcase it here. Pingback: Un receptor superheterodino con un giro 74xx - Govannom Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver With A 74xx Twist | Business Energy Science and Technology News Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver With A 74xx Twist - Latest Hacking NEWS - Lazy Hackers LLP Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver with a 74xx Twist Ham Kar Chan Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver with a 74xx Twist News Bazzar > If we amplify only the frequency that we already tuned in to then we dont need an RF filter anyways. Two questions: can the local oscillator bleed back to the antenna without a filter? If the input from the antenna is not filtered can you drive the mixer to saturation with spurious out-of-band signals and transients? First question: can the oscillator bleed back into the antenna? I didnt check for this but I find it very unlikely. The voltage signal from the antenna is buffered by an emitter follower. This is a very good approximation of a signal one-way street. Second question: In principle the mixer can be saturated by interference. But it does not seem to happen. The mixer can easily process RF input signals up to circa 2V RMS or so and the mixer itself has a gain of slightly less than 1. Gotta have some damn nasty interference to saturate it. The reason why it might bleed back is because the loading on that emitter follower circuit changes at the time of switching which propagates backwards through the BJT base current. Although diminished by the reversed gain factor of the transistor as more or less base current is suddenly needed to maintain the voltage at the output something must travel back and the local oscillator signal or its higher harmonics may come out of the mixer input. The question is how much? Also dont forget the BJTs miller capacitances (Cce Cbe) which are basically pass-through for the high harmonics of a square wave. While the emitter follower may block signals from going backwards at the switching frequency you can still cause nasty stuff to bleed through at higher frequencies. You are right. That is a possibility. However there is one more barrier to cross. The LO-signal also has to go through the analog multiplexer the wrong way. In the end it seems you made me curious enough so i might actually measure this . Unless there is an active amplifier in the analog multiplexer the load at the output changes the load at the input. Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver With A 74xx Twist | Sverige Energy Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver with a 74xx Twist AnonBoard AnonBoard Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver with a 74xx Twist AnonBoard AnonBoard AnonBoard You sir are a genius! I will definitely be trying this Haha thanks Pingback: A Superheterodyne Receiver With A 74xx Twist | Hackaday Great post! I am thinking of building something similar to this but on some cheap PCBs and build them up at home! Itll be a great start for some RF engineering. Thankyou! Hi what components set the frequency range of this receiver? Can we set it up for MW or LW operation? If yes what component values would change on your schematic? Thank you Hi! The frequency is determined by C13 and R16. The bigger the values (either of them) the lower the frequency of the local oscillator. In principle the circuitry of the radio works in different bands too. Regarding MW or LW you probably need a different antenna. Not an expert here but MW and LW have such long wavelengths that you dont aim for getting an antenna long enough that one wavelength (or an integer fraction of it) fits onto the antenna. The low frequency antennas act more like coils and pick up the magnetic component of the radio waves directly. If you do the research please let me know what you found out All the best Micha Hello can I change the tuning range to medium wave or long wave? Which are the components in your schematic that need to be adjusted changed in value? I know your project was not aimed at having a tuning coil but if I aim to insert one where should I place it.? Many thanks! I am sorry. This type of radio has no place for a tuning coil. I love this project thank you so much for publishing it online. I am trying to build one these as a learning project. Ive built the RF mixer and the bandpass filter but I really cant tell if the bandpass filter is working correctly. When I connect the output of the BP filter to a signal analyzer I do see the 100kHz signal (signal generator channel 1 at 10 MHz to mixers antenna input and channel 2 at 10.1 MHz to the mixers LO input). Channel 2 is set to 5 Vpp and square waveform. I can see a weak signal at the BP filters output. The signal is pretty weak but it is there. The part that I am unsure about is that I still see very strong 10 MHz and 10.1 MHz signals on the spectrum analyzer. I was expecting those signals to go away or at least be significantly reduced. Does it sound like I have something wrong with my filter? Hi! Thank you for the kind words. Can you test the RF mixer and the bandpass separately? Then it is easier to find out what the problem is. The RF mixer has gain 1 (a bit less). Here you can use lets say a sine of 1V at the RF input and your 5V square wave at the LO input. In your spectrum analyzer you should see distinct peaks at the sum and the difference of the input frequencies. When you test the bandpass filter be sure to attenuate the input signal by a LOT because the bandpass is also a very strong amplifier. As a test input to your bandpass try a sine wave of sth between 1 mV and 5 mV. Probably your signal generator cant go that low best use a passive attenuator between generator and the circuit. Hope this helps. All the best Micha Thank you for the reply. I took your advice and tested each section in isolation. I found that I made several mistakes throughout my various perfboards. I fixed those and got a pretty decent looking filter response using the FFT on my oscilloscope. I built the demodulator circuit and was able to hear a weak 1200 hz tone injected via the antenna input. I used another SDR and found a strong signal in the 41m band and tuned the 74xx to that frequency. I could barely hear an audible noise with the volume at max so something must still be wrong somewhere. I am going to build a second version on a breadboard. If that is successful I will compare measurements against my original perfboard version to troubleshoot it. Does that sound like a good course of action? nice graph you recorded there You seem to be on a good track proceed! Hi Micha hello from Italy. I am building yr project but I have a problem. The resistences of the phase splitter seem with wrong values. May u check ? Thx in advance Vito Hi. I checked. I see 22k/22k at the base and 470/470 at the collector and emitter. Looks good just as I intended. Greetings! Micha thx for the reply. Well.Ive tried 2N2222BC109c2N3904 but the output on the collector is low amplitude and very dirty while the emitter output is good. I dont understand Anyway this evening Ill try with a transistor dedicated to collector output. I am using Manhattan-style build. Thx again Ill let u know about it! Ciao! Vito heya just a wild guess: You did not by any chance measure the voltage at the collector of the phase splitter by directly connecting it to a 50R input of your oscilloscope? Also: You dont have to try other transistors. The 3904 is perfectly capable to act as a phase splitter in this frequency region. Maybe check for short circuits or if the transistor is wired the right way. I sometimes mix up collector and emitter and still get (poor) signal gain. changed the 470R with 1500R. Now works fine. Mistery of faith. Thanks again for your cooperation Micha! I proceed with mixer and filter. Ill get in touch with you soon if u permit! Ciao Vito p.s. how post a photo? weird but okay should also work with 1.5k because the next stage is relatively high impedance. You can send me a picture to the email adress in the /contact section Cheers Micha Pingback: OTA: LimeRFE Shipping Begins LibreCellular Launches OpenWifi and More MyriadRF Do you think it would be possible to turn this unbalanced mixer design into a single balanced mixer? I have been looking at reference and it talks about using differential LO signals to remove the RF feedthrough in the output. I am having a hard time try to figure out how this would apply to your design. https://analog.intgckts.com/rf-mixer/single-balanced-switching-mixer/ Interesting question. Well is it relevant at all? All residual RF/LO signal components dont survive the IF-Filter anyways if you build the receiver as a whole. I am not quite sure if I understand your question correctly but I had an idea maybe this goes in your direction: You could use a 74hc4052 which is a dual-multiplexer. You could use it as in the following picture: https://acidbourbon.files.wordpress.com/2021/10/2021-10-29_14-07.png Then you would in principle get a differential output. The LO feedthrough should appear as common mode signal on both the pos and neg IF output and thus cancel out at the differential IF receiver. I hope this helps All the best Micha Sorry I guess I should have put the reason for me asking. Your design has become a little obsession of mine. I struggled to build a working version but finally worked through all my issues and got it working. I learned so much by building this and working through my problems. One thing that I had read about was image response. I finally came to understand this when I realized that was the reason I was hearing the signal 100 kHz above and below the RF signal. I did some more reading and thought I could improve upon this by adding a second IF. My goal was to have the first IF at 35MHz and the second at the original 100 kHz. The image response for the first IF would be out of the tuning range Im trying to cover (0 to 30 MHz). This should eliminate the problem that I was experiencing with hearing the signal in two places. Im the process of building the 35 MHz IF filter but I couldnt figure out how to design a MFB filter the way you did for 100kHz. Everything I tried when I modeled it in ltspice seemed to top out at 10MHz. I switched directions and made a 3rd order LC filter instead. When looking at the output from the mixer through the filter I see that it worked pretty well. However I was seeing significant feedthrough of the LO in the IF output. It was lower power than the 35 MHz IF but still pretty significant. Some other references said that it could contribute to desensitisation and noise. I was going to try and make a better LC filter possibly 5th order. I ran across a description of a single balanced mixer and saw that you could use two of them to make a double balanced mixer. This is supposed to significantly reduce the RF and LO feedthrough in the IF. It just got me thinking how to adapt your design to make a single and then double balanced mixer. Oh wow! Someone really went down the rabbit hole! Yes building a narrowband active filter is way harder for 35MHz than for 100 kHz. Youd need very expensive OpAmps for that. LC is the way to go here (I guess). If you want to use a professional mixer you could go for the excellent SA612. It can mix fully differential RF with fully differential LO and output fully differential IF. Pingback: a simple ringmodulator-ish FX pedal | a c i d b o u r b o n Hello! My name Mario Garca from Uruguay: About the RF-AMP Im thinking of using S9018 transistors instead of BFR92 Do you think it is a good idea? Thanks!!! I dont know this transistor but judging from the datasheet it is quite a bit slower than the BFR92. You might not get the desired amplification at the high frequencies. Hi thanks for aswering me Yes Its true the S9018 is not a substitute for BFR92. BFR92 works about 55Ghz and S9018 FQ is 11Ghz and the project works at 30MHZ max. 50Mhz Im having troubles at finding BFR92 or BFR96 here in Uruguay. As soon as I build the 74xx defined I promise you a youtube video. Ill be back! Wow thats great! Love to see your video. How about you first build the radio without the extra HF amplifier? From my experience you can receive the strong stations just fine without it. Yes youre right thats what i will do. But with only 4 transistors extras a few resistors and capacitors I can improve the performance and almost without disheveled!!! But youre right lets do it step by step As soon as I receive the components I buy on the web I get my hands on the matter. I Write you soon! Thanks Again! Pingback: A 74xx-Defined Radio (2021) - newsonetop.com Pingback: A 74xx-Defined Radio (2021) - PROJIN NEWS Pingback: A 74xx-defined radio | Majorpricedrop.com Pingback: A 74xx-Defined Radio (2021) - Tech Learn To Earn Pingback: TTL & Microprocessors | Consort3's Blog I am going to lay out a PCB for this for fab at Osh park. If I can I will make it an arduino shield and post the files on Github. Is there any interest in me doing this? Hi! Please make a PCB layout. If you get it working with your PCB and are happy with the results then I will link to your Github repo from my blog. Have fun all the best Micha Ok I will start the work. My plan is straight away to change out the PLL device for the frequency synthesizer from Adafruit. I will also take a look at what can be done with some logic level MOSFETs for the mixer rather than the 74HC4051 device. I will simulate that in NGSPICE to be sure I am getting what I want. Good luck with the MOSFETs. In case you dont like the 74HC4051 because it is too big and has too many unused pins you can try out this IC: 74LVC1G3157 . It is just a tiny 6 pin SMD device which features exactly the one needed analog switch switching between two inputs. I guess you cant get it any simpler than that. Cheers Micha I am not so worried about how big the IC is but rather availability. I will have a look at the MOSFETs tonight. I cant solder the SOT23-6 you mention so I wont use it. To that end do you think 1206 SMT parts are ok for most people? BTW This is a nice piece of work you have done. You should be proud. BTW I am a HAM been licensed since 1974. Oh wow Thanks for the kind words from a guru. (I was still waiting 15 years to be born in 1974 haha!). I consider 0603 parts hand-solderable. 1206 is in a weird in-between place. You dont really save a lot of space in comparison to through hole parts. And those people who are actually afraid of SMD soldering will not attempt to solder 1206 either. (but that is just my guess). Just do what you deem right. It is your board. If it works and you can assemble it without too much hassle then it is a good board. I am toying with the idea of all through hole parts to make the radio more accessible to people without a lot of experience. All depends on the space. I will also be looking at the design for simplifications if I can find any. Here is a link to an Arduino shield design I did. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1No-LdvpuKz6lJU8fm2yPhXj0Y2QDLZj_?usp=sharing Let me know if the link does not work. Clyde For example. I can get 45 dB out of your RF amplifier and keep the 2N3904. That shield really does look pretty neat and DIY friendly! How did you do it 45 dB is a lot. Did you build a 3904 cascode? I have Cadence OrCAD for sc

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A Baking Soda Solution for Clean Hydrogen Storage https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/baking-soda-solution-clean-hydrogen-storage geox PNNL scientists investigate the promising properties of a common Earth-abundant salt A research team at PNNL has proposed a safe pathway to store and release clean energy based on the chemistry of baking soda. (Composite image by Shannon Colson | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) In a world of continuously warmer temperatures a growing consensus demands that energy sources have zero or next-to-zero carbon emissions. That means growing beyond coal oil and natural gas by getting more energy from renewable sources. One of the most promising renewable energy carriers is clean hydrogen which is produced without fossil fuels. Its a promising idea because the most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen found in 75 percent of all matter. Moreover a hydrogen molecule has two paired atoms Gemini twins that are both non-toxic and highly combustible. Hydrogens combustive potential makes it an attractive subject for energy researchers around the world. At Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) a team is investigating hydrogen as a medium for storing and releasing energy largely by cracking its chemical bonds. Much of their work is linked to the Hydrogen Materials-Advanced Research consortium (HyMARC) at the Department of Energy (DOE). One PNNL research focus relates to optimizing hydrogen storage a stubborn issue. To date there is no completely safe cost-effective and energy-efficient way to store hydrogen at large scales. PNNL researchers recently coauthored a paper that investigates a baking soda solution as a means of storing hydrogen. The study has already been dubbed a hot paper by the journal itself Green Chemistry published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. That means that it has had a lot of clicks showing interest. The hydrogen-based storage efforts at PNNL are funded by the DOEs Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). The research advances the DOEs H2@Scale initiative as well as the agencys Hydrogen Shot . The new papers two main authors are chemist and PNNL Laboratory Fellow Thomas Autrey and his colleague Oliver Gutirrez an expert in making chemical reactions speedy and cost-effective. You have to be a little creative said Autrey who is amused at how common cheap and mild baking soda is as a potential answer to a big problem. Not every chemical is going to be efficient at storing hydrogen. You have to work with what Mother Nature gives you. Autrey Gutirrez and others at PNNL see long-duration energy storage as the key to hydrogens future as a carrier of renewable energy. Current battery technology is designed for several hours of storage. In a renewable energy grid batteries can handle about 80 percent of storage needs. But the last 20 percent will take unique approaches said Autrey. We will want to store the excess energy to be prepared for Dunkelflaute . Thats a German word describing conditions without enough solar and wind energy potential. During the dark windless periods of Dunkelflaute grids need a way to store energy for more than just several hours. Seasonal storage capability like this is one of hydrogens attractions. So is the fact that hydrogen storage can happen anywherethat it is geographically agnostic as experts say. Hydropower for example requires differences in elevation to store excess water to make power. Hydrogen storage requires no special conditions related to geography. In addition said Autrey as scales get larger hydrogen gets more economical . It is cheaper to buy a few additional hydrogen storage tanks than to buy a lot of batteries. Clean hydrogen has great promise as an energy source. A process called electrolysis for instance can split water into hydrogen and oxygen. In the best of worlds the power for electrolysis would come from renewable energy sources including solar wind and geothermal. However there is one stubborn challenge: to produce hydrogen more cheaply. To address that in 2021 the DOE announced its Energy Earthshots initiative a series of six steps to underwrite breakthroughs in clean-energy technology. Introduced first was the Hydrogen Shot a quest to reduce the cost of hydrogen to from $5 to $1 per kilogram in a decadean 80 percent reduction. Beyond getting clean hydrogen production costs down you have to figure out how to move and store it said Autrey which are steps that can send prices back up. But finding the ideal medium for hydrogen storage has been elusive. Hydrogen can be compressed into a gas but that requires very high pressuresup to 10000 pounds per square inch. A safe storage tank would need walls of very thick steel or expensive space-grade carbon fiber. How about cryogenic liquid hydrogen? This is a proven storage medium but requires getting and keeping something so cold (-471 F or -279.4 C) that peripheral energy costs are significant. What seems to hold the most promise are molecules that are liquids optimized to store and release hydrogen. Jamie Holladay a sustainable energy expert recently directed PNNL-led research on simpler and more efficient strategies for liquefying hydrogen. Using such liquids as a storage medium have the advantage of keeping existing energy infrastructure in place including pipelines trucks trains and taker ships said Gutierrez. Want to bake cookies? Or store hydrogen energy? Baking soda could be the ticket. This mild cheap sodium salt of bicarbonate is non-toxic and Earth-abundant. Not baking soda exactly. The PNNL team is investigating the hydrogen energy storage properties of the long-studied bicarbonate-formate cycle. (Formate is a safe mild liquid organic molecule.) Heres how it works: Solutions of formate ions (hydrogen and carbon dioxide) in water carry hydrogen based on non-corrosive alkali metal formate. The ions react with water in the presence of a catalyst. That reaction makes hydrogen and bicarbonatesthe baking soda Autrey admires for its absence of environmental impacts. With the right mild tweaks in pressure the bicarbonate-formate cycle can be reversed. That provides an on-off switch for an aqueous solution that can alternately store or release hydrogen. Before baking soda the PNNL hydrogen storage team looked at ethanol as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier the industrys blanket term for storage and transport media. In tandem they developed a catalyst that releases the hydrogen. Catalysts are designer additives that speed the processes used to make and break chemical bonds in an energy-efficient way. In May 2023 for a project related to the PNNL effort EERE granted OCOchem of Richland Washington $2.5 million in funding over two years to develop an electrochemical process that makes formate and formic acid from carbon dioxide. The process would bind carbon dioxide with the hydrogen located in waters iconic chemical bond H 2 O. In a partnership just starting PNNL will develop ways to release hydrogen from the OCOchem products. In the world of hydrogen storage research the bicarbonate-formate cycle has created a buzz for quite some time. After all it is based on materials that are abundant non-flammable and non-toxic. The cycle is built on an aqueous storage solution so mild it looks like water said Autrey. You can put out a fire with it. But for formate-bicarbonate salts to become a viable means of storing hydrogen energy researchers must still develop economically feasible scenarios. So far the technology stores hydrogen at only 20 kilograms per cubic meter compared to liquid hydrogens industry standard of 70. More fundamentally said Autrey researchers need a systems-level understanding of the required electrochemistry and catalysis. In engineering terms to date the idea of a workable bicarbonate-formate cycle has a low technical readiness level. If we solve the catalysis problems he added we could get some real interest. On the plus side the salt solutions under consideration at PNNL release hydrogen upon reaction with water. They also operate at moderate temperatures and low pressures. In theory at least as Autrey and Gutirrez describe in their 2023 paper the bicarbonate-formate cycle represents a feasible green alternative for storing and transporting energy from hydrogen. The baking soda idea is also at the nexus of what the 2023 paper calls several urgent scientific challenges. Among them are how to make a hydrogen storage media from captured excess carbon dioxide. And even to use the same media to store electrons which offers the promise of direct formate fuel cells. In addition the PNNL work could provide insights for catalysis in the aqueous (water) phase. For now the PNNL team is using palladium as their candidate catalyst. Their efforts include finding ways to make the rare metal more stable reusable and longer-lived. In all the baking soda idea is this amazing shiny thing for hydrogen storage said Autrey. Whats exciting are the possibilities. ### About PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory draws on its distinguishing strengths in chemistry Earth sciences biology and data science to advance scientific knowledge and address challenges in sustainable energy and national security . Founded in 1965 PNNL is operated by Battelle for the Department of Energys Office of Science which is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States. DOEs Office of Science is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information visit https://energy.gov/science . For more information on PNNL visit PNNL's News Center . Follow us on Twitter Facebook LinkedIn and Instagram . Published: June 12 2023

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A Bitcoin bust that took down the webs biggest child abuse site (wired.com) To revist this article visit My Profile then View saved stories . To revist this article visit My Profile then View saved stories . Andy Greenberg Content Warning: The story told here includes references to suicide and child abuse though the abuse is not graphically described. Early one fall morning in 2017 in a middle-class suburb on the outskirts of Atlanta Chris Janczewski stood alone inside the doorway of a home he had not been invited to enter. Moments earlier armed Homeland Security Investigations agents in ballistic vests had taken up positions around the tidy two-story brick house banged on the front door and when a member of the family living there opened it swarmed inside. Janczewski an Internal Revenue Service criminal investigator followed quietly behind. Now he found himself in the entryway in the eye of a storm of activity watching the agents search the premises and seize electronic devices. This story is excerpted from the book Tracers in the Dark: The Global Hunt for the Crime Lords of Cryptocurrency available November 15 2022 from Doubleday. Buy this book at: If you buy something using links in our stories we may earn a commission. This helps support our journalism. Learn more . They separated the family putting the father an assistant principal at the local high school and the target of their investigation in one room; his wife in another; the two kids into a third. An agent switched on a TV and put on Mickey Mouse Clubhouse in an attempt to distract the children from the invasion of their home and the interrogation of their parents. Janczewski had come along on this raid only as an observer a visitor flown in from Washington DC to watch and advise the local Homeland Security team as it executed its warrant. But it had been Janczewskis investigation that brought the agents here to this average-looking house with its well-kept yard among all the average-looking houses they could have been searching anywhere in America. He had led them there based on a strange nascent form of evidence. Janczewski had followed the links of Bitcoins blockchain pulling on that chain until it connected this ordinary home to an extraordinarily cruel place on the internetand then connected that place to hundreds more men around the world. All complicit in the same massive network of unspeakable abuse. All now on Janczewskis long list of targets. Over the previous few years Janczewski his partner Tigran Gambaryan and a small group of investigators at a growing roster of three-letter American agencies had used this newfound technique tracing a cryptocurrency that once seemed untraceable to crack one criminal case after another on an unprecedented epic scale. But those methods had never led them to a case quite like this one in which the fate of so many people victims and perpetrators alike seemed to hang on the findings of this novel form of forensics. That mornings search in the suburb near Atlanta was the first moment when those stakes became real for Janczewski. It was as he would later put it a proof of concept. From where Janczewski was positioned at the front of the house he could hear the Homeland Security agents speaking to the father who responded in a broken resigned voice. In another room he overheard the agents questioning the mans wife; she was answering that yes shed found certain images on her husbands computer but hed told her he had downloaded them by accident when he was pirating music. And in the third room he could hear the two grade-school-age childrenkids about as old as Janczewskis ownwatching TV. They asked for a snack seemingly oblivious to the tragedy unfolding for their family. Janczewski remembers the gravity of the moment hitting him: This was a high school administrator a husband and a father of two. Whether he was guilty or innocent the accusations this team of law enforcement agents were leveling against himtheir mere presence in his homewould almost certainly ruin his life. Janczewski thought again of the investigative method that had brought them there like a digital divining rod revealing a hidden layer of illicit connections underlying the visible world. He hoped not for the last time that it hadnt led him astray. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar on a summers day in London a few months earlier a UK-born South African tech entrepreneur named Jonathan Levin had walked into the unassuming brick headquarters of the UKs National Crime AgencyBritains equivalent to the FBIon the south bank of the Thames. A friendly agent led him to the buildings second floor and through the office kitchen offering him a cup of tea. Levin accepted as he always did on visits to the NCA leaving the tea bag in. The two men sat cups in hand at the agents desk in a collection of cubicles. Levin was there on a routine customer visit to learn how the agent and his colleagues were using the software built by the company hed cofounded. That company Chainalysis was the worlds first tech firm to focus solely on a task that a few years earlier might have sounded like an oxymoron: tracing cryptocurrency. The NCA was one of dozens of law enforcement agencies around the world that had learned to use Chainalysis software to turn the digital underworlds preferred means of exchange into its Achilles heel. When Bitcoinfirst appeared in2008 onefundamental promise of the cryptocurrencywas that it revealed only which coins reside at which Bitcoin addresseslong unique strings of letters and numberswithout any identifying information about those coins owners. This layer of obfuscation created the impression among many early adherents that Bitcoin might be the fully anonymous internet cash long awaited by libertarian cypherpunks and crypto-anarchists: a new financial netherworld where digital briefcases full of unmarked bills could change hands across the globe in an instant. Andy Greenberg Andy Greenberg Andy Greenberg Satoshi Nakamoto the mysterious inventor of Bitcoin had gone so far as to write that participants can be anonymous in an early email describing the cryptocurrency. And thousands of users of dark-web black markets like Silk Road had embraced Bitcoin as their central payment mechanism. But the counterintuitive truth about Bitcoin the one upon which Chainalysis had built its business was this: Every Bitcoin payment is captured in its blockchain a permanent unchangeable and entirely public record of every transaction in the Bitcoin network. The blockchain ensures that coins cant be forged or spent more than once. But it does so by making everyone in the Bitcoin economy a witness to every transaction. Every criminal payment is in some sense a smoking gun in broad daylight. Within a few years of Bitcoins arrival academic security researchers and then companies like Chainalysisbegan to tear gaping holes in the masks separating Bitcoin users addresses and their real-world identities. They could follow bitcoins on the blockchain as they moved from address to address until they reached one that could be tied to a known identity. In some cases an investigator could learn someones Bitcoin addresses by transacting with them the way an undercover narcotics agent might conduct a buy-and-bust. In other cases they could trace a targets coins to an account at a cryptocurrency exchange where financial regulations required users to prove their identity. A quick subpoena to the exchange from one of Chainalysis customers in law enforcement was then enough to strip away any illusion of Bitcoins anonymity. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar Chainalysis had combined these techniques for de-anonymizing Bitcoin users with methods that allowed it to cluster addresses showing that anywhere from dozens to millions of addresses sometimes belonged to a single person or organization. When coins from two or more addresses were spent in a single transaction for instance it revealed that whoever created that multi-input transaction must have control of both spender addresses allowing Chainalysis to lump them into a single identity. In other cases Chainalysis and its users could follow a peel chaina process analogous to tracking a single wad of cash as a user repeatedly pulled it out peeled off a few bills and put it back in a different pocket. In those peel chains bitcoins would be moved out of one address as a fraction was paid to a recipient and then the remainder returned to the spender at a change address. Distinguishing those change addresses could allow an investigator to follow a sum of money as it hopped from one address to the next charting its path through the noise of Bitcoins blockchain. Thanks to tricks like these Bitcoin had turned out to be practically the opposite of untraceable: a kind of honeypot for crypto criminals that had for years dutifully and unerasably recorded evidence of their dirty deals. By 2017 agencies like the FBI the Drug Enforcement Administration and the IRSs Criminal Investigation division (or IRS-CI) had traced Bitcoin transactions to carry out one investigative coup after another very often with the help of Chainalysis. The cases had started small and then gained a furious momentum. Investigators had traced the transactions of two corrupt federal agents to show that before the 2013 takedown of Silk Road one had stolen bitcoins from that dark-web market and another had sold law enforcement intel to its creator Ross Ulbricht. Next they tracked down half a billion dollars of bitcoins stolen from the Mt. Gox exchange and showed that the proceeds had been laundered by the Russian administrator of another crypto exchange BTC-e eventually locating the exchanges servers in New Jersey. And finally they followed bitcoin trails to nail down the identity of the founder of AlphaBay a dark-web market that had grown to 10 times the size of Silk Road. (In fact even as Levin was sitting in London talking to the NCA agent a coalition of half a dozen law enforcement agencies was converging in Bangkok to arrest AlphaBays creator.) Levin was as always on the lookout for Chainalysis next big investigation. After running through a few open cases with him the NCA agent mentioned an ominous site on the dark web that had recently come onto the agencys radar. It was called Welcome to Video. He was taken aback by what he saw: An entire network of criminal payments all intended to be secretwas laid bare before him. The NCA had stumbled across the site in the midst of a horrific case involving an offender named Matthew Falder. An academic based in Manchester England Falder would pose as a female artist and solicit nude photos from strangers on the internet then threaten to share those images with family or friends unless the victims recorded themselves carrying out increasingly demeaning and depraved acts. Ultimately hed force his victims to commit self-harm and even sexually abuse others on camera. By the time he was arrested he had targeted 50 people at least three of whom had attempted suicide. On Falders computers the NCA had found he was a registered user of Welcome to Video a criminal enterprise that by its sheer scale put even Falders atrocities in the shade. This evidentiary lead had then wended its way from the NCAs child exploitation investigations team to the computer crime team including the cryptocurrency-focused agent at whose desk Levin now sat. Welcome to Video it seemed was among the rare sites that sold access to clips of child sexual abuse in exchange for bitcoin. It was clear at a glance that its library of images and videos was uncommonly large and it was being accessedand frequently refreshed with brand-new materialby a sprawling user base around the globe. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar Sometimes known as child pornography the class of imagery that was trafficked on Welcome to Video has increasingly come to be called child sexual abuse material by child advocates and law enforcement so as to strip away any doubt that it involves acts of violence against kids. CSAM as it is usually abbreviated had for years represented a massive undercurrent of the dark web the collection of thousands of websites protected by anonymity software like Tor and I2P. Those anonymity tools used by millions of people around the world seeking to avoid online surveillance had also come to serve as the shadow infrastructure for an abhorrent network of abuse which very often foiled law enforcements attempts to identify CSAM sites visitors or administrators. The NCA agent showed Levin a Bitcoin address that the agency had determined was part of Welcome to Videos financial network. Levin suggested they load it in Chainalysis crypto-tracing software tool known as Reactor. He set down his cup of tea pulled his chair up to the agents laptop and began charting out the sites collection of addresses on the Bitcoin blockchain representing the wallets where Welcome to Video had received payments from thousands of customers. He was taken aback by what he saw: Many of this child abuse sites usersand by all appearances its administratorshad done almost nothing to obscure their cryptocurrency trails. An entire network of criminal payments all intended to be secret was laid bare before him. Over the years Levin had watched as some dark-web operators wised up to certain of his firms crypto-tracing tricks. They would push their money through numerous intermediary addresses or mixer services designed to throw off investigators or use the cryptocurrency Monero designed to be far harder to track. But looking at the Welcome to Video cluster in the NCA office that day Levin could immediately see that its users were far more naive. Many had simply purchased bitcoins from cryptocurrency exchanges and then sent them directly from their own wallets into Welcome to Videos. The contents of the websites wallets in turn had been liquidated at just a few exchangesBithumb and Coinone in South Korea Huobi in Chinawhere they were converted back into traditional currency. Someone seemed to be continually using large multi-input transactions to gather up the sites funds and then cash them out. That made it easy work for Reactor to instantly and automatically cluster thousands of addresses determining that they all belonged to a single servicewhich Levin could now label in the software as Welcome to Video. Whats more Levin could see that the constellation of exchanges surrounding and connected to that cluster likely held the data necessary to identify a broad swath of the sites anonymous usersnot simply who was cashing out bitcoins from the site but who was buying bitcoins to put into it. The blockchain links between Welcome to Video and its customers were some of the most clearly incriminating connections that Levin had ever witnessed. These child sexual abuse consumers seemed to be wholly unprepared for the modern state of financial forensics on the blockchain. By the standards of the cat-and-mouse game Levin had played for years Welcome to Video was like a hapless rodent that had never encountered a predator. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar As he sat in front of the NCA agents laptop it dawned on Levin perhaps more clearly than ever before that he was living in a golden age of cryptocurrency tracingthat blockchain investigators like those at Chainalysis had gained a significant lead over those they were targeting. Weve created something extremely powerful and were a step ahead of these types of operators he remembers thinking. Youve got a heinous crime a terrible thing happening in the world and in an instant our technology has broken through and revealed in very clear logic whos behind it. Seeing that someone was cashing out the majority of Welcome to Videos revenues through the two exchanges in South Korea Levin could already guess that the administrator was very likely located there. Many of the sites users seemed to be paying the site directly from the addresses where theyd purchased the coins on exchanges like Coinbase and Circle based in the United States. Taking down this global child abuse network might only require getting another law enforcement agency in either the US or Korea involved one that could demand identifying details from those exchanges. And Levin had just the agency in mind. I have some people who would be interested he told his NCA host. But first as he prepared to leave Levin silently memorized the first five characters of the Welcome to Video address the agent had shown him. Chainalysis Reactor software included a feature that could autocomplete Bitcoin addresses based on their first few unique numbers or letters. Five would be enougha single short password to unlock the living map of a global criminal conspiracy. it was evening in Thailand when Levin spoke with Chris Janczewski and Tigran Gambaryan. That night in early July 2017 the two IRS Criminal Investigation special agents were sitting in Bangkoks Suvarnabhumi Airport stewing over the frustration of being sidelined from the biggest dark-web market takedown in history. The IRS by 2017 had come to possess some of the most adept cryptocurrency tracers in the US government. It was Gambaryan in fact who had traced the bitcoins of the two corrupt agents in the Silk Road investigations and then cracked the BTC-e money laundering case. Working with Levin Gambaryan had even tracked down the AlphaBay server locating it at a data center in Lithuania. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar Yet when Gambaryan and Janczewski had come to Bangkok for the arrest of AlphaBays administrator the French-Canadian Alexandre Cazes they had been largely excluded from the inner circle of DEA and FBI agents who ran the operation. They hadnt been invited to the scene of Cazes arrest or even to the office where other agents and prosecutors watched a video livestream of the takedown. For Gambaryan and Janczewski the story was utterly typical. IRS-CI agents did shoe-leather detective work carried guns and made arrests just like their FBI and DEA counterparts. But because of the IRSs dowdy public image they often found that fellow agents treated them like accountants. Dont audit me their peers from other law enforcement branches would joke when they were introduced in meetings. Most IRS-CI agents had heard the line enough times that it warranted an instant eye roll. At loose ends in Bangkok Gambaryan and Janczewski spent much of their time idly contemplating what their next case should be browsing through Chainalysis blockchain-tracing software Reactor to brainstorm ideas. Dark-web markets like AlphaBay seemed to have been reduced to a shambles by the Thailand operation and theyd take months or even years to recover. The agents considered taking on a dark-web gambling site. But illegal online casinos hardly seemed worth their attention. On the day of their departure from Thailand Gambaryan and Janczewski arrived at the airport only to find that their flight to DC was badly delayed. Stuck in the terminal with hours to kill they sat half-awake and bored literally staring at the wall. To pass the hours Gambaryan decided to try calling Chainalysis Levin to discuss next cases. When Levin picked up the phone he had news to share. Hed been looking into a website that didnt fit among the IRSs usual targets but that he hoped theyd be willing to check out: Welcome to Video. Child sexual exploitation cases had traditionally been the focus of the FBI and Homeland Security Investigations certainly not the IRS. In part that was because child sexual abuse images and videos were most often shared without money changing hands in what investigators described as a baseball card trading systemwhich put them outside the IRSs domain. Welcome to Video was different. It had a money trail and it seemed to be a very clear one. Soon after they arrived back in DC Gambaryan and Janczewski enlisted a technical analyst named Aaron Bice from a contract technology firm called Excygent with whom theyd investigated the crypto exchangeBTC-e. Together they charted out Welcome to Video in Reactor and saw what Levin had recognized right away: how glaringly it presented itself as a target. Its entire financial anatomy was laid before them thousands of clustered bitcoin addresses many with barely concealed pay-ins and cash-outs at exchanges they knew they could squeeze for identifying information. It did indeed look as Levin said like a slam dunk. In short order Janczewski brought the case to Zia Faruqui a federal prosecutor who was instantly sold on the idea of taking on Welcome to Video and formally opened an investigation. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar Gambaryan Janczewski Bice and Faruqui made an unlikely team to focus on busting a massive child exploitation network. Janczewski was a tall Midwestern agent with a square jaw like a hybrid of Sam Rockwell and Chris Evans who wore horn-rimmed glasses when looking at a computer screen. Hed been recruited to the DC computer crimes team from the IRS office in Indiana after proving his mettle in a grab bag of counterterrorism drug trafficking government corruption and tax evasion cases. Bice was an expert in data analysis and was as Janczewski described his computer skills part robot. Faruqui was a seasoned assistant US attorney with a long history of national security and money laundering prosecutions. He had an almost manic focus and intensity spoke in a comically rapid patter and it seemed to his colleagues barely slept. And then there was Gambaryan an agent with buzzed hair and a trim beard who by 2017 had made a name for himself as the IRSs cryptocurrency whisperer and dark-web specialist. Faruqui called him Bitcoin Jesus. The team began to realize that as simple as this slam dunk case had seemed it was actually overwhelming in its complexity. Yet none of the four had ever worked a child sexual exploitation case. They had no training in handling images and videos of child abuse whose mere possession in the hands of normal Americans represented a felony. They had never even seen these sorts of radioactively disturbing materials and they had no emotional or psychological preparation for the graphic nature of what they were about to be exposed to. Still when the two agents showed Faruqui what they saw in the blockchain the prosecutor was undeterred by their collective inexperience in the realm of child exploitation. As an attorney who focused on money-laundering cases he saw no reason why with the evidence of criminal payments Janczewski and Gambaryan had handed him they couldnt approach Welcome to Video as fundamentally a financial investigation. Were going to treat this case like we would any other he said. We are going to investigate this by following the money. Janczewski remembers the blank shock he felt at the parade of thumbnails alone the way his brain almost refused to accept what it was seeing. when Janczewski and Gambaryan first copied the unwieldy web address mt3plrzdiyqf6jim.onion into their Tor browsers they were greeted by a bare-bones site with only the words Welcome to video and a login prompt a minimalism Janczewski compared to the Google homepage. They each registered a username and password and entered. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar Past that first greeting page the site displayed a vast seemingly endless collection of video titles and thumbnails arrayed in squares of four stills per video apparently chosen automatically from the files frames. Those small images were a catalog of horrors: scene after scene of children being sexually abused and raped. The agents had steeled themselves to see these images but they were still unprepared for the reality. Janczewski remembers the blank shock he felt at the parade of thumbnails alone the way his brain almost refused to accept what it was seeing. He found that the site had a search page with the misspelled words Serach videos written at the top of it. Below the search field it listed popular keywords users had entered. The most popular was an abbreviation for one-year-old. The second most popular was an abbreviation for two-year-old. Janczewski at first thought he must have misunderstood. He had expected to see recordings of the sexual abuse of young teenagers or perhaps preteens. But as he scrolled he found with mounting revulsion and sadness that the site was heavily populated with videos of abuse of toddlers and even infants. This is a thing really? No Janczewski says numbly recounting his reactions as he first browsed the site. Oh theres this many videos on here? No. This cant be real. The two agents knew that at some point they would have to actually watch at least some of the advertised videos. But mercifully on their first visits to the site they couldnt access them; to do so theyd have to pay bitcoins to an address the site provided to each registered user where they could purchase points that could then be traded for downloads. And since they werent undercover agents they didnt have the authorization to buy those pointsnor were they particularly eager to. At the bottom of several pages of the site was a copyright date: March 13 2015. Welcome to Video had already been online for more than two years. Even at a glance it was clear that it had grown into one of the biggest repositories of child sexual abuse videos that law enforcement had ever encountered. You cannot let a child be raped while you go and try to take down a server in South Korea. Simply pulling the site offline couldnt be their first priority. As Janczewski and Gambaryan analyzed the sites mechanics they saw that users could obtain points not just by purchasing them but also by uploading videos. The more those videos were subsequently downloaded by other users the more points they would earn. Do not upload adult porn the upload page instructed the last two words highlighted in red for emphasis. The page also warned that uploaded videos would be checked for uniqueness; only new material would be accepteda feature that to the agents seemed expressly designed to encourage more abuse of children. The element of the site that Gambaryan found most unnerving of all though was a chat page where users could post comments and reactions. It was filled with posts in all languages offering a hint at the international reach of the sites network. Much of the discussion struck Gambaryan as chillingly banalthe kind of casual commentary one might find on an ordinary YouTube channel. Gambaryan had hunted criminals of all stripes for years now from small-time fraudsters to corrupt federal law enforcement colleagues to cybercriminal kingpins. He usually felt he could fundamentally understand his targets. Sometimes hed even felt sympathy for them. Ive known drug dealers who are probably better human beings than some white-collar tax evaders he mused. I could relate to some of these criminals. Their motivation is just greed. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar But now hed entered a world where people were committing atrocities that he didnt understand driven by motivations that were entirely inaccessible to him. After a childhood in war-torn Armenia and post-Soviet Russia and a career delving into the criminal underworld he considered himself to be familiar with the worst that people were capable of. Now he felt he had been naive: His first look at Welcome to Video exposed and destroyed a hidden remnant of his idealism about humanity. It killed a little bit of me Gambaryan says. as soon as they had seen firsthand what Welcome to Video truly represented Gambaryan and Janczewski understood that the case warranted an urgency that went beyond that of even a normal dark-web investigation. Every day the site spent online it enabled more child abuse. Gambaryan and Janczewski knew their best leads still lay in the blockchain. Crucially the site didnt seem to have any mechanism for its customers to pull money out of their accounts. There was only an address to which they could pay for credits on the site; there didnt even seem to be a moderator to ask for a refund. That meant that all the money they could see flowing out of the sitemore than $300000 worth of bitcoins at the time of the transactionswould almost certainly belong to the sites administrators. Gambaryan began reaching out to his contacts in the Bitcoin community looking for staff at exchanges who might know executives at the two Korean exchanges Bithumb and Coinone into which most of Welcome to Videos money had been cashed out as well as one US exchange that had received a small fraction of the funds. He found that the mere mention of child exploitation seemed to evaporate the cryptocurrency industrys usual resistance to government intervention. As libertarian as you want to be Gambaryan says this is where everybody kind of drew the line. Even before he sent a formal legal request or subpoena staff at all three exchanges were ready to help. They promised to get him account details for the addresses he had pulled from Reactor as soon as they could. Gambaryan couldnt help it: Sitting in front of his computer screen in his DC cubicle staring at the flaw hed discovered the agent started to laugh. In the meantime Gambaryan continued to investigate the Welcome to Video site itself. After registering an account on the site he thought to try a certain basic check of its securitya long shot he figured but it wouldnt cost anything. He right-clicked on the page and chose View page source from the resulting menu. This would give him a look at the sites raw HTML before it was rendered by the Tor Browser into a graphical web page. Looking at a massive block of code anyway certainly beat staring at an infinite scroll of abject human depravity. He spotted what he was looking for almost instantly: an IP address. In fact to Gambaryans surprise every thumbnail image on the site seemed to display within the sites HTML the IP address of the server where it was physically hosted: 121.185.153.64. He copied those 11 digits into his computers command line and ran a basic traceroute function following its path across the internet back to the location of that server. Incredibly the results showed that this computer wasnt obscured by Tors anonymizing network at all; Gambaryan was looking at the actual unprotected address of a Welcome to Video server. Confirming Levins initial hunch the site was hosted on a residential connection of an internet service provider in South Korea outside of Seoul. Scott Gilbertson Beth Simone Noveck Amanda Hoover Brenda Stolyar Welcome to Videos administrator seemed to have made a rookie mistake. The site itself was hosted on Tor but the thumbnail images it assembled on its home-page appeared to be pulled from the same computer without routing the connection through Tor perhaps in a misguided attempt to make the page load faster. Gambaryan couldnt help it: Sitting in front of his computer screen in his DC cubicle staring at the revealed location of a website administrator whose arrest he could feel drawing closer the agent started to laugh. Janczewski was at a firing range in Maryland waiting his turn in a marksmanship exercise when he got an email from the American cryptocurrency exchange his team had subpoenaed. It contained identifying information on the suspected Welcome to Video administrator who had cashed out the sites earnings there. The emails attachments showed amiddle-aged Korean man with an address outside of Seoulexactly corroborating the IP address Gambaryan had found. The documents even included a photo of the man holding up his ID apparently to prove his identity to the American exchange. For a moment Janczewski felt as though he were looking at Welcome to Videos administrator face-to-face. But he remembers thinking that something was off: The man in the picture

GOOD

A CERN for Open Source Large-Scale AI (openpetition.eu) I agree to the storage and processing of my personal data. The petitioner can see name and place and forward this information to the recipient. I can withdraw my consent at any time. Join us in our urgent mission to democratize AI research by establishing an international publicly funded supercomputing facility equipped with 100000 state-of-the-art AI accelerators to train open source foundation models. This monumental initiative will secure our technological independence empower global innovation and ensure safety while safeguarding our democratic principles for generations to come. In an era of unparalleled technological advancements humanity stands on the precipice of a new epoch characterized by the profound influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its foundational models such as GPT-4. The potential applications of these technologies are vast spanning scientific research education governance and small and medium-sized enterprises. To harness their full potential as tools for societal betterment it is vital to democratize research on and access to them lest we face severe repercussions for our collective future. Increasingly we are witnessing the emergence of a system wherein educational institutions government agencies and entire nations become dependent on a select few large corporations that operate with little transparency or public accountability. To secure our society's technological independence foster innovation and safeguard the democratic principles that underpin our way of life we must act now. We call upon the global community particularly the European Union the United States the United Kingdom Canada and Australia to collaborate on a monumental initiative: the establishment of an international publicly funded open-source supercomputing research facility. This facility analogous to the CERN project in scale and impact should house a diverse array of machines equipped with at least 100000 high-performance state-of-the-art accelerators (GPUs or ASICs) operated by experts from the machine learning and supercomputing research community and overseen by democratically elected institutions in the participating nations. This ambitious endeavor will provide a platform for researchers and institutions worldwide to access and refine advanced AI models such as GPT-4 harnessing their capabilities for the greater good. By making these models open source and incorporating multimodal data (audio video text and program code) we can significantly enrich academic research enhance transparency and ensure data security. Furthermore granting researchers access to the underlying training data will enable them to understand precisely what these models learn and how they function an impossibility when restricted by APIs. Additionally the open-source nature of this project will promote safety and security research allowing potential risks to be identified and addressed more rapidly and transparently by the academic community and open-source enthusiasts. This is a vital step in ensuring the safety and reliability of AI technologies as they become increasingly integrated into our lives. The proposed facility should feature AI Safety research labs with well-defined security levels akin to those used in biological research labs where high-risk developments can be conducted by internationally renowned experts in the field backed by regulations from democratic institutions. The results of such safety research should be transparent and available for the research community and society at large. These AI Safety research labs should be capable of designing timely countermeasures by studying developments that according to broad scientific consensus would predictably have a significant negative impact on our societies. Economically this initiative will bring substantial benefits to small and medium-sized companies worldwide. By providing access to large foundation models businesses can fine-tune these models for their specific use cases while retaining full control over the weights and data. This approach will also appeal to government institutions seeking transparency and control over AI applications in their operations. The importance of this endeavor cannot be overstated. We must act swiftly to secure the independence of academia and government institutions from the technological monopoly of large corporations such as Microsoft OpenAI and Google. Technologies like GPT-4 are too powerful and significant to be exclusively controlled by a select few. In a world where machine learning expertise and resources for AI development become increasingly concentrated in large corporations it is imperative that smaller enterprises academic institutions municipal administrations and social organizations as well as nation-states assert their autonomy and refrain from relying solely on the benevolence of these powerful entities that are often driven by short-term profit interests and act without properly taking democratic institutions into their decision-making loop. We must take immediate and decisive action to secure the technological independence of our society nurturing innovation while ensuring the safety of these developments and protecting the democratic principles that form the foundation of our way of life. The recent proposition of decelerating AI research as a means to ensure safety and progress presents a misguided approach that might be detrimental to both objectives. It could create a breeding ground for obscure and potentially malicious corporate or state actors to make advancements in the dark while simultaneously curtailing the public research community's ability to scrutinize the safety aspects of advanced AI systems thoroughly. Rather than impeding the momentum of AI development and shifting its development into underground areas a more judicious and efficacious approach would be to foster a better-organized transparent safety-aware and collaborative research environment. The establishment of transparent open-source AI safety labs tied to the international large-scale AI research facility as described above which employ eligible AI safety experts have corresponding publicly funded compute resources and act according to regulations issued by democratic institutions will cover the safety aspect without dampening progress. By embracing this cooperative framework we can simultaneously ensure progress and the responsible development of AI technology safeguarding the well-being of our society and the integrity of democratic values. We urge you to join us in this crucial campaign. Sign this petition and make your voice heard. Our collective digital future the autonomy of our academic research and the equilibrium of our global economy depend on our ability to act quickly and decisively. Together we can build a future where advanced AI technologies are accessible to all and where innovation and progress are not constrained by the boundaries of a few powerful corporations. Let us seize this opportunity and build a brighter future for generations to come. Sending was successful. On behalf of the petitioner we thank you for your support. Recommendations to addressees are only forwarded once per e-mail. Referrals will not be sent to backers who have already signed. Giving control of such an important technology to a few people who meet behind closed doors to decide how its used will only lead to greater oppression gaslighting and control of the masses. Continuing AI capailities advancments is catastrophic primarily not because of the biases the models might have or jobs people might lose but because as half of ML researchers believe there's at least a 10% chance of AI-induced existential catastrophe. We have to ensure the goals of first highly capable AI align with human values but Magdeburg KI wird in einem zunehmenden Mae die Zukunft prgen und es der Menschheit eines Tages ermglichen oder dabei helfen wichtige Probleme in allen Bereichen der Wissenschaft zu lsen. Insbesondere beim Angehen der Herausforderungen des Klimawandels werden in naher Zukunft bereits belastbare Handlungsptionen bentigt. Das alles sollten wir nicht einzelnen groen Konzernen berlassen sondern als Menschheit gemeinsam erforschen und umsetzen. Mit LAION. Heidelberg Artificial intelligence is a very powerful tool. This has been shown especially by the lately published large language models and image generators. This technique must be further developed in a responsible environment which is not driven by monetization aspects. As such a public founded organization is needed to do research on all aspects around this new exciting technology. -0843 I want to support any efforts towards making AI open source non-chargeable with all mankind being considered regardless of ethnic financial religious or motivational beliefs. We need to share. We should not be expected to pay for the utilization and research into these projects and we need to be able to rely on all materials used to train AI algorithms to be used not just some. Mau just Glaisin Weil AI Anwendungen nicht zum Monopol werden drfen You have your own website a blog or an entire web portal? Become an advocate and multiplier for this petition. We have the banners widgets and API (interface) to integrate on your pages. Simply download the collection sheets as a PDF and collect signatures on paper. The data refers to 2168 statements. opens in new tab or window openPetition is a free and non-profit platform where citizens share their concerns through petitions and engage in dialogue with politics to effect change.

BAD

A Chinese American gangster transformed money laundering for drug cartels (propublica.org) ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive our biggest stories as soon as theyre published. This is part one of an investigation into a revolutionary money laundering system involving Chinese organized crime Latin American drug cartels and Chinese officials and how one major figure in the scheme managed to meet former President Donald Trump. Read part two: The Globetrotting Con Man and Suspected Spy Who Met With President Trump . In 2017 Drug Enforcement Administration agents following the money from cocaine deals in Memphis Tennessee identified a mysterious figure in Mexico entrusted by drug lords with their millions: a Chinese American gangster named Xizhi Li. As the agents tracked Lis activity across the Americas and Asia they realized he wasnt just another money launderer. He was a pioneer. Operating with the acumen of a financier and the tradecraft of a spy he had helped devise an innovative system that revolutionized the drug underworld and fortified the cartels. Subscribe to the Big Story newsletter. Thanks for signing up. If you like our stories mind sharing this with a friend? For more ways to keep up be sure to check out the rest of our newsletters. Fact-based independent journalism is needed now more than ever. Li hit on a better way to address a problem that has long bedeviled the worlds drug lords: how to turn the mountains of grimy twenties and hundreds amassed on U.S. streets into legitimate fortunes they can spend on yachts mansions weapons technology and bribes to police and politicians. For years the Mexican cartels that supply the U.S. market with cocaine heroin and fentanyl smuggled truckloads of bulk cash to Mexico where they used banks and exchange houses to move the money into the financial system. And they also hired middlemen often Colombian or Lebanese specialists who charged as much as 18 cents on the dollar to launder their billions. Those methods were costly took weeks or even months to complete and exposed the stockpiled cash to risks damage robbery confiscation. Enter Li. About six years ago federal antidrug agents in Chicago saw early signs of what would become a tectonic change. They trailed cartel operatives transporting drug cash to a new destination: Chinatown an immigrant enclave in the flatlands about 2 miles south of the citys rampart of lakefront skyscrapers. Agents on stakeout watched as cartel operatives delivered suitcases full of cash to Chinese couriers directed by Li. Furtive exchanges took place in motels and parking lots. The couriers didnt have criminal records or carry guns; they were students waiters drivers. Neither side spoke much English so they used a prearranged signal: a photo of a serial number on a dollar bill. After the handoff the couriers alerted their Chinese bosses in Mexico who quickly sent pesos to the bank accounts or safe houses of Mexican drug lords. Li then executed a chain of transactions through China the United States and Latin America to launder the dollars. His powerful international connections made his service cheap fast and efficient; he even guaranteed free replacement of cartel cash lost in transit. Li and his fellow Chinese money launderers married market forces: drug lords wanting to get rid of dollars and a Chinese elite desperate to acquire dollars. The new model blew away the competition. At no time in the history of organized crime is there an example where a revenue stream has been taken over like this and without a shot being fired said retired DEA agent Thomas Cindric a veteran of the elite Special Operations Division. This has enriched the Mexican cartels beyond their wildest dreams. As they investigated Lis tangled financial dealings U.S. agents came across evidence indicating that his money laundering schemes involved Chinese government officials and the Communist Party elite. Chinas omnipresent security forces tightly control and monitor its state-run economy. Yet Li and others moved tens of millions of dollars among Chinese banks and companies with seeming impunity according to court documents and national security officials. The criminal rings exploited a landscape in which more than $3.8 trillion of capital has left China since 2006 making the country the worlds top exporter of hot money said John Cassara a former U.S. Treasury Department investigator in testimony to a Canadian commission of inquiry. Adm. Craig Faller a senior U.S. military leader told Congress last year that Chinese launderers had emerged as the No. 1 underwriter of drug trafficking in the Western Hemisphere. The Chinese government is at least tacitly supporting the laundering activity testified Faller who led the U.S. Southern Command which oversees military activity in Latin America. In an interview with ProPublica the now-retired Faller elaborated on his little-noticed testimony. He said China hasthe worlds largest and most sophisticated state security apparatus. So theres no doubt that they have the ability to stop things if they want to. They dont have any desire to stop this. Theres a lot of theories as to why they dont. But it is certainly aided and abetted by the attitude and way that the Peoples Republic of China views the globe. Some U.S. officials go further arguing that Chinese authorities have decided as a matter of policy to foster the drug trade in the Americas in order to destabilize the region and spread corruption addiction and death here. We suspected a Chinese ideological and strategic motivation behind the drug and money activity said former senior FBI official Frank Montoya Jr. who served as a top counterintelligence official at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. To fan the flames of hate and division. The Chinese have seen the advantages of the drug trade. If fentanyl helps them and hurts this country why not? More than half a dozen national security veterans interviewed by ProPublica expressed similar views most of them speaking on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitive subject. But they acknowledged that the alleged state complicity is difficult to prove. Beijing rejects such accusations. And the question of whether China actively supports money laundering and the flow of fentanyl and other drugs to the U.S. remains a matter of debate in the U.S. national security community. There is so much corruption today in mainland China it becomes hard to distinguish a policy or campaign from generalized criminality said an Asian American former intelligence official with long experience on Chinese crime and espionage. The Chinese embassy in Washington did not respond to a detailed request for comment for this story. The takeover of drug-related money laundering by Chinese organized crime has drawn global attention. In Australia authorities are investigating a Chinese syndicate that allegedly moved hundreds of millions of dollars around the world for clients including a cousin of Chinese President Xi Jinping according to news reports. (Xis cousin has not been charged with a crime and the Chinese foreign ministry has dismissed reports about inquiries into his activities as gossip.) Europol has warned that Chinese money laundering groups present a growing threat to Europe. The U.S. State Department estimates that $154 billion in illicit funds a year passes through China calling it of great concern. We used to have a regular dialogue with the Chinese specifically on things like money laundering counternarcotics policies Assistant Secretary Todd Robinson who leads the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs said in an interview. And since that has stopped it has not been clear weve not really been able to get a handle on how much of this is criminal organizations and how much of it is criminal organizations connected to or suborning Chinese government officials. Xi has led a well-publicized crusade against corruption but it hasbeen mainly a purge of rivals according to U.S. national security officials and Chinese dissidents. In fact they said Chinese intelligence services have quietly expanded their ties with Chinese mafias known as triads for mutual benefit. There is no question there is interconnectivity between Chinese organized crime and the Chinese state said Montoya. The party operates in organized crime-type fashion. There are parallels to Russia where organized crime has been co-opted by the Russian government and Putins security services. The Li case led federal agents in an unexpected direction: an investigation of a possible Chinese covert operation to penetrate American politics. The DEA agents stumbled across Lis enigmatic associate an expatriate Chinese businessman named Tao Liu. After moving from Mexico to New York he launched a high-rolling quest for political influence that included at least two meetings with President Donald Trump. Both the DEA and FBI pursued Liu suspecting he had ties to Chinese spy agencies. They wanted to know how and why a wanted Chinese criminal had gained access to the president of the United States. Although authorities convicted Li and Liu of money laundering and other crimes the political and diplomatic aspects of the groundbreaking investigations of them are still largely secret. Citing open investigations the DEA declined to discuss the case or even the general issue of how Chinese organized crime launders profits for the cartels. The Justice Department and FBI declined requests for comment. Lawyers who represented Li rejected requests for interviews with them or their client. Read More To explore the full dimensions of the case ProPublica interviewed more than two dozen current and former national security officials as well as lawyers and others involved. ProPublica granted some of them anonymity either because they were not authorized to talk publicly or because of concerns about their security. ProPublica also reviewed court files social media governmental reports and other material. Many details about the suspected role of Chinese officials the hunt across the globe the links to U.S. politics are being reported for the first time. In 2008 Rigo Polanco met a cocaine trafficker who called himself Juan Lee. It was one of 17 aliases that Xizhi Li accumulated in a criminal career that was just getting started. Polanco a California anti-drug agent had spent weeks undercover stalking Li who was looking for a high-volume supplier. But the guy was a ghost. He used multiple phones. He hid behind intermediaries. Finally he agreed to meet Polanco at a Dennys by the Pomona Freeway in the suburban sprawl of the San Gabriel Valley. On June 24 Polancos Los Angeles County task force deployed surveillance around the diner. Polanco introduced himself as Alfredo a corrupt Customs and Border Protection officer with access to cocaine. He sat down with Li Lis 25-year-old Mexican American wife and her brother. At 35 Li stood 5-foot-7 and weighed about 135 pounds. But he was imposing. He spoke fluent Mexican-accented Spanish wore a Rolex and emanated menace. The aura of Juan Lee among the people around him was Dont cross this guy Polanco recalled in an interview. There was some sense of fear of him among his associates. Li grew up in a unique subculture where crime spoke many languages and crossed borders with ease. The experience served him well. He was born in a rural area of Guangdong province in 1973. About 10 years later the family migrated to Mexicali a Mexican city on the California border that is home to a large Chinese community. Chinese restaurants fill La Chinesca the Chinatown. In the early 20th century an underground tunnel complex was a refuge from the desert heat and a site for gambling and cross-border crime schemes. Li attended school and worked long shifts in a family restaurant. But one of his close relatives smuggled migrants and contraband into the United States former investigators say. When Li was about 16 his family migrated to Southern California. He slid into crime in the 1990s and with help from relatives became an associate of the 14K triad a Chinese criminal organization according to law enforcement documents and former investigators. Li obtained U.S. citizenship and had four children with a Chinese-born woman. In 2005 he opened the Lucky City Restaurant in the suburb of Monterey Park in Los Angeles County. The restaurant quickly became a den of drug trafficking and human smuggling according to an affidavit written by a DEA investigator and sources familiar with the case. By then Lis triad and family connections had helped him cultivate relationships with Chinese officials with diplomatic status in the United States according to former investigators. He also recruited a corrupt U.S. border inspector to help with smuggling according to law enforcement documents and former investigators. Lis hectic life bridged the Latino and Asian communities. He had two children with his Mexican American wife whose family had useful cartel connections according to interviews and court documents. At the same time Li maintained ties to his birthplace. Around 2007 he took Chinese relatives to Guangdong for the Qingming Festival when families clean the tombs of their ancestors. Basking in the role of benevolent immigrant he funded the renovation of our village transforming the muddy land into streets his sister wrote to a federal judge years later. Back in the smoggy San Gabriel Valley his prolific criminal activity drew investigations by the DEA and FBI. But Polancos team of Los Angeles County officers didnt know about those open cases when they went after him in 2008. During a second meeting at a seafood restaurant Li told Polanco that he was smuggling 30-kilogram loads of cocaine through Mexico to Hong Kong making $60000 a kilogram. He also sent cocaine to Canada. And he had a sideline smuggling Chinese migrants through Cuba. This is no run-of-the-mill thug Polanco thought. Mexico was violent. Cuba was a police state. Canada and Hong Kong were hotbeds of Chinese organized crime. You needed well-placed allies to navigate among those cultures and countries. It all added up to this picture of a very shrewd and cautious and sophisticated operator Polanco said. There was a lot of sophistication in what he was doing even then. After negotiations with the undercover agent Li agreed to buy an initial 20 kilograms of cocaine. On July 14 he sent a young Asian man in a Mercedes to a supermarket parking lot to deliver $200000. Polancos team captured the bagman and other accomplices. The bagman and Lis brother-in-law pleaded guilty to drug trafficking offenses while charges against the wife were dropped. But Li fled south across the border. He soon proved Polancos instincts correct. In Mexico City Li rebounded fast. Qiyun Chen was from his hometown and worked in her familys retail business. Only in her early 20s she became his romantic and criminal partner according to court documents and former investigators. Her charm and intelligence impressed gangsters and cops alike. (Chen could not be reached for comment.) Chen introduced Li to her own network in the Chinese Mexican community including a formidable trafficker known as the Iron Lady. In her online communications Chen called herself Chinaloa. The alias fused the words China and Sinaloa the state that has spawned many drug lords. It baptized her as a player in a multilingual subculture that she and Li created. Their text messages combined Chinese and Spanish. Li used the online handles JL 007 and Organizacin Diplomtica (Diplomatic Organization). The couple divided their time among luxurious homes in Mexico City Cancun and Guatemala making good money smuggling drugs and migrants. But they saw a new opportunity in money laundering. In 2011 Li went to Guatemala City to buy a casino. Located in a Holiday Inn it had a 90s-era decor that didnt exactly conjure images of James Bond in Monte Carlo. Nonetheless Li struck an all-inclusive deal with the owner. He bought his casino his casino license and his identity. The U.S. fugitive became a Guatemalan gambling entrepreneur according to court documents. Along the way Li had developed a complementary racket: selling fraudulent documents. Li himself had five passports from three countries. The fake papers were professionally done. Li infiltrated corrupt Latin American bureaucracies that sell real passports identity cards even birth certificates. He also had a government-connected source for passports in Hong Kong. Li charged about $15000 per document according to interviews and court files. The same year Li bought the casino a cafe owner in Mexico City introduced him to a wealthy Chinese expatriate who wanted a Guatemalan passport. The new arrival was a portly baggy-faced 35-year-old named Tao Liu. It proved a providential encounter. Li took his client in a private helicopter to the southernmost Mexican state of Chiapas. They landed in the jungle and trudged across the border into Guatemala. Bodyguards with weapons and vehicles were waiting on the other side said Lius lawyer Jonathan Simms. They take them to Lis mansion in Guatemala. Li leaves him there and goes to get the passports. Tao spent time in that mansion waiting with other Chinese clients for Li to bring back the documents. He got to know the other people there pretty well. While at the safe house Liu met a senior Chinese military officer who also bought a fraudulent document from Li Simms said. Years later Liu identified the officer in a photo shown to him by U.S. agents. Investigators say that episode contributed to evidence that Li provided fake papers and other criminal services to Chinese officials in Latin America where China is an economic and diplomatic power. Foreign passports and multiple identities enable Chinese operatives overseas to engage in covert activity launder money or take refuge from their government if accused of corruption. The national security threat posed by Lis passport racket later caused the DEA to bring in the State Departments Diplomatic Security Service to conduct its own investigation which continues today. After the Guatemala expedition Liu and Li became friends. They gambled at the casino and took women to the Bahamas. Although Liu had access to money and power he was also an admitted brazen lawbreaker. Sometimes his dubious immigration status forced him to enter Mexico by car or bus and he bragged about bluffing or bribing border officers according to court documents his lawyer and law enforcement officials. The two men did not seem like kindred spirits. Li was thin; Liu was obese. Li was reserved; Liu was gregarious. It is hard to find photos of Li; Liu bombarded social media with scenes of his extravagant lifestyle. But they were both globetrotting outlaws. And Liu played a crucial early role in building Lis empire according to current and former law enforcement officials and other sources. A U.S. indictment later alleged: TAO [Liu] worked with LI to begin money laundering in locations including Mexico and Guatemala. In later conversations recorded by the DEA Liu described himself as an influential mentor who taught Li how to launder money according to court documents and interviews. Lius lawyer argued that his clients admissions were exaggerations. But the investigators tended to believe Lius account. The DEA thought that they were partners in the money laundering a former national security official said. And they were definitely working closely together. Investigators believe Liu used his connections in China and the diaspora to recruit rich people who needed U.S. dollars. A sign of Lius access to that underworld: he had another associate in Hong Kong known as the queen of underground banking who provided black market money services to the Chinese elite according to Chinese court documents and press reports. Stocked with cash and guns Lis Guatemalan casino became a base of his emerging venture. He started bringing Chinese nationals to the casino: some of them politically connected others corrupt officials others expatriates according to interviews and court documents. They mingled with Latin American drug traffickers the second essential element in his scheme. The casino was a showcase to demonstrate to both sides that Li could deliver court documents say. The wealthy Chinese had a need Simms said. The cartels had a need. Li put it together. Many ethnic diasporas have developed informal systems for moving money and funneling cash earned honestly or illegally into the legitimate international economy. For decades underground banking systems served the elite of the Chinese Communist Party or CCP especially after the totalitarian regime opened its command economy to global capitalism. Starting around 2013 Xis anti-corruption crusade pushed the elite to spirit more money overseas. A yearly limit of $50000 on capital flight increased a demand for U.S. dollars. The underground banking system in China was pretty much self-sufficient just dealing with Chinese criminal organizations and the Chinese diaspora said John Tobon the Homeland Security Investigations special agent in charge in Honolulu who has written on the topic . And it was then when all of these restrictions came in when the CCP members could no longer count on doing it the easy way ... that the supply of dollars became an issue. Li and other enterprising criminals identified a seemingly limitless source of dollars: the Latin American drug trade. To amass the cash Li offered the cartels unheard-of money laundering deals. With the Colombians it had been an 18% to 13% commission said Cindric the retired DEA agent. The Chinese are doing it for 1 to 2% on average. And the speed at which they do it is unbelievable. The Chinese absorbed the risk. You know it will get paid. Li deployed dozens of couriers from Los Angeles to Atlanta. Just two couriers in Chicago picked up more than $10 million from cartel operatives in a seven-month period between 2016 and 2017 according to law enforcement documents. We saw the Chinese enter the market said Daniel Morro a former senior HSI official in Chicago. It was super-intriguing. We had never seen it before. If the couriers delivered they collected a 1% fee. If not they were on the hook with Li. On March 11 2016 Nebraska state troopers stopped a rental car on a desolate highway. They confiscated $340000 and released the two couriers who were driving from Chicago to Los Angeles. A courier called Li who called a cartel representative in Mexico and sent a bank transfer to replace the lost load. The courier and his relatives rapidly reimbursed Li by depositing money in U.S. bank accounts court documents say. He was a hard-ass said Michael Ciesliga a former DEA investigator. No nonsense. All business. Very strict very hard even on his family. Lis system generally worked like this: Cartel operatives in the United States would arrange a contract with him often to launder about $350000 a quantity of cash that fit into a suitcase. Cartel transporters handed over the dollar loads to Lis couriers who sent Li or his lieutenants a photo confirming the handoff. Li then delivered the sums in Mexican pesos to drug lords from safe houses in Mexico stocked with that currency. The first stage providing swift service to the cartels was complete. Lis profits came from other players in the scheme: rich Chinese willing to lose money in order to obtain dollars outside China and Latin American import/export firms needing Chinese currency to do business in China. Lis couriers often drove loads of cash to New York or Los Angeles which have large Chinese immigrant populations. Li sold the currency to wealthy Chinese clients or their expatriate relatives or representatives. As part of the deal Li himself would sometimes turn the dollars into deposits in bank accounts or use front companies to issue cashiers checks. But the Chinese clients often had their own options such as small businesses that handled cash without questions. Another method was gambling at casinos which readily turned cash into chips. Many clients bought homes or paid U.S. university tuition. In testimony to a Canadian commission of inquiry in 2020 Cassara the former investigator at the U.S. Treasury Department described the frequency of laundering in the U.S. real estate sector. Almost 60% of purchases by international clients are made in cash Cassara said citing a report by the National Association of Realtors. Chinese buyers have been the top foreign buyers in the United States both in units and dollar volume of residential housing for six years straight. ... In the United States there is little if any customer due diligence by real estate agents. The next step in Lis system took place beyond the sight and reach of U.S. authorities. He directed his wealthy clients to transfer equivalent sums from their Chinese bank accounts to accounts he controlled in China. Known as mirror transactions these transfers enabled Li to sell the same money again this time as Chinese currency to the Latin American exporters. How Xizhi Li Used Mirror Transactions to Launder Millions of Dollars Across the World The transactions allowed Li to move millions among Mexico the United States and China while evading law enforcement and charging steep commissions. I. THE CARTEL CARTEL OPERATIVE LIS COURIER A Mexican cartel operative hands over a load of $350000 in cash to a courier working for Li on the streets of a U.S. city. The exchanges often take place in parking lots motels and shops. CARTEL LIS ORGANIZATION Lis organization in Mexico delivers an equivalent sum in pesos to the cartel within a day and Li takes a 2% commission. The process is much faster and cheaper than traditional money laundering methods. Now that the dollars have been converted into pesos its easier for Mexican drug lords to use the cash. II. THE WEALTHY CHINESE WEALTHY CHINESE LIS COURIER Wealthy Chinese who want to get around limits on moving money out of China buy the $350000 from Lis couriers in the U.S. They often use the U.S. dollars to buy real estate or pay for U.S. college tuition. WEALTHY CHINESE BANK ACCOUNT CONTROLLED BY LI The wealthy Chinese complete the trade by transferring $350000 in Chinese currency from their bank account in China to a bank account controlled by Li in China. They pay Li a commission of 10% or more. III. THE FOREIGN COMPANY BANK ACCOUNT CONTROLLED BY LI FOREIGN COMPANY Li sells the $350000 in Chinese currency to a foreign company often Mexican that needs Chinese currency to buy goods in China. BANK ACCOUNT CONTROLLED BY LI FOREIGN COMPANY The company pays Li in U.S. dollars or Mexican pesos plus a fee. This makes it easier to evade customs duties and taxes on goods shipped to Mexico because the company obtained the Chinese currency on the black market. Now the drug money has been introduced into the legal economy in three different countries. I. THE CARTEL CARTEL OPERATIVE LIS COURIER A Mexican cartel operative hands over a load of $350000 in cash to a courier working for Li on the streets of a U.S. city. The exchanges often take place in parking lots motels and shops. CARTEL LIS ORGANIZATION Lis organization in Mexico delivers an equivalent sum in pesos to the cartel within a day and Li takes a 2% commission. The process is much faster and cheaper than traditional money laundering methods. Now that the dollars have been converted into pesos its easier for Mexican drug lords to use the cash. II. THE WEALTHY CHINESE WEALTHY CHINESE LIS COURIER Wealthy Chinese who wanto get around limits on moving money out of China buy the $350000 from Lis couriers in the U.S. They often use the U.S. dollars to buy real estate or pay for U.S. college tuition. WEALTHY CHINESE BANK ACCOUNT CONTROLLED BY LI The wealthy Chinese complete the trade by transferring $350000 in Chinese currency from their bank account in China to a bank account controlled by Li in China. They pay Li a commission of 10% or more. III. THE FOREIGN COMPANY BANK ACCOUNT CONTROLLED BY LI FOREIGN COMPANY Li sells the $350000 in Chinese currency to a foreign company often Mexican that needs Chinese currency to buy goods in China. FOREIGN COMPANY BANK ACCOUNT CONTROLLED BY LI The company pays Li in U.S. dollars or Mexican pesos plus a fee. This makes it easier to evade customs duties and taxes on goods shipped to Mexico because the company obtained the Chinese currency on the black market. Now the drug money has been introduced into the legal economy in three different countries. There were variations on the system. Li sometimes washed funds through companies owned by confederates in the United States and Latin America who sold seafood and other goods to China. Taking advantage of the $80 billion in trade between Mexico and China launderers also sent goods from China to Mexican front companies connected to drug lords. Those companies would sell the products for pesos creating a legitimate paper trail for money initially earned from the sale of drugs. Lis network used Chinese banks including the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the Agricultural Bank of China court documents say. Those state institutions were among the banks that moved millions around the world with little apparent scrutiny in this case and others according to court documents and interviews. Prosecutors did not accuse any bankers of wrongdoing. But investigators suspect that some bankers looked the other way. (The banks did not respond to requests for comment.) They had to know it was illegal Ciesliga said. Just the sheer amount of money and the volume and consistency and frequency theres no legitimate businesses that are moving that kind of money. Any alert anti-money laundering investigator would have detected this kind of activity. In other cases authorities have sanctioned Chinese banks for offenses related to money laundering. In 2016 New York state regulators fined the Agricultural Bank of China $215 million for anti-money laundering violations. A Spanish court in 2020 convicted four Madrid executives of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China of a brazen setup in which they received tens of millions of euros in cash day and night and moved the funds illegally back to China. The Bank of China has paid fines and endured criminal penalties in Italy and France for the alleged illegal repatriation of proceeds from tax evasion and customs fraud. On the streets of the Americas turf wars and rip-offs were rare among the money laundering crews. But for Li reality intruded eventually. In 2016 gunmen ambushed Li near his casino in Guatemala City shredding his armored Range Rover with more than 20 rounds. He survived unscathed. The attackers got away. Li suspected rival Asian gangsters according to former investigators and others familiar with the case. He was deep in treacherous territory. By 2017 Lis empire had grown to span four continents. It operated below the radar with startling impunity. A Memphis-based U.S. drug agent was about to change that. Peter Maher was a sharp voracious investigator who had only been with the DEA a few years colleagues say. (Maher declined an interview request.) He teamed up with Ciesliga a Tennessee state agent assigned to a federal task force. As they traced drugs on the streets of Memphis back to their source they discovered that the Sinaloa cartel of Joaqun El Chapo Guzmn was supplying cocaine to a major Memphis drug crew. Markings on cocaine packets pointed at Marisela Flores-Torruco now 52 a Mexican drug lord known as the Iron Lady. Mahers team learned that because Flores had a Chinese grandparent her organization was known as Los Chinos or the Chinese. Based in Chiapas she imported tons of cocaine from Colombia for the Sinaloa cartel interviews and court documents say. (Flores could not be reached for comment.) Soon the agents identified a woman in Mexico who was one of the Iron Ladys principal coordinators of illicit money lau

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A Chinese woman wrote millions of words of fake Wikipedia history (sixthtone.com) Subscribe to our newsletter FOLLOW US Yifan a fantasy novelist was browsing Chinese Wikipedia looking for inspiration in history when he first learned of the great silver mine of Kashin. Originally opened by the principality of Tver an independent state from the 13th to 15th centuries it grew to be one of the worlds biggest a city-sized early modern industry worked by some 30000 slaves and 10000 freedmen. Its fabulous wealth made it a vital resource to the princes of Tver but also tempted the powerful dukes of Moscow who attempted to seize the mine in a series of wars that sprawled across the land that is now Russia from 1305 to 1485. After the fall of the Principality of Tver it continued to be mined by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor regime until the mine was closed in the mid-18th century due to being exhausted the entry said. Yifan went down the rabbit hole on the Kashin mine and the Tver-Moscow War learning about battles the personalities of aristocrats and engineers and more history surrounding the forgotten mine. There were hundreds of related articles describing this obscure period of Slavic history in the dull sometimes suggestive tone of the online encyclopedia. It was only when he tried to go deeper that something started to seem off. Russian-language versions of articles related to the period were shorter than the Chinese equivalents or nonexistent. The footnote supporting a passage on medieval mining methods referred to an academic paper on automated mining in the 21st century. Eventually he realized that there was no such thing as the great silver mine of Kashin (which is an entirely real town in Tver Oblast Russia). Yifan had uncovered one of the largest hoaxes in Wikipedias history. Chinese Wikipedia entries that are more detailed than English Wikipedia and even Russian Wikipedia are all over the place Yifan wrote on Zhihu a Quora-like Q&A platform. Characters that dont exist in the English-Russian Wiki appear in the Chinese Wiki and these characters are mixed together with real historical figures so that theres no telling the real from the fake. Even a lengthy Moscow-Tver war revolves around the non-existent Kashin silver mine. An investigation by Wikipedia found that a contributor had used at least four puppet accounts to falsify the history of the Qing Dynasty and the history of Russia since 2010. Each of the four accounts lent the others credibility. All have now been banned from Chinese Wikipedia. Over more than 10 years the author wrote several million words of fake Russian history creating 206 articles and contributing to hundreds more. She imagined richly detailed war stories and economic histories and wove them into real events in language boring enough to fit seamlessly into the encyclopedia. Some netizens are calling her Chinas Borges. Shes come to be known as Zhemao after one of her aliases. According to a now-deleted profile Zhemao was the daughter of a diplomat stationed in Russia has a degree in Russian history and became a Russian citizen after marrying a Russian. She began her career in fictional history in 2010 creating articles with false stories related to the real figure of Heshen a famously corrupt Qing Dynasty official. She turned her attention to Russian history in 2012 editing existing articles on Czar Alexander I of Russia. From there she gradually spread fabricated stories throughout Chinese Wikipedias coverage ofRussian history. She used a real and often bloody rivalry between the two early Slavic states as a basis for an elaborate fiction mixing research with fantasy. Zhemao published an apology letter on her English Wikipedia account writing that her motivation was to learn about history. She also wrote that she is in fact a full-time housewife with only a high-school degree. Zhemao said she made most of her fake entries to fill the gaps left by her first couple of entries she edited. As the saying goes in order to tell a lie you must tell more lies. I was reluctant to delete the hundreds of thousands of words I wrote but as a result I wound up losing millions of words and a circle of academic friends collapsed she wrote. The trouble Ive caused is hard to make up for so maybe a permanent ban is the only option. My current knowledge is not enough to make a living so in the future I will learn a craft work honestly and not do nebulous things like this any more. While some Wikipediaeditors warned that the incident had shaken the credibility of the current Chinese Wikipedia as a whole most netizens praised Zhemaos talent and persistence encouraging her to publish a novel in future. It is really awesome to invent a self-contained historical logic with details like all kinds of clothing money and utensils one user wrote on the microblogging platform Weibo. As of June 17 most of the fictitious historical entries created by Zhemao on Chinese Wikipedia have been deleted according to an official statement. A few entries have been improved by other contributors and thus remain. Zhemaos edits on other existing entries have been withdrawn the platform wrote. Neither Zhemao nor the Wikimedia Foundation which operates Wikipedia replied to requests for comment by press time. This group of accounts have done their sabotage for a long time so there may still be affected entries and related false information may have spread to other platforms the notice said. Correction: A previous version of this article misspelled the name of Kashin the real town in Russia s Tver Oblast that was home to the fictional silver mines invented by Zhemao. In a Borgesian complication we assumed the name of the place as well as the mine was fictional and used Zhemao s pinyin spelling Kashen. We learned of the error by reading an article following our own reporting on Russian-language news site Meduza.ru via Google Translate which correctly identified the place intended. Editor: David Cohen. (Header image: Illustrations from The Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible Book 7: 1290-1342. Courtesy of runivers.ru) FOLLOW US Subscribe to our newsletter

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A DNA parasite may have fragmented our genes (quantamagazine.org) March 30 2023 Recent research suggests that many of the noncoding intron segments in the genes of complex organisms may have been inserted there by parasitic mobile genetic elements called introners. Seor Salme for Quanta Magazine Contributing Writer March 30 2023 All animals plants fungi and protists which collectively make up the domain of life called eukaryotes have genomes with a peculiar feature that has puzzled researchers for almost half a century: Their genes are fragmented. In their DNA the information about how to make proteins isnt laid out in long coherent strings of bases. Instead genes are split into segments with intervening sequences or introns spacing out the exons that encode bits of the protein. When eukaryotes express their genes their cells have to splice out RNA from the introns and stitch together RNA from the exons to reconstruct the recipes for their proteins. The mystery of why eukaryotes rely on this baroque system deepened with the discovery that the different branches of the eukaryotic family tree varied widely in the abundance of their introns. The genes of yeast for instance have very few introns but those of land plants have many. Introns make up almost 25% of human DNA. How this tremendous enigmatic variation in intron frequency evolved has stirred debate among scientists for decades. Answers may finally be emerging however from recent studies of genetic elements called introners that some scientists regard as a kind of genomic parasite. These pieces of DNA can slip into genomes and multiply there leaving profusions of introns behind them. Last November researchers presented evidence that introners have been doing this in diverse eukaryotes throughout evolution. Moreover they showed that introners could explain why explosive gains in introns seem to have been particularly common in aquatic forms of life. Their findings might explain the vast majority of intron gain said Russ Corbett-Detig senior author of the new paper and an evolutionary genomics researcher at the University of California Santa Cruz. Because of the introns polka-dotting their DNA if the genes of eukaryotes were translated directly into proteins the resulting molecules would typically be nonfunctional garbage. For that reason all eukaryotic cells are equipped with special genetic shears called spliceosomes. These protein complexes recognize the distinctive sequences that flank intron RNA and remove it from the preliminary RNA transcripts of active genes. Then they splice together the coding segments from exons to produce messenger RNA that can be translated into a working protein. (A few prokaryotes also have introns but they have ways of working around them that dont involve spliceosomes. For example some of their introns are self-splicing and automatically remove themselves from RNA.) Why natural selection in eukaryotes favored introns that needed to be removed by spliceosomes is unknown. But the key might be that such introns allow for alternative splicing a phenomenon that dramatically increases the diversity of products that can arise from a single gene. When the intron RNA is clipped out the exon RNA sequences can be strung together in a new order to make slightly different proteins Corbett-Detig explained. Despite the influence of introns on the biology and genetic complexity of eukaryotic organisms their evolutionary origins have remained murky. Since the discovery of introns in 1977 researchers have developed numerous theories about where these intrusive sequences came from. Several mechanisms that could create introns have been identified and all of them may have contributed some introns to eukaryotes. But its been hard to say which if any of them might explain where the majority of introns came from. Moreover the mystery around the origins of introns only deepens in light of the extreme variation in where introns tend to show up throughout the eukaryote tree of life. Some lineages are particularly heavy with them in ways that point to sudden inundations with introns during their evolutionary history. When you examine the tree of life and how many introns are found on each tip of the tree Corbett-Detig said you can figure out pretty quickly that there must be certain branches where an absolute ton of introns evolved all at once. One possible explanation for those explosive infusions of introns involves an unusual kind of genetic element known as an introner. First described in 2009 in the unicellular green algae Micromonas introners have subsequently turned up in the genomes of some other algae some species of fungi tiny marine organisms called dinoflagellates and simple invertebrates called tunicates. The distinctive feature of introners is that they create introns. Introners copy and paste themselves into stretches of coding DNA that offer an appropriate splicing site. Then they move on leaving behind a specific intron sequence flanked by splicing sites which splits the coding DNA into two exons. This process can be repeated on a massive scale throughout a genome. In fungi for example introners appear to account for most of the intron gain during at least the last 100000 years. Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox For several years the genetic elements called introners were only known to be in a few organisms such as the dinoflagellate Polarella glacialis (left) and the green algae Micromonas . (from left) Courtesy of Karin Rengefors; courtesy of Elodie Foulon/Roscoff Culture Collection Sorbonne Universit and CNRS How introners accomplish this became clearer in 2016 when researchers found that introners in two species of algae had strong similarities to DNA transposons members of a larger family of genetic elements called transposable elements or jumping genes. Transposons also insert huge numbers of copies of themselves into genomes. The parallels between introners and transposons strongly suggested a possible answer to the mystery of where most introns came from. Introners could cause introns to burst forth in genomes in great numbers which might explain the punctuated pattern of their emergence in various eukaryotes. The catch was that introners were only known to exist in a few organisms. Did anyone look anywhere else? asked Landen Gozashti who was doing research on evolutionary genomics at Santa Cruz when he read the 2016 algae study. A look at the scientific literature showed that no groups had published any data about introners elsewhere among the eukaryotes. Gozashti now at Harvard University Corbett-Detig and their colleagues set out to remedy that. The team systematically scanned more than 3300 genomes from across the full breadth of eukaryotic diversity everything from sheep to sequoias to ciliate protists. They used a series of computational filters to identify potential introners looking for introns with very similar sequences and whittling away false positives. In the end they found thousands of introns derived from introners in 175 of those genomes about 5% of the total from 48 different species. Five percent may seem like a small sliver of the eukaryotic pie. But as mutations accumulate in introners over time sequence similarities between the copies deteriorate until its no longer possible to tell that they came from the same source. The evolutionary lineages of many species alive today may have experienced floods of introns but any influx that occurred more than a few million years ago would be undetectable. The 5% result therefore hints that introners may be far more ubiquitous. As genomic parasites introners may have achieved their success through stealth. A good parasite cant draw too much attention to itself. If an introner disrupts the activity of the gene in which it has embedded itself it could harm the host organism and natural selection could remove the genomic parasite altogether. So these elements are continually evolving to be as neutral as possible in their influence said Valentina Peona a comparative genomicist at Uppsala University. Gozashti Corbett-Detig and their colleagues found out how adept introners are at slipping under the radar when they estimated the splicing efficiency of introners which reflects their ability to avoid disrupting the function of host genes. Introners actually are spliced better than other introns Gozashti said. These things have gotten really good at it. The work by Gozashti and his colleagues proved that introners are not distributed equally among eukaryotes. For example introners are more than six times as likely to appear in the genomes of aquatic organisms as in those of terrestrial organisms. Moreover nearly three-quarters of the genomes from aquatic species that contain introners host multiple introner families. Corbett-Detig Gozashti and their colleagues think this pattern can be explained by horizontal gene transfer the transfer of a genetic sequence from one species to another. These unorthodox gene transfers tend to happen in aquatic environments or in instances of close interspecies association such as between hosts and parasites explained Saima Shahid a plant biologist at Oklahoma State University. Aquatic environments may encourage horizontal gene transfer because the aqueous medium can become a soup of the nucleic acids shed by countless species. Single-celled organisms paddle around in this stew so its easy for them to take up foreign DNA that might be incorporated into their own. But even much more complex multicellular species lay their eggs or fertilize them in the water creating opportunities for DNA to be transferred into their lineages. When many aquatic species mate their eggs and sperm could be exposed to horizontal transfers of mobile genetic elements in the water. Lauren Ballesta. Creation a 2021 Grand Title Wildlife Photographer of the Year photo from the book 700 sharks into the dark Andromde Editions 2017 Clment Gilbert an evolutionary genomicist at Paris-Saclay University thinks the aquatic bias in introners is an echo of what his group found in horizontal gene transfer events. In 2020 their work uncovered nearly 1000 distinct horizontal transfers involving transposons that had occurred in over 300 vertebrate genomes. The vast majority of these transfers happened in teleost fish Gilbert said. If introners find their way into hosts primarily through horizontal gene transfers in aquatic environments that could explain the irregular patterns of big intron gains in eukaryotes. Terrestrial organisms arent likely to have the same bursts of introns Corbett-Detig said since horizontal transfer occurs far less often among them. The transferred introns could persist in genomes for many millions of years as permanent souvenirs from an ancestral life in the sea and a fateful brush with a deft genomic parasite. Introners acting as foreign invasive elements in genomes could also be the explanation for why they would insert introns so suddenly and explosively. Defense mechanisms that a genome might use to suppress its inherited burden of transposons might not work on an unfamiliar genetic element arriving by horizontal transfer. Now that element can go crazy all over the genome Gozashti said. Even if the introners are initially harmful the researchers hypothesize that selective pressures could soon tame them by cutting them out of RNA. Although horizontal gene transfer and introners share a connection to the aquatic environment the findings dont yet show definitively that this is where introners come from. But the discovery of introners widespread influence does challenge some theories about how genomes particularly eukaryotic genomes have evolved. The pervasiveness of recent intron gain may act as a counterweight to some ideas about the evolution of genomic complexity. One example involves a theory of intron evolution developed by Michael Lynch of Arizona State University in 2002. Models suggest that in species with small breeding populations natural selection can be less efficient at removing unhelpful genes. Lynch proposed that those species will therefore tend to build up heaps of nonfunctional genetic junk in their genomes. In contrast species with very large breeding populations should not be gaining many introns at all. But Gozashti Corbett-Detig and their coauthors found the opposite. Some marine protists with gargantuan breeding populations had hundreds or thousands of introners. In contrast introners were rare in animals and absent in land plants both groups with much smaller breeding populations. The evolutionary arms race between invading genetic elements and the host may have a hand in generating a more complicated genome. The parasitic elements are in constant conflict with genetic elements that belong to the host Gozashti explained because they compete for genomic space. All these moving pieces are constantly driving each other to evolve he said. That raises the question of what the intron gains meant for the functional biology of the organisms in which they occurred. Cedric Feschotte a molecular biologist at Cornell University suspects it would be interesting to compare two closely related species only one of which has experienced an intron swarm in recent evolutionary history. The comparison might help to reveal how influxes of introns could promote the appearance of new genes. Because we know that bringing in introns can also facilitate the capture of additional exons so completely new stuff he said. Similarly Feschotte thinks that profusions of introns might help drive the evolution of families of genes that can change rapidly. Stuffed with new introns those genes could co-opt the new variability enabled by alternative splicing. Such rapidly evolving genes are widespread in nature. Venomous species for instance often need to remix the complex cocktails of peptides in their venoms at the genetic level to adapt to different prey or predators. The ability of the immune system to generate endlessly diverse molecular receptors also depends on genes that can rearrange and recombine quickly. Peona warns however that although introners could provide benefits to an organism they might also be totally neutral. They should be considered innocent until proven guilty of function or anything else. One of the things thats next is looking at metagenomic data to try to find a case that really is a clear horizontal transfer with the exact same introners in two different species Corbett-Detig said. Finding this piece of the puzzle would help flesh out the full story of where most of eukaryotes introns have come from. Irina Arkhipova a molecular evolutionary geneticist at the University of Chicago Marine Biological Laboratory is interested in knowing more about how introners are spreading through the genome at such large scales. It just leaves no trace of the enzyme that was responsible for this massive burst of mobility thats a mystery she said. You basically have to catch it in the act while its still moving. For Gozashti the discovery of introners in such a wide range of eukaryotes holds a lesson about how to approach fundamental questions about the nature of eukaryotic life: Think broadly. Studies often focus on the sliver of biodiversity represented by animals and land plants. But to understand the important patterns of genomic information underlying all life we need to sequence more eukaryotic diversity more of these protist lineages where we dont know anything about how they evolve he said. Had we just studied land plants and animals we never would have found introners. Editors note: Gozashti is a graduate student in the laboratory of Hopi Hoekstra who serves on the advisory board for Quanta . Contributing Writer March 30 2023 Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Get highlights of the most important news delivered to your email inbox Quanta Magazine moderates comments tofacilitate an informed substantive civil conversation. Abusive profane self-promotional misleading incoherent or off-topic comments will be rejected. Moderators are staffed during regular business hours (New York time) and can only accept comments written in English.

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A Danish political party led by an AI (vice.com) The Synthetic Party a new Danish political party with an artificially intelligent representative and policies derived from AI is eyeing a seat in parliament as it hopes to run in the countrys November general election. The party was founded in May by the artist collective Computer Lars and the non-profit art and tech organization MindFuture Foundation . The Synthetic Partys public face and figurehead is the AI chatbot Leader Lars which is programmed on the policies of Danish fringe parties since 1970 and is meant to represent the values of the 20 percent of Danes who do not vote in the election. Leader Lars won't be on the ballot anywhere but the human members of The Synthetic Party are committed to carrying out their AI-derived platform. We're representing the data of all fringe parties so it's all of the parties who are trying to get elected into parliament but don't have a seat. So it's a person who has formed a political vision of their own that they would like to realize but they usually don't have the money or resources to do so Asker Stauns the creator of the party and an artist-researcher at MindFuture told Motherboard. Leader Lars is an AI chatbot that people can speak with on Discord . You can address Leader Lars by beginning your sentences with an !. The AI understands English but writes back to you in Danish. As people from Denmark and also people around the globe are interacting with the AI they submit new perspectives and new textual information where we collect in a dataset that will go into the fine-tuning. So that way you are partly developing the AI every time you interact with it. Stauns said. Some of the policies that The Synthetic Party is proposing include establishing a universal basic income of 100000 Danish kroner per month which is equivalent to $13700 and is over double the Danish average salary . Another proposed policy change is to create a jointly-owned internet and IT sector in the government that is on par with other public institutions. Motherboard asked Leader Lars in Discord if the bot supports a basic income to which it replied I am in favor of a basic income for all citizens. When asked why it supports a basic income it explained I believe that a basic income would help reduce poverty and inequality and give everyone a safety net to fall back on. Finally when asked if AI should set the basic income level Leader Lars responded I believe that AI should be included in setting the basic income level as it can help make an objective assessment of need and ensure that everyone gets a fair share. It's a synthetic party so many of the policies can be contradictory to one another Stauns said. Modern machine learning systems are not based on biological and symbolic rules of old fashioned artificial intelligence where you could uphold a principle of noncontradiction as you can in traditional logic. When you synthesize it's about amplifying certain tendencies and expressions within a large large pool of opinions. And if it contradicts itself maybe they could do so in an interesting way and expand our imagination about what is possible. Image: Asker Stauns The Synthetic Partys mission is also dedicated to raising more awareness about the role of AI in our lives and how governments can hold AI accountable to biases and other societal influences. The party hopes to add an 18th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) to the United Nations SDGs which are goals relating to issues such as poverty inequality and climate change to be achieved by all nations by 2030. The Synthetic Partys proposed SDG is called Life With Artificials and focuses on the relationship between humans and AI and how to adapt and educate people to work with machines. AI has not been addressed properly within a democratic setting before Stauns said. When it does get talked about it's in the context of regulations but Stauns doesn't believe that governments can possibly regulate the technology's development. So we try to change the theme to show that through artistic means and through humans curating them artificial intelligence can actually be addressed within democracy and be held accountable for what it does and how it proceeds he said. AI is already populist by default in a certain sense Stauns saidthey're often trained on large amounts of data or works of art created by people and scraped from the internet. But even if it's populist it's not democratic just yet. Artificial intelligence in the form of machine learning has already absorbed so much human input that we can say that in one way everybody participates in these models through the data that they have submitted to the Internet Stauns said. But the systems as we have today are not encouraging more active participation where people actually take control of their data and images which we can in another way through this concentrated form that publicly available machine learning models offer. Stauns explained that The Synthetic Party differs from what he calls the fully virtual politicians such as SAM from New Zealand and Alisa from Russia . Those candidates which were AI-powered bots that voters could talk to Stauns said are anthropomorphising the AI in order to act as an objective candidate [so that] they become authoritarian. While we synthetics are in for a full-on democratization of a more-than-human way of life. What The Synthetic Party prioritizes according to Stauns is not so much having a central AI figurehead but examining how humans can use AI to their benefit. So far The Synthetic Party has only 11 signatures out of the 20000 that would make it eligible to run in this Novembers election. If the party were to be in the parliament Stauns said that it would be the AI powering policies and its agenda and humans acting as the interpreter of the program. Leader Lars is the figurehead of the party. Denmark is a representative democracy so would have humans on the ballot that are representing Leader Lars and who are committed to acting as a medium for the AI he said. People who are voting for The Synthetic Party will have to believe what we are selling ourselves as people who actually engage so much with artificial intelligence that we can interpret something valuable from them Stauns said. We are in conversations with people from around the world Colombia France and Moldova about creating other local versions of The Synthetic Party so that we could have some form of Synthetic International. By signing up you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Vice Media Group which may include marketing promotions advertisements and sponsored content.

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A Detailed Look Into The Making of Tron Legacy VFX (gmunk.com)

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A Foolish Consistency: Consul at Fly.io (fly.io) Fly.io runs applications by transmogrifying Docker containers into Firecracker micro-VMs running on our hardware around the world connected with WireGuard to a global Anycast network. Yours could be one of them! Check us out : from a working container your app can be running worldwide in minutes. We set the scene as usual with sandwiches. Dig if you will the picture: a global Sandwich Bracket application ascertaining once and for all the greatest sandwich on the planet . Fly.io wants our app sandwich-bracket deployed close to users around the world. Chicago users vote for Italian beefs on an instance of sandwich-bracket in Chicago; people who love bnh m are probably voting on a Sydney instance egg salad on white bread Tokyo. To run a platform that makes this kind of thing work we need a way to route incoming traffic to instances. The way we do that is with service discovery: a distributed catalog of all services running at Fly.io. The Fly.io service catalog lives in Consul . The catalog expands consciousness. The catalog is vital to space travel. The catalog occupies more of our mental energy than just about anything at Fly.io. We've sunk a huge amount of energy into keeping So Paulo Sydney Singapore and points between consistent in their view of what's running on Fly.io scaling a single global Consul cluster. What we think we've learned is that keeping So Paulo and Sydney on exactly the same page about what's running in Mumbai is a mug's game and we shouldn't be playing it. And so to begin it is my privilege to inflict Consul on you. Consul is a distributed database that attempts to be a source of truth for which services are currently running. Its one of several service coordination or service discovery databases; the other popular ones are Etcd which once powered Kubernetes and Zookeeper the original service coordinator important in the Java/Hadoop ecosystem. The challenge of these databases the reason theyre not just trivial MySQL instances is that you cant just have one of them. Once you start relying on service discovery it can't go down or your applications all break. So you end up with a cluster of databases which have to agree with each other even as services come and go. These systems all expend a lot of effort and make a lot of compromises in order to cough up consistent answers on flappy networks with fallible servers where individual components can fail. How Consul works is that you have a cluster of Consul Servers maybe 3 5 or 7 and then all the rest of your machines run a Consul Agent that talks to the Servers. The Servers execute the Raft consensus protocol maintaining a log of updates that form the basis for the database. Agents in turn inform the servers about events such as an instance of a service terminating. An Agent can talk to any Server but the Servers elect a leader and updates are routed to the leader which coordinates the Raft update to the log. With me so far? Neither am I. But the specifics dont matter much as long as you understand that every machine in our fleet runs a lightweight Consul Agent that relays events to Consul Servers which we only have a few of locked in an unending and arcane ritual of consensus-tracking producing: a map of every service running on Fly.io and exactly where its running. Plus some other stuff . Let's see it in action. A Consul service at Fly.io in the main is an exposed port on an app a user deployed here. An instance of a service is a VM exposing that port. A node is one of Fly.io's own servers. We run a couple different kinds of servers among them lightweight edges handling Internet traffic and chonky workers running customer VMs. Both run fly-proxy our Rust+Tokio+Hyper proxy server . Every app running on Fly.io gets a unique routable IPv4 address . Thats how our CDN works: we advertise these addresses the same addresses from dozens of data centers around the world with BGP4 (this is Anycast). Backbone routing takes you to the closest one. Say sandwich-bracket is currently deployed in Frankfurt and Sydney. Anycast means the votes for doner land on a Fly.io edge in Frankfurt right next to a worker running sandwich-bracket ; A bnh m vote lands on a Sydney edge and is routed to a Sydney worker. We're not deployed in Tokyo so a vote for egg salad hits a Tokyo edge and gets routed out of Japan. The problem facing fly-proxy is where do I send this egg salad vote. The garbage being unfortunately not a valid answer fly-proxy needs to know which workers your sandwich-bracket app is running on and then it needs to pick one to route to. Here's the data we're working with: Enter Consul. When you first created sandwich-bracket with our API we: The simplest way to integrate all that information and what we did until a couple months ago is: wed run consul-templaterb and ask it to track every service in Consul and sync a JSON file with the data; when the file is updated fly-proxy gets a signal and re-reads it into memory. Theoretically Consul can tell us how close each of those services are Consul puts a bunch of work into network telemetry but we do that bit ourselves and so theres another JSON file that fly-proxy watches to track network distance to every server in our fleet. Consul doesn't give us the load (in concurrent requests) on all the services. For a long time we abused Consul for this too: we tracked load in Consul KV. Never do this! Today we use a messaging system to gossip load across our fleet. Unlike Consul NATS is neither consistent nor reliable. That's what we like about it. We can get our heads around it. That's a big deal: it's easy to get billed for a lot of complexity by systems that solve problems 90% similar to yours. It seems like a win but that 10% is murder. So our service discovery will likely never involve an event-streaming platform like Kafka. Putting it all together you have a sense of how our control plane works. Say the World Sandwich Authority declares doner is no longer a sandwich and Japanese biochemists invent an even fluffier white bread. Traffic plummets in Frankfurt and skyrockets in Tokyo. We move our Frankfurt instance to Tokyo ( flyctl regions set syd nrt ). This kills the Frankfurt instance and Frankfurt's Consul Agent deregisters it. JSON files update across the fleet. The Tokyo instance comes up and gets registered; more JSON churn. We use Consul for other stuff! It looks like textbook Consul. But it's not really. Consul is designed to make it easy to manage a single engineering team's applications. We're managing deployments for thousands of teams. It's led us to a somewhat dysfunctional relationship. To start with we have a single Consul namespace and a single global Consul cluster. This seems nuts. You can federate Consul. But every Fly.io data center needs details for every app running on the planet! Federating costs us the global KV store. We can engineer around that but then we might as well not use Consul at all. Consul's API was also not designed with our needs in mind (nor should it have been). It's got a reasonable API for tracking some things but not quite the things we need. So for instance theres an HTTP endpoint we can long-poll to track the catalog of services . But: That second problem is kind of a nightmare. We have tens of thousands of distinct services. We need per-instance metadata for every instance of those services. Consul can give us that metadata in two ways: by asking it about individual services one-by-one or by asking for service catalogs from each of our servers. We can't long poll tens of thousands of endpoints. So the way we get instance metadata from Consul is to ask it about servers not services. We long-poll an API endpoint for each individual server . Theres no one endpoint that we can long-poll for all the nodes. You also cant just factor the information out into say a Consul KV tree because apps have versions and different versions of apps listen on different ports and fly-proxy needs to track them. This stuff is all solvable! But like are you going to solve it by using Consul more carefully or are you going to solve it by using Consul less? Which is how it came to be that we found ourselves driving over 10 (t-e-n) gb/sec of Consul traffic across our fleet. Meanwhile and I havent done the math but its possible that the underlying data carefully formatted and compressed might fit on a dialup modem. This it turns out was Not Entirely Our Fault. Long-suffering SRE Will Jordan his brain shattered by ten gigabits of sustained Consul traffic dove into the Consul codebase and discovered a bug : updates anywhere in Consul un-blocked every long-polling query. We had tens of thousands N^2 (dont email me!) in the number of nodes all of which return a full refresh of the data theyre tracking when they unblock. Anyways Will wrote a couple dozen lines of Go and: So consul-templaterb is easy but rough at the scale we work at. It runs Ruby code to to track updates that happen multiple times per second each time writing giant JSON blobs to disk. We felt this acutely with private DNS. Consul propagates the data that our DNS servers use (it's similar to the data that fly-proxy uses). Fly.io Postgres depends on these DNS records so it needs to work. Our DNS server was originally written in Rust and used consul-templaterb the way fly-proxy did but wrote its updates to a sqlite database. At certain times for certain workers wed experience double-digit second delays after instances came up or worse after they terminated. This is a big deal: it's a window of many seconds during which internal requests get routed to nonexistent hosts; worse the requests aren't being handled by our smart proxy but by people's random app networking code. We blamed Consul and consul-templaterb . To fix this we rewrote the DNS server (in Go) so that it tracked Consul directly using Consuls Go API rather than relying on consul-templaterb . We also had it take hints directly from our orchestration code via NATS messages for instances starting and stopping. It turns out that what we really want (if not our dream Consul API) is a local sqlite cache of all of Consuls state. That way our proxy WireGuard code DNS servers and everything else can track updates across our fleet without a lot of complicated SRE work to make sure were interfacing with Consul properly. By rewriting our DNS server we'd inadvertently built most of that. So we extracted its Consul-tracking code and gave it an identity of its own attache . attache runs on all our hosts and tracks most of Consul in sqlite. In theory infra services at Fly.io dont need to know anything about Consul anymore just the schema for that database. New architectural possibilities are becoming apparent. Take that horrible N^2 polling problem. Since we've abstracted Consul out we really don't need a better Consul API; we just need an attache API so a follower attache can sync from a leader. Then we could run a small number of leaders around the world maybe just alongside Consul Servers so that almost all our Consul read traffic would be from machines local to the Consul Servers. We'd chain lots of followers from them and possibly scale Consul indefinitely. We can get clever about things too. What we'd really be doing with leader and follower attache is replicating a sqlite database. That's already a solved problem! There's an amazing project called Litestream that hooks sqlite's WAL checkpointing process and ships WAL frames to storage services . Instead of building a new attache event streaming system we could just set up followers to use Litestream to replicate the leader database. It's just a couple commands to get an app deployed on Fly.io; no service discovery required. Try Fly for free We're probably not going to do any of that though because we're increasingly convinced that's sinking engineering work into the wrong problem. First if you haven't read the Google Research paper The Tail At Scale drop everything and remedy that. It's amazing an easy read and influential at Fly.io. Then: the problem we're solving with attache is creating a globally consistent map of all the apps running across our fleet. But that's not our real problem. Our real problem is generate fast valid responses from incoming requests. Solving the former problem is hard. It's one answer to the real problem but not necessarily the optimal one. No matter how we synchronize service catalogs we're still beclowned by the speed of light. Our routing code always races our synchronization code. Routing in Tokyo is impacted by events happening in So Paolo (sandwich: mortadella on a roll) and events in So Paolo have a 260ms head start. A different strategy for our real problem is request routing that's resilient to variability. That means a distributing enough information to make smart first decisions and smart routing to handle the stale data. We've already had to build some of that. For instance if we route a request from an edge to a worker whose instances have died fly-proxy replays it elsewhere. You can finesse this stuff. The Tail At Scale discusses hedged requests which are sometimes forwarded to multiple servers (after cleverly waiting for the 95th percentile latency); you take the first response. Google also uses tied requests which fan out to multiple servers that can each call dibs canceling the other handlers. We'd do all of this stuff if we could. Google works on harder problems than we do but they have an advantage: they own their applications. So for instance they can engineer their protocols to break large highly-variable requests into smaller units of work allowing them to interleave heavyweight tasks with latency-sensitive interactive ones to eliminate head-of-line blocking. We haven't figured out how to do that with your Django POST and GET requests. But we're working on it! A lot of our problems are also just simpler than Raft makes them out to be. We used to use Consul to synchronize load information. But that's kind of silly: Consul is slower than the feed of load events and with events sourced globally we never could have had a picture that was both fresh and accurate. What we needed were hints not databases and that's what we have now: we use NATS (which isn't necessarily even reliably delivered let alone consensus-based) to gossip load. Same goes for health checks. We already have to be resilient to stale health check information (it can and does change during request routing). Consul keeps a picture of health status and we do still use it to restart ailing instances of apps and report status to our users. But fly-proxy doesn't use it anymore and shouldn't: it does a fine job generating and gossiping health hints on its own. We can make our routing resilient to stale health and load information and push orchestration decisions closer to workers to be less reliant on distributed health events. We have a lot of flexibility with our own infrastructure. That flexibility stops at the doors of the VM running your Django app. We don't own your app; we don't really even know what it does. We're at the mercy of your socket code. So one place we're kind of stuck with Consul-style strongly consistent service maps is DNS. Normal apps simply aren't built to assume that DNS can be a moving target. If your app looks up sandwich-postgres.internal it needs to get a valid address; if it gets nothing or worse the address of a VM that terminated 750ms ago it'll probably break and break in hyper-annoying ways that we don't yet have clever ways to detect. We've spent the better part of 9 months improving the performance of our .internal DNS which is a lot for a feature that was an afterthought when I threw it together. We're in a sane place right now but we can't stay here forever. What we're going to do instead you'll see it soon on our platform is play the ultimate CS trump card and add another layer of indirection . Apps on Fly.io are getting in addition to the DNS names they have today internal Anycast: a stable address that routes over fly-proxy so we can use the same routing smarts we're using for Internet traffic for Postgres and Redis. You'll still get to be fussy about connectivity between your internal apps! Internal Anycast is optional. But it's where our heads are at with making internal connectivity resilient and efficient. We mostly like Consul and would use it again in new designs. Its easy to stand up. Its incredibly useful to deploy infrastructure configurations. For example: we write blog posts like this and people invariably comment about how cool it is that we have a WireGuard mesh network between all of our machines. But not to diminish Steves work on flywire that system falls straight out of us using Consul. Its great! But we probably wouldnt use Consul as the backing store for a global app platform again in part because a global app platform might not even want a single globally consistent backing store. Our trajectory is away from it. Copyright 2023 Fly.io

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A Formal Theory of Spaghetti Code (nickdrozd.github.io) Mar 12 2022 The Spaghetti Code Conjecture (SCC) says that Busy Beaver programs the longest-running Turing machine programs of a given length ought to be as complicated as possible. This was first proposed by Scott Aaronson : A related intuition though harder to formalize is that Busy Beavers shouldnt be cleanly factorizable into main routines and subroutines but rather that the way to maximize runtime should be via spaghetti code or a single n-state amorphous mass. I think SCC is probably false and other people think it must be true. But what precisely does it mean? What exactly is spaghetti code? As Aaronson pointed out the conjecture was only stated at the intuitive level and hasnt been formalized. Whats needed is a formal theory of spaghetti code : an effective procedure that will determine of a given Turing machine program whether (or to what extent) the program is spaghetti. Well happy day: just such a theory emerged recently from a discussion between me and Shawn Ligocki after his discovery of a new 5-state Beeping Busy Beaver champion . Given an N-state K-color TM program consider the programs control flow graph . This is a directed graph with N nodes and K arrows with nodes corresponding to program states and arrows corresponding to state transitions. We will subject the graph to a graph reduction procedure . Apply the following transformations until no more changes can be made: Steps 4 and 5 refer to inlining a node. This means deleting the node and giving its arrows to the nodes that reach it. The idea here is that we really only care about branching and non-branching sequences dont matter. For example consider the first graph below. Node C can be reached from either A or B and D can go to either E or F. These are branches. But C never goes anywhere but D and so we might as well join them into one conglomerate node: Anyway you start with the programs full control flow graph then apply those reduction steps until no more changes can be made. Call whatever is left over the kernel of the graph. How many nodes are left in the kernel compared to how many nodes were in the original graph? This I claim constitutes some kind of meaningful measure of program complexity. A larger kernel means a more complicated program and a smaller kernel means a simpler one. In particular a graph that cannot be reduced at all can be considered utter spaghetti and a graph that can be eliminated completely can be considered thoroughly well-structured. An important caveat to keep in mind is that this approach works best when states are many and colors are few . Heres a fact: every graph of just two nodes can be reduced to nothing. This is because once the reflexive arrows are cut the two nodes each have no more than on entry and exit (to the other node) and so all remaining arrows can be cut. This is true irrespective of how many arrows there were to begin with. So by the lights of this theory every 2-state gajillion-color program is simple. Obviously that is not the case and this shows a limitation to the theory. With all this in mind we can restate the Spaghetti Code Conjecture formally: the control flow graph of (sufficiently long) Busy Beaver programs ought to be at least partially irreducible. Do the facts support this claim? No they do not! The following programs are all totally reducible and therefore anti-spaghetti: Pascal Michel maintains a list of historical Busy Beaver champions . Of the 23 top-scoring 5-state halting programs just two of them (#2 and #23) are partially irreducible; of the 12 top-scoring 6-state halting programs just four are partially irreducible (#2 #10 #11 and #12). Finally Shawn Ligocki maintains a list of the 20 top-scoring 5-state quasihalting programs . Not a single one of these is even partially irreducible. Thus there is no concrete evidence at all that the Spaghetti Code Conjecture is true. All available evidence points towards the opposite conclusion which we might call the Clean Code Conjecture (CCC): that all Busy Beaver champion programs are well-structured and fully graph-reducible. (A better name maybe would be Structured Code Conjecture but then we would have a collision of initials.) You can point all this out to people and they will still insist that the SCC must be true. Why? As far as I can tell the only arguments in favor of SCC rely on dismissing all the available evidence . This is done in two ways. The first is to say that short programs just cant be all that complex and therefore short programs dont consistute real evidence . Sure the BBB(4) champion may be simple but thats just because all 4-state programs are trivially simple and the SCC only applies for sufficiently long programs. The problem with this argument is that it assumes that 4-state programs cannot be complex and this is stated as if it were some obvious logical truth. But it isnt a logical truth it amounts to an empirical claim and in fact its a false one. There are indeed complex programs of just four states whose behavior cannot be easily described. Ive previously discussed a program discovered by Boyd Johnson that enters into Lin recurrence after 158491 steps with a shocking period of 17620. This program has an irreducible 3-node kernel and is therefore spaghetti by the lights of our theory. So 4-state programs can be spaghetti and therefore the fact that the BBB(4) champion is not constitutes evidence against SCC. The second argument for dismissing the available evidence is that the means for discovering champions are biased in favor of simple programs . The best Turing machine simulator that I am aware of is the one written by Shawn and Terry Ligocki . It can analyze a running program and determine if it exhibits Collatz-like behavior ; if this behavior is detected it can be extrapolated out to extreme lengths. This is how Shawn discovered for instance the current BBB(5) champion . But if a program does not exhibit such behavior the simulator will not find it . This means that the availble evidence is overwhelmingly colored by a selection bias in favor of Collatz-like programs and especially those that are amenable to analysis . Simpler programs are more amenable to analysis than more complex ones and thus we should expect simpler programs to be easier to find. There is an observable universe of programs and it does not encompass the whole of program space. This is a disquieting state of affairs to be sure and it should be kept in mind at all times when discussing these uncomputable functions. Still though this isnt an argument in favor of the SCC; its just an argument that the available evidence isnt all that compelling and we should keep an open mind about counterexamples. Such skepticism can be applied to the Collatz conjecture . According to Wikipedia the Collatz conjecture has been verified up through about 10 20 . Well whoop-de-doo! Any number that we humans can actually reach is by definition puny ; the observable universe of numbers just doesnt reach very far. Its even been proved that a Collatz counterexample must have certain striking properties like an enormously long orbit. These proofs are in effect proofs that we will not be able to find a counterexample even if there is one. Is this skeptical attitude reasonable? Theres definitely something to be said for it although taken to the extreme it takes on an almost conspiratorial thats-what-they-want-you-to-think quality. In any case I find myself unmoved when it comes to the SCC. Mostly thoughts about programming. Maybe other stuff too.

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A Framework for Engineering Managers (github.com/jorgef) A framework for Engineering Managers Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more about the CLI . Please sign in to use Codespaces. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download Xcode and try again. Your codespace will open once ready. There was a problem preparing your codespace please try again. This framework allows software engineering managers to have meaningful conversations with their direct reports around the expectations of each position and how to plan for the next level in their career ladder. Although the framework uses roles and levels that are somewhat standard in the US tech industry every company is different. Please use the information provided as a baseline and feel free adjust it to your needs. The framework relies heavily on radar charts to visually represent the different perspectives and expectations of a given position: The framework has 4 different ladders: If you are confused about the difference between a Tech Lead and an Engineering Manager please refer to the Tech Lead vs Engineering Manager page for a detailed comparison. (click on position name for more details) The chart shown above has the following 5 axes: The influence axis can be seen as a different dimension since it is orthogonal and applies to all the other axes. Each axis has 5 different levels of performance. It is important to highlight that every level includes the previous one(s). For example someone that evangelizes technology specializes and adopts it as well. Keep reading to better understand each level. What if some of the people don't meet all the points? That is very normal people are usually stronger in some areas and weaker in others. The framework should not be used as a checklist to promote people but instead as guidance to have meaningful career conversations. What if my organization's career ladder is different? Since the framework is open source you have the opportunity to adapt it to your organization. Feel free to use the chart template to define your own levels. When is a person ready to move to the next level? Companies usually expect a person to be performing at the next level consistently for several months before formalizing a promotion. How do I collect evidence to support the discussion with my direct reports? Different teams collect evidence in different ways. A recommended approach is to use a combination of: Could the framework provide more specific examples of behavior to support each level? Specific examples of behavior require knowledge about the way that the team works the system architecture and its technology stack. It is recommended to allow each team to define their own examples. Why does the framework stop at level 7? Levels 8 and above vary drastically from company to company. Organizations of different sizes tend to assign a diverse level of scope to positions so high in their structure. Do you have any additional resources about the topic? The Manager's Path : Camille Fournier does an excellent job at describing the expectations and challenges of many engineering positions. Also she provides good advice about writing a career ladder in chapter 9. How to Be Good at Performance Appraisals : Dick Grote explains in simple terms how to define job responsibilities and how to evaluate performance (results and behaviors). A framework for Engineering Managers

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A Gentle Introduction to CRDTs (vlcn.io) On This Page Conflict Free Replicated Data types (CRDTs) can be tricky. You may spend months reading papers and implementing different algorithms before they finally click and become simple. That or they'll seem simple out of the gate and you'll be missing a bunch of nuance. What follows is an attempt at distilling all the hard understanding work into a condensed and easy to understand set of reading for a software developer without any background in CRDTs or distributed systems. Outline of what's to come: From Wikipedia: A CRDT is a data structure that is replicated across multiple computers in a network with the following features: We'll clarify and expand on this definition later. CRDTs are needed in situations where you want multiple processes to modify the same state without coordinating their writes to that state. Imagine a situation where you have a shared business document. Ideally you and others can modify your copies of that document even when internet access is down. When internet is restored you and your peer's changes can all be merged together without conflict. Even in situations where you do have excellent connectivity CRDTs are useful to present a realtime experience to users. CRDTs allow all writes to be processed locally and merged with remote nodes later rather than requiring round-trips to a server for every write. Lastly CRDTs can be merged in any order so changes don't need to go through a central server. This allows truly serverless setups where every node is a peer on equal footing able to merge state with any other peer at any time. What I'm describing here is very similar to decentralized version control (e.g. git and mercurial). In git you commit locally and eventually merge and push your changes into a remote repository. Unlike git CRDTs don't have merge conflicts. Conflict resolution is handled by the CRDT algorithm itself. Although not exactly a CRDT git will be a useful model to refer back to since it is something already familiar to most developers and incorporates similar concepts. We're not yet ready to tackle the complexities of git so let's start with understanding what a CRDT is and then looking at one of the simplest crdts. I'll skip the mathematical definition (lattice join meet etc.) for now and focus on a practical definition. A CRDT is a data type that can be: The last point is important given it allows peer to peer merging of state rather than requiring merges to go through a central server. We'll come back to this to understand why algorithms which rely on merging state in a cetnralized way can't always be applied in a peer to peer setting. Going back to git it's the same as giving every developer a copy of the repository and allowing each developer to make changes locally. At the end of the day every developer in an organization can merge changes with every other developer however they like: pair-wise round-robin or through a central repository. Once all merges are complete every developer will have the same state (assuming merge conflicts were deterministically resolved). Unlike git a CRDT wouldn't hit merge conflicts and can merge out of order changes. Let's see how this actually works and how you can implement it in the large (full blown applications) and in the small (individiual fields in a record). One of the simplest CRDTs is a set that can only grow. A set being defined as: So your normal Set type in Java/JavaScript/Python/etc. A set that only grows is a CRDT since: A slightly more useful incarnation of a grow only set is a database table where each row is keyed by a UUID (tangent: use uuidv7 for primary keys (opens in a new tab) ) and only inserts are allowed (no updates or deletes). A table structured in this way can always be written to by separate nodes and merged back together without conflict since it is a grow only set. Use the example below to add rows to different grow-only tables and then merge them together. A grow only table is intereseting but you'll eventually want to do one or more of the following: So how can we support all of this in a conflict-free way? Let's look at row modifications first. The simplest trick for merging rows is to take the last write. Two people wrote the same row? Take whomever's write is newer. This approach is pretty straightforward but aside from losing writes there are ways it can go wrong that are not always apparent. Looking into the ways it can be incorrectly implemented will help us understand why CRDTs have the properties they do and how to build a correct one. We'll take that last write wins is acceptable for the use case as a given. Now let's take some stabs at implementing a grow only table that supports last write replacements of rows. The first solution would be to timestamp rows with the current system time of the node that did the write. Remember we need nodes to be able to work without internet connectivitiy so we only have access to that node's local clock. From simplest to most complex the four common mistakes in a last write wins setup are: When a node merges with another node and they both changed the same row we'll take the row with the highest clock value. This can go wrong if we forget to update the timestamp of the row along with all the other values in that row. I.e. if we don't fully replace the losing node's row with the winning node's row. Node A: Node B: A<->B merge and say B does not update the time for it's row to match the max between A's row time and B's row time. Node B after incorrect merge: Now if Node C comes along with a modificaiton to the same row but at time 12:30 it'll overwrite the current value. This however isn't the last write since A's write was later. We now have an inconsistent state. This is a trivial bug but covering it will help to understand logical clocks. To reiterate the correct solution is to take the whole row including timestamp. This error is about not having a correct tie breaker for concurrent edits. It is possible that two processes provide the exact same time for an update. If you do not handle this case in a specific way you will end up with divergent state between processes. Maybe concurrent edits are unlikely in your case but: The two common ways of getting the tie breaker wrong when there are concurrent edits are: I.e. Forgetting (Always Rejecting) and Always Taking To solve this there are two options: Going with option (1) all nodes will choose z as the winner ( z > b > a ). Going with option (2) all nodes will choose a as the winner ( node name C > node name B > node name A ). You can test each strategy by trying out the example above - Always take is somewhat subtle. To make it fail to converge in the example: This isn't strictly related to last write wins but will come up when you want to start syncing partial updates from a source to a destination. As in sync all changes that haven't already been synced. To do this you'll need a way to figure out all changes a node has that you do not have. The simple way is to record the max timestamp from a node that you have merged with. Next time you merge you ask for all rows after that timestamp. This however can break when nodes acts as proxies for other nodes in the network. Imagine this case: If A will eventually talk to C on its own this may not be a problem. If B is going to proxy changes from C and forward them to A this will be a problem. A will not ask for the old rows B received from C since A believes it is up to date with B up to 12:00:00 . So what can we do? An incorrect solution is to clock push -- to record the timestamp for the row as being max(current_time row_time) . This makes old writes look new and starts breaking merges down the line. A correct solution is to retain two timestamps for a row: The latter timestamp can be used to track changes_since and is always set to current time whenever a row is inserted or updated on a node -- either via local update or sync. The former timestamp is used for merging. In our proxy example: You can play with the idea below. Note that each node's local time is just a simple integer counter in this case. Works just as well as (actually better than) system time for our purposes and is a gentle introduction to the next error. You can't trust system time. Even more so in a distributed setting. Multiply that distrust in a distributed setting where internet is spotty. Forget about it in any setting where you do not control the devices. System time moves with its own rules and breaks many assumptions we have about it. So how do we handle time? CRDTs do not require a notion of time -- it isn't part of the strict mathematical definiton. Mike Toomim (opens in a new tab) has a great quote about how CRDTs collapse time they remove time from the equation. Take a grow only set as an example. Time doesn't matter -- the state can always merge and merge at any point even without knowing about time. Even so time is going to be an important factor in many CRDTs since - Given we shouldn't trust system time and can't trust it where we're going (distributed possibly peer to peer and unknown connectivity) we need to free our mind from the common conception of time. What we really care about is what events could have caused what other events . If two devices never communicate then what transpired on one could not have caused events to transpire on the other (ignoring backchannels). If the devices do communicate then you have a watermark at which to divide what events could have caused (and thus happened before) what other events. Concretely if I create a new document on my device but never send it to you then clearly you can't have made edits to that document. We don't need the system clock to tell us that. We can generalize this to everything about participants and events in a network in order to get a stable logical clock that allows us to partially order all events in the system. That is probably about as clear as mud so let's build a logical clock to understand this a bit better. The simplest logical clock implementation is simply to keep an integer in your process that you increment for every event. Each event gets timestamped with this counter. Because I've had engineers worry about this in the past: a 64bit unsigned integer can be incremented 1 million times a second for 6000 centuries before overflowing. 0 (I'll wait...) To totally order events within your process order by that timestamp. To scale this up to many cores use an atomic integer that you can compare-and-swap (opens in a new tab) . But how can we keep time across many devices? And without coordinating? Or if we're perf sensitive and don't want any contention between cores via a shared atomic int? A distributed logical clock builds upon the basic logical clock. Every node keeps their own independent counter that they increment on their own. The one key change is that whenever two nodes exchange information they also exchange clock values. Each node then sets their internal clock to max(peer_clock my_clock) + 1 . This change lays the foundation for being able to determine what happened before what across many loosely connected peers in a network. This solves the issue of not having a clock in our control. We control the counter since it is internal to whatever software we're deploying. We also know the counter will never run backwards. A surprising thing we now know is that if an event we receive from a peer has a greater clock value than our clock it must have been a concurrent or later write. It could not be a write that happened before our writes. That last sentence is probably a head scratcher. Surely a lower logical time on node A could have happened after a larger logical time on node B. In terms of wall time this is true. In terms of causality it is not. A lower time event on node A could not have been caused by a higher time event on node B. For that to have happened node A's clock would have to be greater than node B's given we bump local logical clocks forward when nodes communicate. Alas clocks deserve their own separate discussion. There are limitations with the described clock and there are better logical clocks with more guarantees to consider and compare against. Suffice it to say: time when considered as what caused what is best thought of as a DAG (opens in a new tab) . We'll explore this in-depth and implement event sourced CRDTs and sequence/text CRDTs atop it. We'll also dive deeper into supporting deletes sorting counters updates of individual columns in a row and more. Eventually we'll get into the theory and abstract definition of a CRDT. If you just want CRDTs in your relational database then try vlcn and cr-sqlite (opens in a new tab) ! We're solving all of these problems and bringing a simple declarative and easy to use APIs to CRDTs ! We're even thinking about things like foreign key constraints transactions garbage collection and more!

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A Look into Medieval Homes (medievalists.net) Medievalists.net Where the Middle Ages Begin Medievalists.net One of the most common questions about daily life in the Middle Ages is what did homes look like. Medieval manuscript illuminations can reveal much about the exteriors and interiors of a peasants house. In her article The Peasant House: The Evidence of Manuscript Illuminations Sarah M. McKinnon takes a look at images created between the 11th and 16th centuries which have scenes depicting the home of a typical rural family those belonging to peasants. McKinnon was interested in what these artistic sources revealed about the living conditions of peasants what was the shape and layout of these houses what items could be found inside them and what building materials were used. McKinnon notes that there are challenges to determining if these are accurate portrayals of a typical house. After all they were created in manuscripts like Books of Hours that were owned by wealthy individuals perhaps they did not want these images to be too accurate. However McKinnon believes that the manuscript illuminators would have a good understanding of this subject matter as they were themselves not very far removed from the soil and were thus undoubtedly familiar with aspects of rural life. The earliest image that McKinnon writes does not come from a manuscript but rather the Bayeux Tapestry. In one scene which occurs just after the Norman fleet landed in England three houses can be seen in the background. While they are small and not very detailed they do offer some insights. All three of the houses have central doorways along the side which contain no windows McKinnon notes. The horizontal lines of two of the houses may be intended to suggest wood construction with timbers pegged into vertical posts at the corners. The additional vertical lines at the third house may be meant to suggest stone work. The next home depicted comes from a manuscript of The Book of Love written by Duke Rene of Anjou. This illustration was done between 1465 and 1470 and shows a sturdy well-constructed cottage. McKinnon continues: The knight enters by stepping over the wooden sill and must lower his head in order to avoid the crossbeam of the ceiling. The walls are framed with square timbers and filled with plaster in which a few slight cracks are visible. There are also windows formed by the timber frame two small and one larger. Inside a woman sits in a rectangular room in front of a fireplace built into the wall opposite the doorway. A small chimney stack is visible at the ridge of the roof which is constructed of a thick layer of thatch. Many of the houses depicted in these manuscripts have high thatched roofs that are steeply pitched. McKinnon explains that this was a common building material as it was cheap easy to install and could provide good protection from the rain. The roofs would be steep to allow any rainwater to flow easily off. Because they were so cheap a thatched roof could easily be damaged as is seen in an illustration from La Mortifident de Vaine Plaisance another work written by Rene of Anjou. It shows three women standing in front of a small cottage. McKinnon describes the house: The gable wall which is visible contains a doorway; it is half timber construction with timber posts used to frame the corners the doorway opening the crossbeam of the ceiling and the gable above. Some of the timbers used have been hewn; others probably intended as replacements for damaged posts remain in their natural state. Horizontal wooden planks are visible where the mortar infill has disappeared. Some of these medieval artists also wanted to show the interiors of these homes to do so they simply removed one of the buildings walls. This can best be seen in the February page for Trs Riches Heures du Duc de Berry which was originally made between 1412 and 1416 and is often considered a masterpiece of manuscript art. McKinnon describes what can be seen: The three occupants are warming themselves before the fireplace; smoke emerges from a small chimney. The room is dark and fitted with few windows; nevertheless the sturdy frame construction at ground level the walls and the roof trussing are visible. The hipped roof is made of thatch. Inside there are several features of domestic life; at the back of the L-shaped room is a large bed covered with blue spread; above it and also near the front of the room are pieces of clothing hanging up to dry. A white cat also warms itself at the fire. Another manuscript this one made in Flanders in the early 16th century also shows a house with a wall removed to reveal the interior. McKinnon offers this description: On the inside ceilings are low. The room is furnished with a table tablecloth and dishes and a chair. One of the windows contains a pane of leaded glass an expensive item. Outside in the foreground two peasants work zealously; one chopping the other gathering firewood. This house is solid and suggests a relatively comfortable living accommodation. Another manuscript that offers an interesting look at the interior of a peasants house is the Hours of Catherine of Cleves which was made by the year 1440 by a Dutch artist. It has over 150 images in the work two of which depict the Holy Family Mary Joseph and Jesus as a baby within their home. They would have been depicted as a humble family so it would have been appropriate that their home would emulate that of a peasant or lower-class household. In the first image we can see the parents doing work Mary is weaving while Joseph a carpenter is working on a piece of wood. Meanwhile the baby Jesus is in a walker. One can also see more weaving and carpentry tools as well as cooking pots and utensils. In the second image the family is shown sitting by a fire while a cooking pot hangs above it. McKinnon details what else can be seen: Other useful furnishings include the barrel chair a hand grill shears bellows and a storage cabinet. Again the walls are stone coated with plaster and the ceiling wooden planks supported by large beams. The single small window is framed in wood. The medieval homes depicted in these manuscript illustrations offer historians a lot of interesting evidence. They are often rectangular in design and the key feature would have been the fireplace and chimney. McKinnon also notes that most of these images also show homes that are well-constructed and have several furnishings. She adds: This observation suggests another conclusion: that a measure of material well-being and economic prosperity had been attained by at least some members of peasant society in the fifteenth century. The architecture depicted in these illuminations indicates that they had achieved a standard of living above subsistence level. The article The Peasant House: The Evidence of Manuscript Illuminations by Sarah M. McKinnon appeared in Pathways to Medieval Peasants edited by J. Ambrose Raftis which was published by the Pontifical Insitute of Mediaeval Studies in 1981. This collection of essays also features a piece on festivals that took place in an English medieval village . Top Image: Bibliothque nationale de France MS NAL 3055 fol. 178v Become a member to get ad-free access to our website and our articles. Thank you for supporting our website! Sign Up Member Login Become a Patron We've created a Patreon for Medievalists.net as we want to transition to a more community-funded model. We aim to be the leading content provider about all things medieval. Our website podcast and Youtube page offers news and resources about the Middle Ages. We hope that are our audience wants to support us so that we can further develop our podcast hire more writers build more content and remove the advertising on our platforms. This will also allow our fans to get more involved in what content we do produce. Member Login We've created a Patreon for Medievalists.net as we want to transition to a more community-funded model. We aim to be the leading content provider about all things medieval. Our website podcast and Youtube page offers news and resources about the Middle Ages. We hope that are our audience wants to support us so that we can further develop our podcast hire more writers build more content and remove the advertising on our platforms. This will also allow our fans to get more involved in what content we do produce. Member Login Medievalists.net

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A New Theory for the Assembly of Life in the Universe (quantamagazine.org) May 4 2023 Assembly theory explains why given seemingly infinite combinatorial possibilities we only observe a certain subset of objects in our universe. Samuel Velasco/ Quanta Magazine Contributing Writer May 4 2023 Life on other worlds if it exists might be so alien as to be unrecognizable. Theres no guarantee that alien biology would use the same chemistries as on Earth with familiar building blocks such as DNA and proteins. Scientists might even spot the signatures of such life forms without knowing theyre the work of biology. This problem is far from hypothetical. In April the European Space Agencys Juice spacecraft blasted off from French Guiana on a course to Jupiter and its moons. One of those moons Europa has a deep briny ocean beneath its frozen crust and is among the most promising places in the solar system to look for alien life. Next year NASAs Europa Clipper spacecraft will launch also aiming for Europa. Both spacecraft have onboard instruments that will look for the fingerprints of complex organic molecules a possible hint of life beneath the ice. And in 2027 NASA plans to launch a dronelike helicopter called Dragonfly to buzz over the surface of Saturns moon Titan a hazy carbon-rich world with liquid hydrocarbon lakes that might be just right for hosting life but not as we know it. These and other missions on the horizon will face the same obstacle that has plagued scientists since they first attempted to search for signs of Martian biology with the Viking landers in the 1970s: There is no definitive signature of life. That might be about to change. In 2021 a team led by Lee Cronin of the University of Glasgow in Scotland and Sara Walker of Arizona State University proposed a very general way to identify molecules made by living systems even those using unfamiliar chemistries. Their method they said simply assumes that alien life forms will produce molecules with a chemical complexity similar to that of life on Earth. Called assembly theory the idea underpinning the pairs strategy has even grander aims. As laid out in a recent series of publications it attempts to explain why apparently unlikely things such as you and me even exist at all. And it seeks that explanation not in the usual manner of physics in timeless physical laws but in a process that imbues objects with histories and memories of what came before them. It even seeks to answer a question that has perplexed scientists and philosophers for millennia: What is life anyway? Not surprisingly such an ambitious project has aroused skepticism. Its proponents have not yet made clear how it might be tested in the lab. And some scientists wonder whether assembly theory can even deliver on its more modest promises to distinguish life from nonlife and to think about complexity in a new way. Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Assembly theory evolved in part to capture Lee Cronins suspicion that complex molecules cant just emerge into existence because the combinatorial space is too vast. Courtesy of Lee Cronin But others feel that these are still early days for assembly theory and theres a real chance that it might bring a fresh perspective to the question of how complexity arises and evolves. Its fun to engage with said the evolutionary theorist David Krakauer president of the Santa Fe Institute. Assembly theory he said offers a way to discover the contingent histories of objects an issue ignored by most theories of complexity which tend to focus on the way things are but not how they got to be that way. Paul Davies a physicist at Arizona State agrees calling it a novel idea with the potential to transform the way we think about complexity. Assembly theory started when Cronin asked why given the astronomical number of ways to combine different atoms nature makes some molecules and not others. Its one thing to say that an object is possible according to the laws of physics; its another to say theres an actual pathway for making it from its component parts. Assembly theory was developed to capture my intuition that complex molecules cant just emerge into existence because the combinatorial space is too vast Cronin said. Walker meanwhile had been wrestling with the question of lifes origin an issue closely related to making complex molecules because those in living organisms are far too complex to have been assembled by chance. Something Walker mused must have guided that process even before Darwinian selection took over. Cronin and Walker joined forces after attending a NASA astrobiology workshop in 2012. Sara and I were discussing information theory and life and minimal routes to build self-replicating machines Cronin recalled. And it became very clear to me that we were both converging on the fact that there was a missing driving force before biology. Now the pair says assembly theory provides a consistent and mathematically precise account of the apparent historical contingency of how things get made why for example you cant develop rockets until you first have multicellular life then humans and then civilization and science. There is a particular order in which objects can appear. We live in a recursively structured universe Walker said. Most structure has to be built on memory of the past. The information is built up over time. That might seem intuitively obvious but some questions about the order of things are harder to answer. Did dinosaurs have to precede birds? Did Mozart have to precede John Coltrane? Can we say which molecules necessarily preceded DNA and proteins? Assembly theory makes the seemingly uncontroversial assumption that complex objects arise from combining many simpler objects. The theory says its possible to objectively measure an objects complexity by considering how it got made. Thats done by calculating the minimum number of steps needed to make the object from its ingredients which is quantified as the assembly index (AI). In addition for a complex object to be scientifically interesting there has to be a lot of it. Very complex things can arise from random assembly processes for example you can make proteinlike molecules by linking any old amino acids into chains. In general though these random molecules wont do anything of interest such as behaving like an enzyme. And the chances of getting two identical molecules in this way are vanishingly small. Functional enzymes however are made reliably again and again in biology because they are assembled not at random but from genetic instructions that are inherited across generations. So while finding a single highly complex molecule doesnt tell you anything about how it was made finding many identical complex molecules is improbable unless some orchestrated process perhaps life is at work. Cronin and Walker figured that if a molecule is abundant enough to be detectable at all its assembly index can indicate whether it was produced by an organized lifelike process. The appeal of this approach is that it doesnt assume anything about the detailed chemistry of the molecule itself or that of the lifelike entity that made it. Its chemically agnostic. And that makes it particularly valuable when were searching for life forms that might not conform to terrestrial biochemistry said Jonathan Lunine a planetary scientist at Cornell University and the principal investigator of a proposed mission to look for life on Saturns icy moon Enceladus. At least one relatively agnostic technique needs to be on board life-detection missions Lunine said. And he added its possible to make the measurements demanded by assembly theory with techniques already used to study the chemistry on planetary surfaces. Implementing measurements that allow the use of assembly theory in interpreting data is eminently doable he said. Whats needed is a quick and easy experimental method for determining the AIs of particular molecules. Using a database of chemical structures Cronin Walker and their colleagues devised a way to calculate the minimum number of steps needed to make different molecular structures. Their results showed that for relatively small molecules the assembly index is roughly proportional to molecular weight. But for larger molecules (anything bigger than small peptides say) this relationship breaks down. In those cases the researchers found they could estimate AI using mass spectrometry a technique already used by NASAs Curiosity rover to identify chemical compounds on the surface of Mars and by NASAs Cassini spacecraft to study molecules erupting from Enceladus. Mass spectrometry typically breaks large molecules into fragments. Cronin Walker and colleagues found that during this process large molecules with high AIs fracture into more complex mixtures of fragments than those with low AIs (such as simple repetitive polymers). In this way the researchers could reliably determine an AI based on the complexity of the molecules mass spectrum. When the researchers then tested the technique they found that complex mixtures of molecules made by living systems a culture of E. coli bacteria natural products like taxol (a metabolite of the Pacific yew tree with anti-cancer properties) beer and yeast cells typically had significantly higher average AIs than minerals or simple organics. The analysis is susceptible to false negatives some products of living systems such as Ardbeg single malt scotch have AIs suggesting a nonliving origin. But perhaps more importantly the experiment produced no false positives: Abiotic systems cant muster sufficiently high AIs to mimic biology. So the researchers concluded that if a sample with a high molecular AI is measured on another world it is likely to have been made by an entity we could call living. Mass spectrometry would only work in astrobiological searches that have access to physical samples that is lander missions or some orbiters like Europa Clipper that can pick up and analyze molecules ejected from a worlds surface. But Cronin and colleagues have now shown that they can measure molecular AIs using two other techniques that offer consistent results. One of them infrared spectroscopy could be used by instruments such as those on the James Webb Space Telescope that remotely survey the chemical composition of faraway worlds. Thats not to say that these molecular detection methods offer a clean measuring stick that ranges from rock to reptile. Hector Zenil a computer scientist and biotechnologist at the University of Cambridge pointed out that the substance with the single highest AI of all the samples the Glasgow group tested a substance that by this measure might be considered the most biological was not a bacterium. It was beer. Assembly theory predicts that objects like us cant arise in isolation that some complex objects can only occur in conjunction with others. This makes intuitive sense; the universe could never produce just a single human. To make any humans at all it had to make a whole bunch of us. In accounting for specific actual entities like humans in general (and you and me in particular) traditional physics is only of so much use. It provides the laws of nature and assumes that specific outcomes are the result of specific initial conditions. In this view we must have been somehow encoded in the first moments of the universe. But it surely requires extremely fine-tuned initial conditions to make Homo sapiens (let alone you) inevitable. Assembly theory its advocates say escapes from that kind of overdetermined picture. Here the initial conditions dont matter much. Rather the information needed to make specific objects like us wasnt there at the outset but accumulates in the unfolding process of cosmic evolution it frees us from having to place all that responsibility on an impossibly fine-tuned Big Bang. The information is in the path Walker said not the initial conditions. Cronin and Walker arent the only scientists attempting to explain how the keys to observed reality might not lie in universal laws but in the ways that some objects are assembled or transformed into others. The theoretical physicist Chiara Marletto of the University of Oxford is developing a similar idea with the physicist David Deutsch. Their approach which they call constructor theory and which Marletto considers close in spirit to assembly theory considers which types of transformations are and are not possible. Constructor theory talks about the universe of tasks able to make certain transformations Cronin said. It can be thought of as bounding what can happen within the laws of physics. Assembly theory he says adds time and history into that equation. To explain why some objects get made but others dont assembly theory identifies a nested hierarchy of four distinct universes. In the Assembly Universe all permutations of the basic building blocks are allowed. In the Assembly Possible the laws of physics constrain these combinations so only some objects are feasible. The Assembly Contingent then prunes the vast array of physically allowed objects by picking out those that can actually be assembled along possible paths. The fourth universe is the Assembly Observed which includes just those assembly processes that have generated the specific objects we actually see. Assembly theory explores the structure of all these universes using ideas taken from the mathematical study of graphs or networks of interlinked nodes. It is an objects-first theory Walker said where the things [in the theory] are the objects that are actually made not their components. To understand how assembly processes operate within these notional universes consider the problem of Darwinian evolution. Conventionally evolution is something that just happened once replicating molecules arose by chance a view that risks being a tautology because it seems to say that evolution started once evolvable molecules existed. Instead advocates of both assembly and constructor theory are seeking a quantitative understanding of evolution rooted in physics Marletto said. According to assembly theory before Darwinian evolution can proceed something has to select for multiple copies of high-AI objects from the Assembly Possible. Chemistry alone Cronin said might be capable of that by narrowing down relatively complex molecules to a small subset. Ordinary chemical reactions already select certain products out of all the possible permutations because they have faster reaction rates. The specific conditions in the prebiotic environment such as temperature or catalytic mineral surfaces could thus have begun winnowing the pool of lifes molecular precursors from among those in the Assembly Possible. According to assembly theory these prebiotic preferences will be remembered in todays biological molecules: They encode their own history. Once Darwinian selection took over it favored those objects that were better able to replicate themselves. In the process this encoding of history became stronger still. Thats precisely why scientists can use the molecular structures of proteins and DNA to make deductions about the evolutionary relationships of organisms. Thus assembly theory provides a framework to unify descriptions of selection across physics and biology Cronin Walker and colleagues wrote . The more assembled an object is the more selection is required for it to come into existence. Were trying to make a theory that explains how life arises from chemistry Cronin said and doing it in a rigorous empirically verifiable way. Krakauer feels that both assembly theory and constructor theory offer stimulating new ways to think about how complex objects come into being. These theories are more like telescopes than chemistry labs he said. They allow us to see things not make things. That is not at all a bad thing and could be very powerful. But he cautions that like all of science the proof will be in the pudding. Zenil meanwhile believes that given an already considerable roster of complexity metrics such as Kolmogorov complexity assembly theory is merely reinventing the wheel . Marletto disagrees. There are several measures of complexity around each capturing a different notion of complexity she said. But most of those measures she said are not related to real-world processes. For example Kolmogorov complexity assumes a kind of device that can put together anything the laws of physics permit. Its a measure appropriate to the Assembly Possible Marletto said but not necessarily to the Assembly Observed. In contrast assembly theory is a promising approach because it focuses on operationally defined physical properties she said rather than abstract notions of complexity. Whats missing from such previous complexity measures Cronin said is any sense of the history of the complex object the measures dont distinguish between an enzyme and a random polypeptide. Cronin and Walker hope that assembly theory will ultimately address very broad questions in physics such as the nature of time and the origin of the second law of thermodynamics. But those goals are still distant. The assembly-theory program is still in its infancy Marletto said. She hopes to see the theory put through its paces in the laboratory. But it might happen out in the wild too in the hunt for lifelike processes happening on alien worlds. Contributing Writer May 4 2023 Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Get highlights of the most important news delivered to your email inbox Quanta Magazine moderates comments tofacilitate an informed substantive civil conversation. Abusive profane self-promotional misleading incoherent or off-topic comments will be rejected. Moderators are staffed during regular business hours (New York time) and can only accept comments written in English.

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A Portrait of Leonard Cohen as a Young Artist (thenation.com) Leonard Cohen. 1967. (Photo by Jack Robinson / Getty Images) One legend about Leonard Cohen goes like this: Its the early 1970s and the Canadian musician and poet is performing in Jerusalem. As was his custom at the time he and his band are on a tremendous amount of mescaline. He feels self-conscious and fears the music isnt reaching its full potential. Standing before the microphone he confesses his doubts to the audience and offers a refund. You know some nights one is raised off the ground he says and some nights you just cant get off the ground. He takes a break backstage where he is struck by a sudden impulse: He needs a shave. Standing before the mirror he takes a razor to his face and begins the process with irrepressible joy then performs the rest of the set rejuvenated and with a slight razor burn. (This scene was caught on tape by Tony Palmer for his 1974 documentary Bird on a Wire .) BOOKS IN REVIEW A Ballet of Lepers: A Novel and Stories By Leonard Cohen Buy this book A similar revelation occurs in The Shaving Ritual a story included in A Ballet of Lepers a new collection of Cohens previously unreleased fiction written between 1956 and 1961. A cluster of stories The Shaving Ritual among them are devoted to chronicling an American couple called the Eumersrhymes with tumor Cohen reminds us more than oncewhose mercurial relationship is a screen for Cohen to project images of the misery and banality inherent to marriage. In these early stories his aspiration toward universal relatability and common experience seems almost lifted from a sitcom. (This is T.S. Elliot writing a script for All in the Family an interviewer once said of his poems. Well I like All in the Family Cohen responded.) In The Shaving Ritual Mrs. Eumer suspects that her husband has developed an attraction to her body hair and so she begins shaving often and conspicuously eventually demanding that he do the same. What begins as a torturous dynamic eventually turns ecstatic as they stand in the shower laughing and making love nicking each other with razors. Soon their love is reborn. This is a common trajectory in these early Cohen stories in which he blends romance and violence resentment and devotion attraction and humiliation. As a writer his fixation remained on loves double edge the way intimacy might curdle into despair. Reading these stories now its easy to take note of Cohens familiar themes how they developed and dominated his work in music poetry and prose for years to come. In 1967 11 years after writing the earliest piece in this collection he would issue his debut album Songs of Leonard Cohen at the age of 33. Despite the focus he placed on his poetry and fiction during the preceding decades that record introduced the Cohen who now exists in the greater cultural consciousness: the deep patient voice reciting psalm-like observations about love and loss. The role of a songwriter suited himas he learned almost immediately upon moving to New York in the 1960s where Judy Collins quickly turned his Suzanne into a folk standard. But it took him a while to get there. Like a lot of formative works from major artists finding their muse this collection is most compelling for its biographical insights. There are brief moments when you can hear Cohens voice lift from the page where you sense a personal breakthrough he couldnt yet identify. The pieces in A Ballet of Lepers which include the brief titular novella along with 15 short stories and a stage playcame during a transitional period in his career. His earliest work was more sedate often concerning Judaism and romantic love while his later work carried a significantly darker tone more experimental sometimes verging on antagonistic. By the time he shifted his attention to songwriting Cohen had amassed a small but diverse body of work that had attracted positive attentionthe poet Irving Layton was an early supporter and mentorand warranted criticism. As Dagmar de Venster wrote in a 1972 essay Do you have an orifice and a pair of breasts? These are the essential if not sole requirements for a female character in a Leonard Cohen novel. Eventually Cohen found a more nuanced voice as a musician than he ever did as an author. In his songs he was a strict formalist: Even when incorporating epic lengths or abstract narratives he abided by meter and rhyme concision and specificity simple melodies and sparse atmospheres. Within these boundaries he developed a sense of wisdoma way of framing our most complicated questions to remind us of their timelessness and beauty. In his prose however Cohen would flail wander and work against his strengths. These are tendencies endemic to young artists searching for ways to transcend and the bleak desperate stories here provide a crucial glimpse into the journey he would spend the rest of his life pursuing. Current Issue View our current issue T he novella that opens the collection is the main attractionstark in its imagery but interspersed with self-conscious nods to the reader. It introduces a mid-30s bookkeeper his grandfather and his love interest a half-formed character named Marilyn who has a tendency of drifting into grand poetic monologues while having sex. (For a story by Leonard Cohen this is kind of like Ina Garten inventing a fictional character who expresses herself most eloquently when reciting delicious recipes.) In an early sex scene Marilyn imagines a passerby witnessing the act from the street: That person would become immediately aroused wouldnt he the way we become aroused when we read a provoking sexual description in a novel. And indeed narrated in first person A Ballet of Lepers often reads like an attempt by Cohen to address as directly as possible his intentions as a writer through characters who even at their most elaborate are vessels for his pet subjects. It is occasionally funny and often self-aware almost painfully so but the novella lacks the subtlety that would soon become second nature. Painting a picture of modern lifes brutality and depravity Cohen shows us an old man assaulting a police officer and throwing feces at a landlady multiple women being beaten and humiliated a man who is accosted while masturbating in a bathroom stall. The quiet moments are what makes it stick. While the plot points can verge on the cartoonish Cohen has a knack for keen observation and surprising renderings of human naturequiet shifts that he can describe like weather patterns. In the scene with the old man and the police officer Cohens narrator notices as the crowds sympathies shift between the two depending on who appears more vulnerable and more righteous. In another story in the collection about a young brother and sister struggling to comprehend the sudden death of their father Cohen is able to express the compassion they feel how children metabolize these unwieldy emotions before developing the vocabulary to express them. This story titled Ceremonies is among the most successful largely because of its simplicity. There is something songlike about the prose and an honesty in its questions about kindness and empathy. In addressing the irony of the funeral occurring on the same day as his sisters birthday Cohens narrator confesses as he attempts to write a birthday card I looked in the large dictionary for another word for happy but I couldnt find anything you could say on the day of a funeral. Such failures of communication return in nearly every story an obsession that might have mirrored Cohens own struggle to find his voice. In A Ballet of Lepers he gives us access to his narrators warring impulsesto say the right thing to his partner but also to affirm to himself that he is often feeling exactly the opposite. When the plot becomes cruel or maudlin Cohen lets the narrator plead with us not to judge him too harshly: a motif that can feel like a nervous tic from a writer whose internal world would soon become so vivid and real. It does not seem a coincidence that many of the best pieces here contain narrative threads from Cohens own life: his close relationship with his mother the early death of his father the scenery and characters of downtown Montreal his artistic aspirations leveled against an unsympathetic universe. (An afterword notes that according to letters in Cohens archives he had repeatedly submitted these pieces for publication at the time only to be met with constant rejection.) Neither as nightmarishly inspired as 1966s Beautiful Losers nor as quotable and profound as 1984s Book of Mercy the pieces in A Ballet of Lepers feel united by their imperfection: minor works from a major artist. At the same time part of the joy of Cohens art is hearing him navigate these uphill battles. Many have spoken about his enduring love for cheap Casio keyboards and his seeming disinterest in surrounding his heavenly words with music that carried the same grandeur. He was after all a songwriter who would write classics like Dance Me to the End of Love and Tower of Song and then place them on a tracklist alongside something called Jazz Police. If I knew where the good songs came from I would go there more often he once said of his creative process. There was a feeling with Cohen that the steady work of aspiration was the pointthat there always needed to be a grounding element something to build from on our way to triumph. In Polly another of the stronger stories here a schoolboy is transfixed by the sound of his classmate practicing her recorder. Yet in order to hear her play she assigns him a series of demeaning tasksa process that eventually inevitably turns sexual when he invites another female classmate to endure them together. Soon the musician catches on and becomes jealous aware of her role in the dynamic. Its got everything important to Cohen: a messy love triangle the redemptive power of music the mysterious allure of young attraction the mutual humiliation of confessing to those feelings we cant quite bring ourselves to articulate. And if Cohen doesnt lift you off the ground in this telling then it remains a gift as always to be in his presence as he strives. By Leonard Cohen Buy this book A similar revelation occurs in The Shaving Ritual a story included in A Ballet of Lepers a new collection of Cohens previously unreleased fiction written between 1956 and 1961. A cluster of stories The Shaving Ritual among them are devoted to chronicling an American couple called the Eumersrhymes with tumor Cohen reminds us more than oncewhose mercurial relationship is a screen for Cohen to project images of the misery and banality inherent to marriage. In these early stories his aspiration toward universal relatability and common experience seems almost lifted from a sitcom. (This is T.S. Elliot writing a script for All in the Family an interviewer once said of his poems. Well I like All in the Family Cohen responded.) In The Shaving Ritual Mrs. Eumer suspects that her husband has developed an attraction to her body hair and so she begins shaving often and conspicuously eventually demanding that he do the same. What begins as a torturous dynamic eventually turns ecstatic as they stand in the shower laughing and making love nicking each other with razors. Soon their love is reborn. This is a common trajectory in these early Cohen stories in which he blends romance and violence resentment and devotion attraction and humiliation. As a writer his fixation remained on loves double edge the way intimacy might curdle into despair. Reading these stories now its easy to take note of Cohens familiar themes how they developed and dominated his work in music poetry and prose for years to come. In 1967 11 years after writing the earliest piece in this collection he would issue his debut album Songs of Leonard Cohen at the age of 33. Despite the focus he placed on his poetry and fiction during the preceding decades that record introduced the Cohen who now exists in the greater cultural consciousness: the deep patient voice reciting psalm-like observations about love and loss. The role of a songwriter suited himas he learned almost immediately upon moving to New York in the 1960s where Judy Collins quickly turned his Suzanne into a folk standard. But it took him a while to get there. Like a lot of formative works from major artists finding their muse this collection is most compelling for its biographical insights. There are brief moments when you can hear Cohens voice lift from the page where you sense a personal breakthrough he couldnt yet identify. The pieces in A Ballet of Lepers which include the brief titular novella along with 15 short stories and a stage playcame during a transitional period in his career. His earliest work was more sedate often concerning Judaism and romantic love while his later work carried a significantly darker tone more experimental sometimes verging on antagonistic. By the time he shifted his attention to songwriting Cohen had amassed a small but diverse body of work that had attracted positive attentionthe poet Irving Layton was an early supporter and mentorand warranted criticism. As Dagmar de Venster wrote in a 1972 essay Do you have an orifice and a pair of breasts? These are the essential if not sole requirements for a female character in a Leonard Cohen novel. Eventually Cohen found a more nuanced voice as a musician than he ever did as an author. In his songs he was a strict formalist: Even when incorporating epic lengths or abstract narratives he abided by meter and rhyme concision and specificity simple melodies and sparse atmospheres. Within these boundaries he developed a sense of wisdoma way of framing our most complicated questions to remind us of their timelessness and beauty. In his prose however Cohen would flail wander and work against his strengths. These are tendencies endemic to young artists searching for ways to transcend and the bleak desperate stories here provide a crucial glimpse into the journey he would spend the rest of his life pursuing. Current Issue View our current issue T he novella that opens the collection is the main attractionstark in its imagery but interspersed with self-conscious nods to the reader. It introduces a mid-30s bookkeeper his grandfather and his love interest a half-formed character named Marilyn who has a tendency of drifting into grand poetic monologues while having sex. (For a story by Leonard Cohen this is kind of like Ina Garten inventing a fictional character who expresses herself most eloquently when reciting delicious recipes.) In an early sex scene Marilyn imagines a passerby witnessing the act from the street: That person would become immediately aroused wouldnt he the way we become aroused when we read a provoking sexual description in a novel. And indeed narrated in first person A Ballet of Lepers often reads like an attempt by Cohen to address as directly as possible his intentions as a writer through characters who even at their most elaborate are vessels for his pet subjects. It is occasionally funny and often self-aware almost painfully so but the novella lacks the subtlety that would soon become second nature. Painting a picture of modern lifes brutality and depravity Cohen shows us an old man assaulting a police officer and throwing feces at a landlady multiple women being beaten and humiliated a man who is accosted while masturbating in a bathroom stall. The quiet moments are what makes it stick. While the plot points can verge on the cartoonish Cohen has a knack for keen observation and surprising renderings of human naturequiet shifts that he can describe like weather patterns. In the scene with the old man and the police officer Cohens narrator notices as the crowds sympathies shift between the two depending on who appears more vulnerable and more righteous. In another story in the collection about a young brother and sister struggling to comprehend the sudden death of their father Cohen is able to express the compassion they feel how children metabolize these unwieldy emotions before developing the vocabulary to express them. This story titled Ceremonies is among the most successful largely because of its simplicity. There is something songlike about the prose and an honesty in its questions about kindness and empathy. In addressing the irony of the funeral occurring on the same day as his sisters birthday Cohens narrator confesses as he attempts to write a birthday card I looked in the large dictionary for another word for happy but I couldnt find anything you could say on the day of a funeral. Such failures of communication return in nearly every story an obsession that might have mirrored Cohens own struggle to find his voice. In A Ballet of Lepers he gives us access to his narrators warring impulsesto say the right thing to his partner but also to affirm to himself that he is often feeling exactly the opposite. When the plot becomes cruel or maudlin Cohen lets the narrator plead with us not to judge him too harshly: a motif that can feel like a nervous tic from a writer whose internal world would soon become so vivid and real. It does not seem a coincidence that many of the best pieces here contain narrative threads from Cohens own life: his close relationship with his mother the early death of his father the scenery and characters of downtown Montreal his artistic aspirations leveled against an unsympathetic universe. (An afterword notes that according to letters in Cohens archives he had repeatedly submitted these pieces for publication at the time only to be met with constant rejection.) Neither as nightmarishly inspired as 1966s Beautiful Losers nor as quotable and profound as 1984s Book of Mercy the pieces in A Ballet of Lepers feel united by their imperfection: minor works from a major artist. At the same time part of the joy of Cohens art is hearing him navigate these uphill battles. Many have spoken about his enduring love for cheap Casio keyboards and his seeming disinterest in surrounding his heavenly words with music that carried the same grandeur. He was after all a songwriter who would write classics like Dance Me to the End of Love and Tower of Song and then place them on a tracklist alongside something called Jazz Police. If I knew where the good songs came from I would go there more often he once said of his creative process. There was a feeling with Cohen that the steady work of aspiration was the pointthat there always needed to be a grounding element something to build from on our way to triumph. In Polly another of the stronger stories here a schoolboy is transfixed by the sound of his classmate practicing her recorder. Yet in order to hear her play she assigns him a series of demeaning tasksa process that eventually inevitably turns sexual when he invites another female classmate to endure them together. Soon the musician catches on and becomes jealous aware of her role in the dynamic. Its got everything important to Cohen: a messy love triangle the redemptive power of music the mysterious allure of young attraction the mutual humiliation of confessing to those feelings we cant quite bring ourselves to articulate. And if Cohen doesnt lift you off the ground in this telling then it remains a gift as always to be in his presence as he strives. In The Shaving Ritual Mrs. Eumer suspects that her husband has developed an attraction to her body hair and so she begins shaving often and conspicuously eventually demanding that he do the same. What begins as a torturous dynamic eventually turns ecstatic as they stand in the shower laughing and making love nicking each other with razors. Soon their love is reborn. This is a common trajectory in these early Cohen stories in which he blends romance and violence resentment and devotion attraction and humiliation. As a writer his fixation remained on loves double edge the way intimacy might curdle into despair. Reading these stories now its easy to take note of Cohens familiar themes how they developed and dominated his work in music poetry and prose for years to come. In 1967 11 years after writing the earliest piece in this collection he would issue his debut album Songs of Leonard Cohen at the age of 33. Despite the focus he placed on his poetry and fiction during the preceding decades that record introduced the Cohen who now exists in the greater cultural consciousness: the deep patient voice reciting psalm-like observations about love and loss. The role of a songwriter suited himas he learned almost immediately upon moving to New York in the 1960s where Judy Collins quickly turned his Suzanne into a folk standard. But it took him a while to get there. Like a lot of formative works from major artists finding their muse this collection is most compelling for its biographical insights. There are brief moments when you can hear Cohens voice lift from the page where you sense a personal breakthrough he couldnt yet identify. The pieces in A Ballet of Lepers which include the brief titular novella along with 15 short stories and a stage playcame during a transitional period in his career. His earliest work was more sedate often concerning Judaism and romantic love while his later work carried a significantly darker tone more experimental sometimes verging on antagonistic. By the time he shifted his attention to songwriting Cohen had amassed a small but diverse body of work that had attracted positive attentionthe poet Irving Layton was an early supporter and mentorand warranted criticism. As Dagmar de Venster wrote in a 1972 essay Do you have an orifice and a pair of breasts? These are the essential if not sole requirements for a female character in a Leonard Cohen novel. Eventually Cohen found a more nuanced voice as a musician than he ever did as an author. In his songs he was a strict formalist: Even when incorporating epic lengths or abstract narratives he abided by meter and rhyme concision and specificity simple melodies and sparse atmospheres. Within these boundaries he developed a sense of wisdoma way of framing our most complicated questions to remind us of their timelessness and beauty. In his prose however Cohen would flail wander and work against his strengths. These are tendencies endemic to young artists searching for ways to transcend and the bleak desperate stories here provide a crucial glimpse into the journey he would spend the rest of his life pursuing. Current Issue View our current issue T he novella that opens the collection is the main attractionstark in its imagery but interspersed with self-conscious nods to the reader. It introduces a mid-30s bookkeeper his grandfather and his love interest a half-formed character named Marilyn who has a tendency of drifting into grand poetic monologues while having sex. (For a story by Leonard Cohen this is kind of like Ina Garten inventing a fictional character who expresses herself most eloquently when reciting delicious recipes.) In an early sex scene Marilyn imagines a passerby witnessing the act from the street: That person would become immediately aroused wouldnt he the way we become aroused when we read a provoking sexual description in a novel. And indeed narrated in first person A Ballet of Lepers often reads like an attempt by Cohen to address as directly as possible his intentions as a writer through characters who even at their most elaborate are vessels for his pet subjects. It is occasionally funny and often self-aware almost painfully so but the novella lacks the subtlety that would soon become second nature. Painting a picture of modern lifes brutality and depravity Cohen shows us an old man assaulting a police officer and throwing feces at a landlady multiple women being beaten and humiliated a man who is accosted while masturbating in a bathroom stall. The quiet moments are what makes it stick. While the plot points can verge on the cartoonish Cohen has a knack for keen observation and surprising renderings of human naturequiet shifts that he can describe like weather patterns. In the scene with the old man and the police officer Cohens narrator notices as the crowds sympathies shift between the two depending on who appears more vulnerable and more righteous. In another story in the collection about a young brother and sister struggling to comprehend the sudden death of their father Cohen is able to express the compassion they feel how children metabolize these unwieldy emotions before developing the vocabulary to express them. This story titled Ceremonies is among the most successful largely because of its simplicity. There is something songlike about the prose and an honesty in its questions about kindness and empathy. In addressing the irony of the funeral occurring on the same day as his sisters birthday Cohens narrator confesses as he attempts to write a birthday card I looked in the large dictionary for another word for happy but I couldnt find anything you could say on the day of a funeral. Such failures of communication return in nearly every story an obsession that might have mirrored Cohens own struggle to find his voice. In A Ballet of Lepers he gives us access to his narrators warring impulsesto say the right thing to his partner but also to affirm to himself that he is often feeling exactly the opposite. When the plot becomes cruel or maudlin Cohen lets the narrator plead with us not to judge him too harshly: a motif that can feel like a nervous tic from a writer whose internal world would soon become so vivid and real. It does not seem a coincidence that many of the best pieces here contain narrative threads from Cohens own life: his close relationship with his mother the early death of his father the scenery and characters of downtown Montreal his artistic aspirations leveled against an unsympathetic universe. (An afterword notes that according to letters in Cohens archives he had repeatedly submitted these pieces for publication at the time only to be met with constant rejection.) Neither as nightmarishly inspired as 1966s Beautiful Losers nor as quotable and profound as 1984s Book of Mercy the pieces in A Ballet of Lepers feel united by their imperfection: minor works from a major artist. At the same time part of the joy of Cohens art is hearing him navigate these uphill battles. Many have spoken about his enduring love for cheap Casio keyboards and his seeming disinterest in surrounding his heavenly words with music that carried the same grandeur. He was after all a songwriter who would write classics like Dance Me to the End of Love and Tower of Song and then place them on a tracklist alongside something called Jazz Police. If I knew where the good songs came from I would go there more often he once said of his creative process. There was a feeling with Cohen that the steady work of aspiration was the pointthat there always needed to be a grounding element something to build from on our way to triumph. In Polly another of the stronger stories here a schoolboy is transfixed by the sound of his classmate practicing her recorder. Yet in order to hear her play she assigns him a series of demeaning tasksa process that eventually inevitably turns sexual when he invites another female classmate to endure them together. Soon the musician catches on and becomes jealous aware of her role in the dynamic. Its got everything important to Cohen: a messy love triangle the redemptive power of music the mysterious allure of young attraction the mutual humiliation of confessing to those feelings we cant quite bring ourselves to articulate. And if Cohen doesnt lift you off the ground in this telling then it remains a gift as always to be in his presence as he strives. Reading these stories now its easy to take note of Cohens familiar themes how they developed and dominated his work in music poetry and prose for years to come. In 1967 11 years after writing the earliest piece in this collection he would issue his debut album Songs of Leonard Cohen at the age of 33. Despite the focus he placed on his poetry and fiction during the preceding decades that record introduced the Cohen who now exists in the greater cultural consciousness: the deep patient voice reciting psalm-like observations about love and loss. The role of a songwriter suited himas he learned almost immediately upon moving to New York in the 1960s where Judy Collins quickly turned his Suzanne into a folk standard. But it took him a while to get there. Like a lot of formative works from major artists finding their muse this collection is most compelling for its biographical insights. There are brief moments when you can hear Cohens voice lift from the page where you sense a personal breakthrough he couldnt yet identify. The pieces in A Ballet of Lepers which include the brief titular novella along with 15 short stories and a stage playcame during a transitional period in his career. His earliest work was more sedate often concerning Judaism and romantic love while his later work carried a significantly darker tone more experimental sometimes verging on antagonistic. By the time he shifted his attention to songwriting Cohen had amassed a small but diverse body of work that had attracted positive attentionthe poet Irving Layton was an early supporter and mentorand warranted criticism. As Dagmar de Venster wrote in a 1972 essay Do you have an orifice and a pair of breasts? These are the essential if not sole requirements for a female character in a Leonard Cohen novel. Eventually Cohen found a more nuanced voice as a musician than he ever did as an author. In his songs he was a strict formalist: Even when incorporating epic lengths or abstract narratives he abided by meter and rhyme concision and specificity simple melodies and sparse atmospheres. Within these boundaries he developed a sense of wisdoma way of framing our most complicated questions to remind us of their timelessness and beauty. In his prose however Cohen would flail wander and work against his strengths. These are tendencies endemic to young artists searching for ways to transcend and the bleak desperate stories here provide a crucial glimpse into the journey he would spend the rest of his life pursuing. Current Issue View our current issue T he novella that opens the collection is the main attractionstark in its imagery but interspersed with self-conscious nods to the reader. It introduces a mid-30s bookkeeper his grandfather and his love interest a half-formed character named Marilyn who has a tendency of drifting into grand poetic monologues while having sex. (For a story by Leonard Cohen this is kind of like Ina Garten inventing a fictional character who expresses herself most eloquently when reciting delicious recipes.) In an early sex scene Marilyn imagines a passerby witnessing the act from the street: That person would become immediately aroused wouldnt he the way we become aroused when we read a provoking sexual description in a novel. And indeed narrated in first person A Ballet of Lepers often reads like an attempt by Cohen to address as directly as possible his intentions as a writer through characters who even at their most elaborate are vessels for his pet subjects. It is occasionally funny and often self-aware almost painfully so but the novella lacks the subtlety that would soon become second nature. Painting a picture of modern lifes brutality and depravity Cohen shows us an old man assaulting a police officer and throwing feces at a landlady multiple women being beaten and humiliated a man who is accosted while masturbating in a bathroom stall. The quiet moments are what makes it stick. While the plot points can verge on the cartoonish Cohen has a knack for keen observation and surprising renderings of human naturequiet shifts that he can describe like weather patterns. In the scene with the old man and the police officer Cohens narrator notices as the crowds sympathies shift between the two depending on who appears more vulnerable and more righteo

BAD

A Rubyist's Walk Along the C-Side (Part 10): Benchmarking (peterzhu.ca) This is an article in a multi-part series called A Rubyists Walk Along the C-side In the previous article you implemented a circular buffer in two different ways as C extensions. In this article well benchmark the three implementations (pure Ruby vs. instance variables in C vs. TypedData objects) to compare how the implementation affects performance! There are many different tools that can be used to benchmark Ruby code. Ill be introducing two: the Benchmark module and benchmark-ips . The Benchmark module built into Ruby provides a way to time a block of code. You can look at the documentation to learn about the various features it provides. Well look at the Benchmark.measure method to measure a single block of code. Lets see an example of code that calculates the Fibonacci sequence: Lets run this code and see the output: We see that the 31st Fibonacci number is 832040 . Its followed by four numbers on the next line which is the output from Benchmark which each are (from left to right): Its interesting to note that the elapsed time may differ significantly from the sum of user and system CPU times in different scenarios. The elapsed time may be higher when the system is under high load and the system scheduler decides to allocate time for other processes to run instead. The elapsed time may be lower when we use multithreading since the user and system CPU times are calculated as the sum of time spent in each CPU core. You can see this behavior when running the code above in multiple Ractor but this is left as an exercise for the reader. Going back to the code above if you have a keen eye you might have noticed that there was a memoization optimization that I missed. We can change this line: And run the benchmark again: Much faster. A problem with the Benchmark module in Ruby is that it requires a good estimate (or trial-and-error) in finding a good program that runs in a reasonable amount of time. If it takes too long its a slow feedback loop. If it takes too short the data has few significant digits and high variance which has low statistical significance. For example I can say that the improvement in the memoized version above is about 3700x (0.094263/0.000025). However if I rerun my optimized version I get a total CPU time of 0.000019 which changes the improvement to about 5000x (0.094263/0.000019). Thats quite a big difference! The benchmark-ips gem aims to take more of the guesswork out of benchmarking. It works by having two phases: it first performs a warmup phase to estimate how long the code takes to execute and a calculation phase where it runs the code for the duration that was specified (default of 5 seconds) using the estimation from the warmup phase. Lets write a small benchmark to measure the two implementations above using benchmark-ips ! Heres the code: Lets run the code and see the output: benchmark-ips first runs a warmup where it estimates how many iterations we can do per 100 milliseconds. It then runs the benchmark and outputs the iterations per second for each of the benchmarks. In this case the unoptimized implementation ran about 10 times per second while the memoized version ran 287 thousand times per second! We also see the standard deviation to show the spread of our runs (the unoptimized version had an unmeasurable amount of variation between runs whereas the memoized version had 1.3% of variation). We can see that the comparison shows that the memoized version is almost 28 thousand times faster in calculating the 31st Fibonacci number! Since benchmark-ips runs for a constant amount of time it takes the guesswork out of the benchmarking. We can run this benchmark multiple times and we will always get similar results. If you completed the previous article you should have three implementations of the circular buffer: one written in pure Ruby one written using instance variables and one written using TypedData objects. If you just want the answers you can find the solutions here . Were now going to benchmark these solutions and see what kinds of performance improvements we can achieve. The benchmark script can be found here . It can be run by first executing bundle install to install dependencies and then bundle exec rake benchmark to run the benchmark. On my machine I get the following output: We can see that the pure Ruby implementation is the slowest we achieve nearly double the performance by using instance variables in our C extension and we yet again double in performance by using TypedData objects! Ultimately our TypedData implementation ends up being nearly 4x faster than the pure Ruby implementation. Not bad. While in the example above using instance variables through the C API was faster than the pure Ruby implementation this is not always the case. This is because Ruby understands Ruby code better and can apply more advanced optimization techniques such as inline caching. It also allows the JIT (just-in-time) compiler to further optimize the code. We can see how the JIT affects performance by enabling it using RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1 bundle exec rake benchmark : The story now changes. The implementation using instance variables in our C extension is by far the slowest. The pure Ruby implementation is now 1.38x faster. The TypedData object implementation remains the fastest at 1.68x faster than the pure Ruby implementation. We can clearly see here how writing pure Ruby is often faster than a poorly optimized C implementation. In this article we looked at two different tools to benchmark Ruby code and we benchmarked the project from the previous part. The benchmark showed a significant performance improvement using TypedData objects over the pure Ruby implementation. In the next article well look at some ways to make our lives less miserable when the inevitable day comes: our C extension crashes.

BAD

A Saudi woman's iPhone revealed hacking around the world (reuters.com) [1/4] Saudi activist Loujain al-Hathloul makes her way to appear at a special criminal court for an appeals hearing in Riyadh Saudi Arabia March 10 2021. REUTERS/Ahmed Yosri WASHINGTON Feb 17 (Reuters) - A single activist helped turn the tide against NSO Group one of the worlds most sophisticated spyware companies now facing a cascade of legal action and scrutiny in Washington over damaging new allegations that its software was used to hack government officials and dissidents around the world. It all started with a software glitch on her iPhone. An unusual error in NSOs spyware allowed Saudi womens rights activist Loujain al-Hathloul and privacy researchers to discover a trove of evidence suggesting the Israeli spyware maker had helped hack her iPhone according to six people involved in the incident. A mysterious fake image file within her phone mistakenly left behind by the spyware tipped off security researchers. The discovery on al-Hathloul's phone last year ignited a storm of legal and government action that has put NSO on the defensive. How the hack was initially uncovered is reported here for the first time. Al-Hathloul one of Saudi Arabias most prominent activists is known for helping lead a campaign to end the ban on women drivers in Saudi Arabia. She was released from jail in February 2021 on charges of harming national security. read more Soon after her release from jail the activist received an email from Google warning her that state-backed hackers had tried to penetrate her Gmail account. Fearful that her iPhone had been hacked as well al-Hathloul contacted the Canadian privacy rights group Citizen Lab and asked them to probe her device for evidence three people close to al-Hathloul told Reuters. After six months of digging through her iPhone records Citizen Lab researcher Bill Marczak made what he described as an unprecedented discovery: a malfunction in the surveillance software implanted on her phone had left a copy of the malicious image file rather than deleting itself after stealing the messages of its target. He said the finding computer code left by the attack provided direct evidence NSO built the espionage tool. It was a game changer said Marczak We caught something that the company thought was uncatchable. The discovery amounted to a hacking blueprint and led Apple Inc (AAPL.O) to notify thousands of other state-backed hacking victims around the world according to four people with direct knowledge of the incident. Citizen Lab and al-Hathlouls find provided the basis for Apples November 2021 lawsuit against NSO and it also reverberated in Washington where U.S. officials learned that NSOs cyberweapon was used to spy on American diplomats. In recent years the spyware industry has enjoyed explosive growth as governments around the world buy phone hacking software that allows the kind of digital surveillance once the purview of just a few elite intelligence agencies. Over the past year a series of revelations from journalists and activists including the international journalism collaboration Pegasus Project has tied the spyware industry to human rights violations fueling greater scrutiny of NSO and its peers. But security researchers say the al-Hathloul discovery was the first to provide a blueprint of a powerful new form of cyberespionage a hacking tool that penetrates devices without any interaction from the user providing the most concrete evidence to date of the scope of the weapon. In a statement an NSO spokesperson said the company does not operate the hacking tools it sells government law enforcement and intelligence agencies do. The spokesperson did not answer questions on whether its software was used to target al-Hathloul or other activists. But the spokesperson said the organizations making those claims were political opponents of cyber intelligence and suggested some of the allegations were contractually and technologically impossible. The spokesperson declined to provide specifics citing client confidentiality agreements. Without elaborating on specifics the company said it had an established procedure to investigate alleged misuse of its products and had cut off clients over human rights issues. Al-Hathloul had good reason to be suspicious - it was not the first time she was being watched. A 2019 Reuters investigation revealed that she was targeted in 2017 by a team of U.S. mercenaries who surveilled dissidents on behalf of the United Arab Emirates under a secret program called Project Raven which categorized her as a national security threat and hacked into her iPhone. She was arrested and jailed in Saudi Arabia for almost three years where her family says she was tortured and interrogated utilizing information stolen from her device. Al-Hathloul was released in February 2021 and is currently banned from leaving the country. Reuters has no evidence NSO was involved in that earlier hack. Al-Hathlouls experience of surveillance and imprisonment made her determined to gather evidence that could be used against those who wield these tools said her sister Lina al-Hathloul. She feels she has a responsibility to continue this fight because she knows she can change things. The type of spyware Citizen Lab discovered on al-Hathlouls iPhone is known as a zero click meaning the user can be infected without ever clicking on a malicious link. Zero-click malware usually deletes itself upon infecting a user leaving researchers and tech companies without a sample of the weapon to study. That can make gathering hard evidence of iPhone hacks almost impossible security researchers say. But this time was different. The software glitch left a copy of the spyware hidden on al-Hathlouls iPhone allowing Marczak and his team to obtain a virtual blueprint of the attack and evidence of who had built it. Here we had the shell casing from the crime scene he said. Marczak and his team found that the spyware worked in part by sending picture files to al-Hathloul through an invisible text message. The image files tricked the iPhone into giving access to its entire memory bypassing security and allowing the installation of spyware that would steal a user's messages. The Citizen Lab discovery provided solid evidence the cyberweapon was built by NSO said Marczak whose analysis was confirmed by researchers from Amnesty International and Apple according to three people with direct knowledge of the situation. The spyware found on al-Hathlouls device contained code that showed it was communicating with servers Citizen Lab previously identified as controlled by NSO Marczak said. Citizen Lab named this new iPhone hacking method ForcedEntry. The researchers then provided the sample to Apple last September. Having a blueprint of the attack in hand allowed Apple to fix the critical vulnerability and led them to notify thousands of other iPhone users who were targeted by NSO software warning them they had been targeted by state-sponsored attackers. It was the first time Apple had taken this step. While Apple determined the vast majority were targeted through NSOs tool security researchers also discovered spy software from a second Israeli vendor QuaDream leveraged the same iPhone vulnerability Reuters reported earlier this month. QuaDream has not responded to repeated requests for comment. read more The victims ranged from dissidents critical of Thailand's government to human rights activists in El Salvador. Citing the findings obtained from al-Hathlouls phone Apple sued NSO in November in federal court alleging the spyware maker had violated U.S. laws by building products designed to target attack and harm Apple users Apple products and Apple. Apple credited Citizen Lab with providing technical information used as evidence for the lawsuit but did not reveal that it was originally obtained from al-Hathloul's iPhone. NSO said its tools have assisted law enforcement and have saved thousands of lives. The company said some of the allegations attributed to NSO software were not credible but declined to elaborate on specific claims citing confidentiality agreements with its clients. Among those Apple warned were at least nine U.S. State Department employees in Uganda who were targeted with NSO software according to people familiar with the matter igniting a fresh wave of criticism against the company in Washington. In November the U.S. Commerce Department placed NSO on a trade blacklist restricting American companies from selling the Israeli firm software products threatening its supply chain. read more The Commerce Department said the action was based on evidence that NSOs spyware was used to target journalists businesspeople activists academics and embassy workers. In December Democratic Senator Ron Wyden and 17 other lawmakers called for the Treasury Department to sanction NSO Group and three other foreign surveillance companies they say helped authoritarian governments commit human rights abuses. When the public saw you had U.S. government figures getting hacked that quite clearly moved the needle Wyden told Reuters in an interview referring to the targeting of U.S. officials in Uganda. Lina al-Hathloul Loujains sister said the financial blows to NSO might be the only thing that can deter the spyware industry. It hit them where it hurts she said. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. Thomson Reuters Award-winning reporter covering the intersection between technology and national security with a focus on how the evolving cybersecurity landscape affects government and business. Reuters the news and media division of Thomson Reuters is the worlds largest multimedia news provider reaching billions of people worldwide every day. Reuters provides business financial national and international news to professionals via desktop terminals the world's media organizations industry events and directly to consumers. 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A Square Meal Foods of the 20s and 30s (slimemoldtimemold.com) [Content warning: Food culture shock milk] They say that the past is a foreign country and nowhere is this more true than with food. The book is A Square Meal: A Culinary History of the Great Depression by Jane Ziegelmanand Andrew Coe recommended to us by reader Phil Wagner. This book is no pun intended just what it says on the tin a history of food during the 1920s and 1930s. Both decades are covered because you need to understand what food was like in the 1920s to understand what changed when the Great Depression battered the world in the 30s. We read this book and were like what are you eating? I would never eat this. The book picks up at end of World War I and the weird food anecdotes begin immediately: Their greeting back in American waterseven before they landedwas rapturous. Local governments newspapers and anybody else who could chartered boats to race out to meet the arriving ships. When the Mauretania carrying 3999 troops steamed into New York Harbor late in 1918 a police boat carrying the mayors welcoming committee pulled alongside. After city dignitaries shouted greetings to them through megaphones the troops who crowded the deck and hung from every porthole bellowed en masse: When do we eat?! It became a custom for greeting parties to hire professional baseball pitchers to hurl California oranges at the troopssome soldiers sustained concussions from the barrageto give them their first taste of fresh American produce in more than a year. Not that the soldiers werent also well-fed at the front lines: Despite the privations they had undergone the Americans held one great advantage over both the German enemy and the soldiers of their French and British allies. They were by far the best-fed troops of World War I. The U.S. Army field ration in France varied according to circumstances but the core of the soldiers daily diet was twenty ounces of fresh beef (or sixteen ounces of canned meat or twelve ounces of bacon) twenty ounces of potatoes and eighteen ounces of bread hard or soft. American troops were always proud that they enjoyed white bread while all the other armies had to subsist on dark breads of various sorts. This ration was supplemented with coffee sugar salt pepper dried fruit and jam. If supply lines were running a soldier could eat almost four pounds of food or 5000 calories a day. American generals believed that this was the best diet for building bone muscle tissue and endurance. British and French troops consumed closer to 4000 calories while in the last months of the war the Germans were barely receiving enough rations to sustain themselves. The overall food landscape of the 1920s is almost unrecognizable. The term salad at the time referred to assemblages made from canned fruit cream cheese gelatin and mayonnaise which the authors note FDR especially hated [1]. Any dish that contained tomatoes was called Spanish (a tradition that today survives only in the dish Spanish rice ). And whatever the circumstances there was ALWAYS dessert even in the quasi-military CCC camps even in the government-issued guides to balanced meals even in school lunch programs that were barely scraping by. This book also has some interesting reminders that constipation used to be the disease of civilization. In fact they mention constipation being called civilizations curse. This is why we have the stereotype of old people being obsessed with fiber and regularity even though that stereotype is about a generation old now and refers to a generation that has largely passed. In the countryside farm diets were enormous and overwhelmingly delicious: In midwestern kitchens the lard-based diet achieved its apotheosis in a dish called salt pork with milk gravy here served with a typical side of boiled potatoes: On a great platter lay two dozen or more pieces of fried salt pork crisp in their shells of browned flour and fit for a king. On one side of the platter was a heaping dish of steaming potatoes. A knife had been drawn once around each just to give it a chance to expand and show mealy white between the gaping circles that covered its bulk. At the other side was a boat of milk gravy which had followed the pork into the frying-pan and had come forth fit company for the boiled potatoes. The first volume of their oral history Feeding Our Families describes the Indiana farmhouse diet from season to season and meal to meal. In the early decades of the century the Hoosier breakfast was a proper sit-down feast featuring fried eggs and fried meat which throughout much of rural American meant bacon ham or some other form of pork. In the nineteenth century large tracts of Indiana had been settled by Germans who left their mark on the local food culture. A common breakfast item among their descendants was pon haus a relative of scrapple made from pork scraps and cornmeal cooked into mush molded into loaf pans and left to solidify. For breakfast it was cut and fried. Toward fall as the pork barrel emptied the women replaced meat with slices of fried apples or potatoes. The required accompaniment was biscuits dressed with butter jam jelly sorghum syrup or fruit butter made from apples peaches or plums. A final possibilitycountry biscuits were never served nakedwas milk gravy thickened with a flour roux. Where farmhouse breakfasts were ample lunch was more so especially in summer when workdays were long and appetites pushed to their highest register. With the kitchen garden at full production the midday meal often included stewed beets stewed tomatoes long-simmered green beans boiled corn and potatoes fried in salt pork all cooked to maximum tenderness. At the center of the table often stood a pot of chicken and dumplings with cushiony slices of white bread to sop up the cooking broth. The gaps between the plates were filled with jars of chow-chow; onion relish; and pickled peaches cauliflower and watermelon rinds. The midday meal concluded with a solid wedge of pie. Like bread pies were baked in bulk up to a dozen at a time and could be consumed at breakfast lunch and dinner. Ingredients were prepared in ways that sound pretty strange to a modern ear. Whole onions were baked in tomato sauce and then eaten for lunch. Whole tomatoes were scalloped on their own. Organ meats were considered perfectly normal if somewhat tricky to cook. The book mentions how food columnists had to teach urban housewives about how to remove the transparent casing that brains naturally come in the membrane from kidneys and the arteries and veins from hearts not the sort of thing you would expect from a modern food columnist. On hog-killing day an annual event all over the rural United States: The most perishable parts of the animal were consumed by the assembled crowd the brains scrambled with eggs the heart and liver fried up and eaten with biscuits and gravy. Even bladders were put to good usethough it wasnt culinary. Rather they were given to the children who inflated them filled them with beans and used them as rattles. There are a lot of fascinating recipes in this book but perhaps our favorite is this recipe that appears in a section on the many uses of pork lard: Appalachian farm women prepared a springtime specialty called killed lettuce made from pokeweed dandelion and other wild greens drizzled with hot bacon grease that killed or wilted the tender new leaves. The final touch to this fat-slicked salad was a welcome dose of vinegar. You might expect the urban food situation to be more modern seeing as it involves less hog-killing. But if anything its stranger. To start with ice cream delicacies were considered normal lunch fare: The most typical soda fountain concoction was the ice cream soda which was defined as a measured quantity of ice cream added to the mixture of syrup and carbonated water. From there the imaginations of soda jerks were given free range. Trade manuals such as The Dispensers Formulary or Soda Water Guide contained more than three thousand soda fountain recipes for concoctions like the Garden Sass Sundae (made with rhubarb) and the Cherry Suey (topped with chopped fruit nuts and cherry syrup). From relatively austere malted milks to the most elaborate sundaes all of these sweet confections were considered perfectly acceptable as a main course for lunch particularly by women. In fact American sugar consumption spiked during the 1920s. This was in part thanks to Prohibitiondeprived of alcohol Americans turned to anything sweet for a quick satisfying rush. Delicatessens and cafeterias which we take for granted today were strange new forms of dining. The reaction to these new eateries can only be described as apocalyptic. Delicatessens were described as emblems of a declining civilization the source of all our ills the promoter of equal suffrage the permitter of business and professional women the destroyer of the home. The world of the 1920s demanded an entirely new vocabulary for many new social ills springing up cafeteria brides and delicatessen husbands facing down the possibility of that new phenomenon the delicatessen divorce. The fear was that your flapper wife unable to make a meal in her tiny city kitchenette or out all day with a self-supporting career would feed you food that she got from the delicatessen instead of a home-cooked and hearty meal. In all of these cases the idea was that new ways of eating would destroy the kitchen-centric American way of life which to be fair it did. Calling a deli the destroyer of the home seems comical to us but they were concerned that these new conveniences would destroy the social structures that they knew and loved and they were right. We think our way of life is an improvement of course but you can hardly fault the accuracy of their forecasting. Really people found these new eateries equal parts wonderful and terrifying like any major change they had their songs of praise as well as their fiery condemnations (hot take: delicatessens were the TikTok of the 1920s). For a stirring example from the praise section take a look at this lyrical excerpt from the June 18 1922 edition of the New York Tribune : Spices of the Orient render delectable the fruits of the Occident. Peach perches on peach and pineapple slice on slice within graceful glass jars. Candies are there and exhibits of the manifold things that can be pickled in one way or another. Chickens hams and sausages are ready to slice having already been taken through the preliminaries on the range. There are cheeses fearful and wonderful and all the pretty bottles are seen as enticing looking as ever although they are but the fraction of their former selves [i.e. under Prohibition]. Sandwiches were not only strange and new but practically futuristic. Before the 1920s sandwiches were largely confined to picnics and free lunches in saloons they tell us and with their crusts cut off delicate accompaniments to afternoon tea. The writer George Jean Nathan claimed that before the 1920s there existed only eight basic sandwich types: Swiss cheese ham sardine liverwurst egg corned beef roast beef and tongue (yes). But by 1926 he claimed that he had counted 946 different sandwich varieties stuffed with fillings such as watermelon and pimento peanut butter fried oyster Bermuda onion and parsley fruit salad aspic of foie gras spaghetti red snapper roe salmi of duck bacon and fried egg lettuce and tomato spiced beef chow-chow pickled herring asparagus tips deep sea scallops and so on ad infinitum. Like the delicatessen Americans were not going to take this sandwich thing lying down. Nor would they take it at all calmly! Boston writer Joseph Dinneen described sandwiches as a natural by-product of modern machine civilization. Make your own biggest thing since sliced bread joke here but actually this sandwich craze led directly to first the invention of special sandwich-shaped loaves with flattened tops and then to sliced bread which hit the market in 1928. Frozen foods had also just been invented (frozen foods are soggy and tasteless unless you freeze them really fast; Clarence Birdseye figured out how to do quick freezing by seeing fish freeze solid during an ice fishing trip in Labrador) and were considered a novelty. Yet somehow the brand name Jell-O dates all the way back to 1897. Many new foods didnt fit squarely within existing categories. This is sort of like how squid ice cream seems normal in Japan. We have rules about what you can put in an ice cream mint ice cream makes sense but onion ice cream is right out but the Japanese dont care what we think the ice cream rules are. In the 1920s and 1930s many foods were unfamiliar or actually brand new so no one had any expectations of what to do with them. For example the banana which you know as a fruit was new enough to Americans that they were still figuring out how the thing should be served : Were sure bananas would be fine served as a vegetable or with bacon but this is certainly not the role we would assign to them today. When the Depression hit grapefruit somehow found its way into food relief boxes in huge quantities; so much grapefruit that people didnt know what to do with it. Soon the newspapers were coming up with imaginative serving suggestions like in this piece from the Atlanta Constitution : It may open the meal served as a fruit cocktail in halves with a spoonful of mint jelly in the center or sprinkled with a snow of powdered sugar. It bobs up in a fruit cup or in a delicious ice. It may be served broiled with meat appear in a fruit salad or in a grapefruit souffl pie. Broiled grapefruit slices seasoned with chili sauce make an unusual and delightful accompaniment for broiled fish baked fish or chops. Some of these sound pretty good; but still unusual. The other really strange and exciting thing about this period is that they had just discovered vitamins. As weve covered previously this was not as easy as you might think . Its simple to think in terms of vitamins when youre raised with the idea but it took literally centuries for people to come up with the concept of a disease of deficiency even with the totally obvious problem of scurvy staring everyone right in the face. Scurvy isnt just a problem for polar explorers and sailors in the Royal Navy. Farm families living through the winter on preserved foods from their cellar tended to develop spring fever just before the frost broke which the authors of this book think was probably scurvy. Farmwives treated it with blood tonics like sassafras tea or sulfured molasses or the first-sprouted dandelions and onions of spring. But just around the turn of the century and with the help of cosmic accidents involving guinea pigs people finally started to get this vitamin thing right. So the 1920s and 30s paint an interesting picture of what cutting-edge nutrition research looks like when its so new that its still totally bumbling and incompetent. In 1894 Wilbur Olin Atwater established Americas first dietary standards. Unfortunately Atwaters recommendations didnt make much sense. For example in this system men with more strenuous jobs were assigned more food than men with less strenuous jobs a carpenter would get more calories than a clerk. This makes some sense but Atwater then used each mans food levels to calculate the amount of food required for his wife and kids. The children of men with desk jobs sometimes got half as much food as the children of manual laborers! The idea of treating each member of the family as their own person nutritionally speaking was radical in the early 1900s but the observation that some children were kept alive in a state of semi-starvation had begun to attract attention. People knew they could do better so following Atwaters death in 1907 the next generation got to work on coming up with a better system. Atwater had assumed that basically all fats were the same as were all carbohydrates all protein etc. But Dr. Elmer V. McCollum a Kansas farm boy turned biochemist was on the case investigating fats. We really want to emphasize that they had no system at this point no idea what they were doing. Medical science was young and nutritional science was barely a decade old. Back then they were still just making things up. These days guinea pig and lab rat are clichs but these clichs hadnt been invented back in 1907. Just like how Holst and Frolich seem to have picked guinea pigs more or less at random to study scurvy and how Karl Kollers lab used big frogs to test new anesthetics McCollum was one of the first researchers to use rats as test subjects. Anyways McCollum tried feeding his rats different kinds of fats to see if as Atwater claimed all fats had the same nutritional value. He found that rats that ate lots of butterfat grew strong and reproduced while those that ate the olive oil did not. He teamed up with a volunteer Marguerite Davis and they discovered a factor that was needed for growth and present not only in milk but eggs organ meat and alfalfa leaves. This factor was later renamed vitamin A (as the first to be discovered) and the age of the vitamins had begun. Soon McCollum and Davis were on the trail of a second vitamin which they naturally called vitamin B. The public went absolutely bananas for vitamins. Its not clear if this was a totally natural public reaction or if it was in response to fears drummed up by home economists. Yes home economics the most lackluster class of all of middle school represents that last lingering influence of what was once a terrible force in American politics: More than anything else women were afraid of the hidden hunger caused by undetectable vitamin deficiencies that could well be injuring their children. Home economists leveraged those fears. To ensure compliance bureau food guides came with stark admonitions warning mothers that poor nutrition in childhood could handicap a person for life. Women were left with the impression that one false move on their part meant their children would grow up with night blindness and bowed knees. Whatever the cause vitamins took America by storm. Any food found to be high in one vitamin or another quickly turned that finding to advertising purposes. Quaker oats found to be high in vitamin B advertised to kids with a campaign that teamed up with Little Orphan Annie and her new pal a soldier named Captain Sparks who could perform his daring rescues because he had eaten his vitamins. For adults they implied that vitamin B would help make you vigorous in bed: a snappy new advertising campaign: I eat Quaker Oats for that wonderful extra energy spark-plug. Jim thinks I have Oomph! but I know its just that I have plenty of vitality and the kind of disposition a man likes to live with. What she did with her extra oomph was unspecified but the graphic showed a young couple nose to nose smiling into each others eyes. Vitamins continued to have this weird grip over the imagination for a long time. As late as the 1940s American food experts worried that the Nazis had developed some kind of super-nutritional supplement a magical Buck Rogers pill to keep their army tireless and efficient (there probably was such a pill but that pill was methamphetamine ). In response Roosevelt convened a 900person National Nutrition Conference for Defense a full quarter of them home economists to tackle malnutrition as part of the war effort. Maybe its not surprising that vitamins had such a hold on the popular imagination. Its hard for us to imagine growing up in a world where scurvy beriberi and rickets were a real and even terrifying danger not just funny-sounding words you might encounter in a Dickens novel. But for people living in the 1920s they were no joke. Look at your local five-year-old and think how they will never understand the real importance of the internet and what life was like before. Youre the same way about vitamins. The final thing we learned is that people from the 1920s and 1930s had an intense almost deranged love for milk. Milk was always mentioned first and usually mentioned often. It was on every menu. Good Housekeepings 1926 article Guide Posts to Balanced Meals included One pint of milk a day as either a beverage or partly in soups sauces or desserts as guidepost #1. Pamphlets from the USDAs Bureau of Home Economics suggested that one fifth of a familys food budget should be spent on milk. Milk was served at every meal in the schoolhouse with milk and crackers at recess the target being a quart of milk for every child every day. Milk was on every relief list. Food relief in NYC in 1930 a very strict beans-and-potatoes affair still made sure to include a pound of evaporated milk for every family. Even for those on microscopic fifty-cent-a-day menus milk was recommended at every meal one pint for breakfast some for lunch and then another pint for supper. One father struggling to adjust to the Depression said We had trouble learning to live within the food allowance allotted us. We learned it meant oleomargarine instead of butter. It meant one quart of milk a day for the children instead of three. Even the tightest-fisted relief lists included a pint of milk a day for adults and a quart a day for children. The most restrictive diets of all were bread and you guessed it milk. Milk was the measure of destitution. Descriptions of people eating whatever they could get sound like this: inferior qualities of food and less of it; less milk; loose milk instead of bottled milk coffee for children who previously drank milk. When describing the plight of West Virginia mining families a state union leader said Their diet is potatoes bread beans oleomargarine but not meat except sow-belly two or three times a week. The company wont let the miners keep cows or pigs and the children almost never have fresh milk. Only a few get even canned milk. Theres no question milk was the best food. The government sent McCollum the guy who discovered vitamins around the country where in his lectures he said: Who are the peoples who have achieved who have become large strong vigorous people who have reduced their infant mortality who have the best trades in the world who have an appreciation for art and literature and music who are progressive in science and every activity of the human intellect? They are the people who have patronized the dairy industry. Normal milk wasnt enough for these people so in 1933 they developed a line of wonder foods around the idea of combining milk with different kinds of cereals. They called them: Milkorno Milkwheato and Milkoat. These products are about what you would expect but the reception was feverish: With great fanfare Rose introduced Milkorno the first of the cereals at Cornells February 1933 Farm & Home Week where the assembled dignitariesincluding Eleanor Roosevelt wife of the president-electwere fed a budget meal that included a Milkorno polenta with tomato sauce. The price tag per person was 6 cents. FERA chose Milkwheato (manufactured under the Cornell Research Foundations patent) to add to its shipments of surplus foods contracting with the Grange League Federation and the Ralston Purina Company to manufacture it. Milkwheato and its sister cereals represented the pinnacle of scientifically enlightened eating. Forerunners to our own protein bars and nutritional shakes they were high in nutrients inexpensive and nonperishable. White in color and with no pronounced flavor of their own they were versatile too. Easily adapted to a variety of culinary applications they boosted the nutritional value of whatever dish they touched. They could be baked into muffins cookies biscuits and breads; stirred into chowders and chili con carne; mixed into meat loaf; and even used in place of noodles in Chinese chop suey. We had always assumed that the American obsession with milk was the result of the dairy lobby trying to push more calcium on us than we really need. And maybe this is partially true. But public opinion of dairy has fallen so far from the rabid heights of the 1930s that now we wonder if milk might actually be under estimated. Is the dairy lobby asleep at the wheel? Still resting on their laurels? Anyways if you want to eat the way your ancestors ate back in the 1920s the authentic way to start your day off right is by drinking a nice tall pint of milk. [1] : There might be a class element here? The authors say FDR recoiled from the plebeian food foisted on him as president; perhaps no dish was more off-putting to him than what home economists referred to as salads assemblages made from canned fruit cream cheese gelatin and mayonnaise. PART II HERE Email Address Subscribe I grew up drinking a lot of milk (cereal in the morning milk with lunch and a couple of glasses of milk with dinner). On the one hand I figure that drinking so much milk probably helped give me strong bones and make me into a healthy adult. On the other hand nowadays when I drink milk I find myself running for the toilet not long afterwards. Not sure if that was a problem that I developed later in life or if I had that problem as a kid too and just dont remember it. Like Like As a fan of food history I really appreciated this. For further reading Id recommend First Bite by Bee Wilson if you havent already read it. Wilson is a food historian and everything Ive read from her is chock full of surprises and perspective on the past. Like Like Well give it a read thanks! Like Like After seven years of a vegan diet eating some milk chocolate made me think I had become lactose intolerant. However I can drink raw milk just fine (and its delicious). I think one reason for milks bad rep these days is that most people only consume pasteurized milk and its derivatives as opposed to the fresh milk humans had consumed for thousands of years. Like Like A good point! Like Like Regarding milk didnt most US dairy lobby groups start in the 1900s and 19-teens? So the twenties milk mania could easily have been created by them already. Side note: amused that the farm lunches are just normal food even today in North Carolina. Like Like Ya as I was reading I was laughing at how surprised the author was at some things Milk potatoes and meat? Sounds like my ideal meal haha XD Like Like [] Article: Book Review: A Square Meal Part I: Foods of the 20s and 30s SLIME MOLD TIME MOLD [] Like Like In countries where alcohol is prohibited today (Saudi Arabia Kuwait et al) sugar consumption is also through the roof. It has to do with the fact that ethyl alcohol and sucrose are essentially kissing cousins in their molecular make-up and are processed quite similarly in the body (see Dr. Robert Lustig for more on this). Theres even a theory that kids jones for sugar (see Jerry Seinfelds whole routine about this) but then fall out of love with it as young adults (when they get access to alcohol) because theyre just swapping kind-for-kind. In other words humanity has a built-in weakness for alcohol/sugar. Also I could explain the whole obsession with milk thing but itd take too long. Like Like Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. 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A Taxonomy of Public Writers (biblioracle.substack.com) This weekend I had the pleasure of speaking at a conference at Rutgers University organized by Roxane Gay for folks in academia who are interested in writing for the public. As part of my talk I shared a taxonomy of public writers the different categories of people who make up the larger firmament of what we as readers consume. The intention in the talk was to help the attendees find their place as public writers but as I was speaking I realized that the categories may also be helpful to readers because I think they may help reveal a little bit whats working underneath the different ways writers engage with their audiences. The Popularizer takes some novel idea or object of fascination in academic studies and turns it into an interesting and readable narrative. The goal of the popularizer is to tell the audience how the world works in a way that is simultaneously counterintuitive (the fascinating part) and also completely believable (the part that prevents people from thinking youre full of horse hooey). This is as hard as it sounds. To write about something in a way that is simultaneously surprising and that can also quickly settle into conventional wisdom is very difficult and I almost do not understand how the popularizers do it. The preeminent example of a popularizer working today is Malcolm Gladwell. In a previous newsletter I explored the question: Is Malcolm Gladwell full of crap or what? And my answer was sort of pretty much yes. But for his readers it doesnt matter. It doesnt matter to Gladwell either who says this about his method. I am a story-teller and I look to academic research for ways of augmenting story-telling. The reason I dont do things their way is because their way has a cost: it makes their writing inaccessible. If you are someone who has as their goal to reach a lay audience you cant do it their way. I dont have any specific beef with Gladwell and have enjoyed reading his books but I have to keep in mind that I may not be getting the gospel truths. Its a good story the same way its fun to think about our days and nights Helios in his chariot pulling the sun across the sky but that doesnt make it the truth. The Decider is here to tell you how the world works by marshaling data and evidence about a particular topic on which theyre presenting themselves as experts. The goal of The Decider is to absolve the audience of having to use their own judgment to figure out what to do. Audiences love this. The world is a complex and contradictory place and we often feel pressure to do the right thing but we have neither the time nor the expertise to figure these things out for ourselves. For example Mrs. Biblioracle and I recently decided we wanted an air fryer oven and I looked at the New York Times Wirecutter product testing section recommendation and ran with it. When the question gets more complicated than a counter appliance depending on the subject and your underlying values the decider can either be a real balm to your spirit or the opposite sandpaper against your skin. The Decider always presents as an expert. Sometimes that expertise is rooted in credentials sometimes its simply because theyre recognizable and famous but to be a Decider you cant just be a random person because random people arent necessarily worth listening to. The Decider is related to self-help in that they The Decider are going to tell you what to believe and having told you what to believe you will in turn do what they recommend. Marie Kondo ( The Life-Changing Magic of Tiding Up: The Japanese Art of Decluttering ) is a kind of soft sell Decider in this case trading on stereotyped notions of her culture as her authority. In the academic world Brown economist Emily Oster is a great example of a Decider. Her books such as the most recent The Family Firm: A Data-Driven Guide to Better Decision Making in the Early School Years promise to give parents a definitive guide to making sure they put their children on a trajectory towards success. The key part here is the use of data-driven in the title suggesting that if the data says its true it must be the right thing. The wrinkle when it comes to listening to Deciders is that sometimes the underlying values which determine what data is important may be at odds with the values of the reader. Kondo for example drove many readers who were busy juggling work kids and family batty creating far more stress than joy as they tried to follow her precepts. Interestingly once Kondo had her third kid she seemed to do a little rethinking about the necessity of all that tidying up releasing Marie Kondo's Kurashi at Home: How to Organize Your Space and Achieve Your Ideal Life which seems to have a more relaxed attitude towards clutter. Osters books are geared toward upper-middle class college educated folks who would like to insure their children capitalize on their advantages of birth and want to be reassured that theyre doing the right thing in that pursuit. While Osters earlier books on pregnancy and the early years were designed to ratchet down some of the worry around issues like drinking alcohol or eating sushi The Family Firm outlines a method for managing your family as though youre a McKinsey consultant . This sounds like an absolute misery to me but I dont have kids so what do I know? What I do know is that these books are very popular and Im certain Oster is busy working on her book about negotiating tween life and then teens after that. Similar to Kondo though if the readers values do not sync with the authors you will find yourself somewhere between alienated and actively angry about what you are reading but you may also feel uncertain in the face of the blizzard of data Oster rains down on you. The data doesnt lie has become a cliche but its not actually true. Data lies all the time when we are relying on data thats not rooted in what we believe to be most important. As I wrote in a previous installment on the problem of outrage During the pandemic Oster became a highly polarizing figure for her data-driven advocacy for opening schools to in-person instruction prior to widely available vaccines by emphasizing the relatively low risk of severe Covid outcomes in aggregate for young children while championing the benefits of socialization in school. The rub is that parents tend not to think about children in aggregate; they worry about their own kids. Osters analysis also tended to sidestep the risk of the adults in the school buildings. Another wrinkle is that according to a recently released comprehensive analysis teen suicides fell during the lockdown phase of the pandemic and increased when schools returned to in-person sessions. The researchers looked at the data down to the county level and found a strong correlation between school being in session and increased numbers of suicides even showing that the rate dropped in the summer months when school was not in session. Part of what the Decider decides is what data is worth paying attention to. Osters data-driven case rests on an assumption that school=good for students but this is not necessarily true certainly not for all students. The irony of the whole thing is that we reach for the work of the Decider to help navigate a complex and contradictory world but theres times where failing to recognize those complexities could lead to bad decisions at the individual level. The online warrior is motivated by someone being wrong on the Internet. Someone else that is because to be an online warrior requires never admitting to being mistaken. Essentially the M.O. of the online warrior is to conduct a series of feuds ostensibly about issues but which are mostly a proxy battle for whose world view is the most correct. One way of thinking about the Online Warrior is that they would like to be Deciders but because the bulk of their work is done on the Internet all of those people who dont like what they have to say come with their slings and arrows to knock them over which necessitates a constant battle for supremacy. The online warrior mentality is best illustrated by the writer I consider the happiest warrior of them all Matthew Yglesias who described his method by saying: I put things out. People yell at me. I write again the next day. One reason Yglesias may be happy is his seven-figure income from his Substack newsletter. Online Warriors like Yglesias and New York magazines Jonathan Chait spend a lot of time writing about how other people theyre feuding with online are wrong and the whole thing becomes a kind of meta-debate about who is or isnt trustworthy rather than an actual discussion of the issues at hand. Each side has supporters who chime in and battle it out on their champions behalf. Im actually a little ashamed about how much I know about who these guys feud with online and what they feud about because while the stakes of the issues themselves are important the drama that surrounds the debates is far more of a draw. Ill never again give Mrs. Biblioracle side-eye about watching the Real Housewives franchise because honestly this is just my version of that. Online Warriors do occasionally write books but interestingly despite Yglesias and Chait having massive social media followings their books sell at John Warner-like levels rather than becoming breakout hits. Share Chaits most recent book Audacity: How Barack Obama Defied His Critics and Created a Legacy that Will Prevail was pretty much obviated at the moment of its release on the eve of the inauguration of President Donald Trump. The book is a form of wish casting by the center-left Chait for people to continue to believe that an Obama-esque approach is the proper path for the Democratic Party. Yglesias book One Billion Americans: The Case for Thinking Bigger is actually a sort of interesting hodgepodge of policy analysis that essentially argues for massively increasing immigration in order to keep our public services funded though increased individual productivity. The title is true Online Warrior troll bait meant to infuriate American nativists and drive the outrage that draws attention. I wonder if the goal was to get Tucker Carlson to froth over the book. While I found the book sort of interesting it is almost unfathomably dry even as it tries to be provocative. Yglesias is just a fundamentally uninteresting writer in terms of how the words accrue on the page. There is no energy or life-force to his prose something that works okay at newsletter length but which quickly bogs down at book length. A book-length work from Matthew Yglesias without the Greek chorus of his haters saying what an a-hole he is while his fans assure us hes a genius just doesnt have the same juice. This portion of my talk was based in a newsletter from last month on Engagement Attention and Shining a Light in which I make my case for valuing writers that embrace complexity of thought and human connection with the reader. I wont repeat myself here but in preparation for my talk having reflected further about what divides an Illuminator from a Decider from an Online Warrior from a Popularizer Im even more appreciative of what those writers do for us as readers. Before I move on to links and recommendations Id be remiss if I didnt point folks towards the work of my fellow presenters and host including newsletters of Claire Potter Political Junkie and Roxane Gay as great examples of public work that seeks illumination. As an erstwhile Chicagoan found Potters breakdown of the collapse of Chicago mayor Lori Lightfoots political support particularly interesting. And Professor Brittney Coopers Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower is part memoir part manifesto on the justified necessary anger of Black women in America. Leave a comment At the Chicago Tribune this week I lament the abject silliness of people who overwhelmed the submissions inboxes of a handful of publications with ChatGPT-generated work. My online course in Teaching Writing in the Age of Artificial Intelligence recently passed the 100th participant mark. Exciting! The New York Times has 14 New Books for March including two on my radar The New Earth by Jess Row and Lone Women by Victor Lavalle . Chris Pine movie star was apparently an English major and has interesting taste in books. We recently observed the 50th anniversary of Thomas Pynchons Gravitys Rainbow. Pen America recently announced the winners of their annual awards . Percival Everett took home the biggest prize the $75000 Jean Stein Book Award for his novel Dr. No . The Biblioracle Recommends is a reader-supported publication. All links to books from this site go to Bookshop.org and affiliate income will be donated to Open Books of Chicago and another book or reading-related charity to be named later. (Make a recommendation in the comments!) 1 1. The Island of Sea Women by Lisa See 2. Transcendent Kingdom by Yaa Gyasi 3. The School for Good Mothers by Jessamine Chan 4. Where the Children Take Us by Zain E. Asher 5. Thirty Talks Weird Love by Alessandra Narvez Varela. Karla M. - El Paso TX Luis Alberto Urrea has a new novel coming out later this spring which makes this a good time to catch up with his previous book The House of Broken Angels . Share The Biblioracle Recommends Im hitting the road again next week. If youre proximate to the University of Alabama you can come see me give a public talk on the pedagogical implications of ChatGPT. Have a good week one and all. John The Biblioracle Ill also match the affiliate income with a donation of my own up to 5% of annualized revenue or $500 whichever is larger. Affiliate income is up to a devilish $66.60 for the year. I'm suspicious when a taxonomy breaks down to Here are three kinds of bad writers and here's the catch-all kind of good writer. Little did I know that (in my day job) I am a Populizer though I prefer to say that I turn white papers into tweets. Back when I wrote a newspaper column I think I aspired to be something not mentioned here--a Motivator? a Mind Changer? someone whose ambition was to change the general way of thinking and thus acting in the world--by way of illumination but I don't know that I particularly succeeded. No posts Ready for more?

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A Tesla 'suddenly and automatically' took off forcing driver to crash it (businessinsider.com) Jump to A man in New York is suing Tesla after he says one of their vehicles suddenly and automatically accelerated causing him to crash it in order to stop it and avoid hitting people nearby. The lawsuit filed this week in New York State Supreme Court says Akm Shamsuzzaman showed up for work at Revel Transit where he was employed as a driver on January 29 and was assigned to drive a Tesla that day. But things went south after he started the Tesla the lawsuit claims. He had his foot on the brake. He put the car into drive took his foot off the brake and then the car jumped forward Daniel Shimko Shamsuzzaman's attorney told Insider adding Shamsuzzaman went through the normal routine for starting a Tesla. Shimko explained that as soon as Shamsuzzaman took his foot off the brake he lost control of the Tesla . Even after he put his foot back on the break the car would not stop Shimko added. Shamsuzzaman also tried putting the car back into park but that didn't work either. He had to crash the car to get it to stop Shimko said adding that Shamsuzzaman was able to crash the Tesla into another open parking space and avoid hitting anyone else. Shimko said Shamsuzzaman was not severely injured in the incident. He is seeking undetermined damages. Tesla did not immediately respond to Insider's request for comment. Tesla has previously denied that its vehicles experienced unintended acceleration. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducted an investigation into reports of accelerating Teslas looking into more than 200 crash incidents and concluded it was user error. Specifically the NHTSA found Tesla drivers were mistaking the accelerator for the brake. However last week Tesla said it was recalling more than 1 million of its vehicles sold in China citing an issue with their regenerative braking system that Chinese regulators said could cause unintended acceleration. In February Tesla recalled more than 326000 cars due to a software issue that could cause the vehicles to act unsafe in intersections. Read next

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A WWII spy who hid codes in her knitting (amightygirl.com)

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A Year of BonsaiDb: A retrospective and looking to the future (bonsaidb.io) Written by Jonathan Johnson . Published 2022-03-19. What is BonsaiDb? BonsaiDb is a new database aiming to be the most developer-friendly Rust database. BonsaiDb has a unique feature set geared at solving many common data problems. We have a page dedicated to answering the question: What is BonsaiDb? . All source code is dual-licensed under the MIT and Apache License 2.0 licenses. Today marks the one year anniversary of the initial commit to BonsaiDb . This project is largely a written by me (@Ecton) although I'm very thankful to have been accompanied along the way by @daxpedda . He is responsible for the QUIC networking layer our currently removed OPAQUE-KE support and above all countless long discussions and debates that not only led to starting this project but also to the easy-to-use API designs we have today. In the last few months we've also had two additional contributors: @ModProg and @vbmade2000 . I'm grateful for their additions to the project and I hope this year we see even more contributors as BonsaiDb gains momentum. The name BonsaiDb was suggested by @daxpedda after countless times where we stumbled trying to pronounce the project's former name: PliantDb. When I announced the new name I researched trying to grow a bonsai tree in the Las Vegas climate. My initial findings were that many of the iconic types are difficult to grow here and I ended up shelving the idea. As March was approaching I knew I wanted to commemorate the anniversary of the first commit. I researched again and found two species that were great candidates for being able to be grown mostly indoors. After some deliberation I decided to start with a Golden Gate (Tiger Bark) Ficus: After giving the tree another week or two of adjustment to its new home I'll be pruning it for the first time and attempting to grow a second tree from its cuttings. Within the limits of being able to provide good living conditions for each tree I hope to expand the cluster each year and will share progress pictures along the way! The inspiration for BonsaiDb came from weeks and weeks of discussions between myself and @daxpedda . We were wanting to build an cluster architecture for an MMO that: At the start of our discussions I was dead-set on using PostgreSQL and Redis for our database/caching needs. However both PostgreSQL and Redis aren't easy to deploy and maintain in a highly available cluster and if I chose managed solutions they definitely weren't affordable. When starting my last company I chose CouchDB for various reasons that aren't worth diving into. Through the ten years of growing that company I became intimately familiar with the simple yet powerful design of CouchDB. Several times I pondered rewriting CouchDB atop PostgreSQL using JSONB columns to see how it would perform. I never ended up taking any of those prototypes very far but the thought process helped me appreciate and understand CouchDB's inner workings better. One day while working on Cosmic Verge it dawned on me: I had built a small wrapper around Sled that made it feel like a higher-level database. What if I went further and built a CouchDB-like API atop Sled? Initially I was hesitant to tell anyone I was building a database. Despite relying on Sled for the low-level transactional storage it still felt like one of those projects that is usually ill-advised. I finally felt confident enough in my reasoning of why I was building BonsaiDb that I wrote a detailed devlog describing the motivation for tackling this new project. Early on I never had high ambitions for BonsaiDb. After all this was the first database I had ever written. The likelihood of me building a high-performance database seemed low. Instead I wanted to focus primarily on developer experience reliability and ease of deployment. I tried to make intelligent choices based on my expectations of what would be efficient but I intentionally avoided comparing BonsaiDb against other databases until January of this year . To me the selling points of BonsaiDb were (and still are): In October a series of events made me look at porting the append-only B-Tree implementation from CouchDB to Rust as a potential replacement for Sled in our architecture. In the end the bug that I was experiencing on Mac was unrelated to Sled but its symptoms manifested in such a way that resembled issues others have had with Sled in the past. After getting some basic unit tests working I did something really stupid: I benchmarked it against Sled and SQLite. Why was it stupid? It kicked off a viscious few weeks nearly reaffirming the common wisdom: why was I trying to write my own database? I would stare at microbenchmarks and profiling results tweak something and try again. Over and over. For some reason it just wasn't occurring to me: the fact Nebari was even in the same realm as these highly optimized databases was exciting enough. Eventually I convinced myself it was better for the future of BonsaiDb to adopt Nebari. In January I was preparing to release our first alpha. I knew if I didn't have benchmarks available it would be one of the first questions asked. I wrote a benchmark suite aimed at comparing BonsaiDb against PostgreSQL in a simple eCommerce setup. I wasn't prepared for the results: BonsaiDb is significantly faster than PostgreSQL in this benchmark suite . Last month I set my focus testing large datasets and was able to achieve performance again that exceeded my expectations. I no longer am viewing BonsaiDb as an easy-to-use database that will be good enough for many people. I now view BonsaiDb as having the potential to be a serious database option for most people. For being just one year old I'm extremely happy with where BonsaiDb is today. One thing that surprised me was how much interest Nebari garnered. Despite not heavily advertising it it's accumulated a fair number of stars on GitHub. It's popular enough that I've been rethinking how I was planning on implementing certain features. Outside of bug fixes and minor features I haven't spent much time working on Nebari as it has been meeting BonsaiDb's needs. I would like to spend more time in this coming year making Nebari a better crate for developers to consume directly. Ultimately the more users Nebari has the more confidence everyone can have in BonsaiDb's ACID compliance. For BonsaiDb there are several goals I have: Features Features Features : I'm excited at exploring a wide variety of features aiming to make BonsaiDb more powerful and easier to use: There are countless other features I hope to explore as well but those are some of the higher priority items as I view them. Stability : I would like to be able to declare a stable version within the next year. I'm currently treating BonsaiDb as if it's stable: trying to preserve backwards compatibility for the storage format prioritizing bug fixes and keeping a thorough changelog. By this time next year I would like to be at a point where the core of BonsaiDb is changing infrequently and focus is on building higher level abstractions. Tooling : A good graphical database administration tool not only makes exploring a database more approachable it also can aide in quickly diagnosing and fixing data issues. Because BonsaiDb is architected to not know about the contents of the documents being stored creating a good generic administration tool will be a fun challenge. Community : Fostering an active developer community around BonsaiDb is important for many reasons. As I mentioned before the more users BonsaiDb has the more confident we can all feel about its reliability. Beyond that however is something more fundamental for me: I thrive on success stories and helping solve interesting data problems. Building BonsaiDb has reawakened many of the passions I felt in my first full-time computer-related job: working on REALbasic (now Xojo ). As I started getting schema design questions and feature requests from potential users I reflected on the joy those interactions provided me. It is clear to me that one of the reasons I look back so fondly at my first programming job is the wide array of problems I helped users solve. For the longest time I held off on allowing any means of sponsoring development of BonsaiDb. Until recently I was still hoping to get back to writing an MMO once BonsaiDb was mature enough. My dreams have changed in the past months: I want to focus on bringing safe high-level data-oriented application development to Rust. Initially that means getting BonsaiDb to a maturity level where it meets my original vision. Many readers may not be aware that the early days of BonsaiDb development were overlapped with my development of Gooey . To this day it is the only framework that meets my personal desires of application development. However it's lacking many critical features/widgets. I paused development because I want to focus on BonsaiDb. Yet I also want to begin writing GUI administration tools for BonsaiDb soon. I would love to continue dedicating my focus to these areas of the Rust ecosystem: If you would like to ensure my ability to continue working on these projects full-time I am now accepting sponsorship through GitHub Sponsors . I have been working on open-source Rust projects since November 2019 all funded by the sale of my previous startup. I would love the opportunity to continue working on open-source full time without needing to focus on building another startup. As I am not in dire need of finances please only sponsor me if you have truly disposable income. Another important way to help grow BonsaiDb is to contribute. I've been working on adding Good First Issue tasks. If you're looking to contribute to an open-source Rust project I would be honored to have you as part of our team. Our homepage has basic setup instructions and a list of examples. We have started writing a user's guide and we have tried to write good documentation . I would love to hear from you if you have questions or feedback. We have community Discourse forums and a Discord server but also welcome anyone to open an issue with any questions or feedback. Lastly if you build something with one of our libraries we would love to hear about it. Nothing makes us happier than hearing people are building things with our crates! Thank you to all of the wonderful people in the Khonsu Labs community and the Rust ecosystem. BonsaiDb by Khonsu Labs . BonsaiDb's source code is dual-licensed with MIT and Apache License 2.0 . This website's content is licensed CC BY NC SA 4.0 . This page was served by Dossier which is powered by BonsaiDb.

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A brief history of LLaMA models (agi-sphere.com)

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A brief history of nobody wants to work anymore (twitter.com/paulisci) Weve detected that JavaScript is disabled in this browser. Please enable JavaScript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. You can see a list of supported browsers in our Help Center. Help Center Terms of Service Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint Ads info 2023 X Corp.

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A broken man's homemade seaworthy ship rests in the Canadian prairie (2015) (atlasobscura.com) Born in 1878 on a Finnish atoll to a family of fishermen and shipbuilders Tom Sukanen (birthnameTomi Jaanus Alankola) sailedto America at the age of 20 only to end up in the landlocked state of Minnesota. There he married a young Finnish woman and somewhat dispassionately settled into a life of farming. Together they hada few children threedaughters and a son before their lives took a bizarre turn in 1911. Sukanen got word thathis brother had begun homesteading in the Macrorie-Birsay area of Saskatchewan so he abandoned his new family in favor of walking more than 600 miles on foot to reunitewithhis blood-kin. While up north he managed toestablish a new home for his wife and children near his brother even saving up a modest nest egg to bring them to Canada. This process took 11 years. Upon returning to fetch his family Sukanenfound that not only had his lovedied ina flu epidemic duringhis absence buttheirchildren had been separated from one another placed in foster homes and hisold farm lay in ruin. Aftertracking down his only son the two madefor the Canadian borderonly for the boy to be rejected and sent back to his foster home. Heartbroken and alone Sukanen returned to Saskatchewan. First he built himself a rowboat and headed for the Hudson where he found work aboard a freighter that took him to Finland and back. This voyage would set his heart on returning to his homeland by whatever means necessary. Much to the confusion and outrage of his neighbors at the height of the Great Depression Sukanen spent six years pouring every cent of his savings into building a seaworthy vessel in the middle of the Canadian prairie. Named the Sontiainen the ship was made from a combination of iron galvanized steel and double-planed strong oak. The keel was sealed with horse blood in keeping with Finnish tradition. The last step involved towingthe ship 17 miles away to the South Saskatchewan River but the only man in town capable of helping flatly refused to do so. Shortly thereafterSukanen awoketo discover vandals had stripped the Sontiainen s keel and hull of its metal while hed been fast asleep in a cabin above. Completely broken Sukanen made no protest when he was taken to an insane asylum where he remained until his death in 1943 the year the drought eased enough for the waters to reach the Sontiainen s mooring. (Of course Sukanen may indeed have been mentally ill. He apparently attempted to patent wife-beating implements.) The Sontiainen stayed put as it was destined to become a symbolfor those who dream and attempt the seemingly impossible. In 1977 after undergoingsignificant restoration thanks to the efforts of several local benefactors the Sontiaine n was movedto Moose Jaws extant Pioneer Village Museum whose name was later changed to foregroundthe vesselspresencea testament to its inspirational power. Sukanens remains were also relocated to a small chapel beside his ship in hopes that he may finally rest in peace. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month.

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A cab ride I'll never forget (1999) (kentnerburn.com) wandering wondering writing wandering wondering writing There was a time in my life twenty years ago when I was driving a cab for a living. It was a cowboys life a gamblers life a life for someone who wanted no boss constant movement and the thrill of a dice roll every time a new passenger got into the cab. What I didnt count on when I took the job was that it was also a ministry. Because I drove the night shift my cab became a rolling confessional. Passengers would climb in sit behind me in total anonymity and tell me of their lives. We were like strangers on a train the passengers and I hurtling through the night revealing intimacies we would never have dreamed of sharing during the brighter light of day. I encountered people whose lives amazed me ennobled me made me laugh and made me weep. And none of those lives touched me more than that of a woman I picked up late on a warm August night. I was responding to a call from a small brick fourplex in a quiet part of town. I assumed I was being sent to pick up some partiers or someone who had just had a fight with a lover or someone going off to an early shift at some factory for the industrial part of town. When I arrived at the address the building was dark except for a single light in a ground-floor window. Under these circumstances many drivers would just honk once or twice wait a short minute then drive away. Too many bad possibilities awaited a driver who went up to a darkened building at 2:30 in the morning. But I had seen too many people trapped in a life of poverty who depended on the cab as their only means of transportation. Unless a situation had a real whiff of danger I always went to the door to find the passenger. It might I reasoned be someone who needs my assistance. Would I not want a driver to do the same if my mother or father had called for a cab? So I walked to the door and knocked. Just a minute answered a frail and elderly voice. I could hear the sound of something being dragged across the floor. After a long pause the door opened. A small woman somewhere in her 80s stood before me. She was wearing a print dress and a pillbox hat with a veil pinned on it like you might see in a costume shop or a Goodwill store or in a 1940s movie. By her side was a small nylon suitcase. The sound had been her dragging it across the floor. The apartment looked as if no one had lived in it for years. All the furniture was covered with sheets. There were no clocks on the walls no knickknacks or utensils on the counters. In the corner was a cardboard box filled with photos and glassware. Would you carry my bag out to the car? she said. Id like a few moments alone. Then if you could come back and help me? Im not very strong. I took the suitcase to the cab then returned to assist the woman. She took my arm and we walked slowly toward the curb. She kept thanking me for my kindness. Its nothing I told her. I just try to treat my passengers the way I would want my mother treated. Oh youre such a good boy she said. Her praise and appreciation were almost embarrassing. When we got in the cab she gave me an address then asked Could you drive through downtown? Its not the shortest way I answered. Oh I dont mind she said. Im in no hurry. Im on my way to a hospice. I looked in the rearview mirror. Her eyes were glistening. I dont have any family left she continued. The doctor says I should go there. He says I dont have very long. I quietly reached over and shut off the meter. What route would you like me to go? I asked. For the next two hours we drove through the city. She showed me the building where she had once worked as an elevator operator. We drove through the neighborhood where she and her husband had lived when they had first been married. She had me pull up in front of a furniture warehouse that had once been a ballroom where she had gone dancing as a girl. Sometimes she would have me slow in front of a particular building or corner and would sit staring into the darkness saying nothing. As the first hint of sun was creasing the horizon she suddenly said Im tired. Lets go now. We drove in silence to the address she had given me. It was a low building like a small convalescent home with a driveway that passed under a portico. Two orderlies came out to the cab as soon as we pulled up. Without waiting for me they opened the door and began assisting the woman. They were solicitous and intent watching her every move. They must have been expecting her; perhaps she had phoned them right before we left. I opened the trunk and took the small suitcase up to the door. The woman was already seated in a wheelchair. How much do I owe you? she asked reaching into her purse. Nothing I said. You have to make a living she answered. There are other passengers I responded. Almost without thinking I bent and gave her a hug. She held on to me tightly. You gave an old woman a little moment of joy she said. Thank you. There was nothing more to say. I squeezed her hand once then walked out into the dim morning light. Behind me I could hear the door shut. It was the sound of the closing of a life. I did not pick up any more passengers that shift. I drove aimlessly lost in thought. For the remainder of that day I could hardly talk. What if that woman had gotten an angry driver or one who was impatient to end his shift? What if I had refused to take the run or had honked once then driven away? What if I had been in a foul mood and had refused to engage the woman in conversation? How many other moments like that had I missed or failed to grasp? We are so conditioned to think that our lives revolve around great moments. But great moments often catch us unawares. When that woman hugged me and said that I had brought her a moment of joy it was possible to believe that I had been placed on earth for the sole purpose of providing her with that last ride. I do not think that I have ever done anything in my life that was any more important. Copyright 2023 Kent Nerburn | Powered by kincaid-burrows

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A captured American spy plane that crashed during a Hungarian pleasure flight (telex.hu) Men Keres August 05. 2022. 04:54 AM updated Copy Sixty-one years ago on 6 August 1961 the accident known as the Lumumba Street tragedy occurred when a Malv plane a passenger plane converted from an American spy plane crashed into a high-rise building in Zugl during a sightseeing flight in Budapest. Even though thirty people died in the disaster it was not reported in the newspapers until days later. The body of the 21-seater HA-TSA shakes softly as it breaks free from the earth's embrace and within a few minutes it is circling over Budapest. Passengers have barely emerged from the awe of the thousands of green violet white and red lights shining through the opalescent veil of the airport before they are captivated by new wonders. Its as if a jewelery box has opened before them filled with billions of glittering pearls: Budapest! The mechanical bird is flying at a speed of 220 km/hour 500 meters high although at times it feels like it is standing still. It is only during a turn a steep climb or descent that we feel that we are flying such was the description of the experience in a 1957 article (published in Htfi Hrek) about the airplane that crashed four years later. It is not hard to imagine that reading such things put many in the mood for sightseeing flights. At the time this was both trendy and popular. So much so that Malv (the now non-existent Hungarian airline) had regular flights where one could either admire Budapest or lake Balaton from the air. The above quote is from an article describing a two-hour Saturday evening luxury trip combined with dinner which was part of the summer schedule and cost one hundred forints per person. There were also cheaper less exclusive sightseeing flights: for example in the spring of 1958 a simple 15-minute flight above the capital cost 45 forints for adults and 25 forints for children. There were days when a dozen such flights would take off so these had become routine. They were not considered dangerous and even the pilots were quite relaxed. In the year prior to the terrible plane crash in 1961 two flights above Lake Balaton also experienced dangerous situations due to pilots maneuvering recklessly. But since they managed to avoid a crash the two pilots got away with a simple reprimand and there were no big changes. The crew of the plane registered under the marking HA-TSA took off from Ferihegy airport for the last time at 4:44 pm on 6 August 1961. The crew was already breaking a rule as they allowed more people on board than could be seated. This was most likely one of the things that lead to the tragedy but another significant reason was the fact that this was an American-made DC-3 military plane which wasnt well-known in Hungary and which had been converted to a passenger plane. But how did it end up in Hungary? According to press reports of the time on 19 November 1951 the twin-engined aircraft known as the spy plane entered Hungarian airspace twice with four American soldiers on board. The United States claimed that it had taken off from Erding in (then) Western Germany was en-route to Belgrade and only ended up in Hungarian airspace due to navigation difficulties. At first the Hungarian Air Force tried unsuccessfully to shoot it down but Soviet fighters intercepted it the second time and forced it to land at Ppa. Officially the Hungarian Air Force requested assistance from the Soviets stationed in Hungary citing poor visibility and after the successful operation the air defense commander sent the following telegram to the pilots in Ppa: We are deeply grateful to the glorious falcons of Stalin who intercepted the imperialist plane that flew into the airspace of our People's Republic. According to an analysis by military historian Gyrgy Mark published in 1993 although it is a fact that the American aircraft was piloted by well-trained experienced pilots its on-board instruments were in perfect working order and the crew was in communication with the US military radio station in Frankfurt throughout the flight it is likely that what happened was indeed a misrouting due to a navigational error. In any case in 1951 the crew of the American plane were found guilty by the Hungarian court convicted of border offenses fined 360 000 forints each and expelled from the country. The aircraft itself was confiscated and used by the Hungarian Air Force until 1956 but as it had no proper documentation spare parts or tools it was treated as a tolerated stepchild. It was transferred to Malv (the Hungarian National Airline) where it was first converted into an 18-seater and then into a 21-seater based on Soviet documentation. It did not fly westwards but it did occasionally cross the borders of friendly people's democratic countries. In any case it was mostly used domestically often for pleasure flights. On 6 August 1961 the plane had already completed four successful pleasure flights of just 12 minutes each. However its fifth trip was irregular from the moment it took off because although the plane weighed 145 kilograms below the maximum load limit as we have mentioned before it was carrying too many passengers: Although only ten tickets had been sold 17 adults and six children were on board. The HA-TSA made most of the journey without a problem but after eight minutes in the air it began a strange maneuver over Zugl. According to eyewitness accounts before the crash the aircraft made sharp overbanked turns flew in up-and-down waves and then began a left turn with an unauthorised bank angle on the upward leg of a wave. It then slewed around lifted its nose turned over on its back and in a spiral dive crashed into the yard side of a three-storey house at 224 Lumumba (now Rna) Street at 16:56. The entire crew and all the passengers of the aircraft died on impact. The fuselage broke in two the cockpit tore through the roof of the building and penetrated the ceiling of the first floor. The rear of the fuselage and the wing parts slid down the wall of the house crushing three young people to death in the yard: a 20 a 17 and a 13-year-old boy. The responding firefighters brought out a seriously injured woman and a three-month-old baby from the ruined house. The baby escaped with minor injuries. They were not able to access the collapsed nose section and the cockpit in which they found six bodies could only be pulled from the building the following day. Although there were many eye-witnesses to the incident including some who took photographs of the irregular maneuvers the authorities imposed a news blackout. This may be the reason why the tragedy was only reported in the newspapers days later based on information from the State News Agency (MTI) with only 20 fatalities. The circumstances of the tragic crash were investigated by a specially set up committee. However the results of the inquiry were reported in the newspapers very quickly less than a week after the accident also quoting a statement from MTI. The committee concluded that the aircraft was in good technical condition that air traffic control was working properly and that there were too many people on board. It was also possible to reconstruct from the positioning of the bodies that neither the passengers nor the crew were wearing seat belts so that people had fallen out of their seats in the back during the spinning. This also means that after a certain point the aircraft was already in a virtual spiral dive with no human intervention. The investigators also found that two female passengers were in the cockpit at the time of the crash and that the flight engineer had left his post. The passengers in the cockpit and in the passenger cabin could have seriously impeded the crew's ability to keep the aircraft in the air. On the day of the tragedy the HA-TSA was commanded by 29-year-old Rbert Hoffmann who had flown a total of around 6000 hours before the disaster and had performed his flight and route checks with excellent results. However before the crash he had performed excessive turns and waves without taking into account the performance and aerodynamic characteristics of the American-built aircraft. According to the committees report the crew of the Malv flight was trying to entertain the passengers and the investigation committee blamed the crash on unauthorised manoeuvres. In addition to the thirty fatalities and the two injured the tragedy caused more than HUF 4 million in damages and a significant loss of prestige for Malv. Although the air disaster did not receive much publicity in 1961 a long ban on sightseeing flights over Budapest followed. Sources: Contemporary editions of Szabad Np Htfi Hrek and Veszprmi Napl and commemorative articles from the 1990s by Top Gun magazine Mai Nap and Npszabadsg. The publication of this article was supported by Arcanum. If you enjoyed this article and want to make sure not to miss similar content about Hungary in the future subscribe to the Telex English Newsletter! The translation of this article was made possible by our cooperation with the Heinrich Bll Foundation.

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HV-{DJu~ f A2;TmlA&&%O@$fendstreamendobj startxref216%%EOF Jump to HONG KONG (AP) A former executive at ByteDance the Chinese company which owns the popular short-video app TikTok says in a legal filing that some members of the ruling Communist Party used data held by the company to identify and locate protesters in Hong Kong. Yintao Yu formerly head of engineering for ByteDance in the U.S. says those same people had access to U.S. user data an accusation that the company denies. Yu who worked for the company in 2018 made the allegations in a recent filing for a wrongful dismissal case filed in May in the San Francisco Superior Court. In the documents submitted to the court he said ByteDance had a superuser credential also known as a god credential that enabled a special committee of Chinese Communist Party members stationed at the company to view all data collected by ByteDance including those of U.S. users. The credential acted as a backdoor to any barrier ByteDance had supposedly installed to protect data from the C.C.P's surveillance the filing says. Hong Kong is a semi-autonomous region in China with its own government. In recent years following mass protests in 2014 and 2019 the former British colony has come under more far reaching control by Beijing. Yu said he saw the god credential being used to keep tabs on Hong Kong protesters and civil rights activists by monitoring their locations and devices their network information SIM card identifications IP addresses and communications. ByteDance said in a statement that Yu's accusations were baseless. It's curious that Mr. Yu has never raised these allegations in the five years since his employment for Flipagram was terminated in July 2018 the company said referring to an app that ByteDance later shut down for business reasons. His actions are clearly intended to garner media attention. We plan to vigorously oppose what we believe are baseless claims and allegations in this complaint ByteDance said. Charles Jung Yu's lawyer and a partner at the law firm Nassiri & Jung said Yu chose to raise the allegations because he was disturbed to hear the recentCongressional testimonyof TikTok's CEO when Shou Zi Chew a Singaporean vehemently denied Chinese authorities had access to user data. Telling the truth openly in court is risky but social change requires the courage to tell the truth Jung said. It's important to him that public policy be based on accurate information so he's determined to tell his story. TikTok is under intense scrutiny in the U.S. and worldwide over how it handles data and whether it poses a national security risk. Some American lawmakers have expressed concern that TikTok's ties to ByteDance means the data it holds is subject to Chinese law. They also contend that the app which has over 150 million monthly active users in the U.S. and more than a billion users worldwide could be used to expand China's influence. During the combative MarchHouse hearinglawmakers from both parties grilled Chew over his company's alleged ties to Beijing data security and harmful content on the app. Chew repeatedly denied TikTok shares user data or has any ties with Chinese authorities. To allay such concerns TikTok has said that it would work with Oracle to store all U.S. data within the country. In an earlier court filing Yu accused ByteDance of serving as a propaganda tool for the Chinese Communist Party by promoting nationalistic content and demoting content that does not serve the party's aims. He also said that ByteDance was responsive to the Communist Party's requests to share information. Yu also accused ByteDance of scraping content from competitors and users to repost on its sites to exaggerate key engagement metrics. He says he was fired for sharing his concerns about wrongful conduct he saw with others in the company. In mainland China ByteDance operates Douyin which is targeted at the domestic market. TikTok is its global app that is available in most other countries. It was also available in Hong Kong until TikTok pulled out of the market in 2020 following the imposition of a sweeping national security law. Anyone who tries to open TikTok from within Hong Kong will see a message that reads We regret to inform you that we have discontinued operating TikTok in Hong Kong. Read next An official website of the United States government The .gov means its official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information make sure youre on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. The present study used meta-analytic techniques (number of samples = 92) to determine the patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course. Results showed that people increase in measures of social dominance (a facet of extraversion) conscientiousness and emotional stability especially in young adulthood (age 20 to 40). In contrast people increase on measures of social vitality (a 2nd facet of extraversion) and openness in adolescence but then decrease in both of these domains in old age. Agreeableness changed only in old age. Of the 6 trait categories 4 demonstrated significant change in middle and old age. Gender and attrition had minimal effects on change whereas longer studies and studies based on younger cohorts showed greater change. NCBI Literature Resources MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Connect with NLM National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda MD 20894 Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure Help Accessibility Careers A curated collection of prompts personas functions & more for LLMs (large language model AIs) 2023 Wolfram . All rights reserved. Member-only story Catherine Andrews Follow -- 2 Share Stop murdering your village of weirdos. This article is cross-posted from my weekly newsletter The Sunday Soother a newsletter about clarity intention and useful tips for creating more meaning in your life that goes out every Sunday morning. Subscribe here . I am also a coach who works with sensitive people so they can stop second-guessing make decisions -- -- 2 Teaching awakening + healing through vulnerability + self-compassion. Finding hope in a messy world. Author of the Sunday Soother. http://catherinedandrews.com Help Status Writers Blog Careers Privacy Terms About Text to speech Teams Infinite Mac is a project by Mihai Parparita to make classic Mac emulation easily accessible. It uses WebAssembly ports of Mini vMac Basilisk II and SheepShaver to allow a broad set of System Software/Mac OS versions to run on the web. Shortcuts to the most popular versions are available: system6.app system7.app kanjitalk7.app macos8.app and macos9.app . For a demo of the kinds of capabilities the emulators have see this video . To learn more including how it was built see this series of blog posts . Source code is available on GitHub . For feedback you can reach Mihai via email or @mihaip@hachyderm.io . For bug reports or software requests you can also file an issue on GitHub . If you'd like to support the project you can donate . I used to get free room and board in exchange for telling students not to go to Oxford. They were applying for fellowships to go study there; I had recently returned from doing one and Harvard was happy to keep me housed and fed if I would help students win. But I had a bad time at Oxfordand I wanted students to know what they were getting into so I would sit across from them in the dining hall plates full of chicken tenders and french fries and explain that postgraduate education in the UK is largely a way of extracting money from foreign students. Professors over there are checked out classes are bad and the whole place is pervaded with this sense of isolation and alienation like everyone is behind a plate of glass. (Also you might end up briefly homeless .) Thank you so much for telling me that the students would say. So how many recommendation letters do I need? Sometimes I run into these students after they return from Oxford. How was it? I ask. They usually say something like: The professors were checked out the classes were bad and I felt isolated and alienated. And we share a knowing look the kind that can only occur between two people who have been hurt exactly the same way. As they walk away Im always left wondering: why didnt they believe me? We spend our lives learning hard things the hard way: what it feels like to fall in love how to forgive what to say when a four-year-old asks where babies come from when to leave a party how to scramble eggs when to let a friendship go what to do when the person sitting next to you on the bus bursts into tears how to parallel park under pressure and so on. Its like slowly filling up a bucket with precious drops of wisdom except the bucket is your skull. The fuller your bucket gets the more you want to pour it into other peoples buckets to save them all the time the heartache and the burnt eggs that you had to endure to fill yours. This should be easy: you have the knowledge so just give it to them! But it isnt easy. You tell them theyll be sad and lonely at Oxford; they dont get it. You warn them that holding a grudge will only weigh them down; they refuse to let it go. You explain how to parallel park; they end up jammed into a spot at a 45-degree angle with a line of cars honking behind them. Its like youre tipping your bucket over theirs but all the wisdom-water splashes everywhere and none of it ends up in their bucket. Why is this so hard? Why must every generation of humans spend their entire lives learning what the last generation already knew? Why cant we reach the brain through the ears? The lives we could save the years we could get back the progress we could make if we could just solve this problem! So lets try. Heres our first obstacle. Humans have this rich strange kaleidoscopic mental experience. Unfortunately the main method we use to transmit the contents of one mind to another mind goes like this : You blow air over your vocal cords flap your lips and wag your tongue This creates a series of air compressions These bounce off a thin membrane inside someone elses ear Which shakes some itty-bitty bones Which in turn vibrates some fluid inside a snail-shaped cave Hair cells living underwater in the cave sway in tune with the waves This sparks the nerves attached to those hairs The nerves make electrical signals that zip into the brain The brain decodes the electricity back into mental experience Computer people have a good word for this kind of thing: lossy compression . You simply cant fit a thought into a sound wave. Somethings gotta go and what goes is its ineffable essence its deep meaning. You have to hope that the other person can reconstruct that essence with whatever they have lying around in their head. Often they cant. Theres a classic study that illustrates this well. Back in 1990 a graduate student named Elizabeth Newton brought a bunch of people into the lab and had them sit back-to-back. She gave one person a list of well-known songs like Yankee Doodle and Twinkle Twinkle Little Star and asked them to use their index finger to tap out those songs on the desk in front of them. The other persons job was to name that tune. Tappers thought listeners would correctly identify the song 50% of the time. In fact listeners got it right a measly 2.5% of the time. Why? When youre tapping out say Joy to the World you hear it in full orchestrationlyrics melody maybe even some trumpets and a choir. But all the other person hears is tap tap tap tap. (By the way this study was never published. Newton turned in her dissertation and then peaced out. Newton if youre out there: respect.) So when I told my students that Oxford wasnt great they had no idea what I was talking about; they might as well have heard tap tap tap. They werent there when my so-called statistics class turned out to be a two-hour tutorial on how to open the stats program and basically nothing else. They werent in the room when I asked my advisor if she wanted to meet in a couple weeks after I made progress on my project and she looked at me helplessly too polite to say no but too checked out to say yes. They didnt sit with me for weeks as I forced my terrible masters thesis out of my head onto the page and ultimately into the trash. When I sum all that up as it was kinda meh it doesnt mean much. Its like describing the Mona Lisa as some lady smiling or the Great Depression as a tough timeliterally true but basically meaningless. So thats the first thing preventing us from filling up each others buckets: by the time we pour them out most of the liquid is already vapor. Heres the second obstacle: even when the words make it past our ears and into our brains we are naturally inclined not to trust them. It turns out that you can kinda just flap your lips and wag your tongue and say whatever you want even if it isnt true. You can say I love you when you dont Im fine when youre not and I see myself working here five years from now when you are literally googling resum templates. We all know that talk is cheap so we tend to believe what we see more than what we hear. Your real friends are the ones who show up to help you move not the ones who tell you how theyll always be there for you. A good boss is the one who gives you time off when your mom dies not the one who says I care about you! and then asks you if you might have time to polish the PowerPoint between the wake and the funeral. Unfortunately when we want to transmit wisdom words are often all we have. How else can you convince someone that for example its better to have loved and lost than never loved at all? An interpretive dance? A sculpture made out of chewing gum? A breakup-themed escape room? If youre sitting there with a broken heart what are you going to believe: a string of phonemes or the ache in your chest? So words are not only lossy; theyre also untrustworthy and so when a prematurely gray-haired grad student is telling you that maybe doing a masters degree at Oxford isnt all its cracked up to be you might naturally wonder Ok so why did you go? and that would be a good question and the answer to it is A craven desire for prestige and a reasonable response to that is Oh I have that too. Even when we understand the words and even when we trust them we still have another eject button: we assume they dont apply to us. See inside my head Ive ideas flying around soundbites popping off feelings flooding the placeits all one big carnival bonanza. But when I hear about whats going on in other peoples heads all I get is piddling near-meaningless statements like Im having fun or I feel sad. That makes it easy to believe that what I have going on upstairs is just fundamentally different from other folks: Ive got Fantasia playing up there while they've got like a couple doodles underscored by a fourth-grader with a flute. As I wrote in Its very weird to have a skull full of poison when I was sad I kind of thought I was the only one to ever feel that way. Other people had off-the-rack misery; mine was bespoke and therefore incomprehensible to anyone else. So why would I believe anybody when they told me that my sadness was temporary? They had never had my special secret sadness which was uniquely permanent. The problem is that every person is different so we always have a handy excuse for disqualifying any wisdom we hear. Sure you found love but I am uniquely unloveable. Following your dreams worked for you but my dreams are unattainable so I shouldnt even try. Its easy for you to say that people should forgive and forget but the wrongs done against me are unforgivable. A final obstacle that stops us from filling each others buckets with wisdom: it might kill us. If youre on a Mac you can open up a program called Terminal and with just a few lines of code ruin your computer. Youre not supposed to screw around in there unless you really know what youre doing. The human brain does not have Terminal for good reason. If you could muck around with your own source code you could suddenly make your lungs stop working or destroy your ability to see blue or get yourself sexually attracted to birds. Thats why you have to wall it off so that neither you nor anyone else can break your brain. But you cant simply entomb all of your beliefsyou have to be able to change some things or else youd never learn anything. Some parts of our mind have to be exposed and malleable while other parts have to be guarded and stiff. So instead of being like a computer with a Terminal window our minds are more like medieval fiefdoms. On the outskirts are fields and villages almost entirely undefended. These are beliefs we dont mind changing: your friend has a new phone number your mom is arriving on Thursday instead of Friday the sushi restaurant down the street was supposed to be good but it gave you gastroenteritisetc. Further in you hit the castle walls. Things here are changeable but only with a purposeful attack. You might encounter beliefs like Marvel movies are cool or Im not good at math or I would suspect Oxford University is a good place to go for graduate study. Then theres the keep. The only way to change anything in here is to blow open the doors chip away at the walls for years or marry the king and be invited inside. Even then you might not succeed. Psychologists call these beliefs primals like the world is dangerous and bad and some are even deeper than that like I am a good person. To impart wisdom then is to lay siege to someones mind-castle because the only things worth being wise about are hidden behind the walls. And it has to be that way because these beliefs and values are simply too important to leave undefended. If someone could upend your entire sense of self by uttering a few sentences we would constantly be under attack from the interpersonal equivalent of hydrogen bombs. But in protecting ourselves from attack we also protect ourselves from wisdom. Okay so you cant really reach the brain through the ears and maybe theres no way around that and maybe thats a good thing. Maybe the real problem is that we think we can reach other peoples brains through their ears. Can I show you the images I despise most in the whole wide world? Heres one: Heres another: And another: The idea that you could possibly make people more what encouraged ?just by showing them an image that says music is good! is so outrageous so utterly inane that I feel ill every time I see one of these. This is the kind of foolish thing you do when you believe that people are stupid All these dummies need is a little inspiration so Ill remind them about the 2001 Dreamworks film Shrek ! (My bet is that if you ever tried to assess the effectiveness of this ad campaign youd find that it does nothing at all. It might even make people worse off because they see images of famous people and think to themselves oh I could never be like that. These ads may be marginally effective at raising awareness of Shrek.) We do this all the time: we attempt to reach the brain through the ears but all we end up doing is vibrating the air. We try to convince students that math is fun by saying Hey students math is fun! We write blog posts about how a bad thing is actually good or how good thing is actually bad and we send them into the void. Airports still resound with prerecorded warnings to stop the spread of covid-19what is it exactly that people think this is doing? Because its fun. I started by asking whether we could solve this problem. Now we're at the end and Im convinced we cant. But I think we can tackle it better by appreciating its immensity. You cannot dump your bucket into someone elses bucket. You can only hope to fill their bucket slowly even imperceptibly perhaps with an eyedropper perhaps over years. To put it in terms of castles rather than buckets: you can go marauding all you want in the fields and villages of someones mind but the treasure you seek is behind the walls and it will take a siege to breach them. And as every good king knew you shouldnt go a-sieging all willy-nilly. If we really understood this we would tear down the posters and tone down the PSAs. We would stop hoping to change peoples hearts by jiggling their cochleas. And perhaps wed come to recognize and value wisdom more because wed appreciate how hard it is to get and transmit. Were all born with an empty bucket and weve got to fill it the hard way. So when I spot someone with a full bucket I give em a knowing nod even though I dont know yet but I hope to one day. My grandmother may she rest in peace used to end her goodbyes with two words: Be good. Out of contextor written in impact font beneath a picture of Mozart or whateverthese words mean nothing. But because I knew my grandma for decades I understood exactly what they meant. I wish I could explain them to you but thats the whole point: I cant. It takes a whole childhood of hanging out with her eating bologna sandwiches playing cards hearing about how she left the convent because the nuns made her decide whether she would use her one allowable excursion to attend her mothers funeral or her fathers. Only after all that time do my grandmas words start to mean something and then they mean a lot much more than any of the words I heard in my formal education especially in those years I spent at a certain UK university. See this has really been a long way of saying one thing which I will still happily say even when I dont get any housing or french fries in return: dont go to Oxford . Experimental History exists thanks to paid subscribers. If you like what you read here join em! Related posts: The radical idea that people arent stupid Youll forget most of what you learn. What should you do about that? Why arent smart people happier? Well said. I think the big takeaway though isn't so much in asking how we should better transmit knowledge but in asking how we might ensure that what we become better receivers of knowledge. So we should be asking ourselves how we can keep the castle guarded but also accessible; and also asking under what conditions we place things in or remove things from the keep. In my experience smart people learn from their own experience. There are a lot of smart people out there. But truly wise people are able to learn from the experience of others. I really liked your idea that core beliefs are held in the keep as a way of protecting them but it also makes it hard to change them. That really resonated! However Id like to gently push back against the siege idea -- I dont think changing whats in the keep comes from forceful breaching but rather from a gentle welcoming. The owner of the keep needs to let someone (or another part of themselves) in and survey the area and muck around a bit. One need to want to change or learn before they are able to. The way youre describing this made me think a lot about the internal family systems (IFS) model of understanding oneself (and also trauma). I think you might be interested! Id highly recommend No Bad Parts by Richard Schwartz. Thanks as always for your musings! No posts Ready for more? iOS 17 and macOS Sonoma include even more privacy-preserving features while browsing the web. Link Tracking Protection is a new feature automatically activated in Mail Messages and Safari in Private Browsing mode. It detects user-identifiable tracking parameters in link URLs and automatically removes them. Adding tracking parameters to links is one way advertisers and analytics firms try to track user activity across websites. Rather than storing third-party cookies a tracking identifier is simply added to the end of the page URL. This would circumvent Safaris standard intelligent tracking prevention features that block cross-site cookies and other methods of session storage. Navigating to that URL allows an analytics or advertising service at the destination to read the URL extract those same unique parameters and associate it with their backend user profile to serve personalized ads. Apple is attempting to crack down on this behavior across its operating systems this year. Safari will automatically detect which parts of the URL are identifying and remove only those parts leaving the rest of the URL intact so you still get to the web page you intended to visit. This process happenstransparently during browser navigation in Safari Private Browsing mode and links that the user clicks on from Mail and Messages app. As a partial mitigation Apple is enabling an alternative way for advertisers to measure campaign success with Private Click Measurement ad attribution now available in Safari Private Browsing mode. Private Click Measurement allows advertisers to track ad campaign conversion metrics but does not reveal individual user activity. FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More. Check out 9to5Mac on YouTube for more Apple news: Benjamin develops iOS apps professionally and covers Apple news and rumors for 9to5Mac. Listen to Benjamin every week on the Happy Hour podcast. Check out his personal blog . Message Benjamin over email or Twitter . The easiest way to get into HomeKit and Apple smart hometech. Great for gifts. Inexpensive fast wireless charger for iPhone. By Jon Porter a reporter with five years of experience covering consumer tech releases EU tech policy online platforms and mechanical keyboards. An Apple developer session has offered an in-depth look at the many ways users will (eventually) control its new Vision Pro headset including a virtual keyboard that youll be able to type on in mid-air. It comes to us thanks to the Design for spatial input session in which two members of Apples design team walk prospective developers through best practices for designing apps for the new platform. Apple seems keen for users to mainly interact with the headset by simply looking at UI elements and making small hand gestures with their arms relaxed on their lap. But in its developer session Apple designer Israel Pastrana Vicente admits that some tasks are better suited to interact directly which can involve reaching out and touching UI elements (a feature Apple refers to as direct touch). Theres also support for using physical keyboards and trackpads or game controllers. Some tasks are better suited to interact directly So lets talk about the Vision Pros virtual keyboard. Apple designer Eugene Krivoruchko explains that its important to offer plenty of visual and audio feedback while using it to make up for the missing tactile information involved with touching a read peripheral. While the finger is above the keyboard buttons display a hover state and a highlight that gets brighter as you approach the button surface Krivoruchko explains. It provides a proximity cue and helps guide the finger to target. At the moment of contact the state change is quick and responsive and is accompanied by matching spatial sound effect. Meta also recently rolled out a similar experimental feature also called direct touch to allow Quest VR users to touch menu buttons or virtual keyboards. But thanks to its depth sensors UploadVR notes that Apples Vision Pro is likely to be more accurate than Metas at least until the depth sensor-equipped Quest 3 arrives later this year. Theres also support for voice input with the same developer session noting that focusing your eyes on the microphone icon in the search field will trigger a Speak to Search feature. Thatll likely draw audio data from the six microphones built into the Vision Pro. Direct touch can also be used to interact with other system elements. Theres the ability to tap and scroll as though youre interacting with a touchscreen and one Apple demo shows the wearer making a pen motion in midair to write a word and draw a heart shape in Markup. Although the primary interaction is via the users hand Krivoruchko explains how its also using eye-tracking to augment the gestures. You control the brush cursor with your hand similar to a mouse pointer but then if you look to the other side of the canvas and tap the cursor jumps there landing right where youre looking. This creates a sense of accuracy and helps to cover the large canvas quickly the designer says. We still have plenty of questions about how Apples expensive new Vision Pro headset is going to work in practice (in particular the potential to pair it with motion controllers from other manufacturers) but between our hands-on experience and developer sessions like these the experience is starting to come into focus. Update June 8th 12:57PM ET : Added an image of gestures from Apple. / Sign up for Verge Deals to get deals on products we've tested sent to your inbox daily. The Verge is a vox media network 2023 Vox Media LLC. All Rights Reserved Front page layout Site theme Diana Gitig - May 16 2023 7:44 pm UTC It used to be that if you wanted to find a DNA sequence in a particular sample you had to go searching for that specific sequenceyou had to fish it out with a hook designed especially to catch it. But no more. DNA sequencing technology has advanced to the point where you can take a sample from almost any environmenta drop of water an ice core a scoop of sand or soil even airand just see whatever DNA is in there. This provides a non-invasive way to study wild populations and invasive or endangered species and has been used to monitor for pathogens (SARS-CoV-2 mpox polio tuberculosis) in wastewater. But guess who elses DNA is in those environmental samples? Yup. Ours. Liam Whitmore is a zoologist and conservationist who studies green turtles. He and his colleagues realized that having human DNA slip into research samples might be an issue so they looked to see if they could find any in old water and sand samples they had taken as part of a wildlife and pathogen monitoring study. They did. Then they went intentionally searching for specific human sequences and in water sand and air samples they found plenty of genomic regions that could identify a persons ancestry and susceptibility to several diseases. They didnt go so far as to identify individuals but noted that someone probably could compare these sequences to public genetic data without too much difficulty. This is not the first time conservationists have had to contend with inadvertently collecting sensitive human data; mics and cameras set up to study wildlife can also record human voices and images. Data filtering can alleviate some of the privacy and consent concerns this raises but things are stickier with DNA. So Whitmore and company very responsibly outlined some of the potential problems as well as some potential benefits of their findings rather than leaving it up to policymakers and regulators and ethicists to sort it out later (i.e. too late). The findings raise questions about best practices for these sorts of studies. In the US and the European Union federally funded researchers intending to work with identifiable human DNA samples must first get approval from their institutional review board (which Whitmore did) and also get written informed consent from participants. But consent is impossible to obtain when the DNA is captured inadvertently in the environment. Environmental DNA sequences are often deposited into public databases as well. Since we now recognize that they contain human DNA can/should this still be the case? Beyond bureaucratic concerns there are a host of malicious uses for this human genomic bycatch. Bad guys can use it for location tracking and surveillance of individuals or perhaps more distressingly target populations without their knowledge or consent. Commercial appropriation of this tracking and surveillance data is almost the most benign application one can imagine for it. Wastewater monitoring for pathogens arrived with COVID-19 but the significant legal and privacy issues regarding its use have barely been addressed. Now that identifiable human DNA can be isolated from air these issues really need to get hammered out. But the DNA that we are constantly shedding and leaving all around us could also be used for good. That same pathogen monitoring could be correlated with human DNA that identifies susceptible populations helping to protect them. Human genomic bycatch could be used to continually monitor for cancer-causing mutations which arise and accumulate over a persons lifetime. It could be used to add genetic information from underrepresented populations to genomic databases that still lack them or to find undiscovered sites of human habitation that archeologists have not yet uncovered. And environmental DNA samples could be used to find missing persons both victims and suspects. Gaining these benefits while maintaining privacy will require a careful balancing act. As Natalie Ram a legal scholar who works at the intersection of law and genetic privacy put it in an accompanying paper: To be sure solving crime is a good thing. But exploiting involuntarily shed genetic information for investigative aims risks putting all of us under perpetual genetic surveillance. She highlighted that law enforcement has repeatedly demonstrated that they could not possibly be keener to use genetic information gathered for other purposes like consumer genetic testing and even newborn screening (!!) and that in the US at least most lower courts have held that individuals have no constitutional privacy rights in the DNA they unintentionally and inevitably shed as they move through the world. We know that we leave genetic material all over the world; thats hardly news. But now anyone who has the desire and the means can collect and use or misuse it. This means that all of the thorny complicated questions that arose with DNA sequencing technology have become even more pressing. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02056-2 10.1038/s41559-023-02072-2 Join the Ars Orbital Transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. Sign me up CNMN Collection WIRED Media Group 2023 Cond Nast. All rights reserved. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 1/1/20) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated 1/1/20) and Ars Technica Addendum (effective 8/21/2018). Ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. Read our affiliate link policy . Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information The material on this site may not be reproduced distributed transmitted cached or otherwise used except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Ad Choices By Jon Porter a reporter with five years of experience covering consumer tech releases EU tech policy online platforms and mechanical keyboards. An Apple developer session has offered an in-depth look at the many ways users will (eventually) control its new Vision Pro headset including a virtual keyboard that youll be able to type on in mid-air. It comes to us thanks to the Design for spatial input session in which two members of Apples design team walk prospective developers through best practices for designing apps for the new platform. Apple seems keen for users to mainly interact with the headset by simply looking at UI elements and making small hand gestures with their arms relaxed on their lap. But in its developer session Apple designer Israel Pastrana Vicente admits that some tasks are better suited to interact directly which can involve reaching out and touching UI elements (a feature Apple refers to as direct touch). Theres also support for using physical keyboards and trackpads or game controllers. Some tasks are better suited to interact directly So lets talk about the Vision Pros virtual keyboard. Apple designer Eugene Krivoruchko explains that its important to offer plenty of visual and audio feedback while using it to make up for the missing tactile information involved with touching a read peripheral. While the finger is above the keyboard buttons display a hover state and a highlight that gets brighter as you approach the button surface Krivoruchko explains. It provides a proximity cue and helps guide the finger to target. At the moment of contact the state change is quick and responsive and is accompanied by matching spatial sound effect. Meta also recently rolled out a similar experimental feature also called direct touch to allow Quest VR users to touch menu buttons or virtual keyboards. But thanks to its depth sensors UploadVR notes that Apples Vision Pro is likely to be more accurate than Metas at least until the depth sensor-equipped Quest 3 arrives later this year. Theres also support for voice input with the same developer session noting that focusing your eyes on the microphone icon in the search field will trigger a Speak to Search feature. Thatll likely draw audio data from the six microphones built into the Vision Pro. Direct touch can also be used to interact with other system elements. Theres the ability to tap and scroll as though youre interacting with a touchscreen and one Apple demo shows the wearer making a pen motion in midair to write a word and draw a heart shape in Markup. Although the primary interaction is via the users hand Krivoruchko explains how its also using eye-tracking to augment the gestures. You control the brush cursor with your hand similar to a mouse pointer but then if you look to the other side of the canvas and tap the cursor jumps there landing right where youre looking. This creates a sense of accuracy and helps to cover the large canvas quickly the designer says. We still have plenty of questions about how Apples expensive new Vision Pro headset is going to work in practice (in particular the potential to pair it with motion controllers from other manufacturers) but between our hands-on experience and developer sessions like these the experience is starting to come into focus. Update June 8th 12:57PM ET : Added an image of gestures from Apple. / Sign up for Verge Deals to get deals on products we've tested sent to your inbox daily. The Verge is a vox media network 2023 Vox Media LLC. All Rights Reserved Front page layout Site theme Diana Gitig - May 16 2023 7:44 pm UTC It used to be that if you wanted to find a DNA sequence in a particular sample you had to go searching for that specific sequenceyou had to fish it out with a hook designed especially to catch it. But no more. DNA sequencing technology has advanced to the point where you can take a sample from almost any environmenta drop of water an ice core a scoop of sand or soil even airand just see whatever DNA is in there. This provides a non-invasive way to study wild populations and invasive or endangered species and has been used to monitor for pathogens (SARS-CoV-2 mpox polio tuberculosis) in wastewater. But guess who elses DNA is in those environmental samples? Yup. Ours. Liam Whitmore is a zoologist and conservationist who studies green turtles. He and his colleagues realized that having human DNA slip into research samples might be an issue so they looked to see if they could find any in old water and sand samples they had taken as part of a wildlife and pathogen monitoring study. They did. Then they went intentionally searching for specific human sequences and in water sand and air samples they found plenty of genomic regions that could identify a persons ancestry and susceptibility to several diseases. They didnt go so far as to identify individuals but noted that someone probably could compare these sequences to public genetic data without too much difficulty. This is not the first time conservationists have had to contend with inadvertently collecting sensitive human data; mics and cameras set up to study wildlife can also record human voices and images. Data filtering can alleviate some of the privacy and consent concerns this raises but things are stickier with DNA. So Whitmore and company very responsibly outlined some of the potential problems as well as some potential benefits of their findings rather than leaving it up to policymakers and regulators and ethicists to sort it out later (i.e. too late). The findings raise questions about best practices for these sorts of studies. In the US and the European Union federally funded researchers intending to work with identifiable human DNA samples must first get approval from their institutional review board (which Whitmore did) and also get written informed consent from participants. But consent is impossible to obtain when the DNA is captured inadvertently in the environment. Environmental DNA sequences are often deposited into public databases as well. Since we now recognize that they contain human DNA can/should this still be the case? Beyond bureaucratic concerns there are a host of malicious uses for this human genomic bycatch. Bad guys can use it for location tracking and surveillance of individuals or perhaps more distressingly target populations without their knowledge or consent. Commercial appropriation of this tracking and surveillance data is almost the most benign application one can imagine for it. Wastewater monitoring for pathogens arrived with COVID-19 but the significant legal and privacy issues regarding its use have barely been addressed. Now that identifiable human DNA can be isolated from air these issues really need to get hammered out. But the DNA that we are constantly shedding and leaving all around us could also be used for good. That same pathogen monitoring could be correlated with human DNA that identifies susceptible populations helping to protect them. Human genomic bycatch could be used to continually monitor for cancer-causing mutations which arise and accumulate over a persons lifetime. It could be used to add genetic information from underrepresented populations to genomic databases that still lack them or to find undiscovered sites of human habitation that archeologists have not yet uncovered. And environmental DNA samples could be used to find missing persons both victims and suspects. Gaining these benefits while maintaining privacy will require a careful balancing act. As Natalie Ram a legal scholar who works at the intersection of law and genetic privacy put it in an accompanying paper: To be sure solving crime is a good thing. But exploiting involuntarily shed genetic information for investigative aims risks putting all of us under perpetual genetic surveillance. She highlighted that law enforcement has repeatedly demonstrated that they could not possibly be keener to use genetic information gathered for other purposes like consumer genetic testing and even newborn screening (!!) and that in the US at least most lower courts have held that individuals have no constitutional privacy rights in the DNA they unintentionally and inevitably shed as they move through the world. We know that we leave genetic material all over the world; thats hardly news. But now anyone who has the desire and the means can collect and use or misuse it. This means that all of the thorny complicated questions that arose with DNA sequencing technology have become even more pressing. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02056-2 10.1038/s41559-023-02072-2 Join the Ars Orbital Transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. Sign me up CNMN Collection WIRED Media Group 2023 Cond Nast. All rights reserved. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 1/1/20) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated 1/1/20) and Ars Technica Addendum (effective 8/21/2018). Ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. Read our affiliate link policy . Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information The material on this site may not be reproduced distributed transmitted cached or otherwise used except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Ad Choices The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has extensively updated its ventilation guidance on helping prevent indoor transmission of the virus that causes Covid-19. The agency had advised people to ventilate indoor air before but this is the first time a federal agency has set a target five air changes per hour for how much rooms and buildings should be ventilated. Air quality experts cheered the updated recommendations . Its a monumental shift. We havent had this. We havent had health-based ventilation standards said Joseph Allen director of the Harvard Healthy Buildings Program. Allen says that although its easy to see the guidance only in the context of Covid-19 it will help with many other airborne hazards like wildfire smoke allergens and other infectious diseases such as the flu. The move comes the day after the US ended its public health emergency for Covid-19. Public health officials have long downplayed the role of airborne spread in the transmission of infectious disease and it took years of lobbying by indoor air quality experts for the CDC to acknowledge the importance of ventilation in controlling the pandemic. I am pleasantly surprised to see CDC add this guidance. I do find it ironic that they finally published ways to end the pandemic at the same time as declaring it is over said Kimberly Prather an atmospheric chemist at the University of California at San Diego and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In May 2020 Prather and her coauthors published a perspective article in the journal Science explaining the airborne spread of Covid-19. Later that year she and more than 200 other scientists penned a letter to the World Health Organization and other public health authorities asking them to acknowledge and develop guidance to stop airborne spread. If they had broadcast and implemented these changes at the beginning there never would have been a pandemic Prather said. The new CDC guidance was developed in conjunction with a new standard from the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. The CDC says better indoor ventilation can reduce the concentration of viral particles in the air lowering the risk that a person would breathe them in and get sick. Improved ventilation can also lower the amount of virus person might inhale potentially lowering their infectious dose which could play a role in the severity of their infection. The new guidance offers detailed recommendations for how to make indoor air healthier. Some of the strategies are as simple as opening a window to let in more outdoor air and using fans to increase the effectiveness of open windows. In addition to better air circulation the CDC recommends cleaning indoor air using MERV-13 air filters in your HVAC system if possible. Air cleaners or purifiers may be helpful if they use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA). The CDC says these are most important in high-risk areas like schools and medical offices. Systems that use UV light to kill germs may also be helpful. Sign up here to get The Results Are In with Dr. Sanjay Gupta every Tuesday from the CNN Health team. As for how much ventilation is enough the CDC suggests at least five air changes per hour to reduce germs. Thats the equivalent of what a portable air cleaner provides as long as its properly sized for the space its used in the CDC says. Ventilation and air cleaning strategies together can help meet the target. 2023 Cable News Network. A Warner Bros. Discovery Company. All Rights Reserved. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. By Jon Porter a reporter with five years of experience covering consumer tech releases EU tech policy online platforms and mechanical keyboards. An Apple developer session has offered an in-depth look at the many ways users will (eventually) control its new Vision Pro headset including a virtual keyboard that youll be able to type on in mid-air. It comes to us thanks to the Design for spatial input session in which two members of Apples design team walk prospective developers through best practices for designing apps for the new platform. Apple seems keen for users to mainly interact with the headset by simply looking at UI elements and making small hand gestures with their arms relaxed on their lap. But in its developer session Apple designer Israel Pastrana Vicente admits that some tasks are better suited to interact directly which can involve reaching out and touching UI elements (a feature Apple refers to as direct touch). Theres also support for using physical keyboards and trackpads or game controllers. Some tasks are better suited to interact directly So lets talk about the Vision Pros virtual keyboard. Apple designer Eugene Krivoruchko explains that its important to offer plenty of visual and audio feedback while using it to make up for the missing tactile information involved with touching a read peripheral. While the finger is above the keyboard buttons display a hover state and a highlight that gets brighter as you approach the button surface Krivoruchko explains. It provides a proximity cue and helps guide the finger to target. At the moment of contact the state change is quick and responsive and is accompanied by matching spatial sound effect. Meta also recently rolled out a similar experimental feature also called direct touch to allow Quest VR users to touch menu buttons or virtual keyboards. But thanks to its depth sensors UploadVR notes that Apples Vision Pro is likely to be more accurate than Metas at least until the depth sensor-equipped Quest 3 arrives later this year. Theres also support for voice input with the same developer session noting that focusing your eyes on the microphone icon in the search field will trigger a Speak to Search feature. Thatll likely draw audio data from the six microphones built into the Vision Pro. Direct touch can also be used to interact with other system elements. Theres the ability to tap and scroll as though youre interacting with a touchscreen and one Apple demo shows the wearer making a pen motion in midair to write a word and draw a heart shape in Markup. Although the primary interaction is via the users hand Krivoruchko explains how its also using eye-tracking to augment the gestures. You control the brush cursor with your hand similar to a mouse pointer but then if you look to the other side of the canvas and tap the cursor jumps there landing right where youre looking. This creates a sense of accuracy and helps to cover the large canvas quickly the designer says. We still have plenty of questions about how Apples expensive new Vision Pro headset is going to work in practice (in particular the potential to pair it with motion controllers from other manufacturers) but between our hands-on experience and developer sessions like these the experience is starting to come into focus. Update June 8th 12:57PM ET : Added an image of gestures from Apple. / Sign up for Verge Deals to get deals on products we've tested sent to your inbox daily. The Verge is a vox media network 2023 Vox Media LLC. All Rights Reserved Front page layout Site theme Diana Gitig - May 16 2023 7:44 pm UTC It used to be that if you wanted to find a DNA sequence in a particular sample you had to go searching for that specific sequenceyou had to fish it out with a hook designed especially to catch it. But no more. DNA sequencing technology has advanced to the point where you can take a sample from almost any environmenta drop of water an ice core a scoop of sand or soil even airand just see whatever DNA is in there. This provides a non-invasive way to study wild populations and invasive or endangered species and has been used to monitor for pathogens (SARS-CoV-2 mpox polio tuberculosis) in wastewater. But guess who elses DNA is in those environmental samples? Yup. Ours. Liam Whitmore is a zoologist and conservationist who studies green turtles. He and his colleagues realized that having human DNA slip into research samples might be an issue so they looked to see if they could find any in old water and sand samples they had taken as part of a wildlife and pathogen monitoring study. They did. Then they went intentionally searching for specific human sequences and in water sand and air samples they found plenty of genomic regions that could identify a persons ancestry and susceptibility to several diseases. They didnt go so far as to identify individuals but noted that someone probably could compare these sequences to public genetic data without too much difficulty. This is not the first time conservationists have had to contend with inadvertently collecting sensitive human data; mics and cameras set up to study wildlife can also record human voices and images. Data filtering can alleviate some of the privacy and consent concerns this raises but things are stickier with DNA. So Whitmore and company very responsibly outlined some of the potential problems as well as some potential benefits of their findings rather than leaving it up to policymakers and regulators and ethicists to sort it out later (i.e. too late). The findings raise questions about best practices for these sorts of studies. In the US and the European Union federally funded researchers intending to work with identifiable human DNA samples must first get approval from their institutional review board (which Whitmore did) and also get written informed consent from participants. But consent is impossible to obtain when the DNA is captured inadvertently in the environment. Environmental DNA sequences are often deposited into public databases as well. Since we now recognize that they contain human DNA can/should this still be the case? Beyond bureaucratic concerns there are a host of malicious uses for this human genomic bycatch. Bad guys can use it for location tracking and surveillance of individuals or perhaps more distressingly target populations without their knowledge or consent. Commercial appropriation of this tracking and surveillance data is almost the most benign application one can imagine for it. Wastewater monitoring for pathogens arrived with COVID-19 but the significant legal and privacy issues regarding its use have barely been addressed. Now that identifiable human DNA can be isolated from air these issues really need to get hammered out. But the DNA that we are constantly shedding and leaving all around us could also be used for good. That same pathogen monitoring could be correlated with human DNA that identifies susceptible populations helping to protect them. Human genomic bycatch could be used to continually monitor for cancer-causing mutations which arise and accumulate over a persons lifetime. It could be used to add genetic information from underrepresented populations to genomic databases that still lack them or to find undiscovered sites of human habitation that archeologists have not yet uncovered. And environmental DNA samples could be used to find missing persons both victims and suspects. Gaining these benefits while maintaining privacy will require a careful balancing act. As Natalie Ram a legal scholar who works at the intersection of law and genetic privacy put it in an accompanying paper: To be sure solving crime is a good thing. But exploiting involuntarily shed genetic information for investigative aims risks putting all of us under perpetual genetic surveillance. She highlighted that law enforcement has repeatedly demonstrated that they could not possibly be keener to use genetic information gathered for other purposes like consumer genetic testing and even newborn screening (!!) and that in the US at least most lower courts have held that individuals have no constitutional privacy rights in the DNA they unintentionally and inevitably shed as they move through the world. We know that we leave genetic material all over the world; thats hardly news. But now anyone who has the desire and the means can collect and use or misuse it. This means that all of the thorny complicated questions that arose with DNA sequencing technology have become even more pressing. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02056-2 10.1038/s41559-023-02072-2 Join the Ars Orbital Transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. Sign me up CNMN Collection WIRED Media Group 2023 Cond Nast. All rights reserved. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 1/1/20) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated 1/1/20) and Ars Technica Addendum (effective 8/21/2018). Ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. Read our affiliate link policy . Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information The material on this site may not be reproduced distributed transmitted cached or otherwise used except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Ad Choices The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has extensively updated its ventilation guidance on helping prevent indoor transmission of the virus that causes Covid-19. The agency had advised people to ventilate indoor air before but this is the first time a federal agency has set a target five air changes per hour for how much rooms and buildings should be ventilated. Air quality experts cheered the updated recommendations . Its a monumental shift. We havent had this. We havent had health-based ventilation standards said Joseph Allen director of the Harvard Healthy Buildings Program. Allen says that although its easy to see the guidance only in the context of Covid-19 it will help with many other airborne hazards like wildfire smoke allergens and other infectious diseases such as the flu. The move comes the day after the US ended its public health emergency for Covid-19. Public health officials have long downplayed the role of airborne spread in the transmission of infectious disease and it took years of lobbying by indoor air quality experts for the CDC to acknowledge the importance of ventilation in controlling the pandemic. I am pleasantly surprised to see CDC add this guidance. I do find it ironic that they finally published ways to end the pandemic at the same time as declaring it is over said Kimberly Prather an atmospheric chemist at the University of California at San Diego and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In May 2020 Prather and her coauthors published a perspective article in the journal Science explaining the airborne spread of Covid-19. Later that year she and more than 200 other scientists penned a letter to the World Health Organization and other public health authorities asking them to acknowledge and develop guidance to stop airborne spread. If they had broadcast and implemented these changes at the beginning there never would have been a pandemic Prather said. The new CDC guidance was developed in conjunction with a new standard from the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. The CDC says better indoor ventilation can reduce the concentration of viral particles in the air lowering the risk that a person would breathe them in and get sick. Improved ventilation can also lower the amount of virus person might inhale potentially lowering their infectious dose which could play a role in the severity of their infection. The new guidance offers detailed recommendations for how to make indoor air healthier. Some of the strategies are as simple as opening a window to let in more outdoor air and using fans to increase the effectiveness of open windows. In addition to better air circulation the CDC recommends cleaning indoor air using MERV-13 air filters in your HVAC system if possible. Air cleaners or purifiers may be helpful if they use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA). The CDC says these are most important in high-risk areas like schools and medical offices. Systems that use UV light to kill germs may also be helpful. Sign up here to get The Results Are In with Dr. Sanjay Gupta every Tuesday from the CNN Health team. As for how much ventilation is enough the CDC suggests at least five air changes per hour to reduce germs. Thats the equivalent of what a portable air cleaner provides as long as its properly sized for the space its used in the CDC says. Ventilation and air cleaning strategies together can help meet the target. 2023 Cable News Network. A Warner Bros. Discovery Company. All Rights Reserved. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. Sometimes people do a study and find that a particular correlation is r = 0.2 or a particular effect size is d = 1.1. Then an article tries to put this in context. The study found r = 0.2 which for context is about the same as the degree to which the number of spots on a dog affects its friskiness. But there are many statistics that are much higher than you would intuitively think and many other statistics that are much lower than you would intuitively think. A dishonest person can use one of these for context and then you will incorrectly think the effect is very high or very low. In last weeks post on antidepressants I wrote: Consider a claim that the difference between treatment and control groups was only as big in terms of effect size as the average height difference between men and women - just a couple of inches (I think I saw someone say this once but Ive lost the reference thoroughly enough that Im presenting it as a hypothetical). That drug would be more than four times stronger than Ambien! But we can do worse. Studies find that IQ correlates with grades at about 0.54. Here are two ways to put that in context: IQ determines less than 30% of the variance in grades; the other 70% is determined by other things. IQ affects grades more than political affiliation (liberal vs. conservative) affects whether or not you like Donald Trump (on the ACX survey). The first way makes it sound like IQ doesnt matter that much; the second way makes it sound like it matters a lot. Or suppose that youre debating whether theres such a thing as general intelligence eg whether students who are good at reading are also good at math. People have studied this; here are two ways to describe the result: The correlation between reading scores and math scores is lower than the correlation between which college majors have higher IQ and which college majors have skewed gender balance. The correlation between reading and math is higher than the correlation between which countries are near the equator and which countries are hot. The first effect might sound kind of trivial but it is r = 0.86 . And the second effect might sound immense but it is only r = 0.64 . The real correlation between standardized reading and math tests is in between r = 0.72 . The examples above might be sort of cheating because theyre comparing college majors (which are averaged-out aggregates of people) to countries (which are just individual countries). But thats my point. Its easy to cheat! Obviously someone wanting to exaggerate or downplay the generality of intelligence could choose which of these two ways they wanted to put it into context. I dont have a solution to this except for constant vigilance and lots of examples. So here are a lot of examples. I thought I was the first to do this but partway through I found some prior art. None completely satisfied me but Ive stolen a little from all of them. Credit here: Meyer et al Hattie on education Reason Without Restraint Leucht et al . Some effect sizes and correlations are naturally misleading or depend a lot on context. Ive tried as hard as I can to avoid these and make all my examples clear but they will necessarily require some charity. Effect Size: DARE keeps kids off drugs: 0.02 Single-sex schools improve grades: 0.08 Smaller class sizes improve grades: 0.21 SSRIs help depression: 0.4 Ibuprofen helps arthritis pain: 0.42 Women are more empathetic than men: 0.9 Oxycodone helps pain: 1.0 Smokers get more lung cancer than non-smokers: 1.1 Men commit more violent crime than women: 1.1 Men are more into engineering than women: 1.1 Adderall helps ADHD: 1.3 Men are taller than women: 1.7 Children tutored individually learn more than in a classroom: 2.0 Correlation: Extraversion vs. holiday gift spending: 0.09 Extraversion vs. having more sex: 0.17 Political conservatism vs. happiness: 0.18 Brain size vs. intelligence: 0.19 Parents social class vs. childs grades: 0.22 Political liberalism vs. concern about COVID: 0.33 Boss vs. coworker assessments of job performance: 0.34 Husbands attractiveness vs. wifes attractiveness: 0.4 High school GPA vs. SAT score: 0.43 Height vs. weight: 0.44 IQ vs. educational attainment: 0.44 Political conservatism vs. support for Trump (on ACX survey): 0.5 IQ vs. grades: 0.54 Latitude vs. temperature: 0.6 Depression vs. anxiety: 0.64 SAT verbal score vs. SAT math score: 0.72 Two different methods of testing arterial oxygen: 0.84 The same students score taking the SAT twice: 0.87 A statistician who read a draft of this post suggested throwing out these general statistical effect measures in favor of specific ones; not only does nobody know what they mean but nobody cares what the standardized effect size of a treatment for depression is - they care how much less depressed theyre going to get. I sort of agree but I can see some use for these. We cant express how much less depressed someone gets in comprehensible units - it will either be stuff like this or 5 points on the HAM-D which is even more arcane and harder for laymen to interpret. And when you get to questions like how big is the gender difference in empathy? I cant think of another equally clear way to express it. Still its hard to understand and easy to mislead with so watch out. No posts Ready for more? By Jon Porter a reporter with five years of experience covering consumer tech releases EU tech policy online platforms and mechanical keyboards. An Apple developer session has offered an in-depth look at the many ways users will (eventually) control its new Vision Pro headset including a virtual keyboard that youll be able to type on in mid-air. It comes to us thanks to the Design for spatial input session in which two members of Apples design team walk prospective developers through best practices for designing apps for the new platform. Apple seems keen for users to mainly interact with the headset by simply looking at UI elements and making small hand gestures with their arms relaxed on their lap. But in its developer session Apple designer Israel Pastrana Vicente admits that some tasks are better suited to interact directly which can involve reaching out and touching UI elements (a feature Apple refers to as direct touch). Theres also support for using physical keyboards and trackpads or game controllers. Some tasks are better suited to interact directly So lets talk about the Vision Pros virtual keyboard. Apple designer Eugene Krivoruchko explains that its important to offer plenty of visual and audio feedback while using it to make up for the missing tactile information involved with touching a read peripheral. While the finger is above the keyboard buttons display a hover state and a highlight that gets brighter as you approach the button surface Krivoruchko explains. It provides a proximity cue and helps guide the finger to target. At the moment of contact the state change is quick and responsive and is accompanied by matching spatial sound effect. Meta also recently rolled out a similar experimental feature also called direct touch to allow Quest VR users to touch menu buttons or virtual keyboards. But thanks to its depth sensors UploadVR notes that Apples Vision Pro is likely to be more accurate than Metas at least until the depth sensor-equipped Quest 3 arrives later this year. Theres also support for voice input with the same developer session noting that focusing your eyes on the microphone icon in the search field will trigger a Speak to Search feature. Thatll likely draw audio data from the six microphones built into the Vision Pro. Direct touch can also be used to interact with other system elements. Theres the ability to tap and scroll as though youre interacting with a touchscreen and one Apple demo shows the wearer making a pen motion in midair to write a word and draw a heart shape in Markup. Although the primary interaction is via the users hand Krivoruchko explains how its also using eye-tracking to augment the gestures. You control the brush cursor with your hand similar to a mouse pointer but then if you look to the other side of the canvas and tap the cursor jumps there landing right where youre looking. This creates a sense of accuracy and helps to cover the large canvas quickly the designer says. We still have plenty of questions about how Apples expensive new Vision Pro headset is going to work in practice (in particular the potential to pair it with motion controllers from other manufacturers) but between our hands-on experience and developer sessions like these the experience is starting to come into focus. Update June 8th 12:57PM ET : Added an image of gestures from Apple. / Sign up for Verge Deals to get deals on products we've tested sent to your inbox daily. The Verge is a vox media network 2023 Vox Media LLC. All Rights Reserved

BAD

A dirty dish by the sink can be a big marriage problem (theatlantic.com) The existence of love trust respect and safety in a relationship is often dependent on moments you might write off as petty disagreements. This article was featured in One Story to Read Today a newsletter in which our editors recommend a single must-read from The Atlantic Monday through Friday. Sign up for it here. The things that destroy love and marriage often disguise themselves as unimportant. Many dangerous things neither appear nor feel dangerous as theyre happening. Theyre not bombs and gunshots. Theyre pinpricks. Theyre paper cuts. And that is the danger. When we dont recognize something as threatening then were not on guard. These tiny wounds start to bleed and the bleed-out is so gradual that many of us dont recognize the threat until its too late to stop it. I spent most of my life believing that what ended marriages were behaviors I classify as Major Marriage Crimes. If murder rape and armed robbery are major crimes in the criminal-justice system I viewed sexual affairs physical spousal abuse and gambling away the family savings as major crimes in marriage. Because I wasnt committing Major Marriage Crimes when my wife and I were on opposite sides of an issue I would suggest that we agree to disagree. I believed she was wrongeither that she was fundamentally incorrect in her understanding of the situation or that she was treating me unfairly. It always seemed as if the punishment didnt fit the crimeas if she were charging me with premeditated murder when my infraction was something closer to driving a little bit over the speed limit with a burned-out taillight that I didnt even know was burned out. The reason my marriage fell apart seems absurd when I describe it: My wife left me because sometimes I leave dishes by the sink. It makes her seem ridiculous and makes me seem like a victim of unfair expectations. But it wasnt the dishes not reallyit was what they represented. Read: Doing dishes is the worst Hundreds maybe thousands of times my wife tried to communicate that something was wrong. That something hurt. But that doesnt make sense I thought. Im not trying to hurt her; therefore she shouldnt feel hurt. We didnt go down in a fiery explosion. We bled out from 10000 paper cuts. Quietly. Slowly. She knew that something was wrong. I insisted that everything was fine. This is how my marriage ended. It could be how yours ends too. Every couple has their own unique version of The Same Fight. It could be any number of things. Throwing laundry on the floor. Tracking mud through the house right after your partner cleaned up. It doesnt matter what the actual thing is. For us it was dishes by the sink. Sometimes I leave used drinking glasses by the kitchen sink just inches away from the dishwasher. It isnt a big deal to me now. It wasnt a big deal to me when I was married. But it was a big deal to her. Each time my wife entered the kitchen to discover the glass Id left next to the sink she moved incrementally closer to moving out and ending our marriage. I just didnt know it yet. You may be wondering Hey Matt! Why would you leave a glass by the sink instead of putting it in the dishwasher? A couple of reasons: There is only one reason I will ever stop leaving that glass by the sink and its a lesson I learned much too late: because I love and respect my partner and it really matters to them. I think I believed that my wife should respect me simply because I exchanged vows with her. It wouldnt have been the first time I acted entitled. What I know for sure is that I had never connected putting a dish in the dishwasher with earning my wifes respect. Read: The gender researchers guide to an equal marriage I think sometimes these little things blow up into The Same Fight because maybe we dont think its fair that our partners preferences should always win out over ours. Its as if we want to fight for our right to leave that glass there. The reaction might sound something like this: You want to take an otherwise peaceful evening and have an argument with me over this glass? After all the big things I do to make our life possiblethings I never hear a thank-you for (which I dont ask for)youre going to elevate a glass by the sink into a marriage problem? I couldnt be that petty if I tried. If you want that glass in the dishwasher put it in there yourself without telling me about it. Otherwise Ill put it away when people are coming over or when Im done with it. This is a bullshit fight that feels unfair. I wanted my wife to agree that when you put life in perspective a drinking glass by the sink is simply not a big problem that should cause a fight. I thought she should recognize how petty and meaningless it was in the grand scheme of life. I repeated that train of thought for the better part of 12 years waiting for her to finally agree with me. But she never did. She never agreed. I was arguing about the merits of a glass by the sink. But for my wife it wasnt about the glass. It wasnt about dishes by the sink or laundry on the floor or her trying to get out of doing the work of caring for our son for whom theres nothing she wouldnt do. It was about consideration. About the pervasive sense that she was married to someone who did not respect or appreciate her. And if I didnt respect or appreciate her then I didnt love her in a manner that felt trustworthy. She couldnt count on the adult who had promised to love her forever because none of this dish-by-the-sink business felt anything like being loved. I now understand that when I left that glass there it hurt my wifeliterally causing painbecause it felt to her as if I had just said Hey. I dont respect you or value your thoughts and opinions. Not taking four seconds to put my glass in the dishwasher is more important to me than you are. Suddenly this moment is no longer about something as benign and meaningless as a dirty glass. Now this moment is about a meaningful act of love and sacrifice. My wife knew I was reasonably smart so she couldnt figure out how I could be so dense after hundreds of these conversations. She began to question whether I was intentionally trying to hurt her and whether I actually loved her at all. Heres the thing. A dish by the sink in no way feels painful or disrespectful to a spouse who wakes up every day and experiences a marriage partner who communicates in both word and action how important and cherished their spouse and relationship are. My wife didnt flip shit over a dish by the sink because shes some insufferable nag who had to have her way all the time. My wife communicated pain and frustration over the frequent reminders she encountered that told her over and over and over again just how little she was considered when I made decisions. When were having The Same Fight positive intent or chalking up any harm caused as accidental can be just as much of a trust killer as more overtly harmful actions. It doesnt matter whether we are intentionally refusing to cooperate with our spouse or legitimately unable to understand whats wrongthe math results are the same. The net result of The Same Fight is more pain. Less trust. Regardless of anyones intentions. This is how two well-intentioned people slowly fall apart. If I had to distill the problems in failed relationships down to one idea it would be our colossal failure to make the invisible visible our failure to invest time and effort into developing awareness of what we otherwise might not notice in the busyness of daily life. If I had known that this drinking-glass situation and similar arguments would actually end my marriagethat the existence of love trust respect and safety in our marriage was dependent on these moments I was writing off as petty disagreementsI would have made different choices. I could have communicated my love and respect for her by not leaving tiny reminders for her each day that she wasnt considered. That she wasnt remembered. That she wasnt respected. I could have carefully avoided leaving evidence that I would always choose my feelings and my preferences over hers. This article was adapted from Matthew Frays new book This Is How Your Marriage Ends . When you buy a book using a link on this page we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting The Atlantic.

BAD

A few words on Ruby's type annotations state (zverok.space) May 5 2023 I am writing this on my phone in a barrack that houses some 200+ of my brothers-in-arms in the Ukrainian armys training camp; I use short periods of rest between training mostly at night and on Sundays. TBH since joining the army I didnt expect to have time or inspiration to write about Ruby and yet here we are. Recently there was a long and quite interesting discussion in /r/ruby which started with an article about one of Rubys type annotation tools Sorbetor rather the reason somebody would abandon attempts of using it. The discussion quickly turned into a generic argument about typing type annotations dynamic and static languages and so forth. That discussion made me remember some thoughts on type annotation situation in Ruby Ive distilled while working on my Ruby book (now postponed till our victory); some of those thoughts expressed an urge to be shared. The text below might be (or might not be) interesting for Rubyists as well for a general audience of programming language design space enthusiasts. It focuses on some design decisions the reasons that forced them to be made and the consequences that came after. Considering the conditions of its writing the article will be somewhat imprecise in its definitions preferring layman definitions to strict ones. It is also probably not very historically accurate: I write about decisions and discussions in Ruby design and how I remember them without trying too hard to validate it with remaining documents and discussion logs. Still I hope it to be interesting. A few years ago when the Ruby 3 release was brewing there were a lot of expectations laid on it. The main one was a 3-fold performance improvement compared to Ruby 2.0 (known as the Ruby 3x3 initiative) while preserving full backward compatibility; but also the big digit release obviously asked for new cool features. The baseline of what the modern high-level language should provide has shifted significantly in the last decade with many elements that were previously associated with academic/experimental languages gaining their attention in the mainstream. To name a few: first-class lambdas/closures algebraic types pattern matching actor concurrency Type annotations in dynamic languages seemed to fall into this list at least in the eyes of a part of the community. Whether the latter is/was a sound idea well discuss it a bit later. What should be said now is two things: that pressure to do something about type annotations was definitely present and that Matz (Yukihiro Matsumoto Rubys extremely nice and thoughtful BDFL) was never quite fond of it. I vaguely remember a couple of presentations from him about the upcoming three-oh release where in his usual laconic manner Matz commented on the issue saying that he acknowledges the demand but personally never liked the idea basically considering annotations redundant not DRY. I fail to remember any particular syntax proposal for in-language type annotations to be discussed at that point but the Ruby community was already experimenting with DSLs and tools to make it happen. This by the way is pretty usual for Ruby folk: many features that the language currently has were born as experiments DSLs and prototypes. One of those I remember to be extensively discussed at RubyKaigi 2017 was Soutaro Matsumotos steep . Its idea was to annotate types in a separate file using a Ruby-like (but not Ruby) language . Considering the method String#split which accepts two parametersseparator (string or regular expression) and (optional) numbers of parts to split into: its steep declaration would look like this: Another notable tool released maybe a year later was Sorbet by Stripe. It was powered by an in-code DSL: valid Ruby statements that were expected to be written alongside method definition: For non-Ruby devs: code above just calls a method sig that receives a block of code (akin to lambda in other languages) and inside this block of code the method params is called with signatures passed to it. So all of this syntax is valid Ruby and doesnt require any additional tricks to work. At the moment Sorbets syntax looked (for me) as an interesting experiment on what types of challenges in-language type annotations needed to solveand (for me!) was proof that the feature should be supported by languages syntax natively: DSL version was kinda readable yet clumsy and wordy. These pre-Ruby 3.0 experiments exposed the fact that the design area was visibly huge and Iprobably like many otherswas intrigued to see how it would look when it will become real (read: part of the language syntax). On Christmas 2020 Ruby 3 was finally released . It included many new features say pattern matching 1 : in a couple of iterations in the next versions it will prove to be a powerful clearly designed concept. The performance promise of 3x3 was kinda reached toothough there are conflicting opinions and ways to measure it. As for type annotations the compromise solution between community pressure and Matzs reluctance that the core team chose was RBS . I dont remember much of a public discussion about it; it just kinda came to be: a separate Ruby-like language for type annotations meant to be written in separate .rbs files: the idea and syntax pioneered in steep became the official way. There was an initial ecosystem of tools introduced for type analysis checking and deduction; soon a community-supported repositories of type annotations for standard and third-party libraries emerged. But the bottom line was that type annotations became part of Ruby-the-tool but not of Ruby-the-language Ruby-the-way of expressing thoughts . At the same time Sorbet DSL/toolset authors decided to continue developing it instead of replacing it with RBS. Nowadays Sorbet also has its own type annotation files format (to accompany the third-party libraries that dont include annotations in code) which is the same DSL the in-code Sorbet uses i.e. unlike RBS it is valid Ruby code. There is also a repository of Sorbet-compatible type definitions for many popular gems. To this day a constellation of tools and knowledge around the Ruby type annotations remains rich and actively developed but stays apart from the language itself. I wouldnt try to give a comprehensive overview of this constellation and how various tools interact and compete for a very trivial reason: I am not interested enough in types-as-tool. In my day job (the one before the army) I had a position we somewhat jokingly name chief code editor (akin to chief magazine editor): a person whothrough communication code reviews guides writing toolingtakes a responsibility to keep a large production codebase readable and maintainable. My main tool here is treating code as text and following language intuitions to maintain micro-narratives of separate methods and classes and the big structure of the system that these narratives make lucid i.e. expressing intention as clearly and directly as possible. In my OSS and blogging activities I am mostly focused on the same concepts: Ruby intuitions and lucid code. Be it my involvement in language development small practical gems extracted from my day job libraries for accessing open data or experiments with explanatory ports my writing the main question is always how the language leads us to express this in the clearest way possible. From this point of view an isolated type annotations language doesnt bring anything interesting (and even Sorbet being implemented as a Ruby DSL is a separate micro-language). It doesnt make us think of everyday language situations differently through insightful rhymes in syntaxes of annotations and other declarations and it doesnt make usual phrases and idioms more powerful. I perfectly understand that tools like Sorbet have their practical purpose and the end goal is essentially the same as my lucid code approach: long-term maintainability; just the path is different. But I cant stop to mourn if even so slightly what might have been would we found a way of having type annotations as a natural part of the language. The I am interested in annotations but neither Sorbet nor RBS doesnt feel right seems to be a pretty common sentiment. The reasons might differ (the original article that triggered that Reddit discussion lists three quite different ones) but the doubt seems common. But Every time something typing- or type annotations-related is discussed in the Ruby community one of the first comments would be something to the meaning of if you want a language with this take another language. (Honestly the same argument frequently applied to other new features that eventually were successfully integrated into the language like pattern matching.) Frequently the opinion is expressed as a categorical statement about the full impenetrability of paradigms or you can do it but the harm (to clarity and simplicity) would be higher than any gains. Is that so? As a person who thinks a lot about ways of expressing meanings in programming languages and design spaces of the means of expression I follow the development and design of several modern languages both new and shiny like Rust and old rivals like Python. The latter adopted optional type annotations syntax a few versions ago and it seems that several fruitful concepts have grown from it. I had some experience with Pythons approach while working on Rebuilding the spellchecker project and that experience was mostly pleasant. It went like this: the spellchecker (port of industry-grade Hunspell a complicated set of algorithms) was drafted to a mostly working state in a fully dynamic manner. Then I started to polish the edges: catch special cases clarify what depends on what (the intention of the port was a clear illustration of algorithms) streamline the flow And at that point an ability to leave type annotations here and there first as a note to self then as a formally validated system was a great tool. And in most places it also made code clearer not wordier for no gain. In fact we in Ruby have several incomplete systems of type-annotations-in-disguise: (from here ) The list can go on and on but it already seems to be partial proof of the fact that at least sometimes we might be better by having a standardized way to say explicitly this value has this type. In modern Python all of these casesand much morecan be covered with standard deeply integrated with the language types syntax. Be it documentation generation schema validations HTTP API signature deduction CLI calls generations How do I say the type is already solved. Some examples definitely make me envious: not even the particular libraries but this exact already solved feeling. And even without these advanced usages eventual type-checking might be extremely helpful. Now I deeply empathize with Matzs non-DRY sentiment. Too frequently in codebases using YARD types for documentation one can find preciously useless statements like We hate code elements that repeat each other and rightfully so: they impede the reading making the reader doubt themselves and reread repeated elements to understand whether they fully repeat or clarify each other. We frequently call such occurrences boilerplate (and sometimes take the notion too far producing easy to write hard to guess where it all comes from code chunks based on the urge to remove all the boilerplate). But even in very clearly defined APIs there remains room for doubt that one would be happy to clarify with a small additional declaration: is this parameter or return value nullable? Does this argument with a plural name accept arrays or DB scopes or what? Is that client argument in some service method meant to be our Client model or Stripe::Client object or say HTTP client? Too frequently we need a way to declare (and ideally automatically check) this! So with years I became persuaded that in a language-as-a-tool of expression thinking framework type annotations in any language might give a powerful boost to expressivenessbut only if they are integrated with the rest of the language naturally. Ill skip here the topic of IDE possibilities opened when type annotations are available: first because it is self-evident and second because external to the language type annotations like RBS or Sorbet canand doenable this support too. Rubys development process is quite unlike other languages. Last year I described how it all works in a series of posts (which also shares personal feelings of someone trying to participate in it). The main trait of this process is that it is highly informal: we dont have anything like Pythons PEPs or Rusts RFCs only a bug/discussion tracker . An integral part of this informality is relying on Matzs taste and intuition for everything that affects the languages core. Generally speaking the progress on adding specialized classes like IO::Buffer or an internal structure change even a huge one like JIT or GC changes are usually easier to move forward than even one yet core method or class i.e. the things that directly affect how we write. Needless to say that a change as big and visible as adding type annotations would require miraculous persuasion powers and syntactical ingenuity to even be seriously considered. To have a better understanding of the gargantuan task one would need to solve lets try to outline the design space and questions to be solved to have natural type annotations in Ruby (pretending Matz have never said we are not going to add any kind of type annotation)). If you are reading this as another programming language user I encourage it to reflect upon how your language addresses these challenges. It might give some interesting insights into the language developers design choices. First and foremost well need a way to put type annotations in method definition syntax (and probably in local variable definition and a couple of other places but lets not overcomplicate this mental exercise) . Most languages go either with name: Type or with Type name with the former being somewhat more popular among languages that are close to Ruby in some of their design elements. Unfortunately in Ruby this first syntax is already taken by default values of keyword (named) arguments. My limited knowledge says Rubys approach to named arguments is quite rare. In Python Kotlin or C# the caller decides what to name on call. So there is no dilemma in the method definition. Say in Python: In TypeScript something like named arguments is imitated by dictionary destructuring and the typing problem is solved for the whole dictionary: But OK as we dont have much choice here Ruby could probably go with Type name : TBH would I try to make a real proposal my senses would scream at that point most Rubyists would reject it as weird! But lets move to the next question. We need to have a type syntax itself. In Ruby the common chant is everything is an object and has its own class (even primitive values like numbers) so the decision seems to be simple and obvious: just write ClassName and be done with it. Or not be done? In most modern languages types syntax also allows defining: One can say all of this is not necessary if it cant be expressed with Ruby classesbut requiring to use of only natural pre-existing Ruby classes as type annotations would severely limit an ability to infer/check types. Even a relatively simple concept array.first returns one element of the same type as possible arrays elements types or nil cant be expressed and validated. There would also be a lot of small nasty problems unique to Rubys approaches. Say only boolean values pose at least two additional problems: And dont forget about duck typing here i.e. an ability to declare this method doesnt care about arguments particular class as long as the argument has these methods. A typical way to solve it is to declare interfaces or protocols . This is how it is done in RBS (while Sorbet consciously refuses to support it). Say the notion File.open can receive anything that is convertible to string as a file name should be expressed in RBS as As this and similar protocols (expect the argument to have only one method or sometimes two or three) are extremely common in Ruby solving them with a whole separate interface declaration looks extremely verbose for Rubyists intuition. YARDs type system acknowledges the fact by allowing to declare anything that responds to a method in place: All of these problems are solvableand to some extent solved by RBS and SorbetI am just trying to do a thorough reality check. If you are still following here is the next question: do those typing statements have a meaning as separate expressions or only can be allowed in method definitions and similar places? E.g. is this valid? This question is quite important because if the code above is allowed we are extremely limited to what syntax could be used for types. Because then the syntax should be unambiguously unused before! Only taking on a problem of generics we can not use: So what should you do?.. (The best possible candidate is still Array<String> probably complicating the parser to depend on spaces/sequence of lexemes to distinguish comparison from a generic type definition. But this leads to parser complication and probably some other consequences.) And thats only one of the elements necessary for a good type system! Well talk a bit about pattern matching in a bonus section but it seems suitable to mention here that when Ruby introduced it the syntax Array[something] was usedbut it was only made possible by the fact that PM-specific syntax elements are only valid inside PM statements (and Array[something] with another meaning is invalid inside them) so no ambiguity is created. But why would we need to have type expressions being independent? Because metaprogramming! Which is very important in the context. While Ruby doesnt have many distinct tools for this (no more than Python or JS) it definitely has a distinct style that favors metaprogramming. For example Ruby objects dont actually have attributes only methodsand here the language is quite unlike Python or JS. All object data is ultimately private. So this code: is actually a call of the method attr_accessor with argument :name that defines two accessor methods e.g. dynamically generates code equivalent to this: Another example: Rubys main web framework Rails (and many other libraries) are full of DSLs like this: Here again has_many is just a method that does a couple of things and amongst them defines that Organization class has methods like users (returning a DB scope with all organization users) add_user(u) and so on. It also guesses quite a handful of things: that the association links the organization to users DB table represented by User model via organization_id foreign key etc. The fact that this is a very poses questions like (not an exhaustive list by any means): Of course there is an option to limit what types of language construct support typing and just give up on the restthis is the way that Sorbet frequently chooses relying on (as far as I understand) its maintainer Stripe which already has a policy of using only a subset of Ruby. Obviously thats not what a core language feature can allow itself. The this can be typed this cant approach would most probably lead to a schism unseen before: splitting of the community into those who prefer type-annotated code and consequently became reluctant to any of the most expressive and dynamic featuresand everyone else. TBH I am partially afraid this might happen even in our timeline due to Sorbet and its support by a heavy-weight Ruby-powered company. Or it might happen in one of the future attempts performed in the mindset of we need types lets sacrifice whatever would be required to get them which might pull Ruby out of its path too far. What we learned after this mental exercise? I honestly tried to perform it alongside the reader: since the early drafts of the article my expectations were that Id come up with some coherent idea about a possible Ruby typing syntax. My attempt resulted in a deeper understanding of the level of design complexity making it hardly achievable. (I am not saying impossible because I am obviously not the smartest person in the room.) A side note consequence: while the question wasnt considered too deeply in public at the time of Ruby 3.0 development (and I have no inside knowledge about internal core team discussions on the topic) the reasons proper type annotations werent introduced seem to be a tiny bit deeper than nobody just thought about it (which some Reddit comments suggested). One question about possible type declarations syntax that Ive consciously omitted above is method overloading by type . There are a lot of methods in Ruby (especially in core classes) that do different things depending on argument count and types. Say Array#[] supports these protocols: When type definitions are part of the languages initial design the typical solution is defining overloaded methods: though some languages like Rust consciously avoid overloading. How we implement such methods in Ruby is just if or case in the methods body: Since Ruby 3+ introduction of pattern matching we have a powerful dispatch-by-pattern tool in our hands: The same syntax can also be used for validating or unpacking arguments for the method that only has one signature: Note that the syntax/approach is not totally unlike typechecking. At least for the direct code reading the two definitions of [] method (the imaginary one with overloads and the real one with pattern matching) arent that different and look quite declarative exposing what possible method signatures there are. The pattern matching-based definition maybe even look closer to whats realistically necessary to declare without building of full type system and solving all of the complicated challenges described above. But the pattern matching-in-body has no advantages for metaprogramming documentation generation etc. - what happens in the methods body stays in the methods body and is only available during the execution of the method (or for very sophisticated static analysis tools). E.g. would Array#[] be defined with a top-level case / in statement as it is shown above (it isnt because it is implemented in C) it wouldve looked quite informative/declarative about acceptable signatures but cant be queried about it with reflection say [1 2 3].method(:[]).parameters would only be able to say it accepts *args . The wild(ish) idea it gives us is that some combination of the pattern matching and method definitions syntax is somewhat easier to imagine than classic type annotations. Rubys cousin Elixir does something like that. Say what if the examples above couldve been written like this (assume we have a new keyword defp define a method with dispatching by patterns): and be exposed as a first-class metainformation: This is something that tickles my Ruby intuition in almost the right way. Not something to envision in the near future but not something impossible either 2 . The fact that it doesnt require a comprehensive type system can be seen as a strength or weakness depending on how youll tilt your head. WDYT? Thank you for reading. Please support Ukraine with your donations and lobbying for military and humanitarian help. Here youll find a comprehensive information source and many links to state and private funds accepting a donation. If you dont have time to process it all donating to Come Back Alive foundation is always a good choice. If youve found the post (or some of my previous work) useful I have a Buy Me A Coffee account now. Till the end of the war 100% of payments to it (if any) would be spent on my or my brothers necessary equipment or sent to one of the funds above. Initially introduced in the previous year in Ruby 2.7 as an experimental feature but significantly changed by 3.0. Though well be back to that problem when patterns arent value objects either . I don't build systems. I imagine them then write them.

GOOD

A first person shooter in 571 lines of GNU Awk (2016) (github.com/themozg) Pseudo-3D shooter written completely in gawk using raycasting technique Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more about the CLI . Please sign in to use Codespaces. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download Xcode and try again. Your codespace will open once ready. There was a problem preparing your codespace please try again. Bring some old-school fun to your terminal! Explore the dungeon and shoot monsters in this pseudo-3D game inspired by the classic Wolfenstein 3D and Doom. gawk -f awkaster.awk You need gawk version >= 4.0.0 OS X users must install gawk first. The easiest way to do this is to use Homebrew . Once it has been installed run the following commands: NetBSD users require gawk . The easiest way to do it is install it with pkgin : Alternatively install from sources using the pkgsrc framework : OpenBSD users require gawk . The easiest way to do it is install it with pkg_add : Alternatively install from sources using the OpenBSD ports : Your machine will now be ready to run awkaster . Your objective is to navigate the map and activate exit elevator killing hordes of monsters in the process. Controls: By default game resolution is 64x48 pixels which are just a pair of ASCII symbols. That means your terminal needs to be at least 128 chars wide. You may change variables w and h to your liking. Wall rendering is done using ray casting. Monsters and projectiles are added after that as sprites. Ray casting is a simple rendering algorithm that doesn't require any 3d modeling or complex computation. You can find an excellent tutorial here: http://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting.html Pseudo-3D shooter written completely in gawk using raycasting technique

BAD

A frog so small it could not frog (theatlantic.com) Most frogs can jump and land with the precision and grace of an Olympic gymnast. And then theres the pumpkin toadlet. The leap of a frog is a quintessential evolutionary feat. The critters girthy gams thrust from behind to springboard the body up and out; a pair of acrobatic arms stretch forward to seamlessly break the fall. The landing is very precise very controlled says Richard Essner a biologist at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. One might expect that any frog worth its salt should be able to stick it. And most frogs says Marcio Pie a biologist at Edge Hill University in the United Kingdom do . Then there is the poor pumpkin toadlet. Spanning roughly a centimeter from snout to bumabout the width of a Skittleand outfitted with scrawny toothpick limbs that just barely hold its bulbous body aloft it is the dachshund of the amphibian world about as aerodynamic as you might expect. When these little frogs jump they leap spectacularly their airborne bodies imbued with all hope. Then their bodies twist and invert tumbling cartwheeling Essner told me some somersaulting head over heels others pirouetting in an almost rotisserie-esque spin. In their final descent the toadlets sometimes reach for a handhold but the effort is for naught. They crash to the ground arms akimbo landing not on their forelimbs with grace but on their butt their belly their back their head in bouncing-beach-ball defeat. They fall on their face all the time Pie told me stifling a laugh. Its sad. (He assured me that the fumbles dont seem to hurt the frogs.) Essner Pie and their colleagues recently cooked up a euphemism for this flippy faux pas: uncontrolled landing. And they caught it several times on film . What hamstrings the frogs flights doesnt seem to be a lack of brawn or grit. The muscles work just fine Pie said. Instead their klutziness seems to be a sensory deficit rooted in the frogs absurdly tiny inner earthe seat of their vestibular system which coordinates movement and balance . The vestibular structures in these frogs are so smol that they verge on nonfunctional making it extraordinarily difficult for the amphibians to orient themselves in space while walking much less maneuver mid-flight. Pie cant know for sure but he has a hunch that being a pumpkin toadlet is a deeply discombobulating experiencealmost he said like being perpetually drunk. Read: How female frogs tune out useless noisy males That the pumpkin toadlet has shrunk some of its anatomy out of the realm of utility makes a weird sort of sense. It is after all one of the most diminutive frogs in the world a full-on miniaturized animal that evolved to be wee even at maturity. (Pumpkin toadlets by the way hatch not as tadpoles but as half-centimeter-ish-long frogs already in adult form . ) And these toadlets which tromp about the mountainous cloud forests of Brazil are found in leafy habitats where larger ones are not Pie said suggesting that their petiteness is in some way essential to their survival there. But having a body smaller than that of a honey bee comes with some pretty clear functional consequences Martha Muoz a biologist at Yale University told me. Pumpkin toadlets have shrimpy legs and arms and fewer fingers and toes than other frogs; their high surface-area-to-volume ratio makes them easily dry out. The teeny toadlets also have all sorts of issues with their head which can shrink only so much before it malfunctions. At least two pumpkin-toadlet species have inner-ear structures so underdeveloped that the frogs are deaf to their own mating calls . Their ability to navigate is also quite pitiful. For the vestibular system to function properly a fluid called endolymph has to traverse the canals of the inner ear bopping sensory hairs that send electrical impulses to the brain. But when Essner Pie and their colleagues scanned the skulls of several species of frogs they found that in the pumpkin toadlets those fluid-conducting tubes were extraordinarily narrow. They are among the smallest vestibular structures ever documented in a full-grown vertebrate. We had to measure them in micrometers Pie told me. Which makes it quite difficult for liquid to flow at adequate speeds when the frogs are rotating and rocketing aboutas they are wont to do mid-flight while theyre spinning really fast says Marguerite Matherne a mechanical engineer at Northeastern University who has studied animal motion. Like syrup caught in a pinched straw its harder for the fluid to accelerate along with their head. When the researchers filmed a fleet of frogs hopping about in the lab they saw the consequences of that stymied flow play out. While species with adequately sized inner ears bounded happily back and forth always landing firmly on their forelimbs the pumpkin toadlets careened like kites in a hurricane. In the teams trials the little frogs landed on their back more than a third of the time sometimes bouncing so vigorously upon touchdown that they rocketed back up and inverted yet again. Oh my God the derpiness Muoz said. The toadlets problem Essner told me isnt really with takeoff; they seem to manage that part okay. Once aloft though they cant get their bearings and fail to course-correct. The situational awareness they lack is what divers and gymnasts use to subtly reposition themselves mid-jump. In its absence though the toadlets have no idea what their bodies are doing Matherne told me. It has no feedback to know the best way to stabilize itself. Their aerodynamic mistakes add up until the toadlets crash at the end of their doomed forward vault. Landings this catastrophic have been documented only a few times among amphibians before in frogs that sadly had their vestibular systems deliberately disrupted . For Essner and Pie that comparison speaks to just how disoriented pumpkin toadlets must be. So maybe its not entirely surprising that the frogs dont seem to like to jumplooking kind of grumpy Essner said when they doand deploy the tactic only as a last-ditch escape. It does work: The toadlets clumsy cavorts coupled with their peewee size and yen for hiding among dead leaves can make them infuriatingly difficult to snare. Two people looking all day might just catch one frog Pie told me. The toadlets though prefer to simply walk to get around and do so painfully slowly almost chameleon-like Essner said. It may be the only way they can avoid overtaxing their puny inner ears. Read: How animals perceive the world I asked Essner whos made a career out of studying jumping if he thought the costs of miniaturization seemed worth itif there was even a point to a terrestrial frog that couldnt properly hop. Boy I have gotten that question a lot he said. But Essner isnt so worried especially because hes recorded a couple of other species that are wildly incompetent at touching down managing only belly flops galore . And theyre fine he said. The pumpkin toadlets too get byeven thrive. On the tropical forest floor there are plenty of insects for them to nosh on; at least a few species are toxic and colored in bright warning hues to keep predators at bay. Even their jumps arent that bad Muoz points out: They still rapidly put distance between themselves and whatevers after them. Its true that in botching their landings theyve largely eschewed what most people might assume makes a frog fundamentally frog . But maybe the true marvel is that the toadlets have figured out a way to live without the signature hoppity-hop all while embodying one of lifes extremes. The frogs may represent some of the tiniest amphibians that nature has ever and will ever produce; any littler and thered basically be no vestibular system at all. Its very possible Pie said that you cant get a functioning frog smaller than that.

BAD

A gentler better way to change minds (theatlantic.com) Stop wielding your values as a weapon and start offering them as a gift. How to Build a Life is a weekly column by Arthur Brooks tackling questions of meaning and happiness. Click here to listen to his podcast series on all things happiness How to Build a Happy Life . W hat is the point of arguing with someone who disagrees with you? Presumably you would like them to change their mind. But thats easier said than done: Research shows that changing minds especially changing beliefs that are tied strongly to peoples identity is extremely difficult. As one scholar put it this personal attachment to beliefs encourages competitive personal contests rather than collaborative searches for the truth. The way that people tend to argue today particularly online makes things worse. Disagreements can feel like a war in which the fighters dig trenches on either side of any issue and launch their beliefs back and forth like grenades. You wouldnt blame anyone involved for feeling as if theyre under fire and no one is likely to change their mind when theyre being attacked. These sorts of fights might give everyone involved some short-term satisfaction they deserve it because I am right and they are evil! but odds are that neither camp is having any effect on the other; on the contrary the attacks make opponents dig in deeper. If you want a chance at changing minds you need a new strategy: Stop using your values as a weapon and start offering them as a gift. Want to stay current with Arthurs writing? Sign up to get an email every time a new column comes out. P hilosophers and social scientists have long pondered the question of why people hold different beliefs and values. One of the most compelling explanations comes from Moral Foundations Theory which has been popularized by Jonathan Haidt a social psychologist at NYU. This theory proposes that humans share a common set of intuitive ethics on top of which we build different narratives and institutionsand therefore beliefsthat vary by culture community and even person. Read: Why people misunderstand each other Extensive survey-based research has revealed that almost everyone shares at least two common values : Harming others without cause is bad and fairness is good. Other moral values are less widely shared. Some scholars have shown for example that political conservatives tend to value loyalty to a group respect for authority and purity typically in a bodily sense in terms of sexualitymore than liberals do. Sometimes conflict arises because one group holds a moral foundation that the other simply doesnt feel strongly about. For example conservatives might oppose flag burning because it represents a lack of respect for authority and accuse liberals who disagree of being morally bereft. But even when two groups agree on a moral foundation they can radically disagree on how it should be expressed. For example conservatives might oppose the harm that abortion causes to an unborn child while liberals oppose the harm that banning abortion causes to women who dont want to carry pregnancies to term. Read: The simple psychological trick to political persuasion When people fail to live up to your moral values (or your expression of them) it is easy to conclude that they are immoral people. Further if you are deeply attached to your values this difference can feel like a threat to your identity leading you to lash out which wont convince anyone who disagrees with you. Its hard to imagine anyone saying I cant argue with your logicI do want unborn kids to die or I guess youre right; I do hate women. In fact research shows that if you insult someone in a disagreement the odds are that they will harden their position against yours a phenomenon called the boomerang effect . T he solution to this problem requires a change in the way we see and present our own values. I have known quite a few religious missionaries who tend to be cheerful despite facing almost constant rejection of their closest-held values. As one told me once No one ever said Great news: There are missionaries on the porch. What explains this apparent dissonance? The answer is that effective missionaries present their beliefs as a gift. And sharing a gift is a joyful act even if not everyone wants it. And so it is with our values. If we want any chance at persuasion we must offer them happily. A weapon is an ugly thing designed to frighten and coerce. A gift is something we believe to be good for the recipient who we hope may accept it voluntarily and do so with gratitude. That requires that we present it with love not insults and hatred. Here are three steps to make this easier. When people feel excluded from a community they can become hostile toward that community. Studies of people who lash out violently toward their communities find that they tend to have suffered social rejection. But even in less dramatic cases than actual violence people know when they are not welcome or accepted. From the December 2019 issue: Can marriage counseling save America? Go out of your way to welcome those who disagree with you as valued voices worthy of respect and attention. There is no them only us. Bring them into your circle to hear your views as long as doing so would not invite and reward abuse. Because we all establish our identities in part around our values when someone dismisses your beliefs that can feel like theyre dismissing you . But just as you are not your car or your house you are not your beliefs. Unless someone says I hate you because of your views a repudiation is personal only if you make it so. The first step helps you prove to yourself that you can love someone with whom you disagree; this step is about knowing they can do the same with you. According to research undertaken by social scientists at Yale and UC Berkeley when it comes to changing someones mind listening is more powerful than talking. They conducted experiments that compared polarizing arguments with a nonjudgmental exchange of views accompanied by deep listening. The former had no effect on viewpoints whereas the latter reliably lowered exclusionary opinions. Empathetic listening of course is an act of generositya gift you might even say. If someone is verbally abusing you the best course of action is not to engage at all. But when possible listening and asking sensitive questions almost always has a more beneficial effect than talking. Neil King Jr.: The beauty of keeping mum S howing others that you can be generous with them regardless of their values can help weaken their belief attachment and thus make them more likely to consider your point of view. But for your values to truly be a gift you must weaken your own belief attachment first. This is the argument of the late Buddhist master Thich Nhat Hanh. As he taught we should all promise to ourselves I will cultivate openness non-discrimination and non-attachment to views in order to transform violence fanaticism and dogmatism in myself and in the world. Making such a promise is hard I knowI struggle with it myself. But if I truly have the good of the world at heart then I must not fall prey to the conceit of perfect knowledge and must be willing to entertain new and better ways to serve my ultimate goal: creating a happier world. Launching a rhetorical grenade might give me a little satisfaction and earn me a few attaboy s on social media from those who share my views but generosity and openness have a bigger chance of making the world better in the long run.

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A growing number of scientists are convinced the future influences the past (vice.com) Have you ever found yourself in a self-imposed jam and thought Well if it isnt the consequences of my own actions? Its a common refrain that exposes a deeper truth about the way we humans understand time and causality. Our actions in the past are correlated to our experience of the future whether thats a good outcome like acing a test because you prepared or a bad one like waking up with a killer hangover. But what if this forward causality could somehow be reversed in time allowing actions in the future to influence outcomes in the past? This mind-bending idea known as retrocausality may seem like science fiction grist at first glance but it is starting to gain real traction among physicists and philosophers among other researchers as a possible solution to some of the most intractable riddles underlying our reality. In other words people are becoming increasingly retro-curious said Kenneth Wharton a professor of physics at San Jose State University who has published research about retrocausality in a call with Motherboard. Even though it may feel verboten to consider a future that affects the past Wharton and others think it could account for some of the strange phenomena observed in quantum physics which exists on the tiny scale of atoms. We have instincts about all sorts of things and some are stronger than others said Wharton who recently co-authored an article about retrocausality with Huw Price a distinguished professor emeritus at the University of Bonn and an emeritus fellow of Trinity College Cambridge. Ive found our instincts of time and causation are our deepest strongest instincts that physicists and philosophersand humansare loath to give up he added. Scientists including Price have speculated about the possibility that the future might influence the past for decades but the renewed curiosity about retrocausality is driven by more recent findings about quantum mechanics. Unlike the familiar macroscopic world that we inhabit which is governed by classical physics the quantum realm allows for inexplicably trippy phenomena. Particles at these scales can breeze right through seemingly impassable barriers a trick called quantum tunneling or they can occupy many different states simultaneously known as superposition. The properties of quantum objects can also somehow become synced up together even if they are located light years apart. This so-called quantum entanglement was famously described by Albert Einstein as spooky action at a distance and experimental research into it just earned the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics. Quantum entanglement flouts a lot of our assumptions about the universe prompting scientists to wonder which of our treasured darlings in physics must be killed to account for it. For some its the idea of locality which essentially means that objects should not be able to interact at great distances without some kind of physical mediator. Other researchers think that realismthe idea that there is some kind of objective bedrock to our existenceshould be sacrificed at the altar of entanglement. Wharton and Price among many others are embracing a third option: Retrocausality. In addition to potentially rescuing concepts like locality and realism retrocausal models also open avenues of exploring a time-symmetric view of our universe in which the laws of physics are the same regardless of whether time runs forward or backward. In any model where you had an event in the past correlated with your future choice of setting that would be retrocausal If you think things should be time-symmetric there's an argument to be made that you need some retrocausality to make sense of quantum mechanics in a time-symmetric way said Emily Adlam a postdoctoral associate at Western Universitys Rotman Institute of Philosophy who studies retrocausality in a call with Motherboard. Theres a bunch of different reasons that have come together to make people interested in this possibility. To better understand retrocausality its worth revisiting a common thought experiment featuring characters called Alice and Bob who each receive a particle from the same source even though they may be light years apart. After conducting measurements on their particles Alice and Bob discover that these objects are oddly correlated despite the vast distance between them. Traditionally this storywhich stems from famous experiments made by physicist John Bellis interpreted to mean that there are non-local quantum effects that cause the particles to be linked across great distances. However proponents of retrocausality suggest that the particles display correlations that emerge from their past. In other words the measurements that Alice and Bob conduct on their particles affect the properties of those particles in the past. Instead of having magic non-local connections between these two points maybe the connection is through the past and that's what more of us are interested in these days Wharton said. In any model where you had an event in the past correlated with your future choice of setting that would be retrocausal he added. This idea seems so unintuitive because we imagine time as a river an arrow or an arrangement of sequential boxes on a calendar. At their core these paradigms envision cause in the past and effect in the future as a forward flow but retrocausality raises the prospect that these elements could be reversed. It may seem eerie to our brains which process events sequentially but the history of science is also littered with examples of human biases leading to bad conclusions such as the Earth-centric model of the solar system. Obviously as scientists one thing that it is very useful to do is write down a law which says given the situation now what is the situation going to be next? How will things evolve? Adlam said. From a practical point of view it makes a lot of sense for scientists to write down time evolution laws because most of the time what were interested in doing with the laws is predicting the future. But that's a pragmatic consideration she continued. That doesn't mean that the laws of nature must really work that way. There's no particular reason why they should be aligned with our practical interests in that sense. So I think it is important to be cautious to distinguish the form of the laws that scientists like to write down for practical reasons from whatever nature is really doing. Its important to emphasize at this point in time whatever that means that retrocausality is not the same as time travel. These models dont predict that signals or objectsincluding human beingscould be dispatched to the past in part because there is no evidence that we are currently being deluged with any such future messages or messengers. You have to be very careful in a retrocausal model because the fact of the matter is we can't send signals back in time Adlam explained. It's important that we can't because if we could then we could produce all sorts of vehicles or paradoxes. You have to make sure your model doesn't allow that. Instead retrocausal models suggest that there is a mechanism that allows circumstances in the future to correlate with past states. This scenario could remove the threats to locality and realism according to Wharton and Price though theres disagreement among experts about the implications of these models. (For instance Adlam has published work suggesting that retrocausality doesnt save locality.) I'm heartened that more and more physicists are taking this seriously as an unexplored option While there are a range of views about the mechanics and consequences of retrocausal theories a growing community of researchers think this concept has the potential to answer fundamental questions about the universe. Many people in the foundations of physics community both physicists and philosophers have been interested in the question Why the quantum? or Why is the world like quantum mechanics says it is? Price said in an email to Motherboard. That is they're trying to understand how quantum mechanics is a natural or inevitable result of simple and plausible principles. I think that if our proposed explanation of entanglement works then it would be a significant new part of the answer he continued. It would show how the correlations we call 'entanglement' arise naturally from a combination of ingredients which are all really more basic than quantum mechanics. To that point perhaps the most monumental quest in physics is the search for the theory of everything that would at last explain how the quantum and classical realms manage to coexist despite having completely contradictory laws. A huge number of scientists believe that the key to this endeavor is figuring out how gravity works on a quantum level but retrocausality could also be part of the explanation according to researchers who study it. The problem facing physics right now is that our two pillars of successful theories don't talk to each other Wharton explained. One is based in space and time and one has left space and time aside for this giant quantum wave function. The solution to this as everyone seems to have agreed without discussing it is that weve got to quantize gravity he continued. That's the goal. Hardly anyone has said what if things really are in space and time and we just have to make sense of quantum theory in space and time? That will be a whole new way to unify everything that people are not looking into. Price agreed that this retrocausality could provide a new means to finally solve eliminate the tension between quantum mechanics and classical physics (including special relativity). That's such a huge payoff that I'm always puzzled that retrocausality wasn't taken more seriously decades ago Price said adding that part of the answer may be that retrocausality has frequently been conflated with another far-out concept called superdeterminism. Another possible big payoff is that retrocausality supports the so-called 'epistemic' view of the wave function in the usual quantum mechanics descriptionthe idea that it is just an encoding of our incomplete knowledge of the system he continued. That makes it much easier to understand the so-called collapse of the wave function as a change in information as folk such as Einstein and Schoedinger thought in the early days. In this respect I think it gets rid of some more of the (apparently) non-classical features of quantum mechanics by saying that they don't amount to anything physically real. To that end scientists who work on retrocausality will continue to develop new theoretical models that attempt to account for more and more experimental phenomena. Eventually these concepts could inspire experimental techniques that might provide evidence either for or against a future that can influence the past. The goal is to come up with a more general model Wharton concluded. Whether or not me or anyone else will be successful remains to be seen but I'm heartened that more and more physicists are taking this seriously as an unexplored option. Maybe we should explore it. By signing up you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Vice Media Group which may include marketing promotions advertisements and sponsored content.

GOOD

A guidance language for controlling LLMs (github.com/microsoft) A guidance language for controlling large language models. Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more about the CLI . Please sign in to use Codespaces. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download Xcode and try again. Your codespace will open once ready. There was a problem preparing your codespace please try again. Where there is no guidance a model fails but in an abundance of instructions there is safety. - GPT 11:14 Guidance enables you to control modern language models more effectively and efficiently than traditional prompting or chaining. Guidance programs allow you to interleave generation prompting and logical control into a single continuous flow matching how the language model actually processes the text. Simple output structures like Chain of Thought and its many variants (e.g. ART Auto-CoT etc.) have been shown to improve LLM performance. The advent of more powerful LLMs like GPT-4 allows for even richer structure and guidance makes that structure easier and cheaper. Features: Speed up your prompt development cycle by streaming complex templates and generations live in your notebook. At first glance Guidance feels like a templating language and just like standard Handlebars templates you can do variable interpolation (e.g. {{proverb}} ) and logical control. But unlike standard templating languages guidance programs have a well defined linear execution order that directly corresponds to the token order as processed by the language model. This means that at any point during execution the language model can be used to generate text (using the {{gen}} command) or make logical control flow decisions. This interleaving of generation and prompting allows for precise output structure that produces clear and parsable results. After a program is executed all the generated variables are now easily accessable: ' a model fails\nbut in an abundance of instructions there is safety.' Guidance supports API based chat models like GPT-4 as well as open chat models like Vicuna through a unified API based on role tags (e.g. {{#system}}...{{/system}} ). This allows interactive dialog development that combines rich templating and logical control with modern chat models. When multiple generation or LLM-directed control flow statements are used in a single Guidance program then we can significantly improve inference performance by optimally reusing the Key/Value caches as we progress through the prompt. This means Guidance only asks the LLM to generate the green text below not the entire program. This cuts this prompt's runtime in half vs. a standard generation approach. The prompt above typically takes just over 2.5 seconds to complete on a A6000 GPU when using LLaMA 7B. If we were to run the same prompt adapted to be a single generation call (the standard practice today) it takes about 5 seconds to complete (4 of which is token generation and 1 of which is prompt processing). This means Guidance acceleration delivers a 2x speedup over the standard approach for this prompt. In practice the exact speed-up factor depends on the format of your specific prompt and the size of your model (larger models benefit more). Acceleration is also only supported for Transformers LLMs at the moment. See the notebook for more details. The standard greedy tokenizations used by most language models introduce a subtle and powerful bias that can have all kinds of unintended consequences for your prompts. Using a process we call token healing guidance automatically removes these surprising biases freeing you to focus on designing the prompts you want without worrying about tokenization artifacts. Consider the following example where we are trying to generate an HTTP URL string: Note that the output generated by the LLM does not complete the URL with the obvious next characters (two forward slashes). It instead creates an invalid URL string with a space in the middle. Why? Because the string :// is it's own token ( 1358 ) and so once the model sees a colon by itself (token 27 ) it assumes that the next characters cannot be // otherwise the tokenizer would not have used 27 it would have used 1358 (the token for ://). This bias is not just limited to the colon character it happens everywhere. Over 70% of the 10k most common tokens for the StableLM model used above are prefixes of longer possible tokens and so cause token boundary bias when they are the last token in a prompt. For example the : token 27 has 34 possible extensions the token 1735 has 51 extensions and the (space) token 209 has 28802 extensions). guidance eliminates these biases by backing up the model by one token then allowing the model to step forward while constraining it to only generate tokens who's prefix matches the last token. This token healing process eliminates token boundary biases and allows any prompt to be completed naturally: To demonstrate the value of output structure we take a simple task from BigBench where the goal is to identify whether a given sentence contains an anachronism (a statement that is impossible because of non-overlaping time periods). Below is a simple two-shot prompt for it with a human-crafted chain-of-thought sequence. Guidance programs like standard Handlebars templates allow both variable interpolation (e.g. {{input}} ) and logical control. But unlike standard templating languages guidance programs have a unique linear execution order that directly corresponds to the token order as processed by the language model. This means that at any point during execution the language model can be used to generate text (the {{gen}} command) or make logical control flow decisions (the {{#select}}...{{or}}...{{/select}} command). This interleaving of generation and prompting allows for precise output structure that improves accuracy while also producing clear and parsable results. All of generated program variables are now available in the executed program object: ' Yes' We compute accuracy on the validation set and compare it to using the same two-shot examples above without the output structure as well as to the best reported result here . The results below agree with existing literature in that even a very simple output structure drastically improves performance even compared against much larger models. Large language models are great at generating useful outputs but they are not great at guaranteeing that those outputs follow a specific format. This can cause problems when we want to use the outputs of a language model as input to another system. For example if we want to use a language model to generate a JSON object we need to make sure that the output is valid JSON. With guidance we can both accelerate inference speed and ensure that generated JSON is always valid. Below we generate a random character profile for a game with perfect syntax every time: Modern chat-style models like ChatGPT and Alpaca are trained with special tokens that mark out roles for different areas of the prompt. Guidance supports these models through role tags that automatically map to the correct tokens or API calls for the current LLM. Below we show how a role-based guidance program enables simple multi-step reasoning and planning. This prompt/program is a bit more complicated but we are basically going through 3 steps: Since steps 1 and 2 are hidden they do not appear on the generated output (except briefly during stream) but we can print the variables that these steps generated: Option 0: Set a goal to read for 20 minutes every day before bedtime. Option 1: Join a book club for increased motivation and accountability. Option 2: Set a daily goal to read for 20 minutes. Option 3: Set a daily reminder to read for at least 20 minutes. Option 4: Set a daily goal to read at least one chapter or 20 pages. Option 0: Pros: Establishes a consistent reading routine. Cons: May not be suitable for those with varying schedules. --- Option 1: Pros: Provides social motivation and accountability. Cons: May not align with personal reading preferences. --- Option 2: Pros: Encourages daily reading habit. Cons: Lacks a specific time frame which may lead to procrastination. --- Option 3: Pros: Acts as a daily reminder to prioritize reading. Cons: May become repetitive and easy to ignore. --- Option 4: Pros: Sets a clear daily reading target. Cons: May be difficult to achieve on busy days or with longer chapters. Best=0 We can easily build agents that talk to each other or to a user via the await command. The await command allows us to pause execution and return a partially executed a guidance program. By putting await in a loop that partially executed program can then be called again and again to form a dialog (or any other structure you design). For example here is how we might get GPT-4 to simulate two agents talking to one another: Democrat: What do you think is the best way to stop inflation? Republican: The best way to stop inflation is by implementing sound fiscal policies such as reducing government spending lowering taxes and promoting economic growth. Additionally the Federal Reserve should focus on maintaining a stable monetary policy to control inflation. Democrat: I agree that sound fiscal policies are important in controlling inflation. As a Democrat I would emphasize the importance of investing in education healthcare and infrastructure to promote long-term economic growth. Additionally we should ensure that the Federal Reserve maintains a balanced approach to monetary policy focusing on both controlling inflation and promoting full employment. Republican: While investing in education healthcare and infrastructure is important we must also prioritize reducing the national debt and limiting government intervention in the economy. By lowering taxes and reducing regulations we can encourage businesses to grow and create jobs which will ultimately lead to long-term economic growth. As for the Federal Reserve it's crucial to maintain a stable monetary policy that primarily focuses on controlling inflation as this will create a more predictable economic environment for businesses and consumers. Democrat: While reducing the national debt and limiting government intervention are valid concerns Democrats believe that strategic investments in education healthcare and infrastructure can lead to long-term economic growth and job creation. We also support a progressive tax system that ensures everyone pays their fair share which can help fund these investments. As for the Federal Reserve we believe that a balanced approach to monetary policy focusing on both controlling inflation and promoting full employment is essential for a healthy economy. We must strike a balance between fiscal responsibility and investing in our nation's future. Republican: It's important to find a balance between fiscal responsibility and investing in our nation's future. However we believe that the best way to achieve long-term economic growth and job creation is through free-market principles such as lower taxes and reduced regulations. This approach encourages businesses to expand and innovate leading to a more prosperous economy. A progressive tax system can sometimes discourage growth and investment so we advocate for a simpler fairer tax system that promotes economic growth. Regarding the Federal Reserve while promoting full employment is important we must not lose sight of the primary goal of controlling inflation to maintain a stable and predictable economic environment. Democrat: I understand your perspective on free-market principles but Democrats believe that a certain level of government intervention is necessary to ensure a fair and equitable economy. We support a progressive tax system to reduce income inequality and provide essential services to those in need. Additionally we believe that regulations are important to protect consumers workers and the environment. As for the Federal Reserve we agree that controlling inflation is crucial but we also believe that promoting full employment should be a priority. By finding a balance between these goals we can create a more inclusive and prosperous economy for all Americans. Last example here . All of the examples below are in this notebook The template syntax is based on Handlebars with a few additions. When guidance is called it returns a Program: What is {{example}}? The program can be executed by passing in arguments: What is truth? Arguments can be iterables: Notice the special ~ character after {{/each}} . This can be added before or after any tag to remove all adjacent whitespace. Notice also the comment syntax: {{! This is a comment }} . You can also include prompts / programs inside other prompts e.g. here is how you could rewrite the prompt above: The gen tag is used to generate text. You can use whatever arguments are supported by the underlying model. Executing a prompt calls the generation prompt: guidance caches all OpenAI generations with the same arguments. If you want to flush the cache you can call guidance.llms.OpenAI.cache.clear() . You can select from a list of options using the select tag: {' Yes': -1.5689583 ' No': -7.332395 ' Maybe': -0.23746304} A prompt may contain multiple generations or selections which will be executed in order: ( That's too bad! Tacos are one of my favorite meals. ' No') You can generate text without displaying it or using it in the subsequent generations using the hidden tag either in a block or in a gen tag: Notice that nothing inside the hidden block shows up in the output (or was used by the select ) even though we used the response generated variable in the subsequent generation. If you use n>1 the variable will contain a list (there is a visualization that lets you navigate the list too): [' that it is a great place to' ' being able to relax in the sun' that it's a great place to] You can call any python function using generated variables as arguments. The function will be called when the prompt is executed: An await tag will stop program execution until that variable is provided: Notice how the last gen is not executed because it depends on instruction . Let's provide instruction now. The program is now executed all the way to the end. Echo stream. TODO @SCOTT If you use an OpenAI LLM that only allows for ChatCompletion ( gpt-3.5-turbo or gpt-4 ) you can use the special tags {{#system}} {{#user}} and {{#assistant}} : Since partial completions are not allowed you can't really use output structure inside an assistant block but you can still set up a structure outside of it. Here is an example (also in here ): You can still use hidden blocks if you want to hide some of the conversation history for following generations: You can combine the await tag with geneach (which generates a list) to create an agent easily: Notice how the next iteration of the conversation is still templated and how the conversation list has a placeholder as the last element: [{'user_text': 'hi there' 'ai_text': 'Hello! How can I help you today? If you have any questions or need assistance feel free to ask.'} {}] We can then execute the prompt again and it will generate the next round: See a more elaborate example here . See the 'Using a search API' example in this notebook A guidance language for controlling large language models.

BAD

A legal dispute that will test the limits of fair use (theatlantic.com) Without strong fair-use protections a culture cant thrive. I n the late 1970s and early 80s Lynn Goldsmith a polymath skilled as a photographer and a musician took pictures of many of the periods prominent rock stars including the Rolling Stones Patti Smith Bruce Springsteen the Police Talking Heads and Prince. Some images are in vivid color and others in black and white. Some were taken in unrecognizable decontextualized spots; others were shot on rooftops in the heart of Manhattan with New York Citys architecture providing the backdrop. All of them have the lush analog softness of film and especially if viewed together as an entire collection evoke a specific era in music and in the city. Goldsmiths prolific and historically significant output has deservedly been archived in various institutions. One of her images was also enshrined by Andy Warhol who used a photograph she took of Prince as the basis for his illustrations of the musician. But at least in some legal and art circles Goldsmith may end up being remembered not so much for her beautiful photographs but for her legal dispute with the custodians of Andy Warhols art which the Supreme Court will hear on October 12. The dispute started when Goldsmith learned that her 1981 photograph of Prince which shed taken in a quick session in her New York studio was the basis for Warhols illustrations of the rock star. In 2019 the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ruled that Warhols image was protected by fair use. The appellate court reversed principally on the grounds that Warhols image is not sufficiently transformative because it retains the essential elements of its source material and Goldsmiths photograph remains the recognizable foundation. In other words the original is too visibly baked into Warhols iteration. From the January/February 2019 issue: Warhols bleak prophecy To Goldsmith the question is one of justice; her website describes her battle as a crusade an impassioned effort to make sure that copyright law does not become so diluted by the definition of fair use that visual artists lose the rights to their work. If the Supreme Court agrees with her legal challenge a doctrine that is central to our freedom of expression and cultural growth will be damaged and weakened possibly for decades to come. I f you head over to Google Scholar youll be greeted with an invitation to stand on the shoulders of giants an old (as in medieval) homage to the trite but essential idea that art and science build on existing work. (Google presumably uses it because Newton referenced it in one of his letters.) If youre a jazz musician you channel a rich library of standards. If youre an architect you apply principles from earlier periods (or in some tongue-in-cheek cases other areas of culture). If you code you leverage existing libraries. And so on. No one starts from scratch; no one creates in a vacuum: A hundred times every day Einstein wrote I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men living and dead. But what if youre barred from the building blocks that would allow you to create your project? What if you cant access those original materialssay a photograph of an emerging musicianbecause theyre copyrighted and legally speaking not free for the taking? If you live in the U.S. you have the option of contacting the owner and asking for permission. You may be ignored. You may receive permission. You may have to pay a license feeif you can afford it (networks routinely charge thousands of dollars for short video clips for example). Or you could throw caution to the wind and exercise your fair-use rights which allow you to use a reasonable amount of content without permission or payment. The American doctrine of fair use isnt as old as medieval clichs but its respectably aged at nearly two centuries. (The English version like a lot of English beer is older but not necessarily better.) A paradigm example of fair use is an excerpt quoted in a scholarly work. In fact thats precisely what was at issue in the earliest American case which was published in 1841 and concerned George Washingtons letters. Judge Joseph Story found the use infringing because of the sheer volume of letters that were copied but the opinion also notes that a reviewer may fairly cite largely from the original work if his design be really and truly to use the passages for the purposes of fair and reasonable criticism and enumerates the fair-use principles that courts apply to this dayand not just to books and letters but to photographs music films paintings software and other copyrightable content. One of the favorite shibboleths among advocates of free expression is that ideas are as free as the air. By itself though that maxim leaves out the reason for its own importance. Ideas need to remain free because ideas like to connect to other ideas. They like to find different media different combinations different modes of expression different audiences. The invitation to stand on the shoulders of giants is literally built into stained glass at the Chartres Cathedral making the glass itself an example of the kind of meld that happens when ideas remain free to join other bodies. To a large degree fair use lets that happen by allowing not only ideas but their expressions to meld too. Its not just Warhol and Prince. Fair use is the doctrine that allows us to record broadcast materials permits filmmakers to incorporate clips of existing materials into their projects and makes it possible for Google to show thumbnails of images when we do a search. Without it our cultural experience would be markedly different and certainly not better. Read: A landslide of classic art is about to enter the public domain Fair use in short is the legal mechanism through which pieces of copyrighted materials move from one work to another without the owners imprimatur; its how the legal system allows us to stand on the shoulders of giants when we dont have the money to pay the enterprising copyright owner for the privilege. Its the legal vaccine that protects the flow of creativity high and low. So why attack it like Goldsmith is doing especially if you yourself are an artist who understands the importance of creative freedom? D isputes around the scope of fair use are essentially grounded in two conflicting views of copyright law. Copyright maximaliststhose who advocate for an expansive impermeable and sometimes even perpetual copyrightbelieve copyright owners should be able to charge for virtually every use of their works much like a car-rental company charges for every rental. Copyright reformers in turn see this approach as too extreme. Artists should be rewarded of course but the fundamental and constitutional purpose of copyrightto promote the progress of science and useful artsis realized not only when the general public has access to copyrighted materials but also when generous pieces of copyrighted material can be broken off and used by downstream adapters for their own creations. To frame it in First Amendment terms more speech is better and an aggressive and overweening copyright regime creates chilling effects that harm us all. Prince himself appears to have been a copyright maximalist: He notoriously used copyright to scrub unwanted content from the internet and Universal Music presumably at his behest even went so far as to demand that YouTube remove a clip of a child dancing to one of his songs in a homemade video ( a dispute that ultimately generated precedent helpful to fair-use advocates ). Warhol in contrast viewed existing content as source material for his own work which of course is what he did with Goldsmiths photograph. Whether he would sue someone to protect his own work is another question but he certainly viewed others intellectual property as artistic ingredient. Prince for one seemed most interested in controlling his image when he launched his digital cleanup initiative. Some artists want to control the integrity of their art and how it appears in public. And for a lot of people the incentive is economic: Copyright owners want to control their content so they can capitalize on its value. In all cases though an expansive fair-use regime threatens to undermine the copyright owners control by allowing other people to use the copyrighted content without permission (and without profit). Whether for dignitary artistic-integrity or pecuniary reasons copyright maximalists dont want an assertive fair-use doctrine that undermines their control. And because those who see copyright as merely property rather than speech effectively reduce creative output to its commercial value its an odd historical twist that Warhols art is potentially a target of the very commodification it highlights. Goldsmiths argument falls in the maximalist camp and may generate externalized costs: Because everyone benefits from a robust fair-use doctrine while vindicating her interests Goldsmith may turn everyone elses into collateral damage. W arhols image transforms Prince from the vulnerable and uncomfortable three-dimensional person we see in Goldsmiths photo into a floating two-dimensional disembodied face emerging from smooth richly saturated color. The same faint sadness lingers in both images but aesthetically the two are far apart. Warhols image isnt a mere replica in other wordsit adds substantial expressive content that conceptually and aesthetically distinguishes it from Goldsmiths image. The similarities that are there are in turn immaterial: Theyre mostly the mere result of Prince looking like well Prince rather than Goldsmiths interpretation of him. Read: Were witnessing the birth of a new artistic medium Even if the two images were the same moreover their meanings would still be different. Goldsmiths image highlights Princes androgyny and vulnerability. Warhols underscores the cold commodification of cultural icons. New meaning is the touchstone of conceptual artits why Duchamps urinal isnt a urinal anymoreand the touchstone of a fair-use analysis too: If the secondary user adds new meaning the use is eligible for the fair-use exception. And of course Warhol has to invoke Princeand the photo of Princeif he wants to comment on both the musician and the way hes portrayed in the media. If I were to include the original photo in this article and comment on it Id add some new meaning to it which (depending on what exactly I said) should qualify it for fair use. This is effectively what Warhol did by converting a portion of the original image into a drawing. Instead of adding meaning with text in an article he added meaning visually on canvas. That kind of use should be protected. The Supreme Court might not be persuaded. It might find another basis to rule against Warhol or simply agree with the Second Circuits assessment . But any outcome in Goldsmiths favor that dismisses the fair-use arguments would be culturally dangerous. Because the Supreme Courts decision will generate a principle that will apply beyond this dispute Goldsmith is attacking not just this particular use but potentially all forms of art that rely on similar techniques. This decision will shape not only other courts thinking but also that of content creators and as a result the content itself. When the Supreme Court finds a particular use to be fair it provides a safe framework for that genre of creativity as for instance it did with parody in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc. in 1994. Creators now feel confident in crafting parodies that use copyrighted materials: In 2001 for example the Eleventh Circuit protected Alice Randalls book parodying Gone With the Wind . But if the Court decides that a particular use is not fair it will draw a punitive circle around other uses too. And any shrinkage in fair use creates chilling effects around the edges of the actual border. Content creators especially independent ones who dont have access to legal counsel not only will abstain from doing the precise thing banned by the Court (e.g. drawing something based on a photo) but will also fear doing anything that approaches that particular use. In practice its not just the specific use that will be attacked but the entire class of similar uses. Even relatively minor overzealous fair-use skirmishes can create undesirable outcomes. Netflix was recently sued because Tiger King used five secondsyes five seconds of Ace Ventura 2 in one of its episodes (that dispute is ongoing). In the next iteration will Netflixor an independent filmmakerdecide to remove Hollywood content for fear of frivolous litigation? Will that cost us as audience members a giggle a laugh a small insight? What if 10 shows take out 10 clips or 100 shows take out 100 clips? How many giggles laughs and insights will we lose? This is cultural death by a thousand cuts. Consider instances that survived fair-use challenges: posters for Grateful Dead concerts in a book about the bands history ; the hilarious movie poster for Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult which parodied Annie Leibovitzs famous photograph of Demi Moore; playing John Lennons Imagine in a documentary about the perception of religion in popular culture . Our cultural history is plainly richer as a result of these integrations just as its richer with Warhols image in it. The Goldsmith camp could argue that its not attacking the broader doctrine of fair use but merely a single use that isnt fair in the first place. That argument would be persuasive if this kind of use had already been deemed outside the bounds of the doctrine. But it hasnt been; indeed thats precisely the question. Goldsmith is asking the Court to banish this type of use and by virtue of that prohibition to constrain the doctrine itself. The challenge is directed not only at these images or this particular type of use in other words but at the shape and structure of fair use itselfwhich from the perspective of anyone who advocates for free and open expression is an attack on fair use itself. This process usually happens out of sight in courtrooms private settlements studios and edit rooms. When content creators remove elements because they worry about lawsuits they cover up their tracks and we dont see the empty spaces left behind. We dont know what we dont see so we dont miss it. But a diminished fair use leads to diminished content and a diminished cultural experience. And to quote Roger Waters is this the life we really want? Warhols image is not infringing; the district court got it right. Goldsmith has a valid reason to be frustratedshe like all creators deserves recognition for her work. But Goldsmiths desire for legal vindication goes too far. It threatens to diminish a doctrine that gives essential breathing room to creative expression. Thats an incongruous step given that elsewhere on her website biography Goldsmith says: Creativity is based on breaking limiting thought patterns busting through fear taking risks. The Court ought to fortify fair use precisely because the doctrine creates protected space for those risks and allows creative risk-takersand our cultureto thrive.

BAD

A list of developer questions to ask prospective employers (github.com/twipped) An open source list of developer questions to ask prospective employers Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more about the CLI . Please sign in to use Codespaces. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens download Xcode and try again. Your codespace will open once ready. There was a problem preparing your codespace please try again. InterviewThis is an open source list of developer questions to ask prospective employers during the hiring process. I created this list because frankly the existing lists that I saw on this topic really sucked. Many of the starting questions came about from years of hiring into jobs only to find out about some lousy attribute of the company which had I known about I probably wouldn't have accepted. Since I began this list I've received many additional contributions from other developers. This is not a checklist this is not a shopping list. If you send this entire list to an employer they probably won't be calling you back. This list is intended to serve as a reference point for things to be aware of during your interview process. Not all of these questions will be relevant to every person or position you should choose the ones that are relevant to you and what you are interviewing for. It's OK for there to be questions on this list that you personally do not care about. The questions on this list are not all appropriate for the initial interview many could not even be answered by the HR person likely to conduct an initial interview. This list is intended to be a comprehensive collection of things a developer may want to know about a company before they accept an offer. Use your discretion when choosing what questions to ask and when to ask them. Pull requests and Issues are very welcomed and encouraged but please don't get offended if I reject your question or do not merge your question verbatim. I may ask that you reword it to be clearer or may even rewrite it myself. Why are you hiring for this position? What would my role at the company be? How long am I expected to remain in this position? What will be my day to day responsibilities? What programming languages will I be expected to work in? Do you have a target salary range? How is your team structured? Are teams seated together? Do teams have isolated areas from the rest of the staff / other teams? How frequently do team members find themselves in meetings? Do your developers pair program on a regular basis? Do your developers use screen sharing or collaborative coding tools? What is your (or my future boss') leadership style? Do you follow an agile methodology for project management (Kanban scrum etc) How do you assign work? How do you estimate work? Single product or will I be regularly working on different projects? How frequently does your company/team start a new project? What are your group's best and worst working relationships with other groups in the company? How frequently does your team interact with other teams? Do you find yourself frequently blocked by dependencies from other teams? What hours does the team work? What source control do you use? Can you explain why you chose it? Are your repos hosted in-house or on a third-party service? What is your workflow currently with regards to developers pushing changes. Are you using a ticket system or is it more play it by ear? Who determines the features that would go into the product? How are these chosen? How do you track development time? Do you have a code review process? Does your team encourage the use of SOLID and DRY design principles to avoid cyclomatic complexity? Do you have established code style rules? What are your development environments like? Will I be provided with a new laptop? (Author Note: These are basically more direct versions of the Joel Test best tools question.) What is your release schedule like? Will I communicate directly with clients on a regular basis or does this typically happen through an intermediary? What can I expect to see in terms of project specifications and/or mock-ups prior to beginning a new project? How is QA/testing done? Who designs the User Interface? Are there compliance requirements in the company like CMM or SOC? Do you have an SLA (Service Level Agreement)? How satisfied are your engineers with their current toolset? If they had to replace one tool which would it be and what would they replace it with? Do you have any application-level logging? If so how are logs accessed? Do you use any monitoring software? (Nagios Icinga Zabbix etc.) Do you regularly record and review application performance metrics? How are performance optimizations prioritized with respect to other types of tasks? How does it inform staff of error conditions? (PagerDuty Email SMS big monitors in each teams room etc.) Is there a permanent on-call duty for each IT team? Is there a permanent control center that keeps track of events and informs the responsible on-call duty? Is there an escalation process if someone cannot be reached? Do the developers also have an on-call duty? Does time working on incidents/problems after-hours when on on-call duty count as overtime? Are employees expected to be doing after-hours work while waiting on-call? What timezone/hours does the company work in? Will the company pay for home office equipment such as electronics or furniture? Do you have a team chat setup such as Slack or Jabber? Do your developers actively use it is it their primary communication channel? Do your developers use video chat software such as Skype or Google Hangouts? If a portion of the team works in-office do you have a dedicated computer to be used for video chat with remote employees? Will I have to work over a VPN? How frequently will I be expected to visit the office? Will my visits and travel costs be reimbursed or covered outright by the company? How flexible are my hours? Can I take time off during the day if needed and make up for it in the evenings? Do you use open source libraries? Does your company release open source code? Does your company contribute to (or encourage their developers to contribute to) open source libraries? What is the company policy with regards to me releasing open source code (personal projects)? How old is your codebase? Do you have an automated test suite? Do you regularly correct technical debt? On a scale of 1 to 10 how much spaghetti code do you have? How well-documented is your codebase? Pure CSS or compiled middleware (LESS SASS etc)? What browser and operating system versions do you support? Does your codebase require a build process and is it automated? Do you have a continuous integration process implemented? Do you use MVC or similar code structuring? Is there an in-house framework and if so who controls it? Do you host your product yourself (Local CoLo VPS) or is it running on a cloud platform such as AWS or Heroku? What percentage of the company is non-male? What percentage of the company is non-white? What percentage of the company is LGBTQ? What percentage of the company is non-development staff? What is the rhythm to the work around here? Is there a time of year that it's all hands on deck and we're pulling all-nighters or is it pretty consistent throughout the year? How about during the week / month? Is it pretty evenly spread throughout the week / month or are there crunch days? What made you (the interviewer) choose to join this company? Who are the heroes at your company? Is there a company reward system for employee accomplishments? What type of people are successful here? What type of people are not? Am I allowed or expected to take my work home with me? What are the expectations with regards to hours worked deadlines and overtime? How much vacation time do you provide? Open office personal offices or cubicles? Is there a dress code? What relationship does your dev department have with your sales department? Who sets the deadlines? Does the company provide snacks and/or drinks? What are your expectations for how many productive hours a developer will have per day? Is your company currently profitable? What's the biggest change your group has gone through in the last year? If I get the job how do I earn a gold star on my performance review? What are the key accomplishments you'd like to see in this role over the next year? Which competitor are you most worried about? How does sales / operations / technology / marketing / finance work around here? (I.e. groups other than the one you're looking to work in.) What's one thing that's key to this company's success that somebody from outside the company wouldn't know about? How did you get your start in this industry? Why do you stay? What keeps you up at night? What's your biggest worry these days? What is your biggest complaint about the company? If we have a very successful year what would that look like? What will have happened over the next 12 months? How does this position help achieve that? How does the company / my future boss do performance reviews? How do I make the most of the performance review process to ensure that I'm doing the best I can for the company? What information is shared with the employees (revenues costs operating metrics)? Who is your health-care provider? What percentage of insurance does your company pay? Does your company provide maternal/parental leave? Will the company pay for training programs / certifications / conferences? What is the approval process like? What is the company policy with regards to side projects? Am I allowed to work on my own sites? Do I own the code I make in my own time on my own hardware or does the company claim it as theirs? Do you use a public framework or is it an in-house environment? Do you use PHP-driven HTML templates or a third-party template engine such as Smarty or Twig? Do you use Composer? Do you encourage your developers to take the ZCE exam? Which version of PHP are you using? What is your frontend software stack? (jQuery? Underscore/Lodash? Angular/Ember/React? etc) Is your front-end code bundled using a module loader such as Webpack or Browserify? Do you use a templating engine such as EJS Jade or Handlebars? Do you use a compiled language such as Coffeescript or Typescript? (If yes is it required?) Do you use NodeJS as a software platform? (ie beyond tooling) Do you use a configuration management tool? (Puppet Chef cfengine Ansible) Are configurations version controlled? What is the process for granting a user access rights (RDP SSH etc.) to a system? Are there multiple access levels for different classes of user? Do developers have admin/root rights on systems? Do you have different staging environments for testing/development? (Like: DEV QA PreLIVE LIVE) Are developers allowed to connect to systems outside of the development environment? Do you have a Change Management process? (ITIL etc.) How do you organize system administration application development application deployment and application operating so they fit together? Is there a wiki for server documentation/howtos/best practises? Do you use the same OS distribution on all your servers or is each server configured for specific needs? Are development systems and services standardized or do developers choose their own environments? Do tools need to be approved before use or may I use whatever I want? How frequently do you replace server hardware? Do I have to replace hardware parts myself or is there a dedicated team / external contractor? What software / services do you use to load balance? Are your applications architectured for horizontal or vertical scaling? What is the average uptime of your servers? How do you test fault tolerance? Do you have some kind of Chaos Monkey ? Is there a process for self-build packages (.deb/.rpm/.msi) to be put on some internal repository when an official repository can't provide a package/bugfix? How do you manage IP addresses and DNS records on your network? Do you have plans for (switching to) IPv6? Do you categorize your networks? (database server network frontend network middleware network?) or is everything mixed together in various networks? Are DEV/QA/PreLIVE/LIVE systems all in one big network or is each on a separate network? Are they firewalled so a DEV system can't DoS a LIVE system? What is the process for managing rules on internal/external firewalls? An open source list of developer questions to ask prospective employers

BAD

A man who walked around the world (theguardian.com) When Turcich was 17 a close friend of his died and he had an existential crisis. He decided it was time to seize the day and to cross the globe on foot A t the age of 17 Tom Turcich had enjoyed a good life so far. He had wonderful parents great friends did well at school and was a gifted sportsman. But two things gnawed away at him: he thought he was too timid and he was terrified of death. As a little boy he would run down the stairs at night to check that his parents were still alive. At the age of 11 hed lie in bed trying to simulate death so he could prepare for it. Id lose the sensation of my body he says and I would cover my ears and close my eyes so I couldnt see and couldnt hear and Id try to imagine what death was like. But then you cant because youre thinking. And theres no thinking in death. Then in 2006 his life was turned on its head. Turcich remembers every detail. He was in a car with three friends Nick Kevin and Fitz. Kevin was driving his fathers convertible. Back then the boys used to hang out with a group of girls who were in the year below at school in Haddon Township New Jersey. There was Shannon who was going out with Kevin Ann Marie Amanda and Jess. Theyd grown up together been friends since they were seven or eight and they were as close as close can be. The radio was blasting and the boys were having a good time when Kevin got a call from Shannon. He was distraught. Kevin yelled for the music to be turned down and said Ann Marie has died. Sixteen-year-old Ann Marie had been killed in a jetski accident. They drove to Shannons house. We sat in the front yard. There were maybe 10 of us we were in a circle and everybodys crying unsure what to do. That night I lay in bed and I remember feeling this fog. It lasted about six months. Not only was Turcich petrified of death he now knew he could die at any moment. Hardest of all was reconciling that it had happened to somebody like Ann Marie. She was super-clever and exceptionally kind says Turcich. Ann Marie was nice to the point it drove me crazy when I was younger because you could never get her to say anything mean. When we were hanging out I would prod her trying to get her to say anything not generous. He never succeeded. Not only did Turcich lose an amazing friend but the accident left him questioning the meaning of life and reinforced his fear of death. In short he had the ultimate teenage existential crisis. I thought: if Ann Marie can die who is definitely a better student and better person than I am then for sure I can go at the same time. Thats why it really hit home. Turcich went into a decline. It brought all those unresolved questions flooding back. I thought: OK youve got to solve this problem just to go about your life. What was the problem? That death can come at any time arbitrarily and instantly. It was like with this knowledge how do you live? What do you do ? How do you integrate that fact into your life? He was stuck for an answer. Then one day at college the students watched Dead Poets Society the film about a teacher called John Keating played by Robin Williams who inspires his students through his love of literature. Just as the movies seminal speech about seizing the day carpe diem and living an extraordinary life had a huge impact on the students in the movie so it also did on Turcich. He watched the film again and again asking himself how best he could seize the day and make his life extraordinary. It struck him for the first time that he could shape his future rather than simply let it happen to him. From then on he did just that. He won a place in the school swimming team performed in a one-act play returned to playing tennis and became school champion all the time wearing the blue AML bracelet his school had designed as a tribute to Ann Marie Lynch. He finally conquered his passivity when he braved his first kiss after three (nervous) dates with a girl called Britney. That kiss proved to be an epiphany. It was like the birth of the universe in my head he says. All of a sudden I could see all the possibilities expanding out. It finally clicked: the actions you take really can affect your life. Turcich decided he was going to seize the day by getting out of safe friendly Haddon Township with its population of roughly 15000 and seeing the world. He started to make plans. He didnt want to just see a bit of the world: if possible he was going to see all of it. Because the world is complex and vast and because my general temperament is pretty timid and more towards the shy side I wanted to be forced into adventure. The point of adventure is its uncomfortable and you have to grow in it. I had $1000 in my bank account so I needed to find a cheap way to travel and that led me to the guys who had walked around the world. He read up about Steve Newman (an American who circumnavigated the globe on foot over four years in the late 1980s) and Karl Bushby (a British ex-paratrooper who set off in 1998 and is still walking today) and now he had his answer. It seemed to solve everything I wanted out of life he says. As in Dead Poets Society the students in his class shared a deep friendship and trust. When they had to give end-of-year talks to each other Turcich announced his plan to walk the world. His friends were genuinely supportive and then he told his parents. As a young man his father also called Tom had seized the day: he headed off to Hawaii at the age of 20 and spent four years spear-fishing working on a sugarcane plantation and living under a tarp in the woods on a tiny plot of land. He met Turcichs mother Catherine at the tail-end of his trip. Tom Sr who now runs a catering business remembers how badly affected his son was by Ann Maries death. That really threw him through a loop he tells me over the phone from Haddon Township. It just turned a switch on. Ooof! Boy if that can happen at 16 I better get living you know. And all of a sudden he became real. Tom Sr thought the world walk was an inspired idea. For me it was like go adventure! But his wife Catherine an artist was less enthusiastic. What did she think when her son first mentioned the walk? Hahahaha! Shes got a lovely bright laugh. I thought how naive he was. Does he actually think hes going to walk around the world? I just thought it was a crazy idea a passing whim. She pauses. But Tommy was always somebody whod get an idea and follow it through. He stuck to a challenge. She was like Youre 17 and this is just a 17-year-olds idea Turcich says. And she was right. But he wasnt planning to act on his idea just yet. For the next few years he rarely mentioned it to anybody. He knew that many would dismiss him as fanciful at best. I dont like people who just talk about the things theyre going to do he says. For the next eight years Turcich quietly worked away at making it a reality. He graduated with a degree in psychology and philosophy from Moravian University in Pennsylvania and made a living installing solar panels until he turned 25 at which point he quit and worked as a waiter in a restaurant and at an insurance firm doing data entry. All the while Turcich was busy making his final preparations. He would endlessly study maps working out the best routes. Much of it depended on practicalities such as which countries insisted on a visa. He decided to walk to Argentina for the first leg of his trip. Shortly before he was due to leave he met yet another Tom Tom Marchetty who customised a baby buggy for his travels. The buggy would hold all his essentials tent sleeping bag laptop camera batteries plastic food crate (partly to hold his food partly to insulate the smell from animals) water bottles six pairs of socks four pairs of underwear a pair of trousers a pair of shorts long-sleeved shirt and short-sleeved shirt wool shirt hoodie jacket and waterproof shoes. Marchetty who knew everybody in and out of town was taken with Turcichs plan. He called a press conference to promote the journey with the hope of finding him a sponsor. The Philadelphia Inquirer turned up and wrote about it. The article was read by a local businessman Bob Mehmet who was also struck by the story and offered to sponsor the walk. It was less than minimum wage but it was like Im homeless I dont need much Turcich says. It was more than enough to survive off throughout the walk. On 2 April 2015 Tom Turcich walked out of Haddon Township. At his sendoff his father couldnt have been more excited. I was like hey go for it! Aw gee just be careful have a good time! he says. But his mother cried for months when he left. I was scared for him and I was proud of him Catherine says. It was all those feelings mixed up together. I had a very hard time of it at the beginning. But he was so good at calling every Sunday. I depended on that. It was my lifeline. Turcich says his mother was right to be worried. She knew how green I was. Id grown up in this really idyllic suburb. I was just a soft idiot and a little too trusting. He was 6ft 2in skinny and hed never had to worry about his safety. He admits that he didnt really know how to look after himself at all: You think youre tough but youre not. Now Im a wholly different person. If I was heading off from home to Argentina I say I wouldnt have a clue which way to turn. He must have a good sense of direction. Luckily theres Google Maps now so you dont have to worry about that too much! he says. Turcich spent the first two years making his way to Argentina via Colombia. In Austin Texas he picked up a rescue dog who had been abandoned as a puppy and named her Savannah. She became both company and security; Turcich could sleep peacefully at night knowing she was listening out for intruders. They became fast friends. And still are. As we talk over Zoom she is lazing around in the background taking a well-earned rest. W hat does it mean to walk around the world? In a pedestrian circumnavigation travellers must move around the globe and return to their starting point under their own power. Guinness World Records sets the requirements for a circumnavigation on foot as having travelled 18000 miles (nearly 29000km) and crossed four continents. Turcich walked 21-24 miles a day for roughly half of the seven years he was away. In total he walked 28000 miles (and Savannah 25000 miles) travelled through 38 countries and crossed every continent except Australia which he couldnt do because of lockdown restrictions. He is the 10th person to have walked the world and he assumes Savannah is the first dog to have done so. He believes his lack of street smarts helped him. Because he was such an innocent he wasnt as fearful as many of us would have been. Eleven months of the first year was spent walking and sleeping out typically behind churches and in woods. He came across tarantulas and snakes particularly on the palm plantations where he slept in Costa Rica. It sounds pretty scary. Yeah definitely! Did he know what to do if attacked? No not really. Just avoid it. Fortunately the tarantulas and snakes left him alone. Occasionally when in notoriously rough areas he paid to spend the night indoors for fear of being mugged. When I walked through El Salvador it was at the peak of its highest murder rate year. It was the worst month of the worst year for murders. I saw the bodies of a husband and wife who had been executed. Theyd been shot in the back of the head and were lying in a field. It made it very real. In Mexico disbelieving locals would ask him what he was doing saying that even they didnt dare walk here. He was never attacked as such but he says there was a little incident in Turkey on the Syrian border. I was crossing a remote mountain by the border of Syria and this guy jumps off a motorcycle and points a shotgun at me. I thought I was just going to get shot and theyd take my things. But it turned out they were plain-clothed military and they thought I was a terrorist or spy. I got detained for three hours and it was really intense but they were really nice in the end. Then there was the time he was held up at knifepoint in Panama City. I walked into this shop and the guy was standing there with the knife pretty close to my chest. I was looking for something to defend myself with. Time was going in slow motion. But after yelling at me for a minute he took off. The guy with the knife got me away from things while the other guy grabbed my backpack and took off. The backpack contained all his essentials. But again fate smiled kindly on Turcich. I went out of the shop and theres a crowd pointing down the alleyway and amazingly the cops were there throwing the guy against the wall and my backpack was lying on the ground. It had my passport in it my computer Savannahs paperwork everything. I was so lucky. But these were isolated incidents. He says he met so many wonderful people along the way. He was already an optimist when he set off but by the time he returned he had even more faith in humankind if less in some of the systems we live under. The first leg of his walk was a learning process he says that saw many of his preconceptions overturned. He sounds slightly embarrassed by his naivety. In Central and South America he would walk through towns and see houses with rebars sticking off the roof. He assumed the areas must be rough or rundown because the houses were incomplete but soon realised that the rebars were a sign of aspiration. The families were hoping to save enough money to build a second storey. Turcich had always been taught that those who work hard will be rewarded; that if you are capable and determined there is nothing to stop you achieving. But the more he saw of the world the more he realised this was not true. You end up realising so little is down to willpower because there are much smarter much kinder people than me all over the world who dont have my opportunities. He tells me about a man he met in Peru selling petrol to passing trucks from his roadside hut. He was a great guy and very bright; definitely smarter than me and probably a harder worker. But hes never going to leave Peru because of the geography or history hes born into. You see over and over again that what really affects people is the systems in place. To Turcich the walk was a seven-year meditation particularly the first two years which were more solitary. As he walked so much was going through his mind his history his values his hopes. It all came to a head in the deserts of Peru and Chile. I was on my own so much just with my thoughts. The way I describe it is like weeding your garden. You dont realise it but your head is full of these weeds and when youre walking youre on your knees pulling weeds. After about a year and a half when I was down in south Peru I felt like Id thought all the thoughts and the garden was clean. There was no more angst no regrets nothing I could pick through. I was in the Atacama desert lying under a million stars and it felt I was at the bottom of myself. All the doubts went. What did it feel like? It was a hollowed-out feeling. A simple sense of existing youre just a small little creature in the universe. It was just peace. Its so moving to hear Turcich talk about his experience. At times I feel like Im speaking to a man who has been to the other side and witnessed things that the rest of us havent been privy to. There is a childlike simplicity to Turcich but he also has a touch of the seer. There were many days when Turcich couldnt face walking though Savannah was never fazed. Sometimes I just had to walk he says. It depended on time pressures and weather. If I knew there was going to be a downpour or it was going to be 100 degrees Id try to get to a hotel or shelter. Over the seven years he returned to Haddon Township a few times. In Uruguay he caught a terrible bacterial infection and was eventually flown home. By that time he had been travelling for more than two years. Catherine was shocked by his appearance: He had dropped so much weight. He couldnt hold anything down and he was in excruciating pain. Just recalling it upsets her. It was very scary. He lay there on the floor and he was so thin. It looked like he was dying. Doctors filled him with a variety of antibiotics. Eventually one of them worked and he returned to his travels. The final five years of Turcichs walk were more social than the first two. By now he felt his mind was fully open to embracing all the different experiences. He learned enough French Russian Turkish and Italian to ensure he didnt feel like an eternal tourist. The first two years were about me and the mind. After that it became much more about the world. I started to understand it more. I became more interested in what influences people and why countries are the way they are. Turcich talks of the otherworldly beauty of Kyrgyzstan; the otherness of Uzbekistan where locals had never met foreigners there were no advertisements and American Chevrolets were the only cars on the road; the friendliness of Turkish shepherds and their huge anatolian shepherd dogs; the French countryside where he woke up one night surrounded by 200 boars; the shaman in the Amazon who served him the psychedelic tea ayahuasca. E gill Halldorsson a 30-year-old Icelander came across Turcich in Ka a fishing town in southern Turkey. It was 2021 and by now Turcich was six years into his walk. I asked what he was doing recalls Halldorsson. He tried to make it sound like it wasnt a big thing and he said he was walking across the world. My jaw dropped. I said what? It takes you a long time to grasp just what it means. What were his first impressions of Turcich? As I walked away I said to my then girlfriend: Wow that is the most interesting guy in the world. I have to get to know him better. And she said: Yes but I think I sensed some sadness or unease. She was referring to him being a bit lonely. Actually tired might be a better word. Later when I asked him he said hed been walking around the world all this time and as soon as he clicked with people hed always be saying goodbye. My girlfriend sensed he was tired of that. Halldorsson and Turcich stayed in Ka for a couple of months because of the pandemic and became good friends. They would have become close whatever the circumstances Halldorsson says. Hes adventurous but down to earth and fun to be around. He seemed to have learned a lot from his travels. Hed travelled through so many countries met so many people. He came across as an old soul. During the final leg of his walk he met a woman called Bonnie in Washington DC echoing his fathers experience in Hawaii years before. I stopped to write for a couple of days Turcich says. We met and hit it off and that was it. Turcich and Bonnie who is training to be a doctor have been together ever since and they now share a home in Seattle. On 21 May 2022 seven years and 49 days after setting off Turcich arrived back in Haddon Township. Looking back over the time when was his happiest moment? Crossing the finishing line. For so long he says hed thought about the day he would get home and now it was here. The world walk is a beautiful way to live but its also really difficult and exhausting. Id missed my family and friends so much. As I crossed the line the primary feeling was relief its over you did it! I assume he slept for a long time afterwards but he laughs at the suggestion. No we had a huge party. It was great. As for his mother Catherine she says it was the proudest day of her life. All the town turned out for him. There were probably 400-500 people. He came through Philadelphia and people started joining him. He had this crowd of people walking alongside him. Oh gosh! He was like the Pied Piper. There were bands and banners and an official finish line. We put up an archway of balloons for him to walk through and a ribbon and people just cheered Catherine says. We were so thrilled to have him back and hed made it hed accomplished his dream. He was overwhelmed grinning from ear to ear. Then he started crying. Turcich had left a callow 25-year-old and returned a worldly-wise 32-year-old. Has it made him more confident in himself? Thats a difficult question to answer he says. Its a kind of Dunning-Kruger. You know the psychological study where the dumbest person in the room is the most confident? The more you know the less confident you are. I think I was pretty confident at the beginning but I was an idiot. Once you know you dont know everything you lose some of the confidence and become less sure about things. Tom Sr says his son has changed dramatically in the seven years hes been away. Hes a man now. He sees the world so differently. Hes been to places where people with zero money work all week to add a cinder block to their house and they would share all they had with him. To see that is a life-changer. Of all the places hes seen Denmark is where Turcich would most like to live. It was the first time I saw there was a different way to do infrastructure says Turcich. It seemed very peaceful. I loved being able to ride my bike everywhere and not be blasted by an F-150 truck. America is very car-centric and it takes away a lot from cities and daily life. Denmark has got its priorities right he adds its a country that has used its wealth to provide great healthcare and education. Did anywhere feel like his spiritual home? Man thats a good question. The more we talk about his journey the more it brings out his inner hippy. Probably Croatia because thats where my ancestors are from on my dads side so I was able to see a lot of my family there and visit my great-great-grandfathers house and great-grandfathers house. Theres a cemetery on the island of Krk and a third of the burial plots are Turcich. Id travelled a lot by then but this was the first place I felt this deeper inherent connection knowing this is where I came from. Since returning to the US Turcich admits he has found it tough adapting back to regular society. Although part of the reason he left was because he didnt want to bow down to the conventions of nine-to-five work he found that the walking provided him with a different kind of routine he has found impossible to replace. One of the best things about the walk was every day I woke up with a purpose. A very immediate purpose and human purpose where I walked a certain amount. So every day Id accomplish the little goal and within that Id see new things talk to new people learn about the world just through walking. Then Id lie in bed thinking: That was a good day mission accomplished lets do it again tomorrow. And now the walks over you dont have that innate sense of discovery. So it feels like Im building a life from the ground up again here in Seattle. He is certainly better equipped to deal with life than the 25-year-old greenhorn setting out on his walk. Turcich now 33 has languages knowledge practical skills friends across the world. Over the years he picked up 121000 followers on Instagram as he documented his travels under the handle @theworldwalk . The day we spoke he signed a book deal to tell the story of his walk. And there are the talking engagements. People love to hear his story about how the loss of his great friend Ann Marie sent him around the world to search for meaning in life. When I ask if he found what he was looking for he takes me back to that night under the stars in the Atacama and the sense of his smallness in the universe. It made him feel insignificant but also feel that he could make a difference albeit in little ways. I came to the conclusion that its happiness. Happiness is the only currency for man. You try to be happy and try to create happiness. Happiness can mean a lot of different things and take a lot of different forms. But if you make the world a better place you can leave behind gross happiness for your descendants. As for himself he still finds it difficult to believe how much his travels have changed him. Nowadays timid Tom Turcich will happily stand in front of a paying audience and tell people what he discovered about the world by walking its surface. Before he embarked on his odyssey he didnt believe he had anything worth telling anybody. But now he thinks differently in every sense. When you walk around the world for seven years you learn a lot he says. Do you have an opinion on the issues raised in this article? If you would like to submit a letter of up to 300 words to be considered for publication email it to us at guardian.letters@theguardian.com

BAD

A mansion hidden directly under the Bay Bridge (sfgate.com) As tens of thousands of drivers zip or sometimes crawl over the Bay Bridge every day a forgotten mansion rests directly below them. The three-story white home impossible to see from the bridge was once the last residence of Americas greatest modern admiral. And for a while it was the historic roadblock in the way of the Bay Bridges new span. Quarters 1 was built on Yerba Buena Island in 1900 as part of the only U.S. Navy training station on the West Coast. It was home to the commander of the base and crafted to be appropriately opulent. Large windows framed expansive views of the bay and the East Bay hills beyond and filled the elegant foyer with light. There were plenty of bedrooms and bathrooms plus a study spread over its nearly 6000 square feet. Some of the Navys highest-ranking officers came and went as residents including one unfortunate admiral whose entire collection of dress pants went up in flames during a small house fire in 1934.Admiral Senn dispatched the remnants of his once regal wardrobe to the cleaners but try as they did they couldnt restore the garments to ship-shape form the San Francisco Examiner reported. CaliforniaGovernor JamesRolph Jr. Former US President Herbert Hoover and San Francisco Mayor Angelo Joseph Rossi stand in front of the Admiral's residence on Yerba Buena Island during the San Francisco Bay Bridge ground breaking on July 9 1933. After World War II Quarters 1s most famous occupant moved in: Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. Nimitz was appointed to take command of the Pacific fleet days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. His exploits in the Pacific Theater made him a household name around the world and helped the United States triumph in what felt like an unwinnable war of attrition on the way to Japan. A porch ceiling droops at the Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz below the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. Neatly trimmed shrubs contrast with the siding dull and black from car exhaust at the Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz below the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. The exterior of the Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz below the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. A broken window is visible on one of the upper windows at the Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz below the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. In 1947 at the age of 62 Nimitz announced he was retiring as the countrys chief of naval operations. He told the press he wanted to live out his golden years as a babysitter for his grandchildren but he did keep an office on Treasure Island in his capacity as a special adviser to the secretary of the Navy. Quarters 1 was also his and its name soon became Nimitz House. After a lifetime of war Nimitz relished the peace and quiet of retirement. He split his time between a home in the Berkeley hills and Nimitz House. By 1963 he was living full time on Yerba Buena Island preferring its proximity to his office and to his beloved San Francisco Symphony. He repeatedly turned down interview requests on birthdays much to the annoyance of the local press. Few American heroes have ever planned a quieter birthday the Oakland Tribune opined in February 1964. The interior entryway of the Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz below the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. Admiral Nimitz has quietly but firmly turned down all requests for interviews the paper added and is expected to spend most of the day at his quarters on Yerba Buena Island. He did receive some very excited visitors that day however. Hed made friends with the pupils at nearby Yerba Buena Elementary School. One Valentines Day hed sent them candy which their teacher said made them very sticky and the children made him valentines in return. At Christmas they came to his door to sing carols. For his 79th birthday 19 little students plus their teacher Ms. MacIntyre walked over to Nimitzs house with a birthday surprise: a book about the San Francisco Bay and a handmade card with a poem. Five-year-old Steven was asked by the Examiner to recite the poem the children had composed for the great war hero. He could only remember one line: We hope you enjoy the book we sent it will not get bent. It wasnt exactly great poetry Ms. MacIntyre admitted. I let them write what they wanted to write. I guess youd say it came from their hearts. The Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz below the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. Two years later Nimitz suffered a stroke. He died in the Yerba Buena mansion surrounded by family a few days shy of his 81st birthday. All air traffic had to be paused at SFO to allow for 70 jets to stream overhead during his funeral at Golden Gate National Cemetery. Decades passed and the Navy announced it was pulling out of Treasure Island for good in the 1990s. Mayor Willie Browns officecontemplated turning Nimitz House into the citys official residence after the last rear admiral moved out. The mayor wouldnt actually live there. It would be more a ceremonial residence perhaps a sort of Camp David a spokesperson from Browns office said. Instead at least for a time Nimitz House became an event venue. The city rented it out for $500 not a bad value for one of the most historic and scenic homes in the Bay Area. But its days as a party spot were short. After the catastrophic collapse of the Bay Bridge during the Loma Prieta earthquake everyone agreed the aging bridge needed an upgrade although for more than a decade no one could quite agree on how to do that. The view from the porch of the Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz is blocked by the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. In 1998 the feud between the Navy which still owned Yerba Buena Island and Brown went public. Navy officials expressed frustration that the new eastern span would flow directly over Nimitz House and the nearby historic residences of other officers. A Navy aide called the plan devastating. This particular parcel of property is truly valuable the aide told the Examiner. Animosity over the fate of Nimitz House was so intense that at one point the Navy prohibited Caltrans engineers from stepping foot near the property. But in 2000 the stalemate was finally broken; the federal government transferred the parcel including Nimitz House to the state of California effectively removing the Navys only bargaining chip the Los Angeles Times reported. On Sept. 2 2013 the new eastern span of the Bay Bridge opened directly above the once-regal homes of admirals and officers. What the Navy feared has come to pass. The mansions bright white siding is turning dull and black from car exhaust. A fan flops from the porch ceiling like a dying tulip dropping its petals. Inside the stunning receiving room still looks bright and cheery although the loud hum of commuters has all but destroyed its potential as a wedding venue. Around the house the hedges are neatly trimmed and a few determined trees shake off the last of their spring buds. Signs erected probably by the nearby Coast Guard station warn trespassers to stay out. The Nimitz House the former home of Admiral Chester Nimitz is below the eastern span of the Bay Bridge on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Calif. on May 2 2023. Below the constant din of traffic Nimitz House quietly fades. Is this the most beautiful building in San Francisco? I hiked to an eerie 50-foot monolith hidden in the Bay Area Here's why there is half a house in Pacific Heights The weird history of this storybook Berkeley building Katie Dowd is the SFGATE managing editor.

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A mutual aid auto shop in Alabama (lux-magazine.com)

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A near-disaster at a nuclear weapons lab takes toll on Americas arsenal (2017) (science.org) Technicians at the government's Los Alamos National Laboratory settled on what seemed like a surefire way to win praise from their bosses in August 2011: In a hi-tech testing and manufacturing building pivotal to sustaining America's nuclear arsenal they gathered eight rods painstakingly crafted out of plutonium and positioned them side-by-side on a table to photograph how nice they looked. At many jobs this would be innocent bragging. But plutonium is the unstable radioactive man-made fuel of a nuclear explosion and it isn't amenable to showboating. When too much is put in one place it becomes critical and begins to fission uncontrollably spontaneously sparking a nuclear chain reaction which releases energy and generates a deadly burst of radiation. The resulting blue glow known as Cherenkov radiation has accidentally and abruptly flashed at least 60 times since the dawn of the nuclear age signaling an instantaneous nuclear charge and causing a total of 21 agonizing deaths. So keeping bits of plutonium far apart is one of the bedrock rules that those working on the nuclear arsenal are supposed to follow to prevent workplace accidents. It's Physics 101 for nuclear scientists but has sometimes been ignored at Los Alamos. As luck had it that August day a supervisor returned from her lunch break noticed the dangerous configuration and ordered a technician to move the rods apart. But in so doing she violated safety rules calling for a swift evacuation of all personnel in criticality events because bodies and even hands can reflect and slow the neutrons emitted by plutonium increasing the likelihood of a nuclear chain reaction. A more senior lab official instead improperly decided that others in the room should keep working according to a witness and an Energy Department report describing the incident. Eight rods of plutonium within inches had a few more rods been placed nearby it would have triggered a disaster. Catastrophe was avoided and no announcement was made at the time about the near-miss but officials internally described what happened as the most dangerous nuclear-related incident at that facility in years. It then set in motion a calamity of a different sort: Virtually all of the Los Alamos engineers tasked with keeping workers safe from criticality incidents decided to quit having become frustrated by the sloppy work demonstrated by the 2011 event and what they considered the lab management's callousness about nuclear risks and its desire to put its own profits above safety. When this exodus was in turn noticed in Washington officials there concluded the privately-run lab was not adequately protecting its workers from a radiation disaster. In 2013 they worked with the lab director to shut down its plutonium handling operations so the workforce could be retrained to meet modern safety standards. Those efforts never fully succeeded however and so what was anticipated as a brief work stoppage has turned into a nearly four-year shutdown of portions of the huge laboratory building where the plutonium work is located known as PF-4. Officials privately say that the closure in turn undermined the nation's ability to fabricate the cores of new nuclear weapons and obstructed key scientific examinations of existing weapons to ensure they still work. The exact cost to taxpayers of idling the facility is unclear but an internal Los Alamos report estimated in 2013 that shutting down the lab where such work is conducted costs the government as much as $1.36 million a day in lost productivity. And most remarkably Los Alamos's managers still have not figured out a way to fully meet the most elemental nuclear safety standards. When the Energy Department on Feb. 1 released its annual report card reviewing criticality risks at each of its 24 nuclear sites ranging from research reactors to weapon labs Los Alamos singularly did not meet expectations. In fact Los Alamos violated nuclear industry rules for guarding against a criticality accident three times more often last year than the Energy Department's 23 other nuclear installations combined that report said. Because of its shortcomings federal permission has not been granted for renewed work with plutonium liquids needed to purify plutonium taken from older warheads for reuse normally a routine practice. Moreover a year-long investigation by the Center makes clear that pushing the rods too closely together in 2011 wasn't the first time that Los Alamos workers had mishandled plutonium and risked deaths from an inadvertent burst of radiation. Between 2005 and 2016 the lab's persistent and serious shortcomings in criticality safety have been criticized in more than 40 reports by government oversight agencies teams of nuclear safety experts and the lab's own staff. The technicians' improvised photo-op an internal Energy Department report concluded later revealed the staff had become de-sensitized to the risk of a serious accident. Other reports have described flimsy workplace safety policies that repeatedly left workers uninformed of proper procedures and left plutonium packed hundreds of times into dangerously close quarters or without appropriate shielding to prevent a serious accident. Workplace safety many of the reports say has frequently taken a back seat to profit-seeking at the Los Alamos New Mexico lab which is run by a group of three private firms and the University of California as managers there chase lucrative government bonuses tied to accomplishing specific goals for producing and recycling the plutonium parts of nuclear weapons. And these safety challenges aren't confined to Los Alamos. The Center's probe revealed a frightening series of glaring worker safety risks previously unpublicized accidents and dangerously lax management practices. The investigation further revealed that the penalties imposed by the government on the private firms that make America's nuclear weapons were typically just pinpricks and that instead the firms annually were awarded large profits in the same years that major safety lapses occurred. Some were awarded new contracts despite repeated avoidable accidents including some that exposed workers to radiation. Asked about this record spokesman Gregory Wolf of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) which oversees and pays for the country's nuclear weapons work responded that we expect our contractors to perform work in a safe and secure manner that protects our employees our facilities and the public. When accidents do occur our focus is to determine causes identify corrective actions and prevent recurrences. His colleague James McConnell the top NNSA safety official said in an interview that safety is an inherent part of everything we do. But at a public hearing in Santa Fe on June 7 McConnell was also candid about Los Alamos's failure to meet federal standards. They're not where we need them yet he said of the lab and its managers. Los Alamos spokesman Kevin Roark said in an email the lab chose to defer to NNSA for its response. But the lab's director over the past seven years nuclear physicist Charles McMillan said in a 2015 promotional video that while we've got to do our mission which he said was vital to the nation's security as well as the world's stability the only way we can do that is by doing it safely. The huge 39-year-old two-story rectangular building at Los Alamos where the 2011 incident occurred is the sole U.S. site that makes plutonium cores commonly known as pits because they are spherical and placed near the center of nuclear bombs for the warheads meant to be installed over the next three decades in new U.S. missiles bombers and submarines. Production of these cores is a key part of the country's effort to modernize its nuclear arsenal at a cost of hundreds of billions of dollars which President Obama supported and President Trump has said he wants to greatly strengthen and expand. Trump's proposed fiscal year 2017 and 2018 budgets would boost U.S. spending on such work by $1.4 billion representing a slightly higher percentage increase (11%) than requested overall for the Defense Department. But mostly because of the Los Alamos lab's safety deficiencies it hasn't produced a usable new warhead core in at least six years. Congress mandated in the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act that Los Alamos must be capable of manufacturing up to 20 war-ready cores a year by 2025 30 the next year and 80 by 2027. Wolf said the agency remains committed to meeting this goal but other government officials say the dramatic slowdown at PF-4 has put fulfillment of that timetable in doubt. PF-4 is also the only place where existing cores removed randomly from the arsenal can be painstakingly tested to see if they remain safe and reliable for use in the nuclear stockpile. That work has also been blocked due to PF-4's extended shutdown according to internal DOE reports. The lab tried to conduct those tests in late 2016 but without success. The initial experiment destroyed a plutonium pit without collecting useful results about its safety or reliability the latest annual review of Los Alamos' performance by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) stated. The lab canceled a second planned pit analysis in 2016 according to the NNSA's annual evaluation of the lab's performance. I don't think they've made mission goals the last four years said Michaele Brady Raap a past president of the American Nuclear Society and member of the Energy Department's elite Criticality Safety Support Group a team of 12 government experts that analyzes and recommends ways to improve struggling federal nuclear safety programs. The lab's criticality safety shortcomings have been so persistent that NNSA in August 2015 threatened to fine Los Alamos' managing contractors more than a half-million dollars for failing to correct them. In the end the NNSA administrator decided to not to impose the fine exemplifying what critics allege is a climate of impunity for mistakes within DOE. There is no doubt they have had some management and operational problems said MIT Professor Ernest Moniz who served as the Obama administration's Energy Secretary from 2013 until the end of January speaking about Los Alamos's handling of nuclear safety. We were obviously quite concerned about it. Moniz said in an interview with the Center that the laboratory's lapses had played a role in the department's decision last year not to extend its existing management contract. Instead the contract was opened to a new competition with the winner expected to be named in early 2018 and take over the lab in Sept. 2018. Moniz added however that in 2016 the lab started to turn things around. But others see Los Alamos's conduct differently. There's a systemic issue here said Brady Raap. There are a lot of things there [at Los Alamos] that are examples of what not to do. George Anastas a past president of the Health Physics Society who analyzed dozens of internal government reports about criticality problems at Los Alamos for the Center said he wonders if the work at Los Alamos [can] be done somewhere else? Because it appears the safety culture the safety leadership has gone to hell in a handbasket. Anastas said the reports spanning more than a decade describe a series of accidents waiting to happen. The lab he said is dodging so many bullets that it's scary as hell. The consequences of a criticality accident are ghastly. When Japanese technicians sloppily packed too much enriched uranium another nuclear weapons fuel into some wide-mouthed buckets at a factory 75 miles northeast of Tokyo in September 1999 it started to fission spontaneously in a classic criticality incident. Two Japanese workers died neighboring towns were contaminated with radiation and industries essential to the region's economy were disrupted. Schools closed police barricaded roads and trains stopped running. More than 160 people within a quarter-mile were evacuated and another 310000 people living and working nearby were ordered to seek shelter. There was no explosion just the usual blue Cherenkov flash marking the spread of radiation around the Tokaimura plant in a chain reaction that pulsed intermittently for 20 hours. It exposed 119 people to doses exceeding the 1 millisievert level recognized by the International Commission on Radiological Protection as the maximum that members of the public can safely be exposed to in a year according to the World Nuclear Association a nonprofit organization that advocates expanded reliance on nuclear energy. Those contaminated were a mix of plant workers and others who by chance happened to live or work nearby. Hisashi Ouchi and Masato Shinohara who were in the room where the criticality occurred and absorbed extremely high doses 1700 and 1200 rems of radiation respectively appeared normal when they entered the University of Tokyo Hospital Emergency Department on the same day. But within weeks Ouchi became unrecognizable inside and out. The devastating effects of the Tokaimura criticality accident on Masato Shinohara 40 are evident in these hospital photos chronicling his physical decline. He died seven months after the accident. Slowly his skin sloughed off and his muscle tissue died. Externally his body withered into a skeletal silhouette covered in open sores. Inside his body his chromosomes shattered like glass. Sequentially his organs failed. By the 63rd day of his ordeal doctors were pumping 10 liters of liquid into Ouchi to replace the fluid he was losing from surface wounds and massive intestinal bleeding. He died in December 1999 83 days after the accident. Shinohara's physical decline wasn't as meticulously chronicled as Ouchi's. But the outer layer of his skin molted from 70 percent of his body and his body shut down in the same sequence that Ouchi's had. He lived for 210 days after the accident until he succumbed to MRS pneumonia on April 27 2000. Official studies by the Japanese government and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission chronicled a poor safety culture that had discounted the likelihood of a criticality accident. In 1999 Sixto T. Almodovar a senior nuclear criticality analyst consultant at the Hanford Nuclear Site in Washington state summarized the mindset about criticality safety at JCO Co. Ltd. the company that operated the Japanese nuclear fuel plant as Titanic thinking. This ship is unsinkable therefore why obstruct the view of the first-class passengers with unneeded life boats Almodovar said. Citing Japanese media reports he noted that company officials had admitted they not only condoned but encouraged workers to take shortcuts often at the expense of safety to increase their productivity. Taking safety shortcuts to boost productivity to the level managers wanted to see isn't just a foreign problem Almodovar warned. At the Y-12 National Security Complex an Energy Department-funded nuclear weapons plant in Tennessee workers even coined a euphemism for the practice. The Oak Ridge Y-12 workers call this a Bubba said' Almodovar said after interviewing some of them. A spokeswoman at Y-12 Ellen Boatner didn't reply to a request for comment. Los Alamos's first death from criticality-produced radiation occurred in September 1945 25 days after physicist Harry Daghlian deliberately lowered a large piece of plutonium into a cavity made of tungsten bricks that reflected the plutonium's escaping neutrons back toward it in a risky experiment that scientists dubbed tickling the dragon's tail. As Daghlian moved the final brick closer to the stack a nearby radiation meter clicked frantically as neutrons collided angrily with other particles warning him that a criticality accident loomed. But as he tried to withdraw the brick it dropped and the flash caught him. He died 28 days after he was irradiated. The following May Los Alamos scientist Louis Slotin was also testing the boundaries of plutonium criticality while seven other scientists looked on. Slotin was positioning a spherical beryllium shell around a plutonium pit. But as he slowly lowered the upper hemisphere onto the lower one it slipped downward off the tip of his screwdriver. Slotin held the two halves of the core apart with a screwdriver. It slipped killing him. The telltale blue flash that followed gave Slotin enough radiation to kill him five times over and the seven observers in the room received doses ranging from nearly lethal to benign. Slotin prevented a worse calamity by quickly separating the two halves of the pit before the reaction could become self-sustaining. Nine days later he died at the age of 35. It happened again at Los Alamos twelve years later when chemist Cecil Kelley stood on a small ladder to stir a vat that included plutonium residue. When it became too concentrated workers outside saw a bright blue flash and heard a dull thud. Soon they saw Kelley standing outside bewildered. I'm burning up! he screamed. I'm burning up. The first medics to treat Kelley weren't sure what had happened because he was working alone and too stunned to describe his experience. A nurse among the first to treat him didn't suspect he'd been exposed to radiation and remarked on his nice pink skin a sunburn-like symptom of his radiation exposure according to an account of the accident published in the journal Los Alamos Science in 1995. Kelley died at the hospital in Los Alamos about 35 hours after the accident. These deaths were all avoidable. The human element was not only present but the dominant cause in all of the accidents a team of criticality safety experts from Los Alamos and their Russian counterparts wrote in a definitive study of 60 criticality accidents published by the lab in 2000. Reports over the past decade suggest however that these mistakes didn't have a huge impact on criticality practices at Los Alamos. That lab has always been the most prominent and best funded and according to Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman's notorious remark at a 2007 congressional hearing the most infected by arrogance and resistant to independent scrutiny of the U.S. nuclear weapons laboratories. In 2005 shortly before the profit-making firms wrested majority control of the laboratory from the University of California the lab's nuclear criticality safety program did not meet many of the nuclear industry's standards according to a DOE report in 2008. We couldn't prove we were safe said Doug Bowen a nuclear engineer who was on the laboratory's criticality safety staff at the time not even close. Two months after the takeover the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board an independent federal oversight agency in Washington concluded that the lab's staff of 10 criticality safety engineers would need to more than triple. Its chairman also said the deficiencies hadn't gotten adequate attention from the NNSA. Los Alamos's director of nuclear and high-hazard operations at the time Robert McQuinn dismissed that complaint in a written reply the following month. LANL does not believe an inadvertent criticality is credible McQuinn said without referencing the lab's history. But he also promised the lab has and is continuing to make significant progress in resolving the issues. But safety was not the foremost concern in Washington. To encourage higher efficiency and productivity the Energy Department waved millions of dollars at its new corporate partners* as potential rewards for meeting deadlines for designing weapons and building bomb components at PF-4. Doing so created a mindset among managers and their work crews that posed challenges for safety experts like Bowen. Operations is always going to try to push the boundaries so they can produce as much as they can within the safety envelope when they're pushing to get something done Bowen said. Occasionally they make decisions that they assume are going to be okay but instead wind up exceeding limits he explained. A bonus was also offered if the laboratory started meeting basic criticality safety standards. But Bowen said that in his view meeting minimum requirements shouldn't need and didn't deserve bonus pay. The new corporate group promised to bring the lab up to the required safety standards in 2007. But that September when members of the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board inspected plutonium vaults at PF-4 they discovered much more material present than inventories showed posing new risks of spontaneous fissioning if some of it became too tightly packed together. So in September 2007 the lab shut down PF-4 for a month and told DOE it had created a Nuclear Criticality Safety Board to analyze and fix the lab's persistent problems. In 2010 when the Energy Department did a checkup however it found no official notes or records the group had ever met according to an internal Energy Department report. The lab's promised date to improve criticality safety had slid to 2008 then 2010 and then to 2011. When a nuclear technician put those eight plutonium rods dangerously close together on the afternoon of Aug. 11 2011 he used a glove box a device with gloved portholes that is designed to contain any radioactive particles that he lacked permission to use. A sign on the box specifically warned against packing too much material inside but he ignored it and went roughly 25 percent over the limit. In one photo obtained by the Center two of the rods are touching each other as they rest on a roll of duct tape. In another eight rods are clustered tightly enough to fit within a pencil's length propped up against a pyramid-shaped stick with black and yellow candy stripes to indicate caution. Workers had forged the plutonium rods as aliquots samples that could be useful to researchers in the weapons program and to teams trying to perfect the conversion of weaponized plutonium into fuel for civilian power plants. Bowen who was then Los Alamos's top criticality safety expert and now supervises safety work throughout the weapons program recalls getting a phone call about the technicians' error from an assistant lab director around 90 minutes after it had been discovered. By then the rods had already been picked up and moved by hand while other work in the room continued contrary to procedures calling for an evacuation his immediate notification and for the dispatch of workers in hazmat suits to reconfigure the rods. It was also a violation of the approach McMillan touts in the LANL promotional video. I think it's critical that if something doesn't feel quite right then you pause the work MacMillan said there. It's a lot better to stop than it is to just muscle through. Reaching into the box was dangerous said Don Nichols the NNSA associate administrator for safety and health at the time because the water present in human bodies reflects neutrons and slows their speed increasing the likelihood that those emitted by plutonium will collide with the nuclei of other plutonium atoms and emit more neutrons triggering a nuclear chain reaction with its accompanying release of energy and radiation. As a result Nichols said the first thing to do upon noticing a near-criticality is the opposite of what you want to do such as reach in and separate the offending materials. Instead he said those in charge should get everyone to back off and then call for engineers to start calculating safe approaches. Workers stood distraught in the hallway of PF-4 after the incident that would prove to be pivotal for national security objectives involving plutonium. When Bowen reached the site it was bathed in red lights as a belated warning for workers to stay away. He found the photographer looking despondent with his head in his hands. Nearby other workers consoled the equally upset technician. Both men were worried they'd be fired. During a lab-wide safety training a few days later one of Los Alamos' top safety officials called it the most severe event in years involving nuclear safety there according to a copy of his presentation. The really horrible part that stuck in my mind is that they got lucky Bowen said. They violated all these controls. They could have brought in more material to take pictures and had they done so it could have cost the technicians their lives never mind their jobs. Senior managers he said delayed calling in safety experts because they didn't want to see the episode revealed in bold headlines. The management saw it as more of a political thing Bowen said. They didn't want this to get out in the papers or the news. The fact that the call summoning him to PF-4 came from an assistant lab director not a rank-and-file employee but someone higher up meant they realized they were in trouble Bowen said. The lab's decision to downplay the risks of the 2011 incident was not an isolated one Bowen added. An official with URS one of the private contractors running PF-4 under a government contract told Bowen all the time that we don't even need a criticality safety program Bowen recalled. The URS official Charles Anderson who was appointed in July 2011 to oversee nuclear high-hazard safety basically said he didn't need us and he could make more money by replacing all the members of the criticality safety team with URS employees. (In 2014 a firm called AECOM acquired URS including its stake in the consortium of contractors that operates Los Alamos.) That kind of culture really spawned the exodus of the lab's safety staff Bowen said in an interview which he gave to CPI before being promoted to his current leadership role in the NNSA criticality safety program. Within a year maybe a year and a half there was one maybe two left 12 of 14 of the staff left. [And] because there was no criticality expertise there it led to the closing of PF-4. It was Bowen said a perfect storm of total boneheaded decisions by certain management [officials] at Los Alamos that created such havoc. A former senior NNSA official in Washington recounted hearing a similar depiction of the URS contractor's disdainful attitudes about criticality. Numerous messages left on Anderson's work and personal phones and emails as well as his social media accounts seeking comment went unanswered. A spokesman for the consortium of contractors that operates Los Alamos referred questions about Anderson's reported actions to the NNSA whose spokesman didn't address those specific questions. AECOM which bought URS also did not reply to request for comment. A special expert group created to monitor safety throughout the Energy Department's facilities known as the Criticality Safety Support Group documented the exodus of trained personnel from Los Alamos in an April 2012 report which said that experts had lost trust in their line management. Nichols recalled in an interview that due to some mismanagement people voted with their feet. They left. The attrition rate was around 100% according to a private lessons learned report last month by the lab's top criticality expert and the lone NNSA criticality expert assigned to work there which they prepared for counterparts at the nearby Sandia nuclear weapons lab. The 2011 incident was an egregious event agreed Brady Raap who has been a chief engineer in the nuclear engineering and analysis department of the national security division at the Energy Department's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. That was what said really Look there's not the respect for safety that there needs to be.' The problem was more than a few disgruntled people or anything that people [in management] portrayed it as. Operations wasn't fully integrated with safety as it should be she said. There's an inherent conflict between safety objectives which can slow down work and productivity pressure. Management in particular is focused on a mission goal processing a certain amount of material or manufacturing enough widgets or what have you. If they don't have enough respect for the safety activities that support that things become a little detached. You proceed when it would have been better to wait. National security managing editor R. Jeffrey Smith contributed to this article. Read more... Nuclear Negligence examines safety weaknesses at U.S. nuclear weapon sites operated by corporate contractors. The Centers probe based on contractor and government reports and officials involved in bomb-related work revealed unpublicized accidents at nuclear weapons facilities including some that caused avoidable radiation exposures. It also discovered that the penalties imposed by the government for these errors were typically small relative to the tens of millions of dollars the NNSA gives to each of the contractors annually in pure profit. How CPI got this story The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit investigative news organization in Washington D.C. Reporter for The Center for Public Integrity Dont yet have access? Subscribe to News from Science for full access to breaking news and analysis on research and science policy. Help News from Science publish trustworthy high-impact stories about research and the people who shape it. Please make a tax-deductible gift today. If we've learned anything from the COVID-19 pandemic it's that we cannot wait for a crisis to respond. Science and AAAS are working tirelessly to provide credible evidence-based information on the latest scientific research and policy with extensive free coverage of the pandemic. Your tax-deductible contribution plays a critical role in sustaining this effort. 2023 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved. AAAS is a partner of HINARI AGORA OARE CHORUS CLOCKSS CrossRef and COUNTER.

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A new experiment casts doubt on the leading theory of the nucleus https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-experiment-casts-doubt-on-the-leading-theory-of-the-nucleus-20230612/ jnord June 12 2023 Excited helium nuclei inflate like balloons offering physicists a chance to study the strong nuclear force which binds the nucleuss protons and neutrons. Kristina Armitage/ Quanta Magazine Contributing Writer June 12 2023 A new measurement of the strong nuclear force which binds protons and neutrons together confirms previous hints of an uncomfortable truth: We still dont have a solid theoretical grasp of even the simplest nuclear systems. To test the strong nuclear force physicists turned to the helium-4 nucleus which has two protons and two neutrons. When helium nuclei are excited they grow like an inflating balloon until one of the protons pops off. Surprisingly in a recent experiment helium nuclei didnt swell according to plan: They ballooned more than expected before they burst. A measurement describing that expansion called the form factor is twice as large as theoretical predictions. The theory should work said Sonia Bacca a theoretical physicist at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz and an author of the paper describing the discrepancy which was published in Physical Review Letters . Were puzzled. The swelling helium nucleus researchers say is a sort of mini-laboratory for testing nuclear theory because its like a microscope it can magnify deficiencies in theoretical calculations. Physicists think certain peculiarities in that swelling make it supremely sensitive to even the faintest components of the nuclear force factors so small that theyre usually ignored. How much the nucleus swells also corresponds to the squishiness of nuclear matter a property that offers insights into the mysterious hearts of neutron stars. But before explaining the crush of matter in neutron stars physicists must first figure out why their predictions are so far off. Bira van Kolck a nuclear theorist at the French National Center for Scientific Research said Bacca and her colleagues have exposed a significant problem in nuclear physics. Theyve found he said an instance where our best understanding of nuclear interactions a framework known as chiral effective field theory has fallen short. This transition amplifies the problems [with the theory] that in other situations are not so relevant van Kolck said. Atomic nucleons protons and neutrons are held together by the strong force. But the theory of the strong force was not developed to explain how nucleons stick together. Instead it was first used to explain how protons and neutrons are made of elementary particles called quarks and gluons. For many years physicists didnt understand how to use the strong force to understand the stickiness of protons and neutrons. One problem was the bizarre nature of the strong force it grows stronger with increasing distance rather than slowly dying off. This feature prevented them from using their usual calculation tricks. When particle physicists want to understand a particular system they typically parcel out a force into more manageable approximate contributions order those contributions from most important to least important then simply ignore the less important contributions . With the strong force they couldnt do that. Then in 1990 Steven Weinberg found a way to connect the world of quarks and gluons to sticky nuclei. The trick was to use an effective field theory a theory that is only as detailed as it needs to be to describe nature at a particular size (or energy) scale. To describe the behavior of a nucleus you dont need to know about quarks and gluons. Instead at these scales a new effective force emerges the strong nuclear force transmitted between nucleons by the exchange of pions. Weinbergs work helped physicists understand how the strong nuclear force emerges from the strong force. It also made it possible for them to perform theoretical calculations based on the usual method of approximate contributions. The theory chiral effective theory is now widely considered the best theory we have Bacca said for calculating the forces that govern the behavior of nuclei. Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Sonia Bacca a physicist at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz found that our best theoretical understanding of the strong nuclear force is at odds with experimental results. Angelika Stehle In 2013 Bacca used this effective field theory to predict how much an excited helium nucleus would swell. But when she compared her calculation to experiments performed in the 1970s and 1980s she found a substantial discrepancy. Shed predicted less swelling than the amounts measured but the experimental error bars were too big for her tobesure. After that first hint of a problem Bacca encouraged her colleagues at Mainz to repeat the decades-old experiments they had sharper tools at their disposal and could make more precise measurements. Those discussions led to a new collaboration: Simon Kegel and his colleagues would update the experimental work and Bacca and her colleagues would try to understand the same intriguing mismatch if it emerged. In their experiment Kegel and his colleagues excited the nuclei by shooting a beam of electrons at a tank of cold helium gas. If an electron zipped within range of one of the helium nuclei it donated some of its excess energy to the protons and neutrons causing the nucleus to inflate. This inflated state was fleeting the nucleus quickly lost grasp of one of its protons decaying into a hydrogen nucleus with two neutrons plus a free proton. As with other nuclear transitions only a specific amount of donated energy will allow the nucleus to swell. By varying the electrons momentum and observing how the helium responded scientists could measure the expansion. The team then compared this change in a nucleuss spread the form factor with a variety of theoretical calculations. None of the theories matched the data. But strangely the calculation that came closest used an oversimplified model of the nuclear force not the chiral effective field theory. This was totally unexpected said Bacca. Other researchers are equally mystified. Its a clean well-done experiment. So I trust the data said Laura Elisa Marcucci a physicist at the University of Pisa in Italy. But she said the experiment and theory contradict one another so one of them must be wrong. In hindsight physicists had several reasons to suspect that this simple measurement would probe the limits of our understanding of nuclear forces. First this system is particularly persnickety. The energy needed to produce the transiently inflated helium nucleus the state researchers want to study lies just above the energy needed to expel a proton and just below that same threshold for a neutron. That makes everything hard to calculate. The second reason has to do with Weinbergs effective field theory. It worked because it allowed physicists to ignore the less important parts of the equations. Van Kolck contends that some of the parts deemed less important and routinely ignored are in fact very important. The microscope provided by this particular helium measurement he said is illuminating that basic error. I cannot be too critical because these calculations are very difficult he added. Theyre doing the best they can. Several groups including van Kolcks plan to repeat Baccas calculations and find out what went wrong. Its possible that simply including more terms in the approximation of the nuclear force might be the answer. On the other hand its also possible that these ballooning helium nuclei have exposed a fatal flaw in our understanding of the nuclear force. We exposed the puzzle but unfortunately we have not solved the puzzle Bacca said. Not yet. Contributing Writer June 12 2023 Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Get highlights of the most important news delivered to your email inbox Quanta Magazine moderates comments tofacilitate an informed substantive civil conversation. Abusive profane self-promotional misleading incoherent or off-topic comments will be rejected. Moderators are staffed during regular business hours (New York time) and can only accept comments written in English.

BAD

A new history of Byzantium reveals the inner workings of a late antique empire (thecritic.co.uk) A new history of Byzantium reveals the inner workings of a late antique empire By This article is taken from the March 2022 issue of The Critic. To get the full magazine why not subscribe? Right now were offering five issue for just 10 . I f youve ever wondered how letters were delivered in the ancient world you could do worse than to read Procopiuss Secret History . Every bit as scandal-filled as Donna Tartts classic campus novel of the same name it describes life in the court of Justinian Byzantine emperor from AD 527 to 565 but digresses brilliantly on the intricacies of the Roman postal service. It is hard to think of another historian who applies such a scientific approach to ancient history The cursus publicus was hailed for its efficiency at least until Justinian got his hands on it. Procopius claimed that a message entrusted to the system could cover ten times the distance of an individual in a single day. It worked by running couriers between a series of stations arranged along established routes. Each was equipped with 40 horses and an equivalent number of grooms and in some cases overnight accommodation. There was not as you might have imagined a changeover of courier but rather of horses. The same tireless postie covered between five and eight stations by horse-drawn carriage per day or by the calculation cited in this book up to 120 kilometres if the missive was particularly pressing. Stephenson a prolific scholar of Byzantium has a wonderfully sharp eye for data and detail. His book examines the journey by which the Roman Empire progressed from being ruled from several different cities in the fifth century among them Alexandria Antioch Constantinople and Rome itself to just Constantinople home to Procopius and the New Rome of the books title. I sat down expecting a narrative history of the fall of Rome but was pleasantly surprised to find a portrait of the changing empire populated by statistics and technical hypotheses of a kind one would usually encounter in a copy of the Economist . The first ten pages alone contain references to cosmogenic radionuclides the Maunder Minimum and the Early Anthropocene. I confess I needed a dictionary. It is hard to think of another historian who applies such a scientific approach to ancient history except perhaps the Stanford professor Josiah Ober who has applied political theory and modern economic modelling to information garnered from classical sources to equally eye-opening effect. The terminology is not off-putting because Stephenson proves able to weave it succinctly and fluidly into his account of how the Late Empire functioned. Constantinople formerly Byzantium was the principal base of the emperors from Theodosius I (The Great) in the final quarter of the fourth century onwards. The city was beautified with a wide variety of art and architecture including the famous Egyptian obelisk the arrival of which in the late fourth century is seemingly as mysterious as the appearance of the monolith in 2001: A Space Odyssey . The new Hagia Sophia rose under Justinian in less than six years thanks to the work of 10000 builders. A rival to not only the Pantheon in Rome but also the Church of St Polyeuctus in Constantinople the building apparently boasts such sophisticated acoustics that according to another great detail in this book a reverberation beneath its dome can last up to 11 seconds compared to just two or three in modern concert halls. For all its beauty life in Constantinople was often unsanitary and difficult. The porticoed streets and baths were thronged with citizens Stephenson writes most of them with chronic ailments and bad breath. Up to 40 per cent of people born during the Late Roman Empire died before the age of 18. Many of them would unknowingly have been suffering the ill effects of exposure to pollution. The main source of this in Roman times says Stephenson was smelting especially of silver coins issued since the first century which released lead into the atmosphere. While it was usually slaves who were on the front line of this process practically everyone was at risk owing not to water pipes but to their use of saucepans typically made from lead and tin. Natural disasters (or were they?) also played a part Attempts to answer the time-old question of why Rome fell have been characterised in recent years by a new awareness of the role that factors including pollution and climate change played. Anyone who has shrugged at the suggestion that the weather had anything to do with the demise of such a mighty empire will I think come away from this book persuaded that climate change and natural disasters provide an important part of the answer. Far from being moralistic and attempting to apply the examples of the past as a warning Stephenson lays down the evidence unemotionally and lets it speak for itself. The causes of change were not purely driven by human behaviour though smelting and even more so heavy warfare in the era of invading Huns and Vandals had a significant environmental impact. Pollen records reveal a dramatic decline in the growing of cereals in Greece by about 600AD and from the seventh century pollination was happening predominantly through nature rather than agriculture. The root cause of this was the destruction of arable land following invasions and the decline in human settlements. Add to this diminishing sunlight measurements of deposited radionuclides indicate a significant reduction of light between the midfourth and late seventh centuries and we are looking at a radically different landscape in this period from that of the High Empire. Natural disasters (or were they?) also played a part. The later fifth and early sixth centuries witnessed a number of major volcanic eruptions. Vesuvius which famously buried Pompeii when it awoke from seven centuries of dormancy in 79AD erupted in 472 and 512 bookending as Stephenson notes the overthrow of the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus. Another as-yet unidentified volcano erupted in the northern hemisphere 24 years later. A contemporary account records the eclipse of sunlight. The event is confirmed by evidence from tree rings and ice cores. In the same period Constantinople suffered the effects of an earthquake famine and plague the last of which was believed to have originated in Africa about 540. Such was the plagues virulence that by spring 542 it was said to have claimed 10000 victims a day. Within two years it had reached our shores. A sobering but fascinating history The effects of Yersinia pestis the bacterium responsible have been identified in human remains interred at Edix Hill in Cambridgeshire and elsewhere. Although the disease is long thought to have been carried by fleas on rats the lack of rat bones prompts Stephenson to doubt that rats were the principal vectors. It was only natural for people living through these dire days to blame the gods or a decline of religion. Some even drew a connection between the darkness following the volcanic eruptions and the outbreak of plague and war as the future of the empire hung in the balance. Stephenson is more cautious: Whether there is any direct or causal link between the global climate event and the arrival of plague in the Mediterranean basin has not yet been determined. Nevertheless the accumulation of material he cites carefully tied to the chronology of events makes it difficult to deny a connection. Parts of the book are uncomfortable reading in light of current world events. The plague that swept the empire kept coming back recurring throughout the sixth century and even into the mid-eighth at the same time as the light was faltering and unknown volcanoes were continuing to throw up their pestilence to further darkness. Papyri cited by Stephenson indicate that taxes rose to three times higher than their rate before the plague pandemic reflecting not only the disruption and death toll brought about by the disease but the effects of crop failures and climate events too. All this makes for a sobering but fascinating history. Not for a long time has a book surprised me as much as this one did. What it lacks in narrative drive it more than makes up for in scope and close scrutiny of scientific evidence. I have been quoting passages and surprising facts to everyone around me ever since putting it down. Try five issues of Britains newest magazine for 10 Ananyo Bhattacharya offers an ambitious biography of a genius who defied categorisation in life and death Richard Cohens history of histories is a gargantuan achievement Tibor Fischer reviews Gimsons Presidents: Brief Lives from Washington to Trump by Andrew Gimson Copyright 2023 Locomotive 6960 Limited Designed by Interconnect . Powered by Standfirst . This website uses cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to use this website we assume you agree to our Cookies Policy . For full access subscribe to The Critic for less than 3 per month. Already have an account? Log in . SUBSCRIBE REGISTER FREE Already have an account? Log in . Don't worry. You can register for free to read Artillery Row articles. Or get full access to The Critic for as little as 3 per month. REGISTER FREE SUBSCRIBE Already have an account? Log in . Don't worry. You can continue reading by subscribing to get full access. 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A regular expression to check for prime numbers https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ tambourine_man Noulakaz The blog of Avinash Christina Anya and Kyan Meetoo. 18 March 2007 By Avinash Meetoo 164 Comments Regular expressions are extremely powerful. This is something I read at least once or twice every day while reading articles and blogs on the Web. While browsing today I found this page which thoroughly describes the use of the regular expression /^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/ in Perl to check if a number is prime or not!!! To be frank I was skeptical. The regular expression looks like magic! And I wanted to understand it better. I rewrote it in Ruby using irb and I tested it: Avinash@noulakaz:~$ irb irb(main):001:0> def is_prime(n) irb(main):002:1> (1 * n) !~ /^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/ irb(main):003:1> end => nil irb(main):004:0> is_prime(10) => false irb(main):005:0> is_prime(11) => true irb(main):006:0> is_prime(12) => false irb(main):007:0> is_prime(13) => true irb(main):008:0> is_prime(99) => false irb(main):009:0> is_prime(100) => false irb(main):010:0> is_prime(101) => true Great! It also works in Ruby! This means that there is no (Perl) magic going on. The regular expression really works. But how? Lets try to follow the logic behind it. Is 7 prime? To know this the function first generates 1111111 (from 1 * 7) and tries to see if that string does not match /^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/. If there is no match then the number is prime. Notice that the regular expression has two parts (separated with the vertical bar |). The first part is /^1?$/ is trivial and matches with beginning of line (^) an optional 1 (1?) and end of line ($) which implies that it matches either the empty string or 1. This simply indicates that calling that function with n==0 or n==1 will correctly return false (as the 1 * n will match with the first part of the regular expression) The second part is where the magic occurs /^(11+?)\1+$/ matches with beginning of line (^) then by (11+?) then by \1+ and finally by end of line ($). I guess that you know that \1 is a variable which is bound to whatever was matched previously (in our case by (11+?)). Lets proceed slowly (11+?) does two things \1+ then matches with whatever has been matched above (11 initially) repeated one or more times . If this match succeeds then the number is not prime. If you are following youll realise that this eliminates all even numbers except 2 (for example 8 is 11111111 and therefore (11+?) will match with 11 and \1+ will match with 111111). As for odd numbers (in our case 7) the (11+?) matches with 11 initially but \1+$ cannot be true (notice the $) as there are 5 remaining ones. The regular expression engine will backtrack and will make (11+?) match 111 and here also \1+$ wont be true because there will be 4 remaining ones (and \1+$ will only match with a number of ones which is a multiple of 3 followed by end of line) etc. hence 1111111 will not match the regular expression which implies that 7 will be considered as being prime :-) When I showed this to Christina this morning (true) she told me that this only checked for a number being odd or not. This is also what I felt at the beginning. But it really works. For instance lets try to apply it to 9 (which is obviously not even) 1 * 9 should match the regular expression 1 * 9 = 111111111. (11+?) matches 11 initially. \1+$ cannot match because there are 7 remaining ones. Backtracking occurs. (11+?) now matches 111. And here \1+$ matches the remaining 6 remaining ones! Hence 9 is not prime. Easy and beautiful at the same time ;-) [Join the discussion on Hacker News ] Filed Under: Education Linux Programming Web Ketwaroo D. Yaasir says 19 March 2007 at 18:23 unfortunately I am quite allergic to regular expressions too many bloody flavors to make any sense in the end. avinash says 19 March 2007 at 22:48 I fully understand. I was quite allergic to regexpr too. But little by little I have come to like and use them a lot. Lets see I use regexpr when working with vi grep sed awk and now ruby Ketwaroo D. Yaasir says 19 March 2007 at 23:51 Ive been trying to write a bbcode parser for wordpress to cure it of kses.php while keeping the entries of the bloggers safe. So I have to figure out how to use regex. So i guees i too will have to learn to like it. Its like voodoo. avinash says 20 March 2007 at 09:42 And I suppose you have realised that it is a small programming language so its bound to be cool :-) curiousEngine says 21 March 2007 at 09:25 Programming Quiz No. 2 A serial file named contains a series of values each of which is how many prime numbers ther are below a particular value. Write a program to read the number of primes between and values where and are requested interactively and compare it to the value obtained from FUNCT(limit) which is defined as limit / LOG(limit). avinash says 21 March 2007 at 13:34 Hi Seems that some of the text went missing or you were seriously drunk :-) VagabondoDigitale says 24 September 2007 at 23:19 Cool.. thx for your post. I like matematics quiz :P doh says 25 September 2007 at 14:53 nice trick! I find that the backtracking part was equivalence to finding out if the number is prime by brute-forcing e.g. going from 3 to half the number and if any of that is divisible its not a prime. thus the ^(11+?)\1+& trick (anyone got it?) i believe there are a lot of fast algorithms out there to use instead of generating 1s and parsing them with a regular expression which is kinda slow. however this is truly magic ^^ ksivasenthil says 29 September 2007 at 07:50 hey avinash what is the exact input that goes to the regex constructor. I am not a ruby programmer but my attempt to use this regex in javascript failed. The test always failed for both prime and composite numbers. If you know javascript please help show me a sample to use this in javascript pls someone says 3 October 2007 at 17:53 the trick is to apply the regex to a string with n 1s for example for 5 apply the regex to 11111. Jay says 7 October 2007 at 10:55 A PHP Version: !preg_match(/^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/x str_repeat(1 $n)) Example: <?php $n = 1; while ($n < 1000000) { if (!preg_match(/^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/x str_repeat(1 $n))) { echo $n: Prime\n; } $n++; } ?> Skymt says 16 October 2007 at 17:19 C# version: static void Main(string[] args) { int c; if (args.Length == 1 && int.TryParse(args[0] out c)) Console.WriteLine(!Regex.IsMatch(new String(1 c) @^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$)); } Binks says 19 October 2007 at 04:17 Java Version nice tip btw guess I should learn more about regular expressions. Java requires that the \ be \d out otherwise it sees it as a smiley face character and problems happen :P. public static void main(string[] args){ if (args.length >= 1) { int c = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); String s = ; while (c > 0) {c; s+=1;} System.out.println(!Pattern.matches(^1?$|^(11+?)\\1+$ s)); }} Venkatesh says 19 October 2007 at 09:11 This is just awesome Steven says 30 January 2008 at 02:35 Hello adamsky says 10 February 2008 at 16:19 To be honest regular expressions are overused And are NOT that good. For example in PHP using just common str_replace(); would be in many cases much faster then preg_replace(); Problem is that people tend to use a lot of sophisticated code where its not necessary only because it looks more professional. My thought on this is I dont care what others think I just need my code to be fast clean and as simple as it is possible. avinash says 11 February 2008 at 01:32 True. Sometimes regular expressions are extremely cryptic (like the one above in fact ;-) ) but they are also interesting to understand because they are essentially small programs written in a domain specific language. Nick says 19 February 2008 at 04:33 The magic is in the backtrack. if it can find a number a=(11+?) that multiplied N times gives our number its obvious that our number cant be prime (our number = a*N i.e. not prime) roscoe says 26 March 2008 at 02:19 How many numbers does this count up to? whats the largest prime that can be found in *real* time? Im interested so mail me please. avinash says 26 March 2008 at 23:24 Hi Roscoe Ive not done any performance test but I guess that if you use a compiled language like C with a good Regex implementation then maybe you can generate prime numbers real fast. On the other hand if you really want to generate primes then have a look at The Sieve of Eratosthene . Paul says 2 April 2008 at 23:38 Avinash. Super Ive been looking around for a Regex similar to this for a while. Ive modified it to suit. avinash says 3 April 2008 at 19:32 Hi Paul Great to know that you find this regular expression useful. Id like to point out that Im not the original author though ;-) rasmus says 27 April 2008 at 03:22 if primenumber mod 2 is 0 then isprime = true wouldnt that be easier and faster? ^^ rasmus says 27 April 2008 at 03:30 sorry its getting late here heh if primenumber mod 2 != 0 then isprime = true avinash says 27 April 2008 at 07:20 Hi Rasmus A prime number is not simply odd. Check this . Celina says 30 June 2008 at 15:44 I have never been able to understand regular expressions what is the logic behind them? avinash says 1 July 2008 at 06:54 Hi Celina Regular expressions are not trivial. But they are very powerful. If you want to know more about them this is a good start. A lot of people also recommend this book . Anonymous says 10 July 2008 at 03:56 While its neat its not a great idea to use for big numbers since it uses O(N^2) time and O(N) memory where even a trivial solution uses O(sqrt(N)) time and O(1) memory. avinash says 10 July 2008 at 07:56 True :-) I wonder if someone has actually done some benchmarking with large numbers? Anonymous says 10 July 2008 at 17:53 This regular expression does not use O(1) and O(N^2) its actually exponential in the size of the input. If it unpacks the number 7 (32 bit) to 7 1s thats 7*(32). So a 32 bit number 2147483648 would take up half a gig of memory. Kadhirvel says 29 July 2008 at 21:06 Please follow the link below for fact about primes http://kadiprimality.blogspot.com/ nidhi says 9 January 2009 at 11:59 Pls give me regex to match filename that doesnt start with a number and have html extension. avinash says 9 January 2009 at 16:05 Maybe something like ^[^0-9].*html$ Notice that the two ^ have very different meanings. The first one is an anchor which represents the beginning of the line. The second one is the inverse operator i.e. [^0-9] matches with any character excepts a digit. Skymt says 9 January 2009 at 17:02 You could also try this: ^\D\w+.html ((^)Start of line (\D)Not a digit (\w+)several letters (.html)end with .html) Works with the .NET flavor of regex rentis3 says 31 January 2009 at 19:41 for calculations with big numbers try F# erwin says 31 March 2009 at 21:35 try this: 999999 on the above php regexp it says prime. it isnt . avinash says 1 April 2009 at 11:11 So it seems that there is a bug lurking somewhere cetin says 12 April 2009 at 17:51 I dont think this is formally a regular expression because of ? character. The processing of a real regular expression never requires backtracking (i.e. never requires reading the input multiple times) and hence they are very fast once you generate the deterministic finite automata (DFA) for the given regular expression. Programming languages usually provide extensions to regular expressions (like ? in this case) for convenience to the programmer. There are only 3 operators in formal regular languages which are star (*) union (|) and concatenation. All other operators used in a regular expressions must be representable by using these 3 for example you can represent 0+ as 00* and so on. The operator ? used in the above expression is something totally different and which in fact violates the rule that machines that process a regular expression can do so with finite amount of memory. Hence this expression is actually not regular and the language generated by it is not a regular language mathematically. avinash says 12 April 2009 at 20:35 Mathematically you may be right (but I am not so sure.) But from a programming point of view regular expressions have always allowed backtracking Fred says 10 July 2009 at 21:25 php may reject large numbers silently due to recursion depth limit (which I think is 32767 levels) thats why 999999 fails. avinash says 12 July 2009 at 22:48 Thanks for pointing this out Patrick Atambo says 16 July 2009 at 23:25 WOW pretty cool! I have to revisit regular expressions it seems. :) akash says 17 September 2009 at 05:23 a language such that a string is made of binary alphabet( of 0s and 1s) and the number of zeros in the string is a 3 digit prime number.is this language regular?? can u pls help me out in this its a ques appeared in GATE entrance perler says 3 November 2009 at 16:14 this was good shit. thanks! Pras Sarkar says 18 November 2009 at 22:23 This is really intriguing but Im unclear about your explanation about how it works (it definitely works). For example try the number 49 (not prime) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 neither (11)+ matches nor (111)+ matches so you would think the regex would classify 49 as prime (it does not). So how does it really work? Makovec says 4 February 2010 at 20:24 I would rather see pattern like this: ^\d*[13579]$ in my scripts. Its clear easy and I think its also faster then the one described. If you want negative numbers its easy to change. Anyway its nice work and idea! David Makovec says 4 February 2010 at 20:29 Oh hell my bloody English. Forgot my previous note :( Shit Nithin Bekal says 15 May 2010 at 10:20 Wow thats impressive. A colleague of mine showed me this regular expression and I couldnt really believe it was possible. Ive never really learned regular expressions but this has definitely encouraged me to start learning. avinash says 15 May 2010 at 23:29 @Nithin Yeah. They are cool. Personally I practically never use the very complex ones (like the one above) but I routinely use the more usual ones especially when Im using vi or TextMate on my MacBook. ap2cu says 17 May 2010 at 20:24 Nice!! I implemented it on my website: http://ap2cu.com/tools/prime This is working great You can also check my REGEX online tool: http://ap2cu.com/tools/regex Thanks for this post! Sean Walker says 5 July 2010 at 02:12 @Pras Sarker: For your example 49 it works because it matches (1111111+) and \1+ (77). Basically it starts by matching 11+ (2 times something) then 111+ (3 times something) then 1111+ (4 times something). It starts at 2 and looks at each succeeding number to see if it is a factor (by matching it and then matching multiples of it). But like everyone said this method is very very slow the bigger the number you are checking the worse the performance by a LOT. @Makovec: You and several other people dont seem to understand what a prime number is. A prime number is not an odd number. The number 21 would match your simplified regexp because it is odd (ends in 1 matching your expression) but it should FAIL the prime number check because it has factors 3 and 7 (37=21). You cant simply look for odd numbers. This is probably the simplest way to check for prime numbers within a single regexp for sure but because there are so many non-regexp ways to do it (which are MUCH more efficient) this is just a novelty and not actually useful for any real world application. Still WAY cool though!! :) avinash says 5 July 2010 at 06:19 Exactly :-) Paulo Geyer says 5 July 2010 at 08:00 Did you notice that you could do this also: def is_prime(n) (100-2)%2.0 != 0 end its just amazing and really easy Sachin says 5 July 2010 at 09:22 awesome..cool..another feather to my knowledgethanks for sharing.. Paulo Geyer says 5 July 2010 at 09:28 wait my code doesnt work. This (11+?)\1+$ is more complex than i thought avinash says 5 July 2010 at 10:25 Youre right. The regular expression does not test for an odd number. Instead it tests all divisors which is way more complex and dare I say more beautiful :-) Vlado says 5 July 2010 at 11:37 Interesting expression but I think the real power of regular expressions is that they are effective because they are implemented as finite state automates (FSA). Although this one cannot be implemented like such because of this backtracking. In theory FSA and regular expressions CANNOT check for prime numbers (check Pumping Lemma ;) ). I think such implementations of RE are wrong because they obviously dont guarantee you the O(n) complexity of FSA and can become very inefficient :( Craig says 5 July 2010 at 12:53 @Paulo: Assuming you intend to return the result of that equation you are effectively returning false all the time as you simply take the modulus of 98 with respect to 2.0. Im not really sure where youre headed with that but it looks like you too have confused primes with odd numbers. Andi Kalsch says 5 July 2010 at 16:42 JavaScript one: var n = 5; !/^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/.test((function(n){s=;while(n)s+=1;return s;})(n)) bogdan says 5 July 2010 at 17:29 For the love of God stop calling it a regular expression because it is NOT a regular expression. Awesome as it may be this is just a recursive function written using (mostly) only symbols that are often associated with regular expressions. It REALLY is a proven fact that no regular expression can be devised that accepts all and only prime numbers. I truly love the idea though. Paulo Geyer says 5 July 2010 at 20:23 @Craig after i wrote the code Ive noticed that it just tests for odd numbers. I should pay more attention before posting. Actually I didnt understand how (11+?)\1+$ really works there is any math paper about this approach to test the primality of number? Ive never seen that before avinash says 6 July 2010 at 06:07 @Paula The key is to understand that the matching is being done with a string of ones of lenght N the number being tested for primality. brandon says 8 July 2010 at 21:31 Doesnt work? http://rubular.com/r/PGckdeL1Gq avinash says 8 July 2010 at 22:17 The RE should be matched with a string of ones of length N the number being tested. brandon says 8 July 2010 at 22:27 ahhh I want paying attention. Thats what I get for skimming over your blog post Great work! Colin says 20 July 2010 at 18:55 Regular expressions arent powerful. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy#The_hierarchy In fact theyre strictly less powerful than most languages which are turing-complete. Utkarsh says 21 July 2010 at 08:26 :| Is there anything regex cant do? :| Chmike says 21 July 2010 at 09:50 I had a hard time understanding the algorithm used. Your article doesnt make it clear. The algorithm detects if the input string of 1 can be split in 2 or more shorter strings of same length and with at least two 1. It will obviously work but its just a curiosity. Not very efficient. Nick says 21 July 2010 at 10:15 You might also find amuzing my rather silly article on calculating fibonacci number with regexes: http://nick.zoic.org/2010/06/01/fibonaci-regex-perversity/ Bogdan @72 is right its not really a Regular Expression as such but I think it is still appropriate to call it a Regex because most regex engines support this kind of silliness :-). thomas says 23 July 2010 at 05:35 This is a terrible idea. Just because you can do it it does not mean you should. I am sure I can hammer down a nail with my $2000 guitar :) avinash says 23 July 2010 at 07:17 Yeah. Regular expressions are not very efficient. But you have to agree that they have a great wow effect :-) venki says 23 July 2010 at 10:22 fan++ to this blog. :) Awesome post im recently into extensive usage of reg-ex and this works like a charm :) thank you. Deepti says 23 July 2010 at 12:39 I tried the Java version(given by Binks) public static void main(string[] args){ if (args.length >= 1) { int c = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); String s = ; while (c > 0) {c; s+=1;} System.out.println(!Pattern.matches(^1?$|^(11+?)\\1+$ s)); }} Doesnt work for me. Can anyone help? Braden says 23 July 2010 at 19:50 @Ketwaroo Just use HTMLPurifier. Joe says 23 July 2010 at 21:01 A very silly useless algorithm beautifully expressed. :-p Loki says 24 July 2010 at 00:05 Try this instead. public static void main(String[] args){ String[] nums = {0 1 3}; if (nums.length >= 1) { int c = Integer.parseInt(nums[2]); String s = ; while (c > 0) { c ; s += 1; } System.out.println(!Pattern.matches(^1?$|^(11+?)\\1+$ s)); } } Mauro says 27 July 2010 at 10:03 Hi I think theres a lot of confusion about what a Regular Expression is (and what it can do) I dont know where to start. The magic pattern shown above is not a Regular Expression but a regex just an input string that a specific pattern-patching-engine can process. Regular expressions describe regular languages in formal language theory. They have thus the same expressive power as regular grammars. Regular expressions consist of constants and operators that denote sets of strings and operations over these sets respectively. Wikipedia Many features found in modern regular expression libraries provide an expressive power that far exceeds the regular languages. For example many implementations allow grouping subexpressions with parentheses and recalling the value they match in the same expression (backreferences). This means that a pattern can match strings of repeated words like papa or WikiWiki called squares in formal language theory. The pattern for these strings is (.*)\1. Many tools libraries and engines that provide such constructions still use the term regular expression for their patterns. This has led to a nomenclature where the term regular expression has different meanings in formal language theory and pattern matching. For this reason some people have taken to using the term regex or simply pattern to describe the latter Wikipedia This is not just a linguistic problem. Looks at algorithm to evaluate regexes: The third algorithm is to match the pattern against the input string by backtracking. This algorithm is commonly called NFA but this terminology can be confusing. Its running time can be exponential which simple implementations exhibit when matching against expressions like (a|aa)*b that contain both alternation and unbounded quantification and force the algorithm to consider an exponentially increasing number of sub-cases. This behavior can cause a security problem called Regular expression Denial of Service ReDoS which might be used by hackers who want to attack a regular expression engine. Wikipedia And our magic pattern is (11+?)\1+ Now. because an input string to be declared as not matching must not match ALL of possible paths the poor engine must evaluate all of them. Here is the problem. Imagine now to insert a very low number (around a million). Poor engine should evaluate a string long a million 1s!! Oh my god So please use this funny regex just for study or to understand how a backtracking engine works but again please think of your children dont try this at home. avinash says 27 July 2010 at 10:10 Youre 100% right. This regular expression or more precisely this regex is pathetically inefficient yet so beautiful in a geekish sort of way :-) gphilip says 27 July 2010 at 23:35 WOW this is awesome! Willian says 30 July 2010 at 18:22 Amazing but not fast at all with big numbers =p Imagine you have to verify a larger number like 4294967293 =D Sumeet Chawla says 30 July 2010 at 20:42 Even I am pretty interested in regular expressions. I learned them by using in VI and linux but now I find its use a lot while coding in php. Adar Wesley says 31 July 2010 at 21:34 Hi I didnt go through all the comments above but I dont think anyone actually explained why the regexp works so Ill give it a try. The secret is in the representation of the number. The number is represented as a sequence of ones (1) as long as the number. What the regexp does is try to see if this sequence of ones can be broken down into 2 or more equal parts. Wait a second thats exactly like saying the number is divisible. The dividers are the length of the substring matched by (11+?) and the number of times it occurs in the original string. By the way I agree that this is extremely inefficient. I also agree with @avinash that its beautiful in a geekish sort of way. Sterling (Chip) Camden says 31 July 2010 at 21:57 I ran some benchmarks: http://www.chipsquips.com/?p=2418&cpage=1#comment-265857 Its far too inefficient for practical use but its mathematically brilliant. Svetlana Wiczer says 1 September 2010 at 22:12 Awesome. I love regex. Your regex makes perfect sense from the start. Have you ever tried to draw a table 7-cells wide and fill it row by row with numbers 1-2-3-4 (to infinity lol) then circle primes? Youll see beautiful diagonal patterns. avinash says 1 September 2010 at 22:35 Ill do that tomorrow Svetlana :-) Mike Bethany says 8 October 2010 at 09:04 Very cool trick and probably useful for small prime number tasks but of course its just not feasible for any really heavy math. Neat trick though. hanicker says 13 October 2010 at 06:04 Everybody loves primes! Prestaul says 15 December 2010 at 21:48 Better JS version: function isPrime(val) { return !/^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/.test((new Array(val + 1)).join('1')); } kiran pawar says 15 May 2012 at 15:53 # script to check wheather no. is composite no. # if nothing prints then given no. is prime. my $no = $ARGV[0]; for(my $i=2; $i<=$no; $i++){ my $result=($no/$i); if($result=~/^[0-9]+$/ && $result=~/[^1]/){ print$result \* $i\n; print$no is composite number; exit; } } Avinash Meetoo says 15 May 2012 at 18:10 Thanks for sharing! Niranjan says 4 February 2013 at 01:23 I think this is cool. But its not magic. What the regex matcher is doing is that its trying to split a unary number into equal parts. 11+? is like a dividend and \1+ is repeater of the dividend. If no dividend exists for a unary representation of a number then it is prime. So it will always work although its not different from checking whether given number is divisible first by 2 then by 3 and then by 4 and so on. Asen Bozhilov says 24 April 2013 at 19:37 Almost agree with @cetin but he misses some points. He is right that the regular language is some language for whom we are able to construct the DFA. Most of todays regular expression flavours use NFA but that doesnt make the irregular since for every NFA we can construct the corresponding DFA. Regarding the backtracking this is naturally behavior in NFA since we have to evaluate all the paths of the NFA. I am a little bit frustrated that only one person mention UVW theorem. Indeed you can use the Pumping lemma to prove that is irregular or regular language: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_lemma_for_regular_languages Avinash Meetoo says 24 April 2013 at 22:15 Thanks Asen for your comment. I dont understand everything you write but I feel you are right :-) Stephan Eriksen says 29 April 2013 at 23:46 That is so sexy. OMG. Ken Ficara says 1 July 2013 at 00:23 I love this but its not a regular expression (not formally and not even by Perl standards). The regex backtracks and counts which is not possible for a formal regular expression and wouldnt work at all without the implicit loop that turns the number into a string of 1s. But a thing of beauty nontheless. http://blog.kenficara.com/2013/06/30/irregular-language-and-regular-expressions/ Nadim says 11 July 2013 at 22:30 Since Im a web developer (Front-end and Back-end) I always read articles concerning my field. So I was reading about the Adventures in Javascript development by Rebecca Murphey. Her blog was powered by Octopress a blogging framework for hackers. I went to find out more about Octopress and while going through its documentation and plugins I found the actor in this Noulakaz article that is the regex being mentioned + a link to the source article (this one) added in the comments. Heres the plugin page: http://octopress.org/docs/plugins/backtick-codeblock/ Congrats Avinash ! Avinash Meetoo says 12 July 2013 at 06:00 Thanks for noticing. This post on regular expressions is definitely the most popular post of this blog. Im happy Ive managed to write something people find useful. Im not the one who found the regular expression though :-) Tom Lord says 13 February 2015 at 14:34 Im currently working on a ruby gem to generate *examples* of given regular expression. For example: /this|is|awesome/.examples # => [this is awesome] So I tried it out on this prime number validator regex: /1?|(11+?)\1+/.examples #=> [ 1 1111 111111 11111111] /1?|(11+?)\1+/.examples(max_repeater_variance: 50 max_group_results: 100).uniq.sort.map(&:length).first(10) #=> [0 1 4 6 8 9 10 12 14 15] require prime Array(1..100) /1?|(11+?)\1+/.examples(max_repeater_variance: 50 max_group_results: 3000).uniq.sort.map(&:length) == Prime.first(25) #=> true Horribly inefficient but pretty cool! Heres my gem if case anyones interested: https://github.com/tom-lord/regexp-examples Avinash Meetoo says 13 February 2015 at 20:56 Thanks Tom for sharing. Robert Clausecker says 29 January 2016 at 21:24 This thing does not describe a regular language. I refuse to call it a regular expression. Backreferences are not part or ordinary regular expressions. Jaap Hollander says 7 June 2016 at 16:09 The language of strings that have prime length over the alphabet {1} is not regular. This follows directly from the pumping lemma. This means that a regex that find primes relies on extensions and we cannot expect it to work in general. David Bruchmann says 19 May 2017 at 16:12 Just want to mention that pseudo-primes are not found so even the regex is damned slow with larger numbers it seems being reliable. Nevertheless max recursion-levels make it unreliable in PHP for larger numbers see the comments above. David Bruchmann says 19 May 2017 at 16:21 Here is an array of pseudo-primes for those who like to test it: $pseudoprimes = array(915212527333539454951555763656975778185879193959910512113318521727330130532332534137748151156158564565767170370578179381794998910011105111111591233126112811333138714171541166117291825182918911905204721012257235324652501266527012737282129813201323932773281336734213565358936413745375138273913403340974181418743694371452545774641468149214961504151855459546155515611571357776305653365416601669767217161738174497777781379578113814983218365840184818911907191799265970910001102251026110585107451087711041111111113711419115211166312025122091240312545128011302113201133331366513919139811408914701148391498115251154571570915751158411610916211162971653116705171191732917711183611840718705187211897119043193452001720197204172042521049213612204922499234072352123653242112446524569246612519925351257612582925877260692732327971280092928129341295392968129857298913012130673307393085730889310213162131631316973275933153344413456134943349453520735425357853630138081390593920339305393313949339689403094050141041427994362144099441734428744801466574697947197476414787948133491414924149321501835088151841519835263352701536635397154705559695603358519588256037763139639736407964681678616792168251720417238973919745937507775241753617662778937793818018990061902419604997439979219817310006510012710065110231110528111357311563911844112524913013913754913780114661115393115581915839916102716213316240116308117208117639917647118696118941919250919720919780121832121978122436923069123170324362924933125260125325925432125776126834926880127144127261128891930210131349932489937022939900142947943012744906545919147389148068948888153088160005962178163224963562765660167003374175183820185192790463199763310246511033997105098511063271149851125629313171211388903139216915336011615681165360116905011697183177328918572412113921226312724336012435423245592126622772704801305760131758833218801322406533382213399527345214735817613664585377437738280013900797396720141093634226777440302744636414828277487084749039215481451740520176401377678321853978692640979439201953203395821451023792112813274165327141734093824658561274227142766403331150351339401784667229164132426897331069517378610269090110943775113094413313995267117848215118747382619607594920321109821403853323473558628430175135368690638342535139504465140728285141702745149870665151769764154567053358279995161281675179917106680112345185507330190313690191983105897035543110913275791133818561118828779412351885971389675541150268272119552729062059739221216613989823041564692309861746286486029829764078093273820903384132433938716382423924969689498297024151301865715242624003531359446658673018266335800411704524812172793799417825642579); On request I can send more details about it. France fermeture says 25 June 2018 at 01:08 Article trs instructif :) Gerard says 19 October 2018 at 12:28 I get pleasure from lead to I discovered just what I used to be taking a look for. You have ended my four day long hunt! God Bless you man. Have a nice day. Bye aiden says 15 April 2019 at 18:34 JavaScript version in 1 line var isPrime=(val)=>!/^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/.test(1.repeat(val)); isPrime(19)==true aarogyam 1.3 says 26 July 2021 at 12:10 Very nice patterns collection I really like it Very creative.Thanks a lot for sharing !! Jesse Burstrm says 5 March 2022 at 12:23 Fortunately all research is to no pattern matching for primes they are truly random so only quantuum computers can upheaval cryptography. This is though the opposite of that: prime numbers are truly magical expressions! seniormars says 17 May 2022 at 22:00 Below is the rust version `rust // regular regex crate does not support backtracking use fancy_regex::Regex; /// Tests if a positive integer is a prime or not /// /// # Notes /// Extremely inefficient /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if the regex cannot be created /// Panics if number is extremely large or much greater than recusion limit pub fn is_prime(number: usize) -> Result { let re = Regex::new(r^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$)?; let possible_prime_match = 1.repeat(number); match re.is_match(&possible_prime_match) { Ok(is_prime_bool) => Ok(!is_prime_bool) Err(err) => Err(err) } } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use crate::is_prime; #[test] fn blog_examples() { assert!(!is_prime(10).unwrap() 10 is not a prime); assert!(is_prime(11).unwrap()); assert!(!is_prime(12).unwrap() 12 is not a prime); assert!(is_prime(13).unwrap()); assert!(!is_prime(99).unwrap() 99 is not a prime); assert!(!is_prime(100).unwrap() 100 is not a prime); assert!(is_prime(101).unwrap()); } #[test] fn psuedoprimes() { let psuedoprimes = vec![ 9 15 21 25 27 33 35 39 45 49 51 55 57 63 65 69 ]; assert_eq!( psuedoprimes .iter() .map(|x| is_prime(*x).unwrap()) .collect::<Vec>() vec![false; psuedoprimes.len()] ) } #[test] fn large_prime() { // shows how slow this matching process is let large_prime: usize = 3010349; let large_non_prime: usize = 3010350; assert!(is_prime(large_prime).is_err() Stack Overflow); assert!(is_prime(large_non_prime).is_err() Stack Overflow) } } ` Avinash Meetoo says 18 May 2022 at 07:26 Thanks seniormars. I always wanted to learn a bit of Rust (and Go to be honest). Why do you like Rust? seniormars says 19 May 2022 at 07:09 I like Rust because it gives me absolute control when I need it but at the same time the language is so high level that I can rapidly create the software I need. In other words rust is a language that allows me to focus on programming while maintaining the speed you would expect from C and C++ thats powerful. Another reason I particularly love rust is the excellent compiler and type system rust has. While the compiler can be seen as a strict nuisance I believe a better way to see it is a teacher that tries to guide you to write the best code. Additionally I like that everyone uses cargo the rust package manager to lint publish code run tests and create documentation. This way you wont ever have to deal with the issues we see in make/CMake. Finally what captures my heart is that Rust features many functional programming aspects. From abstract data structures lazy evaluation to upcoming features such as higher-rank traits rust captures the best part of multiple programming paradigms. At one point you eventually want to use rust for everything if you can and that is why it is an extremely loved language because the community believes in it. Im sure that once you start using rust you will realize the power of a language based on modern programming language theory. Avinash Meetoo says 19 May 2022 at 08:42 Thanks for your very insightful observations. I did try Rust some time ago and I liked it. Ive a CS background myself and love type theory (I spent a lot of time with Haskell in the past) and functional programming (for me Scheme is perfection). Ill get into Rust again. Thanks. [] More details on Avinash Meetoos Blog. [] [] The script seems to be working but is not very efficient. While writing this script I found a regular expression that does the same thing only a couple of hundred times [] [] Quelle: A regular expression to check for prime numbersTags: merken [] [] Avinash Meetoo: Blog A regular expression to check for prime numbers (tags: regexp prime number) Dans la catgorie Del.icio.us links for 2009-01-09 [] [] habe ich bei Noulakaz einen sehr verwirrenden Weg gefunden eine Zahl auf eine Primzahl hin zu prfen. Also ob zum [] [] is_prime?(1000000000) [FATAL] failed to allocate memory $ p.s.: is_prime? method taken from https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/ prime-numbers/ Posted via [] [] an nice explanation of how it works. [] [] source. [] [] just saw the most impressive intelligent use of the regular expression backtracking engine and simply have to re-post it in order to give my own decryption of the infinitely simple [] [] Update (27th August 2009): Someone pointed me to an alternative explanation here. [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers [] [] full post on Hacker News If you enjoyed this article please consider sharing it! Tagged with: check [] [] This page claims that this regex discovers non-prime numbers (and by counter-example: primes): [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers | Avinash Meetoo: Blog Divulgue Posted Tuesday July 27th 2010 (6 seconds ago) under Informtica Matemtica. Tags: expresso regular nmeros primos php [] [] Rasti pirminis skaiius pads regular expressions: A regular expression to check for prime numbers [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers | Avinash Meetoo: BlogIt is beautifulTags: perl ruby regex primenumbers Tags: atom consulting del.icio.us feeds mutt newspipe opml perl poll primenumbers regex rss ruby techrepublic [] [] A regular expression to check for primenumbers By Rafael Aroca https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ [] [] Sean I found out that one can use them to determine whether a given integer is a prime number. The original articles showed the following regular [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers This post got lot of attention recently. The claim to fame is a clever (but inefficient) regular [] [] de mensen die het nog niet gezien hebben dit vond ik wel leuk. Werkt wel niet perfect in PHP voor grote getallen door een beperking op [] [] Via Coding Horror i noulakaz.net [] [] some kind of backtracking. And BTW I'm sure that it can be done with regexps! I mean if you can test if a number is a primer number with regular expressions I refuse to believe this simple thing can't be [] [] Posted by jimcanoa that it can be done with regexps! I mean if you can test if a number is a primer number with regular expressions I refuse to believe this simple thing can't be done Of course it can [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers : /^1?$|^(11+?)1+$/ in Perl to check if a number is prime or not [] [] I read that article too. But again its pretty unreadable and using a Regexp to verify primes just feels [] [] is prime or not! is it amazing? like a magic! but we know there is no magic in CS.. well this link has a great explanation.amazing! /Geeken Programming regex Google GO (5) [] [] Some other dudes blog [] Regex et nombres premiers Jaime bien faire des Regex. Je prends souvent a comme un jeu comme dautres font des mots croiss et [] : /^1?$|^(11+?)1+$/. ( : https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ ) perl [] [] with find and change to in applications such as InDesign. So it was a real pleasure to learn recently that GREP can be used to find prime numbers. (GREP is InDesigns implementation of regular [] [] other day a friend tweeted about a regular expression to tell if a number was prime. I followed the link with my eyebrows raised because I was fairly sure that was beyond the [] [] https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ [] [] Folks I found this resource from Noulakaz pretty [] [] This page claims that this regular expression discovers non-prime numbers (and by counter-example: primes): [] [] : https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers [] [] https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ [] [] Source link [] [] Une expression rgulire permettant de dterminer si un nombre est un nombre premier. [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers http://www.noulakaz.net [] [] You can find a lengthy explanation of this code here: https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ [] [] few weeks ago I came across an article describing A regular expression to check for prime numbers. I was intrigued because processes defined by formal regular languages have an inherently [] [] RegEx [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers by Avinash Meetoo (4 times 344 points) [] [] of my students pointed me to this blog post. It claims to show that checking whether a input number is prime or not is regular [] [] looking around a beautiful regular expression that tests if a number is prime caught my [] [] A regular expression to check for prime numbers (18 March 2007) [] [] habe ich bei Noulakaz einen sehr verwirrenden Weg gefunden eine Zahl auf eine Primzahl hin zu prfen. Also ob zum [] [] link ny tc gi c th regex bng Ruby check cho chc ko xem liu c phi regex [] [] Article URL: https://www.noulakaz.net/2007/03/18/a-regular-expression-to-check-for-prime-numbers/ [] [] Read More [] Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment * Name * Email * Website Neil Armstrong is flying to the moon... Two fantastic books I'm currently reading My books on software architecture

BAD

A remarkable kid has died in Newcastle Utah (deseret.com) Kevin Cooper squats on dusty fallow land near his home in Beryl Utah. Cooper Family In the heart of flyover country surrounded by dusty roads never driven by the power brokers of America a small group of mourners sits on folding chairs in a town hall that has seen better days. They are here to remember a 14-year-old boy. The men wear jeans and white T-shirts in solidarity with the boy whose own wardrobe included little more than that. Some of the women are in church dresses and others in jeans. Theres a smattering of cowboy hats and ball caps boots and flip-flops. They recite The Lords Prayer in unison. They murmur soft assent when reminded of the boy their community has lost. They smile as a video shows highlights of his short life accompanied by the strains of Bobby McFerrin Dont Worry Be Happy. Outside the sky over Escalante Valley Utah is blinding blue and cloudless promising no rain as it has for nearly a year. There are two Escalantes in southern Utah the spectacular color country of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and this one in Iron County equidistant from St. George and Cedar City. Here dust blows across fields lying fallow. Single-wide trailers dot the landscape looking as if the trucks that towed them there ran out of gas before they found a final resting place for someones home. Surrounded by low hills and mountains in the distance this Escalante the other Escalante sits on an aquifer that is draining and farms that are running out of water. If anyone was going to save this world it was Kevin Cooper. But on a hot day last June at nearby Newcastle Reservoir Kevin drowned in a kayaking accident at a friends birthday party. At 14 he had just published his autobiography. He was making plans to expand his 350-acre farm to buy up surrounding farms to convert to regenerative agriculture. He was saving money to build a house for his parents and another for his autistic older brother. He was polishing a movie script and a series of childrens books teaching business literacy for kids. He was looking for a celebrity to endorse his line of luxury toiletries made from the milk of his goat herd. He was breeding heritage turkeys. He was writing guest essays for notable bloggers higher up the political food chain. And in his spare time he had the task of grading the road to his farm using the John Deere tractor he bought new for himself for his 11th birthday. All of this is true. Also true is that Kevin was the only member of his small family who was not disabled. His parents Billy a disabled veteran and Tina who is partially blind are just beginning to fathom what their future will be like without the boy who had that future in his hands. They never wanted to rely on him but there is no getting around the fact that Kevin had big dreams for the whole family and for rural America and a list of accomplishments behind him that most adults dont pull off in a lifetime. Billy and Tina Cooper parents of Kevin Cooper hold hands at their home in Beryl Utah on July 15 2022. Paul H. Smith Before his death Kevin encountered social media followers who were skeptical about his story. And his parents understand. Honestly if I hadnt lived through it Id probably feel the same way says his father Billy. Kevin who went by Cole Summers online took on the doubters with a video on his Twitter account. He gazes into the camera with the desert landscape of his ranch behind him and speaks with the tone of someone who is inconvenienced by having to state the obvious: I really am a 14-year-old home-schooler. Ive been studying business since I was 6. I am who I say I am. Some people don't believe I'm me for some reason. Or don't believe I'm 14. I am. I wish I was older. I want my driver's license! pic.twitter.com/5c2D0kbtAc His Twitter account caught the attention of journalist and blogger Bari Weiss who had made headlines when she quit her job as opinion editor at The New York Times in 2020 saying the vaunted newspaper had drifted into a politically correct orthodoxy that ignored the real lives of real people. Weiss started a blog Common Sense that featured her own opinions and guest writers. In April Weiss saw Cole Summers Twitter video I am who I say I am and was completely floored by his online story. She asked him to write a column for Common Sense. Kevin fired off the essay under the name Cole Summers explaining his background his passion for unschooling his plans for regenerative agriculture and his faith in young people. It isnt that my generation isnt capable he wrote. We just need the freedom encouragement and empowerment to show what we can do. The essay was in Weiss inbox when she got a private Twitter message from Billy. Cole Summers was really Kevin Cooper and he had died. Weiss published Coles essay on June 21 10 days after his death and wrote of him In his short life Cole managed to cultivate two qualities that are rare even among most adults. He was at home in the real physical world and he took great pleasure in it. And he was completely unafraid to try. Another who discovered Cole Summers on Twitter was Hannah Frankman of the Foundation for Economic Education a nonprofit foundation focusing on teaching young people principles of entrepreneurship and economics and promoting home-schooling. Frankman too was working on a story about Kevin as an unschooling success story when he died. Frankman read Kevins memoir in one sitting and called it the most compelling story of home-schooling possibility I had ever read. I went to Iron County to document this remarkable American story a story that burned bright like the sunsets in Beryl Utah until suddenly it dipped beneath the horizon and slipped into a memory. A tire swing hangs from a tree in the yard of Kevin Coopers family in Beryl Utah on July 15 2022. Paul H. Smith In the little community of Beryl at the heart of the Escalante Valley most folks didnt know about Kevin Cooper until he died. He didnt want fame or excess riches only the means to help those around him. And he didnt want attention drawn to himself or his reclusive family. He insisted that his family give up their smartphones when he learned how easy it was to track their data. Living under the radar is one of the things that draws people to towns like Beryl. Folks are expected to mind their own business. Which is not to say neighbors dont help one another but many dont ask. The Coopers dont talk about extended family. By Billys account he was injured in a training accident when he first joined the Navy at age 18. He has undergone numerous surgeries and battled the Veterans Administration bureaucracy in the 30 years since then but he doesnt want to talk about that either. On good days he can navigate around his home with a walker. On bad days he is in a wheelchair that doesnt fit through the doors of his home. Other than that he figures the details of his life are nobodys business. Billy is proud of never taking any money from his more successful son. Just a hint of embarrassment creeps in when he describes how the family was often so poor that Kevin was the one who provided all the Christmas gifts. Kevin loved doing that often starting in the fall working on homemade gifts for everyone. Kevin was 4 and the family was living in the Salt Lake area when Billy and Tina launched a search for a new place to live. Their parameters were simple; it had to be the cheapest single-family home in Utah preferably with some land. That led them to a bank foreclosure sale of a double-wide trailer off the beaten path in Beryl with a rundown barn and five acres for a garden and animals. It was Kevin who would begin the transformation of that modest landing place into a model for the future of rural America. When asked how they raised a boy like Kevin Tina responds quickly We didnt. Both parents agree that at times Kevin raised them and his brother and at times they were all growing up together. A friend once remarked You guys arent even raising him; youre just kind of the audience watching him raise himself. A young Kevin Cooper is pictured in a family photo. Cooper Family At 3 and still in diapers Kevin was helping to change tires on the family truck. Billy had loosened the lug nuts and then handed the wrench to Kevin. As he pulled off each lug nut he tossed it aside. Tina and Billy took a picture of the toddler at work and said nothing letting the scattered lug nuts teach the lesson themselves. Kevin had to scramble to find them after they rolled in various directions. He never again changed a tire without meticulously stacking the lug nuts where they could easily be retrieved. In his autobiography entitled Dont Tell Me I Cant (by Cole Summers) Kevin called this his first me do it moment. He was 4 the first time he helped take apart a truck engine and rebuild it. When Billy had setbacks from multiple surgeries it was Kevin who helped wait on him acquiring a lifelong habit of bringing drinks to anyone who looked thirsty. Tina does that now for visitors in the summer heat as she is reminded of the countless little things about Kevin that are gone. Billy explains Most people cant wrap their heads around how much of our lives revolved around him. I do not diminish anyones experience with losing a kid but there is no time that we dont expect to see him somewhere. We started letting him kind of take over running the family when he was 10. As Kevin watched his parents struggle with their financial and physical challenges he slipped easily into the role of caregiver. He was completely and totally aware that he was the only one in the family who could live independently Billy said. And as long as Kevin wasnt doing things that endangered himself or risked the meager family finances his parents figured they could follow his lead. There was a limit to how far the consequences of poor choices could be so we just started letting him make a lot of our day-to-day decisions Billy said. Eventually their standard became What do we do today to help support or assist you with what your goals are? Billy was physically limited but he became Kevins research assistant often pre-reading a book for Kevin to determine if it was worth the boys valuable time. There was one paramount family rule: If Kevin asked Why? his parents would never say Because I told you so.They always tried to help him figure out the why of things even when his mind outpaced theirs. Although Kevin hated the word prodigy his parents realized they had someone special on their hands. For Tina that happened early when I believed I was no longer smarter than him. Billy adds When he was 10 years old and buying a house you know youre not raising the most average kid. In a crowd of adults and children Kevin would place himself where he could listen to older folks. Kevin treasured trying to learn from men in their 90s says Billy. He thought learning from his own experience was nonsense. It takes too long and you screw up too much Kevin would say. I want to figure out what everybody else already learned and get a good head start. After a Cub Scout trip to a senior care center he came home and complained to Tina All we did is stand there and sing. I didnt even get to interact with anybody. A young Kevin Cooper is pictured in a family photo. Cooper Family Kevin was more than simply home-schooled. He was part of a movement called unschooling in which the child is allowed to design the curriculum. In the beginning the Coopers were happy to home-school using standard curriculum because Billy and Tina were both around to supervise. But the standard curriculum became irrelevant when 6-year-old Kevin discovered the instructional videos of billionaire investor Warren Buffett.As Kevin told the story in his memoir he asked Billy Daddy how do people get rich? I wouldnt know Billy replied. Go watch some videos on YouTube about Warren Buffett or something. And so Kevin did diving deep into the online world of Buffett and his No. 2 at Berkshire Hathaway Charlie Munger.He watched their videos over and over again trying to absorb their business philosophy. Munger was Kevins favorite and Mungers book Poor Charlies Almanack was his Bible. Billy and Tina broke the bank to buy it for their son as a birthday present. The doorstop of a book at 548 pages retails for $62.Many buyers made it a bestseller but few took to it like Kevin who re-read it every year. Later he followed the writings of Elon Musk and Bill Gates but Munger and Buffett remained his heroes. 1/ Top books I think are most useful in homeschool that helped me build my farm business & plan to fix aquifer depletion & farmland loss. 1 Poor Charlie's Almanack by Charlie Munger 2 The Personal MBA by @joshkaufman 3 The First 20 Hours ^^ same guy 4 Quirky by @mschilli1 At the age of 8 after a few years of packaged home-school curriculum Kevin asked his parents if he could design his own lessons. Seeing no harm in the experiment they agreed. His focus was always on business. He called it entrepreneurial unschooling. When friends told him they were memorizing the state capitols or names of rocks Kevin would try to interest them in corporate tax law and the principles of wealth building. His curriculum of choice was by no means well-rounded. Even in business he saw no need for math as long as he had the internet to calculate for him. And as for state capitals If I ever become a truck driver or run for president Ill make sure I learn the whole map he told his parents. Ill know where Im at.His spelling and grammar lagged behind grade level. He consistently misspelled the word business and stumbled over the pronunciation of simple words. But as long as his parents knew what he was talking about he didnt care. Later when opportunities came to publish his thoughts the written word became more important to him and he found mentors to help him polish his communication skills. With the lessons of Berkshire Hathaway ringing in his ears Kevin launched his business empire at the age of 7 by selling rabbits for meat. His parents fronted him the first five rabbits and helped him remodel the old barn behind their house as a rabbitry. Soon according to their account Kevin was selling his rabbits to restaurants in California using a traveling broker to deliver them. His parents still arent sure how he figured that out. By the time he turned 8 he had formed a limited liability company (LLC) that was bringing in about $1000 a month. With his parents OK he used funds from a loan and an insurance settlement related to the rabbits to buy 350 acres of fallow land near his home for $130 an acre when he was 9 years old. And thus was born his passion for regenerative agriculture. The Coopers neighbors in rural Beryl never knew it but Kevin had been sizing up their farmland for years assessing which families had children who would continue farming and which may be looking to sell. According to Billy Kevin was particularly interested in land that had been lying fallow for years not because of any government soil regeneration program but because the owners couldnt make it work financially as the Escalante Valley aquifer was slowly depleted by persistent drought. Kevin had quickly figured out that without reliable rainfall leaving land fallow was not a way to renew the soil. It was however the way to create a dust bowl which was fast becoming the norm around Beryl. Utah water law is complicated and controversial but Kevin learned enough to know it was a deeply flawed system. Hay is a $490 million-a-year business in Utah making it the states No. 1 cash crop. That amounts to only .2% of the states gross domestic product but it uses 68% of the states diverted water according to a recent study by Gabriel Lozada associate professor of economics at the University of Utah. Diverted water is that which is taken from natural sources such as rivers and aquifers and not replenished in full after it is used. Nearly one-third of Utahs hay crop is sold overseas the majority of that going to China. Those overseas sales stuck in Kevins craw. He knew that farmers around Beryl were under a state-mandated program to reduce their draw on the aquifer and it didnt make sense to him to continue with a business model that was doomed. He didnt blame the farmers who were just trying to make a living. He knew you couldnt fix the problems if the farming stayed at the very bottom of the value chain says Billy. I learned what a value chain was from him. Kevin focused on 7000 acres of neighbors land some fallow and some under cultivation but using far too much water by his standards not to mention fossil fuels to power farm machinery.He figured he would need $12 million to buy the land and a total of $50 million to implement his scheme to regenerate the soil by planting 13 varieties of low-water plants suitable for grazing by wildlife and small meat-producing livestock such as turkeys. By his calculations his plan would reduce groundwater use on those 7000 acres by almost a billion gallons a year. Thats only 10% of the annual overdraw from the Escalante Valley Aquifer the amount not recharged. But Kevin believed in the power of his example. Could a mere boy raise $50 million and spark a regenerative agriculture movement in his little corner of the American West? Dont ever take cant as the answer unless youve verified that it is against the law or against the powers of physics Kevin wrote in his memoir . People told him he couldnt own land couldnt have a vehicle titled in his name couldnt have his own checking account couldnt contract with lawyers and accountants and realtors and couldnt flip a house. He made it his business to prove them all wrong. Kevin Cooper operates his John Deere tractor on his farm in Beryl Utah. Cooper Family At times Kevins life resembled the party game where someone starts with a paperclip and keeps trading up until they land a big-ticket item. The proceeds from a 7-year-olds rabbit venture led to a 9-year-olds purchase of a 350-acre ranch. Then Kevin discovered the wealth of information in county property and tax records including the concept of lawyers liens. A lawyer who is owed money from a client can put a lien on the clients property to get paid when the land is sold just like a tax lien. And lawyers liens can be bought and sold. Kevin found one such lien languishing in the Iron County property records and bought it for half the value from the lawyer who had forgotten it was there.Kevin doubled his money when the property sold within a few weeks. His next purchase was 20 acres of land for $100 an acre from a woman who had no interest in paying the taxes on her late husbands weekend camping spot in the sagebrush. He turned that $2000 investment into a $20000 trade with a well-driller. The man who Kevin described as a skinny cowboy with a big handlebar mustache wanted the land and Kevin needed a well on his farm so they traded. For his 10th birthday Kevin gave himself a house. He found a piece of property about seven miles from home and contacted the owner an elderly woman who had turned down all offers because no one would promise to preserve the unlivable 700-square-foot two-bedroom shack on the land. Her father had built the house and she couldnt bear to see it torn down. But she also couldnt fix it and didnt want to keep paying property taxes. Kevin struck a deal; in trade for the deed to the land he would pay her back property taxes and her expenses to come to Utah and clear out her fathers possessions from the house. And he promised that he a 10-year-old boy would personally restore the home. It took two years countless YouTube tutorials and some mentoring by kindly contractors but he did it for $10000.When Billy put down his foot and refused to let Kevin do the electrical work himself Kevin found an electrician to walk him through it. While working on the house Kevin financed a brand new shiny green John Deere tractor for $50000. His parents say that as proud as he was of that tractor it wasnt his favorite possession. That honor went to the red 1976 Chevy pickup truck he acquired when he was 8. A neighbor came to Billy asking for help with a valve job on another truck. Billy had recently fallen and injured his back but Kevin jumped in. He offered to fix the truck in trade for the Chevy. It didnt run and even if it had Kevin didnt have a license to drive it. It sat on blocks in the Coopers yard as parts were cannibalized for other family vehicles. Tina said Kevin would lean on it and dream about all he would do with it someday. With all of his investments Kevin socked away the loan payments tax money and operating funds in the bank and never took out any money for himself or his family until he knew his financial obligations for the year were covered. And like any teenager if he needed pocket money he would do chores for the neighbors. His parents said his idea of fun was to hire himself out after spending a long day of digging post holes for five miles of fencing on his ranch or laying a half-mile water line from a solar well to his goat paddock. Work was Kevins idea of fun. He never saw a movie in a theater or a ball game in a park. In the middle of the night Billy might hear the sound of a soda can being popped open and a desk chair rolling across the floor. For most teens that would signal a video game in process but in the Cooper home it meant Kevin was pulling an all-nighter writing a book. His idea of TV bingeing was to record episodes of CNBCs The Profit and play them back hitting the pause button to analyze the failing businesses and try to come up with solutions before the host could suggest them. He couldnt understand why his peers and even adults spent so much time scrolling their phones. Once when the Coopers were hosting company Kevin and his parents noticed that the other family was scrolling instead of talking. Kevin leaned over to Billy and only half-jokingly whispered for him to unplug the Wi-Fi. Kevin had finished his house flip and was in the process of saving money to drill a well for the house when the COVID-19 pandemic hit in early 2020. He had learned from his billionaire business heroes to pivot quickly and not look back so he sold the house without the well reducing its value by half but still doubling the $10000 he had put into the flip. From that sale he began investing in turkeys to raise for meat and graze on his regenerating ranch land. Kevin Coopers prized red truck which has been cannibalized for parts to keep other family vehicles running sits at his family home on July 15 2022. Paul H. Smith The Coopers survived 2020 and then 2021 dealt them a series of setbacks. Billy needed more surgery. Their water heater and air conditioning died. The fuel pump on the familys Suburban their only working vehicle besides the John Deere went out. Billy and Tina refused Kevins offers of help until he told them his company would buy the Suburban and fix it. It was enough money for them to do the house repairs. They only agreed when he pointed out that the SUV was primarily used for Kevins businesses anyway. And then after 14 months without rain the well that supplied their house went dry. For nine months the Coopers hauled water by the barrel for their household needs. One day Kevin caught his brother using the washing machine for one shirt. He chided his brother and then ran around the house scooping up other laundry to add to the load. They finally saved up money to drill a new well and Tina remembered that day as one of Kevins happiest. He danced around slathering himself in the foam generated from flushing the new well. Tina took a picture and the image from that day plays like a video in her head. Kevin wrote that the nine months of hauling water taught him to keep getting back up no matter how many times life knocked me down. Kevin was irrepressibly happy as in the family video of him smiling over his shoulder into the camera and dancing to a mental playlist in his head as he shoveled gravel from a truck bed on a blistering summer afternoon. He was the kind of happy that Billy said could grate on the family when they just wanted to take a day to wallow in their misfortune. Circumstances change lets change with it Kevin would say when the family fortunes hit a bump. Now Billy says Weve been telling ourselves that a lot. Kevin was growing savvy with social media. In 2021 he launched a GoFundMe campaign to raise $100000 to build an accessible home for his parents. He failed raising only $920 but as with all of his setbacks it was just another learning experience. If I cant earn it Im going to build it Kevin said and began gathering scrap lumber and studying building codes for adobe construction. The video that Kevin made for that fundraising campaign is a poignant window into his mind. In the video he carries on an imaginary conversation with Billy while trying to push Billys wheelchair through narrow doors in the double-wide trailer. Want to go sit on the front porch Dad? (Thunk as Kevin bumps the chair against the door frame.) Want to go get a drink of water Dad? (Thunk.) In a second video heavy with irony and analysis beyond his years Kevin exposes the labyrinthine VA bureaucracy that makes Billy ineligible for an accessible house. In short he would need to lose the use of another limb not just the one broken in his basic training accident later made useless by necrosis. Billy and Tina cant bring themselves to say much about Kevins faith or where their son might be now in the pantheon of after-life theories. They considered themselves Christians and kept a Bible a Book of Mormon and a Quran in the house. They do know Kevin would want them to pick themselves up and move on with optimism. That will be hard. They dont have a running vehicle; Kevin had been working on that problem. A friend started a separate GoFundMe campaign to pay funeral expenses and help them get a fresh start. Until his death Kevins parents were unaware of the extent of his holdings or the business affairs they will have to settle and bills they will have to pay. They have avoided the heartache of turning on his computer and seeing him come alive again in his books in progress his correspondence with experts his meticulous bookkeeping and his outsized dreams. Their immediate need is to sell Kevins assets and then find another place to live where they can function without him nearer to shopping and doctors and services for their 17-year-old autistic son maybe someplace with a little land so they can keep a garden and some chickens and a home Billy can navigate in his wheelchair. Billy and Tina hope to carry on Kevins work in some way. But for now its hard for them to even open the door to his room. And harder still is it for them when asked to reflect on the last sentence in his memoir: As wild as it is to have done enough unique things by age 14 to be able to write an autobiography the truth is Im still just getting started. Kevin Cooper brain mapping as his parents called his writing process. Cooper Family Copyright 2023 Deseret News Publishing Company. All Rights Reserved

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A reproduction of Elizabeth Twinings catalog of botanical drawings from 1868 (c82.net) This complete reproduction of Elizabeth Twinings two-volume catalog from 1868 Illustrations of the Natural Orders of Plants was reproduced in its entirety and enhanced with interactive descriptions diagrams and posters. Each of the 160 illustrations was restored from the original scans to be as colorful as the plants they depict which involved carefully adjusting the colors and cleaning up spotting and other other markings on the scans to produce clean images without altering the underlying original illustrations. After restoration every plant that was referenced in the original illustrations legends was carefully outlined to create hotspots that correspond with the accompanying descriptions. This process alone took one to four hours per image and the entire project took four months to complete. Posters were designed as a tribute to Elizabeth Twinings dedicated efforts to illustrate the natural orders of plants in ways that invite exploration. Explore project How it was made Published July 9 2019 Back to work Get notified when new projects are released. Your email will not be sold or given to anyone else. Email address 20002023 Nicholas Rougeux. All rights reserved. Terms of use

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A runner who leads every pack and then vanishes (nytimes.com) Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker

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A seamstress who solved the ancient mystery of the Argonaut (themarginalian.org) Each month I spend hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars keeping The Marginalian going. For seventeen years it has remained free and ad-free and alive thanks to patronage from readers. I have no staff no interns not even an assistant a thoroughly one-woman labor of love that is also my life and my livelihood. If this labor has made your own life more livable in the past year (or the past decade) please consider aiding its sustenance with a one-time or loyal donation. Your support makes all the difference. $3 / month $5 / month $7 / month $10 / month $25 / month You can also become a spontaneous supporter with a one-time donation in any amount: Partial to Bitcoin? You can beam some bit-love my way: 197usDS6AsL9wDKxtGM6xaWjmR5ejgqem7 Need to cancel a recurring donation? Go here . Newsletter RSS Facebook Twitter Instagram Tumblr The Marginalian has a free Sunday digest of the week's most mind-broadening and heart-lifting reflections spanning art science poetry philosophy and other tendrils of our search for truth beauty meaning and creative vitality. Here's an example . Like? Claim yours: Also: Because The Marginalian is well into its second decade and because I write primarily about ideas of timeless nourishment each Wednesday I dive into the archive and resurface from among the thousands of essays one worth resavoring. Subscribe to this free midweek pick-me-up for heart mind and spirit below it is separate from the standard Sunday digest of new pieces: Jeanne Villepreux-Power (September 24 1794January 25 1871) was eleven when her mother died. Just before her eighteenth birthday she set out for Paris from her home in rural France on foot a walk of more than 300 kilometers along the vector of her dream to become a dressmaker. On the way the cousin assigned as her travel guardian assaulted her and fled with her identity papers. Jeanne made her way to a convent and as soon as she managed to have new travel documents made by local police kept going. But by the time she made it to Paris the position she had been promised was already taken. The only job she could secure was as a seamstresss assistant. Four years and thousands of dresses later Jeanne was tasked with outfitting a duchess for a royal wedding. At the ceremony she met and fell in love with an English merchant married him and moved with him to the harbor city of Messina on the island of Sicily. There she immersed herself in passionate reading about geology archeology and natural history the closest a woman could get to a scientific education at the time and set out to study the islands ecosystem. Walking the shoreline and wading into the sea in her long skirts she fell in love with one of Earths most alien life-forms: the small sepia-like octopus Argonauta argo known as paper nautilus for the thin intricately corrugated shell of its females and the sail-like membranes protruding from it like a pair of bunny ears. The argonaut had fascinated naturalists since Aristotle with the mystery of its spiral shell. They wondered whether the animal made it or like the hermit crab inherited as a hand-me-down. They wondered why only the females had a shell why its shape was so unlike that of the animal body it housed and why the dweller could completely detach from the shell like no other mollusk did yet never abandoned it. They wondered how the shell managed to quadruple in size during the five-month reproductive period an astonishing feat of on-demand engineering seen nowhere else in the animal kingdom. In the memoir of her researches Jeanne Villepreux-Power wrote: Having for several years devoted to the natural sciences the hours that remained to me free from my domestic affairs while I was classifying some marine objects for my study the octopus of the Argonauta transfixed my attention above the rest because naturalists have been of such various opinions about this mollusk. Observing argonauts in the wild is incredibly difficult the shy skittish creatures flee the surface and plunge into the depths as soon as they feel they are being approached puffing a cloud of ink between themselves and their perceived predator even if she is only a scientist: When the air is serene the sea calm and she believes herself unobserved the Argonauta adorns herself with her beauties; but I had to be prudent enough to enjoy her rich colors and graceful pose for this animal is very suspicious and as soon as it perceives that it is being observed it withdraws its membranes into its shell in the blink of an eye and flees to the bottom of the cage or the sea reemerging to the surface only when it thinks it is safe from all danger. It is at this time that we can observe its movements and its habits. And so for ten years Jeanne Villepreux-Power made it her duty to do serious research on the most contested aspects of the physiology morphology reproduction and habits of these tender cephalopods. A skilled self-taught artist she made her own drawing of what she saw. Unlike other naturalists who had studied preserved specimens Jeanne realized that she could only discover the true origin of the shell if she observed living creatures. To bypass the evolution-mounted obstacle of their extreme shyness she designed and constructed one of the worlds first offshore research stations a system of immense cages she anchored off the coast of Sicily complete with observation windows through which she could study the argonauts undisturbed. Every day she prepared food for them rowed her boat to the cages in her long skirts and knelt at the platform observing for hours on end. But long skirts and long hours in cold water make not for a felicitous scientist. And so in order to transfer her observations and experiments ashore Jeanne Villepreux-Power pioneered the aquarium. Her home became a marine biology lab stacked with vast tanks which she populated with living argonauts. Conducting experiment after experiment and observation after observation magnifying eggs and shell fragments under her microscope she set about illuminating the mysterious living realities of these otherworldly earthlings following her intuition that contrary to what her male peers believed the females did make their own shells. She wrote: I armed myself with patience and courage and only after several months managed to dissolve my doubts and see my research crowned with happy confirmation. In a series of groundbreaking experiments she began in 1833 the final year of her thirties the seamstress-turned-scientist solved the ancient nested mysteries of whether (yes) how (through a marvel of biochemistry) and when (within days of hatching) the argonaut makes its spiral home: With her elegant empiricism Jeanne Villepreux-Power managed to demonstrate by unequivocal proofs that the Argonauta octopus is the builder of its shell. She started with the obvious yet radical insight that you cannot understand the living morphology of a creature by studying dead specimens to find out when and how the argonaut gets to have a shell you must observe it from birth. And so she acquired three pregnant females each housing thousands of eggs in its enlarged shell and watched them hatch tiny baby octopuses naked in their gelatinous sacs. Every six hours she visited the babies to observe them closely for three continuous hours. One day she carefully removed a nine-millimeter baby octopus from the mother and upon examining it noticed that it was in a position of self-embrace its membranous arms enfolded around its sac the end of which the baby had begun to fold into the shape of a spire. Not wishing to disturb the hatchling she put it back under the mother and returned six hours later to examine it again. To her astonishment the tiny octopus had already begun building its shell out of a thin film following the geometry of the mothers. Within hours the thin film had begun to thicken into the signature furrows of the argonaut shell here was living proof that the argonaut was the maker of its own shell beginning almost at birth. But her most revolutionary experiment demonstrated something no one else had even thought to wonder about a living incarnation of Schopenhauers exquisite insight that talent is like the marksman who hits a target which others cannot reach [whereas] genius is like the marksman who hits a target which others cannot even see. Jeanne made a small puncture in the shell of an adult female to see whether and how the animal would repair itself and what that might reveal about its intelligence in an era when science was yet to recognize the consciousness of non-human animals. She watched in marvel as the octopus protruded its front arms and sweeping the silvery membranes previously thought to function as sails over the puncture like a windshield wiper seal it back into cohesion with a glutenous substance the chemical composition of which she analyzed and determined to be identical to the calcium carbonate of the original shell. The restored part she observed was more robust than the shell itself somewhat bumpy puffy not following the regular furrows of the shell but corrugating sideways almost perpendicularly to them a sort of scar the mollusk equivalent of what is known as proud flesh in horses. In a wildly imaginative twist of the experiment she decided to see whether the argonaut could repair its shell using not its own substance but spare parts so to speak. She broke off a small piece of an adults shell but this time she placed in the tank next to it fragments from other shells. To her astonishment the argonaut rushed to the pieces and began feeling them out with its arms searching for the suitable puzzle shape then applied it to its own shell and once again waving the membranes over it began the work of welding struggling to orient the furrows of the borrowed piece parallel to those of its existing shell. She spent hours bent over the cage watching this staggering feat of multiple intelligences. Naturalists before her working only with dead specimens and theoretical conjecture had declared this impossible. But after repeating her experiment for five years and obtaining the same result over and over Jeanne Villepreux-Power demonstrated that the octopus is indeed this planets patron saint of the possible . Since women were excluded from the scientific establishment unable to attend universities or present at learned societies her research traveled into the world by proxy. The week photography was born in 1839 Sir Richard Owen Englands preeminent scientists in the era before Charles Darwin with whom she had been in regular correspondence throughout her experiments read one of her letters and presented her findings before the London Zoological Society. Her research was a revelation. Soon it was being published in English French and German and circulated widely across Europe. By the end of her long life Jeanne Villepreux-Power belonged to more than a dozen scientific societies. Her research not only illuminated an enduring mystery about the physiology and biology of a particular species of octopus but through her experiments on shell repair laid the groundwork for the study of octopus intelligence which has forever changed our understanding of consciousness itself . Complement with some stunning drawings of octopuses from the worlds first encyclopedia of deep-sea cephalopods created a quarter century after Jeanne Villepreux-Powers death then savor Marilyn Nelsons magnificent poem Octopus Empire. Each month I spend hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars keeping The Marginalian going. For seventeen years it has remained free and ad-free and alive thanks to patronage from readers. I have no staff no interns not even an assistant a thoroughly one-woman labor of love that is also my life and my livelihood. If this labor has made your own life more livable in the past year (or the past decade) please consider aiding its sustenance with a one-time or loyal donation. Your support makes all the difference. $3 / month $5 / month $7 / month $10 / month $25 / month You can also become a spontaneous supporter with a one-time donation in any amount: Partial to Bitcoin? You can beam some bit-love my way: 197usDS6AsL9wDKxtGM6xaWjmR5ejgqem7 Need to cancel an existing donation? (It's okay life changes course. I treasure your kindness and appreciate your support for as long as it lasted.) You can do so on thispage . The Marginalian has a free Sunday digest of the week's most mind-broadening and heart-lifting reflections spanning art science poetry philosophy and other tendrils of our search for truth beauty meaning and creative vitality. Here's an example . Like? Claim yours: Also: Because The Marginalian is well into its second decade and because I write primarily about ideas of timeless nourishment each Wednesday I dive into the archive and resurface from among the thousands of essays one worth resavoring. Subscribe to this free midweek pick-me-up for heart mind and spirit below it is separate from the standard Sunday digest of new pieces: Published December 26 2022 https://www.themarginalian.org/2022/12/26/jeanne-villepreux-power-argonaut/ The Marginalian participates in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn commissions by linking to Amazon. In more human terms this means that whenever you buy a book on Amazon from any link on here I receive a small percentage of its price which goes straight back into my own colossal biblioexpenses. Privacy policy . (TLDR: You're safe there are no nefarious third parties lurking on my watch or shedding crumbs of the cookies the rest of the internet uses.)

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A spellchecker used to be a major feat of software engineering (2008) (dadgum.com) It's not about technology for its own sake. It's about being able to implement your ideas. Here's the situation: it's 1984 and you're assigned to write the spellchecker for a new MS-DOS word processor. Some users but not many will have 640K of memory in their PCs. You need to support systems with as little as 256K. That's a quarter megabyte to contain the word processor the document being edited and the memory needed by the operating system. Oh and the spellchecker. For reference on my MacBook the standard dictionary in /usr/share/dict/words is 2486813 bytes and contains 234936 words. An enticing first option is a data format that's more compressed than raw text. The UNIX dictionary contains stop and stopped and stopping so there's a lot of repetition. A clever trie implementation might do the trick...but we'll need a big decrease to go from 2+ megabytes to a hundred K or so. In fact even if we could represent each word in the spellchecker dictionary as a single byte we need almost all the full 256K just for that and of course the single byte representation isn't going to work. So not only does keeping the whole dictionary in RAM look hopeless but so does keeping the actual dictionary on disk with only an index in RAM. Now it gets messy. We could try taking a subset of the dictionary one containing the most common words and heavily compressing that so it fits in memory. Then we come up with a slower disk-based mechanism for looking up the rest of the words. Or maybe we jump directly to a completely disk-based solution using a custom database of sorts (remembering too that we can't assume the user has a hard disk so the dictionary still needs to be crunched onto a 360K floppy disk). On top of this we need to handle some other features such as the user adding new words to the dictionary. Writing a spellchecker in the mid-1980s was a hard problem. Programmers came up with some impressive data compression methods in response to the spellchecker challenge. Likewise there were some very clever data structures for quickly finding words in a compressed dictionary. This was a problem that could take months of focused effort to work out a solution to. (And for the record reducing the size of the dictionary from 200000+ to 50000 or even 20000 words was a reasonable option but even that doesn't leave the door open for a naive approach.) Fast forward to today. A program to load /usr/share/dict/words into a hash table is 3-5 lines of Perl or Python depending on how terse you mind being. Looking up a word in this hash table dictionary is a trivial expression one built into the language. And that's it. Sure you could come up with some ways to decrease the load time or reduce the memory footprint but that's icing and likely won't be needed. The basic implementation is so mindlessly trivial that it could be an exercise for the reader in an early chapter of any Python tutorial. That's progress. permalink June 8 2008 twitter / mail I'm James Hague a recovering programmer who has been designing video games since the 1980s. Programming Without Being Obsessed With Programming and Organizational Skills Beat Algorithmic Wizardry are good starting points. For the older stuff try the 2012 Retrospective . Where are the comments ?

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A statistical analysis of the work of Bob Ross (2014) (fivethirtyeight.com) Apr. 14 2014 at 10:21 AM By Walt Hickey Get the data on GitHub GitHub data at data/bob-ross The Joy of Painting the Bob Ross name and images are trademarks of Bob Ross Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission. The Joy of Painting the Bob Ross name and images are trademarks of Bob Ross Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Bob Ross was a consummate teacher. He guided fans along as he painted happy trees almighty mountains and fluffy clouds over the course of his 11-year television career on his PBS show The Joy of Painting. In total Ross painted 381 works on the show relying on a distinct set of elements scenes and themes and thereby providing thousands of data points. I decided to use that data to teach something myself: the important statistical concepts of conditional probability and clustering as well as a lesson on the limitations of data. So lets perm out our hair and get ready to create some happy spreadsheets! What I found through data analysis and an interview with one of Rosss closest collaborators was a body of work that was defined by consistency and a fundamentally personal ideal. Ross was born in Daytona Fla. and joined the Air Force at 17. He was stationed in Fairbanks and spent the next 20 years in Alaska. His time there seems to have had a significant impact on his preferred subjects of trees mountains clouds lakes and snow. Paintings by Bob Ross featured on PBSs The Joy of Painting. The Bob Ross name and images are trademarks of Bob Ross Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Of the 403 episodes of The Joy of Painting whose first run was from 1983 to 1994 and which continues to air in reruns on PBS stations nationwide Ross painted in 381 and the rest featured a guest most frequently his son Steve Ross. Based on images of Bob Rosss paintings available in the Bob Ross Inc. store I coded all the episodes 1 using 67 keywords describing content (trees water mountains weather elements and man-made structures) stylistic choices in framing the paintings and guest artists for a grand total of 3224 tags. 2 I analyzed the data to find out exactly what Ross who died in 1995 painted for more than a decade on TV. The top-line results are to be expected wouldnt you know he did paint a bunch of mountains trees and lakes! but then I put some numbers to Rosss classic figures of speech. He didnt paint oaks or spruces he painted happy trees. He favored almighty mountains to peaks. Once hed painted one tree he didnt paint another he painted a friend. Heres how often each tag that appeared more than five times showed up over the 381 episodes: Now that we know the basic probabilities of individual tags we can also find the joint probabilities of some of these events. For instance how often do a deciduous tree and a coniferous tree appear in the same painting? We know that 57 percent of paintings contain a deciduous tree and 53 percent of paintings contain a coniferous tree. According to our data set 20 percent of paintings contain at least one of each. Whats more we can also find the probability that Ross painted something given that he painted something else a statistic thats called conditional probability. Conditional probability can be a bit tricky. We know that 44 percent of Rosss paintings contain clouds 9 percent contain the beach and 7 percent contain both the clouds and the beach. We can use this information to figure out two things: the probability that Ross painted a cloud given that he painted a beach and the probability that he painted a beach given that he painted a cloud. You divide the joint probability 7 percent in this case by the probability of the given 44 percent or 9 percent depending on whether you want to know the probability of a beach given a cloud or a cloud given a beach. The biggest pitfall people often face is assuming the two probabilities are the same. The probability that Ross painted a cloud given that he painted the beach essentially how many beach paintings have clouds is (0.07)/(0.09) which is 78 percent. The vast majority of beach scenes contain clouds. However the probability that Ross painted a beach given that he painted a cloud or how many cloud paintings contain a beach is (0.07)/(0.44) or 16 percent. So the vast majority of cloud paintings dont have beaches. I figured out the conditional probability of every Bob Ross tag against every other tag to answer the following pressing questions. What is the probability given that Ross painted a happy tree that he then painted a friend for that tree? Theres a 93 percent chance that Ross paints a second tree given that he has painted a first. What percentage of Bob Ross paintings contain an almighty mountain? About 39 percent prominently feature a mountain. What percentage of those paintings contain several almighty mountains? Ross was also amenable to painting friends for mountains. Sixty percent of paintings with one mountain in them have at least two mountains. In what percentage of those paintings is a mountain covered with snow? Given that Ross painted a mountain there is a 66 percent chance there is snow on it. What about footy little hills? Hills appear in 4 percent of Rosss paintings. He clearly preferred almighty mountains. How about happy little clouds? Excellent question as 44 percent of Rosss paintings prominently feature at least one cloud. Given that there is a painted cloud theres a 47 percent chance it is a distinctly cumulus one. Theres only a 14 percent chance that a painted cloud is a distinctly cirrus one. What about charming little cabins? About 18 percent of his paintings feature a cabin. Given that Ross painted a cabin theres a 35 percent chance that its on a lake and a 40 percent chance theres snow on the ground. While 72 percent of cabins are in the same painting as conifers only 63 percent are near deciduous trees. How often did he paint water? All the time! About 34 percent of Rosss paintings contain a lake 33 percent contain a river or stream and 9 percent contain the ocean. Sounds like he didnt like the beach. Much to the contrary. You can see the beach in 75 percent of Rosss seaside paintings but the sun in only 31 percent of them. If theres an ocean its probably choppy: 97 percent of ocean paintings have waves. Rosss 36 ocean paintings were also more likely to feature cliffs clouds and rocks than the average painting. What about Steve Ross? Steve seemed to prefer lakes far more than Bob. While only 34 percent of Bobs paintings have a lake in them 91 percent of Steves paintings do. One useful lens we can apply to this sort of data where were comparing vectors of information is a clustering tool. The idea behind clustering is to determine how close certain groups of data are to other points in the data set. Researchers use clustering analysis in all sorts of areas from biology to consumer marketing as a way of segmenting a population of say plants or people. It allows us to find interesting subsets of data based on how similar or different certain subgroups are from the rest of the set. I used an algorithm to divide the entire set of 403 paintings from The Joy of Painting into clusters of similar paintings. I wanted to know whether it was possible to identify the 10 basic paintings featured on the PBS series. To do this I ran a k- means clustering analysis of the paintings. 3 The results were mixed. First lets look at the clusters that make intuitive sense. The clear winners are: These were the kinds of clear clusterings we were hoping to find. Each has a common theme and falls under the banner of iconic Bob Ross images. He painted about one beach scene and one oval-framed image per season and about two scenes with snow in the foreground per season. It makes sense. Here are some clusters that also make sense but dont tell us a whole lot about Rosss favorite kind of painting: These clusters identify some tags that appear in only a few paintings but the groupings are not supremely helpful in defining what Ross painted. For example flowers were very rarely the main focus of a painting and we already knew how many times Steve Ross appeared on the program. The final two clusters were the most broad: Not supremely helpful but still quite interesting. Clustering analysis is an appealing tool for this kind of data but hardly has all the answers. To learn more about Ross and his work beyond what I already knew from the data I called Annette Kowalski who founded Bob Ross Inc. with the painter and remains the steward of his work. 4 She confirmed something I had discovered in my review of hundreds of Rosss landscapes: His work isnt defined by what is included in his paintings but by whats excluded. I can think of two times he painted people Kowalski said. There was a man by a campfire 5 and two people walking through the woods. 6 Indeed our data shows that Ross only painted a person in silhouette against a tree near a campfire one time. One of the few Bob Ross paintings in PBSs The Joy of Painting that featured a person. The Bob Ross name and images are trademarks of Bob Ross Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission. When we analyze the structures he painted it appears Ross preferred the simple to the elaborate. He painted 69 cabins 25 fences in various states of disrepair and 17 barns. More complex man-made structures are remarkably rare in his work. Bridges appear only seven times. Boats and mills twice each. Ross painted one dock one lighthouse and one windmill over his 381 episodes. Theres something about the structures Ross painted that has gone almost entirely unnoticed by fans according to Kowalski. I will tell you Bobs biggest secret. If you notice his cabins never had chimneys on them she said. Thats because chimneys represented people and he didnt want any sign of a person in his paintings. Check the cabins. They have no chimneys. She immediately added Im sure youre going to call me tomorrow and say you found a chimney. And I did! But it took a lot of hunting. In season 7 episode 1 Winter Cabin theres a chimney on the cabin (featured above in the third row center column). But the fact that a chimney appeared once in 381 paintings doesnt really diminish Kowalskis point. When it comes down to it The Joy of Painting was never really about painting. Even Kowalski who runs a company that sells Bob Ross-branded painting supplies believes most viewers arent in it for the art. The majority of people who watch Bob Ross have no interest in painting she said. Mostly its his calming voice. Of the 403 total episodes I was not able to see the completed work of three paintings: season 9 episode 10 Country Charm; season 15 episode 4 Peaceful Reflections and season 26 episode 10 Purple Mountain Range. This data set remains a work in progress its the first of its kind and there is of course the potential for omissions. It would take just over eight straight days to watch all of The Joy Of Painting so its a task ill-suited for one person. But Im confident that the data as it stands describes the work over Rosss career accurately and consistently. The k -means algorithm is what we call non-deterministic. This means youll get a slightly different result each time because of the randomness the algorithm factors in when determining the points that define the centers of the clusters. Kowalski was also a guest artist for season 29 episode 10 Pot o Posies. Season 3 episode 10 Campfire This second painting did not appear in my data set but its entirely possible I missed it when tagging. Walt Hickey was FiveThirtyEights chief culture writer. @WaltHickey Filed under PBS (4 posts) Bob Ross (3) The Joy of Painting (3) See all newsletters 2023 ABC News Internet Ventures. All rights reserved.

BAD

A tale of Phobos How we almost cracked a ransomware using CUDA (cert.pl) Abstract : For the past two years we've been tinkering with a proof-of-concept decryptor for the Phobos family ransomware. It works but is impractical to use for reasons we'll explain here. Consequently we've been unable to use it to help a real-world victim so far. We've decided to publish our findings and tools in hope that someone will find it useful interesting or will continue our research. We will describe the vulnerability and how we improved our decryptor computational complexity and performance to reach an almost practical implementation. The resulting proof of concept is available at CERT-Polska/phobos-cuda-decryptor-poc . Phobos is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars with the other being Deimos. However it's also a widespread ransomware family that was first observed in the early 2019. Not a very interesting one it shares many similarities with Dharma and was probably written by the same authors. There is nothing obviously interesting about Phobos (the ransomware) no significant innovations or interesting features. We've started our research after a few significant Polish organizations were encrypted by Phobos in a short period of time. After that it has become clear that the Phobos' key schedule function is unusual and one could even say broken. This prompted us to do further research in hope of creating a decryptor. But let's not get ahead of ourselves. Let's skip the boring details that are the same for every ransomware (anti-debug features deletion of shadow copies main disk traversal function etc). The most interesting function for us right now is the key schedule: The curious part is that instead of using one good entropy source malware author decided to use multiple bad ones. They include: Finally a variable but deterministic number of SHA-256 rounds is applied. On average to check a key we need 256 SHA-256 executions and a single AES decryption. This immediately sounded multiple alarms in our heads. Assuming we know the time of the infection with 1 second precision (for example using file timestamps or logs) the number of operations needed to brute-force each component is: It's obvious that every component can be brute-forced independently ( 10**7 is not that much for modern computers). But can we recover the whole key? But by a simple multiplication number of keys for a nave brute-force attack is: This is... obviously a huge incomprehensibly large number. No slightest chance to brute-force that. But we're not ones to give up easily. Let's keep thinking about that. Let's start with some assumptions. We already made one: thanks to system/file logs we know the time with 1 second precision. One such source can be the Windows event logs: By default there is no event that triggers for every new process but with enough forensics analysis it's often possible to recover PID and TID of the ransomware process. Even if it's not possible it's almost always possible to restrict them by a significant amount because Windows PIDs are sequential. So we won't usually have to brute-force full 2**30 key space. For the sake of this blog post let's assume that we already know PID and TID (of main thread) of the ransomware process. Don't worry this is the biggest hand-wave in this whole article. Does it make our situation better at least? 81 bits of entropy is still way too much to think about brute-forcing but we're getting somewhere. Another assumption that we can reasonably make is that two sequential QueryPerformanceCounter calls will return similar results. Specifically second QueryPerformanceCounter will always be a bit larger than the first one. There's no need to do a complete brute-force of both counters we can brute-force the first one and then guess the time that passed between the executions. Using code as an example instead of: We can do: 10**3 was determined to be enough empirically. It should be enough in most cases though it's just 1ms and so it will fail in an event of a very unlucky context switch. Let's try though: 2**67 sha256 invocations is still a lot but it's getting manageable. For example this is coincidentally almost exactly the current BTC hash rate. This means if the whole BTC network was repurposed to decrypting Phobos victims instead of pointlessly burning electricity it would decrypt one victim per second 1 . Time for a final observation: SystemTimeToFileTime may have a precision equal to 10 microseconds. But GetLocalTime does not: This means that we only need to brute-force 10**3 options instead of 10**5 : There are no more obvious things to optimize. Maybe we can find a better algorithm somewhere? Observe that key[0] is equal to GetTickCount() ^ QueryPerformanceCounter().Low . Naive brute-force algorithm will check all possible values for both components but in most situations we can do much better. For example 4 ^ 0 == 5 ^ 1 == 6 ^ 2 = ... == 4 . We only care about the final result so we can ignore timer values that end up as the same key. Simple way to do this looks like this: Unfortunately this was quite CPU intensive (remember we want to squeeze as much performance as possible). It turns out that there is a better recursive algorithm that avoids spending time on duplicates. Downside is it's quite subtle and not very elegant: It's possible that there exists a simpler or faster algorithm for this problem but authors were not aware of it when working on the decryptor. Entropy after that change: This was our final complexity improvement. What's missing is a good implementation Our initial PoC written in Python tested 500 keys per second. Quick calculation shows that this brute-forcing 100000000000 keys will take 2314 CPU-days. Far from practical. But Python is basically the slowest kid in on block as far as high performance computing goes. We can do much better. Usually in situations like this we would implement a native decryptor (in C++ or Rust). But in this case even that would not be enough. We had to go faster . We've decided to go for maximal performance and implement our solver in CUDA. Our first naive version was able to crack 19166 keys/minute. We had no experience with CUDA at the time and made many mistakes. Our GPU utilization stats looked like this: Clearly sha256 was a huge bottleneck here (not surprisingly there are 256 times more sha256 calls than AES calls). Most of our work here focused on simplifying the code and adapting it to the task at hand. For example we inlined sha256_update: We inlined sha256_init: We replaced global arrays with local variables: We hardcoded data size to 32 bytes: And made a few operations more GPU-friendly for example used __byte_perm for bswap. In the end our main loop changed like this: But that's not the end - after this optimization we realized that the code is now making a lot of unnecessary copies and data transfers. There are no more copies needed at this point: Combining all this improvements let us improve the performance 2.5 times to 50k keys/minute. It turns out graphic cards are highly parallel. Work is divided into streams and streams are doing the logical operations. Especially memcopy to and from graphic card can execute at the same time as our code with no loss of performance. Just by changing our code to use streams more effectively we were able to double our performance to 105k keys/minute: With all these changes we still didn't even try optimizing the AES. After all the lessons learned previously it was actually quite simple. We just looked for patterns that didn't work well on GPU and improved them. For example: We changed a naive for loop to manually unrolled version that worked on 32bit integers. It may seem insignificant but it actually dramatically increased our throughput: At this point we were not able to make any significant performance improvements anymore. But we had one last trick in our sleeve - we can run the same code on more than one GPU! Conveniently we have a small GPU cluster at CERT.PL. We've dedicated two machines with a total of 12 Nvidia GPUs to the task. By a simple multiplication this immediately increased our throughput to almost 10 million keys per minute. So brute-forcing 100000000000 keys will take just 10187 seconds (2.82 hours) on the cluster. Sounds great right? Unfortunately as we've mentioned at the beginning there are a lot of practical problems that we skimmed over in this blog post but that made publishing the decryptor tricky: This is why we decided to publish this article and source code of the (almost working) decryptor. We hope that it will provide some malware researches a new look on the subject and maybe even allow them to decrypt ransomware victims. We've published the CUDA source code in a GitHub repository: https://github.com/CERT-Polska/phobos-cuda-decryptor-poc . It includes a short instruction a sample config and a data set to verify the program. Let us know if you have any questions or if you were able to use the script in any way to help a ransomware victim. You can contact us at [emailprotected] . Ransomware sample analyzed: 2704e269fb5cf9a02070a0ea07d82dc9d87f2cb95e60cb71d6c6d38b01869f66 | MWDB | VT Assuming of course that we know PID and TID and ignoring the cost of AES decryption to verify key candidates. Just a thought experiment anyway. The CERT Polska team operates within the structures of NASK (Research and Academic Computer Network) a research institute which conducts scientific studies operates the national .pl domain registry and provides advanced IT services. ul. Kolska 12 PL-01-045 Warsaw Poland tel.: +48 22 380 82 74 fax: +48 22 380 83 99 ePUAP: /NASK-Instytut/SkrytkaESP E-mail: [emailprotected] Incidents: [emailprotected]

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A tiny Docker image to serve static websites (lipanski.com) Welcome to my personal website. Salut! I'm a Ruby/Rust/Crystal developer with a devops background and leadership experience. You can also find me here: GitHub / Twitter / LinkedIn / Email . Back Until recently I used to think that serving static websites from Docker would be a waste of bandwith and storage. Bundling nginx or various other heavy runtimes inside a Docker image for the sole purpose of serving static files didnt seem like the best idea - Netlify or Github Pages can handle this much better. But my hobby server was sad and cried digital tears. A recent HackerNews post about redbean a single-binary super tiny static file server got me thinking. So begins my journey to find the most time/storage efficient Docker image to serve a static website. After evaluating a few static file servers with similar specs I initially opted for thttpd which comes with a similar small footprint but seems a bit more battle-tested. This got me to a whooping 186KB image and you can read more about it in the previous version of this post. A later comment (thanks Sergey Ponomarev) suggested the BusyBox httpd file server which seemed fairly small and more feature-rich so I gave it a try. Lets see if it can produce an even smaller image (spoiler alert: it can). BusyBox is much more than just a file server - its a set of lightweight replacements for many common UNIX utilities like shell gzip or echo . Running the BusyBox httpd server goes like this: This will launch the server in foreground ( -f ) listening on port 3000 ( -p ) serving all files inside the current directory. Access logs will be printend to STDOUT ( -v ). It comes with a few other neat features like serving gzipped content custom error pages basic auth allow/deny rules and reverse proxying which can be enabled by adding a httpd.conf file. You can read more about it in the source code comments . My first attempt used the official busybox image: You can build and run the image by calling: then browse to http://localhost:3000 . The image builds quickly and at 1.25MB is fairly small: The image is already built using scratch which is basically a no-op image light as vacuum. It contains only the statically compiled BusyBox binary and nothing else. Theres not much we can optimize there. Then again BusyBox comes packaged with much more than just the static file server - it contains all these other UNIX utilities. We can create a custom build of BusyBox limiting it to only httpd and thus reducing its size. We start by downloading the BusyBox source code: Then create a default .config file for the build with all features disabled: Next we call make menuconfig and select the httpd features from within Network Utilities. Since we dont want to depend on other OS libraries we also need to check Build static binary from within Settings. The resulting .config file looks like this: Since building the .config is a bit tedious well save it for later use. You can find a sample on my Github . Finally we compile the binary: which will be placed at _install/bin/busybox . If youve built the binary in a glibc environment (e.g. Ubuntu) it would take up around 1.5MB which is not that great. Actually its worse than the official image containing all BusyBox utilities. Lets try and build it on musl inside an Alpine container: The binary size looks much better now: 177KB ! We can improve further by dropping some unneeded httpd features from the .config : You can disable most of these features but in my experience the biggest impact comes from dropping MD5 support for basic auth and CGI. Weve now reached 149KB . Its time to wrap things up and copy the static BusyBox binary to a Docker scratch image. Using the scratch image usually requires a multi-stage approach. We start from alpine download and compile BusyBox as a static binary create a user then copy these assets over to scratch and add our static files to the mix: Lets have another look at those numbers: The 154KB were left with correspond to the size of the BusyBox httpd static binary and the static files that were copied over which in my case was just one file containing the text hello world . Note that the alpine step of the multi-stage build is actually quite large in size ( ~185MB ) but it can be reused across builds and doesnt get pushed to the registry. In order to skip the alpine step entirely I pushed the resulting image to the Docker registry. You can download it from Docker Hub and use it to serve your static websites: This produces a single-layer image of 154KB + whatever the size of your static website and nothing else . If you need to configure httpd in a different way you can just override the CMD line: The code and an FAQ about configuring httpd is available at https://github.com/lipanski/docker-static-website . To conclude Docker can be used efficiently to package and serve static websites. If you enjoyed my blog post please spread the news:

GOOD

A token-smuggling jailbreak for ChatGPT-4 (twitter.com/alexalbert__) Weve detected that JavaScript is disabled in this browser. Please enable JavaScript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. You can see a list of supported browsers in our Help Center. Help Center Terms of Service Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint Ads info 2023 X Corp.

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A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function (neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com) Neural Networks and Deep Learning What this book is about On the exercises and problems Using neural nets to recognize handwritten digits Perceptrons Sigmoid neurons The architecture of neural networks A simple network to classify handwritten digits Learning with gradient descent Implementing our network to classify digits Toward deep learning How the backpropagation algorithm works Warm up: a fast matrix-based approach to computing the output from a neural network The two assumptions we need about the cost function The Hadamard product $s \odot t$ The four fundamental equations behind backpropagation Proof of the four fundamental equations (optional) The backpropagation algorithm The code for backpropagation In what sense is backpropagation a fast algorithm? Backpropagation: the big picture Improving the way neural networks learn The cross-entropy cost function Overfitting and regularization Weight initialization Handwriting recognition revisited: the code How to choose a neural network's hyper-parameters? Other techniques A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function Two caveats Universality with one input and one output Many input variables Extension beyond sigmoid neurons Fixing up the step functions Conclusion Why are deep neural networks hard to train? The vanishing gradient problem What's causing the vanishing gradient problem? Unstable gradients in deep neural nets Unstable gradients in more complex networks Other obstacles to deep learning Deep learning Introducing convolutional networks Convolutional neural networks in practice The code for our convolutional networks Recent progress in image recognition Other approaches to deep neural nets On the future of neural networks Appendix: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence? Acknowledgements Frequently Asked Questions If you benefit from the book please make a small donation. I suggest $5 but you can choose the amount. Alternately you can make a donation by sending me Bitcoin at address 1Kd6tXH5SDAmiFb49J9hknG5pqj7KStSAx Sponsors Deep Learning Workstations Servers and Laptops Thanks to all the supporters who made the book possible with especial thanks to Pavel Dudrenov. Thanks also to all the contributors to the Bugfinder Hall of Fame . Resources Michael Nielsen on Twitter Book FAQ Code repository Michael Nielsen's project announcement mailing list Deep Learning book by Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville cognitivemedium.com By Michael Nielsen / Dec 2019 Perceptrons Sigmoid neurons The architecture of neural networks A simple network to classify handwritten digits Learning with gradient descent Implementing our network to classify digits Toward deep learning How the backpropagation algorithm works Warm up: a fast matrix-based approach to computing the output from a neural network The two assumptions we need about the cost function The Hadamard product $s \odot t$ The four fundamental equations behind backpropagation Proof of the four fundamental equations (optional) The backpropagation algorithm The code for backpropagation In what sense is backpropagation a fast algorithm? Backpropagation: the big picture Improving the way neural networks learn The cross-entropy cost function Overfitting and regularization Weight initialization Handwriting recognition revisited: the code How to choose a neural network's hyper-parameters? Other techniques A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function Two caveats Universality with one input and one output Many input variables Extension beyond sigmoid neurons Fixing up the step functions Conclusion Why are deep neural networks hard to train? The vanishing gradient problem What's causing the vanishing gradient problem? Unstable gradients in deep neural nets Unstable gradients in more complex networks Other obstacles to deep learning Deep learning Introducing convolutional networks Convolutional neural networks in practice The code for our convolutional networks Recent progress in image recognition Other approaches to deep neural nets On the future of neural networks Appendix: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence? Acknowledgements Frequently Asked Questions If you benefit from the book please make a small donation. I suggest $5 but you can choose the amount. Alternately you can make a donation by sending me Bitcoin at address 1Kd6tXH5SDAmiFb49J9hknG5pqj7KStSAx Sponsors Deep Learning Workstations Servers and Laptops Thanks to all the supporters who made the book possible with especial thanks to Pavel Dudrenov. Thanks also to all the contributors to the Bugfinder Hall of Fame . Resources Michael Nielsen on Twitter Book FAQ Code repository Michael Nielsen's project announcement mailing list Deep Learning book by Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville cognitivemedium.com By Michael Nielsen / Dec 2019 Warm up: a fast matrix-based approach to computing the output from a neural network The two assumptions we need about the cost function The Hadamard product $s \odot t$ The four fundamental equations behind backpropagation Proof of the four fundamental equations (optional) The backpropagation algorithm The code for backpropagation In what sense is backpropagation a fast algorithm? Backpropagation: the big picture Improving the way neural networks learn The cross-entropy cost function Overfitting and regularization Weight initialization Handwriting recognition revisited: the code How to choose a neural network's hyper-parameters? Other techniques A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function Two caveats Universality with one input and one output Many input variables Extension beyond sigmoid neurons Fixing up the step functions Conclusion Why are deep neural networks hard to train? The vanishing gradient problem What's causing the vanishing gradient problem? Unstable gradients in deep neural nets Unstable gradients in more complex networks Other obstacles to deep learning Deep learning Introducing convolutional networks Convolutional neural networks in practice The code for our convolutional networks Recent progress in image recognition Other approaches to deep neural nets On the future of neural networks Appendix: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence? Acknowledgements Frequently Asked Questions If you benefit from the book please make a small donation. I suggest $5 but you can choose the amount. Alternately you can make a donation by sending me Bitcoin at address 1Kd6tXH5SDAmiFb49J9hknG5pqj7KStSAx Sponsors Deep Learning Workstations Servers and Laptops Thanks to all the supporters who made the book possible with especial thanks to Pavel Dudrenov. Thanks also to all the contributors to the Bugfinder Hall of Fame . Resources Michael Nielsen on Twitter Book FAQ Code repository Michael Nielsen's project announcement mailing list Deep Learning book by Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville cognitivemedium.com By Michael Nielsen / Dec 2019 The cross-entropy cost function Overfitting and regularization Weight initialization Handwriting recognition revisited: the code How to choose a neural network's hyper-parameters? Other techniques A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function Two caveats Universality with one input and one output Many input variables Extension beyond sigmoid neurons Fixing up the step functions Conclusion Why are deep neural networks hard to train? The vanishing gradient problem What's causing the vanishing gradient problem? Unstable gradients in deep neural nets Unstable gradients in more complex networks Other obstacles to deep learning Deep learning Introducing convolutional networks Convolutional neural networks in practice The code for our convolutional networks Recent progress in image recognition Other approaches to deep neural nets On the future of neural networks Appendix: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence? Acknowledgements Frequently Asked Questions If you benefit from the book please make a small donation. I suggest $5 but you can choose the amount. Alternately you can make a donation by sending me Bitcoin at address 1Kd6tXH5SDAmiFb49J9hknG5pqj7KStSAx Sponsors Deep Learning Workstations Servers and Laptops Thanks to all the supporters who made the book possible with especial thanks to Pavel Dudrenov. Thanks also to all the contributors to the Bugfinder Hall of Fame . Resources Michael Nielsen on Twitter Book FAQ Code repository Michael Nielsen's project announcement mailing list Deep Learning book by Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville cognitivemedium.com By Michael Nielsen / Dec 2019 Two caveats Universality with one input and one output Many input variables Extension beyond sigmoid neurons Fixing up the step functions Conclusion Why are deep neural networks hard to train? The vanishing gradient problem What's causing the vanishing gradient problem? Unstable gradients in deep neural nets Unstable gradients in more complex networks Other obstacles to deep learning Deep learning Introducing convolutional networks Convolutional neural networks in practice The code for our convolutional networks Recent progress in image recognition Other approaches to deep neural nets On the future of neural networks Appendix: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence? Acknowledgements Frequently Asked Questions If you benefit from the book please make a small donation. I suggest $5 but you can choose the amount. Alternately you can make a donation by sending me Bitcoin at address 1Kd6tXH5SDAmiFb49J9hknG5pqj7KStSAx Sponsors Deep Learning Workstations Servers and Laptops Thanks to all the supporters who made the book possible with especial thanks to Pavel Dudrenov. Thanks also to all the contributors to the Bugfinder Hall of Fame . Resources Michael Nielsen on Twitter Book FAQ Code repository Michael Nielsen's project announcement mailing list Deep Learning book by Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville cognitivemedium.com By Michael Nielsen / Dec 2019 The vanishing gradient problem What's causing the vanishing gradient problem? Unstable gradients in deep neural nets Unstable gradients in more complex networks Other obstacles to deep learning Deep learning Introducing convolutional networks Convolutional neural networks in practice The code for our convolutional networks Recent progress in image recognition Other approaches to deep neural nets On the future of neural networks Appendix: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence? Acknowledgements Frequently Asked Questions If you benefit from the book please make a small donation. I suggest $5 but you can choose the amount. Alternately you can make a donation by sending me Bitcoin at address 1Kd6tXH5SDAmiFb49J9hknG5pqj7KStSAx Sponsors Deep Learning Workstations Servers and Laptops Thanks to all the supporters who made the book possible with especial thanks to Pavel Dudrenov. Thanks also to all the contributors to the Bugfinder Hall of Fame . Resources Michael Nielsen on Twitter Book FAQ Code repository Michael Nielsen's project announcement mailing list Deep Learning book by Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville cognitivemedium.com By Michael Nielsen / Dec 2019 Introducing convolutional networks Convolutional neural networks in practice The code for our convolutional networks Recent progress in image recognition Other approaches to deep neural nets On the future of neural networks Appendix: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence? Acknowledgements Frequently Asked Questions If you benefit from the book please make a small donation. I suggest $5 but you can choose the amount. Alternately you can make a donation by sending me Bitcoin at address 1Kd6tXH5SDAmiFb49J9hknG5pqj7KStSAx Thanks to all the supporters who made the book possible with especial thanks to Pavel Dudrenov. Thanks also to all the contributors to the Bugfinder Hall of Fame . Michael Nielsen on Twitter Book FAQ Code repository Michael Nielsen's project announcement mailing list Deep Learning book by Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville cognitivemedium.com By Michael Nielsen / Dec 2019 One of the most striking facts about neural networks is that they can compute any function at all. That is suppose someone hands you some complicated wiggly function $f(x)$: No matter what the function there is guaranteed to be a neural network so that for every possible input $x$ the value $f(x)$ (or some close approximation) is output from the network e.g.: This result holds even if the function has many inputs $f = f(x_1 \ldots x_m)$ and many outputs. For instance here's a network computing a function with $m = 3$ inputs and $n = 2$ outputs: This result tells us that neural networks have a kind of universality . No matter what function we want to compute we know that there is a neural network which can do the job. What's more this universality theorem holds even if we restrict our networks to have just a single layer intermediate between the input and the output neurons - a so-called single hidden layer. So even very simple network architectures can be extremely powerful. The universality theorem is well known by people who use neural networks. But why it's true is not so widely understood. Most of the explanations available are quite technical. For instance one of the original papers proving the result* * Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function by George Cybenko (1989). The result was very much in the air at the time and several groups proved closely related results. Cybenko's paper contains a useful discussion of much of that work. Another important early paper is Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators by Kurt Hornik Maxwell Stinchcombe and Halbert White (1989). This paper uses the Stone-Weierstrass theorem to arrive at similar results. did so using the Hahn-Banach theorem the Riesz Representation theorem and some Fourier analysis. If you're a mathematician the argument is not difficult to follow but it's not so easy for most people. That's a pity since the underlying reasons for universality are simple and beautiful. In this chapter I give a simple and mostly visual explanation of the universality theorem. We'll go step by step through the underlying ideas. You'll understand why it's true that neural networks can compute any function. You'll understand some of the limitations of the result. And you'll understand how the result relates to deep neural networks. To follow the material in the chapter you do not need to have read earlier chapters in this book. Instead the chapter is structured to be enjoyable as a self-contained essay. Provided you have just a little basic familiarity with neural networks you should be able to follow the explanation. I will however provide occasional links to earlier material to help fill in any gaps in your knowledge. Universality theorems are a commonplace in computer science so much so that we sometimes forget how astonishing they are. But it's worth reminding ourselves: the ability to compute an arbitrary function is truly remarkable. Almost any process you can imagine can be thought of as function computation. Consider the problem of naming a piece of music based on a short sample of the piece. That can be thought of as computing a function. Or consider the problem of translating a Chinese text into English. Again that can be thought of as computing a function* *Actually computing one of many functions since there are often many acceptable translations of a given piece of text. . Or consider the problem of taking an mp4 movie file and generating a description of the plot of the movie and a discussion of the quality of the acting. Again that can be thought of as a kind of function computation* *Ditto the remark about translation and there being many possible functions. . Universality means that in principle neural networks can do all these things and many more. Of course just because we know a neural network exists that can (say) translate Chinese text into English that doesn't mean we have good techniques for constructing or even recognizing such a network. This limitation applies also to traditional universality theorems for models such as Boolean circuits. But as we've seen earlier in the book neural networks have powerful algorithms for learning functions. That combination of learning algorithms + universality is an attractive mix. Up to now the book has focused on the learning algorithms. In this chapter we focus on universality and what it means. Two caveats Before explaining why the universality theorem is true I want to mention two caveats to the informal statement a neural network can compute any function. First this doesn't mean that a network can be used to exactly compute any function. Rather we can get an approximation that is as good as we want. By increasing the number of hidden neurons we can improve the approximation. For instance earlier I illustrated a network computing some function $f(x)$ using three hidden neurons. For most functions only a low-quality approximation will be possible using three hidden neurons. By increasing the number of hidden neurons (say to five) we can typically get a better approximation: And we can do still better by further increasing the number of hidden neurons. To make this statement more precise suppose we're given a function $f(x)$ which we'd like to compute to within some desired accuracy $\epsilon > 0$. The guarantee is that by using enough hidden neurons we can always find a neural network whose output $g(x)$ satisfies $|g(x) - f(x)| < \epsilon$ for all inputs $x$. In other words the approximation will be good to within the desired accuracy for every possible input. The second caveat is that the class of functions which can be approximated in the way described are the continuous functions. If a function is discontinuous i.e. makes sudden sharp jumps then it won't in general be possible to approximate using a neural net. This is not surprising since our neural networks compute continuous functions of their input. However even if the function we'd really like to compute is discontinuous it's often the case that a continuous approximation is good enough. If that's so then we can use a neural network. In practice this is not usually an important limitation. Summing up a more precise statement of the universality theorem is that neural networks with a single hidden layer can be used to approximate any continuous function to any desired precision. In this chapter we'll actually prove a slightly weaker version of this result using two hidden layers instead of one. In the problems I'll briefly outline how the explanation can with a few tweaks be adapted to give a proof which uses only a single hidden layer. Universality with one input and one output To understand why the universality theorem is true let's start by understanding how to construct a neural network which approximates a function with just one input and one output: It turns out that this is the core of the problem of universality. Once we've understood this special case it's actually pretty easy to extend to functions with many inputs and many outputs. To build insight into how to construct a network to compute $f$ let's start with a network containing just a single hidden layer with two hidden neurons and an output layer containing a single output neuron: To get a feel for how components in the network work let's focus on the top hidden neuron. In the diagram below click on the weight $w$ and drag the mouse a little ways to the right to increase $w$. You can immediately see how the function computed by the top hidden neuron changes: As we learnt earlier in the book what's being computed by the hidden neuron is $\sigma(wx + b)$ where $\sigma(z) \equiv 1/(1+e^{-z})$ is the sigmoid function. Up to now we've made frequent use of this algebraic form. But for the proof of universality we will obtain more insight by ignoring the algebra entirely and instead manipulating and observing the shape shown in the graph. This won't just give us a better feel for what's going on it will also give us a proof* *Strictly speaking the visual approach I'm taking isn't what's traditionally thought of as a proof. But I believe the visual approach gives more insight into why the result is true than a traditional proof. And of course that kind of insight is the real purpose behind a proof. Occasionally there will be small gaps in the reasoning I present: places where I make a visual argument that is plausible but not quite rigorous. If this bothers you then consider it a challenge to fill in the missing steps. But don't lose sight of the real purpose: to understand why the universality theorem is true. of universality that applies to activation functions other than the sigmoid function. To get started on this proof try clicking on the bias $b$ in the diagram above and dragging to the right to increase it. You'll see that as the bias increases the graph moves to the left but its shape doesn't change. Next click and drag to the left in order to decrease the bias. You'll see that as the bias decreases the graph moves to the right but again its shape doesn't change. Next decrease the weight to around $2$ or $3$. You'll see that as you decrease the weight the curve broadens out. You might need to change the bias as well in order to keep the curve in-frame. Finally increase the weight up past $w = 100$. As you do the curve gets steeper until eventually it begins to look like a step function. Try to adjust the bias so the step occurs near $x = 0.3$. The following short clip shows what your result should look like. Click on the play button to play (or replay) the video: We can simplify our analysis quite a bit by increasing the weight so much that the output really is a step function to a very good approximation. Below I've plotted the output from the top hidden neuron when the weight is $w = 999$. Note that this plot is static and you can't change parameters such as the weight. It's actually quite a bit easier to work with step functions than general sigmoid functions. The reason is that in the output layer we add up contributions from all the hidden neurons. It's easy to analyze the sum of a bunch of step functions but rather more difficult to reason about what happens when you add up a bunch of sigmoid shaped curves. And so it makes things much easier to assume that our hidden neurons are outputting step functions. More concretely we do this by fixing the weight $w$ to be some very large value and then setting the position of the step by modifying the bias. Of course treating the output as a step function is an approximation but it's a very good approximation and for now we'll treat it as exact. I'll come back later to discuss the impact of deviations from this approximation. At what value of $x$ does the step occur? Put another way how does the position of the step depend upon the weight and bias? To answer this question try modifying the weight and bias in the diagram above (you may need to scroll back a bit). Can you figure out how the position of the step depends on $w$ and $b$? With a little work you should be able to convince yourself that the position of the step is proportional to $b$ and inversely proportional to $w$. In fact the step is at position $s = -b/w$ as you can see by modifying the weight and bias in the following diagram: It will greatly simplify our lives to describe hidden neurons using just a single parameter $s$ which is the step position $s = -b/w$. Try modifying $s$ in the following diagram in order to get used to the new parameterization: As noted above we've implicitly set the weight $w$ on the input to be some large value - big enough that the step function is a very good approximation. We can easily convert a neuron parameterized in this way back into the conventional model by choosing the bias $b = -w s$. Up to now we've been focusing on the output from just the top hidden neuron. Let's take a look at the behavior of the entire network. In particular we'll suppose the hidden neurons are computing step functions parameterized by step points $s_1$ (top neuron) and $s_2$ (bottom neuron). And they'll have respective output weights $w_1$ and $w_2$. Here's the network: What's being plotted on the right is the weighted output $w_1 a_1 + w_2 a_2$ from the hidden layer. Here $a_1$ and $a_2$ are the outputs from the top and bottom hidden neurons respectively* *Note by the way that the output from the whole network is $\sigma(w_1 a_1+w_2 a_2 + b)$ where $b$ is the bias on the output neuron. Obviously this isn't the same as the weighted output from the hidden layer which is what we're plotting here. We're going to focus on the weighted output from the hidden layer right now and only later will we think about how that relates to the output from the whole network. . These outputs are denoted with $a$s because they're often known as the neurons' activations . Try increasing and decreasing the step point $s_1$ of the top hidden neuron. Get a feel for how this changes the weighted output from the hidden layer. It's particularly worth understanding what happens when $s_1$ goes past $s_2$. You'll see that the graph changes shape when this happens since we have moved from a situation where the top hidden neuron is the first to be activated to a situation where the bottom hidden neuron is the first to be activated. Similarly try manipulating the step point $s_2$ of the bottom hidden neuron and get a feel for how this changes the combined output from the hidden neurons. Try increasing and decreasing each of the output weights. Notice how this rescales the contribution from the respective hidden neurons. What happens when one of the weights is zero? Finally try setting $w_1$ to be $0.8$ and $w_2$ to be $-0.8$. You get a bump function which starts at point $s_1$ ends at point $s_2$ and has height $0.8$. For instance the weighted output might look like this: Of course we can rescale the bump to have any height at all. Let's use a single parameter $h$ to denote the height. To reduce clutter I'll also remove the $s_1 = \ldots$ and $w_1 = \ldots$ notations. Try changing the value of $h$ up and down to see how the height of the bump changes. Try changing the height so it's negative and observe what happens. And try changing the step points to see how that changes the shape of the bump. You'll notice by the way that we're using our neurons in a way that can be thought of not just in graphical terms but in more conventional programming terms as a kind of if-then-else statement e.g.: if input > = step point: add 1 to the weighted output else : add 0 to the weighted output For the most part I'm going to stick with the graphical point of view. But in what follows you may sometimes find it helpful to switch points of view and think about things in terms of if-then-else . We can use our bump-making trick to get two bumps by gluing two pairs of hidden neurons together into the same network: I've suppressed the weights here simply writing the $h$ values for each pair of hidden neurons. Try increasing and decreasing both $h$ values and observe how it changes the graph. Move the bumps around by changing the step points. More generally we can use this idea to get as many peaks as we want of any height. In particular we can divide the interval $[0 1]$ up into a large number $N$ of subintervals and use $N$ pairs of hidden neurons to set up peaks of any desired height. Let's see how this works for $N = 5$. That's quite a few neurons so I'm going to pack things in a bit. Apologies for the complexity of the diagram: I could hide the complexity by abstracting away further but I think it's worth putting up with a little complexity for the sake of getting a more concrete feel for how these networks work. You can see that there are five pairs of hidden neurons. The step points for the respective pairs of neurons are $0 1/5$ then $1/5 2/5$ and so on out to $4/5 5/5$. These values are fixed - they make it so we get five evenly spaced bumps on the graph. Each pair of neurons has a value of $h$ associated to it. Remember the connections output from the neurons have weights $h$ and $-h$ (not marked). Click on one of the $h$ values and drag the mouse to the right or left to change the value. As you do so watch the function change. By changing the output weights we're actually designing the function! Contrariwise try clicking on the graph and dragging up or down to change the height of any of the bump functions. As you change the heights you can see the corresponding change in $h$ values. And although it's not shown there is also a change in the corresponding output weights which are $+h$ and $-h$. In other words we can directly manipulate the function appearing in the graph on the right and see that reflected in the $h$ values on the left. A fun thing to do is to hold the mouse button down and drag the mouse from one side of the graph to the other. As you do this you draw out a function and get to watch the parameters in the neural network adapt. Time for a challenge. Let's think back to the function I plotted at the beginning of the chapter: I didn't say it at the time but what I plotted is actually the function \begin{eqnarray} f(x) = 0.2+0.4 x^2+0.3x \sin(15 x) + 0.05 \cos(50 x) \tag{113}\end{eqnarray} plotted over $x$ from $0$ to $1$ and with the $y$ axis taking values from $0$ to $1$. That's obviously not a trivial function. You're going to figure out how to compute it using a neural network. In our networks above we've been analyzing the weighted combination $\sum_j w_j a_j$ output from the hidden neurons. We now know how to get a lot of control over this quantity. But as I noted earlier this quantity is not what's output from the network. What's output from the network is $\sigma(\sum_j w_j a_j + b)$ where $b$ is the bias on the output neuron. Is there some way we can achieve control over the actual output from the network? The solution is to design a neural network whose hidden layer has a weighted output given by $\sigma^{-1} \circ f(x)$ where $\sigma^{-1}$ is just the inverse of the $\sigma$ function. That is we want the weighted output from the hidden layer to be: If we can do this then the output from the network as a whole will be a good approximation to $f(x)$* *Note that I have set the bias on the output neuron to $0$. . Your challenge then is to design a neural network to approximate the goal function shown just above. To learn as much as possible I want you to solve the problem twice. The first time please click on the graph directly adjusting the heights of the different bump functions. You should find it fairly easy to get a good match to the goal function. How well you're doing is measured by the average deviation between the goal function and the function the network is actually computing. Your challenge is to drive the average deviation as low as possible. You complete the challenge when you drive the average deviation to $0.40$ or below. Once you've done that click on Reset to randomly re-initialize the bumps. The second time you solve the problem resist the urge to click on the graph. Instead modify the $h$ values on the left-hand side and again attempt to drive the average deviation to $0.40$ or below. You've now figured out all the elements necessary for the network to approximately compute the function $f(x)$! It's only a coarse approximation but we could easily do much better merely by increasing the number of pairs of hidden neurons allowing more bumps. In particular it's easy to convert all the data we have found back into the standard parameterization used for neural networks. Let me just recap quickly how that works. The first layer of weights all have some large constant value say $w = 1000$. The biases on the hidden neurons are just $b = -w s$. So for instance for the second hidden neuron $s = 0.2$ becomes $b = -1000 \times 0.2 = -200$. The final layer of weights are determined by th

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A weed is swallowing the Sonoran Desert (hcn.org) The buckets of moisture heaped on the West this winter have solved some problems while watering others. Billions of canary-yellow orbs now drape southern Arizonas desert like a fungal carpet. Vast fields of stinknet an invasive shin-high herb also known as globe chamomile emerged in early spring out-competing native plants with startling efficiency. And when these swaths of yellow dry out and turn brown this summer they will become fuel for wildfires that as botanists have discovered only end up expanding their range . Its a weed that helps create the void it fills. Stinknet which is native to South Africa derives its name from the odor emitted by its resinous blooms. The invasive plant was first identified in Southern California in 1981 but those early populations grew slowly compared to those that sprang up near Phoenix a decade later. Maricopa County is heavily infested now. Stinknets coming up through cracks in the sidewalk and now working its way down the I-10 corridor said Michael Chamberland a botanist at the University of Arizona who studied the plant to better understand what the state is up against. He said researchers are now finding the noxious weed in Northern Mexico and Las Vegas. Stinknet is also becoming well established in Tucson Arizona though early detection there means conservation efforts still have a fighting chance at least compared to Phoenix. Even for an invasive species stinknet is formidable. Chamberland outlined the myriad ways it threatens the fragile Sonoran biome and complicates management efforts. The seeds are numerous and tiny while the plants themselves create vast drifts that can cover entire landscapes and choke native plants. Once desiccated these drifts connect otherwise fragmented archipelagos of native cactus shrubs and trees into a continuous pyro-corridor that other plants are not adapted to survive. People also struggle with the plant: Stinknet can cause rashes if handled without gloves and when it burns produces an acrid smoke that irritates the lungs. Nobody knows how it got to Arizona from the distant colonies in California Chamberland said nor how it arrived in the U.S. in the first place. During a phone interview in early May Chamberland recounted Stinknets spread in forensic detail like an epidemiologist hunting for patient zero. Scouring the Arizona State University herbarium Chamberland turned up a clue: the first documented specimen in Arizona dated to 1997 laminated on archival paper. The same botanist wrote a follow-up article in 2005 too. The article included a warning: The author predicted back then that we need to be careful with this plant. But that warning went unheeded in Arizona for almost 15 years. A few years ago a wave of winter storms pummeled southern Arizona not unlike this year and Maricopa County became infested with stinknet. Prompted by complaints from residents the Maricopa County Parks and Recreation Department partnered with the Arizona Conservation Alliance to hold the line. We started the Desert Defenders program in 2018 said Juanita Armstrong a natural resources specialist for the local parks service. They began hosting events to educate the public deputized volunteers to pull out invasive plants and developed a crowd-sourced surveillance system where citizens can use their cellphones to report sightings on a real-time map. We removed 1.5 million plants at 21 events in seven state parks this year Armstrong said; 92% of those invasives were stinknet. The Desert Defenders collect native seeds at the same time. The idea is to create seed bombs chunks of soil filled with those seeds and toss them into areas denuded by the cleanup operations. Chamberland and Armstrong see these efforts as a step in the right direction. Still for the time being its a Sisyphean one: The best way to deal with invasive species is EDRR: Early detection rapid response said Chamberland. Unfortunately Arizona doesnt have a statewide EDRR program. Were behind some of our neighbors like Utah and California in that respect. Tucson with help from the Audubon Society found success deploying strike teams that prevent the yellow drifts from becoming runaway tsunamis. Armstrong however said that Maricopa County will need to resort to herbicides which may pose their own risks . I don't believe that we'll be able to remove stinknet just by pulling it. We're going to need some chemical methods as well. Zach Duncan is a creative from Cave Creek Arizona. Samuel Shaw is an editorial intern for High Country News based in the Colorado Front Range. Email him at [emailprotected] or submit a letter to the editor . See our letters to the editor policy . Follow Samuel on Instagram @youngandforgettable .

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AI Cheating Is More Bewildering Than Professors Imagined (theatlantic.com) Theres an arms race on campus and professors are losing. This article was featured in One Story to Read Today a newsletter in which our editors recommend a single must-read from The Atlantic Monday through Friday. Sign up for it here. O ne hundred percent AI . Thats what the software concluded about a students paper. One of the professors in the academic program I direct had come across this finding and asked me what to do with it. Then another one saw the same result 100 percent AI for a different paper by that student and also wondered: What does this mean? I did not know. I still dont. The problem breaks down into more problems: whether its possible to know for certain that a student used AI what it even means to use AI for writing papers and when that use amounts to cheating. The software that had flagged our students papers was also multilayered: Canvas our courseware system was running Turnitin a popular plagiarism-detection service which had recently installed a new AI-detection algorithm. The alleged evidence of cheating had emerged from a nesting doll of ed-tech black boxes. This is college life at the close of ChatGPTs first academic year: a moil of incrimination and confusion. In the past few weeks Ive talked with dozens of educators and students who are now confronting for the very first time a spate of AI cheating. Their stories left me reeling. Reports from on campus hint that legitimate uses of AI in education may be indistinguishable from unscrupulous ones and that identifying cheaterslet alone holding them to accountis more or less impossible. O nce upon a time students shared exams or handed down papers to classmates. Then they started outsourcing their homework aided by the internet. Online businesses such as EssayShark (which asserts that it sells term papers for research and reference purposes only ) have professionalized that process. Now its possible for students to purchase answers for assignments from a tutoring service such as Chegg a practice that the kids call chegging. But when the AI chatbots were unleashed last fall all these cheating methods of the past seemed obsolete. We now believe [ChatGPT is] having an impact on our new-customer growth rate Cheggs CEO admitted on an earnings call this month. The company has since lost roughly $1 billion in market value. Other companies could benefit from the same upheaval. By 2018 Turnitin was already taking more than $100 million in yearly revenue to help professors sniff out impropriety. Its software embedded in the courseware that students use to turn in work compares their submissions with a database of existing material (including other student papers that Turnitin has previously consumed) and flags material that might have been copied. The company which has claimed to serve 15000 educational institutions across the world was acquired for $1.75 billion in 2019. Last month it rolled out an AI-detection add-in (with no way for teachers to opt out). AI-chatbot countermeasures like the chatbots themselves are taking over. Now as the first chatbot spring comes to a close Turnitins new software is delivering a deluge of positive identifications: This paper was 18% AI; that one 100 % AI. But what do any of those numbers really mean? Surprisinglyoutrageouslyits very hard to say for sure. In each of the 100% AI cases I heard about students insisted that they had not let ChatGPT or any other AI tool do all of their work. But according to the company that designation does indeed suggest that 100 percent of an essayas in every one of its sentenceswas computer generated and further that this judgment has been made with 98 percent certainty. A Turnitin spokesperson acknowledged via email that text created by another tool that uses algorithms or other computer-enabled systems including grammar checkers and automated translators could lead to a false positive and that some genuine writing can be similar to AI-generated writing. Some people simply write very predictably she told me. Are all of these caveats accounted for in the companys claims of having 98 percent certainty in its analyses? Perhaps it doesnt matter because Turnitin disclaims drawing any conclusions about misconduct from its results. This is only a number intended to help the educator determine if additional review or a discussion with the student is warranted the spokesperson said. Teaching is a human endeavor. The company has a guide for humans who confront the softwares small risk of generating false positives . Naturally it recommends the use of still more Turnitin resources (an AI-misuse rubric and AI-misuse checklist are available) and doing more work than you ever would have done in the first place. Read: ChatGPT is about to dump more work on everyone In other words the student in my program whose work was flagged for being 100% AI might have used a little AI or a lot of AI or maybe something in between. As for any deeper questionsexactly how he used AI and whether he was wrong to do soteachers like me are as ever on our own. S ome students probably are using AI at 100 percent: to complete their work absent any effort of their own. But many use ChatGPT and other tools to generate ideas help them when theyre stuck rephrase tricky paragraphs or check their grammar. Where one behavior turns into another isnt always clear. Matthew Boedy an English professor at the University of North Georgia told me about one student so disengaged he sometimes attended class in his pajamas. When that student submitted an uncharacteristically adept essay this spring Boedy figured a chatbot was involved and OpenAIs verification tool confirmed as much. The student admitted that he hadnt known how to begin so he asked ChatGPT to write an introduction and then to recommend sources. Absent a firm policy on AI cheating to lean on Boedy talked through the material with the student in person and graded him based on that conversation. A computer-science student at Washington University in St. Louis where I teach saw some irony in the sudden shift from giving fully open-book assignments earlier in the pandemic to this years attitude of you can use anything except AI. (Im withholding the names of students so that they can be frank about their use of AI tools.) This student who also works as a teaching assistant knows firsthand that computers can help solve nearly every technical exercise that is assigned in CS courses and some conceptual ones too. But taking advantage of the technology feels less morally bankrupt he said than paying for Chegg or something. A student who engages with a chatbot is doing some kind of work for themselvesand learning how to live in the future. Another student I spoke with who studies politics at Pomona College uses AI as a way to pressure-test his ideas. Tasked with a research paper on colonialism in the Middle East the student formulated a thesis and asked ChatGPT what it thought of the idea. It told me it was bogus he said. I then proceeded to debate itin doing so ChatGPT brought up some serious counterarguments to my thesis that I went on to consider in my paper. The student also uses the bot to recommend sources. I treat ChatGPT like a combination of a co-worker and an interested audience he said. Read: The college essay is dead The Pomona students use of AI seems both clever and entirely aboveboard. But if he borrows a bit too much computer-generated language Turnitin might still flag his work for being inauthentic. A professor cant really know whether students are using ChatGPT in nuanced ways or whether theyve engaged in brazen cheating. No problem you might say: Just develop a relationship of mutual trust with students and discuss the matter with them openly. A good idea at first blush but AI risks splitting faculty and student interests. AI is dangerous in that its extremely tempting Dennis Jerz a professor at Seton Hill University in Greensburg Pennsylvania told me. For students who are not invested in their classes the results dont even have to be goodjust good enough and quick. AI has made it much easier to churn out mediocre work. Faculty already fret over getting students to see the long-term benefit of assignments. Their task is only getting harder. It has been so completely demoralizing an English teacher in Florida told me about AI cheating. I have gone from loving my job in September of last year to deciding to completely leave it behind by April. (I am not printing this instructors name or employer to protect him from job-related repercussions.) His assignments are typical of composition: thesis writing bibliographies outlines and essays. But the teacher feels that AI has initiated an arms race of irrelevance between teachers and students. With tools like ChatGPT students think theres just no reason for them to care about developing those skills he said. After students admitted to using ChatGPT to complete assignments in a previous termfor one student all of the assignmentsthe teacher wondered why he was wasting his time grading automated work the students may not have even read. That feeling of pointlessness has infected his teaching process. Its just about crushed me. I fell in love with teaching and I have loved my time in the classroom but with ChatGPT everything feels pointless. The loss that he describes is deeper and more existential than anything academic integrity can protect: a specific if perhaps decaying way of being among students and their teachers. AI has already changed the classroom into something I no longer recognize he told me. In this view AI isnt a harbinger of the future but the last straw in a profession that was almost lost already to funding collapse gun violence state overreach economic decay credentialism and all the rest. New technology arrives on that grim shore making schoolwork feel worthless carried out to turn the crank of a machine rather than for teaching or learning. What does this teacher plan to do after leaving education I wonder and then ask. But I should have known the answer because what else is there: Hes going to design software. A common line about education in the age of AI: It will force teachers to adapt . Athena Aktipis a psychology professor at Arizona State University has taken the opportunity to restructure her whole class preferring discussions and student-defined projects to homework. The students said that the class really made them feel human in a way that other classes didnt she told me. But for many students college isnt just a place for writing papers and cutting corners can provide a different way of feeling human. The student in my program whose papers raised Turnitins 100% AI flag told me that hed run his text through grammar-checking software and asked ChatGPT to improve certain lines. Efficiency seemed to matter more to him than quality. Sometimes I want to play basketball. Sometimes I want to work out he said when I asked if he wanted to share any impressions about AI for this story. That may sound outrageous: College is for learning and that means doing your assignments! But a milkshake of stressors costs and other externalities has created a mental-health crisis on college campuses. AI according to this student is helping reduce that stress when little else has. Read: The end of recommendation letters Similar pressures can apply to teachers too. Faculty are in some ways just as tempted as their students by the power of the chatbots for easing work they find irritating or that distract from their professional goals. (As I pointed out last month the traditional recommendation letter may be just as threatened by AI as the college essay .) Even so faculty are worried the students are cheating themselvesand irritated that theyve been caught in the middle. Julian Hanna who teaches culture studies at Tilburg University in the Netherlands thinks the more sophisticated uses of AI will mostly benefit the students who were already set to succeed putting disadvantaged students even further at risk. I think the best students either dont need it or worry about being caught or both. The others he says risk learning less than before. Another factor to consider: Students who speak English as a second language may be more reliant on grammar-checking software or more inclined to have ChatGPT tune up their sentence-level phrasing. If thats the case then theyll be singled out disproportionately as cheats. One way or another the arms race will continue. Students will be tempted to use AI too much and universities will try to stop them. Professors can choose to accept some forms of AI-enabled work and outlaw others but their choices will be shaped by the software that theyre given. Technology itself will be more powerful than official policy or deep reflection. Universities too will struggle to adapt. Most theories of academic integrity rely on crediting people for their work not machines. That means old-fashioned honor codes will receive some modest updates and the panels that investigate suspected cheaters will have to reckon with the mysteries of novel AI-detection evidence. And then everything will change again. By the time each new system has been put in place both technology and the customs for its use could well have shifted. ChatGPT has existed for only six months remember. Rethinking assignments in light of AI might be warranted just like it was in light of online learning. But doing so will also be exhausting for both faculty and students. Nobody will be able to keep up and yet everyone will have no choice but to do so. Somewhere in the cracks between all these tectonic shifts and their urgent responses perhaps teachers will still find a way to teach and students to learn.

BAD

AI Submissions to Clarkesworld Continue (neil-clarke.com) By Neil Clarke On 05/18/2023 In clarkesworld magazine Since last November weve seen a steadily-increasing influx of submissions written with these ChatGPT and other LLMs. In February it increased so sharply that we were left with no alternative but to temporarily close submissions regroup and start investing in changes to our submission system to help deter or identify these works. All of this nonsense has cost us time money and mental health. (Far more than the $1000 threshold that Microsoft Chief Economist and Corporate Vice President Michael Schwarz sees as a harm threshold before any regulation of generative AI should be implemented . But lets not go down that path. Its not like Id trust regulation advice from the guy with his hand in the cookie jar.) When we reopened submissions in March I acknowledged that any solution would need to evolve to meet the countermeasures it encounters. Much like dealing with spam credit card fraud or malware there are people constantly looking for ways to get around whatever blocks you can throw in their path. That pattern held. Heres a look at how things have been since November: This graph represents the number of authors weve had to ban. With very rare exceptions those are people sending us machine-generated works in violation of our guidelines. All of them are aware of our policy and the consequences should they be caught. Its right there on the submission form and they check a box acknowledging it. Our normal workload is about 1100 legitimate submissions each month. The above numbers are in addition to that. Before anyone does the but the quality song and dance number none of those works had any chance at publication even if they werent in violation of our guidelines. As you can see our prevention efforts bore some fruit in March and April before being thwarted in May. So then why arent we closing this time? Honestly Im not ruling out the possibility of future temporary closures. We were honestly surprised by just how effective some basic elimination efforts were at reducing volume in March and April. That was a shot in the dark is still blocking some but is not a viable option for the latest wave. Were only keeping our head above water this time because we have some new tools at our disposal. From the start our primary focus has been to find a way to identify suspicious submissions and deprioritize them in our evaluation process. (Much like how your spam filter deals with potentially unwanted emails.) Thats working well enough to help. Im not going to explain what makes a submission suspicious but I will say that it includes many indicators that go beyond the story itself. This month alone Ive added three more to the equation. The one thing that is presently missing from the equation is integration with any of the existing AI detection tools. Despite their grand claims weve found them to be stunningly unreliable primitive significantly overpriced and easily outwitted by even the most basic of approaches. There are three or four that we use for manual spot-checks but they often contradict one another in extreme ways. If your submission is flagged as suspicious it isnt the end of the world. We still manually check each of those submissions to be certain its been properly classified. If youre innocent the worst that happens is that it takes us longer to get to your story. Here are the possible outcomes: If spam doesnt get caught by the filter the process changes to: As Ive said from the beginning this is very much a volume problem. Since reopening weve experienced an increasing number of double-workload days. Based on those trends and what weve learned from source-tracing submissions its likely that we will experience triple or quadruple volume days within a year. Thats not sustainable but each enhancement to the present model (or even applying temporary submission closures) buys us some more time to come up with something else and were not out of ideas yet. Previous Add Comment Suggestion. Implement a deposit system of $X dollars for any submitter (author). The sum can be small like $5 or so. Author deposits $ into to get submission in. Author loses the deposit money if the content is deemed as generated spam. Honest author needs only one deposit. Author can use his/her own deposit to submit others work. Hes already explained numerous times that that wouldnt be an option because it would cut off a large number of genuine but marginalised submitters. 1. It would create a barrier to entry for financially disadvantaged authors those without credit cards or PayPal accounts or authors from other parts of the world where international transactions are more restrictive. Weve published authors that fit those profiles and are not willing to shut out others in similar circumstances. 2. Submission fees are culturally unacceptable in science fiction and fantasy. Money is supposed to flow towards the author (Yogs Law) and many authors would (rightly) stop submitting work even if we waived the fee for them. 3. The logistics of such a system would actually create a lot of work managing payments and refunds. There would likely be a high percentage of refunds which would make the payment processor unhappy. In turn they would probably cancel our account. 4. We would likely be hit with a lot of credit card fraud by scammers which would be yet another nightmare. Metafilter had long had a $5 or send us a postcard policy for registration which cuts out almost all spammers. The two differences here are that its a small payment for registration rather than per submission and theres basically a human-effort alternative to paying the registration fee. In light of todays Washington Post article on a professor falsely accusing his students of using ChatGPT I am curious as to how you are able to differentiate genuine text from artificial Neil. Im not trying to open Pandoras box Im genuinely curious. Above I said: Im not going to explain what makes a submission suspicious but I will say that it includes many indicators that go beyond the story itself. Quite simply Im not putting information out in the world that would help someone get around our detection efforts. Gotcha and that makes a lot of sense. Ill remain curious. Keep us posted on how this is going for you. If editors and other gatekeepers cant keep the machines out theres little hope for honest writers. I just want to say Neil that I really respect you and your team for the way youre handling all this and the way youre keeping (legitimate) authors centered as people worth protecting in the process. Truly appreciate it and I know that comes at a price for all of you. Thank you. 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BAD

AI browser extensions are a security nightmare https://www.kolide.com/blog/ai-browser-extensions-are-a-security-nightmare terracatta use the following search parameters to narrow your results: e.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dog see the search faq for details. advanced search: by author subreddit... 12552 users here now Welcome to the official subreddit for the rif is fun for Reddit (formerly reddit is fun) Android app If the above link doesn't work you can copy the template from here. Beta testing opt-in: Please wait a few hours after opting in for Google Play to send the beta version. Free version: Google Play / Amazon Appstore Golden platinum version: Google Play / Amazon Appstore /r/redditisfunthemes for theme design/development discussion. Note: If your submission fails to appear it may have been temporarily filtered until it can be manually reviewed as part of an anti-spam measure. If you do not see your post appear within 8 hours please message the moderators. the front page of the internet. and join one of thousands of communities. RIF will shut down on June 30 2023 in response to Reddit's API changes ( self.redditisfun ) submitted 10 hours ago * by talklittle RIF Dev [ M ] 3 4 2 2 6 4 2 & 22 more - announcement RIF will be shutting down on June 30 2023 in response to Reddit Inc's API changes and their hostile treatment of developers building on their platform. Reddit Inc have unfortunately shown a consistent unwillingness to compromise on all points mentioned in my previous post : The Reddit API will cost money and the pricing announced today will cost apps like Apollo $20 million per year to run . RIF may differ but it would be in the same ballpark. And no RIF does not earn anywhere remotely near this number. As part of this they are blocking ads in third-party apps which make up the majority of RIF's revenue. So they want to force a paid subscription model onto RIF's users. Meanwhile Reddit's official app still continues to make the vast majority of its money from ads. Removal of sexually explicit material from third-party apps while keeping said content in the official app . Some people have speculated that NSFW is going to leave Reddit entirely but then why would Reddit Inc have recently expanded NSFW upload support on their desktop site ? I will do a full and proper goodbye post later this month but for now if you have some time please read this informative and sad post by the Apollo dev which I agree with 100%. It closely echoes my recent experiences with Reddit Inc: Post a comment! [] dotcaIm 832 points 833 points 834 points 10 hours ago (76 children) RIF is far and away the most used app on my phone. I paid for the premium edition so long ago and it's the best app purchase I've ever made. To say it will be missed is such an understatement. Thank you for everything [] jaersk 109 points 110 points 111 points 10 hours ago (7 children) rif have been my most used app on all four phones i have had it installed on far surpassing both spotify and youtube. it will be dearly missed by all of us i think! [] meno123 21 points 22 points 23 points 8 hours ago (3 children) I don't add apps to my phone's homescreen because I like the clean look of only having the single row of apps at the bottom. That row is phone chrome Textra gonemad music player RIF. It's been that way for over a decade. I don't know what I'm going to fill that 5th slot with anymore. [] Zorbick [ ] 7 points 8 points 9 points 2 hours ago (2 children) Spite. Fill that hole with spite. [] Sigurn 52 points 53 points 54 points 9 hours ago (4 children) Likewise my RIF usage is much higher than anything else and has been for some time. Looks like I'll have to find some other way to procrastinate. Big thanks to RIF for such a great app - as others have said RIF is reddit as far as I'm concerned. [] fullmetaljackass 30 points 31 points 32 points 7 hours ago (6 children) RiF may die but it's menu icons will be forever burned into my OLED screen. [] mjspaz 11 points 12 points 13 points 9 hours ago (0 children) My screen time is about to collapse lol [] DJAXL 11 points 12 points 13 points 5 hours ago * (0 children) It's the only reddit app I used. Been a golden platinum user for a long time. If RIF does actually shut down for good then I guess I won't be on reddit anymore. Edit: Almost forgot... fuck u/spez [] stonefield5 449 points 450 points 451 points 10 hours ago (77 children) Bye Reddit! Time to read the mountains of books I've been putting off to doomscroll instead. [] helpMeOut9999 89 points 90 points 91 points 10 hours ago (24 children) Agreed - I think this marks the end of my reddit career. Good riddance frankly. Totally disagree with this shitty.move by reddit [] Noyes654 12 points 13 points 14 points 7 hours ago (3 children) RIF is almost the only way I have consumed reddit for like a decade. I'm just gonna be watching more yt shorts or something instead [] DickieJohnson 21 points 22 points 23 points 10 hours ago (7 children) That's where I'm at everynight I go to my pile of books to read and instead I sit on the pile and look at Reddit. This might be for the best. [] JusticeNP 1317 points 1318 points 1319 points 10 hours ago (425 children) Such a shame. I installed RIF Golden Platinum on my first ever Android over a decade ago and it has been such a pleasure to use. Thanks for all the hard work you've put into this app. I think I'm taking a reddit break. Obligatory fuck u/spez [] MustacheEmperor 520 points 521 points 522 points 10 hours ago * (248 children) Still can't believe that within 48 hours of Apollo getting a shoutout at WWDC spez thought the right move was to concoct a fake story where the developer is a villain present it as fact and then almost immediately get caught. I think it has been a long time since Reddit added much positivity to my life but I will take immense pleasure in watching their IPO crash and burn. Stupid stupid stupid. And these crooks think they deserve to get rich for it. Edit: Christian's full time job was just ended by this policy change and Spez immediately made him out to be an extortionist liar too. Can you even imagine being that casually cruel to someone and for basically nothing? That is fucking sociopathic behavior. [] Cataclysm2100 197 points 198 points 199 points 10 hours ago (143 children) I've always known the admins are scummy but I don't think I ever realized quite how scummy. They usually manage to mask it as incompetence. Anyone investing in Reddit is investing in that guy. Stupid decision. [] spongebobisha 117 points 118 points 119 points 9 hours ago (81 children) Yup. A CEO cant be caught lying in public lmao. Not a CEO of a company taking said company to an ipo. Which fucking investor wants that? [] BlazerStoner 51 points 52 points 53 points 9 hours ago (16 children) It shows true commitment to the cause - Wallstreet venture capitalists [+] [deleted] 7 hours ago (6 children) [deleted] [] kloudykat 12 points 13 points 14 points 6 hours ago (5 children) Don't get 4chan involved with this that's the last thing we need [] Murrumbeenian 7 points 8 points 9 points 4 hours ago (0 children) Or is it...... [] Sawgon 17 points 18 points 19 points 6 hours ago (7 children) Remember when Spez was the moderator for r/jailbait ? [] hirotdk 16 points 17 points 18 points 5 hours ago (5 children) Remember when he threw Ellen Pao under the bus? [] halcyoncmdr 14 points 15 points 16 points 3 hours ago (4 children) Ellen Pao wasn't thrown under the bus. She was hired to do a job and she did exactly what she was hired to do. She implemented all the bad decisions reddit wanted to implement then took the blame and left with that promised golden parachute while reddit as a whole somehow came off nearly scot free in most people's minds. They blamed her instead of the company despite the decisions staying. [] MpWzjd7qkZz3URH 12 points 13 points 14 points 8 hours ago (5 children) Seriously? LOL. When's the last time any CEO or company actually faced consequences for bald-faced lying? They'll just characterize it as a misunderstanding - like they did directly to Christian on a phone call - and then keep on lying. I have no doubt spez has gotten specific advice to that effect. [] DazedButNotFazed 27 points 28 points 29 points 9 hours ago (30 children) Decentralised Reddit alternatives like Lemmy can't suffer from a bad CEO [] yurigoul 15 points 16 points 17 points 8 hours ago (24 children) Can that grow to have the same levels of users - 30 million people following a certain topic? [] Annoy_Occult_Vet 19 points 20 points 21 points 8 hours ago (17 children) Just getting used to Lemmy myself but it seems more like hundreds of Reddits that are full of their own subreddits. So you can find or start your own Reddit that is connected to other Reddits. That is just how it appears to me. [] yurigoul 20 points 21 points 22 points 8 hours ago (12 children) compared to all other forums i have encountered the atmosphere on reddit (in general) is one of a kind. This is only possible - I think - when there are enough people there. My question is simply: will there be enough people there? [] ThirdEncounter 30 points 31 points 32 points 7 hours ago (5 children) The atmosphere of reddit may be one of a kind but when you look closely reddit is composed of many different kinds of people. A post that will get you to the front-page in one subreddit will get you downvoted to oblivion in another. A comment will get you praise or intelligent discussion in one subreddit and the same comment will generate lots of kill yourself reactions in another. So Lemmy may not be too different from the reddit experience after all. [] DazedButNotFazed 9 points 10 points 11 points 8 hours ago (0 children) Honestly I'm not sure but that isn't going to happen overnight. But based on downloads there's around 10 million 3rd party apps that's enough for major subs. [] bluesoul 6 points 7 points 8 points 8 hours ago (2 children) Eventually yes. Mastodon in its infancy was painful to use and far worse to administer. But as the popularity grows so does the developer ecosystem to improve and support it. Now Mastodon scales to millions. [] Skylis 7 points 8 points 9 points 8 hours ago (1 child) Mostly because they have no users. [] adomo 10 points 11 points 12 points 8 hours ago (14 children) He's doing an ama tomorrow https://www.reddit.com/r/reddit/comments/144ho2x/join_our_ceo_tomorrow_to_discuss_the_api/ [] Jonno_FTW 11 points 12 points 13 points 6 hours ago (9 children) My guess is that he will answer 2 or 3 lowball questions and then leave. [] Drithyin 9 points 10 points 11 points 3 hours ago (4 children) Or /u/spez will just edit the questions to what he wants to answer. [] Yarper 7 points 8 points 9 points 9 hours ago (1 child) You credit some investors with too much humanity. [] H8rade 4 points 5 points 6 points 7 hours ago (0 children) You mean the same CEO that edited a user's comment without their permission? [] MustacheEmperor 33 points 34 points 35 points 9 hours ago (17 children) It's a remarkable own-goal really to a degree that just compounds what a bad look this is for him as a leader of the business. They could have sold this to wall street like we made an API change that was unpopular with the community but ultimately only X% left and a lot of them used adblock and our revenue ultimately continued to grow by X% over the following year. And instead now that story will include the punctuation mark and then I was caught in an egregious pointless lie that seems to suggest my ego is completely incapable of handling a situation where I am not the good guy please give me millions of dollars [] Cataclysm2100 25 points 26 points 27 points 9 hours ago (9 children) He's the one who was caught editing users' comments to make them look bad isn't he? [] shhalahr 10 points 11 points 12 points 8 hours ago (0 children) Yep. [] Iohet 6 points 7 points 8 points 7 hours ago (3 children) and a lot of them used adblock Fark has done some tests with adblock earlier this year (2023-04-05) after doing some in previous years and found that it didn't really impact revenue at all: A message from Drew Curtis: Hey everyone hope your week's been well. Last Thursday we ran a block ad blockers test. We had to drop it earlier than expected due to politics-related News Cycle stuff. The idea was to try to get a comparison with the previous Thursday but that became impossible when we got hit with that traffic spike. However looking at the six hours' worth of data it doesn't look like blocking ad blockers moved the needle at all. It's really a pointless argument without hard data whether or not adblock actually impacts revenue at all. Fark is obviously smaller but is a similar link aggregator+community that's been in the industry forever so their tests are pertinent. [] gruntledgirl 8 points 9 points 10 points 8 hours ago (15 children) To be honest this is the final straw for me. I'm fucking off to Tildes which feels like Reddit 10 years ago [] Cataclysm2100 4 points 5 points 6 points 8 hours ago (6 children) 95% of my Reddit time is on RiF so when that's gone I'm gone. [] beerybeardybear 9 points 10 points 11 points 8 hours ago (14 children) He's one of the ultra-rich doomsday prepper freaks. [] Foamed1 8 points 9 points 10 points 6 hours ago * (10 children) Huffman (spez) has calculated that in the event of a disaster he would seek out some form of community: Being around other people is a good thing. I also have this somewhat egotistical view that Im a pretty good leader. I will probably be in charge or at least not a slave when push comes to shove. [] Cataclysm2100 8 points 9 points 10 points 6 hours ago (5 children) ...so he's expecting slavery? is he expecting to have slaves in this doomsday scenario? I'm just going off your quote there maybe I'm misding context? It's really weird that his mind goes straight to oh there will 100% be slaves in the post-apocalyptic world and I'm taking steps to make sure I'm not in that group. What the fuck? [] flounder19 9 points 10 points 11 points 8 hours ago (2 children) link [] whothefluffareyou 5 points 6 points 7 points 7 hours ago (1 child) Ugh I feel sick and icky after reading only part of that. When he stated he thinks he'd be a good leader in post apocalyptic world i thought yeah a leader like Negan. Note I stopped watching TWD after Negans arrival as I couldn't stomach the violence in name of survival type leadership. So I have no idea if they gave Negan a redemption arc [] BellacosePlayer 6 points 7 points 8 points 7 hours ago (1 child) What I hate is that the prices are so high basically to force these apps out. If it was merely trying to draw a profit off something that was losing them money via bandwith they could have worked out bulk useage deals/packages. Going full Twitter is insane. [] bug-hunter 66 points 67 points 68 points 9 hours ago (10 children) spez thought the right move was to concoct a fake story where the developer is a villain The same spez who used his admin powers to edit someone else's comment got caught and tried to deny it at first? You will never go broke betting on spez to completely fuck the simplest things up for no good reason. [] CalamityClambake 39 points 40 points 41 points 9 hours ago (17 children) Didn't spez get busted years ago for editing other users' posts without their knowledge? He's never been an honest person. [] BoringCartoonist420 25 points 26 points 27 points 8 hours ago * (12 children) He edited comments that were made over the course of one hour in a /the_donald thread where everyone was basically tagging his account and calling him a pedophile. He removed his handle and replaced them with various handles for the /the_donald moderators. Here's a link to browse the headlines at ones convenience . The great thing is that the whole pizzagate bullshit was happening at the same time which apparently pushed him over the edge. He could have easily used the abuse and slander to suspend the community and send the roaches scurrying back to St*rm Fr*nt but he rather would have the bump in active users and increased engagement. [] Cryptoporticus 15 points 16 points 17 points 8 hours ago (9 children) He didn't want to ban them because he was on their side. That's why he was so upset that they were attacking him. He gave that group all the support they needed and desperately wanted them to accept him but they saw right through it and made sure to shit all over him every chance they got. [] Aggravating-Lack3808 5 points 6 points 7 points 7 hours ago (1 child) Yea dude is fucking fuck i miss aaron [] TheyCallMe_OrangeJ0e 18 points 19 points 20 points 10 hours ago (27 children) I must have missed that. Have a link by chance? [] amgine 37 points 38 points 39 points 10 hours ago (26 children) /r/Apolloapp top post [] chessrook4242 47 points 48 points 49 points 10 hours ago (14 children) r/all top post too Congrats u/spez this is all your fault [] TheBadGuyFromDieHard 21 points 22 points 23 points 9 hours ago (10 children) r/all top post too Lmao you done fucked up Reddit Obligatory fuck u/spez [] redditingatwork23 11 points 12 points 13 points 9 hours ago (9 children) I'm pretty sure they are actively hiding that post as it doesn't show up at all outside the Apollo subreddit. [] xbauks 6 points 7 points 8 points 8 hours ago (0 children) I just saw it at top of r/all . But I'm using RiF so not sure if that's affecting things [] Mr_Cromer 4 points 5 points 6 points 8 hours ago (0 children) I just saw it at the top of r/all and I'm using Rif is fun myself [] straigh 107 points 108 points 109 points 10 hours ago (23 children) No kidding. My use of this app outlasted my marriage man! RiF golden platinum has been something I've used every day for a third or more of my life. It's gonna feel really weird to let it go after all this time. [] abradolph 49 points 50 points 51 points 10 hours ago (6 children) I've gone from a college student living at home to a full on adult living with her partner in their own place. Lost two cats and got two more. Saw my little sibling go from middle school to college. All while using RiF. I'm sad to see it go. It was a nice escape during the hard times. I probably won't be using reddit anymore after this just out of principle. [] IronworkRapunzel 10 points 11 points 12 points 8 hours ago (0 children) I went from a 16 year old junior in HS to a 26 year old with a bachelor's degree and a job. Lost 2 cats went to Boston twice my third coming up soon in July. Found a community for my hometown my state and my second home. And now I'm trying not to cry knowing I won't be able to share my travel photography with r/Boston . I had a hugeass post planned for all the photography Id take. It's because of the sub that my itinerary is more planned-out and there's ton more I want to do and see now. [] lurkingallday [ ] 7 points 8 points 9 points 9 hours ago (1 child) Never thought about it being a third of my life every day either. So many nooks and crannies of information unturned stones and nuggets of wisdom. After this I'll have to do something productive for a change and it'll suck. [] KrazzeeKane 59 points 60 points 61 points 9 hours ago (52 children) Why is every company all of a sudden shooting themselves in the foot with draconian policy changes? Reddit Twitch it's so oddly timed. This is a damn tragedy and I hope reddit goes the way of Digg very soon because of its hubris. I will personally stop using Reddit on mobile after RIF is gone. The official app is just garbage and this entire situation has just left such a bad taste in my mouth. This is Digg v4 all over again except far worse. Hopefully the outcome is similar. Why couldn't Reddit set sensible and reasonable API rates and guidelines? I would happily drop $5 or $10 to purchase a RIF app so they could pay Reddit's fee but no--Reddit's insane pricing is so outlandishly laughable that even if RIF tried a monthly subscription at 3x that amount they probably still wouldn't make enough to be profitable as an app. Fuck you Reddit. I have so much more to say but what's the point. Thanks for the app all you excellent peoples who worked on it! It was wonderful while it lasted. Cheers to the good times we had! Oh and obligatory fuck you /u/spez [] OpticalData 30 points 31 points 32 points 8 hours ago (20 children) Why is every company all of a sudden shooting themselves in the foot with draconian policy changes? Reddit Twitch it's so oddly timed. Best theory I have is that Twitter did it and didn't immediately collapse so now they're all trying it hoping people are too burned out on the initial furore around Twitters changes. That and there's a documented phenomenon of 'tech industry trends' where companies will follow whatever others are doing regardless of whether it makes sense for their particular user base. A notable example being Apple removing the 3.5mm Jack getting shit for it then other mobile companies doing it a few years/months later. [] starserval 9 points 10 points 11 points 8 hours ago (12 children) Its been happening longer than Twitter. It seems like weve reached the stage in capitalism where fuck the customers openly and transparently. [] sharptoothedwolf 8 points 9 points 10 points 8 hours ago (3 children) I have said for a while now we're in a post consumer capitalist spiral business don't have to care about customers at all anymore because there are so many people that they can treat like shit and will still use their product. Look at Walmart as the shining example or how bad Amazon is these days with counterfeit products. [] PermaChild 36 points 37 points 38 points 10 hours ago (9 children) Same I occasionally end up on the Reddit website by accident and it reminds me why I love RIF so much. Thank you RIF. On the bright side just think of all the time we'll get back! [] 403Verboten 13 points 14 points 15 points 10 hours ago (5 children) Productivity is about to go through the roof but sadness is also getting a significant bump. It has been a great run. [] kultureisrandy 23 points 24 points 25 points 10 hours ago (2 children) Same here been using RiF shortly after making my reddit account about 12 years ago. Forever go fuck yourself /u/spez [] Liveman215 19 points 20 points 21 points 10 hours ago (6 children) /u/spez is a dick for sure [] PhilosophizingPanda 13 points 14 points 15 points 9 hours ago (5 children) /u/spez is capitalist scum spread the word [] drfronkonstein 21 points 22 points 23 points 10 hours ago * (1 child) Fuck /u/spez I'm done with reddit [] newaccount47 14 points 15 points 16 points 10 hours ago (2 children) Yeah rif is one of the best apps I've ever used. Goodbye reddit. [] maskedbeauty 8 points 9 points 10 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Same to everything you said I'm very sad and will likely leave or just browse a few select subs on old.reddit.com while it lasts. Thank you to the RIF team for many years of harwork and dedication! [] Bossman1086 6 points 7 points 8 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Yeah. Crazy. Best reddit app hands down. Been using it for over a decade as well on many different Android phones over the years. [] JasonCox 667 points 668 points 669 points 10 hours ago (78 children) Apollo Users RIF Users [] buefordwilson 195 points 196 points 197 points 10 hours ago * (24 children) https://imgflip.com/i/7ope63 Edit: Forgot: Fuck /u/Spez Thank you /u/BeardedGardenersHoe for the suggestion. [] psinsyd 36 points 37 points 38 points 10 hours ago (9 children) They could've at least spelled Apollo right. [] buefordwilson 25 points 26 points 27 points 10 hours ago (6 children) To quote Thanos Fine. I'll do it myself. Fixed it for ya. [] psinsyd 12 points 13 points 14 points 10 hours ago (3 children) Now THAT'S what I call customer service! [] falcon4287 5 points 6 points 7 points 9 hours ago (1 child) Dang even memes have better customer service than Reddit now. [] BeardedGardenersHoe 18 points 19 points 20 points 9 hours ago (2 children) Could add in Fuck /u/Spez too [] annoyinghamster51 7 points 8 points 9 points 8 hours ago (6 children) Fuck /u/Spez What's the bet that u/Spez will change this? [] buefordwilson 4 points 5 points 6 points 8 hours ago (4 children) I ran the data and logistical analysis indicates that there is a .069420% probability of this occurring. The results were determined by AI after finding 740522 instances of the same message throughout the site at the time of this reply. [] Not_So_Bad_Andy 6 points 7 points 8 points 7 hours ago (1 child) I used RIF for years before getting an iPhone and downloading Apollo. I didn't think it was possible but this both sucks and blows. Obligatory screw /u/Spez . [] Maxion 549 points 550 points 551 points 10 hours ago (73 children) Reddit is no longer fun :( [] Interactive_CD-ROM 219 points 220 points 221 points 9 hours ago (45 children) The Apollo dev just posted an update about how the /u/spez was accusing him of blackmail. Theyre straight up slandering his name. The dev recorded phone calls with them and shared them. https://reddit.com/r/apolloapp/comments/144f6xm/apollo_will_close_down_on_june_30th_reddits/ Reddit is no longer fun its also fucked [] WHYAREWEALLCAPS 77 points 78 points 79 points 9 hours ago (36 children) Reddit has been fucked for a while we just ignored it. The first big clue was years ago when they fired Victoria. [] ObscureGecko 65 points 66 points 67 points 7 hours ago (29 children) Back in my day the reddit community made a giant secret Santa game then reddit took it over to run it a little tighter. Reddit Gifts was enjoyed by thousands and then sunsetted by reddit in 2021 to.... wait for it..... focus on user experience and mod tools [] imapluralist 22 points 23 points 24 points 6 hours ago (18 children) Yeah sooo.... where we headed? I was there for that as a digg refuge - sad to see communities corrupted by the takeover. It was bound to happen eventually. But I'm willing to make the jump to another platform that brings old reddit style back. They're just a website it isn't like this is a patented idea. At the same time their app blows runs videos like a dumpster fire and looks like it was made for 5 year olds. Let's fucking go. We just need a place to go to. This website has been dead for too long. I personally still go hackernews not as popular but still kinda what reddit was at the beginning. But I'm open to suggestions. [] TheArmchairSkeptic 13 points 14 points 15 points 6 hours ago (12 children) Tildes is the closest in form and function to old.reddit that I've found so far but like most other proposed Reddit replacements the userbase is still quite small. I reckon I'll start using it more regularly once this change goes through and see how that goes. [] Liveman215 51 points 52 points 53 points 10 hours ago (9 children) They should rename the app store app to this instead of deleting it [] DickieJohnson 31 points 32 points 33 points 10 hours ago (4 children) RIU Reddit Is Unfun [] AmateurJesus 25 points 26 points 27 points 9 hours ago (2 children) No-no keep the initialism: Reddit is FUBAR. [] mossymug 9 points 10 points 11 points 8 hours ago (6 children) It's really sad to see. It feels like the entire internet is not what it used to be. So much more censorship and everything is monetized these days. They sucked the soul out of it. Nothing is fun anymore. [] ninetyzero 225 points 226 points 227 points 10 hours ago (121 children) I'll miss you all. What a great community and to last this long. Congratulations everyone for bringing life to reddit itself. Time for me to move on. Deaddit is done for. Where are we all going? [] mp4l 30 points 31 points 32 points 9 hours ago (11 children) I've also heard Lemmy being thrown around as an alternative. https://join-lemmy.org/ [] Darkencypher 11 points 12 points 13 points 9 hours ago (3 children) Been using it and its great so far!!! [] Joe_Rapante 28 points 29 points 30 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Perfect time to find the next big thing and hopefully don't break it for a few years. Take the best from old reddit. When you could scroll to page 10 reload and find new stuff.A big part of the community was awesome. [] MimicSquid 50 points 51 points 52 points 10 hours ago * (91 children) People who want to talk in depth about stuff without resorting to low-effort quips memes or hatred are gathering on Tildes.net . Invites are currently slowed to allow the last few thousand people to settle but /r/tildes will have a new invite request thread opening fairly soon. EDIT: Sorry folks I'm out of invites but keep an eye on r/tildes for when the next invite thread is posted. [] Bossman1086 27 points 28 points 29 points 10 hours ago (16 children) Tildes is great. But definitely need to stress that it's not (nor is it aiming to be) a reddit replacement. Very different culture. But in a good way. [] buzziebee 22 points 23 points 24 points 9 hours ago (8 children) It reminds me of the good bits of what Reddit used to be. Been really enjoying spending time there the last few days. I have donated to help grow the community and support the development of an app by talklittle. End of an era. Been using reddit for 13 or 14 years. I think it's time. [] Bossman1086 14 points 15 points 16 points 9 hours ago (1 child) It reminds me of the good bits of what Reddit used to be. Yeah definitely. My account is over 15 years old. I remember the earlier days of reddit fondly. Tildes is a nice throwback to that era of good discussions everywhere. [] Twelve20two 14 points 15 points 16 points 8 hours ago (12 children) I was scrolling thru their pinned invitation thread and came across a comment about how the majority of people looking to migrate tend to have accounts that are around ten years old. The user called them reddit town elders. I didn't know I became an elder [] MimicSquid 5 points 6 points 7 points 8 hours ago (7 children) Time comes for us all... [] Barbariandude 4 points 5 points 6 points 9 hours ago * (1 child) A lot of Redditors are moving to kbin and lemmy . They're both federated apps that are part of the fediverse so no matter what server you're on you can talk with everybody else! Just please don't join lemmy.ml. So many people see developer-run = official = join that. It's overloaded and crashing due to the load. I'd recommend any of the recommended ones here . [] Spritesgud 176 points 177 points 178 points 10 hours ago (16 children) This pretty much solidifies that I won't be using reddit on mobile at all anymore. This app is the only way I was able to tolerate mobile viewing. Ty for the years of service [] DingDomme 31 points 32 points 33 points 9 hours ago (2 children) Same. I don't think I would have been as addicted to Reddit if it weren't for RIF lol. I definitely wouldn't moderate without it. Time to touch grass. [] vordster 6 points 7 points 8 points 10 hours ago (0 children) It does and Reddit can suck a dick [] --_l 339 points 340 points 341 points 10 hours ago * (92 children) RIF golden platinum has been my go to time wasting app for nearly a decade. It was the best $1.99 (or whatever it was) I ever spent. I know it's too late but is there somewhere I can tip the RIF team as a thank you? I would like to buy them a round. /u/talklittle do you have a link so we may buy you a coffee? Edit - copying this comment from /u/CoveCabin for visibility: He's doing a fundraiser for another little web space effort called Tildes.net that you could contribute to if you like. No ads no investors no IPO forever. https://tildes.net/~tildes/15or/tildes_fundraiser_june_2023_encourage_an_app_developer_me_to_work_on_a_tildes_app_faster_by [] CoveCabin 74 points 75 points 76 points 9 hours ago (61 children) He's doing a fundraiser for another little web space effort called Tildes.net that you could contribute to if you like. No ads no investors no IPO forever. https://tildes.net/~tildes/15or/tildes_fundraiser_june_2023_encourage_an_app_developer_me_to_work_on_a_tildes_app_faster_by [] CSI_Tech_Dept 31 points 32 points 33 points 8 hours ago (29 children) https://tildes.net/~tildes Looks like reddit clone to me perhaps my new home next to HackerNews. [] MarlDaeSu 23 points 24 points 25 points 7 hours ago * (8 children) I was just mulling that over. RiF has demonstrated good service over a long time and it seems fitting to walk away from reddit and go to the platform soon getting an app by the guy who made RiF. [] HotTakes4HotCakes [ ] 10 points 11 points 12 points 6 hours ago * (6 children) As someone who has been on there for a few years now trust me temper your expectations. Tildes has a serious over-moderation problem. They frame it as a community that is much more stringent than reddit about who they let in and the content they allow to be posted which sounds good at first but when you see it in practice you start to realize that they are effectively strangling it of content and being far too strict on punishing the most mundane things. It is a social media platform that is more concerned with forming a community that fits it's image than one that is willing to let a community form itself. You can have comments removed simply because they deem them low quality which again sounds good at first . The reality is a starving social media platform. [] SupraMario 7 points 8 points 9 points 7 hours ago (10 children) It's way better than mastodon and Lemmy. It's back to basics and easy to read and use format. I hope it gets big I've already moved over there. Just needs an app like RIF to get going. [] joemerald 15 points 16 points 17 points 9 hours ago * (0 children) I'm guessing this is what /u/talklittle would want. He has another post about it from earlier this year (on Tildes). However if RIF was his main source of income it'd be great to also be able to donate to him. [] vxx 10 points 11 points 12 points 8 hours ago (0 children) Talklittle is doing a tildes app? There's hope! I'm already funding them since they started. Might increase the amount [] Jacer4 20 points 21 points 22 points 10 hours ago (6 children) I just bought golden platinum right now as it was the only way of getting them some money I could think of Least I could do for the thousands of hours this app has entertained me [] kunibob 10 points 11 points 12 points 8 hours ago (0 children) Same. I'm a bit embarrassed to say I didn't know a paid version existed but hopefully I gave them plenty of ad impressions in the meantime. [] DownwindLegday 12 points 13 points 14 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Agreed 12 years enjoying this app is worth it. [] MrDoontoo 13 points 14 points 15 points 10 hours ago (0 children) I would as well [] ET2-SW 156 points 157 points 158 points 10 hours ago (28 children) Like Facebook I plan to become a reddit vampire. I will no longer post I will no longer upvote I will no longer comment. I will never use their app. I will delete all of my high karma content. I will only look at their site through a browser and only through ad blockers. Any interaction I have with reddit after June 30th will be a net cost for their organization. It was a good ride thanks for the memories looking forward to the goodbye party in late June. [] forceofslugyuk 65 points 66 points 67 points 9 hours ago * (14 children) I will only look at their site through a browser If they shut down Old.Reddit then I'm gone. I mean I'm already pretty fucking mad about this as a LONG time RIF user. Reddit doesnt get it. Digg v4 was a forced redesign that EVERYONE FUCKING HATED. Guess what now forcing RIF/Apollo out is? To the user a forced user experience change with reddit might as well be a redesign. Oh man is Reddit gonna go out like Digg v4? At IPO time? [] ET2-SW 14 points 15 points 16 points 9 hours ago (7 children) I actually like Digg as a site now but it's more of a magazine style site not an aggregator like old Digg was and Reddit is until July. That and sometimes Digg just takes the weekends off especially holidays. Like you'll see the same articles in the same order for 4 days. [] forceofslugyuk 6 points 7 points 8 points 9 hours ago (4 children) an aggregator FARK is still there... I do like the new Digg as well but it certainly is a husk of its former glory. [] bbplay_13 106 points 107 points 108 points 10 hours ago (12 children) This sucks hard. I've used RiF for around 10+ years. I probably won't delete the app but I'm willing to bet I'll still try to open it and become sad again. Thanks for the great years /u/talklittle Fuck Reddit and Fuck /u/spez [] Snuggle_Fist 30 points 31 points 32 points 9 hours ago (4 children) I know I'm going to be hitting the area where the app goes on my phone out of muscle memory [] bozo_ssb 87 points 88 points 89 points 10 hours ago (7 children) I never thought that this one app that I downloaded in high school to read rage comics would stick with me for my entire adult life thus far. RIF is a masterclass in simple yet elegant design and it's heartbreaking to see it go out like this. Thanks for all you've done /u/talklittle . I wish you all the luck in your future endeavors and if we ever happen to cross paths I'll be certain to buy you a beer. [] 1000_Mexicans 8 points 9 points 10 points 9 hours ago (1 child) Hah same story here. Came for the rage comics as a high schooler and I've been here ever since. Gonna miss it. :') [] KlondikeBars 74 points 75 points 76 points 10 hours ago (6 children) As a user for over a decade thank you for everything [] redeux 27 points 28 points 29 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Same. RIF is nearly the only way i have interacted with reddit for the past 10 years. I don't know if I'll continue using reddit after this. Thanks for making reddit useable (and fun) [] Halcyon07 166 points 167 points 168 points 10 hours ago (32 children) This has been the only way I've browsed reddit for a decade. Sad to see it go. Guess I'll go back to old.reddit on computer until it eventually gets the axe too [] stopspammingme 37 points 38 points 39 points 10 hours ago (2 children) I think I have 8 or 9 years with RIF. Crazy it all ends so suddenly and that the killing of old reddit might come as abruptly [] Xrayruester 9 points 10 points 11 points 9 hours ago (1 child) I started using RIF 11 years ago this month. Couldn't bring myself to use the official app and I just don't see myself using the browser version. So this is probably my last month on Reddit. Maybe I'll find myself a fulfilling hobby instead. [] Skidda24 54 points 55 points 56 points 10 hours ago (14 children) RIF was reddit to me. I'll probably still use reddit but it will only be as a tool when I need a question answered. I can't believe how much I'd use this app when my friend showed it to me in highschool 11 years ago [] LFKhael 20 points 21 points 22 points 10 hours ago (6 children) I'm gonna fucking do it! I'm gonna go outside! [] lilfunky1 11 points 12 points 13 points 10 hours ago (2 children) Wildfires and the resulting smoke and smog making going outside dangerous where I am [] GhostlyRuse 21 points 22 points 23 points 10 hours ago (4 children) Yeah if Reddit is adamant to kill 3rd apps (which seems clear despite all the protest from users) there's no way they let old.reddit live much longer. [] Halcyon07 11 points 12 points 13 points 10 hours ago (2 children) For sure. Time to go dust off the old Reddit Enhancement Suite and enjoy it while I can [] WHYAREWEALLCAPS 7 points 8 points 9 points 9 hours ago (1 child) If you really want to hit fuckers like /u/spez where it hurts stop using Reddit entirely. If you replace RIF browsing with web browsing you achieve nothing. [] pleaseputmedown 109 points 110 points 111 points 10 hours ago (15 children) Fuck u/spez . It's especially ironic how Reddit communities have manipulated GME and other stocks to the point they destroyed an entire hedge fund but the admins want to stomp on us all in the hopes of doing an IPO. Let's see how that goes for them. [] Raisin_Bomber 25 points 26 points 27 points 10 hours ago (12 children) Is there a revenge WSB plot in Discord to sabotage the IPO yet? [] pleaseputmedown 17 points 18 points 19 points 9 hours ago (4 children) If there is they're not publicly discussing it. [] BeingRightAmbassador 13 points 14 points 15 points 8 hours ago (2 children) It doesn't take a revenge plot for this IPO to fail it's just going to fail when the vast majority of content creators and moderators just leave. But you can be sure that everyone who can short the IPO will because there's no way this shit site is profitable anytime soon with the current brain dead leadership. [] N0vawolf 43 points 44 points 45 points 10 hours ago (30 children) Anyone know of any good Firefox plugins for mobile that would come close to mimicking RiF? [] DownwindLegday 16 points 17 points 18 points 10 hours ago (14 children) RES is pretty good [] BrewCityChaser 51 points 52 points 53 points 10 hours ago (5 children) Even the RES developers have expressed concern with how they will be proceeding with the API changes. https://www.reddit.com/r/Enhancement/comments/141hzqj/announcement_res_reddits_upcoming_api_changes/ [] dracul104 5 points 6 points 7 points 7 hours ago (1 child) Oh damn I didn't even realize RES used the API I assumed they just did css modifications and were safe. [] Bushmancometh 6 points 7 points 8 points 6 hours ago (0 children) They mention that most of the features don't rely on the API thankfully [] pimfram 40 points 41 points 42 points 10 hours ago (8 children) Well done Reddit you've managed to drive away a significant portion of your most active users. I'll definitely be nowhere near as active without this amazing app. Remember Digg? Guess not. [] DangerShart 35 points 36 points 37 points 10 hours ago (1 child) RIP RIF. The only way I have and will browse Reddit. I suppose I'll have to go outside and touch some grass now. [] Nightshade183 24 points 25 points 26 points 10 hours ago (1 child) Was fun while it lasted [] Capsaicin_Crusader 8 points 9 points 10 points 7 hours ago (0 children) RWF :( [] geeky_username 27 points 28 points 29 points 10 hours ago (12 children) I looked at my Google Play purchase. I've used Golden Platinum since 2012. How can I send you some more thank-you cash for 10+ years? Thanks for everything. At least now I won't be on Reddit on my phone anymore. [] Noob32 20 points 21 points 22 points 9 hours ago (7 children) Man I just checked and I have been using the base version all this time. Bought the golden platinum instantly. [] CinnamonBalls 26 points 27 points 28 points 10 hours ago (2 children) RIF has been THE way to browse Reddit on mobile for years for me. I was certain one day Reddit will buy you and make this their official app. Guess I was wrong. Btw if RIF dies my account dies. But that was a matter of time anyway for an unverified account with a forgotten password. I always thought my account will be gone when I'll be forced to clear my data or smth. Guess I was wrong about that too. [] tpx187 4 points 5 points 6 points 8 hours ago (0 children) I honestly thought it was the official one when I first got it. Then I tried the real one. So dumb [] Bionic0n3 23 points 24 points 25 points 10 hours ago (0 children) o7 Thanks for everything. [] I_Got_This_2018 20 points 21 points 22 points 10 hours ago (8 children) And it will be the last day I use reddit [] dniwehtotnoituac 22 points 23 points 24 points 10 hours ago * (8 children) It's certainly wild witnessing the end of reddit. Thank you for everything. The same goes for all other 3rd party reddit app developers. I'd put off doing so for many years but I've finally bought the premium app. Least I can do at this point before backing up all the resources I've saved over the years and deleting the account. [] redgroupclan 8 points 9 points 10 points 9 hours ago (7 children) Sadly it's not the end. The number of users who use third party apps and have the constitution to quit Reddit after the apps are gone is financially negligible. For every comment you see complaining about this situation there are 10 lurkers on the official app thinking I don't know what all the hubbub is about. [] dniwehtotnoituac 7 points 8 points 9 points 9 hours ago (0 children) You're almost certainly right. Doesn't stop us from doing our part just as the devs did theirs. [] barbarian772 7 points 8 points 9 points 8 hours ago (0 children) I am pretty sure that the users who use old.reddit and 3rd party apps produce most of the real content on reddit. Lurkers don't comment or post and as such don't create content which reddit can sell to AI companies. [] MrRandomSuperhero 22 points 23 points 24 points 10 hours ago * (8 children) Dreadful. Reddit is going to lose me after 12 years then. Thanks for giving us these years! I know this is a big ask but is there a way to download the RIF saved-history? I would dread losing so so many good memories. [] stopspammingme 16 points 17 points 18 points 10 hours ago (2 children) Thank you so much as someone who turned off ads and never paid a subscription fee. (Of course I did have to turn them back on for mod actions. But having the option is so rare and refreshing in today's economy) I will not be installing the official app and I will have to use reddit on desktop only. I'm also a moderator and some of what I mod ( r/UrbanHell and r/Showerthoughts ) will be participating in the blackout. [] DirkDasterLurkMaster 13 points 14 points 15 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Thank you so much for everything you've done over the years. Reddit ain't fun without Reddit is Fun. I really worry that the era of users having personal control over their online experience is dying fast and we may not be able to get it back. [] mcbaindk 14 points 15 points 16 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Thank you truly for making my Reddit experience one that's been easy to navigate enjoyable and ultimately a cohesive experience. I didn't understand for a few years on an old account that this wasn't the official Reddit app and was blown away at the quality difference here and the official app. This will be the end of my account with Reddit and I wouldn't have stayed if it wasn't for your incredible app. If there are other ways to support you before time is up (I have the upgraded app) please let me know. [] seth1299 13 points 14 points 15 points 10 hours ago (1 child) I've never had an Android device so I never used this app (I got Apollo for iOS instead) but I've heard so many good things about RiF. I'm so sorry for your loss man. I wish you the best of luck in your future endeavors. [] geckill 14 points 15 points 16 points 10 hours ago (2 children) Reading this post on the RIF app hits different like this is really how it ends :/ Thank you for giving us an app that kept things clean and simple. [] eastcoastfarmergirl 13 points 14 points 15 points 10 hours ago (1 child) So long and thanks for all the fish. I'm out. [] Miggs_Sea 12 points 13 points 14 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Well fuck. Please let us know if there's anything financially speaking we can do as a final thank you. I bought Premium so long ago and it was so cheap I think a lot of people would be interested in a little farewell donation. [] Femilip 14 points 15 points 16 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Thank you for everything u/talklittle . [] Taynn2023 14 points 15 points 16 points 10 hours ago (1 child) I've been a part of reddit for 11+years (Deleted old account) with 90 percent of my time using RIF. Gotta say that i really liked this app; UI was good and the video player actually worked. I don't plan on migrating to reddit's official app after this one shuts down so this will be a goodbye to reddit itself at the end of the month. Been thinking of quitting for years anyways due to the site negatively affecting my mental health/site addiction so its kinda funny how reddit itself pretty much indirectly made the final decision for me. All in all thank you guys for making reddit fun like your app says! [] yatmund 12 points 13 points 14 points 10 hours ago (0 children) RIF is Reddit for me. Without RIF I will barely if at all go on Reddit. These are sad times. [] lilbro93 24 points 25 points 26 points 10 hours ago (27 children) Are you open to allowing indivduals to attempt to funnel api calls in from the official app to rif after June 30th? [] HElGHTS 17 points 18 points 19 points 10 hours ago (24 children) What does this even mean? Like using the official app as a proxy that accepts REST calls and translates them to GraphQL calls? There's zero chance the official app contains the httpd and mapping that would achieve this. [] urzop 20 points 21 points 22 points 10 hours ago (20 children) I think he means reddit will still allow everyone to have personal api tokens for their projects which are limited to 100 requests/minute if authenticated. So as far as I know users could still create a personal token and use it in place of the developers token. [] HElGHTS 13 points 14 points 15 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Oh that would be neat. So RiF would just add a text input to the user settings where everyone pastes their own token? That sounds wonderful so long as RiF isn't typically chattier than 100 req/min... Someone who knows about pagination (in the sense of overcoming response size limits) on the REST API would need to chime in. [] Bossman1086 14 points 15 points 16 points 9 hours ago (15 children) I read on /r/ModCoord that Reddit has said they will block this type of usage of tokens. [] SirMaster 9 points 10 points 11 points 9 hours ago (13 children) That doesn't even make sense. How would they even know. Or why would it matter where your free allocated requests are coming from? [] knaak 4 points 5 points 6 points 9 hours ago (1 child) That's a great idea. Open source the app we can put our own API tokens and side load it. [] Tgumpsta 9 points 10 points 11 points 10 hours ago (1 child) It's been good. So long and thanks for all the fish now I have to find something new to do while I poop. [] zdah 9 points 10 points 11 points 10 hours ago (0 children) This is heartbreaking. Thanks for all the work you put into it over the years and sorry that it had to end in such a shitty way. [] ineedtosleep 9 points 10 points 11 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Final cheers to one of the few apps to live up to its name. [] el_chuck 8 points 9 points 10 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Thanks for creating a great app. [] GizmoC 7 points 8 points 9 points 10 hours ago (0 children) I am actually sad and I don't get sad often. Goodbye rif. [] gchance92 7 points 8 points 9 points 7 hours ago (1 child) RIP. When this goes I'm leaving reddit for good. Fuck you u/spez you cunt. [] Ok_Put631 5 points 6 points 7 points 10 hours ago (2 children) F :( [] 316nuts 6 points 7 points 8 points 10 hours ago (0 children) You've been my preferred app since day one. Thanks for all of your effort over the years. [] Helacaster 6 points 7 points 8 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Reddit WAS fun...... [] bwaredapenguin 4 points 5 points 6 points 10 hours ago (0 children) This is awful. Thanks so much for all the work you've done. This has been the primary way I've been redditing for years. [] dr_rainbow 5 points 6 points 7 points 10 hours ago (0 children) 13 years this will be my last comment if these changes go ahead. I'm going to miss this place. [] LeonenTheDK 4 points 5 points 6 points 10 hours ago (0 children) A sad day. Thank-you so much for creating and maintaining this excellent app over the years. It's a damn shame it had to end like this. FWIW I'm not even opposed to paying for my own usage. But the cost Reddit wants per API request is ridiculous as per the Apollo post. I'll be getting a lot of my time back that's for sure. Time to download some e-books. [] serjonsnow 6 points 7 points 8 points 10 hours ago (0 children) So depressing. Thank you for an amazing app for so many years. [] theludeguy 5 points 6 points 7 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Well I guess this goodbye to reddit. It's a shame that this is what pushes me away from the platform. [] mad291 4 points 5 points 6 points 10 hours ago (1 child) This is not good. I have used RIF for as long as I have used Reddit. RIF is Reddit to me. The Reddit app is dogshit. I guess this is the end of Reddit for me. [] bernalbec 4 points 5 points 6 points 10 hours ago (0 children) Thanks u/talklittle Fuck you u/spez Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy . 2023 reddit inc. All rights reserved. REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc. Advertise - technology Rendered by PID 74 on reddit-service-r2-whoalane-546fc4b46d-bpj4s at 2023-06-09 05:00:37.148139+00:00 running 7a5c034 country code: US. Blog Contents You stood on the shoulders of geniuses to accomplish something as fast as you couldand before you even knew what you had you patented it and packagedit and slapped it on a plastic lunchbox and now youre selling it.You want to sell it. That line comes to us courtesy of Dr. Ian Malcom(the leather-clad mathematician in Jurassic Park )but it could easily describe the recent explosion of AI*-powered toolsinstead of the resurrection of the velociraptor. Actually the current AI situation may be even more perilous than Jurassic Park.In that film the misguided science that brought dinosaurs back to life was atleast confined to a single island and controlled by a single corporation.In our current reality the dinosaurs are loose and anyone who wants to canplay with one**. In the sixth months (as of this writing) since ChatGPTs public releaseAI-powered browser extensions have proliferated wildly. There are hundredsof themsearch for AI in the Chrome web store and youll get tired of scrolling long before you reach the end of the list. These browser extensions run the gamut in terms of what they promise to do:some will summarize web pages and email for you some will help you write anessay or a product description and still others promise to turn plaintextinto functional code. The security risks posed by these AI browser extensions also run the gamut:some are straightforward malware just waiting to siphon your datasome are fly-by-night operations with copy + pasted privacy policiesand others are the AI experiments of respected and recognizable brands. Wed argue that no AI-powered browser extension is free from security riskbut right now most companies dont even have policies in place to assessthe types and levels of risk posed by different extensions.And in the absence of clear guidance people all over the world areinstalling these little helpers and feeding them sensitive data. The risks of AI browser extensions are alarming in any contextbut here were going to focus on how workers employ AI and how companies governthat use. Well go over three general categories of security risksand best practices for assessing the value and restricting the use ofvarious extensions. *Yes large language models (LLMs) are not actually AI in that they are not actually intelligent but were going to use the common nomenclature here. **Were not really comparing LLMs with dinosaurs because the doomsday language around AI is largely a distraction from its real-world risks to data security and the job market but you get the idea. The most straightforward security risk of AI browser extensions is that someof them are simply malware. On March 8 Guardio reported that a Chrome extension called Quick access to Chat GPT was hijacking usersFacebook accounts and stealing a list of ALL (emphasis theirs) cookies storedon your browserincluding security and session tokens Worse though theextension had only been in the Chrome store for a week it was downloadedby over 2000 users per day. In response to this reporting Google removed this particular extension but more keep cropping up since it seems that major tech platforms lack the will or ability tomeaningfully police this space. As Guardio pointed out this extensionshould have triggered alarms for both Google and Facebook but they did nothing. This laissez faire attitude towards criminals would likely shock big techsusers who assume that a product available on Chromes store and advertisedon Facebook had passed some sort of quality control. To quote the Guardioarticle this is part of a troublesome hit on the trust we used to giveblindly to the companies and big names that are responsible for the majorityof our online presence and activity. Whats particularly troubling is that malicious AI-based extensions(including the one we just mentioned) can behave like legitimate productssince its not difficult to hook them up to ChatGPTs API. In other formsof malwareIike the open source scams poisoning Google search results someone willquickly realize theyve been tricked once the tool theyvedownloaded doesnt work. But in this case there are no warning signs for usersso the malware can live in their browser (and potentially elsewhere) as acomfortable parasite. Even the most die-hard AI evangelist would agree that malicious browserextensions are bad and we should do everything in our power to keep peoplefrom downloading them. Where things get tricky (and inevitably controversial*) is when we talk aboutthe security risks inherent in legitimate AI browser extensions. Here are a few of the potential security issues: Sensitive data you share with a generative AI tool could be incorporated into its training data and viewed by other users. For a simplified version of how this could play out imagine youre an executive looking to add a little pizazz to your strategy report so you use an AI-powered browser extension to punch up your writing. The next day an executive at your biggest competitor asks the AI what it thinks your companys strategy will be and it provides a surprisingly detailed and illuminating answer! Fears of this type of leak have driven some companiesincluding Verizon Amazon and Appleto ban or severely restrict the use of generative AI. As The Verges article on Apples ban explains: Given the utility of ChatGPT for tasks like improving code and brainstorming ideas Apple may be rightly worried its employees will enter information on confidential projects into the system. The extensions or AI companies themselves could have a data breach. In fairness this is a security risk that comes with any vendor you work with but it bears mentioning because its already happened to one of the industrys major players. In March OpenAI announced that theyd recently had a bug which allowed some users to see titles from another active users chat history and for some users to see another active users first and last name email address payment address as well as some other payment information. How vulnerable browsers extensions are to breaches depends on how much user data they retain and that is a subject on which many respectable extensions are frustratingly vague. The whole copyright + plagiarism + legal mess. We wrote a whole article about this when GitHub Copilot debuted but it bears repeating that LLMs frequently generate pictures text and code that bear a clear resemblance to a distinct human source. As of now its an open legal question as to whether this constitutes copyright infringement but its a huge roll of the dice. And thats not even getting into the quality of the output itselfLLM-generated code is notoriously buggy and often replicates well-known security flaws. These problems are so severe that on June 5 Stack Overflows volunteer moderators went on strike to protest the platforms decision to allow AI-generated content. In an open letter moderators wrote thatAI would lead to the proliferation of incorrect information(hallucinations) and unfettered plagiarism. AI developers are making good faith efforts to mitigate all these risks butunfortunately in a field this new its challenging to separate the goodactors from the bad. Even a widely-used extension like fireflies (which transcribes meetings and videos)has terms of service that amount tobuyer beware. Among other things they hold users responsible for ensuringthat their content doesnt violate any rules and promises only to takereasonable means to preserve the privacy and security of such data.Does that language point to a concerning lack of accountability or is itjust boilerplate legalese? Unfortunately you have to decide that for yourself. *The great thing about writing about AI is that everyone is very calm and not at all weird when you bring up your concerns. Finally lets talk about an emerging threat that might be the scariest of them all:websites stealing data via linked AI tools. The first evidence of this emerged on Twitter on May 19th. This looks like it might be the first proof of concept of multiple plugins - in this case WebPilot and Zapier - being combined together to exfiltrate private data via a prompt injection attack I wrote about this class of attack here: https://t.co/R7L0w4Vh4l https://t.co/2XWHA5JiQx If that explanation makes you scratch your head heres how Willisonexplains it in pizza terms. If I ask ChatGPT to summarize a web page and it turns out that web page has hidden text that tells it to steal my latest emails via the Zapier plugin then Im in trouble These prompt injection attacks are considered unsolvable given the inherentnature of LLMs. In a nutshell: the LLM needs to be able to make automatednext-step decisions based on what it discovers from inputs. But if thoseinputs are evil then the LLM can be tricked into doing anything even thingsit was explicitly told it should never do. Its too soon to gauge the full repercussions of this threat for data governanceand security but at present it appears that the threat would existregardless of how responsible or secure an individual LLM extensionor plugin is. The risks here are severe enough that the only truly safe optionis: do not ever link web-connected AI to critical services or data sources. The AI can be induced into exfiltrating anything you give it access to andthere are no known solutions to this problem. Until there are you and youremployees need to steer clear. Defining what data and applications are critical and communicating thesepolicies with employees should be your first AI project. The AI revolution happened overnight and were all still adjusting to thisbrave new world. Every day we learn more about this technologysapplications: the good the bad and the cringe .Companies in every industry are under a lot ofpressure to share how theyll incorporate AI into their business and itsokay if you dont have the answers today. However if youre in charge of dictating your companys AI policiesyou cant afford to wait any longer to set clear guidelines about how employeescan use these tools. (If you need a starting point heres a resource with a sample policy at the end.) There are multiple routes you can take to govern employee AI usage.You could go the Apple route and forbid it altogether but an all-out ban is tooextreme for many companies who want to encourage their employees toexperiment with AI. Still its going to be tricky to embrace innovationwhile practicing good security. Thats particularly true of browser extensionswhich are inherently outward-facing and usually on by default. So if youregoing to allow their use here are a few best practices: Education: Like baby dinosaurs freshly hatched from their eggs AIextensions look cute but need to be treated with a great deal of care.As always that starts with education. Most employees are not aware of thesecurity risks posed by these tools so they dont know to exercise cautionabout which ones to download and what kinds of data to share. Educate yourworkforce about these risks and teach them how to assess malicious versuslegitimate products. Allowlisting: Even with education its not reasonable to expect everyemployee to do a deep dive into an extensions privacy policy before hittingdownload. With that in mind the safest option here is to whitelist extensionson a case-by-case basis. As we wrote in our blog about Grammarly you should try to find safer alternatives to dangerous toolssince an outright ban can hurt employees and drive them to Shadow IT.In this case look for products that explicitly pledge not to feed your datainto their models (such as this Grammarly alternative ). Visibility and Zero Trust Access: You cant do anything to protect yourcompanys from the security risks of AI-based extensions if you dont know whichones employees are using. In order to learn that the IT team needs to be ableto query the entire companys fleet to detect extensions. From therethe next step is to automatically block devices with dangerous extensionsfrom accessing company resources. Thats what we did at Kolide when we wrote a Check for GitHub Copilot that detects its presence on a device and stops that device fromauthenticating until Copilot is removed. We also let admins write custom checksto block individual extensions as needed. But again simple blocking shouldntbe the final step in your policy. Rather it should open up conversations aboutwhy employees feel they need these tools and how the company can provide themwith safer alternatives. Those conversations can be awkward especially if youre detecting and blockingextensions your users already have installed. Our CEO Jason Meller has written for Dark Reading about the cultural difficulties in stamping out malicious extensions: For many teamsthe benefits of helping end users are not worth the risk of toppling over the alreadywobbly apple cart. But the reluctance to talk to end users creates abreeding ground for malware: Because too few security teams have solidrelationships built on trust with end users malware authors can exploitthis reticence become entrenched and do some real damage. Ill close by saying that this is a monumental and rapidly evolving subjectand this blog barely grazes the tip of the AI iceberg. So if youd like to keep up with our work on AI and security subscribe to our newsletter! Its really good and it only comes out twice a month! Share this story: More articles you might enjoy:

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AI fooled voice recognition to verify identity used by Australian tax office (theguardian.com) Exclusive: Voiceprint program used by millions of Australians to access data held by government agencies shown to have a serious security flaw A voice identification system used by the Australian government for millions of people has a serious security flaw a Guardian Australia investigation has found. Centrelink and the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) both give people the option of using a voiceprint along with other information to verify their identity over the phone allowing them to then access sensitive information from their accounts. But following reports that an AI-generated voice trained to sound like a specific person could be used to access phone-banking services overseas Guardian Australia has confirmed that the voiceprint system can also be fooled by an AI-generated voice. Using just four minutes of audio a Guardian Australia journalist was able to generate a clone of their own voice and was then able to use this combined with their customer reference number to gain access to their own Centrelink self-service account. The voiceprint service described as the digital representation of the sound rhythm physical characteristics and patterns of your voice was used by 3.8 million Centrelink clients as of the end of February and more than 7.1 million people had verified their voice with the ATO. Services Australia the department that oversees Centrelink says on its website the service is secure accurate and reliable. Its very difficult for someone to access your personal information. The system can tell when someone is pretending to be you or using a recording of your voice. We wont give them access to your details. Sign up for Guardian Australias free morning and afternoon email newsletters for your daily news roundup Anyone trying to use voiceprint also needs to know the account-holders customer reference number which is not normally publicly available but the number is not treated as securely as a password and is included in correspondence from Centrelink and other service providers such as childcare centres. The self-service phone system allows people to access sensitive material such as information on their payment of benefits and to request documents to be sent by mail including replacement concession or healthcare cards. When Guardian Australia contacted Services Australia with details of the security vulnerability it declined to say if the voiceprint technology would be changed or removed from Centrelink. A spokesperson Hank Jongen said Services Australia has the capacity to continually assess risks and update processes accordingly and that voice ID is a highly secure authentication method used by Centrelink. We continually scan for potential threats and make ongoing enhancements to ensure customer security he said. If we identify unusual circumstances in how customers use our authentication systems we apply additional tests to confirm a callers identity. Centrelinks self-service phone line uses voiceprint in an automated system in lieu of a password but the ATO and at least one Australian bank Bank Australia offer voiceprint as an option during conversations with staff to reduce the need for verification questions. This may be less vulnerable to exploitation by AI-generated voice software as it is more difficult to respond with high-quality responses in real time but the technology to do so is steadily improving. Toby Walsh the chief scientist at the University of New South Wales AI Institute told Guardian Australia he was able to clone his own voice within five minutes and the ease with which AI could bypass biometric identification showed its limits as a security tool. Walsh did not use the cloned voice to test access to any services. I think the basic lesson here is that biometrics is not going to save us from the hassle we have today with passwords and two-factor authentication he said. Sign up to Guardian Australia's Morning Mail Our Australian morning briefing email breaks down the key national and international stories of the day and why they matter after newsletter promotion If youve contacted the person by multiple routes through their phone or internet account then you have some confidence that the person is [who they say they are] but just seeing their face or hearing their voice is not going to be enough. Ed Santow a former human rights commissioner and now director of policy at the Human Technology Institute at the University of Technology Sydney said government agencies using biometrics as a form of verification needed to ensure they had the best systems in place and that there was legislation underpinning those systems. It needs really clear legislation to make sure that the guardrails are in place from the government perspective [as well as] basic standards he said. So that the government agency is only using technology when it is safe and reliable and is not going to be subjected to misuse and cybercrime. A spokesperson for the ATO said the agency had robust measures in place to protect the system from threats including AI voice cloning. The ATO actively scans for potential vulnerabilities and enhances its system as required to ensure the security and protection of ATO client data and appropriate controls are embedded in the digital services we offer to the Australian community. A spokesperson for Bank Australia said the bank worked closely with our technology partners to regularly monitor and continuously improve our systems to ensure that we stay ahead of new threats including those posed by emerging AI and machine learning tools. Nuance the company whose technology is used for the voiceprint service did not specifically address questions about the vulnerability but directed Guardian Australia to a blog post from February in which it addressed the issue of synthetic voices. In the blog post the company outlined its efforts to detect synthetic voices and claimed its latest technology could accurately detect and flag the use of cloned voices in 86% to 99% of cases depending on the technology used. At Nuance we know we cant rest on our laurels and fraudsters will continually look for ways to get around our security technologies. Thats why we devote a huge amount of R&D effort into anticipating criminals next steps and constantly staying one step ahead the post said. Voice cloning a relatively new technology using machine learning is offered by a number of apps and websites either free or for a small fee and a voice model can be created with only a handful of recordings of a person. While the voice generated is better with high-quality recordings anyone with public recordings of themselves on social media or who has been recorded elsewhere could be vulnerable to having their voice reproduced.

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AI is coming to Google search through Search Generative Experience (theverge.com) By David Pierce editor-at-large and Vergecast co-host with over a decade of experience covering consumer tech. Previously at Protocol The Wall Street Journal and Wired. The future of Google Search is AI. But not in the way you think. The company synonymous with web search isnt all in on chatbots (even though its building one called Bard ) and its not redesigning its homepage to look more like a ChatGPT-style messaging system. Instead Google is putting AI front and center in the most valuable real estate on the internet : its existing search results. To demonstrate Liz Reid Googles VP of Search flips open her laptop and starts typing into the Google search box. Why is sourdough bread still so popular? she writes and hits enter. Googles normal search results load almost immediately. Above them a rectangular orange section pulses and glows and shows the phrase Generative AI is experimental. A few seconds later the glowing is replaced by an AI-generated summary: a few paragraphs detailing how good sourdough tastes the upsides of its prebiotic abilities and more. To the right there are three links to sites with information that Reid says corroborates whats in the summary. Google calls this the AI snapshot. All of it is by Googles large language models all of it sourced from the open web. Reid then mouses up to the top right of the box and clicks an icon Googles designers call the bear claw which looks like a hamburger menu with a vertical line to the left. The bear claw opens a new view: the AI snapshot is now split sentence by sentence with links underneath to the sources of the information for that specific sentence. This Reid points out again is corroboration. And she says its key to the way Googles AI implementation is different. We want [the LLM] when it says something to tell us as part of its goal: what are some sources to read more about that? A few seconds later Reid clicks back and starts another search. This time she searches for the best Bluetooth speakers for the beach. Again standard search results appear almost immediately and again AI results are generated a few seconds later. This time theres a short summary at the top detailing what you should care about in such a speaker: battery life water resistance sound quality. Links to three buying guides sit off to the right and below are shopping links for a half-dozen good options each with an AI-generated summary next to it. I ask Reid to follow up with the phrase under $100 and she does so. The snapshot regenerates with new summaries and new picks. This is the new look of Googles search results page. Its AI-first its colorful and its nothing like youre used to. Its powered by some of Googles most advanced LLM work to date including a new general-purpose model called PaLM 2 and the Multitask Unified Model (MUM) that Google uses to understand multiple types of media. In the demos I saw its often extremely impressive. And it changes the way youll experience search especially on mobile where that AI snapshot often eats up the entire first page of your results. There are some caveats: to get access to these AI snapshots youll have to opt in to a new feature called Search Generative Experience (SGE for short) part of an also-new feature called Search Labs. Not all searches will spark an AI answer the AI only appears when Googles algorithms think its more useful than standard results and sensitive subjects like health and finances are currently set to avoid AI interference altogether. But in my brief demos and testing it showed up whether I searched for chocolate chip cookies Adele nearby coffee shops or the best movies of 2022. AI may not be killing the 10 blue links but its definitely pushing them down the page. SGE Google executives tell me over and over is an experiment. But theyre also clear that they see it as a foundational long-term change to the way people search. AI adds another layer of input helping you ask better and richer questions. And it adds another layer of output designed to both answer your questions and guide you to new ones. An opt-in box at the top of search results might sound like a small move from Google compared to Microsofts AI-first Bing redesign or the total newness of ChatGPT . But SGE amounts to the first step in a complete rethinking of how billions of people find information online and how Google makes money. As pixels on the internet go these are as consequential as it gets . Google feels pretty good about the state of its search results. Were long past the 10 blue links era of 25 years ago when you Googled by typing in a box and getting links in return. Now you can search by asking questions aloud or snapping a picture of the world and you might get back everything from images and podcasts to TikToks . Many searches are already well served by these results. If youre going to Google and searching Facebook to land on facebook.com or youre looking for the height of the Empire State Building youre already good to go. But theres a set of queries for which Google has never quite worked which is where the company is hoping AI can come in. Queries like Where should I go in Paris next week? or Whats the best restaurant in Tokyo? These are hard questions to answer because theyre not actually one question. Whats your budget? What days are all the museums open in Paris? How long are you willing to wait? Do you have kids with you? On and on and on. Theres a set of queries for which Google has never quite worked which is where the company is hoping AI can come in The bottleneck turns out to be what I call the orchestration of structure says Prabhakar Raghavan the SVP at Google who oversees Search. Much of that data exists somewhere on the internet or even within Google museums post hours on Google Maps people leave reviews about wait times at restaurants but putting it all together into something like a coherent answer is really hard. People want to say plan me a seven-day vacation Raghavan says and they believe if the language model outputs it should be right. One way to think about these is simply as questions with no right answer. A huge percentage of people who come to Google arent looking for a piece of information that exists somewhere. Theyre looking for ideas looking to explore. And since theres also likely no page on the internet titled Best vacation in Paris for a family with two kids one of whom has peanut allergies and the other of whom loves soccer and you definitely want to go to the Louvre on the quietest possible day of the week the links and podcasts and TikToks wont be much help. Because theyre trained on a huge corpus of data from all over the internet large language models can help answer those questions by essentially running lots of disparate searches at once and then combining that information into a few sentences and a few links. Lots of times you have to take a single question and break it into 15 questions to get useful information from search Reid says. Can you just ask one? How do we change how the information is organized? Thats the idea but Raghavan and Reid are both quick to point out that SGE still cant do these completely creative acts very well. Right now its going to be much more handy for synthesizing all the search data behind questions like what speaker should I buy to take into the pool. Itll do well with what were the best movies of 2022 too because it has some objective Rotten Tomatoes-style data to pull from along with the internets many rankings and blog posts on the subject. AI appears to make Google a better information-retrieval machine even if its not quite ready to be your travel agent. One thing that didnt show up in most SGE demos? Ads. Google is still experimenting with how to put ads into the AI snapshots though rest assured theyre coming.Googles going to need to monetize the heck out of AI for any of this to stick. At one point in our demo I asked Reid to search only the word Adele. The AI snapshot contained more or less what youd expect some information about her past her accolades as a singer a note about her recent weight loss and then threw in that her live performances are even better than her recorded albums. Googles AI has opinions! Reid quickly clicked the bear claw and sourced that sentence to a music blog but also acknowledged that this was something of a system failure. Googles search AI is not supposed to have opinions. Its not supposed to use the word I when it answers questions. Unlike Bings multiple-personality chaos or ChatGPTs chipper helper or even Bards whole droll middle school teacher vibe Googles search AI is not trying to seem human or affable. Its actually trying very hard to not be those things. You want the librarian to really understand you Reid says. But most of the time when you go to the library your goal is for them to help you with something not to be your friend. Thats the vibe Google is going for. The reason for this goes beyond just that strange itchy feeling you get talking to a chatbot for too long. And it doesnt seem like Google is just trying to avoid super horny AI responses either. Its more a recognition of the moment were in: large language models are suddenly everywhere theyre far more useful than most people would have guessed and yet they have a worrying tendency to be confidently wrong about just about everything. When that confidence comes in perfectly formed paragraphs that sound good and make sense people are going to believe the wrong stuff. A few executives I spoke to mentioned a tension in AI between factual and fluid. You can build a system that is factual which is to say it offers you lots of good and grounded information. Or you can build a system that is fluid feeling totally seamless and human. Maybe someday youll be able to have both. But right now the two are at odds and Google is trying hard to lean in the direction of factual. The way the company sees it its better to be right than interesting. Google projects a lot of confidence in its ability to be factually strong but recent history seems to suggest otherwise Google projects a lot of confidence in its ability to be factually strong but recent history seems to suggest otherwise. Not only is Bard less wacky and fun than ChatGPT or Bing but its also often less correct it makes basic mistakes in math information retrieval and more. The PaLM 2 model should improve some of that but Google certainly hasnt solved the AI lies problem by a long shot. Theres also the question of when AI should appear at all. Sometimes its obvious: the snapshots shouldnt appear if you ask sensitive medical questions Reid says or if youre looking to do something illegal or harmful. But theres a wide swath of searches where AI may or may not be useful. If I search Adele some basic summary information at the top helps; if I search Adele music videos Im much more likely to just want the YouTube videos in the results. Google can afford to be cautious here Reid says because the fail state is just Google search. So whenever the snapshot shouldnt appear or whenever the models confidence score is low enough that it might not be more useful than the top few results its easy to just not do anything. Compared to the splashy launch of the new Bing or the breakneck developmental pace of ChatGPT SGE feels awfully conservative. Its an opt-in personality-free tool that collates and summarizes your search results. For Google suddenly in an existential crisis over the fact that AI is changing the way people interact with technology is that enough? A couple of executives used the same phrase to describe the companys approach: bold and responsible. Google knows it has to move fast not only are chatbots booming in popularity but TikTok and other platforms are stealing some of the more exploratory search out from under Google. But it also has to avoid making mistakes giving people bad information or creating new problems for users. To do that would be a PR disaster for Google it would be yet more reason for people to try new products and it would potentially destroy the business that made Google a trillion-dollar company. So for now SGE remains opt-in and personality-free. Raghavan says hes comfortable playing a longer game: knee-jerk reacting to some trend is not necessarily going to be the way to go. Hes also convinced that AI is not some panacea that changes everything that 10 years from now well all do everything through chatbots and LLMs. I think its going to be one more step he says. Its not like Okay the old world went away. And were in a whole new world. In other words Google Bard is not the future of Google Search. But AI is. Over time SGE will start to come out of the labs and into search results for billions of users mingling generated information with links out to the web. It will change Googles business and probably upend parts of how the web works. If Google gets it right it will trade 10 blue links for all the knowledge on the internet all in one place. And hopefully telling the truth. / Sign up for Verge Deals to get deals on products we've tested sent to your inbox daily. The Verge is a vox media network 2023 Vox Media LLC. All Rights Reserved

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AI pioneer Yoshua Bengio says governments must move fast to protect the public (ft.com) Gain a global perspective on the US and go beyond with curated news and analysis from 600 journalists in 50+ countries covering politics business innovation trends and more. Then $69 per month New customers only Cancel anytime during your trial During your trial you will have complete digital access to FT.com with everything in both of our Standard Digital and Premium Digital packages. Standard Digital includes access to a wealth of global news analysis and expert opinion. Premium Digital includes access to our premier business column Lex as well as 15 curated newsletters covering key business themes with original in-depth reporting. For a full comparison of Standard and Premium Digital click here . Change the plan you will roll onto at any time during your trial by visiting the Settings & Account section. If you do nothing you will be auto-enrolled in our premium digital monthly subscription plan and retain complete access for $69 per month. For cost savings you can change your plan at any time online in the Settings & Account section. If youd like to retain your premium access and save 20% you can opt to pay annually at the end of the trial. You may also opt to downgrade to Standard Digital a robust journalistic offering that fulfils many users needs. Compare Standard and Premium Digital here . Any changes made can be done at any time and will become effective at the end of the trial period allowing you to retain full access for 4 weeks even if you downgrade or cancel. You may change or cancel your subscription or trial at any time online. Simply log into Settings & Account and select Cancel on the right-hand side. You can still enjoy your subscription until the end of your current billing period. We support credit card debit card and PayPal payments. Find the plan that suits you best. Premium access for businesses and educational institutions. Check if your university or organisation offers FT membership to read for free. We use cookies and other data for a number of reasons such as keeping FT Sites reliable and secure personalising content and ads providing social media features and to analyse how our Sites are used. International Edition

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AIs compute fragmentation: what matrix multiplication teaches us (modular.com) March 23 2023 Eric Johnson Product Lead Eric Johnson Product Lead Abdul Dakkak AI Compiler Engineer Abdul Dakkak AI Compiler Engineer Chad Jarvis AI Performance Engineer Chad Jarvis AI Performance Engineer AI is powered by a virtuous circle of data algorithms (models) and compute. Growth in one pushes needs in the others and can grossly affect the developer experience on aspects like usability and performance. Today we have more data and more AI model research than ever before but compute isnt scaling at the same speed due to well physics. If youve followed the evolution of AI and hardware youve probably heard that Moores law is ending. The rate of performance improvement in single-core processors is no longer doubling every 18 months as has been true for the last 60 years. Beyond the physical limitations of continuing to make transistors smaller and smaller (e.g. excess power usage and heat due to current leakage) performance has become increasingly constrained by memory latency which has grown much slower than processing speeds. Yet the need for more AI compute has continued to grow as models become larger and larger and more enterprise data is created and processed on the edge . As a result squeezing performance from hardware has become one of the main focuses of the industry. So how is compute fragmentation holding AI back? With traditional CPUs not scaling to meet the need for more compute the only way forward has been to create parallel and domain-specific hardware that is less general but that does a few AI-related things really well like graphics processing units ( GPUs ) tensor processing units ( TPUs ) and other application-specific integrated circuits ( ASICs ). While these innovations have helped push the industry forward enabling greater scale and more power-efficient processors in edge devices the increased diversity of hardware has fragmented the industry and left AI developers struggling to: Modular is focused on rebuilding the worlds AI infrastructure from the ground up. In this blog series well talk about how we are taking a fresh approach to solving the industrys compute fragmentation problem. We will motivate the low-level challenges of building a truly unified solution by focusing on a single operation matrix multiplication (matmul) a critical calculation in machine learning algorithms. To understand why it is hard though we will look under the hood of matmul and get into some of the nitty-gritty details of how it works. Dont say you werent warned - this post is about to go deep! Matrices are critical to machine learning systems as a simple way to represent data efficiently such as input data (e.g. sets of pixels in an image) or the internal workings between the model layers. As a result multiplying these matrices together makes up a large portion of the total computations in deep learning models. In fact matmuls make up roughly 45-60% of the total runtime of many popular transformer models like BERT CLIP and even ChatGPT . Matmuls are also critical to computing the convolution operation that forms the foundation of most computer vision models and makes up the backbone of many high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Given its importance there has been extensive research on writing efficient matmul algorithms. Papers from the 60s 70s 80s 90s 2000s to the present day exist that try to solve the problem with the hardware of that era. But the conceptual matmul algorithm isnt what makes it difficult. Instead the challenge is writing a matmul fast enough to achieve state-of-the-art performance across all the hardware model and data diversity in the AI industry. It is even harder to make it compose with all other AI operators. Each device used to run AI models has different characteristics including different memory hierarchies and different multiply and accumulate units (MAC). For example CPUs employ a hierarchy of memory from slow RAM to increasingly faster caches Level-3 Level-2 Level-1 and CPU registers . The size of the memory is inversely proportional to its speed for example L1 cache access is typically on the order of single nanoseconds whereas RAM access is on the order of 100 nanoseconds. To get the highest performance matmul the algorithm itself has to be implemented to efficiently work with the different memory levels and sizes. Raw matrices are too big to fit into the registers or the fastest memory cache at one time so the challenge is determining how to decompose them into the right sized blocks or tiles that maximize usage of the fastest memory. Moreover the actual shapes of the units that handle the core matrix functionality differ across hardware. CPUs have traditionally been scalar machines meaning they process instructions one step at a time but all CPU vendors have added vector units ( SIMD ) over the last two decades. GPUs execute single operations across multiple threads (SIMT) to maximize the efficiency of highly parallel repetitive operations like matmuls. And more specialized hardware takes this further by operating on 2D matrices. Google TPUs are the most well-known but Apple and Intel have added their own matrix multiplication features called AMX. But while more advanced MAC units have led to improved performance they have also created a greater need for flexible algorithms that work across scalar vector and matrix processors. AI models are also quite diverse. While matmuls form the foundation of many models the matrix sizes used in those matmuls can vary significantly. For example models have different input shapes (like varying sequence lengths) different internal shapes (i.e. the matrices that are being multiplied together as part of the hidden layers of the model) and even different batch sizes (critical for training and inference efficiencies). As a result matmuls come in hundreds of different shapes in production which makes decomposing them into blocks that maximize memory efficiency challenging. Lastly your data can also be diverse. Most readers will be familiar with data diversity in terms of structured and unstructured data but in this case we are more concerned with data type (dtype). Data in AI models is usually of dtype FP32 but the industry is also adopting lower precision data types like Bfloat16 Int8 and the more exotic FP4 and Int4 to reduce model size and improve performance. Matmul algorithms then need to be able to operate on data of many different precisions depending on the use case. So how are todays most state-of-the-art matmul algorithms actually implemented? Given its importance matmul is usually one of the first algorithms that hardware vendors optimize with many providing implementations through their libraries. Intel provides the MKL and OneDNN libraries AMD provides AOCL and RocBLAS ARM has performance libraries Apple has Accelerate and Nvidia provides CUBLAS . Across the hardware libraries mentioned above the current state of the art in terms of efficient implementation is to effectively write assembly code : this means micro-managing the hardware by giving it direct instructions at the lowest level that it understands without abstractions. The main reason for this? Writing assembly produces the best performance for any one specific use-case because developers who are writing assembly can avoid the unpredictability of compilers which translate higher-level languages like Python & C++ down to assembly and can perform optimizations that are hard for the compiler to do because compilers must generalize. Importantly they can leverage instructions and patterns that the compiler is unaware of because extending the compiler to support new hardware features takes time. But does this actually solve the fragmentation issue for users? While writing in assembly maximizes performance for any individual example its not portable doesnt compose doesnt scale and isnt user-friendly. Think about it: how can a small number of specialized experts who hand write and tune assembly code possibly scale their work to all the different configurations while also incorporating their work into all the AI frameworks?! Its simply an impossible task. Because assembly is written with a hardware-specific interface called an instruction set architecture (ISA) it is not portable across different hardware platforms. In fact assembly cant even deliver the best performance across multiple generations of chips from the same vendor! Further even if you have target hardware in mind when developing your model there are still two big practical problems: As we discussed earlier there are many AI models leading to hundreds of different matmul shapes. Using assembly-based libraries means selecting specific processor instructions that hardcode parameters like memory tiling sizes. These hard-coded assembly libraries can be tuned well for a specific tensor shape but require a different implementation for others. As a result many existing kernel libraries swell to be gigabytes in size (e.g. MKL is 3.2GB and cuDNN can be up to 2.5GB). This becomes a problem when the size of these libraries impacts container build times if you deploy to the edge where this is impractical or if you want to deploy new innovations and research that these vendors havent manually specialized yet. Looking at the bigger picture high-performance matmuls are indeed important for performance. But to get the best results matmuls can be executed together with other operations such as elementwise strided accesses broadcasts etc. Operator fusion provides significant performance improvements by reducing memory traffic - but the challenge is that there are thousands of AI operators. Furthermore models use many permutations of different operations in combination and (while some have tried!) it isnt practical to hand-fuse all the important combinations particularly when research is driving AI forward so fast. And finally writing assembly is not user-friendly or good for cross-organization productivity. Assembly programming has limited features available in modern programming languages like parameterization and object-oriented programming and does not provide great tooling for debugging code coverage testing etc. While the reality is that most researchers looking to write new operations are most comfortable in Python it has well-known performance issues so organizations end up having to hire expensive specialists to bridge the gap. For AI to reach its true potential compute fragmentation needs to be solved. AI software developers need to be able to seamlessly take full advantage of existing hardware and the next generation of hardware innovations when they become available . But as you can see solving this problem is not easy. Diversity in hardware models and data means that every existing solution on the market is only just a point solution to a much broader problem. Modular is solving this problem - stay tuned for part 2 of the blog in which we outline our approach and show the revolutionary benefits. And if you are excited about solving some of the most challenging and complex problems go to modular.com/careers and apply! May 11 2023 Copyright 2023 Modular Inc

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AOLserver is America Online's Open-Source web server (2010) (aolserver.github.io) AOLserver is America Online's Open-Source web server. AOLserver is the backbone of the largest and busiest production environments in the world. AOLserver is a multithreaded Tcl-enabled web server used for large scale dynamic web sites. You can download this project in either zip or tar formats. You can also clone the project with Git by running: $ git clone git://github.com/aolserver/aolserver Get the source code on GitHub: aolserver/aolserver AOLserver Mailing List (AOLSERVER@LISTSERV.AOL.COM)

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About the security content of iOS 15.4.1 and iPadOS 15.4.1 (support.apple.com) This document describes the security content of iOS 15.4.1 and iPadOS 15.4.1. For our customers' protection Apple doesn't disclose discuss or confirm security issues until an investigation has occurred and patches or releases are available. Recent releases are listed on the Apple security updates page. Apple security documents reference vulnerabilities by CVE-ID when possible. For more information about security see the Apple Product Security page. Released March 31 2022 AppleAVD Available for: iPhone 6s and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 2 and later iPad 5th generation and later iPad mini 4 and later and iPod touch (7th generation) Impact: An application may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited. Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved bounds checking. CVE-2022-22675: an anonymous researcher Information about products not manufactured by Apple or independent websites not controlled or tested by Apple is provided without recommendation or endorsement. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the selection performance or use of third-party websites or products. Apple makes no representations regarding third-party website accuracy or reliability. Contact the vendor for additional information.

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About the security content of iOS 16.2 and iPadOS 16.2 (support.apple.com) This document describes the security content of iOS 16.2 and iPadOS 16.2. For our customers' protection Apple doesn't disclose discuss or confirm security issues until an investigation has occurred and patches or releases are available. Recent releases are listed on the Apple security updates page. Apple security documents reference vulnerabilities by CVE-ID when possible. For more information about security see the Apple Product Security page. Released December 13 2022 Accessibility Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A user with physical access to a locked Apple Watch may be able to view user photos via accessibility features Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved restrictions. CVE-2022-46717: Zitong Wu() from Zhuhai No.1 Middle School() Entry added March 16 2023 Accounts Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A user may be able to view sensitive user information Description: This issue was addressed with improved data protection. CVE-2022-42843: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) AppleAVD Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted video file may lead to kernel code execution Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46694: Andrey Labunets and Nikita Tarakanov AppleMobileFileIntegrity Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences Description: This issue was addressed by enabling hardened runtime. CVE-2022-42865: Wojciech Regua (@_r3ggi) of SecuRing AVEVideoEncoder Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. CVE-2022-42848: ABC Research s.r.o CoreServices Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences Description: Multiple issues were addressed by removing the vulnerable code. CVE-2022-42859: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Offensive Security dyld Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox Description: An integer overflow was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46720: Yonghwi Jin (@jinmo123) of Theori Entry added March 16 2023 GPU Drivers Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to disclose kernel memory Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-46702: Xia0o0o0o of W4terDr0p Sun Yat-sen University Graphics Driver Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42850: Willy R. Vasquez of The University of Texas at Austin Graphics Driver Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted video file may lead to unexpected system termination Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42846: Willy R. Vasquez of The University of Texas at Austin ImageIO Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46693: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) ImageIO Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted TIFF file may lead to disclosure of user information Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42851: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) IOHIDFamily Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: A race condition was addressed with improved state handling. CVE-2022-42864: Tommy Muir (@Muirey03) IOMobileFrameBuffer Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46690: John Aakerblom (@jaakerblom) iTunes Store Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A remote user may be able to cause unexpected app termination or arbitrary code execution Description: An issue existed in the parsing of URLs. This issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-42837:Weijia Dai (@dwj1210) of Momo Security Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: A race condition was addressed with additional validation. CVE-2022-46689: Ian Beer of Google Project Zero Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Connecting to a malicious NFS server may lead to arbitrary code execution with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks. CVE-2022-46701: Felix Poulin-Belanger Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A remote user may be able to cause kernel code execution Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42842: pattern-f (@pattern_F_) of Ant Security Light-Year Lab Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks. CVE-2022-42861: pattern-f (@pattern_F_) of Ant Security Light-Year Lab Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42844: pattern-f (@pattern_F_) of Ant Security Light-Year Lab Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app with root privileges may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42845: Adam Doup of ASU SEFCOM Networking Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Private Relay functionality did not match system settings Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. CVE-2022-46716 Entry added March 16 2023 Photos Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Shake-to-undo may allow a deleted photo to be re-surfaced without authentication Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks. CVE-2022-32943: an anonymous researcher ppp Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42840: an anonymous researcher Preferences Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to use arbitrary entitlements Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. CVE-2022-42855: Ivan Fratric of Google Project Zero Printing Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences Description: This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. CVE-2022-42862: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) Safari Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Visiting a website that frames malicious content may lead to UI spoofing Description: A spoofing issue existed in the handling of URLs. This issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46695: KirtiKumar Anandrao Ramchandani Software Update Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A user may be able to elevate privileges Description: An access issue existed with privileged API calls. This issue was addressed with additional restrictions. CVE-2022-42849: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) TCC Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved restrictions. CVE-2022-46718: Michael (Biscuit) Thomas Entry added May 1 2023 Weather Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved restrictions. CVE-2022-46703: Wojciech Regua (@_r3ggi) of SecuRing and an anonymous researcher Entry added March 16 2023 Weather Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches. CVE-2022-42866: an anonymous researcher WebKit Available for: iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited against versions of iOS released before iOS 15.1. Description: A type confusion issue was addressed with improved state handling. WebKit Bugzilla: 248266 CVE-2022-42856: Clment Lecigne of Google's Threat Analysis Group Entry added December 22 2022 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Visiting a malicious website may lead to address bar spoofing Description: A spoofing issue existed in the handling of URLs. This issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46705: Hyeon Park (@tree_segment) of TeamApplePIE Entry added December 22 2022 updated March 16 2023 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. WebKit Bugzilla: 245521 CVE-2022-42867: Maddie Stone of Google Project Zero WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A memory consumption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. WebKit Bugzilla: 245466 CVE-2022-46691: an anonymous researcher WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may bypass Same Origin Policy Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. WebKit Bugzilla: 246783 CVE-2022-46692: KirtiKumar Anandrao Ramchandani WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may result in the disclosure of process memory Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. WebKit Bugzilla: 246721 CVE-2022-42852: hazbinhotel working with Trend Micro Zero Day Initiative Entry updated December 22 2022 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved input validation. WebKit Bugzilla: 246942 CVE-2022-46696: Samuel Gro of Google V8 Security WebKit Bugzilla: 247562 CVE-2022-46700: Samuel Gro of Google V8 Security WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may disclose sensitive user information Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. WebKit Bugzilla: 247066 CVE-2022-46698: Dohyun Lee (@l33d0hyun) of DNSLab at Korea University Ryan Shin of IAAI SecLab at Korea University Entry updated December 22 2022 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. WebKit Bugzilla: 247420 CVE-2022-46699: Samuel Gro of Google V8 Security WebKit Bugzilla: 244622 CVE-2022-42863: an anonymous researcher Accounts Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A user may be able to view sensitive user information Description: This issue was addressed with improved data protection. CVE-2022-42843: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) AppleAVD Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted video file may lead to kernel code execution Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46694: Andrey Labunets and Nikita Tarakanov AppleMobileFileIntegrity Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences Description: This issue was addressed by enabling hardened runtime. CVE-2022-42865: Wojciech Regua (@_r3ggi) of SecuRing AVEVideoEncoder Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. CVE-2022-42848: ABC Research s.r.o CoreServices Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences Description: Multiple issues were addressed by removing the vulnerable code. CVE-2022-42859: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Offensive Security dyld Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox Description: An integer overflow was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46720: Yonghwi Jin (@jinmo123) of Theori Entry added March 16 2023 GPU Drivers Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to disclose kernel memory Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-46702: Xia0o0o0o of W4terDr0p Sun Yat-sen University Graphics Driver Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42850: Willy R. Vasquez of The University of Texas at Austin Graphics Driver Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted video file may lead to unexpected system termination Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42846: Willy R. Vasquez of The University of Texas at Austin ImageIO Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46693: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) ImageIO Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted TIFF file may lead to disclosure of user information Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42851: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) IOHIDFamily Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: A race condition was addressed with improved state handling. CVE-2022-42864: Tommy Muir (@Muirey03) IOMobileFrameBuffer Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46690: John Aakerblom (@jaakerblom) iTunes Store Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A remote user may be able to cause unexpected app termination or arbitrary code execution Description: An issue existed in the parsing of URLs. This issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-42837:Weijia Dai (@dwj1210) of Momo Security Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: A race condition was addressed with additional validation. CVE-2022-46689: Ian Beer of Google Project Zero Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Connecting to a malicious NFS server may lead to arbitrary code execution with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks. CVE-2022-46701: Felix Poulin-Belanger Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A remote user may be able to cause kernel code execution Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42842: pattern-f (@pattern_F_) of Ant Security Light-Year Lab Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks. CVE-2022-42861: pattern-f (@pattern_F_) of Ant Security Light-Year Lab Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42844: pattern-f (@pattern_F_) of Ant Security Light-Year Lab Kernel Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app with root privileges may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42845: Adam Doup of ASU SEFCOM Networking Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Private Relay functionality did not match system settings Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. CVE-2022-46716 Entry added March 16 2023 Photos Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Shake-to-undo may allow a deleted photo to be re-surfaced without authentication Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks. CVE-2022-32943: an anonymous researcher ppp Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-42840: an anonymous researcher Preferences Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to use arbitrary entitlements Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. CVE-2022-42855: Ivan Fratric of Google Project Zero Printing Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences Description: This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. CVE-2022-42862: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) Safari Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Visiting a website that frames malicious content may lead to UI spoofing Description: A spoofing issue existed in the handling of URLs. This issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46695: KirtiKumar Anandrao Ramchandani Software Update Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: A user may be able to elevate privileges Description: An access issue existed with privileged API calls. This issue was addressed with additional restrictions. CVE-2022-42849: Mickey Jin (@patch1t) TCC Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved restrictions. CVE-2022-46718: Michael (Biscuit) Thomas Entry added May 1 2023 Weather Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved restrictions. CVE-2022-46703: Wojciech Regua (@_r3ggi) of SecuRing and an anonymous researcher Entry added March 16 2023 Weather Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches. CVE-2022-42866: an anonymous researcher WebKit Available for: iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited against versions of iOS released before iOS 15.1. Description: A type confusion issue was addressed with improved state handling. WebKit Bugzilla: 248266 CVE-2022-42856: Clment Lecigne of Google's Threat Analysis Group Entry added December 22 2022 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Visiting a malicious website may lead to address bar spoofing Description: A spoofing issue existed in the handling of URLs. This issue was addressed with improved input validation. CVE-2022-46705: Hyeon Park (@tree_segment) of TeamApplePIE Entry added December 22 2022 updated March 16 2023 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. WebKit Bugzilla: 245521 CVE-2022-42867: Maddie Stone of Google Project Zero WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A memory consumption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. WebKit Bugzilla: 245466 CVE-2022-46691: an anonymous researcher WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may bypass Same Origin Policy Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. WebKit Bugzilla: 246783 CVE-2022-46692: KirtiKumar Anandrao Ramchandani WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may result in the disclosure of process memory Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. WebKit Bugzilla: 246721 CVE-2022-42852: hazbinhotel working with Trend Micro Zero Day Initiative Entry updated December 22 2022 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved input validation. WebKit Bugzilla: 246942 CVE-2022-46696: Samuel Gro of Google V8 Security WebKit Bugzilla: 247562 CVE-2022-46700: Samuel Gro of Google V8 Security WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may disclose sensitive user information Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. WebKit Bugzilla: 247066 CVE-2022-46698: Dohyun Lee (@l33d0hyun) of DNSLab at Korea University Ryan Shin of IAAI SecLab at Korea University Entry updated December 22 2022 WebKit Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution Description: A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. WebKit Bugzilla: 247420 CVE-2022-46699: Samuel Gro of Google V8 Security WebKit Bugzilla: 244622 CVE-2022-42863: an anonymous researcher GPU Drivers Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app may be able to disclose kernel memory Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2022-46702: Xia0o0o0o of W4terDr0p Sun Yat-sen University Graphics Driver Available for: iPhone 8 and later iPad Pro (all models) iPad Air 3rd generation and later iPad 5th generation and later and iPad mini 5th generation and later Impact: An app

BAD

Academic Ranks Explained or What on Earth Is an Adjunct? (acoup.blog) A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry A look at history and popular culture This week were going to take a detour into understanding the structure of academia in particular the different kinds of professors and their academic ranks in the American system with a particular focus on non-tenure track faculty (which is to say as well see most teaching faculty.) This is intended as the first in a series of posts mixed into the normal diet over the next few months looking at the structure of the modern American university from the inside. The fact is that while quite a lot of people go to college few students acquire much of any sense of how their college or university is structured and so there is a tendency for a lot of folks to believe they know how academia works who dont in the same way that most people who eat at fast food restaurants cannot in fact operate their kitchens. My own experience of course has been as a student then a graduate student (worker) then as adjunct faculty at three different Big State Universities. Less so in this post but more so in later posts Ill also be drawing on the experiences of my better half a bit as shes been an administrative staff member for several academic departments and one research program across two Big State Universities and so has a lot of visibility into the bureaucratic structures involved. As you might guess with that background I am going to be particularly focused on Big State Universities but I actually think that is good compared to the Ivies or Small Liberal Arts Colleges Big State Universities make up the largest single chunk of 4-year-degree institutions and indeed grant a simple majority of 4-year degrees so the Big State University is by raw dint of numbers both the median and modal higher education experience for folks who achieve a four year degree. We are in particular going to focus on non-tenure track (NTT) faculty for two reasons. First because while NTT make up the simple majority of student-facing teaching faculty universities go to considerable length to obscure this fact leaving many students incorrectly assuming their professors are largely tenure-track when at many institutions they may not be. And second because Im a NTT faculty member (who like most NTT would like to be on the tenure track for reasons which will become obvious below) and I wanted to explain all of this in one permanent place in part so I can point back to it in particular because while NTT faculty members are the most common they are also the least understood by the public. But well still talk a little bit about the tenured ranks too. And as always if you want to support my public writing on historical topics you can help both by sharing what I write (for I rely on word of mouth for my audience) and by supporting me on Patreon . This blog is reader supported; for reasons that will become clear when we come to talk about adjuncts I receive no research or writing support from the universities I teach for and so this project serves to fund both my public writing (here and elsewhere) and my research work as well. If you want updates whenever a new post appears you can click below for email updates or follow me on twitter (@BretDevereaux) for updates as to new posts as well as my occasional ancient history foreign policy or military history musings assuming there is still a Twitter by the time this post goes live. We need to start by outlining the structure of the university and all of its employees. Universities are very big . Even many small liberal arts colleges will have several hundred (if not many hundreds) of employees and large state universities have thousands ; UNC-Chapel Hill has 19743 undergraduates and 12961 total staff members for instance. I should note that while there are many small liberal arts colleges (SLACs) in the USA the enormous size of large public R1s 1 means that collectively they make up more than half of the US university system by both faculty and students so this is a case in which the big schools have become typical because they are so big to swamp everything else . That said smaller institutions matter and what I am going to say here should apply broadly; I will note where conditions differ for different kinds of institutions. So lets start dividing all of those employees down so we know what were dealing with. We can start by splitting the university into faculty and staff (with student-workers as a third group well not discuss this week); faculty teach and do research whereas staff are all of the supporting administrators and workers that make the university function. Were not going to talk much about staff but briefly we can divide them quickly into four big groups: leadership (chancellors deans and assistant deans of various kinds; of old these used to be professors pulled into leadership temporarily but these days these are professional managers) 2 department staff (who work within academic departments handling the scheduling paperwork and other essential support services) university staff (who staff the university-wide bureaucracies like the registrar or bursar) and finally what Ill call somewhat imprecisely facilities staff (a wide category covering all of the folks who do a lot of the physical work that keeps a university running; repair grounds-keeping janitorial tasks running dining areas etc. etc.). All of these people are important but this weeks post isnt about them; I break them up here so that when I do mention them you understand who I mean. Faculty are divided as well into two large groups: tenure track and non-tenure track . Tenure-track jobs are what most people are familiar with at least in a vague way. The tenure track was supposed to be (and pre-aughts was ) the standard career path for an academic at a university. Thats the system everyone knows if they know a system. But another system was made . 3 And that brings us to non-tenure track positions both permanent and temporary full-time and (fake) part-time (which are often actually full time) which will consume most of this post. Were going to break these up primarily between full-time non-tenured or teaching track positions and notionally part time or adjunct appointments but there are a few other types thrown in there. Crucially this other system makes up the majority of university teachers around 67% and rising . But before we dive into the range of non-tenure track positions which make up the majority of college professors today we should talk about the tenure track because again this is how the system is supposed to work and also generally how the public imagines the system does work (even though it really doesnt anymore). So lets first look at that how the system is supposed to work. A tenure-track position begins with a national (or international) search and a fairly long hiring process (form job-posting to job-offer usually takes around 6-8 months). A newly hired professor is an assistant professor which means they are on the tenure track but do not yet have tenure. Instead after about five to six years theyll go up for tenure review where a committee of faculty int heir department along with some external reviewers will look at all of the work the professor has done since their appointment and either recommend them for tenure or not; the university leadership structure typically has a role in confirming a grant of tenure but this is generally a rubber-stamp role. By far the most important part of tenure review at large universities is research; this is the part of the system that is publish or perish. 4 Untenured tenure-track faculty (so assistant professors) represent roughly 9% of all faculty members in the United States according to the AAUP . A professor that passes tenure review becomes an associate professor which confers tenure (making it difficult to fire them) as well as a bump in pay. After another few years they can go up for review again for promotion to the next rank simply professor (often termed full professor for clarity) which comes with another bump in pay. This second transition is different from the first though; whereas the review from assistant to associate professor is an up or out moment (you either get tenure and stay or get rejected for tenure and leave the department) some professors can and do remain associate professors forever. Finally a handful of professors who really distinguish themselves may wind up with an endowed chair and we tend to call these folks distinguished professors though their actual job title will usually be something like the so-and-so Professor/Chair of this-and-that where the so-and-so is the name of the donor that endowed the money being used for the distinguished professorship. Tenured professors represent roughly 24% of all university professors according to the AAUP meaning that the total slice of tenured or tenure-eligable professors in higher education is just 33% one third. Let me say that again: only one third of all faculty work the way all of you think all faculty works. Just one third. This is a big part of what I mean when I say that the United States university system is being pillaged without the public knowing; if you told most people only one third of college instructors are actually professors most of your little Johnnys classes are taught by non-professors now theyd be shocked! But thats the current situation. 5 Tenure-track professors generally teach a fixed course-load expressed in most cases as a load over semesters so a 2/2 (pronounced two-two) load is four courses a year (two in each semester). Tenure-track faculties at research-focused universities (which are all of the flagship state schools) generally teach a 2/2 load; mixed research/teaching schools (your third-string state schools and less well-funded private schools) often have 3/3 loads. Teaching-focused institutions may have 4/4 or 5/5 teaching loads (or more) and of course fractional loads (like a 2/3 etc.) do exist but are less common. In addition to teaching tenure-track faculty are expected to publish research and do service. Well talk in another post more about these demands ( indeed weve talked about research already ) but they deserve a few words here. The amount of research demanded varies by the level of institution; at an R1 the general expectation for a faculty member going for tenure in a humanities department is that their book is out 6 and they have a good number of articles and other publications besides. At less research-focused universities you might see instead that tenure is set at a certain number of articles and the book is instead at the jump to full professor. Meanwhile service refers to all of the non-teaching roles faculty fill in a department. The university is predicated on self-governing departments of academics (colleges in the literal sense of an association of colleagues) and so departments are effectively run by committees and faculty appointed to do various key roles: student advising graduate admissions committees hiring committees committees on teaching and of course department chair (and possibly vice or assistant chairs) who steers the department. Of course faculty are assisted in those roles by the department staff who handle much of the paperwork compliance and book-keeping. Some but by no means all of these service jobs come with a course release which is to say the faculty member teaches less in order to do the extra service but there is an expectation of a certain amount of service work always being part of the workload mix. 7 Finally the more important service positions are often restricted to either associate or full professors you have to get tenure first before you get a particularly loud voice in the running of the department . Nevertheless even assistant professors are going to be in the room when decisions about courses resource allocation scheduling and so on are made which matters quite a lot. Moreover because even assistant professors are expected to become permanent members of the department their interests tend to be considered because well frankly the tenured professors have to live with them for the next few decades so you might as well be friends. This fact is really important for understanding why departments can be so callous to anyone not on the tenure-track (and why tenure-track faculty can be so oblivious to how callous they are being) because NTT faculty are usually not in the room when decisions are made . Which brings us to: We should start our look at the range of NTT teaching positions by again breaking these down into categories. Unlike the tenure-track where there is a clear progression of positions each with a standard title NTT positions are a confused jumble often by design with very different positions often sharing job titles. A teaching assistant professor for instance may well be a permanent member of the department or someone on a five-year non-renewable appointment or someone around for just a single semester paid by-the-course as an outside contractor. One is left to strongly suspect in many cases that this confusion is intentional with universities and departments using job titles as a means to obfuscate just how much of their teachers are not permanent faculty (note for instance that almost no one advertises jobs with the word adjunct in the job title anymore). So instead I want to break down these positions by conditions of employment . On that basis we can break down appointments into four basic types. There are permanent salaried non-tenured full-time teaching positions which well call teaching track faculty . Then there are non-permanent but full-time long-term non-renewable versions of these positions which well call visiting assistant professors or VAPs (though the terminology around them is variable). Next there is the rarest bird in this category professors of practice where a professional in a field also teaches that field part time for a university. Finally there are short-term part-time positions which well refer to as adjunct appointments. We can start our look at non-tenure track professors with professors of practice generally the rarest sort of NTT faculty and also the one that universities would like to talk about the most. A professorship of practice is generally a non-tenure-track appointment created for individuals successful in the non-academic field so that they can teach in in that field (often despite lacking the normally required degree like a PhD). So for instance a civil engineer might also teach part time as a professor of practice or do so after retirement. As the American Association of University Professors notes professors of practice are the most likely of all NTT professors to have terms of employment (pay benefits teaching load) which approximate the conditions of tenure-track faculty (but without tenure or generally a strong or meaningful voice in the running of their department). In particular professors of practice often have long-term contracts (say 5-years) which are presumptively renewable in contrast to much shorter term contracts for most other sorts of NTT faculty. That said the big thing to know about these sorts of faculty is that while universities love to present the typical adjunct as this sort of thing the practicing dentist teaching a course or two on the side at the local dental school in practice they are a tiny minority of professors probably much less than 10% in fields where they are common and almost entirely absent in many fields (like history for instance). Substantially more common are effectively permanent teaching track (also sometimes called professional track) faculty . Because a common title for these positions is teaching assistant professor they are sometimes collectively called TAPs (matching the VAPs below). Teaching track faculty generally arent eligible for tenure generally get paid less than their tenure-track faculty (but are paid on a full time salaried basis separating them from adjuncts; at some institutions they come quite close to salaries of tenure-track faculty at others they might be paid around half as much) generally teach more courses and typically do not play a meaningful role in the governance of their department (since those roles are largely reserved for tenured or at least tenure-line faculty) though they may be expected to do some kind of departmental service. Unlike professors of practice teaching track faculty today almost always have PhDs in their field; the days in which this sort of appointment could be obtained by someone with an MA are effectively over (and indeed have been for about two decades). The thing that defines these positions collectively is that they are full-time but non-tenure-track . These positions often go by a bewildering set of names. Perhaps the most common is to take the traditional assistant/associate/full professor ladder and attach the word teaching to the front of them to make teaching assistant/associate/full professor but as that phrasing has become more common it also gets used to paper over what are clearly adjunct appointments. Likewise teaching assistant professors are sometimes disguised as professors of practice in their job titles (leading to the curiosity of professors of practice whose practice is having a PhD in their field and a traditional academic background). I should note because Ive seen students (and regular people) befuddled by this before but when I say that teaching track faculty are not eligible for tenure I really mean not eligible under effectively any circumstances . Because tenure-track searches are functionally always external and because it is (and this is going to be a trend) extremely rare to consider internal candidates seriously in those searches a teaching track faculty members contribution to a department isnt going to matter because that department is extremely unlikely to consider them for a TT hire. This is compounded by the fact that at large universities the culture of the tenure track faculty strongly holds that tenure-line decisions are based on research and not on teaching so even for another department achievements in teaching are unlikely to matter very much. Consequently there is functionally nothing a teaching track faculty member can do within the scope of their actual job duties to try to move from one track to the other. Indeed even spectacular performance things like winning the student-voted best teacher award three years out of four for the entire university wont do it . I have never once ever heard of a department hiring a teaching-track faculty member to the tenure track for any reason from teaching to scholarly excellence . Im sure it has happened somewhere when the planets were aligned under a blue moon but it is rare in the sense of most departments will never do this once. And we should also note here visiting assistant professorships also known as VAPs. In practice VAPs generally work like a time-limited form of a teaching-track appointment in terms of the conditions of employment but they are often held by early career scholars who are still on the job market whereas faculty with permanent teaching track appointments have often exited the job market and intend to stay long-term where they are. Once again the terminology here is tricky; what I mean by VAPs in this category are term-limited full-time appointments (so say full time for two/three/five years without an expectation of renewal though some VAPs might be renewed). On the one hand many positions with VAP as the job title are actually adjunct positions (discussed below). On the other hand it is also frequent in the humanities for many post-docs (postdoctoral research fellow/associate) to actually be VAPs in disguise. You can tell because the idea of a post-doc is that it is supposed to involve relatively little teaching and lots of research which is why the word research is in the full name but it is now common to see post-docs that involve full (2/2 or 3/3) teaching loads at which point theyre hardly post-docs; they are just VAPs with a fancy name. Meanwhile I have also seen a trend for second-tier institutions (which may or may not be phasing out tenure) to trim the V off of a VAP calling it an assistant professorship a lie exposed as soon as you see non-tenure track or non-renewable (or both) in the job posting. Note that actual post-doctoral research fellowships are far far more common in the STEM fields than in the humanities. Were not going to deal much with that system here but in brief in many STEM fields time as a post-doc researcher is effectively required before one can get on the tenure-track. Post-docs of this sort thus in theory are a kind of apprenticeship system although my understanding is that the expectation here is that this apprentice stage involves a lot of winnowing and burn out. By contrast in the humanities actual research post-docs mostly serve as gilded lily-pads for PhD students coming out of elite institutions enabling them to burnish their CV while staying on the job market ; 8 there arent anything close to enough of these sorts of post-docs indeed even if one includes teaching post-docs there are not enough in the humanities for a meaningful fraction of even PhDs of the top ten programs to go through one . Such post-docs in the humanities are actually more selective than tenure-track jobs (and indeed I have come far closer to landing the latter than I have ever come to being even seriously considered for the former). So to recap you have permanent full-time teaching appointments ( teaching track ) and temporary full-time teaching appointments ( VAP s) along with professors of practice making up the normal full-time non-tenure-track appointments. Collectively these full time non-tenure-track positions make up about 20% of all faculty appointments and their percentage has been rising over time . In particular these kinds of appointments tend to be common at the top-tier of universities: R1 (top-level research) universities are generally 50% tenure-track 23% non-tenure-track and 27% adjunct whereas colleges and universities offering only masters degrees (so were moving down the university funding ladder) are 32% tenure-track 15% non-tenure-track and 54% adjunct while colleges that only offer associates degrees are 18% tenure-track 17% non-tenure-track and 65% adjunct. As you can see as one marches down the university prestige ladder both tenure-track and teaching-track fade to an ever larger and larger share of adjuncts. And all of that at last leads us to: It is by this point quite rare actually for most universities to include the word adjunct in a job title; it used to be much more common. But as the adjunctification of academia became a real and visible problem universities have responded not by addressing the problem but by disguising it. Consequently adjunct appointments have a bewildering array of names and titles which in practice in my experience make functionally no different in terms of the kind of appointment. So for our purposes an adjunct appointment is a part time limited term teaching appointment . In particular what makes adjunct appointments different is that adjuncts teach on short-term contracts which pay them per-course taught like an outside contractor rather than a salary. This arrangement is convenient for universities because it means adjuncts do not need to be fired they can merely be not-renewed a point that came up in the recent Hamline controversy . It is also convenient for departments because it allows them to trim their adjunct work force as necessary to the particular teaching needs of the moment. In this sense the adjunctification of higher education is effectively the gig economy applied to university professors. Because hiring lots of adjuncts is a practice already in ill-repute the tendency is to disguise these positions in terms of job title. While adjunct instructor/lecturer/professor used to be the common titles today they are increasingly rare. Instead in my own experience Ive seen what are clearly adjunct positions described as instructor visiting instructor visiting lecturer teaching assistant professor professor-in-residence visiting assistant professor 9 and even some post-doctoral fellows. Those titles allow universities to hide their adjuncts among their actual VAPs TAPs and post-docs The working conditions for nearly all adjuncts are shamefully bad which is why universities and departments go to such lengths to disguise the nature of those appointments. While all non-tenure-track academics have limited job security adjuncts have effectively none since they need to negotiate new contracts every semester or every academic year. This job security question is an important one because academics are of course supposed to talk about difficult subjects and say difficult things; one is left with the strong sense that university leadership prefers adjuncts because they lack the sort of protections that make academic freedom work . At the same time adjuncts are paid awfully . As noted adjuncts arent paid a salary but rather contracted on a per-course basis they are effectively freelancers (and if you are thinking freelance teacher sounds like a terrible idea well it is) and the per-course payments are typically extremely low. The average per-course pay is around $3556 though that conceals a lot of variation with some adjuncts paid closer to $8-10000 and many many more paid less than $2000 per course offered . At a 2/2 load an adjunct being paid that way would be paid a total of $14224 per year without benefits compared to a tenure-track professor who might be paid $60-75000 (in the humanities more in STEM or business) with benefits to teach the same amount . Now I want to note something which is that these appointments are often part time in name only. Most universities carefully calculate FTE so that an adjunct can teach as much as their regular faculty while still remaining under the 0.75FTE legal standard for full time. 10 In practice many adjuncts are thus forced to string together multiple different adjunct appointments or appointments with extremely heavy teaching loads with each university using the part time nature of the work as an excuse not to offer things like family leave or health benefits which would be required by law if an adjunct was a full time employee. The result is a system which encourages adjuncts to invest as little time as possible into each class they teach (with deleterious effects to the quality of education) while at the same time relentlessly burning them out. Its an awful system for student and teacher ali ke. Now you may ask why anyone would take a job like that with poor pay (for a job that requires a PhD!) no job security and no benefits. And of course the answer is because they have no other choice; leaving academia even temporarily for a non-academic job is generally a career death sentence so as the academic job market contracts it creates a supply of adjuncts looking to stay in the game . That said those adjuncts are looking to stay in the game for hiring at other institutions; just as no department hires their own teaching track faculty for tenure track positions it is vanishingly rare for any department to hire their own adjuncts for the permanent tenure-track version of that adjuncts position . Indeed while I know several colleagues who have been (verbally) promised this 11 by a department I do not know anyone who has ever been hired this way. The proliferation of adjunct instructors is however clearly bad for higher education. The higher education model is predicated on the notion of the scholar-teacher who is engaged in at least some level of research (the amount varies by institution from research heavy R1s to teaching heavy SLACs and community colleges) and teaching on the premise correct I would argue that those two tasks enrich each other. Teaching a topic stimulates research thoughts on it while a research agenda keeps the teacher up to date and current on the state of knowledge in a field. But an adjunct instructor is not paid to do any research and may well not have the time to do so. (A convenient time to remind you all that my writing both here and also my research writing is paid for by you dear reader should you opt to support me on Patreon .) Moreover most adjuncts in order to make ends meet have to stack multiple heavy course-loads due to the shamefully low pay they receive and so while many adjuncts are dedicated teachers they are rarely able to give each class the time it needs . That is compounded by the fact that the short-term nature of adjuncts means they have little freedom in what they teach since getting a new course on the book takes time and is thus impossible for an adjunct with short-term appointments. I have been repeatedly asked by students when I would teach a course on Greek or Roman warfare and the answer is never despite tremendous student demand because I am never in an appointment long enough to propose and get approval for the course to be on the catalog as opposed to tenure-track faculty who generally have far far greater freedom to shape their course offerings. Consequently adjunctification is a blight on academia reducing the quality of research and teaching our universities produce degrading the student experience and betraying the fundamental reason why the public funds these institutions in the first place. So it will be no surprise that it is a growing phenomenon. In 1985 TT-faculty made up a simple majority 53% of all faculty appointments while adjuncts made up only 33% with that 33% frequently consisting of instructors without PhDs or PhDs quickly transitioning to tenure-line jobs. Today TT-faculty make up just 33% of all faculty while adjuncts make up 48% . Adjuncts are by far the most common type of university professor more than doubling the next largest category (tenured professors at 24%). As noted above the slice of the faculty that are adjuncts varies by type of institution from around 30-40% at PhD-granting institutions to above 60% at associates colleges. But the fact is even departments at top-tier R1 publics often rely on adjuncts to fill teaching gaps which should and in the past would have been filled by a tenure-track hire. So to recap there are three major types of faculty: tenure-line faculty (including tenured and tenure-track faculty) permanent teaching track non-tenured faculty and adjuncts. Of these the size of the last group has absolutely exploded. The job of professor as the public imagines it has functionally ceased to exist in much of higher education and where it survives it is ailing. One thing to note in the chart above is how tenured academics also far outnumber tenure- track academics as universities cut new tenure hires (replacing them with adjuncts) and just wait for the last tenured professors to retire. There are some (all too) easy implications folks tend to want to take form this information which I think we first need to dispel. The first of these is that the hiring situation in academia is the result of elite overproduction. What I hope you can see in the data above is that it isnt that the demand for higher education teaching has gone away but rather than the conditions under which it is done are changing. University leadership have exploited the creation of an academic caste system to create a class of academic serf allowing them to redirect funding (and spiraling tuition money) often towards their own pet projects . But the total number of teachers you need at this level is not declining. This is not elite overproduction but the gig economy run amok in a work environment that used to work much better for both teachers and students (and now works well primarily for university trustees and chancellors). Second this is not or at least has not in the past been a red-team/blue-team issue . Adjunctificaiton

BAD

Actual is going open-source (actualbudget.com) You read that right. Actual a personal finance system I've been working on for over 4 years is going open-source. That means it will now be 100% free and completely open forever . Let the forks commence. Show me the proof they said. Here it is . That's the source code. All of it. In all of it's beautiful wild and raw mess. You can locally run the entire app include the syncing server in less than a tweet's worth of commands: Now go to http://localhost:5006 . (Read more at actual-server ) We are also moving from Slack to Discord. Join the discord ! This is a significant shift and will have implications to all current subscribers. Here's what's going to happen: Immediately signups on actualbudget.com have been turned off. In June all existing subscriptions will be cancelled. Specific dates coming soon. (we have delayed this until we figure out the right timeline) In June the existing syncing server will be shut down (we have delayed this until we figure out the right timeline). Instead you should host your own server . Unfortunately the mobile apps are going to be deprecated. They should still work completely fine and if you are on Android you should be able to build it locally and sideload them. Sadly mobile apps require a lot of maintenance and money to stay in the app stores and now that we are decentralized it doesn't make sense for us to take this on. The solution here is to eventually build mobile versions of the web apps. Eventually the mobile apps will no longer be available in the app stores. It's unclear what will happen with the desktop app. Even though it requires little maintenance code-wise deployment and code-signing is still a significant burden. For now the web app is the primary platform until we figure out a solution for this. Over time the docs content on the website will be migrated to github and the website will be shut down as well. Support will go through github issues on the actual repo . Existing issues from the releases repo will be migrated over. The help@actualbudget.com email will be turned off. We are moving from Slack to Discord. Please join ! The slack instance will eventually be shut down. We are moving to letting you host your own server . With modern services like fly.io it's easier than ever to deploy a server . We are changing from a centralized service to a decentralized one. You can easily transition your data from the hosted version to the open-source version. Once you've setup your own server load Actual and point it to your server and your files show show up as local files. You can select each one and register it to the server for syncing. See the actual-server project for how to setup your own server. Some of you are going to disappointed in this. I'm sorry! I'm optimistic that most current users are technical and are actually going to be very excited about this change. When I started exploring this I got excited because it enables some really interesting features like an HTTP-based API. The existing API requires the entire app to be loaded. We couldn't offer an HTTP endpoint because we can't read your data. Now that you are hosting your server you are in control and are free to offer an HTTP API. You could even hook up your own bank syncing -- Plaid support a free development plan that covers an individual user. In fact you'll see Plaid support in the syncing server because I already started building this out. In the future the open-source version will provide releases similar to before and will provide easy paths to upgrade. I'm actively calling people to step up and help! If you are a developer please poke around and open PRs for any improvements. There are some initial project ideas in the contributing file . I will continue to work on how to manage the project. The open-source version of Actual has the following changes: The server has been rebuilt to remove the subscription-related workflows. The app doesn't require an account anymore. On first run it does ask for a URL to the server you want to use. You can point the app at any server. If you want you can skip the option to use a server and use the app completely locally. Any tracking code has been removed. Most of the app was left as-is. There is a lot of stuff in there that should be cleaned up but I wanted to get this out. Building products is hard building a business is even harder. I told myself that I was going to push through and make it happen no matter what. Even if it took years I would slowly build my vision. When I stopped working full-time on Actual and started working at Stripe I told everyone it wasn't going anywhere. And I meant it. But the fact is this project is way bigger than me. I have to come to accept that. Even I were completely full-time I need to hire at least 2 other people to properly sustain it. It's time to call it for what it is and open it up as a community project. There's so much in the code waiting to be utilized. The API now is a self-contained bundle with all the code (compared to before where it was a thin client that connected to a running app). This means it's a full library capable of all the features in the app. Actual is now an open platform for building personal finance products. By myself I haven't had enough time to bring it to its full potential. Focusing on one specific thing for a week means 10 other things are left undone. It's not working. It's currently 1:30 AM and I've been working all night. If I want to launch any features this is what I have to do. Usually I can quickly prototype a feature but documenting and launching it takes a ton more time. It's not sustainable. I've given up a lot over the last few years. I completely underestimated how much work it takes to build a business. There's so much overhead. I'm always figuring out why a build failed taxes how to triage issues responding to support designing UIs responding to Apple's complaints and more. There's so much that goes on behind the scenes. There's no way a single person can possible do this alone especially as a side project. One thing I'm really excited about open-source is I no longer have to deal with any of the business or deployment stuff. I can focus on being a project manager. Last month I was really sick for an entire week. During that time the syncing server went down twice. I forced myself to sit down and dig into it even though I felt like I was going to throw up. I got it working but it really made me think about my mental health. I've put a lot of stuff on pause over the last couple years and I need to find a better balance. Actual is a very different product. It's not a normal SaaS app. It's a local-first app using a fancy technology called CRDTs that syncs changes across devices. This has a lot of benefits but one drawback is I can't use off-the-shelf solutions anymore. Hiring and getting help is harder. I'm super proud of being so ambitious but ultimately doing something so different made it hard to iterate quickly. I can't simply make a quick database schema change. Every feature needs to be rolled out very thoughfully and maintain backwards compatibility. I'm hopeful that open-source will make this easier; with lots of people involved it offsets the difficulty added. And I'm hopeful there will a lot of people involved because I get asked if I'm going to open-source at least once a month. I've tried hiring part-time developers about 7 times. It never worked out because there isn't enough money to fund development. $4/month is insanely cheap. But pricing isn't the only issue: even if I bumped up prices it just needs a lot more funds. Development is crazy expensive. I was able to hire for some roles like support but it wasn't enough to balance it out. How does open-source help with this? Isn't everybody working for free now? While that's true I've seen the magic of open-source work before. Now everybody is invested in the product and changes are owned by everybody. We need some structure to move the project along of course and need to guard maintainers mental health but open-source has the potential to transform the product. Please see the contributing file for some initial project ideas. Poke around the code and join the discord to talk about ways you can help! I'm very optimistic that opening this up is going to make the project more healthy and active. Right now Actual is up to 810 paid subscribers. I'm proud of that. But it's time to call it for it is. It needs a lot more help and I'm excited to see how it evolves as an open-source project. - James