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How to Make Dryer Sheets

Dryer sheets help to prevent static cling, add freshness, and remove odors from clothing. If you use the fragranced sheets, they can even add a nice scent to your laundry. Store-bought dryer sheets are only good for a single use; after that, you have to throw them away. Making your own dryer sheets is simple and only requires a few basic ingredients. Best of all, they are reusable, so you are not only saving money, but also the environment! 1. **Cut 6 in (15 cm) squares from old towels or washcloths.** Cotton fabric, old T-shirts, and flannel also work well. How many squares you cut is up to you, but 12 is a good starting amount. 2. **Fill a bowl with 1 cup (240 mL) of liquid fabric softener.** The type of fabric softener that you use is entirely up to you. If you choose to use a fragranced one, however, make sure that it's a scent you like. For a gentler version, use 3 tablespoons (45 mL) of fabric softener and 1 cup (240 mL) of water. 3. **Soak the fabric squares in the fabric softener.** Dip the stack of fabric squares into the bowl, then press down on them with your hands to submerge them. How long you leave the fabric squares in the bowl doesn't matter as long as each square is thoroughly soaked. If you have sensitive skin, pull on a pair of rubber gloves. Alternatively, use a stick or jar to press the fabric squares down. 4. **Wring the fabric softener from the squares.** Working 1 fabric square at a time, pluck them out of the bowl, then twist them to squeeze out the excess liquid. Smooth out the wrinkles caused by the wringing, then set them aside. The fabric squares will still be wet at this point, so make sure that the surface you’re setting them down on is water-resistant. 5. **Hang the fabric squares up to dry completely.** A clothesline would be the easiest route, but you can also tie a long piece of string between 2 chairs and use that instead. The length of the string doesn’t matter, as long as you can fit all of the fabric squares on it. Alternatively, drape the fabric squares over a drying rack. How long it takes for the fabric to dry will depend on how hot and humid it is. It will dry faster in warmer, drier climates. Expect to wait a few hours, however. Don’t use a dryer to speed up the process. You want these to air dry. If you diluted the fabric softener with water, you don't need to let the fabric squares dry. Simply store them in an airtight container until you're ready to use it. 6. **Store the dryer sheets in an airtight container.** This can be anything you want it to be: a jar, a plastic box, or even an empty baby wipes container. You can roll the sheets up into bundles or fold them up into squares. Don't be afraid to get a little creative here! If you soaked the fabric squares, pour some of the diluted fabric softener into the container too. This will prevent them from drying out. You want these to be wet when you use them. 7. **Add 1 sheet into the dryer the next time you want to dry your clothes.** If you diluted the fabric softener with water, toss 1 wet sheet into the dryer along with the rest of your laundry. A single sheet made from full-strength fabric softener will last 10 to 12 loads. After that, you'll have to re-soak and dry it again. If you used diluted fabric softener, you'll have to re-soak your sheets with more diluted fabric softener before every use. 8. **Cut some fabric into 6 in (15 cm) squares.** Any sort of cotton fabric would work here, including quilter's cotton, old T-shirts, flannel, or even towels. You can cut however many squares you want, but 12 squares would be enough. 9. **Pour ⁄2 cup (120 mL) of white vinegar into a bowl.** This is the magic ingredient for your dryer sheets. Vinegar has natural deodorizing and fabric softening properties, so it's a great choice for all-natural dryer sheets. If you're using a thick, absorbent material, such as towels, use 1 cup (240 mL) of vinegar instead. 10. **Stir in 8 to 10 drops of essential oil, if desired.** This is completely optional and only there to give your laundry a nice fragrance. You can use just 1 type of oil, or you can mix fragrances. For example, you could use 6 drops of lavender essential oil and 4 drops of tea tree oil. If you doubled the amount of vinegar, then double the amount of essential oil. About 16 to 20 drops will do. You can find essential oils online and in health food stores. Do not use fragrance oils meant for candle-making or diffusers; they're not the same thing. 11. **Soak the fabric sheets in the solution.** Take your stack of fabric squares and dunk them into the bowl. Press down on them with your hands or a glass jar to submerge them. How long you leave them in the solution will depend on how absorbent the fabric is. It shouldn't be more than a couple of minutes, however. Avoid handling the vinegar with your bare hands if you have sensitive skin or any cuts on your hands. Vinegar is very strong and may cause a burning sensation. 12. **Store the solution and sheets in an airtight container.** Use a glass jar with an airtight glass lid, if possible. Avoid jars with metal lids, as it may react with the vinegar. Other options include plastic tubs and boxes, such as baby wipe containers. You need to include the solution in the container because you'll be using the sheets while they are still damp. 13. **Wring the excess solution out from 2 sheets.** Take 1 sheet from the bowl and twist it so that it's no longer dripping wet. Set it aside, then take another sheet out of the bowl. Wring that sheet as well. Leave the other sheets in the vinegar. This should be enough for 1 load of laundry; if you're drying only a few articles of clothing, then 1 sheet should be enough. 14. **Toss the wet sheets into the dryer along with the rest of your laundry.** Do not dry the sheets out first. Simply toss them into the dryer, then add the rest of your laundry. Start a dryer cycle like you normally would. After the cycle ends, take the used sheets out and place them back into the vinegar solution with the rest of the dryer sheets. They will absorb the vinegar and become as good as new! 15. **Cut old towels or washcloths into 6 in (15 cm) squares.** You can also use other types of cotton fabric, such as flannel, old T-shirts, or quilter's cotton. You can cut however many fabric squares you want, but 12 or so will do. 16. **Mix ⁄4 cup (180 mL) of conditioner with ⁄4 cup (59 mL) of white vinegar.** Pour ⁄4 cup (180 mL) of hair conditioner into a bowl, then add ⁄4 cup (59 mL) of white vinegar. Stir them together carefully with a spoon so that you don't create any bubbles or froth. You can increase or decrease the amounts, as long as you use a ratio of 3 parts conditioner and 1 part vinegar. If possible, use a natural, organic hair conditioner that's free of sulfates, parabens, dimethicone, artificial preservatives, and synthetic fragrances. Use whatever type of conditioner you want. Since this isn't going to do anything for your hair, a cheap, inexpensive brand would work just fine. 17. **Dunk the fabric squares in the solution, until they are soaked through.** Place the stack of fabric squares into the bowl, then press down on them with your hands until they are completely submerged. It shouldn't take very long for the fabric to get soaked through. Pull on some gloves or use a jar to press down on the fabric if you've got sensitive skin. The conditioner won't hurt you, but the vinegar might cause a burning sensation. 18. **Wring the solution out of the fabric and let it air dry.** Take a fabric sheet out of the bowl and twist it between your hands to squeeze the excess solution. Untwist it, smooth out the wrinkles, and set it aside. Repeat the process with the other sheets, working 1 sheet at a time. Set the sheets out in a sunny spot so that they can dry completely. You can also hang the sheets from a clothesline or a drying rack. How long it takes for the sheets to dry will vary. They'll dry faster in hot, dry climates, however. Don't speed the process up by using a clothes dryer. The sheets need to air dry. 19. **Store the squares in an airtight container until you're ready to use them.** This container can be anything you want it to be: a plastic box, an old baby wipes container, or even a glass jar. You can crumple the sheets up and stuff them in, roll them into tight bundles, or fold them up into neat squares. 20. **Use 1 sheet per laundry load.** The next time you do laundry, take a sheet and toss it into the dryer along with the rest of the laundry. Start a cycle like you normally would. When the cycle finishes, take the sheet out and put it back into the container with the other sheets. Each sheet will last about 3 loads. After that, you'll have to re-soak the sheets.

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How to Even Out Glutes

Having uneven glutes can be frustrating, especially if you've been targeting them in your workout. However, it’s normal for glutes to be uneven, and oftentimes the glute on your dominant side will be stronger and firmer. If you have an extreme difference, it could be because of bad exercise form, poor posture, or reduced mobility. Fortunately, there are techniques for evening out your glutes. Start by activating your glutes to make sure they are getting the benefit of your workout. Then address issues in your workout that may be causing the imbalance. Finally, you can work your weaker side more than your stronger side, which can help it “catch up” to the stronger side. 1. **Roll out your muscles using a ball or foam roller.** Before performing your extension exercises, loosen the hip on your weak side by rolling out the muscle. Lie face-down on the floor with the ball or foam roller positioned under your hip on the weaker side. Using your hands to support you, move your hips back and forth (front to back) over the ball or roller. Continue for 30 seconds to loosen the hip. This activity will help you increase your hip extension range-of-motion, and allow your weaker glute to build up some more strength. While on the ball or roller, you can also do slight extension stretches by lifting your leg on the side you are working just slightly, then lowering. 2. **Activate your glutes using a stretch.** Activation is great for glutes that aren’t getting the full benefit of your workout because they are not fully engaged. You can activate your glutes using a stretch called a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretch, which is a type of flexibility stretch that loosens up the front of your thighs. Do the exercise only on the side that isn’t getting good glute activation. Tightness in the front of your thighs can prevent your thighs from making backwards movements, which work your glutes. However, stretching the front of your hip while alternately contracting the back of your hip can help loosen and activate your glutes. 3. **Move into a lunge position with the leg on your stronger side in front.** Your legs do not need to be that far apart because you are going to be switching up the move to create a stretch. It’s best to do this on an exercise mat to protect your knees. 4. **Lower yourself until the leg on your weaker side rests on the floor.** Press your toes of that foot into the floor, with your foot perpendicular to the ground. The leg on your stronger side should remain bent with your foot flat against the floor. Place your hands on your hips. 5. **Tuck your pelvis in, squeezing your abs and glutes.** Keep straight through your core as you do the stretch. Really focus on your glute muscles, as this is your target area. Squeeze your glutes hard as you slowly move forward just slightly. Your movement should be slow and focused so that you can concentrate on feeling the stretch in the front of your thigh muscles. Be careful not to extend your knee far out over your foot. The movement forward and back should be slight, but try to go a little deeper each time. Relax your glutes as you go back to the starting position. Do 3 sets of 10-15 reps. 6. **Use hip extensions to open up your glute range.** Sometimes your glutes are unable to work effectively if you are unable to fully extend through your hip. This could be preventing development in your weaker glute. You can incorporate hip extensions into your workout to open your weaker side. 7. **Kneel on an exercise mat, then lean forward and rest on your elbows.** Both of your forearms should be flat against the mat, as should your shins. This is the same position as “being on all fours.” You can do this move without the mat, but it may be uncomfortable, especially for your knees. 8. **Shift your weight to your stronger side.** Slightly lift your weaker leg behind you. The leg on your weaker side should hover just over the floor, ready to be extended backward. Make sure that the leg on your stronger side is balanced and that you aren’t wobbly. It’s important that you remain stable and balanced throughout the move, since you could strain something if your form is off. Additionally, you would not get the full benefit of the workout. 9. **Extend the leg on your weaker side behind you and slightly up.** Squeeze your glutes as you extend your leg. Go as far as you can comfortably, feeling the contraction of your glute muscles. Push your heel away from your body. Your leg should extend straight out behind you. At first, your knee may be bent slightly. This is okay, but you will want to make progress toward straightening that leg over time. 10. **Return to the starting position, then repeat 10 times.** Bring your knee back down, stopping just behind your stationary knee. This will keep your glutes engaged the entire time you are working them. Make sure your back is not turning as you lift the leg up. Your back should stay still throughout the leg lift. Sometimes when doing this move you bring your working leg up under you and into your chest, but this can relax the glutes. You can maximize your glute benefit by not bringing in your knee. Do 3 sets. 11. **Check your form to make sure it’s symmetrical.** When you perform your normal workout, watch or film yourself to make sure that you are using the correct stance and follow through. It’s possible that you are not performing your moves symmetrically, which could be causing your uneven glutes. This can be difficult to notice yourself, since the imbalance may be subtle. For example, you may be slightly tucked on one side. It's best to have a professional help you with your form. Remember—all your muscles are connected! The glute isn't independent of your other muscles, like your quadriceps or hamstring. 12. **Use lighter loads when correcting your symmetry.** If you do find that you are putting more of your weight to the stronger side, go back to basics to work on your form. You can use a lighter load or do the moves without weights, depending on your typical workout. This applies to moves like squats or deadlifts. For example, someone who lifts very heavy might continue to use lighter weights, while someone who uses light dumbbells could benefit from doing the moves without weights until they fix their form. 13. **Increase your hip mobility and stretch the front of your hips.** It’s a good idea to do the glute activation stretch above before any workout, but you can also add additional stretches. Good options include bridges, leg swings, and leg crossovers. To do a bridge, lay on the floor with your knees bent and your feet flat on the floor. Squeeze your glutes, then slowly push your torso off the ground so that you are resting on your shoulder blades and feet. Then lower back to the starting position. Do 10 repetitions. To do leg swings, place your hand against the wall or a chair for stability. Lift the leg you are working out to your side as high as you comfortably can, squeezing your glutes. Lower to the starting position and repeat 10 times. Switch legs and do the other side. To do leg crossovers, place your hand against the wall or a chair for stability. Move the working leg out to the side with your toe pointed. Squeeze your glutes, then lift the working leg and cross it in front of your stationary leg, stopping when you feel the stretch. Return to the starting position. Repeat for 10 repetitions, then switch sides. 14. **Work on your mind-muscle connections.** As you work your glutes, focus your thoughts on working that muscle group. You can also enhance that thought connection by poking the muscles as you work them. Use short mantras to call your attention to your muscles and what you feel in your body. You could say, “Firm and tight,” “I am strong,” or “Show your power.” Set a goal for your glutes and repeat this goal to yourself as you exercise. Say, “My glutes are firm and balanced. I move with symmetry.” Picture yourself fulfilling this goal. Take a moment between sets to refocus yourself on your goals and take stock of how your body feels. Get back into position and really think about the work you plan to do. 15. **Perform extra lunges on your weaker side.** Place your foot on your weaker side out in front of you, and your other foot behind you in a standing-splits position. Spread your legs as far apart as you comfortably can to better target the glutes rather than your quads. Push down into your heel on your front leg and tip your torso slightly forward and backward until you find the exact position where you feel your glutes working the most. Slowly lower yourself until your front knee is in line with your ankle, then slowly rise to a standing position. Repeat for 10 repetitions, and do 3 sets. Alternatively, you can add more weight on your weaker side if you do weighted lunges. 16. **Try Bulgarian split squats to strengthen your weaker side.** Split squats are like lunges, but you will place the foot of one leg on a bench, box, or chair to better work the muscle. Place the foot of your weaker side on the floor, then lift your other leg behind you, placing your foot top-side down on a stable surface, such as your weight bench. Slowly lower your body until your knee is positioned over your ankle. Hold the contraction for a second, then slowly rise back to a standing position. Complete 3 sets of 10 split squats. 17. **Do weighted step-ups on your weaker side.** Place a sturdy box or bench in front of you. Alternatively, you could stand in front of a step. Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Holding your weights, step up on your weak side. Bring up your other leg as well, ending with you standing on the step. Then step back down starting with the foot on your stronger side. Before you do the move, adjust your body positioning until you really feel your glutes working. Maintain this position with each repetition, making sure you are correctly using your glutes. Do 3 sets of 10 repetitions. 18. **Perform pistol (single leg) squats.** In a standing position, lift your arms out in front of you. Firmly plant the leg on your weaker side, then lift your other leg as high as you can while remaining balanced. With your back straight, gently lower yourself into a squat, keeping your leg lifted. Slowly rise back to your starting position to complete the squat. Complete 3 sets of 10 split squats.

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How to Walk a Guinea Pig on a Leash

Some experts think walking a guinea pig on a leash is a bad idea -- guinea pigs have delicate spines and shouldn't be pulled on leashes like dogs. If you do decide to walk your guinea pig, it's best to let him go where he wants. In addition, you can make sure your guinea pig exercises in other ways. 1. **Make sure the harness isn't too tight.** If you put on a harness, make sure it is loose enough. You should be able to put a finger or two between the harness and the guinea pig. If it's too tight, it could harm the guinea pig's back over time and chaff under his armpits. It may not be a good idea to put a harness on at all. Some owners have had trouble with harnesses harming guinea pigs' backs after they've worn it several times. 2. **Use leashes just for the yard.** If you insist on using a leash, make sure you just do it in the yard. That is, you can use a leash to keep your guinea pig from wandering too far. However, you need to supervise the guinea pig the whole time. A leash isn't license to leave your guinea pig alone outside. Also, don't tug on the leash. Just let your guinea pig roam about. Make sure the leash is always loose, and your guinea pig doesn't get tangled in it. 3. **Don't walk your guinea pig.** While you can put your guinea pig in a harness, it's not a good idea to walk it on a leash. The tugging sensation can harm the guinea pig's delicate spine very easily. In addition, most guinea pigs won't take to walking, meaning they can't be trained to walk beside you on a leash. In addition, guinea pigs can easily slip out of harnesses, so they can escape before you can catch them. Therefore, trying to walk a guinea pig in a street isn't a good idea. It could get away from you and be harmed. 4. **Designate one area for guinea pigs.** You don't want to give guinea pigs the full run of the house because there are too many hazards. In addition, guinea pigs can get lost in the shuffle or be scared by loud noises. Consider picking a single room that doesn't have too many places for the guinea pig to hide. A hallway or bathroom works well. Places like the kitchen have too many places for the guinea pigs to hide or squeeze into. Also remember that guinea pigs like to chew. If you love the furniture in a particular room, you may not want to put your guinea pigs in there. Another option is to use a wire pen or cage that you set up in a room. 5. **Hide electrical cords.** Guinea pigs are happy to chew on electrical cords if you give them the chance. Make sure any cords are up out of reach of the guinea pigs or that you pick a room that doesn't have them near the floor. 6. **Put hazards out of reach.** Move any plants and other hazards out of reach. Plastic bags, for instance, can pose a suffocation hazard. Make sure to also pick up any dead leaves, as many houseplants are poisonous to guinea pigs. 7. **Separate the other pets.** If you have larger animals in your home, they should not be in the same room as the guinea pigs when they are out. They could attack or injure the guinea pigs by just following their instincts. 8. **Let everyone know the guinea pigs are out.** That way, they won't rush into the room without checking to see where the guinea pigs are. In addition, if guinea pigs are underfoot without the family's knowledge, they could easily be stepped on. You could use a note or sign on the door to help family members remember. This step also warns your family not to let other pets in. 9. **Give them enough exercise time.** Try to provide at least 3 hours outside of the cage a day if the guinea pigs are in a cage that isn't large enough for them. That means that if your guinea pig has less than 7.5 square feet, you need to provide this time out of the cage every day. Otherwise, your guinea pig could get bored. 10. **Don't forget to provide food and water.** If you let your guinea pigs out of their cage for extended periods, don't forget they still need food and water. If they can't go back to their cage, make sure you have food and water out for them. 11. **Place them in an enclosure.** Outside, create an enclosure or fenced in area for them to play in. You can use a wire fence or cage, as long as it doesn't leave gaps that your guinea pigs can escape through. 12. **Keep your guinea pigs cool.** Guinea pigs can't stand too much heat, so make sure you keep them cool when they go outside. For one, you should always provide them with shade, so they can cool down. In addition, only let them out during cooler times of the day in the summer. Guinea pigs prefer temperatures between 65 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit. While they can stand a bit more variation, you don't want to go too much colder or warmer. 13. **Don't let them go out on damp grass.** Damp grass can give your pig a chill, and that's not good for them. Also, make sure you aren't setting them down on grass that has been sprayed with insecticides or other chemicals, as that can be damaging for your guinea pig. 14. **Provide food and water.** Once again, you want to be sure to always provide your guinea pig with food and water. Water is especially important when your guinea pig is outside because it can easily get dehydrated when it is warm out. 15. **Check for poisonous plants.** Guinea pigs love to chew on any plant in their vicinity, which is fine when they're munching on grass. However, some plants are poisonous to guinea pigs, so you want to make sure they don't have access to those. Use a database like Cornell's http://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/index.html to look up poisonous plants in your area. Many common plants like daisies and buttercups are poisonous to guinea pigs. If you keep your guinea pigs just on grass without weeds, you should be fine. 16. **Stay outside.** You do not want to leave your guinea pig unattended outside. For one, if your enclosure doesn't have a roof, your guinea pig could easily be carried off by a predator. It could even happen if your enclosure does have a roof. In addition, you want to make sure your guinea pigs don't wriggle out and escape. Also, because guinea pigs are susceptible to heat stroke, you want to keep an eye on them while outside. Signs of heatstroke include lethargy, a limp body, trouble breathing, a rapid pulse, and a wet chin. Your guinea pig may also feel hot to the touch. Check the ears to see if they feel extra warm. If you notice signs of heatstroke, bring the guinea pig indoors. Use tepid water (not cold because it can cause shock) to dab around the ears and feet. You can even dip its feet in water. Once the guinea pig seems cooler, take it to the vet. 17. **Buy a large enough cage.** A large cage is important because it gives your guinea pig a large area to explore. The larger the cage is, the better off your guinea pig will be. At a minimum, each guinea pig should have 7.5 square feet of cage. That's a cage that's approximately 3 by 2.5 feet. If you can, go for a bigger cage, so your guinea pig will need less exercise outside of its cage. 18. **Buy one commercially.** You can buy a cage for a guinea pig. However, most cages that are labelled for guinea pigs are not big enough. You can find ones meant for other animals, though, that will work for guinea pigs. Pick one that has metal bars on the side, not wood, as guinea pigs can't chew through metal. Also, make sure it has a solid floor. Guinea pigs' feet are easily damaged by floors that are made of wire, so it needs to be solid to protect your guinea pig. Go for a larger floor space rather than one that has many levels. Floor space is more important. 19. **Build your own.** Another option is making your own. You can make your own cages out of wire fences on the floor with other materials underneath. One option is to use corrugated correx or corrugated coroplast, available from sign making shops. Start with cube grids. Cube grids can be reconfigured to any size to make an outward "cage." Cut the correx or coroplast to fit. You can use the material as a floor, then use more of it to create a border around the floor. Tape it together from the outside. Add newspapers and hay for your guinea pig to complete the cage.

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How to Tell if You're Being Pulled Over by a Legit Police Officer

Being pulled over can be a very scary experience. It doesn't happen very often, but there have been reports of people impersonating police officers driving unmarked vehicles. If you're ever pulled over, it's important to determine whether the individual is actually a police officer so you can feel safe and remain in compliance with the law. 1. **Check to see if it's a marked vehicle.** If the vehicle has police markings, it is highly unlikely that it would be an imposter. A civilian driving a marked police vehicle would most likely be spotted very quickly by an actual police officer, and that individual would quickly get arrested for impersonating an officer. If a marked police vehicle is attempting to pull you over, it's generally safe to assume that that individual is a real police officer. 2. **Identify the vehicle's make and model.** If the vehicle is not clearly marked as a police vehicle, you'll need to identify what make and model the vehicle is. Police officers in the United States generally only drive a limited number of vehicle makes and models, and those vehicles are usually in decent shape (though they may be scratched up or lightly dented from previous pursuits). Police sedans in the United States are almost always a Ford Crown Victoria, a Chevy Impala, a Dodge Intrepid, a Dodge Charger, or a Chevy Lumina. Police SUVs are almost always a Ford F150, a Chevy Tahoe, or a Dodge Durango. Most police departments use relatively new vehicles. If the vehicle pursuing you looks old and/or very broken down, it may not be a real police vehicle. 3. **Call 911 while you're being pulled over.** If you're still not sure whether it's a real police officer, the best thing to do is to call 911. Try to give the dispatcher a detailed location of where you are and a description of your vehicle and the alleged police vehicle. The 911 dispatcher will be able to use that information to check with the local police or sheriff's department to determine whether the vehicle you're being pulled over by is actually a police vehicle, and whether that officer has actually pulled you over. Be sure to give the make, model, and license plate of both your vehicle and the vehicle you're being pulled over by. 4. **Learn your state's laws.** Though some states permit unmarked police vehicles to conduct routine traffic stops, some states have outlawed this practice. In New York State, for example, unmarked vehicles are no longer allowed to stop motorists for routine traffic violations (though certain exceptions may be made). Other municipalities have very strict rules on whether a plain-clothes officer can conduct traffic stops, regardless of the vehicle that he or she is driving. Search online to find out whether unmarked and/or plain-clothes traffic stops are permitted in your state, county, or city. You can also call your local police or sheriff's department to find out about their policies on unmarked vehicles. 5. **Look for a uniform.** Most police officers who are on duty will be wearing an official police uniform. In fact, some municipalities have outlawed plainclothes police officers from conducting traffic stops. However, many municipalities do allow plain clothes officers to conduct traffic stops if those officers observe a traffic violation. Use your best judgment, and remember that a uniform isn't always a solid confirmation that an individual is an officer. Police uniforms can be purchased by civilians, so it's not a definite way to determine an officer's status. If someone pulls you over in an unmarked car and that individual is not wearing a uniform at all, you should be on alert. Call 911 to confirm that the individual is an officer before you pull over or roll down your window. 6. **Ask to see proper identification and credentials.** If you're pulled over by an unmarked car or a plainclothes police officer, you should always confirm that the individual is actually a police officer. A law enforcement officer must show you his or her badge upon request, and no real police officer would refuse to do this. In addition to badges, some municipalities also issue official police identification cards. These cards should be official, laminated photo IDs, not merely business cards. Familiarize yourself with what your local police identification looks like in advance so that you'll be able to spot a fake in the event that you're pulled over. If you're still not convinced, you can always write down the officer's badge number, call 911, and confirm that that badge number is valid. You should do this through a narrowly-cracked window so that you can both pass identification back and forth without endangering your safety. 7. **Observe how the individual behaves when you ask for ID.** How an individual behaves when you ask for identification can tell you a lot about that person's identity. A real police officer will have no problem showing you his or her badge. That officer should show you the badge long enough so that you can get a good look and write down the badge number. A real officer will not simply flash the badge and then put it away. An officer will also be understanding if you're concerned about the unmarked car and/or lack of uniform, and will provide you with the necessary identification. If the individual gets angry or threatening, acts suspiciously, or behaves unprofessionally (such as banging on your door or ordering you to exit the vehicle), that individual may not be a police officer. If you feel threatened or unsafe, call 911 immediately, and let the individual know that you're calling 911. If the individual flees the scene when you call 911, he or she was not a real police officer. 8. **Assess whether you've broken any traffic laws.** A good way to gauge whether you're actually being pulled over is to determine whether you've broken any laws. There are many traffic laws, and those laws may vary somewhat from state to state, but generally speaking there are some basic laws that you will recognize if you've broken them. Exceeding the posted speed limit by five or more miles per hour is usually sufficient cause for an officer to pull you over. Changing lanes without signaling, making an illegal u-turn, crossing a double-yellow line, or swerving and driving erratically are all sufficient reasons to be pulled over. If you're driving at night or in inclement weather (in some states) without your headlights on, or if you have a burned-out bulb in your headlights, tail lights, or turn signals, you may also be pulled over by an officer. If you haven't done anything wrong and a vehicle is attempting to pull you over, especially at night and/or in a remote area, you should be cautious and keep your guard up. 9. **Signal that you're looking for a place to pull over.** If you feel unsafe pulling over in an unlit or remote area, you should not pull over yet. However, you'll need to signal to the individual that you are actually going to pull over. Otherwise you could be charged with evading the police, should it turn out to be an actual police officer. Immediately put your four-way hazard lights on. Turn on the dome light inside your vehicle so the officer can see you clearly and know that you're not reaching for a weapon. When you do pull over, keep your hands where the officer can see them and avoid any sudden or unnecessary movements. Slow down to a very low speed. Don't drive so slow that you'd hold up traffic (if other cars are around) or cause an accident, but enough to let the officer know that you're not trying to flee. Look for a well-lit or public area to pull over. Stopping on the side of the road in a remote area can be very dangerous if the individual is not a real police officer. 10. **Stay safe inside the vehicle.** Once you've pulled over, you'll need to take steps to protect yourself during the exchange. If the individual is actually a police officer, he or she should understand your concerns and be willing to work with you to ensure your safety. Keep your doors locked and remain inside the vehicle. Lower the window just a few inches so that you can exchange information and identification through the window. This will prevent the individual from reaching in and unlocking your door in the event that he or she is not a real officer. Ask for identification, or call 911 with your location and description so that the dispatcher can confirm that the individual is actually a police officer. Ask the officer to call another officer or a supervisor to the scene. You are within your rights to request this, and most police officers driving in plainclothes or an unmarked vehicle will understand your concern and comply without a problem. If the officer will not call for a second officer or supervisor, let the officer know that you'd like to follow the alleged police vehicle (or have him/her follow your vehicle) to the nearest police station. Explain again that you're willing to comply with the law, but you're concerned for your safety.

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How to U‐Turn on a Motorcycle

Making a U turn on a motorcycle can be a tricky maneuver, since unlike most vehicles, motorcycles only have two wheels and risk tipping over on their side during a U turn. It’s best to practice U turns in a safe parking lot before trying one on a street. To make a U turn, pivot the bike by rapidly steering into and then away from the direction of the U turn. Then, look in the direction you want to turn, and lean the bike sharply into the U turn. 1. **Find a large, empty parking lot.** It’s wise to practice maneuvering a U turn in an empty parking lot before trying it on a street. An empty parking lot is a relatively forgiving environment, and you can U turn as slowly as you like without having to worry about other vehicles or drivers. It’s best if the parking lot you practice in doesn’t have much traffic. Scope out parking lots at shopping malls in your area. Large churches will also have big, empty parking lots 5 or 6 days a week. 2. **Set up cones to mimic the width of a turn lane.** If you have a handful of traffic cones, set them up to create a practice “lane.” Use half a dozen cones to mark the corners and center point of a lane 34 feet (10.4 m) (10.4 m) long and 24 feet (7.3 m) wide. Then, place two more cones about 12 feet (4 m) (3.7 m) from the end of your practice lane. These cones will serve as your “pivot point,” and indicate when you should begin to pivot for the U turn. The majority of side streets are about 24 feet (7 m) (7.3 m) wide. So, this practice lane will prepare you for making a U turn in a turn lane or on a wide two-lane road. 3. **Practice U turns in the parking spaces.** If you don’t have cones, or would prefer not set up an elaborate training course, you can practice your U turns in the parking spaces themselves. In nearly all parking lots, parking spaces are 10 feet (3 m) wide. Start out by practicing the U turn across 3 parking spaces or 30 feet (9.1 m) (9m). As you start feeling more adept, try the U turn within 2 parking spaces or 20 feet (6.1 m) (6m). 4. **Slow down and shift into first gear.** If you approach a U turn going too fast, the maneuver will be much harder than it needs to be. You only need to be going between 5 and 10 mph to make a U turn. Shifting your bike into first gear will allow your engine to slow down your bike as well. Being in first gear will also allow you to quickly accelerate as you complete the U turn. 5. **Ride close to the curb you’ll be turning away from.** So, if you want to U turn to the left, pull up close to the right-hand curb. It’s important that you pull close to the curb a few dozen yards in advance, so that you’re riding in a straight line by the time you make the U turn. Riding next to the right-hand curb will give you plenty of room to swing your left U turn. Swerving within your lane before performing a U turn will increase your likelihood of tipping your bike over. 6. **Squeeze your rear break.** Putting light pressure on your rear break will prevent you from going into the U turn too quickly. The rear break will also stabilize your bike during the maneuver and decrease your chances of tipping over. Do not engage the front break during a U turn. 7. **Engage your clutch lightly.** You want to make your U turn when your bike is in the so-called “friction zone”—the zone where your clutch is lightly engaged and transmitting some power to your rear wheel, but not fully engaged. This will prevent your bike from stalling during the U turn. Making the U turn in the friction zone will give you the most control over your bike’s throttle and speed. 8. **Pivot about 12 feet (4 m) (3.7 m) before the U turn.** To pivot when performing a left U turn, turn the bike’s handlebars quickly to the left and away from the pivot point. Then, just as quickly, turn the handlebars back to the right, towards the pivot point. This will build up the side-to-side momentum you need to make the U turn. When you practice with cones in a parking lot, the “pivot” cones will remind you to begin pivoting. If you’re U turning on a street, you’ll have to estimate the distance. 9. **Turn your head and handlebars in the direction of your U turn.** Once you’ve pivoted and your front tire is aiming right (back towards the pivot point), look head as far towards your left shoulder as possible. At the same time, turn your handlebars to aim the bike sharply to the left. Continue to look over your left shoulder while you’re rolling through the U turn. 10. **Keep your weight upright over the bike.** When U turning on a motorcycle, many bikers are tempted to heavily lean into the turn. This will cause you to tip over. Instead, keep your weight centered over the bike, while leaning the bike itself into the turn. Use your right foot to put pressure on the bike’s outside peg (in this case, the right-hand peg). This will allow you to hold yourself upright while the bike leans to the left. 11. **Look in the direction you want your bike to roll.** When you make the U turn, keep your eyes focused ahead of you as you roll curve around and resume driving in the opposite direction. Keep your head and eyes pointed in the direction of your U turn, and you’ll complete the maneuver successfully. If you look down at the curb or across the street, your U turn will be shaky and you’ll risk running into the curb.

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How to Read a Capacitor

Unlike resistors, capacitors use a wide variety of codes to describe their characteristics. Physically small capacitors are especially difficult to read, due to the limited space available for printing. The information in this article should help you read almost all modern consumer capacitors. Don't be surprised if your information is printed in a different order than the one described here, or if voltage and tolerance info is missing from your capacitor. For many low-voltage DIY circuits, the only information you need is the capacitance. 1. **Know the units of measurement.** The base unit of capacitance is the farad (F). This value is much too large for ordinary circuits, so household capacitors are labeled with one of the following units: 1 , , or = 1 microfarad = 10 farads. (Careful — in other contexts, mF is the official abbreviation for millifarads, or 10 farads.) 1 = 1 nanofarad = 10 farads. 1 , , or = 1 picofarad = 1 micromicrofarad = 10 farads. 2. **Read the capacitance value.** Most large capacitors have a capacitance value written on the side. Slight variations are common, so look for the value that most closely matches the units above. You may need to adjust for the following: Ignore capital letters in the units. For example, "MF" is just a variation on "mf." (It is definitely not a megafarad, even though this is the official SI abbreviation.) Don't get thrown by "fd." This is just another abbreviation for farad. For example, "mmfd" is the same as "mmf." Beware single-letter markings such as "475m," usually found on smaller capacitors.See below for instructions. 3. **Look for a tolerance value.** Some capacitors list a tolerance, or the maximum expected range in capacitance compared to its listed value. This isn't important in all circuits, but you may need to pay attention to this if you require a precise capacitor value. For example, a capacitor labeled "6000uF +50%/-70%" could actually have a capacitance as high as 6000uF + (6000 * 0.5) = 9000uF, or as low as 6000 uF - (6000uF * 0.7) = 1800uF. If there is no percentage listed, look for a single letter after the capacitance value or on its own line. This may be code for a tolerance value, described below. 4. **Check the voltage rating.** If there is room on the body of the capacitor, the manufacturer usually lists voltage as a number followed by a V, VDC, VDCW, or WV (for "Working Voltage"). This is the maximum voltage the capacitor is designed to handle. 1 kV = 1,000 volts. See below if you suspect your capacitor uses a code for voltage (a single letter or one digit and one letter). If there is no symbol at all, reserve the cap for low-voltage circuits only. If you are building an AC circuit, look for a capacitor rated specifically for VAC. Do not use a DC capacitor unless you have an in-depth knowledge of how to convert the voltage rating, and how to use that type of capacitor safely in AC applications. 5. **Look for a + or - sign.** If you see one of these next to a terminal, the capacitor is polarized. Make sure to connect the capacitor's + end to the positive side of the circuit, or the capacitor could eventually cause a short or even explode. If there is no + or -, you can orient the capacitor either way. Some capacitors use a colored bar or a ring-shaped depression to show polarity. Traditionally, this mark designates the - end on an aluminum electrolytic capacitor (which are usually shaped like tin cans). On tantalum electrolytic capacitors (which are very small), this mark designates the + end. (Disregard the bar if it contradicts a + or - sign, or if it is on a non-electrolytic capacitor.) 6. **Write down the first two digits of the capacitance.** Older capacitors are less predictable, but almost all modern examples use the EIA standard code when the capacitor is too small to write out the capacitance in full. To start, write down the first two digits, then decide what to do next based on your code: If your code starts with exactly two digits followed by a letter (e.g. 44M), the first two digits are the full capacitance code. Skip down to finding units. If one of the first two characters is a letter, skip down to letter systems. If the first three characters are all numbers, continue to the next step. 7. **Use the third digit as a zero multiplier.** The three-digit capacitance code works as follows: If the third digit is 0 through 6, add that many zeroes to the end of the number. (For example, 453 → 45 x 10 → 45,000.) If the third digit is 8, multiply by 0.01. (e.g. 278 → 27 x 0.01 → 0.27) If the third digit is 9, multiply by 0.1. (e.g. 309 → 30 x 0.1 → 3.0) 8. **Work out the capacitance units from context** . The smallest capacitors (made from ceramic, film, or tantalum) use units of picofarads (pF), equal to 10 farads. Larger capacitors (the cylindrical aluminum electrolyte type or the double-layer type) use units of microfarads (uF or µF), equal to 10 farads. A capacitor may overrule this by adding a unit after it (p for picofarad, n for nanofarad, or u for microfarad). However, if there is only one letter after the code, this is usually the tolerance code, not the unit. (P and N are uncommon tolerance codes, but they do exist.) 9. **Read codes that contain letters instead** . If your code includes a letter as one of the first two characters, there are three possibilities: If the letter is an R, replace it with a decimal point to get the capacitance in pF. For example, 4R1 means a capacitance of 4.1pF. If the letter is p, n, or u, this tells you the units (pico-, nano-, or microfarad). Replace this letter with a decimal point. For example, n61 means 0.61 nF, and 5u2 means 5.2 uF. A code like "1A253" is actually two codes. 1A tells you the voltage, and 253 tells you the capacitance as described above. 10. **Read the tolerance code on ceramic capacitors.** Ceramic capacitors, which are usually tiny "pancakes" with two pins, typically list the tolerance value as one letter immediately after the three-digit capacitance value. This letter represents the tolerance of the capacitor, meaning how close the actual value of the capacitor can be expected to be to the indicated value of the capacitor. If precision is important in your circuit, translate this code as follows: B = ± 0.1 pF. C = ± 0.25 pF. D = ± 0.5 pF for capacitors rated below 10 pF, or ± 0.5% for capacitors above 10 pF. F = ± 1 pF or ± 1% (same system as D above). G = ± 2 pF or ± 2% (see above). J = ± 5%. K = ± 10%. M = ± 20%. Z = +80% / -20% (If you see no tolerance listed, assume this as the worst case scenario.) 11. **Read letter-number-letter tolerance values.** Many types of capacitors represent the tolerance with a more detailed three-symbol system. Interpret this as follows: The first symbol shows minimum temperature. = 10ºC, = -30ºC, = -55ºC. The second symbol shows maximum temperature. = 45ºC, = 65ºC, = 85ºC, = 105ºC, = 125ºC. The third symbol shows variation in capacitance across this temperature range. This ranges from the most precise, = ±1.0%, to the least precise, = +22.0%/-82%. , one of the most common symbols, represents a variation of ±15%. 12. **Interpret voltage codes** . You can look up the EIA voltage chart for a full list, but most capacitors use one of the following common codes for maximum voltage (values given for DC capacitors only): = 6.3V = 10V = 16V = 25V = 50V = 100V = 200V = 250V One letter codes are abbreviations of one of the common values above. If multiple values could apply (such as 1A or 2A), you'll need to work it out from context. For an estimate of other, less common codes, look at the first digit. 0 covers values less than ten; 1 goes from ten to 99; 2 goes from 100 to 999; and so on. 13. **Look up other systems.** Old capacitors or capacitors made for specialist use may use different systems. These are not included in this article, but you can use this hints to guide your further research: If the capacitor has one long code beginning with "CM" or "DM," look up the U.S. military capacitor chart. If there is no code but a series of colored bands or dots, look up the capacitor color code.

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How to Survive a Wolf Attack

Wolves are dangerous, powerful predatory animals. They usually do not show aggression toward people, but it never hurts to be prepared for the worst when you find yourself in wolf territory. If you are attacked by a wolf, do not run away. Maintain eye contact, make yourself look large, and make loud, intimidating noises. Get to a safe place as soon as you can. 1. **Avoid areas where wolves have been seen.** Avoid being seen. If you see the wolf before it sees you, walk away silently. Stay vigilant. Remember: where there's one wolf, there are likely more wolves around. Wolves sometimes travel alone, but they almost always hunt in packs. 2. **Back away slowly, if the wolf sees you.** Always maintain eye contact, and do not turn your back. If you try to escape, keep the wolves in front of you. If the wolves get behind you, their predatory instincts may kick in. Slowly back away while facing the pack. 3. **Don't run.** Wolves are faster than you, especially when you're navigating the woods. Furthermore, running will cause a wolf's prey drive to kick in. If the wolves weren't chasing you before, there's a good chance that they'll start chasing you when you run. 4. **Act aggressively and loudly, if approached.** Step towards the wolf, make noise, yell, and clap. Back away slowly. Keep acting aggressively, and keep making noise. Maintain eye contact with the wolf, and do not turn your back. Do not try to fight the wolves unless you have absolutely no other option. Wolves are strong and smart, with powerful jaws and a killer instinct. There's a chance that you'll be able to fend off a lone wolf, but you don't want to find yourself at odds with a group. Breathe deeply and try to keep calm. Wolves can sense your fear. If you panic, you risk freezing or running, thereby losing your ability to fight to save your life. 5. **Fight back.** If the wolf attacks, fend it off with sticks, rocks, bear spray, air horns, or any weapon that you have. Find an easily-defensible position: stand with your back against a tree or a large rock. You don't want the wolves to get behind you. Do not try to "hide in plain sight" or curl up into a fetal position. This will not stop a wolf from killing you. In most cases, an attacking wolf will only leave if you intimidate it and present a bigger threat than it is willing to chance. 6. **Stay alert.** If you do manage to drive off the wolf, get to safety calmly and quickly. Climb a tree, a boulder, or another high landscape feature. If possible, get inside a nearby car or building. Do not relax just yet. The wolf may be skulking near you or your campsite, awaiting another chance. If a wolf is particularly hungry, it may try to attack again. 7. **Band together.** If you are in a group that's being attacked by wolves, make sure to keep all children and injured people in the center. When wolves attack herds of prey, they target the weakest link: young, the old, and the sick. No matter what, do not break the group up. Make sure that you have a person watching in every direction so that the wolves can't outflank your group. Wolves aim to find the weakest link in prey groups. They are viewing you all as prey. Children are the most likely to be targeted, as they are the smallest and the weakest. When wolves do attack humans, they attack children in an overwhelming majority of cases. This is how arctic wolves hunt musk oxen. They watch the herd from a distance, waiting for the flanks to open up when one of the adult oxen is distracted. They penetrate the interior of the herd to get to the weaker oxen within. 8. **Keep a close eye on your dog.** If you are hiking with your dog in wolf territory, keep the dog in your sight. Pick up its poop, keep it quiet, and try to keep it from peeing everywhere. All of these actions will attract wolves, and they will view you and your dog as intruders. Both wolves and domestic dogs use urine and droppings—along with scratches from their claws and scent rolling—to mark their territory, and wolves may attack a dog that they feel is encroaching on their territory. 9. **Build a fire** If wolves are prowling around your camp, light a smoky fire to keep them at bay. Use green leaves and damp wood to make as much smoke as possible. When you have some smoking embers, move them near a tree, or disperse them between several trees. Apply sap or resin to the branches, and light them. Try to waft the smoke downwind toward the wolves. Wolves dislike fire and smoke because it appears dangerous to them. If the wolves have pups around (which is likely in spring, when wolf pups are born), then the fire may cause them to move to another den site if the breeding female believes that the safety of her pups is being threatened. 10. **Create a defensive shelter.** Use branches, stones, sharp sticks, and other solid objects to create a barrier around your site. If well-constructed, this may keep wolves from getting in – but don't forget that they'll still be able to smell you and hear you. 11. **Make a lot of noise.** Wolves howl to claim their territory, and they may interpret the noise as you claiming your territory. If you are in a group, sing and shout together. Be as loud and fierce as possible. Avoid trying to imitate a wolf howl. This may draw the wolf to you. Lone wolves howl to locate the other members of their pack, and wolves have been known to come running when humans imitate wolf howls.

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How to Catch Uxie, Mesprit, and Azelf in Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

The Lake Trio Pokémon, Uxie, Mesprit, and Azelf, are available for you to catch in Pokémon Black 2 and White 2. Learn how to catch them by reading this article. 1. **Beat the Elite 4 and Champion.** You need to do this before you're able to catch these Pokémon. 2. **Go west of Virbank City to Route 20.** 3. **Go to the southern part of the route (near the dark grass) and use Surf.** Go south and then west until you find a waterfall. Use Waterfall and go west until you reach a fork. Go south, then west until you find a cave. Enter it. 4. **You'll trigger a cutscene where Uxie, Mesprit, and Azelf appear, and they'll head off to three different locations.** 5. **Go to Nacrene City.** 6. **Go to the museum to the north.** There, go into the middle of the circular area, and a text box will appear asking if you want to check the area. Say yes, and Uxie will appear. 7. **Talk to it to battle it.** 8. **Go to Celestial Tower, which is located on Route 7, north of Mistralton City.** 9. **Go up the tower until you reach the top, where the bell is.** 10. **Go to the area just before the stairs, and a text box will appear asking if you want to check the area.** Say yes, and Mesprit will appear. 11. **Talk to it to battle it.** 12. **Go to Route 23, west of the Giant Chasm.** You'll want to go there by flying to Victory Road, and then going south to Route 23. 13. **Go down the stairs, then go west.** Cut down the bush using Cut, then go west until you reach a plateau with a large boulder. 14. **Go up the stairs, and a text box will appear asking if you want to check the area.** Say yes, and Azelf will appear. 15. **Talk to it to battle it.**

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How to Get Resin out of a Bowl

Resin buildup can make your pipe look grimy and taint the taste of new cannabis. Cleaning the bowl of your pipe regularly will help reduce buildup and practice resin sustainability. Whether you want a fresh, clean pipe or you want to get the most out of your stash, you can clean out the resin by soaking it in alcohol, freezing it, or boiling it in hot water. 1. **Scrape out the bulk of the resin.** Use a bobby pin or paperclip to dislodge as much as resin as possible. Set the resin aside to throw away or smoke later. 2. **Put the pipe and isopropyl alcohol in a plastic bag.** Open up a plastic sandwich bag and place the pipe inside. Then pour in 99% isopropyl alcohol until the bowl is submerged. 99% isopropyl is preferable, but any percentage above 70% will sufficiently clean your pipe. A higher percentage will clean your pipe more efficiently. 3. **Pour a tablespoon of sea salt into the alcohol.** The salt will act as an agitator and help break up the resin. You can also add some salt down the mouthpiece to clean out the rest of the pipe. If you want to evaporate the alcohol and smoke the resin later, don’t add salt. Perform the same steps and make sure the alcohol is completely evaporated before smoking the leftover resin. 4. **Seal the bag and let it sit for two hours.** Soaking in the alcohol and salt mixture will loosen up the resin and make it easier to remove. 5. **Hold the bowl through the bag and shake for five minutes.** After soaking, shake the bagged pipe to agitate the salt and help dislodge any last stubborn bits of resin. 6. **Take the pipe out of the bag and inspect it for leftover buildup.** If the pipe is particularly dirty, you may want to repeat the process. You can also clean out the leftover resin with a pipe cleaner or cotton swab to speed the process. 7. **Wash the pipe with warm, soapy water once it’s clean.** Throw away the baggie of resin or keep it to evaporate and smoke later. Wipe the clean pipe with a towel and let it fully dry before using it. Be careful with the resin--it’ll be extremely sticky and will stain anything it comes in contact with. Make sure to rinse away all of the alcohol, since it is extremely flammable. 8. **Clean your pipe weekly to avoid buildup.** Cannabis resin is extremely sticky and difficult to remove, particularly with glass pipes. Clean out your pipe once a week to make the process easier and faster. Soak your pipe in isopropyl alcohol for five minutes every week to keep it clean. If you have a wood pipe, do not soak it weekly. Rather, scrub the pipe with an isopropyl alcohol-soaked toothbrush to remove buildup. 9. **Put the dirty pipe in the freezer for thirty minutes.** With this technique, there’s no need to scrape first. Simply freeze the pipe and let the resin harden and dry out. Don’t leave your pipe in the freezer longer than thirty minutes. Some cheaper glass pipes could break when exposed to extreme cold. Set an alarm so you don’t forget about your pipe in the freezer. 10. **Use a needle or scraping tool to scrape the resin out of the pipe.** After thirty minutes, take the pipe out of the freezer and scrape out the dried resin. Work quickly, because it won’t take long for the resin to gum up again and become sticky. 11. **Work over a piece of paper or plastic to clean up the mess easily.** The resin will be hardened to a dry, sand-like texture, so you’ll want something disposable below the pipe to catch the resin as it falls. 12. **Use this method for monthly deep cleaning only.** The freezing method is likely not a method you should use weekly because of the harsh temperature change. Use it once monthly as needed for a deep cleaning. 13. **Boil a pot of water.** Make sure to add enough water to cover your pipe when placed inside. Heat the water over a stove or hot plate until it comes to a boil. If you have a glass pipe, place the pipe in the pot before you start to heat the water. Don’t use this method on a wooden pipe. It may damage and discolor the wood. 14. **Use tongs to place the pipe into the pot.** With the pipe held between the tongs, gently ease it into the hot water. Move the pipe around a bit to dislodge the resin. Keep gently shaking it until the resin starts coming off in black clumps. 15. **Continue to move the pipe around for five to seven minutes.** Be gentle with the pipe. Try not to knock the pipe against the sides of the pot. Move it around slowly and carefully inside the pot. Depending on how much buildup your pipe has, this process may take longer. 16. **Strain out the resin.** Pour the resin and water through a coffee filter or a mesh strainer to collect the leftover resin. If you want to smoke it later, roll the resin into a ball and freeze or let dry. Once the resin is sticky and no longer damp to the touch, you can smoke it. 17. **Clean out the rest of the pipe with a paperclip or pipe cleaner.** Scrape out any leftover resin in the bowl and chamber to get the pipe completely clean. Pull out the resin and let it dry if you want to smoke it later. If not, discard it. 18. **Use the boiling method as a deep cleaning option.** Because of the extreme temperature change, you should not boil your pipe too often. Use the boiling method as needed for deep cleaning.

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How to Teach Your Child Math

Whether you're homeschooling or you just want to give your child a head start on math, it's easy to get your child to start thinking mathematically. The key is to treat it like you would reading. That is, make sure you're talking about math every day with your child, just like you try to read to your child every day. You can also sit down to get more serious about certain topics, as well as make sure the games your child is playing incorporate math. 1. **Count with your kids.** One of the most basic math lessons you can use in your everyday life is counting. If you naturally incorporate counting into your speech, your child will start picking up on it and doing it themselves. Count backwards as well as forwards, then move onto counting by twos, threes, fours, fives, and so on. For example, you could count how many: Plates you need to set the table. Toys are on the floor. Stop signs are on the way to school. Stairs are in a staircase. 2. **Work on number recognition.** Your child can't communicate math on paper until they know what numbers look like when written. As you notice numbers in the world, point them out to your child. For a younger child, try a number puzzle or playing hopscotch. For an older child, try bus numbers at a bus stop or the house numbers on a house. As the child becomes better at recognizing numbers, try phone numbers or car license plates. 3. **Highlight the ways you use math.** Most of the time, you use math on a day-to-day basis. Try thinking out loud when you find yourself using math to show your kids where math is relevant. Be sure to do this every day. For example, you could do the following: Comparing prices at the grocery store. Measure ingredients for a recipe. Calculate coupon discounts. 4. **Work on shapes.** Shapes are important for understanding geometry. You can ask your child to name shapes as you run errands, as well as to name the shapes they play with. You can also do things like bake cookies with basic shapes, which combines learning and fun. Don’t forget to incorporate 3D shapes as well! There are lots of shape-based puzzles for younger children. They usually require the child to match a set of shapes or name different shapes. For an older child, try building a simple box out of paper and tape. Have them measure and cut all the pieces with a ruler and scissors. Point out shapes in the real world, such as octagonal stop signs and traffic cones. 5. **Ask estimation questions.** While direct questions are helpful in learning the basics of math, estimation questions require kids to think through a problem, not just spout out a basic answer. This tip works for both younger and older kids, but you may need to adjust the question. For instance, an estimation question could be, "How much water do you think will fill up this pitcher?" Let your child try their hand at estimating, and then you can do an experiment to see how close the guess was. For younger kids, you might need to first show them how much a cup is. For older kids, you can try more complex questions, such as "How long will it take to fill the bathtub with water?" 6. **Write numbers by hand.** If your child is recognizing numbers, it's not that much of a leap to work on writing numbers. You can have your child mimic how you write a number, for instance. You can also write out numbers or outline them with dots or dashes and have your child trace them, then try writing the numbers on their own. You can try more tactile methods, such as drawing numbers in shaving foam or sand. 7. **Work with the dot method.** The dot method involves your child drawing dots to help them solve addition and subtraction problems. For example, if the problem is 3 + 5, your child would draw 3 dots in one group and 5 in the next. Then the child would count all the dots to get the answer. Start with numbers less than 10 at first. Once they have that down, you can introduce adding 10 to a number. This method also works for multiplication and division. For instance, if the problem is 4 X 6, the child would draw 4 groups of 6 dots, then count to get the answer. You can challenge your child by asking questions like, "What if it had been 4 groups of 7?" For basic math, you can teach your kids to use their fingers to add, similar to the dot method. 8. **Focus on number bonds.** Another way to help your child understand the concepts of math is to use number bonds. That is, start by working on all the pairs that add together to make five (0+5, 1+4, 2+3, 3+2, and so on) by having them solve these pairs with the dot method. Then you can work on bonded pairs for 10. 9. **Make use of memorization.** While working on understanding the concepts themselves will help your child learn math, pairing it with some memorization can be beneficial. Memorization can make math go quicker, so that they don't need to think through every problem. You can work on memorizing times tables, for instance, by using flashcards. One exercise that combines understanding and memorization is having your child count by 3s, 4s, 5s, and so on. Your child will need to think through the problem, and they will eventually realize that multiplying is just a form of adding. At the same time, repeatedly counting by these numbers will aid with memorization. 10. **Use websites for new ideas.** If the same activities over and over are getting boring, supplement what you're teaching with new ideas. Educational websites are great place to pick up new ideas that you and your child will love. You'll likely be able to find fun worksheets and games to help your kids learn more math. 11. **Encourage building toys.** Toys like interlocking blocks and ones with pipes and joints are a great way to get your child engaged in spatial relationships. In addition, these toys help your kid move from pieces to more complex, larger ideas. Sit down and play blocks with your kid. When your kid sees you building a rocket ship or a castle, they'll want to build their own structures. 12. **Try origami.** Another great way to engage your kids in some tactile geometry is to teach them origami. Stick to very simple designs for younger kids, who will find more complex designs frustrating. Take things further. Make a bunch of different origami figures, then have your child count how many are in each group. Children might be more interested in animal-shaped origami figures than vases, flowers, etc. 13. **Incorporate music.** Kids who learn music generally do better in math. For one, basic counting skills are needed to do well in music. Plus, the abstract thinking your child does in making music has strong ties to the thinking needed for math. Kids of any age, including tweens and teens, will benefit from learning music. Consider enrolling them in a music class at their school or community center. If you can also have a friend or family member teach them too. 14. **Pay board games that incorporate math.** Board games will often get kids doing math without them even realizing it. For instance, classic games like Chutes and Ladders or Hi-Ho! Cherry-O require counting. Monopoly is a great way to incorporate math for older kids. You don't have to stick with the classics. For instance, bluffing games such as the Sheriff of Nottingham require your kid to think about the probability of certain outcomes. 15. **Encourage spatial games.** Spatial games, like "Mother, May I?" can help your child learn spatial words and concepts. Try playing the game with your kids or encourage them to play with each other. Certain songs can help with these concepts, as well, such as the Hokey Pokey. Look online for spatial games for young children. You can also make up your own game! 16. **Try educational apps.** When you're not actively teaching your child math, they can still be working on those skills with apps built for computers and kids' tablets. You can even find apps for older kids and teens. Great apps that encourage learning include: Kids Math Counting Caterpillar Math Training for Kids Marble Math Junior 17. **Let them work through the problem on their own.** One math skill that is important is independent thinking. You may be tempted to swoop in to show your kid how to solve a problem when they're struggling. However, encouraging your kid to work it out for themselves will help them learn to think independently. That doesn't mean they can't look up help for similar problems online. Having them look up how to do a problem themselves still teaches independence. 18. **Combine math with other disciplines.** Some tweens and teens may not find math all that exciting by itself. However, you can incorporate it into other disciplines to make it more interesting. For instance, you can do science experiments where kids need to measure out ingredients. You could also incorporate math into history, such as figuring out what percentage of the population was wiped out by a plague. 19. **Teach them to use different approaches.** Most of the time, there's more than one way to solve a problem. Teaching your kid to try different approaches will help them solve more complex problems. If they come at it from one direction and find it doesn't work, they can switch to another approach to find a solution, which helps them work independently. Different kids learn in different ways, so it may take a while before you find an approach that works for your kid. Once you find an approach, stick with it! 20. **Encourage them when they're struggling.** Kids may have heard that they're either a "math" person or they're not. If they've come to the conclusion they're not a math person, it makes math that much harder. Tell them anyone can get math down, but they might just have to work a little harder at it. For instance, you could say, "I know you find math hard, but that means you just have to work a little harder at it. Anyone can be a 'math' person. Plus, you'll feel so good when you work hard and finally figure it out!" Look up example of real people who struggled with math but turned out famous or successful. Family members count too!

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Teach-Your-Child-Math", "language": "en"}

How to Paint over Varnish

You can easily get rid of the varnish and give a wooden item or surface an instant upgrade. Wash your item, fill in any uneven spots with wood putty, and sand the surface. Apply 1-2 coats of primer, let it dry, then apply 2-3 coats of water-based paint. With some preparation and paint, you can transform your wooden furniture and surfaces like furniture, staircases, and flooring. 1. **Wipe down the area you want to paint with a household cleaner.** Spray any basic household cleaner over top of your surface, and wipe it in circular motions using a clean rag. If there is any stubborn dirt or residue, spray a bit of cleaner over the spot, and use a scouring pad to scrub it away. Cleaning the surface gets rid of anything that may stop the paint from sticking. To ensure it’s safe to use your particular cleaner on your surface, read over the instructions. 2. **Fill in any cracks or imperfections with a wood putty and a scraper.** Wood putty is a creamy paste that easily covers any uneven spots in wooden surfaces. To use it, scoop up a quarter-size amount with a putty knife, and spread it with consistent pressure over the crack or divot. Then, use a scraper that’s larger than the imperfection to spread the putty evenly across the surface. Do this for any and all imperfection you see. Evening out your surface with wood putty ensures the paint applies evenly and smoothly. 3. **Wait about 30-90 minutes for the putty to dry completely.** Read the instructions on your particular type of putty to determine drying time. You can touch the surface of the putty to determine whether or not it is dry. If you sand the wooden surface before the putty is completely dry, your surface may be uneven. 4. **Sand the area thoroughly with fine-grit sandpaper to even the surface.** Fine-grit sandpaper ranges from 120- to 220-grit. Use a sander for an effortless sanding option, or sand the surface by hand if there are intricate spots or details. Continue sanding in small, circular motions until the surface of your table is smooth and level. Doing this etches the surface, making it easier for the paint to stick. Cover your mouth and nose with a facemask to avoid breathing in the dust and debris as you do this. For an extra-smooth finish, sand the surface with medium-grit (60- to 80-grit) sandpaper after you finish with the fine-grit sandpaper. This is helpful if your wooden surface is very damaged or uneven. 5. **Wipe down the surface completely to remove any dust.** Once you finish sanding your surface, wet a clean rag under your faucet, and run it over your surface to wipe away any dust or debris. This way, none of the particles get trapped under the paint. If there is dust trapped under the paint, your item may look uneven. 6. **Use a paint roller if covering large, flat areas.** When applying paint to wooden surfaces and items, the easiest method is using a small or medium-sized paint roller. This works well because you can apply the paint quickly and thoroughly without overworking the paint. To use the paint roller, dip the roller into the paint and move your hand back and forth to saturate the roller. 7. **Apply the primer and paint with a medium-sized brush to cover small or intricate surfaces.** If you are painting over a dresser with fine corners or the edge of a table, for instance, it may be easier to apply the paint with a smaller brush. Use a 1–2 in (2.5–5.1 cm) brush instead of or in addition to a paint roller. 8. **Apply a coat of water-based primer so your paint sticks thoroughly.** Stir up a white, water-based primer with a paint stick, and pour some into a paint tray. Dip your roller or brush into the primer and apply a solid, even coat of paint in wide strokes. Ensure your surface is completely covered. This helps the top coat of paint stick to your surface or item, and it also seals the undersurface. 9. **Wait about 30-60 minutes for the primer to dry.** Before you add more paint to the surface, ensure the primer is completely dry. Drying time may vary based on your particular type or brand of primer. Touch the surface of the object with your fingertip to make sure it isn't tacky before moving on. Apply a second coat of primer after the first dries if you are covering very dark stain or varnish. 10. **Cover the surface with an even coat of water-based paint.** Once the primer is dry, you’re ready to paint the wooden surface. Use water-based paint for a quick-drying, slightly shiny option. Pour some paint into a paint tray, and dip in a fresh roller or clean paintbrush. Apply the paint to your item in wide, solid strokes. Cover the entirety of the surface, and double-check to make sure you don’t miss a spot. Oil-based paints are not recommended when painting over varnish. The paint may not absorb into the wood properly. 11. **Let each coat of paint dry for around 30-60 minutes.** On average, it takes about 1 hour for a coat of water-based paint to dry. It may dry faster, based on your surface, application, and paint type. If you don’t wait for the paint to dry, it may dry unevenly and look odd. 12. **Apply another 1-2 coats to cover the surface based on the desired look.** Adding more coats of paint ensures the color is evenly applied and none of the stain or primer shows through. Wait for each coat to dry for best results. If you like the way your wooden surface looks after 1 coat of paint, you don’t have to apply additional layers. 13. **Add a coat of water-based varnish for a shiny, durable finish.** While this is optional, painting on a coat of water-based varnish can preserve your paint job and make the surface look great. Ensure the paint is completely dry, then apply a solid, even coat of varnish using a roller or paintbrush. The varnish will dry in about 1-2 hours, and you can use the wooden object or surface.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Paint-over-Varnish", "language": "en"}

How to Wear a Suit

The secret to wearing a suit properly is understanding how it's meant to fit your body. With the basic knowledge of a tailor and few simple tips, anyone can look smart and put together. Just remember that while fashions change year to year, having a high-quality, classic suit can help keep you in style for a long time. 1. **Choose a charcoal gray or navy blue suit.** Unless you are going to a funeral or black-tie affair, there is no reason to wear a black suit in the daytime. Instead, go for a classic-cut, neutral color. These suits will be more versatile and favorable for everyday wear. Most dress shirt colors will also match well with a dark grey or navy. Feel free to choose a subtle pattern for your shirt, just make sure it doesn't clash with any pattern on your suit. 2. **Check the fit of your jacket.** The jacket should taper in at the waist to accentuate your shoulders. While the hem should fall where your fingertips end naturally when you have your arms at your side. The sleeves should also sit at the top of your wrists and allow a quarter to a half inch of your shirt cuff to show. For a better fit, visit a tailor to have the jacket fitted around your biceps. Avoid lapels wider than three inches. Also be sure to remove the brand label from the sleeve. 3. **Make sure the pants “break” on top of your shoes.** This is when your pants skim the tops of your shoes and create a crease. If there is no crease, it's a good sign that your pants are too short. However, if you have a deep crease or multiple creases, it's likely your pants are too long. To make sure you get the right length, try the pants on while wearing shoes. If you are planning to wear a suit every day, buy more than one pair of trousers as they are likely to wear quickly. 4. **Avoid pants with front pleats or cuffs.** Pleats are a much older look that has fallen out of fashion. So rather than trousers with a front crease, go for a flat-pressed trouser, which will help slim your legs. Similarly, purchasing pants without cuffs will help elongate your legs, as cuffing makes them appear shorter. 5. **Wear your suit with a quality dress shirt.** Though it can be hard to tell the difference from far away, a quality dress shirt will not only look better but feel better as well. You will have freer movement and the dress shirt will last longer. To make sure you are buying a high-quality piece, look at the crispness of the collar and check for clean stitching. Also look at the paneling along the shoulders. If the shirt has a "split yoke," which is where the panel is made from two different fabric pieces sewn together at an angle, then it is likely to be better made. 6. **Go for a classically styled shirt.** You can use the dress shirt to bring in pops of color to accentuate the suit or add personality. However, you don't want to go over-the-top with patterns or bright hues. A fluorescent neon shirt is unlikely to go over well in a basic office job. Instead, try to stick to whites, blues, light purples, salmon, and grays. If you are going to wear an undershirt, wear a v-neck so it doesn't show under your collar. 7. **Check the width and length of your tie.** The standard rule is that the width of your tie should match the width of the lapels on your suit jacket. So, if your lapels are two-three inches, then your tie should be the same. You should also make sure that your tie partially covers your belt buckle. To do this, you may want to knot the tie to see how long it is when worn properly. 8. **Stick to basic knots.** The most common knot for a tie is the Windsor knot. This knot looks good with any suit and is common for everyday work attire. You can do either a half-Windsor knot or a full-Windsor knot. Though it may sound odd, a good way to judge which knot to use is to go off of the size of your head. You want the Windsor knot to match. For less formal attire, try a four-in-hand knot. 9. **Add a pocket square.** Fold it so it fits snugly in the pocket and just peeks out of the top. This is a great accent piece to any suit and is a great way to add a bit of personality or character. However, your pocket square should not match your tie's pattern or fabric. 10. **Get the right shoes.** For everyday wear, try dark brown shoes. These shoes pair well with both charcoal gray and navy blue. You can also go for lighter browns or tans if you are wearing a lighter colored suit. Loafers or Oxfords are the most common shoes to wear with suits, though you can change styles depending on the occasion. 11. **Buy socks with proper length.** While socks are a great area to play around with style, you always want to make sure they cover your ankles when you sit down. Your pants are going to ride up no matter what you do, so you want to make sure you aren't showing off any extra skin. Aim for pairs that sit halfway up your shin like argyles. Feel free to mix up colors and patterns or simply stick to blacks and grays. 12. **Choose a thin belt.** A belt is a necessity for a properly fitted suit. However, you don't want a large, clunky item with a big belt buckle to overpower your look. Instead, go for a thin belt the same color as your shoes with a silver, gold, or bronze belt buckle. The simpler, the better.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Wear-a-Suit", "language": "en"}

How to Open Your Xbox

If your old Xbox is starting to fail and you’re thinking about repairing it yourself, or you want to install a modchip in it, the first step is opening the case. Luckily, with the right tools, opening the Xbox case is only a short process. Follow this guide to learn how. 1. **Power off the Xbox.** Unplug the console from both the television and its power source. 2. **Place the Xbox upside down on a flat, sturdy surface.** The bottom side of the Xbox is covered with manufacturer warning stickers. You will be removing the feet and stickers to reveal six screws. 3. **Remove the rubber feet from the bottom of the Xbox.** There is a rubber foot in each corner. Use a flathead screwdriver to pry the feet from the case. Under each foot, you will find a screw. 4. **Peel off the Serial and Warranty stickers with a utility knife.** You should see a screw under each sticker. You can save the stickers by attaching them to wax paper. 5. **Unscrew the six screws using a Torx 20 screwdriver.** Torx screwdrivers have a 6-point star shape and the screws are commonly used in computer equipment and other electronics. Set the screws aside so that you don’t lose track of them. 6. **Turn the console upright.** Remove the top by pulling up while gently shaking. The entire top part of the case should come directly off. If you are having difficulty removing it, check to make sure that you removed all six screws from the base. 7. **Locate the hard drive and DVD drive.** If you're facing the front of the Xbox, the hard drive should be on the right and the DVD drive should be on the left. The hard drive is most likely shiny, and the DVD drive is most likely dull gray with a yellow sticker on it. 8. **Unfasten the IDE cable (broad gray cable) from the back of the hard drive.** Grip the connector firmly on each side and pull it straight back from the hard drive. The cable might be snug and difficult to remove. Rock it back and forth if you are having difficulty pulling it straight out. 9. **Remove the screw from underneath the IDE cable with a Torx 10 screwdriver.** You can find this screw on the divider between the hard drive and the DVD drive. 10. **Lift the hard drive tray out of the case.** Once you remove the Torx 10 screw holding it in, you can pull the tray holding the hard drive directly out of the case. The hard drive is attached with a power cable. You most likely won’t need to remove the power cable to remove the hard drive from the case, but if you are swapping out the hard drive you can pull the cable directly out from the hard drive. You can remove the hard drive from the tray by unscrewing the small screws that hold it in. 11. **Detach the IDE cable from the DVD drive.** Remove the cable the same way that the hard drive’s cable was removed. Pull it directly out from the DVD drive. 12. **Remove the screws from the DVD drive.** There are two screws holding the DVD drive in, one on each side of the DVD drive. 13. **Pull the DVD drive out.** Once the IDE cable and screws have been removed, you can pull the drive straight up and out of the case. 14. **Remove the DVD power cable.** Pull it directly out of the drive. Be careful when removing the power cable as it is Xbox-specific and can be difficult to replace. 15. **Identify the motherboard.** The motherboard is the large green board that all of the drives are connected to. 16. **Locate and remove the IDE cable from the motherboard.** It unplugs from the motherboard the same way that it did for the DVD and hard drives. 17. **Remove the power cord from the motherboard.** Grip the large connector firmly and pull one side up at a 45°angle, then pull the other side up. It will be difficult to remove if you try pulling straight up. You can grip the connector with pliers if you have difficulty. 18. **Remove the connectors.** There are two connectors that will need to be removed in order to pull the motherboard out. Remove each connector and make note of where it was plugged in. There is a yellow cable connecting the motherboard to the case fan, the power switch and the reset switch. There is also a cable that connects the USB ports to the motherboard. 19. **Find the 11 screws that hold the motherboard into place.** These screws are located in various places around the board. If you are looking at the motherboard from the front of the Xbox, five screws are located above the CPU fan, five screws are located below, and one screw is several inches to the right of the fan. Remove the screws with a Torx 10 screwdriver. 20. **Extract the motherboard.** Place your fingers around the edges inside the case and lift straight up and out. Be sure to set the motherboard somewhere where it won't get damaged while it is out of the case.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Open-Your-Xbox", "language": "en"}

How to Add Custom Decals to a Car

Custom decals are a great way to make your car stand out, let your opinion be heard, or advertise your business. While many retailers can print and apply custom decals to your vehicle for you, doing the application yourself can save you money and allow for more control in exactly where and how the decals are placed. When applying custom decals to your car, patience is important. Take your time and pay close attention to the small details in order to create a great looking final product. 1. **Identify a location on the car for the decal.** Before applying a decal, you must determine the location on the car you want to place it. This is particularly important for large decals that may extend onto multiple body components, as you will need to plan for applications that extend over gaps. Assess the area you want the decal to be placed and determine if it will fit there. 2. **Place the decal on the vehicle to measure.** Hold the decal up against the vehicle to get a sense of how it will look and if it will fit in the area you’ve chosen. This will give you a sense of how the decal will look and the best placement for it. Leave the protective backing on the decal so it doesn’t stick as you hold it against the vehicle. Ensure the vehicle is dry before pressing the decal and backing into it. 3. **Use a tape measure to help center the decal.** While you can get a solid sense of where you’d like the decal by holding it up against the vehicle, using a tape measure can help to ensure you have it placed properly. If you are placing identical decals on either side, ensure they are an equal distance from at least three points on the body of the car to make the placement match on either side. Measure the distance from things like the trunk lid, door or window. 4. **Use pieces of masking tape to mark the location.** Once you’ve measured out exactly where you want the decal to sit, tear off small pieces of masking tape and place them at each corner of where the decal will be applied. The masking tape will serve as a guide when you begin applying the decal. Masking tape will not damage the paint on the vehicle. 5. **Clean the area.** Once you have the area the decal will be applied determined, use a soft cloth and a mild cleaner on the surface of the car. Rubbing alcohol will clean the area well and evaporate quickly, making it a common choice. Do not simply spray the cleaner onto the car or it may soak the masking tape you’ve used as a guide. Apply cleaner to a rag and wipe where the decal will stick to the car. 6. **Do not use any cleaner that leaves a film or oil on the car.** Some cleaners like Windex or spray on cleaner-waxes leave a residue intended to help maintain shine. This residue will prevent the decal from sticking properly to the vehicle. Rubbing alcohol or basic car wash soap both will clean the area sufficiently. Be sure to rinse the area thoroughly if you use car wash soap. 7. **Allow the cleaned area to dry completely.** Decals won’t stick as well to a wet surface, so either dry the area you cleaned with a towel or allow it to air dry completely before moving on. If you opt to use a towel, use a chamois cloth to avoid damaging the paint. Wait for the surface to be completely dry before applying the decal. 8. **Peel off the beginning of the backing.** Depending on the size of the decal, you may choose to remove the entire backing or just a portion of it at a time. If the decal is larger than your forearm, you may want to peel off the backing in thirds to make application more manageable. Decals that are only a few inches long can have the backing completely removed. Only peel off a bit of the backing at a time for larger decals such as ones that will stretch the length of the vehicle. 9. **Apply the corner of the exposed decal to the car.** Use the tape on the car as a guide as you begin by applying the corner of the decal to the vehicle. Press the corner into the vehicle firmly, then use a straight edged tool such as a credit card to press more of the decal down in a controlled manner. Keep the decal pulled tight as you press it into the vehicle to prevent bubbling from occurring. Using a straight edged tool helps ensure you apply pressure over the entire decal, which will force out small bubbles. 10. **Unpeel the backing as you go.** As you apply more of the decal to the vehicle, peel more of the backing off to reveal more of the decal. Peel the backing off a few inches at a time to ensure you can keep the decal straight as you apply it without worrying about other parts sticking. Continue to apply the decal to the car while peeling back more of the backing as you progress. 11. **Leave the transfer tape on the decal while it dries in place.** While you may be able to remove the transfer tape immediately upon pressing the decal into the car, it’s best that you leave it to dry for a bit of time. Waiting 30 minutes can make removing the transfer tape much easier and reduce the chances that you’ll pull any of the decal off with it. Allowing the decal to sit in direct sunlight will make the transfer tape easier to remove. Do not attempt to speed up the process by using a heat source such a hair dryer, as it may melt the decal. 12. **Peel the transfer tape off.** After thirty minutes or so, peel the transfer tape off starting at one corner. Peel the tape back slowly while watching for any areas the decal may peel back with the transfer tape. If the decal begins to peel off with the tape, press the tape and decal back into place firmly, and begin peeling the tape away again from another angle. Be careful not to tear the decal while removing the transfer tape. Slow, steady movements are the best way to prevent damage to the decal. 13. **Use a credit card to press out any bubbles.** With the transfer tape removed, you will be able to see the decal on the vehicle. It is normal for there to be some bubbling in the decal. Some of those bubbles are easy to remove by pressing a credit card or other flat tool onto the decal and pushing the bubble toward the edge. Be careful not to press a sharp edge into the decal or it may tear it. Small bubbles will disappear on their own over the first few days.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Add-Custom-Decals-to-a-Car", "language": "en"}

How to Dress Like Coco Chanel

Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel was a French fashion designer who changed the way women dressed around the world. Although she was born to poor, unwed parents and worked as a seamstress in her youth, her name soon became synonymous with style, luxury and class. You may be able to channel her fashion wisdom in your own closet without looking further than a string of pearls and a little black dress. 1. **Start with the little black dress.** This may be Coco Chanel’s most enduring gift to women’s fashion. Before she popularized the black dress in the 1920s, it was mostly used for mourning periods. 2. **Wear wide-leg pants.** Choose pants that fit the current fashion trends, but be willing to try high-waisted and mid-rise versions in white. She wore these pants with espadrilles in the summer. 3. **Buy a tweed suit.** This should include a jacket without a collar and a pencil skirt. The jacket often featured a ribbon trim. Thanks to Chanel and Jackie Kennedy Onassis, these tweed suits are still sold today. The most elaborate versions include a matching hat. 4. **Wear jersey fabric.** Knits were not considered fashionable for the upper class until Chanel took them on. Take advantage of their prevalence in fashion today by combining knits with other textured fabrics, like tweed and denim. 5. **Find a pair of real pearls.** Coco Chanel wore single and multiple strands of pearls as an everyday accessory. 6. **Bring back the hat.** Often in black and white or pastels, Coco Chanel’s pillbox hats were structural and often matching the rest of a woman’s outfit perfectly. 7. **Don’t be afraid to sport costume jewelry.** Chanel’s jewelry always made a statement. Not every piece of jewelry needs to be expensive; however, statement pieces were also a big part of her design. 8. **Wear several types of jewelry at once.** She was often seen with studs, necklaces and rings. 9. **Invest in shoes.** A great pair of heels is the icing on the cake. Shine the shoes and keep them well heeled. Patent leather is a great choice for work or evening wear. Coco Chanel is quoted saying “A woman with good shoes is never ugly.” 10. **Create your own style.** Chanel believed in embracing new fashion and trying unusual combinations. She believed fashion was made to eventually become unfashionable, so take chances. 11. **Try combinations of black and white.** This was her favorite color combination, as shown by her little black dress. Color blocking hats, scarves, sweaters, shirts, pants, shoes and coats creates definition and classic style. Once you have color blocking perfected with black and white, start adding brighter colors. 12. **Think architecturally.** Coco Chanel said, “Fashion is architecture. It is a matter of proportions.” She liked jackets, purses, skirts and hems with straight lines. A cropped coat or a blazer can instantly add a designer look to an outfit. 13. **Use a signature scent.** It doesn’t have to be a Chanel fragrance, but it should be something that defines you as much as your clothing. Consider switching fragrances between summer and winter.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Dress-Like-Coco-Chanel", "language": "en"}

How to Remove Urine Odors and Stains Permanently

Whether someone had a bedwetting accident or your pet peed on the carpet, urine odors and stains can be aggravating to deal with. Fortunately, you can treat most urine messes with simple, homemade solutions or a good enzymatic cleaner. If the stain has been sitting around for a while, try tackling it with hydrogen peroxide. You can also wash soiled clothes or bedding with a little vinegar. 1. **Blot up any excess urine immediately.** As soon as you find a fresh urine stain, use a clean cloth to soak up as much excess urine as you can. If it’s on a carpet, mattress, or upholstered furniture item, gently blot the stain instead of rubbing or pressing hard, since this can force the urine deeper into the fabric or cushion. If the pee is on a hard floor, you can simply mop or towel it up. A wet/dry vacuum is also a great option for getting up the excess urine without forcing it deeper into your carpet or furniture. 2. **Make a solution of dishwashing liquid, cold water, and vinegar.** Once you’ve blotted up the urine, mix 1 tablespoon (15 mL) of dishwashing liquid, 2 cups (470 mL) of cold water, and 1 tablespoon (15 mL) of vinegar together in a small bowl and stir to combine them. The vinegar will help break down the uric acid that contributes to the urine smell. If you’re washing a carpet, try using a commercial enzyme cleaner instead. Look for a cleaner designed to eliminate urine or pet odors. 3. **Dip a microfiber cloth in the solution and gently sponge the area.** Start at the center of the stain and slowly work your way toward the middle. Be careful not to press too hard, so that you don’t force the urine and cleanser deep into the fabric. If you can still see or smell the urine, go over the stain again. Try testing the cleanser in an inconspicuous spot before using it on the stain. If it stains or damages the surface you’re trying to clean, you may need to call in a professional cleaner. If you’re using an enzyme cleaner, simply spray it onto the stain and the surrounding area, then let it sit until it is completely dry. 4. **Use a damp cloth to rinse out the solution.** Get a clean, soft cloth and dip it in clean water. Wring out the excess water and gently dab the area until you get up all the cleanser. If you used an enzyme cleaner and let it dry, vacuum it out of your upholstery or carpet instead of rinsing it. 5. **Pat the area dry with a microfiber cloth.** After rinsing out as much of the solution as you can, take a clean microfiber cloth or towel and gently dab the area to soak up any remaining dampness. You can also use a wet/dry vacuum to try to remove excess moisture. If you still see or smell the stain after cleaning and drying the area, you may need to repeat the process or contact a professional cleaner. 6. **Mix baking soda, 3% hydrogen peroxide, and dish detergent.** Combine 3 tablespoons (43 g) of baking soda, 10 fluid ounces (300 mL) of hydrogen peroxide, and 3 drops of dish detergent together in a bowl and mix them until the baking soda is dissolved. Then, pour the solution into a spray bottle. Hydrogen peroxide and baking soda are both good odor neutralizers, and hydrogen peroxide will also help eliminate visible stains. You can use this solution on hardwood flooring or upholstery, but be aware that it may cause discoloration. For carpets, use a commercial oxygen-activated enzyme cleaner instead. 7. **Spot test your cleanser in an inconspicuous area.** Since hydrogen peroxide can discolor or bleach many surfaces, it’s important to test it out before using it. Find a small, inconspicuous area (such as a spot on the back of the couch) and spray a little of the solution on. Let it sit until it dries, then check for discoloration. If you see a stain or discoloration, you may need to have the surface cleaned professionally. 8. **Spray the cleanser on the stain and let it sit for an hour.** If you’re not concerned about discoloration, generously spray the stained area with the solution. After allowing the cleanser to sit on the stain for a full hour, come back and check if you can still see or smell any obvious urine. If so, spray the area again and wait another hour. If you’re using an enzyme cleaner, let it sit until it dries. 9. **Rinse away the cleanser by dabbing the area with a damp cloth.** Once the cleanser has had time to work, take a clean cloth and dip it in plain water. Wring out any excess water and blot the area until you get up all the cleanser residue. It’s important to clean up as much of the cleansing solution as possible, since the hydrogen peroxide could continue to damage the surface over time if you let it sit. If you used an enzyme cleaner, vacuum it out once it’s dry. There’s no need to rinse it. 10. **Pat the area dry with a clean microfiber towel.** After rinsing out the stain, take a clean microfiber cloth or towel and gently dab the area until you soak up as much water as possible. You can also try to get out the excess moisture with a wet/dry vacuum. If the stain is still there, you may need to repeat the process or have the surface professionally cleaned. 11. **Put freshly stained items through a full wash cycle with vinegar.** If urine has gotten onto something washable, such as a bedsheet or some clothing, put the item in the washing machine immediately. Add 1 cup (240 mL) of white vinegar to the wash, and wash the item for a full cycle using cold water. 12. **Repeat the wash cycle a second time with detergent.** Once you’ve washed the item with vinegar, put it through the wash again as you normally would, using your regular detergent. This time, use the hottest water setting that you safely can with the fabric in question. If you can still see or smell the urine after washing the item a second time, try adding an enzymatic cleaner to the wash. There are a variety of enzyme-based laundry detergents, pre-soaks, and stain removers on the market. 13. **Soak set-in stains in vinegar and water overnight.** If the stain has been sitting on the fabric for a long time, you may need to do some extra work to get it out. Try placing the item in a sink or tub filled with cold water and 1 cup (240 mL) of cold vinegar and allowing it to soak overnight. In the morning, wash the item with detergent as you normally would. Repeat this process as many times as necessary to get the stain or odor out.

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How to Cook Papaitan

Papaitan is an exotic stew from the mountainous areas of northern Luzon. This Filipino dish is simple to prepare although you'll want to give yourself plenty of time to pre-cook the innards and entrails that go into the stew. If you're pressed for time, consider making the dish the day before you want to serve it. The flavors will intensify and the meat will be even more tender the next day. 1. **Cut and rinse the internal organ meat.** Cut the internal organ meat (tripe, liver, kidney, heart, pancreas) into 1-inch cubes. If you're using goat intestines, carefully slice down the length of the intestines with a sharp knife. Rub down the intestines and innards with lime juice and rinse the innards off with water. Avoid taking care of young children while handling the raw intestines and internal organs. These meats can carry bacteria, so wash and sanitize your hands after handling them. 2. **Boil the internal organ meat to sterilize it.** Place the cubed internal organ meat in a large pot. Cover the meat with cold water so that it's covered. Bring the meat to a boil over high heat. Boil the internal organs for 5 full minutes. Drain the internal organs into a colander in your kitchen sink. Boiling the innards will kill any bacteria. During this time, you should clean and sanitize your kitchen, especially any equipment that came into contact with the raw internal organs. 3. **Cook the internal organ meat to soften it.** Check over the internal organ meat to make sure it's clean. Return the meat to the cooking pot and cover it with fresh cold water. Bring the meat to a boil and continue boiling until it's tender. Depending on what meats you used, it may take several hours before the internal organs are tender. Check the meats every 20 to 30 minutes if you're unsure how long you'll need to boil them. 4. **Sear the goat tenderloin.** Cut the goat tenderloin into 1/2-inch cubes. In another large pot, heat 2 tablespoons of oil over medium-high heat. Add the tenderloin and cook it until it browns on all sides. You'll need to stir it frequently so it doesn't stick and burn. Remove the browned tenderloin to a separate bowl. You may need sear the tenderloin in batches if you think your pan is too small or the goat would be too crowded. 5. **Saute aromatics.** The bottom of your pan should still look oily. If not, add another tablespoon of oil to the pan. Peel and thinly slice the fresh ginger, 1 medium onion, and 1 head of garlic. Add this to your pan and cook the aromatics until they're soft and you can smell them. Stir in the pre-cooked internal organs and entrails (intestines, if you're using them). You'll only need to cook these for a few minutes. Keep an eye on them and stir them occasionally so they don't burn. 6. **Stir fry and season the papaitan.** Stir fry the mixture until a little the meat releases a little moisture. Season the papaitan with salt and pepper to your taste. Let it cook for a few minutes over medium-high and add enough water to cover the papaitan. At this point, you can taste the papaitan. Just keep in mind that it will soften a lot after you finish simmering it. 7. **Simmer the papaitan.** Add the seared goat tenderloin to the papaitan and continue to simmer the papaitan until the tenderloin is completely cooked and tender. The papaitan should be covered with water and you'll want to cook it for 2 to 3 hours. Continue to taste and season the papaitan, adding more bile for a more bitter taste. Make sure that the papaitan doesn't boil or bubble too much. If it boils, the water will cook out and burn the papaitan on the bottom of the pot. 8. **Finish seasoning the papaitan.** Split the chili peppers lengthwise and add them to the papaitan. Pour small amounts of bile into the papaitan, tasting after each addition. Add fish sauce to your liking and taste the papaitan again. When you're ready to serve the dish, garnish it with chopped scallions. For example, try adding 1/8 teaspoon and taste before adding another 1/8 of a teaspoon of bile. This will keep the dish from becoming too bitter.

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How to Learn Igbo Language

Around 18 million people living in Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea speak Igbo. There are many dialects of the language, some so distinct that two people speaking different dialects of Igbo wouldn't be able to understand each other. Igbo tones are very different from those used in English and other European languages. If you want to learn Igbo, start by practicing tones, then learn basic grammar and sentence structure. Once this foundation is in place, you can start expanding your vocabulary with common Igbo words and phrases. 1. **Recognize tonal notes in writing.** In written Igbo, low tones are sometimes marked with the grave accent (à). High tones are marked with the acute accent (á). While these accent marks are also used in languages such as French and Spanish, they have a different meaning in Igbo. In French, for example, an accent mark would indicate that you pronounce the letter differently. In Spanish, an accent mark indicates which syllable has emphasis. However, in Igbo, the tone is separate from the pronunciation of the letter itself. Many letters in the Igbo alphabet sound the same in Igbo as they do in English. You can download a free alphabet chart at https://www.omniglot.com/writing/igbo.htm. 2. **Identify high and low tones in speech.** Pronounce the high tone with your tongue bent towards the roof of your mouth, such as when you say "rule" in English. The low tone is pronounced with your tongue flatter and lower in your mouth, such as the first syllable of "father" in English. The tone is high or low relative to the other tones around it. For example, "kedu" is a word that means "what" or "how," and is also used to say "hello." Pronounce it keh-duh. For the first syllable, use a high tone with your tongue to the roof of your mouth. The second syllable is a low tone, with your tongue flat. Practice it with the first syllable low and the second high just to see how the vowel sound changes with the different tone. 3. **Use tone drills to identify different tone patterns.** Igbo is a highly tonal language. A word with the same spelling can have up to 4 different meanings depending on the tones used. Listen to a native speaker repeating words that are pronounced the same but have different tone patterns. For example, ákwá (high-high) means "weeping," ákwà (high-low) means "cloth," àkwá (low-high) means "egg," and àkwà (low-low) means "bridge." The U.S. State Department's Foreign Language Institute uses a basic Igbo course that includes tone drills. You can download them for free from the Live Lingua Project at https://www.livelingua.com/course/fsi/Igbo_-_Basic_Course. 4. **Listen to native speakers.** Simply listening to spoken Igbo may be the best way to understand the tonal structure of the language. If you don't know any native speakers, look online. Sites such as YouTube will have videos of people speaking Igbo. If possible, check the dialects being used. Make sure you're staying consistent within the same dialect. For example, Onitsha and Owerri are the two main Igbo dialect zones. While these dialects have many words in common, even they have some differences. 5. **Recognize patterns of spelling.** There are different spellings of words across dialects of Igbo. Any spelling you learn is not necessarily the correct spelling of a word, simply one acceptable spelling. Igbo written language is phonetic, so for the most part you will be okay if you learn the pronunciation of letters and write a word as it sounds. If vowels have either a dot under the letter or an umlaut above, this indicates a different pronunciation of that letter. New Standard Orthography uses an umlaut, but you may see previous versions in writing. 6. **Distinguish separable from inseparable pronouns.** In Igbo, personal pronouns are either separable or inseparable. Inseparable pronouns are singular, and appear in combination with the verb. For example, bi means "live." If you want to say "I live," it would be ebi m. For first person singular, the letter "m" follows the verb stem. Separable pronouns can be used as a subject, direct or indirect object, or to show possession. For example, the Igbo word anyï can be used to mean "we," "us," or "our." The word itself does not change regardless of how it's used. 7. **Attach an a- or e- prefix to a verb stem for present tense.** To conjugate verbs in present tense, give them a prefix that harmonizes with the verb stem vowel. Use an a- before a vowel stem with an a, ï, ö, or ü vowel. The e- prefix harmonizes with i, e, o, or u vowels. For example: ebi m (I live). You don't have to harmonize the vowels if you're using separable pronouns. Simply use the verb stem. For example: anyï bi (we live). 8. **Add a suffix to specify tense.** Igbo verbs do not distinguish between past and present tense. Rather, suffixes are used to indicate when the action took place. The suffix -tara or -tere is added to a verb stem to indicate an action occurred in the past. For example: ö zütara anü (he bought meat). Choose the suffix form to harmonize vowels, not for gender or any other reason. 9. **Use number words to make nouns plural.** In Igbo, nouns do not change form if they are plural. You can identify whether a word is singular or plural by looking at the words around it. Number words are found after the noun, while ordinals precede the noun. For example: ülö ise means "five houses." The word ülö means "house" while ise means "five." 10. **Practice talking to a native speaker.** Look for an Igbo or Nigerian community group near you and see if they have any language resources available. Ideally, you can perfect your language skills by working with someone who has native fluency. If you find someone who is trying to learn English, you might be able to work out an exchange in which both of you help each other practice. Helping a native speaker learn English will also help you understand the grammatical structure of Igbo. They may make mistakes because some aspect of English grammar is absent from Igbo grammar. For example, they might say "five house" instead of "five houses," because in Igbo the noun form doesn't change when pluralized. 11. **Start with words that are borrowed from English.** There are many words in Igbo that are borrowed from English. Although they may have a slightly different spelling and pronunciation, they'll be some of the easiest words for you to pick up if you already know English. For example, "congratulations" in Igbo is kongratuleshön. 12. **Learn basic greetings.** When you have basic greetings down, you can start a conversation with native speakers. Conversing with native speakers can help you increase your vocabulary as well as understanding common words and phrases used. Start with the basic greeting, "hello": kedü. Other common phrases said in greeting are built from this word. For example, "How are you?" is "Kedü ka ö dï?" To ask a person's name, you would say "Kedu aha gï?" 13. **Read stories written in Igbo.** Reading can also help you build vocabulary because you can see the words and learn what they mean in context. Children's stories and books can be helpful because they are often illustrated. The pictures can give you a clue as to what the words mean. Columbia University has a collection of Igbo language materials available at http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/igbo_index.html. 14. **Listen to Nigerian popular music.** While a lot of the popular Nigerian music has lyrics in Yoruba, one of the 4 official languages of the country, Igbo-language music has also broken into the mainstream. The rhythm of music and the repetitiveness of lyrics makes music an easy way to learn any language. Additionally, you can have music on in the background while you're doing other things. Identify artists you enjoy, then search for songs and videos on sites such as YouTube.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Learn-Igbo-Language", "language": "en"}

How to Clean a Deep Freezer

Cleaning your deep freezer is easy. You will need to plan ahead as the entire process will take about a day, depending on the type and size of freezer you have. After you remove all the food from the freezer, you will begin the process of defrosting the deep freezer. Once all the ice has melted, you will clean the interior and exterior of the freezer. Finally, you will let the freezer run for around six hours before returning frozen items to the freezer. 1. **Make room for the food in your refrigerator freezer.** Make as much room as you can in your refrigerator freezer for the food you will remove from the deep freezer. One way to make room is to throw away all items that are outdated or unrecognizable in your deep freezer and your refrigerator's freezer. 2. **Prepare coolers with ice.** If there isn't enough room in your refrigerator freezer, you will need to find another cold place to keep the food from the deep freezer. Set aside several large coolers and put a layer of ice at the bottom of each cooler. 3. **Relocate the food.** Take the food from the deep freezer and put it in your refrigerator freezer. Place the remaining food in the coolers and then put a layer of ice on top of the food. If you still need more space for the food, you can store it in the refrigerator itself. If you are cleaning on a day with freezing temperatures, you can try sitting the food outside while you clean the deep freezer. 4. **Consult the owners' manual.** Every freezer is different. Take a moment to read through the owners' manual to figure out exactly how you should go about defrosting your freezer. If you don't have a physical copy of the manual, try visiting the manufacturer's website to locate a digital copy. 5. **Turn off and unplug the deep freezer.** You will need to make sure your deep freezer is turned off and disconnected from its power source. This will ensure that all of the ice inside the deep freezer melts. 6. **Open the freezer doors.** You will need to leave the doors of your deep freezer open while it defrosts. This will help the freezer completely defrost more efficiently. 7. **Prepare for a lot of water.** The ice in your deep freeze will melt into water and could potentially make a huge mess. Try placing large towels on each of the shelves in the freezer as well as on the floor surrounding the freezer. You can also catch melting water by placing large pans on the freezer shelves. 8. **Check the progress every 20 minutes.** To prevent an unwanted mess, you will want to monitor the progress. Check in every 20 minutes and replace wet towels or empty pans that have filled with water. 9. **Let the deep freezer defrost until all the ice is melted.** The size and model of your deep freezer will determine how long it will take for the appliance to defrost. For smaller models, this could take less than an hour. Larger deep freezers may take several hours. 10. **Consider speeding up the process.** Check your freezer manual to see if the manufacturer recommends or cautions against speeding up the defrosting process. Try using a hair dryer, fan, or space heater to speed up the melting process. You could also try using a putty knife to chip around the edges of larger chunks of ice. 11. **Wipe out the melted water.** Once all the ice in the deep freezer melts, remove any towels or pans from inside the freezer. Then take a clean towel and wipe out all the excess moisture and water from the interior of the deep freezer. 12. **Remove and clean any shelving.** If your deep freezer has removable shelves, take them out. Then clean the shelves with warm, soapy water and allow them to dry before placing them back inside the deep freezer. 13. **Clean the inside of the deep freezer.** Wash down the inside of the deep freezer with warm soapy water. You can also mix one cup (240 mL) of water, one teaspoon white vinegar, and one teaspoon dish soap in a spray bottle. Spray the solution on the freezer walls and floor and then wipe down with a wet cloth. 14. **Wipe down the outside of the freezer.** After cleaning the interior of the deep freezer, you will want to wipe down the exterior. Use a cleaning spray or warm, soapy water to wipe down the front, back, and sides of the deep freezer. 15. **Dry the deep freezer with a towel.** After cleaning the interior and exterior of the deep freezer, dry it with a clean towel. Make sure you remove all the moisture from the interior of the freezer. This will prevent new ice from forming. 16. **Turn the freezer on for 6-8 hours before adding food.** Once the freezer is completely dry, close the doors and turn the freezer back on. Most manufacturers advise that you leave the deep freezer on for six to eight hours before you place frozen items inside. This time varies between models, so consult your owner's manual or the manufacturer.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-a-Deep-Freezer", "language": "en"}

25 Tips to Improve Your Singing Voice Without Taking Singing Lessons: Strengthen Your Voice Fast from Home

The human voice is a beautiful instrument that anyone can master, but do you have to work with a teacher or vocal coach to do it? Actually, there are plenty of ways you can improve your singing voice all by yourself right at home. In this article, we’ve got expert-backed advice to walk you through finding your unique sound and show you the best warmups and fundamentals to take your singing to the next level. If you’re ready to wow your friends with some amazing and fast progress, keep scrolling (and practicing!). 1. **Use all the different parts of your vocal system.** In singing, there are groups of notes that resonate in different parts of your body like your chest, throat, nose, or head. These groups of notes are called and they share a similar tone quality. Speak, do warmups, and sing in each register to feel and hear your voice in different ways. If a note falls between registers, sing it with both to compare the sound. The main registers are: the lowest, most comfortable notes that resonate in your chest cavity. Low voices sound warm here, and higher voices sound breathier. the middle ground between your chest and head voices. This is a bright set of notes that resonates in your neck and mouth. the upper end of your range. These notes resonate in your head and come easily to higher voices. Most strain and tension occurs here. Smooth transitions between registers contributes to a balanced, blended voice and helps eliminate voice cracks, too. 2. **Record and listen to yourself singing as much as possible.** You don’t need fancy recording equipment—use a voice memo app on your phone or make a quick video of yourself singing. Listen back to identify your personal strengths and weaknesses so you can target your practice sessions efficiently. Recording is also a great way to track your progress over time. Evaluate things like pitch ("Did I hit the right notes?"), support ("Did I breathe deeply and use a full tone?"), or rhythm ("Did I sing the words on time?"). Compare your recording to a professional’s and ask yourself what you like about their version. Is it their volume? Their expression? The sound of their voice? If you’re preparing for a recording session, use a simple external USB microphone to hear what your voice sounds like on better equipment. Remember, it’s OK if you don’t like your recording. It’s just one moment in time and doesn’t reflect your true talent or skills! 3. **Sing familiar songs that fit comfortably in your vocal range.** Pick a few songs you enjoy listening to and pull up the lyrics. Make sure they’re in your lower or middle range (chest voice) to start—this is where you’ll feel most comfortable singing, and you can project without straining. Sing along with recordings, then sing alone to hear how your voice responds to the music. Which notes sound best? What emotions are you projecting? Start with songs you know very well. You’ll sing with more confidence and get a better feel for your voice’s capabilities with simpler, familiar tunes. 4. **Find your vocal range** On a piano or keyboard app, play (the 4th C from the left on the keyboard) and match the pitch on an “ooo” or “aah” sound. Sing and play a slow scale downward and record the lowest note you can comfortably hit. Then, do the same going up from Middle C and record your highest note. These 2 notes define your range. Keep an open mind during this exercise—your range may not be as high or low as you thought. Remember that gender doesn’t define your voice type. After you record your highest and lowest note, determine which voice type you most closely fall into: E2-E4 A2-G4 C3-C5 F3-F5 A3-A5 C4-C6 5. **Inject emotion and expression into your singing.** Think about the lyrics and style of the song you’re about to sing—how does it make you feel? Find an emotional connection and then translate that into your voice. Experiment with singing louder or softer, ad libbing riffs, or adding vibrato to your tone. Matching your facial expression to the music can influence your sound, too. Remember to keep control of your voice and diction while you’re emoting. Your audience wants to understand your words clearly. Your expression contributes to the excitement of your performances. Practice in front of a mirror to see what you look and sound like to an audience member. Adding expressive touches to a song makes it unique to you, plus you can adapt it to fit your voice and stylistic preferences. 6. **Sing with confidence!** When you're about to sing, take a deep breath, relax your shoulders, and smile at the audience. If you’re shaky, move around to hide your nerves and look like you’re really into the music. When you sing out and stay relaxed, your voice will be more agile and your performance will be electric. Sing confidently even if you’re alone and just practicing—it’s the best way to practice performing and exercise your voice to the fullest. 7. **Maintain a tall, relaxed posture any time you sing.** Look straight forward and keep your chin parallel to the ground. Relax your shoulders, keeping them low and slightly back to open up your chest. Let your hands hang at your sides and stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and your knees unlocked. Hold your abdomen firm, allowing it to expand outward whenever you breathe. Shift your weight slightly forward so that it’s closer to your toes. Get used to what this feels like by standing against a wall. Make sure your heels, calves, buttocks, shoulders, and head are touching it. 8. **Take deep, supportive breaths** Your diaphragm lays underneath your lungs and controls your breathing. Stand tall with one hand on your stomach and one hand on your chest, then take a slow, deep breath to practice feeling your diaphragm. Imagine your abdomen filling with air and your rib cage expanding as you watch your stomach hand move outward. Your chest hand should be still. Exhale slowly through your mouth, feeling your rib cage contract slightly as your lungs empty. Use only your diaphragm to breathe—keep your chest and shoulder muscles relaxed. 9. **Sing with your jaw open and elongated, especially on vowel sounds.** Face a mirror and say the vowel sounds for A-E-I-O-U (“aah-eeh-eee-ooh-ooo”). If you see your jaw closing on some of the sounds, do the exercise again using your fingers or a small object (like a wine cork) to keep your jaw open wide. An open jaw projects easier and without strain. After you speak this exercise a few times, sing it on one pitch. Focus on keeping your jaw loose and relaxed until it becomes second nature. Practice the lyrics of whatever song you’re working on next, making sure to keep your jaw elongated so each syllable sounds resonant and effortless. 10. **Keep your larynx low and relaxed as you reach for higher notes.** Put a finger over your (your voice box or Adam’s apple near the top of your throat) while you sing to check its position—you want it a little lower than it is at rest, but higher than when you’re yawning. As you sing higher, remember to breathe deeply, stand tall, and keep the vocal tract wide to help it settle in place. “Think down” when you sing high. It helps your larynx stay in place and gives a little more weight to your high notes so they don’t sound breathy or strained. A good larynx position blends your voice and smooths out the break from chest to head voice (where your voice is most likely to crack). 11. **Relax your facial muscles, jaw, and tongue to eliminate tension.** Use 2 or 3 fingers to make small, circular motions over your forehead, cheeks, nose, chin, and jaw to massage them. Slowly open and close your jaw a few times to loosen up the hinge muscles and remind yourself what a proper, elongated jaw position feels like. Feel the soft area behind your chin with your thumb and sing. If you feel pushback, your tongue is tense. Use more air support to relax it. Do some head and shoulder rolls to relieve tension in your neck, shoulders, and chest. Tension in any area is usually the root cause of unhealthy singing. 12. **Do simple warmups for at least 10 minutes before singing repertoire.** Always warm up before any practice session or performance—it’s the best way to get a good sound, control your voice, and avoid damage. Include lots of stretching, yawning, and deep breathing to activate your muscles, vocal cords, and lungs. Some simple ones to start with include: Take a deep breath and hold the syllable “eee” for as long as you can, 3 times. Use the note F above or below Middle C (whichever is most comfortable). Glide from your lowest comfortable note to your highest comfortable note and back down on the word “knoll” 3 times. Sing three 5-note scales in the middle of your range on the syllable “oll.” Use the first 5 notes of a major scale (do-re-mi-fa-sol-fa-mi-re-do). 13. **Sing scales on a “zzz” sound, then switch to words.** First, make a “zzz” sound on a single pitch and hold it out—feel how your diaphragm contracts to support the sound and how the vibration loosens up your facial muscles. Once you’ve got it, start singing scales and other musical patterns on “zzz” to blend your voice and increase your agility. Start in a comfortable spot in your voice, then raise or lower each following scale by a half step to warm up your lower and upper ranges. Play around with “zzz” for 3 minutes, then switch to vowel sounds like “aah” or "ooo." After another minute or 2, switch to solfege syllables. is the 1-syllable words assigned to each note of a scale. The syllables (like you’ve probably heard in The Sound of Music) go do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do. 14. **Vocalize an arpeggio pattern on “nay,” “gee,” or “mum.”** An is a pattern of notes that goes up or down by skipping notes instead of hitting each one in order like a scale. Start in a comfortable spot lower in your range and sing “nay,” “gee,” or “mum” in the following pattern: do-mi-sol-do-mi-sol-fa-re-ti-sol-fa-re-do (if you prefer a number system, think 1-3-5-8-10-12-11-9-7-5-4-2-1). Start slowly, then move the exercise up and down by half steps. Focus on keeping the syllable pronunciation consistent from the bottom all the way to the top of the exercise. Each of these syllables works a different part of your voice. “Nay” balances air pressure with vocal cord closure while “gee” helps your larynx drop. “Mum” helps you resonate in the spot between your head and chest voices. 15. **Relax your lips and activate your diaphragm with lip trills.** Take a deep breath and hold your lips loosely together. Then, exhale through your lips until they start flapping and sounding like a motor. When this feels easy, start vocalizing short scales or note patterns while trilling. Push a fast air stream from your lower abdomen through your lips. The vibrations loosen up your lips and make them more agile for pronunciation and opening up vowel sounds. 16. **Hum scales, arpeggios, or your favorite tunes on an “mmm” sound.** Hum for about 1 minute to gently wake up your vocal cords and throat. Keep the range fairly small—try just the first 5 notes of a major scale, up and down (do-re-mi-fa-sol-fa-mi-re-do) or a simple arpeggio (do-mi-sol-do-sol-mi-do). Start in a comfortable, resonant spot of your range and move up or down by half steps on each repetition. Maintain resonance throughout your range. 17. **Practice resonating by trying to “sing” through your nose.** Close your lips and arch the roof of your mouth like you’re yawning or trying to speak through your nose (this raises your soft palate). Start humming like before, except this time the sound will be more like “ng” than “mmm.” Hold single pitches or do short scale patterns, moving each repetition up or down by half-steps. Do this about 5 times. Focus on keeping the tone quality and resonance the same at all pitches. 18. **Aim to practice for 30 minutes every day.** If you’re brand new to singing, start out with 10-minute practice sessions until you build the stamina to go longer. In these short sessions, focus on quality and make sure your last note sounds just as effortless as your first. As you progress, build up to 30 minute or longer practice sessions. Try to spread your practice evenly throughout the week—doing 15 minutes every day is better than cramming in 2 hours the night before a performance. If your voice gets tired but you want to keep making progress, set aside some time to look up new songs to sing. Practice with a (a physical one or a metronome app). Metronomes use clicking sounds to make a steady beat so you’ll sing in time. 19. **Build endurance by reading out loud for a few minutes every day.** If you just don’t feel like singing one day, read a short story or news article out loud to yourself (or to a willing listener!). Using your voice with intention helps you work on inflections, enunciation, and stamina. This is a great exercise for older adults who want to preserve their singing or speaking voice. 20. **Stay hydrated** Keep your throat moist for the best vocal sound quality, especially if you live in a dry climate or at a high elevation. You can’t moisten your vocal cords directly, but keeping your body hydrated will lubricate them for healthy singing. If you’re going to be singing for 30 or more minutes, drink warm water with 100% pure honey (add enough to soothe your throat without coating it). Consider humidifying your home or practice space so you’re not breathing dry air. Cold water makes your sensitive vocal cords constrict or tighten up. Room temperature or warm water helps them relax and sound their best. 21. **Try to sleep for 8 or more hours each night.** When your body is fatigued, it shows in your voice—you’ll likely get tired more quickly and be more susceptible to vocal damage or overuse. Do your best to get quality sleep every night, especially when you have a big performance coming up. If you’re short on sleep, try to grab a 20-30 minute nap in the afternoon or before a show or rehearsal to relax and restore your voice. 22. **Keep your stress low with deep breathing exercises or meditation.** Stress and nerves can make your voice sound fatigued, higher, or weaker. To calm yourself, get in a comfortable seated position and close your eyes. Inhale slowly through your nose for 4 counts, then exhale for 4 counts. Repeat for at least 1 minute. Regularly exercising or meditating can also help you stay low-stress over longer periods of time. 23. **Eat a healthy diet and avoid smoking and alcohol.** Keep your voice strong and durable with fresh produce, fish, and white meat. Reduce or cut out spicy or acidic foods and dairy, as well as caffeine and mint. Limit your alcohol intake, too—it’s dehydrating, and heavy consumption can damage your voice. No amount of smoking or smoke inhalation is good for your voice. Cut back or quit smoking as soon as possible to preserve your vocal quality. 24. **Treat your voice gently and go on vocal rest to let it recover.** To avoid vocal strain, try to have most of your conversations in a place where you won’t have to talk (or sing) over loud background noise for long periods. Use nonverbal cues, like pointing, or a microphone to replace yelling or screaming. After using your voice for a long time, take a vocal nap—no singing, talking, or whispering for a few hours. Try not to cough or clear your throat excessively. If possible, sing or practice in short sessions (30-60 minutes) with breaks in between to avoid overusing your voice. 25. **See a doctor if vocal rest doesn’t fix your strained or overused voice.** Vocal strain happens when your throat muscles or vocal cords are injured from overuse or improper technique. If you feel strain, go on vocal rest immediately and hydrate until you feel recovered. Visit a doctor if you’re still experiencing any of these symptoms after 2 weeks: Chronic hoarseness, raspy voice, voice quiver, or choppy voice. Pain or a lump in your throat whenever you talk or sing. Unintentional changes in pitch or odd-sounding speech.

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How to Stop Shoulder Pains

Shoulder pain is relatively common and has a variety of causes, ranging from a simple muscle pull to a dislocated joint. The reason why the shoulder is so susceptible to injury is that it has the most range of motion of any joint in the body. Furthermore, shoulder pain sometimes originates from other areas of the body such as the neck, mid back or even the heart. In most cases, using common sense and following some simple home remedies will be enough to stop your shoulder pain, but in some cases, treatment from a health professional is necessary. 1. **Rest your shoulder.** Often, but not always, the root cause of shoulder pain is simple overexertion — lifting things that are too heavy or lifting lighter loads too often. Stop the aggravating activity for at least a few days. If your problem is work related, then if possible, talk to your boss about switching to a different activity. If the shoulder pain is exercise related, then you may be working out too aggressively or with bad form — consult with a personal trainer. Excessive bed rest is not a good idea for any type of musculoskeletal injury because some movement is needed to stimulate blood flow and healing. As such, some rest is good, but complete inactivity is counterproductive. Reconsider your sleeping environment. Mattresses that are too soft or pillows that are too thick may contribute to shoulder pain. Sleeping on your back for a few days or weeks may be needed so as to not aggravate your shoulder. Shoulder joint pain (as opposed to muscle pain) frequently worsens at night while in bed. 2. **Ice your shoulder.** The application of ice is an effective treatment for essentially all acute injuries — including shoulder strains and sprains — because it constricts blood vessels (reducing blood flow) and numbs nerve fibers. Cold therapy should be applied to the most tender part of your shoulder in order to reduce the swelling and pain. Apply ice for 10-15 minutes every hour, then reduce the frequency as the pain and swelling subside in your shoulder. Compressing the ice against your shoulder with a bandage or elastic support will also help control the inflammation. Always wrap ice or frozen gel packs in a thin towel in order to prevent frostbite on your skin. 3. **Take over-the-counter drugs.** Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen or aspirin can be short-term solutions to help you deal with pain or inflammation in your shoulder — they can be found in every pharmacy and grocery store. Keep in mind that these medications can be hard on your stomach, kidneys and liver, so it's best not to use them for more than 2 weeks at a stretch and to take them with food. Talk to your doctor about your medical problems you have and any medications that you take before taking these medications. Follow the instructions on the package or your doctor's instructions on dosing. Alternatively, you can try over-the-counter analgesics such as acetaminophen (Tylenol and Paracetamol) or muscle relaxants (such as cyclobenzaprine) for your shoulder pain, but never take them concurrently with NSAIDs. 4. **Do some light shoulder stretches.** If your shoulder pain is primarily achy in nature and doesn't involve sharp, stabbing or shooting pain with movement or a dislocation, then likely you're experiencing a muscle strain. Mild muscle strains respond well to some light stretching because it relieves muscle tension, promotes blood flow and improves flexibility. In general, hold stretches (without bouncing) for about 30 seconds and do them 3x daily until the discomfort fades away. Trying to protect your sore shoulder by not moving it or putting it in a sling may increase the risk of adhesive capsulitis or "frozen shoulder," which is characterized by scar tissue, chronic stiffness and reduced range of motion. While standing or sitting, reach around the front of your body and grab the opposite elbow. Gently pull on the back of the elbow until you feel a stretch in the corresponding shoulder. While standing or sitting, reach behind your back towards your shoulder blade and interlock with your other hand (diagram above). Slowly pull on the hand with the sore shoulder until you feel a good stretch. 5. **Build shoulder strength.** If your shoulder pain is caused by overexertion (especially while on the job), you may benefit from strength-building exercises, assuming you perform them safely and correctly. When your initial pain subsides, try to introduce low-intensity, low-impact shoulder strengthening exercises to your routine. Stronger muscles such as the deltoids and rotator cuff are more able to handle the strain and exertion that can lead to shoulder pain, decreasing the likelihood that it will return. Work with a personal trainer or physical therapist to make sure you are doing the exercises correctly. Make sure your shoulder muscles are warmed up before exercising them. Taking a warm shower or applying moist heat or doing simple calisthenics before weight training is recommended because your shoulder muscles will be more pliable. 6. **Distinguish between acute and chronic conditions.** Although rest, ice and over-the-counter drugs are certainly helpful for acute (sudden) shoulder injuries, chronic (long-term) shoulder pain caused by arthritis or other degenerative conditions requires a little different approach. For example, for non-inflammatory osteoarthritis of the shoulder (the wear and tear type), applying some moist heat first thing in the morning may provide pain relief, reduce stiffness and increase your mobility. As a source of moist heat, microwaved herbal bags work well and are often infused with aromatherapy (such as lavender) that has relaxing properties. Supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM and various fish oils may help lubricate and cushion arthritic joints. 7. **Get a shoulder massage.** A strained muscle occurs when individual muscle fibers are taken beyond their limits and tear, which leads to pain, inflammation and some degree of guarding (muscle spasm in attempts to prevent further damage). A deep tissue massage is helpful for mild-to-moderate strains because it reduces muscle spasm, combats inflammation and promotes relaxation. Start with a 30 minute massage, focusing on your shoulder, lower neck and mid back areas. Allow the therapist to go as deep as you can tolerate without wincing. Always drink lots of water immediately following a massage in order to flush out inflammatory by-products and lactic acid from your body. Failure to do so might cause a headache or mild nausea. Your therapist may do trigger point therapy that focuses on areas of tight muscle fibers that can form in your shoulder after injuries or overuse. 8. **Consider acupuncture.** Acupuncture is an ancient art and involves sticking very thin needles into specific energy points within the skin / muscle in efforts to reduce pain and inflammation. Acupuncture for shoulder pain (caused by an injury or arthritis) can be effective, especially if it's done when the symptoms first occur. Based on the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture works by releasing a variety of substances including endorphins and serotonin, which act to reduce pain. Acupuncture is practiced by a variety of health professionals including some physicians, chiropractors, naturopaths, physical therapists and massage therapists — whoever you choose should be certified by NCCAOM. Acupuncture points that may provide relief to your shoulder pain are not all located near where you feel the pain — some can be in distant areas of the body. 9. **See a chiropractor.** Chiropractors are joint specialists who focus on establishing normal motion and function of the spine and peripheral joints such as the shoulder. Shoulder pain is not only caused by the underlying glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints, but also from joint issues in the neck and mid back. Your chiropractor is trained to diagnose joint problems and treat them (if appropriate) with manual joint manipulation, also called adjustments — they often illicit a "popping" or "cracking" sound. Although one joint adjustment can sometimes completely relieve your shoulder pain, more than likely it will take 3-5 treatments to notice significant results. Manual joint manipulation is not a good idea for inflammatory arthritis. Other professions that use manual joint manipulation include osteopaths and some physicians and physiotherapists. 10. **See your doctor.** If your shoulder pain is especially severe, long-lasting (more than a few weeks) or debilitating, and home remedies are not particularly helpful, then make an appointment with your doctor. Your shoulder pain may be caused by something serious such as a torn tendon, damaged cartilage, dislocated joint, fracture or inflammatory arthritis. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist such as an orthopedist, neurologist or rheumatologist in order to better diagnose and treat your shoulder issue. X-rays, bone scans, MRI, CT scan and nerve conduction studies are tools that specialists may use to help diagnose your shoulder pain. Depending on your diagnosis, you may be given stronger prescription medications (especially if your pain is caused by arthritis) and/or asked to wear a shoulder sling short-term, which is common with severe joint sprains and dislocations. Your doctor will discuss a treatment plan tailored to your diagnosis with you. 11. **See a physical therapist.** If your shoulder problem is recurring (chronic) and not alleviated by your own exercise routine, then you need to consider some form of rehabilitation guided by a professional. Your doctor can refer you to a physical therapist, who can show you specific and tailored stretches and strengthening exercises to rehabilitate your shoulder. Physiotherapy is usually required 2-3x per week for 4-8 weeks to positively impact chronic shoulder problems. If need be, a physical therapist can treat your sore shoulder muscles with modalities such as therapeutic ultrasound or electronic muscle stimulation. Good strengthening exercises for your shoulder include pushups, pullups, swimming and rowing, but make sure your injury is resolved first. 12. **Get a cortisone injection.** Cortisone is a hormone that is sometimes administered medically to treat injuries and various forms of arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. An injection of steroid medication near or into a muscle, tendon or ligament can quickly reduce inflammation and allow normal, unrestricted movement of your shoulder again. Cortisone, compared to NSAIDs, has a longer duration of action and a stronger effect. The most common preparations used are prednisolone, dexamethasone and triamcinolone. Potential complications of corticosteroid injections include infection, bleeding, tendon weakening, local muscle atrophy, nerve irritation / damage and decreased immune function. If corticosteroid injections fail to provide adequate resolution for your shoulder problem, then surgery should be considered and discussed with your doctor. 13. **Consider surgery as a last resort.** Surgery for chronic shoulder pain is often the last resort (after more conservative approaches have been tried), although it may be warranted immediately if your shoulder is dislocated or fractured due to serious trauma suffered from a car accident or sports injury, for examples. Osteoarthritis of the shoulder may lead to the formation of bone spurs or disintegrating cartilage, which can be remedied with arthroscopic surgery. Rotator cuff tears — a group of four muscles surrounding the ball and socket shoulder joint — is a common cause of pain and disability that often needs surgery to remedy. Shoulder surgery may involve the use of metal rods, pins or other devices for structural support. Possible complications from shoulder surgery include local infection, allergic reaction to anesthesia, nerve damage and chronic swelling/pain. Be prepared for needing some time after the surgery to recover. You will most likely need to do stretching, exercises, or physical therapy during the recovery period.

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How to Apply for Social Security Survivor Benefits for a Child

Most people think of Social Security solely as a retirement program. According to the U.S. Social Security Administration, however, close to 2 million children who have had a parent die receive 1.5 billion in survivor benefits each month. Benefits are available for unmarried children under the age of 18, children who are 19 and are still attending secondary school full-time, and children of any age who were disabled before the age of 22. Social Security survivor benefits for children are intended to replace lost household income following a parent's death. They can be used to pay for expenses associated with housing, feeding, clothing, educating, and providing other necessities of life. 1. **Understand eligibility.** In order to be eligible for benefits, the deceased must have earned a certain number of “credits,” based on age at the time of death. A worker can earn up to four credits a year. In 2015, a worker earned one credit for every $1,220 of wages or self-employed income. The amount of credits needed will depend on the worker’s age when he or she died. The younger the deceased was, the fewer credits required for survivor’s benefits. No age group requires more than 40 credits to trigger benefits. Furthermore, benefits will not be denied if the deceased earned six credits within the last three years of his or her life. 2. **Get certified birth certificates.** To apply for survivor’s benefits for children, you will need your birth certificate and the child’s. If you do not have a birth certificate, you will need to order one. You can get copies of birth certificates through VitalChek. Visit www.vitalchek.com and select “Birth Certificate” and then “Start Your Order.” If your child is adopted, then you will need a copy of the adoption certificate. After entering the name of the person whose birth certificate you are purchasing, you will then select your state. Then you will be prompted to select the city in which the person was born. 3. **Obtain a death certificate.** You need a death certificate for the deceased. For information on how to obtain a death certificate, read wikiHow’s How to Acquire a Death Certificate. 4. **Get a copy of your marriage certificate.** If you were divorced from the deceased, then you would need a divorce certificate in place of the marriage certificate. Both marriage and divorce certificates can be purchased through VitalChek as well. 5. **Find the deceased’s tax forms.** You will also need a photocopy of the deceased’s most recent W-2 form or self-employment form. If you were divorced from the deceased and do not have access to his or her tax records, you should contact the executor of the deceased’s estate. In order to get tax information from the IRS, you need the authorization of the executor, who has the power to get that information. If your children are earning money, then you will also need tax forms showing how much income they have made. 6. **Get Social Security Numbers.** You will also need Social Security Numbers for you, for the deceased, and for any children. If your child does not yet have a Social Security Number, you need to apply for one. You can do this at the Social Security office. You will have to complete a form, SS-5, at the office. You will need your child’s birth certificate (which you will need anyway to apply for survivor’s benefits). You will also need something to establish your child’s identity: for example, a state-issued identification card, school identification card, or daycare record. 7. **Contact the Social Security Administration.** As soon as possible after the date of death, contact the office to apply for Social Security survivor benefits for a child. You cannot apply online. Call the Social Security Administration toll-free at 1-800-772-1213 from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday through Friday. Those who are deaf or hard of hearing should call the TTY line at 1-800-325-0778. Visit or call your local Social Security office. To find contact information for the Social Security office closest to you, go the Social Security Administration's website, click "Find a Social Security Office," enter your zip code in the field provided, and click "Locate." 8. **Don’t wait.** It is imperative that you start the application process as soon as possible. Benefits will be due retroactive to the date of death in most cases, but in some instances, benefits will only be retroactive to the date of application. Also note that there is a $255 one-time payment available to a spouse or children of the deceased if the deceased worked long enough for his or her age group. However, the beneficiary must apply for this benefit within two years of the death. 9. **Visit the Social Security office.** Arrive at the Social Security office as soon as it opens on the day you are instructed to apply for benefits. Social Security does not make fixed appointments. You will be told what day to arrive to apply for Social Security survivor benefits for a child, but service on any given day is first-come, first-served. Avoid arriving at the Social Security office around lunch time or any later than 90 minutes before closing time. 10. **Answer all questions.** You will meet with a Social Security intake representative who will ask you questions. Provide any required documentation and sign any paperwork presented to you by the Social Security intake representative during the application interview. The intake representative will provide you with a summary called a “Receipt for Your Claim for Social Security Child's Insurance Benefits” for each child for whom you are applying for benefits. Do not lose this. You will need it to check on the status of your claim later on. Make sure the intake representative also returns all original copies of important documentation to you before you leave the office. Make sure you get a business card with your intake representative's contact information before you leave the office. Your intake representative is your local, flesh-and-blood contact person should there be any delay in application processing or timely receipt of benefits at any future point. 11. **Check your application online.** Visit www.socialsecurity.gov/myaccount. You can then create an account. From your account, you can check for your benefit verification letter and calculate your benefit estimates. You also can set up or change direct deposit online. 12. **Get benefits.** Social Security uses the deceased’s base benefit amount and awards a percentage. A child receives 75% of the deceased’s benefit amount. There are maximums that a family may get. The limit varies, but it is roughly between 150% and 180% of the deceased’s basic benefit rate. Accordingly, if you have more than 2 children receiving benefits, their amount will be reduced so that the total does not exceed the family maximum.

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How to Get Bail Reduced

“Bail” is typically the amount of money you have to post in order to be released from jail as you await your trial. For example, if you are charged with robbery, then the judge might set bail for $10,000. You will need to either post a bond or pay that amount of money into the court. The purpose of bail is to let a defendant out of prison but ensure their appearance at trial — the bail money will be held until any proceedings and trials are complete. If you want to reduce your bail, then you need to file a document with the court (called a “motion”) and then prepare for the hearing. 1. **Know what to expect.** Most jails have a bail schedule which specifies bail amounts for common crimes. If you want your bail reduced, however, you will need to ask a judge to lower it. Your first arraignment usually takes place within 24 to 48 hours of the arrest. The court will advise you of your rights and set bail at this initial appearance, and your lawyer can make an argument about your bail. Depending on your state, your lawyer may, at this point, be able to ask for a lower bail or for you to be released on your own recognizance (OR, which will be discussed later). If you get an unfavorable ruling in regards to your bail, you can file a motion to get bail reduced.If you file a motion for reduced bail, this will be addressed at a second arraignment or a special bail hearing. This is when your lawyer can submit evidence or even call witnesses to show that you are not a flight risk and will show up for subsequent court dates. 2. **Get a lawyer.** As a criminal defendant, you should have a lawyer who can represent you. A lawyer will understand what factors a judge considers most important when deciding whether to reduce bail. Also, many judges take arguments more seriously when they are made by a lawyer. If you don’t have money to afford your own lawyer, then ask the court for a public defender. The judge should ask you at your arraignment or earlier whether or not you have a lawyer and if you want a public defender. You will have to fill out an application for a public defender. The application typically asks that you provide information about your finances. Hold onto a copy of this document because you will need to provide financial information if you want to reduce your bail. 3. **Identify the factors a judge will consider.** Each state has a general set of guidelines for determining whether to reduce bail. Although each state’s law is slightly different, a judge will generally consider the following factors: You don’t pose a danger to the community. The court will look at the seriousness of your offense to judge whether releasing you would put the community at risk. You have no prior criminal record. The cleaner your criminal record, the better. Also, you should ideally not have any citations for skipping court hearings in the past. You have a job in the community. You have family in the community. Family ties are an important sign that you will not skip town before trial. You have lived in the area a long time. The longer you have lived in a community, the less likely it is that you will disappear if you are given bail. 4. **Find documentary evidence in support of your argument.** You can help your lawyer build a strong argument for reducing bail by giving them helpful evidence. You should find the following documents: Give your attorney pay stubs and W-2 or tax forms that show regular employment in the area. Find property tax records or utility bills that show how long you have lived in the community. 5. **Ask people to testify on your behalf.** You can usually have witnesses testify at your bail hearing. You should identify witnesses with helpful information ahead of time. Look again at the factors a judge considers when determining whether to reduce bail. Check if there are people who can testify. For example, you could have your spouse testify as to how long you have been married and how long you have lived in the community. Your boss could testify as to how long you have held your job. 6. **Identify what you can afford.** Before asking the judge to reduce your bail, you should figure out what you can afford. Pool all available resources and figure out what is the most you can post. You can often post a “bond” for the amount of the bail. To get the bond, you pay 10% of the amount of the bond. This amount is not refunded to you at the end of the trial; however, you could post a bond for $10,000 by paying only $1,000. You could also try to get “released on your own recognizance.” This means that you promise, in writing, to show up to trial but you don’t have to post any bail; however, you may have to periodically check in with the court or promise not to leave the county. 7. **Get a form.** Your lawyer should handle drafting the motion for you. They can send you a copy after it is completed for you to read. If, for some reason, you don’t have a lawyer, then you will need to draft your own motion. Check to see if the court has a form you can fill out. Some courts also have administrative procedures for reducing bail. For example, there may be a “bail services” department. You will have to get the form from this department. 8. **Format a simple motion instead.** If no form is available, then you will need to draft a motion. A motion is a document you file to ask the judge to do something. Here, you want the judge to reduce your bail. You can start typing up your own motion by opening a blank word processing document. Set the font to 14 point Times New Roman or Arial. Also make the document double-spaced. 9. **Insert the caption.** Each motion filed in your case has the same information at the top of the first page. This is called the “caption.” You should look at any document filed and get this information. For example, the indictment could have this information at the top. The caption includes: Name of the court Names of the parties (typically “People v. [Your Last Name]” or “State v. [Your Last Name].” If there were multiple defendants, then there may be more than one name. The case number 10. **Title the motion.** The title will vary, depending on the court you are appearing before. Generally, you can title it “Motion for Bond Reduction.” The title should be inserted underneath the caption and put in all caps, bolded. 11. **Give the judge the facts.** You should start off the motion by introducing yourself and then telling the judge key facts, such as the charges filed against you and the amount of bail. Also tell the judge that you are bringing the motion because you can’t afford the bail and want a reduction. You could type: “Defendant, Jonah Thomas, representing himself pro se, hereby requests this Court reduce Defendant’s bond. As grounds for relief, Defendant states as follows….” Always refer to yourself in the third person. Then include details about the charges and the amount of bail: “Defendant has been charged with robbery, [insert the statute, which you can find by looking at your indictment]. At an initial appearance, this Court set bond at $10,000, which Defendant has not been able to post.” 12. **Explain why you are entitled to bail.** You should go down through the factors a judge will consider and explain how they support your argument that your bail reduced or that you should be released on your own recognizance. Remember not to lie or stretch the truth. If you do, you will not get your bail reduced and you could face additional punishment. You could write: “Defendant should be released on his own recognizance because he is not a flight risk. Defendant has lived in this community for 12 years, and has worked in the same job at Quick-Mart since 2007, where he is a full-time janitor. Defendant’s ties to the community are also strong: he has lived in the same home with his wife, Evelyn, since moving to the community. Their two children attend the elementary school. Defendant has no previous criminal record other than a DUI from 1999. Furthermore, because the crime charged is not a crime of violence, Defendant is not a danger to the community.” 13. **Conclude the motion.** In conclusion, state what you want the judge to do. Remember to include your signature beneath the conclusion, along with the date. If you don’t sign your motion, then the judge won’t consider it. Sample language: “Wherefore, Defendant Jonah Thomas requests that this Court reduce his bail and order him released on his own recognizance.” 14. **Attach a certificate of service.** You need to tell the court that you sent a copy of the motion to the prosecutor, so that they can have a chance to respond. You should type up your certificate of service on a separate sheet of paper but attach it as the last page of your motion. Your certificate could read: “I, Jonah Thomas, hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing was mailed to the Office of the State’s Attorney at 2255 W. Wellstone Avenue, This Town, Maryland on June 15, 2016.” Then add your signature. 15. **File the motion with the court clerk.** You have to get your motion to the clerk after you complete it. Generally, you should be able to mail the motion to the court clerk. If you are in jail, talk to whoever is in charge. Tell them you want to file a motion. You will probably have to pay a filing fee unless you qualify for a fee waiver. Ask the clerk for a fee waiver form if you can’t afford the fee. If you intend to represent yourself, then you need to make sure that you have enough money while in jail. You will end up paying money for postage, copying fees, filing fees, and other expenses. 16. **Schedule a hearing.** You will need to schedule a hearing for the judge to consider your bail reduction. Each court handles scheduling a little differently. In some states, the clerk will automatically schedule a hearing date. In other courts, you will have to ask for the hearing date. 17. **Weigh the pros and cons of testifying.** At the hearing, you need to submit evidence in support of your argument. For example, you can submit pay stubs, letters, and tax records; however, you might also testify. Before agreeing to testify, you should weigh the pros and cons: You might testify if you can’t find documentary evidence to prove some point. For example, you might have lived in a community for 15 years; however, no one is available to testify to that fact, and you don’t have any documents which can prove it. In this situation, you might want to testify under oath because it could help you get a bail reduction. You might not want to testify because anything you say can be used against you. Because the prosecutor gets to cross-examine you, they might try to get you to slip up and admit to incriminating details about the crime. You probably shouldn’t testify if you can have other people testify to the important facts about why you are entitled to a bail reduction. In this situation, you don’t need to take the risk. 18. **Make your argument to the judge.** Your lawyer should handle everything at the bond hearing. All you will have to do is testify, if you choose to testify. Your lawyer will make the same argument that was made in the motion. If you have witnesses who want to testify, then your lawyer will ask them questions. The prosecutor can also cross-examine them. 19. **Testify on your own behalf.** If you choose to testify, then you should review your testimony with your lawyer so that you will know what questions they will ask. When you get on the stand and testify, remember the following tips: Listen closely to the question. You don’t want to answer a question that wasn’t asked. If you don’t understand the question, then ask the lawyer to rephrase it. Answer only the question asked. It is important not to give away too much information at the bail hearing. Always tell the truth. After the prosecutor asks a question, give your attorney time to object. Don’t answer until the judge rules on the objection. 20. **Listen to the prosecutor make an argument.** The prosecutor gets to argue why your bail shouldn’t be reduced. The prosecutor will refer to the same factors that you did but will try to spin them in such a way that you appear like a flight risk. You can’t interrupt the prosecutor. Instead, you have to stand and quietly listen. 21. **Receive the judge’s decision.** The judge should make a decision shortly after all evidence has been presented. The judge might verbally discuss how they have balanced the factors for consideration. If you win, then you may be responsible for filling out the “order” form for the judge to sign. Ask if there are blank orders you can fill out.

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How to Destroy a Narcissist in Court: 11 Effective Tips

Would you like justice so you can release yourself from the control of a narcissist? With proper legal counsel and a solid action plan, that's entirely possible. All you need to do is collect evidence, reach out to allies, and speak your truth. Here, we'll share expert-backed advice about how to make sure a judge notices narcissistic abuse and rules in your favor. Read on to destroy a narcissist in court by exposing who they really are. 1. **Start creating a paper trail of the narcissist’s abuse.** Show you took action ASAP to make sure you’re safe and prevent a narcissist from creating a “smear campaign”—a series of lies about you. Contact a Domestic Violence Case Worker, an advocate trained to place a restraining order. Bring evidence that you’ve been harassed and file a petition for protection with a court in the county where you or the narcissist lives. File your restraining order privately without giving the narcissist any advance notice. Contact your local domestic abuse shelter or a victims’ rights non-profit to meet with a Domestic Violence Case Worker who will provide you assistance at no cost to you. Start with a “Ex Parte Order for Protection” so you keep the narcissist away before court. You’ll need to file a separate restraining order to seek protection on behalf of minors. Provide the narcissist’s—or “Respondent’s”—date of birth to verify their identity. 2. **Encourage others to vouch for you and your integrity.** Request “character reference letters,” written statements from people closest to you—like friends, relatives, or co-workers—that will enhance your reputation in court and explain how reasonable you are. Ask your “character references” to expand on your strong morals and values. Prioritize people who have known you for a long time and have lots of background knowledge about you. While character witnesses may not have seen narcissistic abuse, they are a great source of information about how kind and mature you are. Your attorney will speak to character witnesses in order to confirm that they’ll help with your case. When character witnesses provide details about you, they’re compared to reports written about interactions between you and a narcissist to prove you handle yourself well. 3. **Support your case with perspectives that match your version of events.** Reach out to anyone—such as teachers, family friends, or neighbors—who were present when you had any disputes with a narcissist and during any time that the narcissist mistreated you. Make sure that what they saw aligns with the facts as well as your testimony, or personal account. Request that they write a “witness statement” that outlines what they experienced and that they sign it to confirm that it’s true. Witnesses may not know you well, but they’re important for a court case because they provide first-hand details about how a narcissist disrespected you. Review witness statements in advance so you’re confident that it captures what you want the court to know about the narcissist. Witness statements can include what a person saw, heard, or felt when they were around the narcissist. 4. **Record any interaction that highlights narcissistic abuse.** While it can be a lot of work, it’s important to write down every negative encounter with this individual. Keep a notepad on hand—either on paper or on your phone—where you can create a daily log of every conversation, phone call, and email you’ve exchanged with the narcissist. Your documentation will be invaluable for establishing the routine behavior of this person. When you write everything down right away, a narcissist doesn’t have a chance to gaslight you, which happens when they use emotional manipulation to persuade you that events happened differently. 5. **That way, you can reach out to people who will testify on your behalf.** A “subpoena” is an order that requires an individual to appear in person. They can share their account with the judge and “substantiate,” or verify, that a narcissist has abused you before and that you’ve handled yourself with grace and composure. A subpoena from an ally can prove your case and convince a judge to file for a legal outcome—like a divorce—in your favor. Your attorney will usually request a subpoena for you, but a court clerk, justice of the peace or notary public actually issues it. A subpoena is typically served in person. You can also use a subpoena to access documents important for your case, such as proof that a narcissist was involved in a domestic abuse case or never paid child support. Anyone who receives a subpoena and appears in court will be paid an “attendance fee” and reimbursed for their transportation, so you don’t have to worry about them being inconvenienced. 6. **Entrust trained advocates with all your sensitive information.** Avoid any discussion about the case with the narcissist, who is very likely to misrepresent any details you share with them or to claim you’ve acted in a way that you did not. Instead, speak only with your own attorney and any support figures—like victims’ rights advocates—who are trained to prepare you for your day in court. You’ll benefit from professionals who are invested in your success. You can contact victims’ rights advocates at a shelter or non-profit organization that assists anyone who has experienced domestic abuse. Victims’ rights agencies have trained staff who can help compile legal resources for you. ”Legal clinics” offer free advice if you have general questions about your case. Depending on your income, you may receive legal assistance at a reduced rate. Court staff will not be able to recommend lawyers, but you can search a local directory. Read their bios or reach out and ask if they’ve handled cases with narcissists before. 7. **Open up about your emotions so you’re composed in court.** After you deal with a narcissist, it’s only natural to feel a range of negative feelings—like frustration and sadness—and experience trauma or triggers. In order to show up as your most cool and collected self, speak with a mental health professional. You’ll not only get some relief, but you’ll also be able to strategize about how you’ll communicate about your experiences in court. Anyone who’s faced narcissistic abuse can experience isolation, but a trained counselor can help you open up about your circumstances so you feel heard. Therapy sessions can provide emotional release so you feel a lot more at ease during your court case. A mental health professional can also point out signs of abuse you might’ve missed so you can include this in your documentation. 8. **Keep yourself away from a narcissist and stay close to your advocates.** When you show up well before the court case, this individual won’t have the chance to approach you and try to speak to you. A good rule of thumb is to arrive at least 20 minutes before you appear in court. Meet your attorney in the court building’s consultation room, where you can review the case and decompress. You and your attorney can book a consultation room for a certain time that you can have to yourselves. Consultation rooms typically have WiFi and projectors so you can go over different documents and rehearse your statements. Let your legal advocate know if you need some space and would prefer to sit in silence or distract yourself for a moment. 9. **Your lack of reactions could upset a narcissist.** Since an abusive person thrives off of power dynamics and stirring up negative emotions, refuse to give them the satisfaction. Instead, only discuss the facts and objective details. When you address the way you’ve been mistreated and remain mature, you’ll expose the narcissist for who they truly are. As a consequence, they’re likely to melt down in court and engage in “melodrama,” or over-the-top stories, which will probably cause the judge to take your side. Narcissists often need constant praise and attention, so if you, your attorney, or witnesses critique them, a narcissist is unlikely to remain level-headed throughout the case. If a narcissist does make degrading comments or lose their temper in court, then a judge is likely to compare that to any documentation that suggests the narcissist is abusive. 10. **This choice helps you ignore any of a narcissist’s intimidation tactics.** The narcissist may have a habit of chuckling, glaring at you, or making rude side remarks. When your attorney or the narcissist’s lawyer asks you any questions, look toward the judge and answer in a neutral tone of voice. You’ll take control of the situation, and you might build rapport with the judge. Make it clear that you’re speaking to the judge with a comment like, “Your Honor, I’d like to address that claim.” Thank the judge for listening to you—you’ll probably come across as polite and respectful. A narcissist might “drag you down” and try to bully you in court or even use sad body language to make you pity them. If you avoid any eye contact with them, you’ll be able to think clearly. 11. **Protect yourself and defend arrangements that work for you.** Once the judge has made their decision, avoid any compromises that the narcissist asks for. Instead, remind them that any outcomes—like full custody you received or a divorce that you were granted—were court-ordered and that they need to respect them. After the court case, limit or completely avoid contact with the narcissist. That way, you’ll prevent stressful disputes and give yourself peace of mind. Contact a victims’ right advocate or an attorney if a narcissist refuses to follow any court-ordered rules or policies.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Destroy-a-Narcissist-in-Court", "language": "en"}

How to Prevent Fly Strike in Rabbits

Fly strike is an unpleasant and potentially deadly condition caused by fly eggs on a rabbit hatching into maggots and eating the rabbit's flesh. There are various factors that can make a rabbit more vulnerable to fly strike. For example, the risk of fly strike is greater in warm or hot weather, when there are more flies around. Knowing all the risk factors and how to assess your rabbit's risks, in addition to monitoring your rabbit's health, can greatly reduce the likelihood that your rabbit gets fly strike. 1. **Check for fly strike regularly.** Every rabbit, healthy or sick, should be checked over twice a day in warm or hot weather to look for fly eggs. This means picking the rabbit up and visually inspecting all areas including between the armpits, groin, under the tail, genital area, dewlaps, skin folds and tail base. 2. **Look for fly eggs or maggots.** You should know what you are looking for when checking your rabbit. Fly eggs are pinhead sized white glistening objects. Maggots vary in size from short thread like objects to plumper and worm like objects. 3. **Remove eggs or maggots.** Wipe away eggs with a clean disposable towel. Immediately remove any maggots with tweezers and then seek veterinary help. If the skin is damaged, remove as many of those on the surface as you can and seek urgent veterinary attention for those that have burrowed deeper into the tissue. Eggs take a matter of hours to hatch out, so it is possible for a rabbit that was clear at breakfast time, to have fly strike by the evening. This is why it is important to check twice a day. 4. **Take your rabbit to the vet if it has fly strike.** This condition needs to be treated quickly and effectively or it could kill your rabbit. In addition to making sure you have thoroughly eliminated all maggots and eggs from your rabbit, your veterinarian will probably prescribe a preventative medicine to stop further infections. 5. **Understand flies and fly strike is in order to avoid it.** The fly life cycle involves the adult fly laying eggs. These eggs hatch out into maggots, and these maggots need to feed in order to grow and ultimately hatch out as adults. The maggots normally eat rotting flesh. What happens with fly strike in rabbits is that the flies lay eggs in live flesh rather than dead carcasses. The eggs hatch in a matter of hours and the hungry maggots eat through live tissue. This is painful for the rabbit, and if the maggots are not spotted quickly the rabbit can quickly go into shock and die. Flies are unlikely to be attracted to really healthy tissue. Problems occur when the flies are attracted to damp skin, an infected area, or an area of skin covered in urine or feces. Thus rabbits with health problems or those kept in poor conditions where their skin is liable to be damaged, are at greatest risk of fly strike. 6. **Keep your rabbit's cage clean.** Make sure your rabbit's hutch is kept clean at all times. Remove soiled bedding on a daily basis and replace it with clean. If the rabbit uses a litter tray, scoop out the soiled areas daily. A common cause of fly strike is that a rabbit has been kept in dirty conditions, with urine stained bedding and lots of pellets. The smell of urine or feces will attract flies to the area. If the rabbit has been sitting in damp bedding, smells of urine, or, worse still, the rabbit's skin is damaged because of urine scald, flies will be even more attracted to the area. 7. **Keep your rabbit's fur clean.** Check your rabbit's fur, especially around the anus, to make sure there are no pellets stuck in the fur. This could attract flies. If the fur is soiled, tease out the pellets or carefully use scissors to cut the fur away. 8. **Treat health issues that could lead to uncleanliness.** There are some health conditions that lead to a greater risk of a rabbit being unclean around its anus. For example, a rabbit with a urinary infection, or a problem with their bladder, may need to pass urine regularly and is more likely to soil themselves. Likewise diarrhea sticks to fur and is a big risk factor. For both conditions, always seek veterinary attention. If the rabbit has diarrhea, take it off vegetables and fruit, and feed it mainly hay. However, make sure it actually eats the hay or it may starve itself. 9. **Get dental problems treated.** Rabbits with overgrown teeth or dental pain, are not able to groom themselves, and again are prone to soiling around the rear end. It is imperative to seek veterinary attention to get the dental issues corrected. Once the teeth have been filed, then a mainly hay diet is key to keeping the teeth at the correct length. 10. **Check rabbits with physical limitations more often.** For example, overweight rabbits are physically unable to bend round and clean the pellets from their rear end. This makes them liable to getting pellets stuck in their fur. Key to prevention is keeping the rabbit at a healthy weight by feeding a diet of mostly hay, supplement with fresh vegetables and only a dessertspoon of pellets a day. If your rabbit is already overweight, then it's essential to perform twice daily checks as they are at greater risk of fly strike. Aim to slowly reduce their weight by cutting back on their pellets and switching them onto hay. You should also check rabbits with arthritis more often. A stiff arthritic rabbit cannot turn around so easily and is more liable to become soiled. Your vet can supply a painkiller, meloxicam, which is suitable for use in rabbits. This helps ease their discomfort but daily checks are still essential. 11. **Use a product to prevent fly strike.** A product called Rearguard stops eggs hatching into maggots and is effective for 8 - 10 weeks. It comes in a one dose applicator and is dabbed onto the fur until it is wet down to the skin. It is then left to dry. Rearguard does not repel flies or kill maggots, but it stops any eggs that are laid from hatching into maggots. This product is a tool to help prevent fly strike but it should not replace good clean bedding conditions, regular checks, or attending to your rabbit's health problems. 12. **Repel flies.** Do your best to eliminate flies around the rabbit. Invest in a fly zapper, a blue light that attracts flies and then kills them. Alternatively use sticky fly papers, and also keep the rabbit's home clear of food debris that might attract these insects. Some herbs are said to have fly repellent properties, so consider growing them beside an outdoor hutch or in pots inside. These include chamomile, peppermint, basil, green oregano, hemp, lavender, rosemary and rue.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Prevent-Fly-Strike-in-Rabbits", "language": "en"}

How to Decrease Platelets

Platelets are so tiny that they only make up a tiny fraction of total blood volume. The function of platelets is mainly to prevent bleeding by clotting the blood. However, in rare cases, some people develop a condition in which the bone marrow produces too many platelets, known as thrombocytosis. This can lead to the formation of large blood clots which may cause health issues like strokes or heart problems. Start with Step 1 below for more information on how you can decrease the number of platelets in your blood through diet, lifestyle and medical means. 1. **Eat raw garlic to decrease the number of platelets in your blood.** Raw or crushed garlic contains a compound called "allicin" which affects the body's ability to make platelets, therefore decreasing the number of platelets in the blood. Your body responds to the lower platelet level by improving its immunity, which helps to protect the body from any foreign objects (such as viruses and bacteria) that enter the system. The allicin content of garlic decreases rapidly with cooking, so try to eat it raw. Eating raw garlic causes stomach upset in some people, so be sure to eat the raw garlic with food. 2. **Take ginko biloba to reduce blood viscosity.** Gingko biloba contains substances called “terpenoids” which reduce blood viscosity (making it thinner) and prevent the formation of clots. Gingko biloba also help to improve blood circulation and increases your body's production of warfarin, which helps to dissolve clots. Gingko biloba is available as a supplement in liquid or capsule form. You can buy these supplements at the drug or health food store. If you can get your hands on gingko biloba leave, you can boil the leaves in water for 5 to 7 minutes, then drink the water as a tea. 3. **Use ginseng to prevent clot formation.** Ginseng contains “ginsenosides” that help to decrease platelet aggregation, and therefore prevent the formation of clots. Ginseng is available in capsule form at drug and health food stores. It is often added to energy foods and drinks. Ginseng causes insomnia and nausea in some people, so you will need to test it out for a trial period to see how it reacts with your body. 4. **Eat pomegranates for their anti-platelet effect.** Pomegranates contain substances called polyphenols which have an anti-platelet effect — this means that they reduce your body's production of platelets and prevent existing platelets from clotting. You can eat whole, fresh pomegranate fruits, drink pomegranate juice, or add pomegranate extract to your cooking. 5. **Eat seafood rich in omega-3 to inhibit platelet production.** Omega-3 fatty acids affect platelet activity, thinning the blood and reducing the chance of clotting. Omega-3's are abundant in seafood such as tuna, salmon, scallops, sardine, shellfish and herring. Try to include 2 to 3 servings of these fish per week, to meet your recommended weekly allowance of omega-3s If you're not fond of fish, you can boost your omega-3 intake by taking 3000 to 4000mg of fish oil supplements per day. 6. **Drink red wine to reduce the chances of clot formation.** Red wine contains flavonoids, which comes from the skin of red grapes during production. These flavonoids prevent the overproduction of cells in the lining of artery walls (a process caused by too many platelets in the blood). This reduces reduces the chances of clot formation. There is one unit of alcohol in half a standard glass of wine (about 175 ml). Men should not drink more than 21 units of alcohol per week, and no more than four per day. Women should not drink more than 14 units of alcohol per week, and no more than three per day. Both men and women should have at least two alcohol free days per week. 7. **Eat fruit and veg containing "salicylates" which help to thin the blood.** Fruit and vegetables that contain “salicylates” help to thin the blood and prevent clotting. They also boost the body’s immunity and help to maintain normal platelet count. Vegetables that contain salicylates include cucumber, mushrooms, zucchini, radish, and alfalfa. Fruits that contain salicylates include all kinds of berries, cherries, raisins and oranges. Eating shiitake mushrooms is a good natural option for decreasing platelets. 8. **Add cinnamon to cooking to reduce platelet aggregation.** Cinnamon contains a compound called “cinnamaldehyde” which is known to reduce platelet aggregation and therefore blood clotting. Add ground cinnamon to baked goods or stewed vegetables. You could also try boiling a cinnamon stick in tea or wine. 9. **Quit smoking to prevent blood clots.** Smoking puts you at increased risk of developing blood clots, due to several harmful compounds found in cigarettes (such as nicotine). Smoking causes the blood to become thicker and the platelets to clump together. Serious health issues such as heart problems and strokes often occur as a result of clots forming in the blood. Quitting smoking is one of the best things you can do to avoid these blood clots from forming in the first place. Quitting is difficult, and is not something that can be done overnight. See this article for some helpful advice on how to quit smoking. 10. **Drink coffee for its anti-platelet effect.** Coffee contains an anti-platelet effect, which means that it reduces the number of platelets in the blood and prevents platelet aggregation. The anti-platelet effect of coffee is not due to caffeine, but to phenolic acids. Therefore, you can still benefit from the anti-platelet effect by drinking decaffeinated coffee. 11. **Take blood thinning medication, as prescribed by your doctor.** Under certain circumstances, your doctor will prescribe blood thinning medications. These medications will prevent blood viscosity, platelet aggregation, and the formation of blood clots. Some of the most commonly prescribed medications include: Aspirin Hydroxyurea Anagrelide Interferon alfa Busulfan Pipobroman Phosphorus – 32 12. **Undergo a procedure known as plateletpheresis.** In emergency circumstances, your doctor may advise a treatment known as plateletpheresis, which rapidly decreases the number of platelets in the blood. During plateletpheresis, an intravenous line is inserted into one of your blood vessels to remove blood from your body. This blood is then passed through a machine that removes platelets from the blood. The platelet-free blood is then passed back into the body through a second intravenous line.

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How to Clean Brass Naturally

Cleaning pure brass is a fairly simple process, mainly because brass is a hardy metal. Soap and water will take care of most brass, though you can use other home remedies for tougher jobs. Keep in mind, though, that brass can be scratched, so don't scrub it with anything too tough, such as steel wool pads or abrasive sponges. 1. **Evaluate the brass.** You should first check to see if the item is brass or brass-plated. If it's brass-plated, you need to be even gentler with it, as you don't want to scrub away the plating. A magnet won't stick to pure brass, but it will stick to brass-plated items. Therefore, if the magnet doesn't stick, you have pure brass. 2. **Add salt to one half of a cut lemon.** Start with a whole lemon. Cut the lemon in half, width-wise, so you have a good-sized scrubber that will squeeze out lemon juice as you rub. Sprinkle salt on the cut side of one of the halves. You can use whatever salt you prefer. 3. **Scrub the brass.** Take the salted lemon half, and scrub the brass. The salt will work as a light abrasive, and the lemon juice will help remove grime. Work it in over all the brass. If you have a big piece, you may need to move to the second lemon half, adding salt to it first. 4. **Finish with a dry cloth.** Use a soft cloth to remove all the salt and lemon juice. You may need to switch out cloths halfway through. You can also rinse it, if you prefer, but make sure you dry it very well afterwards. 5. **Create your paste.** Another option for cleaning more soiled items is to make a paste. Use the paste to scrub the brass down, which helps remove tarnish and grime. One paste you can try is lemon juice mixed with baking soda or salt. Just add enough juice to the dry ingredient to make a thick paste. Another option is equal parts white vinegar, flour, and salt. You can let this polish sit on the brass up to an hour. 6. **Scrub the brass.** Use a soft cloth to rub the paste on the brass. You can scrub it into the whole piece. However, don't rub too hard, as you can scratch the surface. Be somewhat gentle to protect your item. Let the paste sit for 30 minutes to an hour if the brass is especially dirty. 7. **Rinse and dry.** Once you've applied any of these pastes, make sure to rinse the product off. You don't want to leave it on the brass. Also, dry the brass thoroughly to help prevent tarnishing. 8. **Mix natural soap and water.** Brass can be cleaned up easily with soap and water. Use hot water, and add some dish soap to the water. You can use a sink or a bucket. Let the brass soak in the solution for a few minutes, then gently scrub it with a microfiber cloth. Rinse when you're done. If the item is too big for a sink, try soaking it in a bathtub. You can also spray it on generously and let it sit for a few minutes. Spray on more if it looks like it's drying out too quickly. 9. **Use a mild tomato-based acid.** Tomato products have enough acid in them to help remove grime and tarnish from brass. Reach for items like tomato paste, ketchup, or tomato sauce. Rub it on the brass, and leave it for about an hour before rinsing and drying the brass. You can also try plain lemon juice. 10. **Apply oil to prevent tarnishing.** If you'd like, you can use a soft cloth to rub on mineral oil or linseed oil. This process will help keep tarnishing from forming on the brass. Only apply the oil once you've cleaned the brass.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-Brass-Naturally", "language": "en"}

How to Make a Paper Carnation

Carnation-style paper flowers are quick and easy to craft using a variety of methods and materials. The finished product can make a lovely arrangement or festive decorations. 1. **Layer several sheets of tissue paper.** Use at least 5 sheets, but more can be used to create fuller flowers. Sheets can be all the same color or a variety of colors depending on how you want your flowers to look. 2. **Align the edges of the tissue paper.** You will be working with a square or rectangular shape. 3. **Fold the tissue paper like an accordion or a fan.** Each fold should be about an inch to an inch and a half wide (2.5 to 3.8 cm). 4. **Crease paper firmly by pushing down on the top of the folded paper.** If needed, place a thin towel over the folded tissue paper and firmly press with a hot iron to help set the folds. 5. **Fold the creased paper in half around a pipe cleaner.** Twist the pipe cleaner underneath the crease to connect the layers. It can also serve as the stem of the flower. 6. **Trim the edge of the paper accordion to shape the petals.** Use scissors to cut a point or rounded edge onto the folded paper. 7. **Spread out each side of the folded paper.** Separate sheets by gently pulling each individual sheet of paper toward the center of the flower. Repeat until all sheets are pulled to the center. 8. **Finished.** Gently pull individual sheets of paper upwards and towards the center of the flower. This will make it 3-dimensional. 9. **Layer up to 12 sheets of tissue paper.** Sheets can be folded until layers are 48 pieces thick to save time. 10. **Draw 3-inch (7.5 cm) circles onto the paper.** For smaller flowers, you can make smaller circles, and likewise larger circles for larger circles. Cut out the circles through all the sheets. You will be left with stacks of 48 paper circles. (Note: Less paper can be used to make fewer flowers). 11. **Stack 12 paper circles.** Secure the pieces with a paper clip and puncture two holes in the center with a sharp point, such as a large sewing needle. 12. **Thread a pipe cleaner through the holes.** After pushing it through one hole, curve it and push it back out the other hole to form a loop that secures the paper. The pipe cleaner will also serve as the stem. 13. **Separate the sheets of tissue paper.** Gently pull each sheet toward the center of the flower and firmly crinkle the base of each piece to hold the flower shape. 14. **Pull a length of toilet paper 15 to 25 pieces long.** Detach from the roll but do not detach the individual squares. 15. **Fold the toilet paper like an accordion or a fan.** Make each fold about an inch wide (2.5 cm). 16. **Secure the middle of the folded toilet paper with a string or thread.** 17. **Fan the folded edges.** Holding the center, gently twist each side toward the center of the flower to fluff the edges. 18. **Fold a piece on green crepe paper into a bow tie shape.** Glue it to the back of the flower to make leaves. 19. **Finished.**

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How to Make Stewed Tomatoes

Stewed tomatoes are a traditional, delicious dish! They make a great base or side for a variety of meals, and they are easy to whip up within an hour. Cut up the onions, garlic cloves, and tomatoes first. Then move on to combining the ingredients to give the stewed tomatoes a rich flavor. Boil the stewed tomatoes for 30 minutes and then either serve them straight away or store them for a flavorsome dish to enjoy later. 1. **Use a sharp knife to finely dice 2 yellow onions.** Place the onions on a chopping board and slice both of them in half vertically. Cut the stem off each half and then peel the skin away. Slice the onions lengthwise and then widthwise into ⁄4 in (0.64 cm) thick pieces. It's safest to always use a very sharp knife when cutting vegetables, as using a blunt knife can cause the knife to slip. 2. **Cut 4 cloves of garlic into thin slices.** Place the cloves of garlic on a chopping board and get a sharp knife. Rest the blade of the knife flat on each clove and press on the knife firmly to break the skin. Peel the skin off the cloves of garlic and then slice each clove widthwise into thin pieces. You can discard the skin from the cloves of garlic. 3. **Dice** Take the core out of each tomato using a teaspoon and then cut the tomatoes in half. Slice each half into ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) thick strips and then cut across the strips in the opposite direction to create small pieces. Place the diced tomatoes and the juice into a large bowl. You can discard the tomato cores. 4. **Melt 2 tbsp (28 g) of butter in a heavy-bottomed saucepan.** Place the saucepan on the stovetop and then transfer the butter into the saucepan. Turn the stovetop on and then adjust the temperature to a moderate setting. Use a wooden spoon to stir the butter occasionally as it melts. A 4–6 US qt (3.8–5.7 L) saucepan or Dutch oven is ideal. Make sure that the saucepan has a lid. 5. **Add the onions and salt to the saucepan and sauté for 10 minutes.** Place the diced onions and 1 tsp (5 g) of the salt into the saucepan with the melted butter. Stir the ingredients with a wooden spoon occasionally as the onions start to caramelize. You can tell that the onions have caramelized when they turn brown and start to soften. 6. **Add the remaining ingredients aside from the breadcrumbs to the saucepan.** Place the diced tomatoes, remaining salt, sliced garlic cloves, 2 tbsp (25 g) of light brown sugar, 1 US tbsp (15 ml) of red wine vinegar, 1/4 tsp (0.6 g) of red chili flakes, and 1/4 cup (6.25 g) of fresh basil leaves into the saucepan. Gently stir the ingredients until they are well combined. 7. **Boil the stewed tomatoes for 30 minutes.** Cover the saucepan with the lid and adjust the temperature to moderate-high. Wait until the mixture begins to bubble and then set a timer for 30 minutes. Use the wooden spoon to stir the ingredients every so often as they boil. Remember to replace the lid on the saucepan after stirring the ingredients. 8. **Add the breadcrumbs and cook the stewed tomatoes for 5 minutes.** Place 1/2 cup (45 g) of breadcrumbs into the saucepan and use a wooden spoon to combine them with the rest of the ingredients. Then leave the saucepan uncovered as the ingredients cook for a further 5 minutes. The breadcrumbs give the stewed tomatoes a thicker consistency. Omit the breadcrumbs if you prefer a thinner consistency. 9. **Serve the stewed tomatoes warm or store them in an airtight container.** Remove the saucepan from the heat and serve the stewed tomatoes with your favorite dishes like steak, a casserole, rice, or pasta. Alternatively, you can place the stewed tomatoes in an airtight container and keep it in the refrigerator for up to 1 week. You can season the stewed tomatoes with salt and black pepper to taste if you prefer. Alternatively, can the stewed tomatoes to keep them fresh for up to 1 year. You can also freeze the stewed tomatoes if you prefer. Either place the tomatoes into a freezer bag or into an airtight container and then store the tomatoes in the freezer for up to 6 months.

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How to Cure a Dog's Stomach Ache

From time to time we all suffer the discomfort of stomach ache — and dogs are no different. If you suspect your dog has stomach ache, there are actions you should take to help him feel comfortable and reduce the risk of it developing into sickness or diarrhea. 1. **Withhold food.** If your dog’s digestive system is upset, you want to let it rest for a while by not giving it any work to do. Feeding a dog requires his stomach and intestine to produce digestive juices to process the food. These juices will probably aggravate any inflammation or soreness he may have, and end up making him feel worse. Don’t feed your dog for 24 hours. If he’s still showing symptoms of stomach ache by then, get him checked by a vet. 2. **Provide clean, fresh drinking water.** Keep an eye on your dog to check if he’s drinking. If he drinks less than normal over a 24-hour period and still seems uncomfortable, then a vet check is in order. Also be on the lookout for thirsty drinking. Some dogs will drink excessively if they feel sick. A whole bowl of water hitting the stomach at once may cause him to vomit. If he vomits the water back, ration the water into small amounts every half an hour. For a dog under 22 lbs (10kg), provide an egg cup worth of water every 30 minutes. For a dog over 22 lbs, provide half a teacupful every 30 minutes. If the dog drinks and goes 2 - 3 hours without vomiting, then allow free access to water. If he continues to vomit despite rationing, then a vet check is required. 3. **Ease your dog back into a regular diet.** If, after 24 hours without food, your dog seems back to normal and is asking for food, feed him a bland diet for the next 24 hours. Low-fat, easy to digest foods include chicken breast, rabbit, turkey, or cod. You can combine those meats with white pasta, rice, or boiled mashed potato (but without the addition of dairy products). Don’t feed him a 'chicken flavor' food. These usually contain a very low percentage of chicken meat, and re a poor substitute for the real thing. You might ask your vet for dog food designed to speed up recovery from a stomach ache. These include Hills ID or Purina EN diets. 4. **Feed him a small meal at first.** For the first meal after his 24-hour fast, offer your dog a meal that’s about 1/4th of his usual size, to test out his stomach. A small meal is gentler on his system than a large one. This is a good way of checking out whether or not he truly is feeling better. If after 24 hours of starvation the dog is not hungry or is still not 100% then a vet check is in order. 5. **Give him some TLC (tender loving care).** You know from when you’ve been sick yourself that a little sympathy can go a long way to helping you feel better. Sit quietly with your dog and speak in a quiet, reassuring voice. Stroke his head and smooth the fur along his back. Don’t massage his stomach. Your dog can’t tell you if you’re making him feel better or worse. If you hit a particularly tender spot, you could cause a sudden, sharp pain that makes him turn around and nip you. 6. **Provide a gentle heat source.** Some dogs seem to benefit from heat therapy. f your dog is shaking, try giving him a hot water bottle wrapped in a towel to snuggle up to. Just make sure he can move away from the heat if he finds it uncomfortable. Don’t strap it to him so he’s stuck with it whether he wants it or not. 7. **Contact the vet when necessary.** If your dog’s in mild discomfort but is otherwise healthy, it’s fine to monitor him and take the above steps to make him more comfortable. However, if he takes a turn for the worse, you should always contact your veterinarian. This includes if your dog starts to show the following signs: Non-productive retching: A dog trying to be sick but bringing nothing up is a serious sign that could indicate a twisted stomach. Do not hesitate to contact your veterinarian as a possible emergency. Vomiting for more than 4 hours Vomiting and not keeping fluids down: This poses a dehydration risk, so contact your vet. They can administer fluids through an IV if necessary. Dull mental attitude or lack of energy Not eating for more than 24 hours Diarrhea (without blood) for more than 24 hours Diarrhea with blood Increasing distress such as whining, or crying 8. **Treat him with anti-nausea medication.** If your dog has regular problems with stomach aches from a known cause (such as a dog undergoing chemotherapy, or who has kidney disease), then your veterinarian may prescribe a medication treat them. Maropitant (Cerenia) is commonly prescribed for dogs on chemotherapy. This tablet is given once daily, and works for 24 hours. The oral dose is 2 mg/kg, which means an average sized Labrador takes one 60mg tablet once daily. 9. **Be alert to restlessness.** You know your own dog and know when he's not acting right. Whether your dog is normally high-energy or a couch potato, you’ll be able to tell if he seems more restless than usual. This can be a sign of stomach discomfort. He may not be able to find a comfortable position to lie down in. He might pace back and forth endlessly. 10. **Note if he’s looking at his flanks.** A dog’s flanks are by its hind legs, just in front of its thighs. Sometimes, dogs don’t understand what’s happening to them when they get sick. They crane their necks around looking for the source of discomfort, as if trying to see what is hurting. A dog that’s looking back at its flanks might have stomach pain. 11. **Look for excessive licking.** Stomach ache or cramps can make your dog feel nauseous. When that happens, dogs tend to lick their lips more frequently. Some dogs will lick a forearm or another part of their body in an effort to comfort themselves. Unusual or excessive drooling can also be a sign of nausea or stomach disturbance. Some breeds naturally drool more than others, so use your knowledge of your pet to decide whether or not the drooling is abnormal. Gulping is also associated with stomach discomfort. 12. **Listen for stomach rumbling and flatulence.** If a digestive disturbance caused the stomach ache, you might be able to hear his stomach rumbling. This sound is air moving within the bowel, and it may work itself out as flatulence! If you can’t hear stomach rumbling, that doesn’t rule out a stomach ache. You just can’t hear it. 13. **Notice if your dog assumes the “praying position.”** A classic sign of stomach discomfort is when the dog adopts what's called the 'praying position'. This looks a lot like when your dog bows down in a playing position. You’ll be able to tell whether he’s playing or feeling sick by his demeanor. The dog stretches with his bottom in the air and his forequarters low to the ground. With this position, he’s trying to stretch his stomach to ease the discomfort. 14. **Look for vomiting and diarrhea.** If your dog is suffering from these symptoms, you probably won’t have to look hard. Just like humans, dogs suffer from vomiting and diarrhea when they get stomach upsets. Even though the cleanup isn’t fun, don’t hold it against him! He can’t help it! 15. **Keep rotting food out of reach.** As a dog-owner, you’ve probably learned that your dog will eat just about anything. Unfortunately, this includes rotten food that can cause stomach aches or more serious problems. Make sure all rotten food products are kept secured in your kitchen so your dog can't get into them. Scan your yard from time to time to ensure no vermin or other animals have died on your property. Remember, your dog will smell a carcass before you will. 16. **Do not free-feed your pet.** Some owners free-feed their dogs, meaning they put out large amounts of food and allow their pets to graze throughout the day. An owner may find this easier than keeping to scheduled meals, but experts discourage it. Free-fed dogs tend to eat far more than they should, resulting in obesity and its associated health risks. Binge eating in a short period of time can also result in stomach aches that you could have prevented with a small amount of effort. Feed your adult dog the same amount of food twice a day — once in the morning and once in the evening. How much food you provide per meal with depend on the size of your breed. Because the range provided on dog food packaging can vary wildly, ask your veterinarian for guidance. You can also find calculators for recommended caloric intake online. After finding out how many calories your dog should be eating per day, look at the calorie content of your food and work out your meal size. 17. **Buy a good quality dog food.** There are some foods in the pet aisle that market themselves toward a specific breed of dog. However, breed has nothing to do with what you should feed your dog. You should focus instead on your dog's size and choose a dog food formulated for his metabolism. Choose dog foods with high quality ingredients. The cheapest foods on the shelf likely contain cheap, hard-to-digest ingredients. Just like with human food, dog foods must list their ingredients by how much of a given item is in the food. Look for dog foods that list a protein like fish, meat, or egg as the first or second ingredient. The more protein a food has, the more easily your dog can digest it. 18. **Do not feed your dog from the table.** While dogs seem to eat and enjoy almost everything, their bodies cannot process all the same foods that ours can. Many common household foods are toxic to dogs. The stomach ache your pet gets from eating these foods in small amounts might actually be a reaction to doggy poison. Never feed your dog the following foods: Avocado Bread dough Chocolate Alcohol Grapes or raisins Food with hops in them Macadamia nuts Onion Garlic Xylitol, a product commonly found in "sugar-free" foods 19. **Don't let him play with sick dogs.** Just like kids passing around a cold at school, dogs can pass illness back and forth when they come into contact. If you know that a dog has been ill in the very recent past, keep your dog away from him until you're certain the dog is no longer contagious. At a dog park, this can be hard to figure out because of how many dogs play one place. Also, different dogs show up from day to day. If your dog becomes ill, you might ask around at the dog park to see if any of the other owners know of another dog that has been ill recently. Talking to that owner will give you some more information on what is wrong with your dog and whether or not it's serious. 20. **Take your dog’s underlying health issues into consideration.** Some conditions, such as pancreatitis, cause frequent stomach aches. If you know your dog has such a condition, watch him closely for signs of stomach ache or other deterioration on a regular basis. Look for loss of energy, sickness, or diarrhea. Early treatment by a veterinarian can make the episode pass faster and less painfully. Also be careful if your dog has an illness (like diabetes) that would be made worse by his not eating. A simple stomach ache could trigger it and make it much worse. Contact your vet for advice if you see any change in his eating.

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How Long Should You Wait to Date After a Breakup? Expert Advice on the Best Time to Move On

If you’ve recently broken up with someone, it can be tempting to start dating again right away. But is there a specific amount of time you should wait—and, if not, is there any reason why you can’t jump right back into the game? In this article, we’ll share expert advice on how long you should wait before dating again, and talk you through some of the signs that you might be ready to move on after your breakup.This article is based on an interview with our licensed clinical psychologist and relationship coach, Sarah Schewitz, founder of Couples Learn. Check out the full interview here. 1. **Wait at least 3 months before you start dating again.** There’s no specific formula for figuring out how long you should wait. However, most people need some time to bounce back after a breakup. Try to take at least a few months so that you can heal and move on from the end of your last relationship. If you’ve broken up after a long-term relationship, you may need more time. 6 months to 1 year is a good rule of thumb if your last relationship lasted a year or more. If you feel like you need even more time, that’s okay! Everyone is different, and there’s no need to rush into anything if you don’t feel ready. 2. **Accept that you may need longer if your feelings for your ex are deep.** Some breakups are more painful than others. If you and your ex had been drifting apart for a while, it might not take you that long to get over the breakup. On the other hand, if you’ve just had your heart broken by the love of your life, it makes sense that you’d need longer to mourn the loss. Before you jump into dating again, ask yourself how much the breakup is affecting you. Other factors can also play a role in how long it takes for you to bounce back. For instance, it might be easier to move on from a long-distance relationship than from a relationship where you and your partner lived together. 3. **Give yourself space to grieve your last relationship.** Getting into a new relationship too soon can ultimately make it harder to deal with the pain of your breakup. Everyone’s grieving process is different, but some good strategies for dealing with it include: Allowing yourself to feel upset about what happened. It’s normal to feel a wide range of emotions after a breakup, including sadness, anger, frustration, guilt, confusion, or numbness. These feelings may come and go for a long time. Practicing self-care. This includes things like spending time with friends and family, getting enough sleep, eating well, doing activities you enjoy, and taking care of your daily chores and responsibilities. Building a healthy new daily routine for yourself. Reaching out to your support network when you’re feeling down. If you don’t have friends and family to turn to, consider seeing a counselor or joining a breakup support group. 4. **Reflect on why your last relationship didn’t work out.** Learning from your experience can make your next relationship stronger. Before you jump into dating again, take time to think about what happened leading up to your breakup. Ask yourself things like, “What can I learn from what happened?” and, “How can I use that knowledge to build a stronger foundation for my next relationship?” Think about what part you might have played in what went wrong, and what you might do differently next time. For example, could you communicate better, or be more considerate of your next partner’s feelings? Also consider your ex’s role in what happened. Are there any red flags you might have missed, like patterns of dishonesty or manipulative behavior? If so, keep them in mind so you’ll know what to look out for in your next relationship. You might need some time before you’re ready to look at your relationship in a calm and analytical way. Once you’re able to be objective about your last relationship, you’ll be in a much better position to start dating again. 5. **Focus on doing things that you enjoy on your own.** You may need time to rediscover yourself after a breakup. This is especially true if you’re moving on after a long-term relationship. Take time to do things that you find meaningful and enjoyable—without worrying about what anyone else might think. This will help you build confidence and learn to understand and appreciate yourself more, which will set you up for more success in future relationships. For example, focus on things like: Cooking meals that you like, without worrying about someone else’s preferences. Watching TV shows you enjoy instead of sticking to ones that you and your ex watched together. Working on hobbies you didn’t have time for during your relationship. Doing activities you like that your partner wasn’t necessarily interested in, such as hiking, playing video games, window shopping, or visiting museums. 6. **Set clear expectations for new relationships.** If you have a clear idea of what you want from future partners, you’ll have an easier time building healthy, fulfilling relationships. Before you climb back into the dating pool, ask yourself what you’re looking for and where your boundaries are. Don’t be afraid to talk about your needs, wants, and goals with new potential partners as you’re getting to know them. For instance, you might set a goal to spend a certain amount of time together one-on-one each week, or to work together on specific areas where your relationship needs improvement (like communication or physical intimacy). Think about setting limits and boundaries, too. For instance, you might let your new partner know that you expect your relationship to be exclusive, or that you need a certain amount of alone time every day. 7. **Give your kids time to grieve your breakup if you have any.** Having children from your last relationship can complicate things. However, it’s very important to take their feelings into account. Child development experts recommend waiting at least 6 months after breaking up with your fellow parent before dating again. If you want to start dating sooner, that’s okay—but consider waiting a while before you introduce any new partners to your kids. Your child may never be happy about you dating new people, and that’s okay. But it’s important for them to have realistic expectations about your relationship with their other parent. Try saying something like, “I know this is really hard for you, but it’s important for you to understand that your mom and I are divorced and we’re not going to get back together again. But even though I’m dating new people now, she’ll always be your mom.” 8. **Assess whether you feel excited about dating again.** If you’re really into the idea, then you might be ready. Imagine going on a date with somebody new, and check in with your thoughts, emotions, and physical reactions. If you feel happy and excited, that’s a sign that you’re ready. On the other hand, if just the thought of getting back into the game stresses you out or makes you feel tense and anxious, then you may need more time. It’s totally okay if you’re not eager to start dating again right away—even if it’s been a long time since your breakup. There’s nothing wrong with taking some time to relax and enjoy being single! 9. **Check in with how you feel about your ex.** After a breakup, you’ll probably have a lot of lingering feelings about your ex for a while. If you still feel really sad, angry, or hurt whenever you think about them, you might need a little more time to process things. Once you can think about them more calmly and feel like you can completely accept what happened, that’s a sign that you’re truly ready to move on. When you think about potential new partners, pay attention to whether you find yourself comparing them to your ex. If you’re able to just focus on how you feel about the new person without bringing your ex into it, that’s a good sign that you’re ready to date again. 10. **Examine your reasons for wanting to date again.** Dating someone because you enjoy their company is a great reason. You might also be ready to start dating again if you’re excited about the idea of meeting and socializing with new people. On the other hand, you may need more time if your reasons for dating again are all focused on your feelings about your last relationship or your breakup. For example, ask yourself things like: “Am I just trying to make my ex jealous right now?” “Do I want to date this person because I like them, or do I just want someone else to make me feel attractive and desirable again?” “Am I really into the idea of dating them, or am I going out with them because I’m lonely and trying to fill the void my ex left behind?” 11. **Ask yourself if you feel self-confident.** Feeling good about yourself is a sign you’re ready to date again. It’s easy to feel down about yourself after a breakup—especially if you blame yourself for whatever went wrong. Before you dive back into the dating game, take time to assess your self-image. The more confident and self-assured you are, the easier it will be to build satisfying, healthy relationships moving forward. If you’re not feeling great about yourself right now, that’s okay. There are lots of things you can do to boost your confidence, such as: Practicing daily self-kindness meditation. Making a list of things you’ve accomplished or things you like about yourself. Setting realistic, achievable goals for yourself and working towards them. Trying a new hobby or learning a new skill. Doing things that feel meaningful and fulfilling to you, such as volunteering to help people in need in your community. 12. **Look at whether you have a strong support network.** A breakup can feel very isolating, especially if you didn’t have much of a support system outside of your relationship. If you already have friends and family to turn to, you’ll be in a better place to move on. If you don’t have other people in your life who you can trust and rely on, spend some time building those relationships before you try to find a new romantic partner. A support group for people struggling with breakups or relationship issues can be a great place to meet new people who understand what you’re going through. Taking up a new social hobby is another good way to build new friendships. Look for clubs, groups, or classes in your area that focus on activities you enjoy. Not only will having a few good friends improve your self-confidence, but you’ll also have people to turn to if you ever have to go through another breakup.

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How to Prepare Yourself for Labor and Delivery

At the end of your third trimester, your body will begin to show signs that it is time for your baby to be born through labor and delivery. Although every birth is unique and hard to predict, adequate preparation can help you feel more confident when you go into labor and help your birthing experience go as smoothly as possible. As you prepare for labor and delivery, you should consult a healthcare professional every step of the way and prepare as much as possible for the new addition to your family. 1. **Understand the three stages of labor.** Though the duration of each stage will vary for every mother, you will experience all three stages during your labor: The first stage of labor includes early labor and active labor. During stage one, the muscles of your uterus start to tighten, or contract, and then relax, which will help to thin and open the cervix so your baby can pass through the birth canal. Your labor will begin with early contractions that are irregular and last less than a minute. This early phase can last from a few hours to days. You will then experience active contractions that are regular and last about a minute. Once you experience active contractions, you will need to head to a hospital or birthing center. You will eventually transition to the second stage of labor, when your cervix opens completely and you are ready to give birth. The second stage lasts through the actual birth. During the second stage, your cervix is completely dilated and your baby travels down and out of the birth canal. Your baby will then be born. The third stage of labor occurs after your baby is born. You will have contractions until the placenta is delivered out of your birth canal. 2. **Do Kegel exercises in addition to daily exercise.** You should maintain a daily exercise routine of light to mild exercise during your entire pregnancy and focus on doing Kegel exercises to strengthen your pelvic muscles and ligaments. These exercises will help your body prepare for labor and delivery. To do Kegel exercises, squeeze the same muscles in your pelvic area that you would use to stop your urine. Do not move your belly or your thighs, just your pelvic muscles. Hold the squeeze for three seconds, then release them for three seconds. Begin with holding and releasing for three seconds. Gradually add one second to the hold and release time every week until you are able to squeeze for 10 seconds. Repeat the Kegel exercise 10 to 15 times per session. Do three or more sessions a day. 3. **Take birthing and parenting classes with your partner.** If you have a partner who is going to be part of the baby’s life, you should both attend birthing and parenting classes before you give birth. If you are having a hospital birth, your hospital can provide birthing classes and many medical clinics offer these classes as well. During these classes, you will learn about how to breastfeed, how to care for your new baby, how to have a healthy pregnancy, and how to massage your infant. 4. **Ask your doctor about eating during labor.** Most doctors will advise you to have clear liquids during labor and small snacks, like a piece of toast, applesauce, Jell-O, or popsicles, to keep your strength up as you go into delivery. However, you should avoid large, heavy meals (no steaks and no burgers) and only eat foods that will not upset your stomach as you will likely be feeling stomach pains already due to labor. During labor, you should have liquids like clear chicken broth, made with low-sodium, fruit juice without pulp, tea, and sports drinks. You can also suck on ice chips to refresh you as you do your breathing exercises during labor. Some doctors may recommend clear liquids only, especially if they think you have a high likelihood of requiring a cesarean delivery. 5. **Write down your birth plan with the assistance of your partner and your doctor.** Though it is never possible to predict any delivery, having a written or typed birth plan can help you outline what you would like to occur during your labor and delivery. You should provide a copy of your birth plan to your partner, your doctor, and any staff at the hospital. Many hospitals will provide a standard birth plan that you can fill out and submit so they are aware of your wishes. 6. **Discuss your birthing options with your doctor.** You can decide to have your baby at home (home birth), or in the hospital (hospital birth). You may decide to have your baby at a birthing center in your area, rather than at a hospital. It can be overwhelming to decide where you want your baby to be born, so discuss your options with your doctor and your partner before you make a decision. Ultimately, you should do what you feel is best for the health of you and your baby. A hospital birth is a standard plan for many expecting women. You should look for a hospital that is located within driving distance to your home, and a doctor on staff that you feel comfortable with and trust. Many hospitals offer tours to expecting women, including the floor where you will likely give birth, so you are familiar with the environment before you deliver. A home birth is an alternative to a hospital birth and can provide you with comfortable atmosphere for your child’s birth. There are risks involved with a home birth, however. You must carefully choose a midwife, being aware that the midwives that home birth in the US are not required to be certified and may not have any training. The mortality rate of newborns delivered during home birth is triple that of hospital births. 7. **Decide at what point during your labor you are going to the hospital.** If you are having a hospital birth, you should discuss at what stage of your labor you are going to plan to go the hospital. By the time you experience active contractions at the end of the first stage of labor, you should head to the hospital. Your midwife should also be made aware of when you are going to call her for assistance at home during your labor. Depending on the policies of your midwife, you may both decide on a rough estimate of when she should expect a call from you to come over to your home and assist with the birth. It may be necessary for you to give birth in a hospital if there are complications. 8. **Discuss your pain management options.** Labor is an intense and painful process. Your doctor should outline your pain management options and you should agree on what level of pain you are going to sustain without or with medication. You may choose one or several of these options: Epidural: This anesthetic is injected directly into your spine, bypassing your bloodstream. This makes it safer for your baby and ensures you receive quick pain relief. It is a popular pain relief option for many women in labor. Though it can take 15 minutes or longer to kick in, epidurals can be administered as soon as you request it, even if you are not dilated to a certain amount. The anesthesia will numb your entire lower body, including the nerves of your uterus, thereby numbing the pain of your contractions. Pudendal block: This is used to relieve early second-stage labor pain and is usually reserved for when you are at the vaginal delivery stage. Your doctor may use this medication if he needs to use forceps or a vacuum vaginal extraction. It will reduce pain in your perineal or vaginal area but you will still feel your contractions. Spinal block or saddle block: These pain relievers are rarely used for vaginal births. They are given in a single dose right before delivery if you did not have an epidural during labor but want pain relief for your delivery. They are fast acting pain relievers and you will be numb during your delivery. If you get a spinal block, you will need to stay flat on your back for eight hours post delivery. Demerol: This pain-relieving drug can be administered via a shot in the buttocks or an IV. You can be given Demerol two to three hours before you give birth and then given doses every two to four hours. The drug will not interfere with your contractions, and some women are given Demerol to give their contractions a more normal rhythm. Nubain: This is another pain-relief drug that is administered via IV. It is a synthetic opioid that does not numb the body but can reduce pain and anxiety. Some doctors may use nitrous oxide (like they use in dental offices). General and regional anesthesia: General anesthesia is rarely used for delivery and only used for emergency surgical births. You will inhale or receive it via injection and it will put your entire body to sleep as the doctor performs an emergency Cesarean. It may also be required if you have a difficult vaginal breech birth to help deliver your baby’s head. You will be knocked out for the entire birth on general anesthesia and it can cause you to feel queasy and nauseous once you wake up from the birth. Natural birth (drug free): If you are concerned about using pain medication during your labor, you may decide to go for a drug free natural birth. Talk to your doctor about going unmedicated during your labor, or using a combination of medication and natural birthing techniques. 9. **Determine if you are going to personalize the birthing environment.** If you are giving birth in a hospital, you should discuss any specific requests for the birthing environment in your hospital room. This could include dimming the lights, playing music, or wearing your own clothes as you give birth. Your doctor should be made aware of any specific request for the birthing area before you give birth. If you are giving birth at home, you should discuss the birthing environment with your partner and your midwife. You may decide to give birth in your bathtub or in a special pool made for home births. You may also decide to have music playing, lighting and other calming elements in the environment during the birth. 10. **Ask your doctor about situations that may require a Cesarean delivery.** It’s important that you prepare for the possibility of a C-section in your birth plan. Phrase this as: “In the event it is necessary to perform a Cesarean delivery…”. Depending on your pregnancy, your doctor may recommend a C-section for medical reasons or your doctor may be required to perform a C-section in an emergency situation during your labor. Your doctor may recommend a C-section if: You have certain chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney disease. You have an infection like HIV or active genital herpes. Your baby’s health is at risk due to an illness or a congenital condition. If your baby is too large to move safely through the birth canal, your doctor may advise a C-section. You are overweight, as being obese can cause other risk factors and may require a C-section. Your baby is in the breech position, where she is feet-first or butt-first and cannot be turned. You have had a C-section during your previous pregnancies. 11. **Decide if you are going to breastfeed soon after delivery.** Skin-to-skin contact during your baby’s first hour in the world is important for your baby’s health and to help you and your baby bond. This is called the Golden Hour and it is often recommended that you have skin-to-skin contact with your baby as soon as possible post-delivery. You should also decide if you are going to breastfeed after your baby is born, as the hospital should be made aware of your wishes. Keep in mind the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that mothers breastfeed their newborns for the first six months of life and continue to breastfeed for at least 12 months. Breastfeeding can protect your baby from infections and reduce her risk of health problems like diabetes, obesity, and asthma.

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How to See Infrared Light

Have you ever wondered what infrared light looks like? While infrared light is invisible to the naked eye, you can use a few different tools to view it. The simplest way to view infrared light is by using a remote control while looking through a camera, but you can also make infrared goggles by yourself. Before you know it, you'll be able to see infrared light for yourself! 1. **Gather the materials to detect infrared light at home.** To detect infrared light on your own, gather a remote control and a device that records video. Depending on your preferences, you can use a smartphone, camera, and video recorder. Choose a remote control that has a small light bulb at the top, which emits infrared light when you press a button. Smartphones are generally the easiest way to detect infrared light. 2. **Test your remote control to make sure it works.** You will need a working remote control to detect infrared light. Test your remote control by pressing a button to make sure it responds correctly. If it doesn't, try changing the batteries or using a different remote control. If you're not sure whether your remote control's batteries are dead or it doesn't work, replace the batteries first before discarding the remote altogether. 3. **Press any button on your remote control.** The specific button doesn't matter, so long as your remote control is on and working. Even if you're in a different room from the device it controls, your remote control will still emit infrared light when you press the buttons. 4. **Watch the remote control through the device, focusing on the top light bulb.** Turn on your video recording device and, while looking at the remote control's top light bulb through the camera, press any button on the remote control. The small flash of light you see is infrared light emitting from your remote control as it sends signals to the device it controls. If you don't see a small flash of light, check your remote control's batteries or test it again, as it may be broken. 5. **Use welding goggles with removable lenses to make infrared goggles.** Infrared goggles filter out most of the visible light spectrum, allowing your eyes to absorb more infrared light. Purchase welding goggles online or from a home improvement store that have removable lenses to form the base of your goggles. Make sure the lenses are removable before purchasing the welding goggles. 6. **Purchase 2 sheets each of blue and red stage lighting gels.** Blue and red stage lighting gels block out most visible light so you can see more infrared light. You can buy stage lighting gels online or from most theater supply stores. How many stage lighting gel sheets you need depends on how large the welding lenses are. If you run out, you can always buy more as needed. 7. **Remove the original lenses from the welding goggles.** Depending on the goggles, you may be able to pop them out, or you may need to unscrew them. If you have trouble removing the lenses, contact the manufacturer for instructions on removing the lenses. For some models, it may not be possible. Do not throw away the original lenses, as you'll need them as a pattern for the homemade lenses. 8. **Cut 8 lenses each from the gels, using the original lenses as a guide.** To make the goggles, you will need to insert 4 lenses of the red and blue stage lighting gel in each lens. Use a marker to trace the original welding lenses 4 times each on the red and blue sheets. Then, cut the gel to match the shape of the lenses. Handle the gels carefully while cutting, as even small grazes across the lens can damage them. 9. **Insert the lenses into the welding goggles.** After cutting the gel lenses, insert 4 of each color into the welding goggles. Place 2 red lenses in between 2 blue lenses on one side and 2 blue lenses between 2 red lenses on the other side. If the lenses don't fit, they may be too large or small for the goggles. Compare them to the initial welding lenses and either cut them to size or discard it and make a replacement lens. 10. **Test your goggles in bright light.** Once you've finished your goggles, put them on and go somewhere bright and preferably outdoors. If the sky looks darker and objects look like shades of pink and violet, your goggles are successfully filtering out visible light and allowing you to see infrared light. Do not look directly into the sun with your goggles on. Just like when you're not wearing goggles, looking at the sun can seriously damage your eyes.

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How to Tell if You Have Water Retention

Studies show that you may notice water retention more easily in your hands, arms, feet, ankles, or legs, but it can occur anywhere in your body. Also called edema, water retention happens when your body stores excess fluids in your tissues. Typically, your lymphatic system drains the water back into your bloodstream. Experts say factors like excess salt intake, excessive heat, hormonal fluctuations, certain medications, and some medical conditions can overwhelm your system, triggering water retention. Fortunately, it's fairly easy to recognize the signs of water retention. 1. **Weigh yourself.** Have you suddenly gained a significant amount of weight — like more than five pounds in one day? While overeating and lack of exercise can produce weight gain over time, gaining several pounds overnight is a sure sign of water retention. Check your weight at various times of day, keeping a record over a period of several days. If your weight fluctuates significantly over the course of one or a few days, these fluctuations are more likely due to water retention than to actual weight gain. Remember that for women, the hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle can significantly impact water retention. If your waist has swollen a few days before your period, it's highly likely this swelling will disappear within a day or two of starting your cycle. Reevaluate toward the end of your period. 2. **Examine the physical pattern of your perceived weight gain.** If you are normally a slim person, do you see less muscle definition? This is an additional sign of fluid accumulation. 3. **Consider sensible dieting if you still have questions about your weight gain.** Remember that weight loss takes time; you will need to give this process several weeks. Trimming your caloric intake and upping your activity level should produce at least some weight loss; if it doesn't, water retention is a likely culprit. 4. **Examine your hands, legs, ankles, and feet for signs of swelling.** The outer reaches of your blood circulation system are also the outer reaches of your lymphatic system. As a result, they are the most likely regions to suffer physical signs of water retention. 5. **Consider whether your rings are fitting more tightly than they used to.** Suddenly ill-fitting rings are a sign of swollen hands. Wristwatches or bracelets may offer similar clues, though finger swelling is an especially common sign of fluid retention. 6. **Check to see whether your socks are leaving a ring around your legs.** Sometimes this is caused by the fit of the sock rather than by any physiological factor, but if your normally well-fitting socks are leaving marks, your legs or ankles may be swollen. Suddenly ill-fitting shoes present another important indication of leg and/or ankle swelling. 7. **Push down upon any swollen areas with your thumb and then release.** If the indentation remains for a few seconds, you may have pitting edema, which is one type of water retention. Bear in mind that there is also a non-pitting form of edema that will not produce this result. You may still be retaining water even if your flesh does not "pit." 8. **Look in the mirror and evaluate whether your face appears swollen.** Puffiness or swelling, or skin that appears stretched or shiny, can be an additional sign of water retention. Under-eye puffiness is especially common. 9. **Consider whether your joints feel achy.** Focus upon areas where you are experiencing swelling and/or pitting. Stiff or aching joints, especially in your extremities, are an additional sign of fluid retention. 10. **Assess your surrounding environment.** If it is a very hot day, your water retention may be caused by the heat. This can be especially true if you have been active in hot weather and your fluid intake has been low. While it may seem like a paradox, drinking more water will actually help you flush out excess fluids. High altitude may also cause you to retain water. 11. **Evaluate your recent activity level.** Standing or sitting in the same position for too long may have caused fluid to pool in your lower limbs. Long airplane flights or sedentary work can cause your body to retain water. Get up and move around at least once every two hours, or perform exercises such as flexing your toes back and then stretching them forward if you find yourself stuck on a long flight. 12. **Assess your diet.** Excess sodium intake often leads to fluid retention. Obesity can also stress the lymphatic system and produce water retention, especially in your body's extremities. Take a close look at food labels to ensure sodium isn't "hiding" in foods you haven't suspected of being salty. 13. **Review your most recent menstrual cycle.** Are you reaching the mid-point or end-point of your monthly cycle? If you are a woman, this may be the most common reason for retaining water. 14. **Rule out serious medical conditions.** While your water retention is likely caused by one of the factors listed above, it can also be a sign of more serious medical problems, including poor heart or kidney function, such as congestive heart failure and renal failure. If you are pregnant and experience a sudden change in water retention, contact your doctor immediately. Water retention can be a symptom of preeclampsia, a condition that involves serious maternal health risks.

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How to Cure Double Vision

Double vision, also known as diplopia, occurs when you see 2 images of a single object while you’re looking at it, and you may have it in one or both eyes. Seeing double can be scary since many things can cause it, but you can usually seek treatment to help improve your symptoms. Talk to your eye doctor to find out any underlying causes and determine the severity of your vision. If you have monocular double vision, meaning it only affects 1 eye, you may need corrective lenses or surgery for more severe conditions. To cure binocular double vision, which occurs in both eyes, you can try exercises or blocking your vision to improve muscle strength. In any case, don’t let your double vision go untreated! 1. **Note if you see double when you close 1 eye that you have monocular vision.** Focus on an object that’s about 4–6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) away from you. Start by covering your left eye to see if you still have double vision. Open your left eye again before covering your right eye to see if your vision changes. If you only notice a double image when 1 of your eyes is open, then your double vision only affects 1 eye. If you can see the object clearly when you close either eye but you see double when you open them both, then you have binocular double vision. 2. **Check if the image looks like a shadow, which signifies monocular vision.** Try looking at an object about 6 feet (1.8 m) away and take notes about how it looks. If you only see a faint image that looks like a shadow or appears translucent like a ghost, then you most likely have monocular double vision. Note if the image doubles horizontally or vertically since your doctor will ask you. If you see 2 separate images of the object clearly, then you may have binocular double vision where your eyes see the object from different directions. 3. **See an eye doctor to find out the underlying cause of your double vision.** Schedule an appointment as soon as possible and let your doctor know how long you’ve been experiencing double vision. Let them know about your family’s medical history since double vision could be caused by nerve problems, like diabetes or autoimmune diseases. Your doctor will run eye exams, and may possibly refer you to another doctor to run additional tests if they don’t find a cause. Monocular double vision usually occurs if you have a problem with your eye, such as an irregular lens shape or cataracts. Binocular double vision could be caused by neurological problems in your brain or weak eye muscles. 4. **Wear corrective glasses if you have astigmatism.** If you have double vision in one eye caused by damage or irregular lenses, see if your optometrist or eye doctor thinks glasses can solve your issues. Take an eye exam with your optometrist and have them test different corrective lenses for your eyes. Once you find lenses that correct your double vision, make sure to wear the glasses every day so your condition continues improving. Avoid squinting during your eye exam since it can affect the results and provide an incorrect prescription. Ask your optometrist about corrective contacts if you don’t want to wear glasses. 5. **Try using artificial tears if your eyes also feel dry or itchy.** Dry eye syndrome can cause your vision to blur, so look for over-the-counter eye drops at your local pharmacy. When you use them, pull your bottom lid down with your finger and squeeze 1 drop into the affected eye. Blink slowly to keep the drops in your eye and prevent them from leaking out. Open your eye and try focusing on an object to see if your double vision clears up. You may use eye drops to cure double vision at home in addition to other treatment options as well. Your doctor may prescribe eye drops with steroids for stronger relief, but only use them for as long as directed since they may cause more serious eye conditions. 6. **Have surgery for cataracts if you have them.** Cataracts create a cloudy layer over your eyes and may cause you to see multiple images, especially when you’re looking at lights. If your doctor tells you that you have cataracts, schedule surgery to remove them and replace your eye’s natural lens. After the surgery, make sure you have someone that can drive you or help you around your home for the next 24 hours since you may have trouble seeing as you recover. It’s normal to experience double vision in the affected eye for a few days after the procedure. If your double vision lasts longer than 4–6 weeks after cataract surgery, schedule another appointment with your doctor. 7. **Ask your eye doctor about treatment options if you have a retinal disease.** If your doctor finds a retinal disease, such as a tear, hole, or detachment, you may need more advanced surgery to treat your double vision. Talk to your doctor about the options available, which may include laser treatment for retinal tears or holes, or medical injections for viral and bacterial infections. When it’s time for your surgery, make sure to bring someone with you since you won’t be able to see clearly or drive a vehicle when you’re finished. Usually, eye surgeries will only take a day so you’re able to go home on the same day. Be sure to follow any recovery instructions that your doctor prescribes, such as not touching your eye or wearing a patch. You will usually only need retinal surgery if there is trauma or infection inside your eye, so it’s not as common as other treatments. 8. **Wear a patch over one of your eyes for temporary relief.** Ask your eye doctor which of your eyes is dominant, which means it’s the one you focus with the best. Place the patch over your dominant eye during the day so the muscles in your weaker eye strengthen and improve. While you may experience results within a few weeks, continue wearing the patch and check in with your eye doctor every 2–3 months to check if your double vision improves. Eye patches don’t usually cure double vision completely. If you wear glasses, try putting opaque tape over one of the lenses to obscure your vision. 9. **Attach prisms to your glasses to help you achieve single vision.** Have your eye doctor attach a temporary Fresnel prism onto the lens that goes over your weaker eye. Make sure to wear your glasses as often as you can so you only see a single image rather than it being doubled. Your vision may look slightly blurry when you first start using prisms, but your eyes will adjust quickly so you’re able to see clearly. A Fresnel prism uses horizontal or vertical lines etched into your glasses to change how light enters your eye and affects your vision. If prisms work for you, your eye doctor may etch them permanently in your glasses. 10. **Practice eye exercises daily to cure double vision naturally.** Attach a 1 in × 1 in (2.5 cm × 2.5 cm) target, such as a sticker or magazine cutout, to the end of a ruler. Hold the ruler out at arm’s length in front of you so the target is at eye-level. Slowly bring the target closer to your nose until you start seeing double. Try to focus on the target so you only see one image. If you’re able to, keep moving it closer to you until it’s about 4 inches (10 cm) from your face. Repeat the exercise 4–6 times daily for around 1–2 minutes at a time. If you aren’t able to focus and make the target a single image, then extend the target to arms-length and try again. Your optometrist may give you special equipment or “dot cards” to use for your exercises. 11. **Ask about Botox injections to treat squints.** If your double vision is caused by your eyes pointing in different directions, see if your doctor recommends Botox injections around your eye muscles. Have your eye doctor inject the Botox around your dominant eye so you’re unable to move it around, which forces your weaker eye to correct itself. Repeat Botox treatments as directed by your doctor or until your double vision goes away. Botox injections are usually given if no other treatment options have worked for you. Too many Botox injections can lead to a droopy eyelid. 12. **Talk to your doctor about eye muscle surgery if you don’t see improvement.** Double vision may be persistent depending on the underlying cause, and you may not see improvement from non-medical procedures. Let your doctor know if you’ve experienced double vision for over 1 year and all of the treatment methods you’ve tried. Your doctor may perform surgery to adjust the position of your eye muscles to correct your sight. Make sure you have someone accompany you to the surgery since you will not be able to drive or see clearly right after treatment.

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How to Recognize the Signs of Leukemia

Leukemia is a blood cancer that affects the white blood cells in your body that are usually in charge of fighting infections and diseases. Those who suffer from leukemia have corrupted white blood cells that crowd out the healthy cells and lead to serious problems. Leukemia can grow fast or slow, and there are several types. Recognize the common symptoms of leukemia and learn when to seek treatment. 1. **Check for symptoms that resemble the flu.** These symptoms include having a fever, being tired, or having chills. If the symptoms fade after a few days and you feel healthy again, you probably just had the flu. That being said, if flu-like symptoms do not subside, see your physician. Leukemia patients often mistake leukemia symptoms to be those of the flu or other infections. In particular, look for: Continual weakness or tiredness Frequent or severe nosebleeds Repetitive infections Unexplained weight loss Inflamed lymph nodes Swollen spleen or liver Bleeding or bruising easily Small red marks on your skin Profuse sweating Bone cramps Bleeding gums 2. **Register your fatigue level.** Chronic fatigue is often an early symptom of leukemia. Because fatigue is quite common, many patients overlook this symptom. Weakness and very low energy can accompany fatigue. Chronic fatigue is different from just feeling tired. If you feel unable to concentrate or like your memory is weaker than normal, you might have chronic fatigue. Other symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, new and unexpected muscle pain, sore throat, or severe exhaustion lasting longer than one day. You may also notice that you feel weak, such as in your limbs. It might be harder to do things that you normally do. Along with fatigue and weakness, you may also notice a change in your pallor. These changes may all be due to anemia, which is when you have low hemoglobin in your blood. Your hemoglobin transports oxygen to all of your tissues and cells. 3. **Monitor your weight.** Losing a large amount of weight for no apparent reason is often a symptom of leukemia and other types of cancer. This symptom is called cachexia. This can be a subtle symptom, and taken alone it doesn't necessarily point to cancer. Still, if you're losing weight without changing your regular diet and exercise habits, it's important to visit your doctor. It's normal for weight to fluctuate up and down over time. Look for a slow but steady drop in weight through no effort of your own. Weight loss that’s related to sickness often is accompanied by a feeling of low energy and weakness rather than increased health. 4. **Pay attention to bruising and bleeding.** People with leukemia tend to bruise and bleed more easily. Part of the reason is that they have lower counts of red blood cells and platelets, which can lead to anemia. If you seem to bruise after every minor bump or start bleeding profusely from a small cut, take note. This is a particularly important symptom. Also, beware of bleeding gums. 5. **Examine your skin for tiny red spots (petechiae).** These spots will look out of the ordinary and unlike regular splotches you'd get after exercising or blemishes from acne. If you see round, tiny, red spots on the skin that weren't there before, see a doctor immediately. They will appear as a rash rather than as blood. They often form in clusters on your skin. 6. **Determine whether you have infections more frequently.** Because leukemia damages your healthy white blood cell count, frequent infections can occur. If you have a lot of skin, throat, or ear infections, your immunity might be weakened. 7. **Feel for bone pain and tenderness.** Bone pain is not a common symptom, but it is possible. If your bones feel achy and painful, and you have no other reason for the soreness, consider getting tested for leukemia. Bone pain associated with leukemia can happen because your bone marrow becomes overcrowded with white blood cells. Your leukemia cells also can pool close to your bones or within the joints. 8. **Understand risk factors.** Some people are more predisposed to get leukemia. Although having some risk factors does not mean one certainly will get leukemia, recognizing risk factors is important. You might be more at risk if you have (had): Prior cancer therapies like chemo or radiation Genetic disorders Been a smoker Family members with leukemia Been exposed to chemicals like benzene. 9. **Have a physical exam.** When you visit your doctor, he will check to see whether your skin is abnormally pale. This could result from anemia that is associated to leukemia. Your doctor will also check to see whether your lymph nodes are swollen. Your physician also will test to see whether your liver and spleen are larger than normal. Swollen lymph nodes are also a trademark sign of lymphoma. An enlarged spleen is also a symptom of many other sicknesses like mononucleosis. 10. **Undergo blood work.** Your doctor will draw blood. Then, she will examine the blood herself or send it to a laboratory to assess your white blood cells or platelet counts. If your numbers are significantly high, she could order additional tests (MRIs, lumbar punctures, CT scans) to check for leukemia. 11. **Receive a bone marrow biopsy.** For this test, a doctor inserts a long, slender needle into your hip bone to extract marrow. Your doctor will send the sample to a lab to assess whether leukemia cells are present. Depending on the results, he might order additional testing. 12. **Obtain a diagnosis.** Once your doctor has examined all possible aspects of your condition, he can give you a diagnosis. This might take a bit of time, as laboratory processing times vary. Still, you should hear within a few weeks. You might not have leukemia. If you do, your doctor will be able to tell you what type you have and discuss potential treatment options. Your doctor will share whether leukemia is growing fast (acute) or slowly (chronic). Next, he will determine what kind of white blood cell has the disease. Lymphocytic leukemia impacts lymphoid cells. Myelogenous leukemia affects myeloid cells. While adults can get all types of leukemia; most small children suffer from Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Both children and adults can suffer from Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), but this is the most common fast growing leukemia for adults. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) impact adults and may take years to show symptoms.

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How to Reduce Puffiness from Crying

You have been crying, and you want to get rid of those puffy eyes. Crying can be an important emotional marker for some people; however, there are many times when it can be embarrassing or detrimental to appear to have been crying. There are several ways to manage or cover up your crying eyes. 1. **Hold the backs of a pair of cold spoons against your eyes.** Cold spoons are the perfect shape for eyes and the cool temperature will constrict the blood vessels and tighten your skin. This will relieve the swelling and redness. Be careful that the spoons are not too cold (or frozen), as this could irritate or damage the skin, causing further redness and swelling. Let your spoons warm up for a minute if they were in the freezer. Use a fridge if you have time to let them cool. Put the spoon in a cup of ice water to chill it quickly. 2. **Apply teabags soaked in cool water.** The herbal material in the tea bag can also help soothe your skin. Let the cool sachets sit on your eyes for ten to fifteen minutes. Repeat this if necessary. It can also help to relax you, easing your emotional stress. Lavender tea bags may help relax you. Cold green tea bags have compounds which are very calming to the skin around your eyes. 3. **Use an ice pack wrapped in a towel.** Apply it to your eyes for five to 10 minutes at a time. Repeat as necessary. The cold from the ice pack will work in the same way as the spoons and cool water. Make sure that the temperature of the ice-pack is comfortable, otherwise it can cause further irritation from being too cold. 4. **Apply cucumber slices to your eyes.** These slices will help cool your eyes, and they will function in the same way as the tea bags. You will need to chill the cucumber in the fridge, and then apply it to your eyes. Let the cucumbers sit on your eyes for 10–15 minutes. 5. **Use makeup to help cover up crying.** This must be done once you've finished. If you cry again, it can ruin the makeup. Both men and women can benefit from this when in need. Use a concealer to manage dark puffy circles or an eye serum to reduce the swelling. Using a dabbing motion, apply a highlighter in the upside down triangle under your eyes, then apply concealer. Use a dark blue mascara, as this color will counteract the redness. Don't apply too much to avoid looking cakey. 6. **Get a pair of sunglasses if you're in a pinch.** Wearing large, dark sunglasses can cover up your eyes. No one will be able to see your eyes or the area around them. This can be an adequate cover. Many corner stores and gas stations sell sunglasses. If people ask why you're wearing them, you can make up an excuse: “I have a migraine,” or, “I'm a little hungover.” 7. **Make an excuse to explain the look of your eyes.** Claim you were cutting an onion. Say you were just watching a really sad movie, like Schindler's List. Maybe you “just haven't slept.” Blame the puffy, red eyes on allergies and a recent sneezing fit.

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How to Treat Poison Ivy Blisters

Blisters are a common, irritating result of the poison ivy rash. While it might seem very tempting to pick and scratch at them, it’s important to let these pesky sores heal on their own. To alleviate some itching and discomfort, opt for some soothing topical treatments, like calamine lotion, baking soda, or tea tree oil. If the itchiness is persistent, consider taking some antihistamine pills or asking a doctor about steroid creams and injections. Make the healing process go as quickly as possible by protecting your blisters with bandages. In about a week, your poison ivy blisters will start fading away! 1. **Rub a pea-sized amount of calamine lotion on the blisters.** Squeeze a small amount of calamine lotion onto your fingertips. Using soft, gentle motions, spread the product over all of your blisters. If you run out of lotion, pour out another pea-sized amount. Any kind of over-the-counter corticosteroid cream will work. 2. **Cover the blisters with aluminum acetate wet dressings 4-6 times daily.** Soak the dressings in aluminum acetate and then lay them over the blisters. Leave the wet dressings in place for 20 to 30 minutes. Then, remove the dressings. Repeat 4 to 6 times daily to help soothe the irritated skin. 3. **Apply baking soda paste to your blisters if you don’t have lotion.** Create a soothing topical treatment with 3 tsp (12 g) of baking soda and 1  tsp (4.9 mL) of water. Mix the ingredients together thoroughly, and rub the paste over any affected areas. Don’t rinse off the paste—instead, use it in the same way that you’d apply lotion. If your poison ivy blisters are more widespread, draw a warm bath with ½ cup (90 g) of baking soda mixed in. 4. **Set a cool, wet compress over your blisters for 15 minutes.** Soak a paper towel or washcloth in cool running water. Wring out the compress so it’s not dripping wet, and place the item over your itchiest blisters. Leave the compress on your skin for 15-30 minutes, then remove the towel or cloth to give your skin some fresh air. Feel free to use this treatment several times throughout the day. This treatment is best for small sections of poison ivy blisters. Don’t use warm or hot water, as this won’t feel soothing on your skin irritated skin. 5. **Soak in a lukewarm oatmeal bath if your blisters are widespread.** Look in your drugstore for a bath treatment product including oatmeal as a main ingredient, or add about 1 cup (90 g) of oats into a tub filled with lukewarm water. Ideally, aim for your bath to be between 90 and 95 °F (32 and 35 °C). If you’re in a rush, try taking a short, cool shower instead. 6. **Dab some tea tree oil over opened poison ivy blisters.** Pour a small, coin-sized amount of tea tree oil onto a cotton ball or pad, and gently pat it onto your opened blister. Don’t rub the oil in—instead, gently massage it around the affected skin. Let the oil sit on the open blister instead of wiping it off. Tea tree oil has anti-inflammatory qualities, and is great for preventing infections. 7. **Take antihistamine tablets orally to ease the itching.** Go to your local drugstore and pick up some antihistamine tablets, like Benadryl. Follow the recommended dose on the bottle, and don’t take too many tablets at once. Continue taking these pills throughout the day, as the medicine permit. If using Benadryl, adults can take 25 to 50 mg every 4 to 6 hours. Benadryl may also help you sleep. For a non-drowsy option, take 10 mg of Claritin (loratadine) once daily. Children ages 3 to 5 can take 5mg of Claritin once per day. Another non-drowsy antihistamine is Zyrtec (cetirizine). 8. **Get an over-the-counter steroid cream prescription if your blisters are severe.** Contact your doctor if you have debilitating itchiness or irritation from your poison ivy blisters. See if steroid cream is an option for you, and if your local physician would be willing to prescribe it for you on a limited basis. Unfortunately, allergy shots don’t speed up the healing process or ease any itchiness. 9. **Opt for steroid injections if you don’t want to use cream.** Talk to your doctor about receiving a steroid injection if your poison ivy rashes and blisters are unbearable. Follow the treatment instructions carefully, especially if you need to take another medication in addition to the injections. Depending on your individual case, your doctor might prescribe an injection of triamcinolone. 10. **Schedule a doctor’s appointment if your blisters are oozing pus.** Keep an eye on your symptoms, and take note of your internal temperature. If you start feeling feverish or noticing yellow-colored pus emerging from your blisters, there’s a good chance you could have an infection. Contact your doctor as soon as possible to get the right treatment that you need. If your body temperature is over 100 °F (38 °C) or your rash hasn’t cleared in 2-3 weeks, then you should schedule an emergency appointment with your doctor. 11. **Take antibiotics if your blisters are infected.** Talk to your doctor to get an official diagnosis on your condition. When prescribed, follow the proper dosing instructions and monitor your symptoms, such as your internal temperature. Continue taking this medication orally until your doctor confirms that the infection is gone. Infections tend to occur with larger outbreaks of the poison ivy rash. 12. **Wash off the affected area immediately to get rid of the itch-inducing oils.** As soon as you notice your rash and blisters, take time to wash off the area with warm water and Dial soap, GOOP (which removes oil and grease), or Tecnu (a soap formulated for treating poison ivy). Remove any leftover urushiol left on your skin, which is the natural substance that causes the rash and blisters to form. Make sure to scrub under your fingernails as well. Additionally, take off any clothes that you were wearing at the time you got poison ivy. Be sure to wash your clothes immediately after taking them off. Once the oil is washed off of your skin, the poison ivy is no longer contagious to other people. 13. **Avoid scratching or picking at the blisters.** Resist the temptation to pop open your blisters. Despite popular belief, this won’t make your rash heal faster; in fact, it might end up significantly slowing down the healing process. If the itching becomes unbearable, try applying a soothing topical treatment to ease any discomfort. Infections most often occur in popped/opened blisters. 14. **Leave the blisters uncovered instead of using bandages.** It’s important to leave the blisters uncovered as the skin covering the blisters will act as a natural protective bandage. Avoid covering the blisters with any kind of bandage as this may make it worse.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Poison-Ivy-Blisters", "language": "en"}

How to Store Jalapenos

You may want to store jalapenos to eat within a few days, a few weeks, or even a few months. When and how you want to eat your jalapenos determines the way you should store them. If you want to eat your jalapenos fresh, it’s best to only store them in the refrigerator for up to a week. You will need to find other methods for storing, such as freezing or drying, if you want to store jalapenos for more than a week. 1. **Place the jalapenos in a plastic bag.** Ideally, put them in a plastic bag that has a zip lock or can be closed. Then, place them in the refrigerator. Eat the jalapenos within one week of storing. A few signs indicating that the jalapenos have gone bad are when the skin becomes soft and wrinkled in appearance. Throw away the jalapenos immediately if you see mold growing on them. 2. **Use a paper bag if you don't want to use plastic.** Once you’ve bought the peppers or picked them, put them in a paper bag. Then, place the paper bag in the crisper of your refrigerator. The jalapenos will stay good up to one week. Throw the jalapenos away when they appear soft, wrinkled, or moldy. In some cases, the jalapenos will stay good for up to two weeks. 3. **Allow peppers to stay on the vine if you lack storage space.** If you grow your own jalapenos, you don’t have to pick them as soon as they are fully grown. You can keep them on the vine for some time, which will free up storage space in the refrigerator. They may, however, shrivel and fall off the vine on their own after a while. Once they fall of the vine, you eat them immediately or store them for up to one week. Vine ripened jalapenos are strongest in flavor, so keep children and pets away from any jalapenos that have fallen off the vine. 4. **Hang the peppers in a dry location.** String thread through a needle, and push the needle through the part of the pepper just below the stem. Push the jalapeno further down on the thread and then repeat the process with the rest of the jalapenos. You can put as many jalapenos on the string as you’d like. Then, gang the strung jalapenos in a dry location. They will dry within 3 to 4 weeks. After that, you can leave them up as long as you’d like, or take them down and store them in a dry location. The jalapenos will stay good indefinitely once they are dry. Cellars usually aren’t good for drying because they are often moist. Hanging them near a window in your kitchen would be a good choice. You can also grind dried jalapenos up and add them to meals. Use a spice grinder to grind the dried jalapenos. Then, put them in an airtight container, and they powder will stay good for up to 1 year. 5. **Bake strips of jalapeno peppers in the oven.** Cut the jalapenos into strips or thirds. Then, put then on a cookie sheet and place them in the oven at 300 °F (149 °C). Leave them in the oven for 1 to 3 hours. After that, you can store them in a glass jar or grind them up. The dried jalapenos will last indefinitely. If you store them in a glass jar, make sure to keep them out of sunlight. Keeping them in the pantry or in a cabinet is ideal. 6. **Use a dehydrator to speed up the process.** Another option for drying is to put them in a dehydrator. You can purchase online or at some supermarkets. Place the jalapenos in the dehydrator and allow them to dry out on soft heat overnight. Dried jalapenos that have been stored in a jar and kept out of sunlight will pretty much last indefinitely. You can also grind up dehydrated jalapenos with a spice grinder. 7. **Blanch jalapenos to retain nutrients.** It is not necessary to blanch the jalapenos but doing so helps retain nutrients and texture. To blanch, put the jalapenos in boiling water for 3 minutes. Then, immediately dump them into ice water and stir for about 1 minute. 8. **Remove the seeds from the jalapenos.** You can choose to remove the seeds from jalapenos to save you time later, or you can keep them frozen until you decide to defrost the jalapeno. If you want to go ahead and remove them, simply slice open the jalapenos and remove the seeds. Some think removing the seeds will make the jalapenos less hot once frozen, but this is not true. You can use the seeds to plant new jalapenos. You can use the seeds immediately, or store them in an airtight container for 3 to 5 years. You can also use the seeds in cooking to spice up the dish. Seeds stored in an airtight container will last 3 to 5 years. 9. **Dice, chop, or cut the peppers into strips.** The way you cut the jalapenos depends on your personal preference. It doesn’t matter if you cut them into strips but change your mind later. You can always dice them up in the future. It’s also an option to freeze whole jalapenos. 10. **Put the jalapenos in an airtight container.** Ideally, the airtight container should be made for freezer storage. The jalapeno will stay good in the freezer for 10 to 12 months. Once thawed, the jalapenos will usually be soft, but they will be good to use in cooking. You can thaw the jalapenos by leaving them out for a few hours, or by adding them to a heated pan as you cook. The jalapenos will thaw as they are being cooked.

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How to Crack a Whip

Want to channel your inner Indiana Jones? Cracking a whip requires smooth motions and precise movements. Read on to learn how to get that train a-movin'. 1. **Hold the whip correctly.** With your feet planted shoulder-width apart, take the handle of the whip firmly in your dominant or writing hand. Hold it with a firm business handshake. Always practice whip cracks outdoors, clear of any people, animals, or obstacles. 2. **Put the whip in starting position.** The whip itself should be untangled and unbunched, preferably trailing straight back behind you, perpendicular to your hips. It doesn't need to be perfectly straight, but make sure it's not going to catch on your leg or hip as you bring it up into the snapping position. Always start from this position, with the whip safely behind and to the side of your body. 3. **Practice smoothly bringing the whip straight up in the air.** All other whip crack moves are based on the basic forward whip crack. With the whip held firmly in your dominant or writing hand, bring your arm up straight up to the 12 o'clock position, as if you were pointing at the sky. Keep your elbow locked on the up motion, keeping your arm straight. To crack the whip, let your elbow bend naturally and snap your arm down firmly in front of you, keeping the whip clear of your body. Practice bringing the whip up smoothly, and letting the weight of your arm falling do most of the work. It shouldn't be an abrupt or jerky motion, it should follow the natural motion of your arm. 4. **Create the "loop."** The reason the whip cracks is because one part of the whip is traveling in one direction along a straight plane while the other end of the whip is traveling in the opposite direction. This is called the loop. When you bring the handle of the whip straight up, at the apex, the end of the whip will still probably be close to the ground and traveling up. As you bring the handle down, the end of the whip moves toward the point where the handle used to be, and will "crack" as you abruptly change direction. Maintaining this loop is essential to making good whip cracks. It helps to make sure you've got the whip in the right starting position. 5. **Keep a straight plane.** It's important to remember that the whip won't crack if you don't maintain a straight plane. Whether vertical or horizontal, your arm and the whip need to be in a straight line to get that distinctive cracking sound from the whip.< If you're having trouble getting the whip to crack, make sure you're bringing the whip up high enough on the initial up motion. 6. **Do an overhand crack.** If the forward crack resembles a tai-chi motion, the overhand crack resembles a baseball pitch. Put your non-dominant foot forward slightly, and instead of bringing the whip up, rotate your shoulder back and bring the whip straight forward over your shoulder as if you were throwing a ball. Your starting position for this whip crack needs to have the whip laid out in front of you, rather than behind you. 7. **Try a sidearm crack.** This motion resembles the motion used to skip stones across a body of water. With the whip in starting position behind you, and your hand holding the whip facing palm out, away from your body, bring the whip forward in a horizontal motion. This crack can be used as part of a combination crack. After bringing the whip forward, adjust your footing to stand straight up and bring the whip back over your shoulder to complete a second forward crack. This looks and sounds more complicated than it is. Be careful not to bring the whip back into your face if you attempt this. 8. **Try the coachman's crack.** This is the kind of whip crack you might use to drive horses on a stagecoach, and is basically a combination of the forward crack and the overhand crack. Start the crack as you would the forward crack, bringing your arm up, but keeping your arm flexed, rather than perfectly locked and straight. Flex your wrist backward at 12 o'clock position to strike the whip straight out, rather than straight down.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Crack-a-Whip", "language": "en"}

How to Roll Down the Windows With Your Key Fob

Trying to stay cool in the car during warmer weather? Many car models have a way to roll down all of the windows at once. This can help lower the temperature in your car before you even get in! This guide outlines two different ways to open every window in your car from the outside. Follow this wikiHow article to learn how to roll your windows down with a key fob or car key. 1. **Press the unlock button on your key fob.** Many car models use the key fob’s unlock button to remotely roll down the windows. This feature works on many modern Honda, Ford, and Toyota models. This is a great way to cool down the inside of the car. 2. **Within a couple seconds, press the unlock button again and hold it down.** The windows will start rolling down while you hold down the unlock button. Note that some car models may only require pressing the unlock button once and holding it down to roll down the windows. 3. **Release the unlock button when the windows reach the height you want them to stop at.** If you want to roll the windows down more, repeat the unlock button procedure. If the windows won’t close after rolling them down, you may need to manually roll up the window. 4. **Insert your car key into the driver’s door lock.** Some cars (typically older models) may use the physical key to roll all of the windows down. 5. **Turn the key clockwise until it stops.** Don’t force the key beyond its stopping point or you may damage your car. 6. **Return the key to the starting position.** The key should be in the position it was when you first inserted it. 7. **Turn the key clockwise until it stops.** Hold it in that position to begin rolling down the windows. Note that some car models may require that you turn the key counterclockwise to roll down the windows. 8. **Return the key to the starting position.** This will stop the windows at the height you want.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Roll-Windows-Down-with-Key-Fob", "language": "en"}

How to Clean an Intercooler

An intercooler is an air cooling device often used on turbocharged or supercharged engines. It is usually located at the front of the vehicle behind the grill so air can flow into it. Over time, your intercooler may get filled with oil or get covered in debris as it cools the air. You may have an air-to-air or air-to-water intercooler, and both can be cleaned using the same basic steps. First, remove the intercooler following the instructions in your user manual. Then, use degreaser and kerosene to clean the intercooler. Since this is a complex job, seek out a mechanic in your area if you need assistance. 1. **Read your user’s manual to remove your intercooler safely and properly.** In general, you can remove the intercooler the same way for all types of cars and trucks. However, the particular instructions on how to take off your grill, bumper, and/or lights may vary from model to model. As a result, you must read over the instructions for your particular vehicle. You can find these in your owner’s manual or online. 2. **Seek help from a mechanic if you are unsure.** If you are confused about how to remove the intercooler, search online to find a mechanic in your area or ask your friends and family for recommendations. Removing and cleaning the intercooler is a complicated process, and you don’t want to damage your vehicle if you are unsure about the steps. 3. **Take off the bumper of your car by unfastening the bolts along the front.** Every make and model has a slightly different process to remove the bumper. In general, the bumper is fastened to your car by nuts and bolts along the hood. Pop your hood and look along the inside and along the wheel panels to find the bolts. Then, use a wrench to undo the bolts along the hood of the car and around the wheels. Once the bolts are removed, lift the bumper off of your car with moderate force. Depending on your make and model, you also may have to take off the grill and/or the headlights to do this. If this is the case, lift the grill straight up with the hood popped, and pull the headlights out gently. The total number of bolts will vary depending on the make of your car. Keep the hardware in a safe place so you don’t lose it. 4. **Pull the intercooler piping off of the intercooler so you can remove it.** Place an oil pan underneath the intercooler piping so you can collect any oil that may drip out. The intercooler is connected to your engine and air filter by 2-4 pipes. To unhinge the piping from the intercooler, use a flathead screwdriver to unfasten the holding bands, twist the holding bands slightly, and gently slide it off. The particular location of these pipes depends on your intercooler and vehicle type, but they are usually located along either side on the bottom. Depending on your car and intercooler type, some of the piping may be flexible, while other parts may be hard and rigid. 5. **Unfasten the intercooler by pulling with gentle but steady force.** Once you remove the piping, use a wrench to remove the bolts along the top of the intercooler. After you unfasten the intercooler, grip it from the bottom and pull it straight out. Be sure to keep all hardware in a safe place so you can replace it after you clean the intercooler. 6. **Put on a pair of gloves, a facemask, and a set of goggles.** When cleaning an intercooler, you can get chemicals, oil, and debris on your hands. After you remove the bumper, put on rubber gloves to keep your hands clean. The chemicals you use may be hazardous to breathe in, so put on a facemask to protect yourself. In addition, wearing goggles is helpful to avoid eye irritations and flyaway debris. 7. **Pour any oil from inside the intercooler into your oil pan.** Before you set down the intercooler, scoot the oil pan closer to you and tilt the intercooler so the oil pours out of it. The oil will come out where you disconnected the piping. Hold the intercooler upwards until no more oil drips out. If you do not have much oil inside the intercooler, you can skip this. 8. **Lay your intercooler inside a large bucket or bin.** Use a bucket or bin that is larger than the size of your intercooler. This way, you can easily cover the intercooler in cleaning chemicals. Use a container that you can throw away immediately after. Your container will be full of oil and gunk. 9. **Spray degreaser over the outside of your intercooler.** Press down on the spray nozzle of your auto degreaser can, and slowly move the stream across the outside of your intercooler. Hold the degreaser about 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm) from the intercooler as you cover every spot thoroughly to get the most debris off as you can. Then, turn the intercooler over and spray the other side. Most of the dark-colored debris will come off of your intercooler with a simple spray of degreaser. 10. **Apply the degreaser to the inside of the intercooler.** Hold the intercooler on its side and spray the degreaser into the opening for the pipe. Be generous with your application to get all of the oil and debris out of the intercooler. This way, you remove the oil and debris from the inside of the intercooler. This makes it easier for the air to travel through the intercooler and your engine. 11. **Hold up the intercooler and let the residue drip out.** The degreaser removes most of the oil and debris from your intercooler. After you finish spraying the inside, lift up the intercooler to let the residue run out of the pipe opening. Hold the intercooler in the air for 30-60 seconds or so until most of the debris is gone. 12. **Fill the inside of the intercooler and the bucket with kerosene.** Kerosene helps provide a deep, thorough clean to your intercooler. Place the intercooler horizontally in the bin, fill the bin halfway with kerosene, and pour kerosene inside the pipe opening to fill the inside. Filling the inside of the intercooler with kerosene helps remove stubborn oil or debris build-up. Once the inside is clean, your engine should run more smoothly. 13. **Let the intercooler sit in the kerosene for 15 minutes.** Give the kerosene a few minutes to do its work. Then, lift the intercooler out of the bin and pour the kerosene from the inside into the container. Depending on how dirty your intercooler is, the liquid you pour out may look dark or black. 14. **Do another wash of kerosene if your intercooler is still dirty.** By now, most of the dirt and debris should be gone from the outside of your intercooler. The inside may still look dark in some spots, depending on how dirty your intercooler is. If this is the case, pour the dirty kerosene into an empty plastic container (like an empty kerosene bottle), and fill the bin halfway with fresh kerosene. Then, fill the inside of the intercooler with kerosene again. Let the kerosene sit for 15 minutes and then pour it into the bin. Use a funnel to help you pour the dirty kerosene into the bottle. Do as many kerosene soaks as you need to until your intercooler is clean. Your intercooler is clean when the used kerosene is no longer dark or black. 15. **Dry out your intercooler before you replace it.** After your intercooler is clean, set it on your driveway or a woodblock in a sunny spot. Leave the intercooler in the sun for 2-5 hours until there are no more wet spots. Your intercooler is ready to go back in your car when the kerosene has completely evaporated. If you set the intercooler on the grass, your grass may die due to the kerosene. 16. **Place the intercooler back in its spot at the front of your engine.** Pop your hood, lift up your intercooler, and put it back into your car's front end. Since you already installed the intercooler, the metal unit should easily fit back into place. Then, simply line the pipes up with the correct openings, and fasten the coupling back into place. The coupling secures the pipes to the intercooler. If you need help putting the intercooler back into place, search online to find instructions based on your particular vehicle model and intercooler type. 17. **Replace the bumper after you put the intercooler in place.** After the intercooler is back inside your car, take your bumper and line it up with the front end of your car. Push the bumper into place 1 side at a time. Then, pop your hood so you can replace the nuts and bolts. Tighten the bolts in place using your fingers or a wrench, and make sure they are tightened all the way so they stay in place. Double-check along the wheels and hood of your car to ensure you replaced each of the bolts. If you are confused about how to properly replace the bumper, search online to find tutorials for your particular car. You can also ask a mechanic for assistance if necessary.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-an-Intercooler", "language": "en"}

How to Buy Fish Online

Whether you're an avid fish hobbyist or just starting your aquarium, buying fish online is great if you want a wider variety than most pet stores offer. Finding a safe, reliable fish retailer is the best way to make sure the fish you receive are healthy and survive shipping. Once you've chosen the right retailer, choosing your fish, a shipping method, and survival guarantee can help you get the most out of your purchase. Before you know it, you'll have new fish for your aquarium shipped to your door. 1. **Pick a retailer with a positive reputation.** The best way to ensure that your fish are healthy and survive being shipped is to buy from a well-known retailer. Choose a fish retailer that has plenty of positive reviews online and a track record for good customer service and value for the animals. If you're looking for rare or unusual species in good health, buy them directly from the breeder. However, these companies are often smaller and don't have large customer service teams, so temper your expectations. Some popular online fish retailers include Live Aquaria, That Pet Place, Live Fish Direct, Marine Fish EZ, and Vivid Aquariums. If any of your friends are fish hobbyists, ask them for online retailer recommendations. Or, reach out to special interest groups on social media—they may be able to recommend quality breeders or importers. 2. **Choose a website with extensive information and inventory.** Knowledgeable retailers are more likely to provide well-bred and cared-for fish. Look for fish retailers with websites that provide fish species and care articles as well as detailed information about their inventory. Reputable retailers should be able to answer any questions you have about their inventory or purchasing process. Similarly, avoid retailers that provide brief or no information on their website or that refuse to answer your questions, as they may not be as knowledgeable about their inventory. Look for companies with an open door policy that are willing to answer questions and communicate honestly. 3. **Look for retailers that offer a fish survival guarantee.** Because the retailer will ship the fish directly to your home, a 100% guarantee that they will reimburse you for any dead or diseased fish is important. Choose a retailer that offers at least a 14-day survival guarantee after receiving your fish in the mail. Avoid retailers that don't offer a survival guarantee, even if they're cheaper, as they may be selling ill fish or practicing poor shipping methods. Don't worry about whether your fish can survive being shipped to your home, as most fish stores have their fish shipped to them, too. As long as the retailer is practicing safe shipping methods, your fish should be fine. Note that the price of the fish and survival guarantee may not include shipping charges, so find out the company's policy before placing your order. 4. **Check whether the retailer quarantines their fish before shipping.** Most reputable fish retailers quarantine their fish from other fish for a few days before putting them up for sale to ensure that they're healthy. Check the retailer's website or contact them to make sure they quarantine their fish after importing them for at least 1-2 weeks. This primarily applies to fish retailers that have their fish imported. If the fish retailer breeds their own inventory, they may not need to quarantine them. Avoid fish retailers that do not quarantine their inventory, as an ill fish could spread diseases to your other fish and potentially kill them. Don't forget to quarantine the fish you receive for 14 before putting them in with other fish you have. Observe them for any illness that crop up after the stress of shipping. 5. **Look for "Point and Purchase" sites if you want to mimic in-person shopping.** If you're interested in picking a specific fish, look for retailers that offer "Point and Purchase" shopping. These retailers provide a picture and information about specific fish that they're selling so you can choose one from a variety of options. This is the closest purchasing fish online comes to choosing specific fish at a pet store and is the best way to choose a healthy fish of the appropriate size for your aquarium and its inhabitants. What you see is what you get! 6. **Choose the fish that you want to purchase.** Visit the retailer's website and add the fish you want to purchase to your cart. To justify the cost of shipping, try to pick exotic fish or ones you couldn't buy at a local pet store. Though you may be tempted to buy more fish at one time, be conscious of the size and condition of your aquarium, your abilities as an aquarist, and the time you're willing to invest in the animals in order to make the best decision. Research each fish's specific needs and ensure you can provide the right habitat for each of them. Find out the water requirements, diet, size, and lifespan of each creature and make sure you can care for them well. You could, for example, buy a green spotted puffer fish or freshwater sting ray, as both of these species are difficult to find. If you're buying multiple fish online, purchase them at the same time to cut back on shipping costs. Just be aware of each fish's shipping requirements and work with the retailer to find a solution that works for both you and the fish. 7. **Choose a shipping method for your fish.** Most retailers offer a variety of shipping options based on safety, efficiency, and cost. The standard is to ship fish priority overnight so they spend the least amount of time on the road as possible. Keep in mind that any savings you get from ordering fish online will be offset by shipping charges, which range from $30-50 USD at a minimum. 8. **Complete your order and purchase the fish.** Once you've chosen your fish and the right shipping method, enter in your name, shipping address, and payment information. Confirm your information and check out to complete your order. Before submitting the order, ask other fish hobbyists you know if they're purchasing fish online soon to make the purchase together and split the costs on shipping. Make sure the site is secure before entering your payment details and look for vendors who use third-party payment platforms like PayPal. wikiHow actually has a coupon page that partners with various pet supply companies. Feel free to scope it out for some savings before making your purchase! 9. **Purchase** If you've never cared for fish before, purchase and put together a fish tank before you order any fish. You can purchase a new fish tank online or at a nearby pet store. Fish tanks take several days to stabilize, so fill the fish tank with water and add any decorations or filters at least several days in advance. Adjust the fish tank's lighting, heat, and water salinity as needed to mimic your fish's natural environment. If you have a freshwater fish tank but have purchased saltwater fish (or vice versa), you will need to buy a second fish tank. 10. **Set up a quarantine tank.** Prepare a quarantine fish tank so you can make sure your new fish are healthy before introducing them to your other fish. Be sure to acclimate the fish before putting them in the tank. If you currently have a fish tank, research how your current fish and your new fish interact. If your new and existing fish species are known for being aggressive, place them in separate tanks even if they're both freshwater or saltwater fish to prevent them from attacking or killing each other. After introducing the fish, you can move any aggressors to the secondary tank if need be. 11. **Purchase fish food in advance.** Research the type of food your fish eats and buy it before the expected arrival of your fish. You can buy fish food online or at most pet stores, depending on the type of food your fish needs. If your online retailer sells fish food, purchase it along with your fish to save on shipping costs. If you purchased a betta fish, for example, you may need dry fish pellets or freeze-dried worms.

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How to Make Chocolate Milk

Chocolate milk is hot chocolate's cool and refreshing cousin. It is a perfect treat on a hot summer day. While you can always use a store-bought mix, making your own from scratch tastes so much better. You can also adjust the amounts of the ingredients to suit your own personal tastes and needs! You can even mix up your own batch of chocolate milk mix or sauce to use later on. 1. **Combine the sugar, cocoa powder, and salt in a saucepan.** Pour the sugar into a small saucepan. Add the unsweetened cocoa powder and a dash of salt. Stir everything together with a whisk. This recipe will make lots of chocolate syrup, which you can add to plain milk. 2. **Stir in the water.** Don't worry if the mixture looks too watery and not syrupy. The next step will help thicken it up! 3. **Heat the syrup.** Bring the syrup to a boil over medium-high to high heat, stirring from time to time. Once the syrup starts to boil, reduce it to a simmer over low heat. Cook the syrup for 1 minute. You may notice that it is starting to thicken. 4. **Stir in the vanilla extract.** This is not completely necessary, but it will help give the chocolate milk more flavor. 5. **Allow the syrup to cool before storing it in the fridge.** This can take some time. If you are in a hurry, you can chill it in front of a fan or using an ice bath. Once it has cooled, pour it into a clean jar or bottle. Screw the cap on, then store the syrup in the refrigerator. Don't put the hot syrup in the fridge. It can change the interior temperature and spoil the surrounding food. 6. **Use the syrup to make chocolate milk.** When you want to have some chocolate milk, pour 1 cup (240 milliliters) of milk into a glass. Add 2 tablespoons (30 milliliters) of your homemade chocolate syrup, and stir well. Add some ice, if desired. If you want hot chocolate, make the chocolate milk in a mug, then heat it in the microwave. If you want a chocolate milkshake, combine 1 cup (240 milliliters) of milk, ¼ cup (60 milliliters) of the chocolate syrup, and 2 cups (288 grams) of vanilla ice cream in a blender. 7. **Combine the sugar, cocoa powder, and salt.** You can do this in a blender or food processor. You can also put everything into a jar, close the lid, and shake it. 8. **Store the chocolate powder in a sealed container.** You can store the powder in a glass jar, or in a plastic box with a tight-fitting lid. This is your chocolate powder. It will last you several servings! 9. **Combine some of the chocolate powder with a little bit of warm water.** When you are ready to make some chocolate milk, measure out 1 to 2 tablespoons (7.5 to 15 grams) of your chocolate powder, and put it into a glass. Stir in 1 to 2 tablespoons (15 to 30 milliliters) of warm water to help dissolve the powder. 10. **Fill the rest of the glass with milk.** Once the powder has dissolved, pour 1 cup (240 milliliters) of milk into the glass. Give it a stir, then drink the chocolate milk. Add some ice cubes to make it nice and cold. Store the rest of the chocolate milk powder for later. 11. **Serve the chocolate milk.** Enjoy it while it is still cold. To make it even more refreshing, add in some ice cubes. 12. **Pour 1 cup (240 milliliters) of cold milk into a tall glass.** You can use any type of milk you want, but whole milk will taste the best. If you are vegan or allergic to dairy, try almond, coconut, or soy milk instead. 13. **Stir in 2 tablespoons (30 milliliters) of chocolate syrup.** You can use any type of chocolate syrup you want. The kind that you use to make hot chocolate would be the best. You can also use the kind that you pour on top of ice cream. Stir the chocolate in with a fork or spoon. Make sure that there's no chocolate left clumped at the bottom. Use a blender if you want to create a foamy chocolate milk. 14. **Add some extra flavors, if desired.** Give your chocolate milk a taste. Does it need more sugar? If so, add in a little bit of sugar. You can also use ¼ teaspoon of your favorite extract, such as almond or vanilla for extra flavor. If the chocolate milk is too sweet, add in a tiny pinch of salt. Stir the chocolate milk again. For an extra kick, add in a pinch of ground cinnamon. 15. **Serve the chocolate milk.** You can serve it as is, or make it even fancier by adding in a straw and some ice cubes. You could even garnish it with some whipped cream. 16. **Combine the dry ingredients in a tall glass.** Get out a glass that's large enough to hold at least 2 cups (475 milliliters) of liquid. Pour in the cocoa powder, sugar, and salt. Stir everything together with a fork. 17. **Add in the hot water.** Heat up some water in a kettle, on the stove, or in the microwave. Measure out 2 tablespoons (30 milliliters) and pour it into the glass. You can also use hot water from the tap. It would be best if it's filtered. 18. **Stir the mixture until a paste forms.** You can do this with a mini whisk or with a fork. Keep stirring until the cocoa powder, sugar, and salt dissolve. You will get something that looks like melted chocolate. 19. **Pour in 2 cups (475 milliliters) of cold milk.** Give the chocolate milk a stir to make sure that everything mixes together. If you want to give your chocolate milk extra flavor, add in ¼ teaspoon of vanilla extract. 20. **Serve the chocolate milk.** Pop in a straw and some ice cubes, if desired. Enjoy the chocolate milk while it is still ice-cold. If this is too much for you, divide the chocolate milk between two glasses and share it with a friend!

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How to Know That a Girl Hates You

The only way to truly know if someone hates you is to have them tell you so, but there are some definite things that can give you an idea. Body language is incredibly important to pay attention to and so are the words and the tone of voice a girl uses. 1. **Read her face.** Although this isn't a perfect method, a lot of what people feel is expressed in their face. Faces can show a lot. She might always squint her eyes when angry, so if she does whatever physical action that you know she does in a certain mood that is most definitely helpful. There are lots of other different things you can look for. Usually, just having one of these won't mean that the girl hates you, but having more than one can indicate that there is dislike on her part. Crinkling her nose could be an expression of disgust at your presence (unless, of course, there is a bad smell). Narrowed eyes, or eye rolling when you're around (especially if you're speaking). If she doesn't make eye contact with you that could mean she is shy, but it could also be an indicator of dislike. 2. **Look at her body language.** Body language is another good indicator, although you have to remember that it is an exact science. Look at what she is telling you in how she physically reacts to your presence. It can tell you a lot about how she's feelings about you. Arms crossed over the chest is often considered a closed off gesture. There's a possibility if she stands or sits with her arms crossed across her chest when she's around you that she's trying to keep away from you. Of course, some people simply stand that way, so the gesture, taken by itself, might not mean anything. Another good thing to look for is if she's consistently turning away from you. If she's not meeting your eyes and angling her body in a direction away from you, it could be that she wants you to leave her alone and she's seeking some way to escape from you. Keep in mind that there aren't any universal, definitive body language cues that can tell you what a girl is thinking. Some women are proactive, while others are simply more passive or reserved. 3. **Notice how her friends act.** Chances are, if she hates you, she'll have told her friends so. They'll be looking to protect her (because they will be on her side). Watching how her friends behave towards, like if they ignore you when you try to talk to them, you will give you a pretty good indication of her feelings. If you both are at a party and you are trying to get across to her, but keep finding her friends running interference and stopping you from talking to her, that's a pretty good sign that she wants nothing to do with you. If you two are somewhere by yourselves and her friends keep popping to drag her away, or interrupt, that's another pretty good sign that she might dislike you and her friends are trying to protect her from having to be around you. If you see her smirking and laughing with her friends while looking at you, that's another good sign that there's some dislike on her side. Of course she might not be looking at you, but if it happens consistently, and with the other signs, that's a pretty clear signal of dislike. 4. **Notice how she behaves towards you.** Obviously there is more to her behavior than just her body language. Her actions will also help you figure out how she's feeling about you and whether she hates you. Every time you try to talk to her, she pulls a Houdini and disappears. This means that the minute you try to speak to her, she's managed to be somewhere else. Now, if this only happens once or twice that doesn't mean anything, but if it happens more than that, it's likely that she doesn't like you, or is upset about something. She never answer when you call or text. This is a big one, because it's pretty easy to shoot back even a quick text in reply, but if she never replies to you, or if she replies only in one word answers, that's a good sign that something in up. 5. **Notice how she behaves about shared plans.** If the two of you have made plans together, even simple things like a coffee shop study session, or other and she always manages to hedge about meeting you for the plans, that's a good sign that she doesn't want to spend time with you. If she blows off plans by not showing up and doesn't say anything, or apologize, again she probably doesn't want to spend time with you. If she's constantly 'forgetting' plans, then she isn't wanting to spend time with you. Some people are pretty flaky, but not that flaky. Remember, this doesn't necessarily mean that she hates you. You might annoy her by pestering her to do things with you, or she might be completely indifferent to you. 6. **Listen to her tone of voice.** Tone of voice is a huge indicator of someone's feelings. It doesn't matter what they are saying, because people lie or say things they don't mean all the time, but the feelings often come through how she says things. Using a flat tone of voice when she talks to you means she's probably not that keen on the conversation (unless of course, she always speaks in monotone). Usually when a girl is with someone she likes, there will be inflections in her voice. Sarcasm can be a great way for her to tell you that she doesn't like you without actually having to do so. It's all about the inflections in her voice. If she says something like, "That'd be fun" if you ask her out to coffee, notice how she says it. Couple this with facial expressions and body language and you should get a pretty good idea how she's actually feeling. 7. **Notice what words she uses.** The words she uses can often tell you how she's feeling, even if she doesn't come right out and say, "I hate you" (since few people actually do that). However, if she is saying, "I hate you" and she's serious about it, that's another great sign that she does, indeed, hate you. If she's replying to your questions and conversation with one word answers, either you're talking way too much, or she's not very interested in having this conversation. If she never initiates conversation and it's always you doing the talking, again she's probably not that interested in talking with you. Although, it doesn't necessarily mean she hates you it is unlikely that she likes you. 8. **Find out if she's talked about you to other people.** Even though she might not have told you directly that she hates you, it's likely that she's told other people, like her friends, or even some of her acquaintances. Ask around to see what she's been saying (if anything) about you. The best people to ask are her friends. Although it might be difficult to talk to one of them alone, if you have the chance simply ask the friend if everything is okay between you and the girl and if there's anything you did wrong. If you're polite about it, chances are the friend will be more likely to tell you. Just remember that whatever people tell you will be skewed by their own interpretations and so shouldn't be your only evidence that she hates you. 9. **Give her space.** If someone hates you, it's a good idea to give them some time and space to cool off. If you're constantly around her, she's probably going to start hating you even more. Giving her space, can even remind her why she liked in you the beginning (if she did). This means don't pester her with invites to go places, or ask her why she's mad at you. Just let it be for a while. There is not proper amount of time to wait. You'll have to use your judgment, but depending on how deep the hatred goes, it could be anywhere from a few weeks to a year. 10. **Examine your actions.** People don't just start hating someone without some sort of cause, whether you feel it's legitimate or not. Think about how you've acted towards her and try to determine what might have caused her to feel the way she's feeling. Think about things you said. It could even be something as simple as a joke that she took the wrong way. Or it could be that your way of showing like for her is to ridicule her and tease her (the pulling pigtails on the playground thing). Perhaps she feels that you're suffocating her with your attention. If you're always around her trying to talk to her, it could get on her nerves. In which case you're best off giving her space. 11. **Apologize.** Even if you don't feel you've done anything wrong, but you like this girl and you want her to stop hating you, you have to apologize. Don't try to tell her to 'lighten up' or 'can't you take a joke?' and especially never ever do the faux apology 'I'm sorry you felt that way.' It's best to apologize in private. Having an audience might force one or both of you to act in a certain way that you wouldn't in private. 12. **Be courteous.** A good way to show her that you're wanting reconciliation and that you're worth reconciling with, is to be courteous to her, even as she's hating you. You'll show that you're a good enough person to take the high road and not get sucked into the potential drama. So when you see her around, say hello and ask how's she's doing. Leave it at that. Just enough interaction to show that you care and are interested in her well being and not enough interaction to get on her nerves. 13. **End the relationship.** At a certain point you can't keep trying to have a relationship (whether in a friend way or a romantic way) with someone who consistently hates. There could be good reason for her hatred or no reason at all. The best thing for you to do if you've tried the other steps and failed is to end the relationship. If you've tried apologizing and giving her space, and being courteous and nothing has worked to get her to change her mind, continuing to try is just going to be unhappy business for both of you. Walk away. Remember, it doesn't matter what she did, or said, or anything, you're going to have to be the better person in this instance. So don't start badmouthing her to other people. If people notice the friction between the two of you, and ask about it, simply say, "That's between the two of us."

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How to Diagnose and Treat Pancreatitis in Cats

Feline pancreatitis--otherwise known as inflammation of the pancreas in cats--is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. The pancreas is part of the endocrine and digestive systems, and plays in important role in digesting foods. When it becomes inflamed, it can secrete digestive enzymes and damage surrounding organs. By carefully diagnosing, treating, and managing feline pancreatitis you can help your cat go on to live a long and healthy life. 1. **Recognize possible causes.** There are a number of known causes of feline pancreatitis. However, feline pancreatitis sometimes occurs for reasons unknown. Some of the documented causes of pancreatic inflammation in cats include: Inflammatory bowel disease or liver disease. Diabetes mellitus. Abdominal trauma (such as being hit by a car). Infections (such as toxoplasmosis or feline distemper). Scorpion stings. 2. **Notice any behavioral changes.** This two most common symptoms of pancreatitis in cats are lack of appetite and severe lethargy. If your cat has stopped eating and/or seems unusually sleepy, weak, or lethargic, take them to see the vet immediately. Pancreatitis can be lethal if not treated right away. Lack of appetite and lethargy can be symptomatic of many other conditions as well. Any time your cat stops eating or seems listless they need to be taken to a vet right away. 3. **Look for additional symptoms.** Beyond simple lethargy and loss of appetite, there are other symptoms that can indicate inflammation of the pancreas. If you observe any of these symptoms in your pet, seek the advice of a veterinarian. Other symptoms can include: Fever. Weight loss. Dehydration. Depression. Increased heart rate. Difficulty breathing. 4. **Be prepared to answer some questions.** When you visit your vet, you must bring along some information. In order to properly diagnose your cat, your vet will ask a series of questions. You should be able to explain: The complete medical history of the cat (to the best of your knowledge). What (if any) medications your cat is taking. What symptoms you have noticed. When these symptoms began. If your cat has experienced any physical trauma. 5. **Run some tests.** In order to determine what is ailing your pet, the vet will need to perform a series of tests. In order to diagnose pancreatitis, these tests will likely include: A physical examination. Blood work. An ultrasound. A biopsy (if the cat is well enough to undergo the procedure). X-rays (to rule out other problems or asses trauma). 6. **Make sure you can afford treatment.** Pancreatitis does not have a standard cure. Instead, pancreatitis treatment is symptomatic and supportive, meaning that individual symptoms are dealt with and the cat's health is supported until the inflammation goes down. This generally involves around-the-clock care in a veterinary in-patient facility, and may also include medication. As such, the treatment of feline pancreatitis can cost thousands of dollars. Discuss the cost of treatment with your vet. Be prepared to put down at least half of the anticipated cost prior to treatment. 7. **Ensure adequate nutrition and hydration.** The best way for your cat's health to be supported as they heal from pancreatitis is to ensure that they stay hydrated and fed. Your vet may prescribe fluid therapy in order to keep your cat hydrated. They may also insert a feeding tube to keep your cat fed. 8. **Provide medication for your cat.** In addition to providing support, your vet will do whatever they can to treat acute symptoms. These symptoms will vary from cat to cat. Your vet my suggest any combination of the following: Anti-nausea medication (to stop any vomiting). Antibiotics (to treat infection). Pain medication (to help with pain). Corticosteriods (to reduce inflammation). 9. **Monitor your cat's hydration.** Hopefully, after a day or two your cat will be well enough to go home. Once at home, it is imperative for you to continue monitoring their hydration for at least the first week. Provide clean water. Make sure your cat is drinking every day. Make sure your cat is urinating every day. Follow any additional instructions from your vet. 10. **Ensure that your cat gets adequate rest.** After your cat returns home, they will need to rest and heal. You may need to limit your cat’s activity level in order to accommodate this. Make food and water bowls easily accessible. Make litter box(es) accessible. Limit play. Limit contact with other animals. 11. **Provide your cat with easily-digestible foods.** It is important for cats to continue eating healthy food during recovery. Unlike dogs, cats do not need to avoid food, and they do not need to consume a low-fat diet. Canned food is your ideal choice, if your cat will eat it. Provide cat food that : Is soft. Is easily digestible. Contains protein. Contains fat. Recommended and/or prescribed by your veterinarian. 12. **Attend any follow-up appointments.** Your veterinarian will want to schedule one or more follow-up appointments in order to ensure that your cat is healing properly. Be sure that you attend these appointments in order to best ensure the health of your cat. The number of and time-frame for these appointments will vary from cat to cat. 13. **Look for the reemergence of symptoms.** In some cats, the onset of pancreatitis results in chronic pancreatic inflammation. If you should notice the reemergence of any symptoms, take your cat to the vet right away. Once again, these symptoms may include: Loss of appetite. Severe lethargy. Fever. Weight loss. Dehydration. Depression. Increased heart rate. Difficulty breathing.

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How to Get More Intimate Without Having Sex

There are lots of ways that you can be truly intimate with a person that do not include sex. Intimacy often starts in the emotions, so begin by improving your emotional connection together. Be vulnerable with your partner and practice truly listening when they speak. If you want to either keep sex out of your relationship because you're not ready or you want to slow down your relationship and make it more meaningful, you can actually feel more bonded without having sex. 1. **Be willing to feel vulnerable and express your feelings.** Emotional intimacy means being honest with your thoughts and feelings, even when they’re uncomfortable. Be willing to share your needs, hopes, and fears with your partner. While opening up can be scary, a good partner will be supportive and try to understand you better. Being open about yourself can help you and your partner learn from each other and support each other in a new and deeper way. For example, tell your partner about your dream to become a pastry chef or get a graduate degree. 2. **Build your trust together** Struggling with trust in a relationship can lead to conflicts and insecurities, especially if you don’t feel like you can be physically and emotionally open with your partner. Prioritize honesty in your relationship. Practice saying what you mean and meaning what you say. Show that you can be there for your partner and notice that they can be there for you, too. Respect each other’s boundaries physically, emotionally, and socially. For example, if your partner values privacy, don’t share intimate details of your relationship with people who know them. If you agree to keep something private, keep it private. 3. **Listen fully when your partner speaks.** A solid partnership includes two people who not only hear each other, but listen to each other. Turn toward each while speaking. Put down your phones and switch off the television. Pay attention to what your partner says in a non-judgmental way and give supportive feedback. You should also feel like your partner listens to you. You can build intimacy by knowing you can say what’s on your heart and not feel criticized for your words. Practice active listening with your partner and build your intimacy by knowing you can count on each other to listen and understand. 4. **Ask personal questions.** Get to know your partner’s inner life. Asking questions can help each of you to open up and think about what has impacted you, what drives you, and how you relate to each other. Ask questions that encourage intimacy and sharing. Focus on asking open-ended questions so that you can elaborate on answers and build some discussion. Ask questions like “If you could choose to be anyone, real or fictional, who would you choose to be and why?” and, “What would you say to your younger self, if you could? What would you say to your older self?” Ask questions about your relationship, too. For example, “What do you think makes us great together?”, “How can we improve our communication?” and, “What’s one thing you like doing in our relationship?” 5. **Ask for help from your partner.** If you’ve had a bad day, there’s almost nothing more comforting than a supportive person to lean on. It can be difficult to ask for help or even cry in front of your partner, but feeling their support is often worth the risk. Plus, you might learn that they are someone you can count on to be there for you, even in difficult times. For example, say, “I had a really hard day. Can we talk about it?” 6. **Take every opportunity to cuddle.** Cuddling is an important way to make contact and feel close without having to take off your clothes. Whether you’re watching a movie together or laying in bed, reach out and wrap your arms around your partner to feel that physical closeness together. Grab your partner’s hand, put your arm around their waist or shoulder, and make an effort to include more touch. Sometimes, one person has to initiate the contact. 7. **Share a long hug.** Hugging reduces stress and increases bonding between you and your partner. Get in the habit of hugging your partner when you come together and separate. For example, hug your partner before going to work or school in the morning and when you see them after a reunion (such as seeing each other after school or work). Give a solid hug by wrapping your arms around your partner and not letting go right away. If hugging doesn't come naturally to your partner, ask for the hug directly. 8. **Breathe together.** Breathing together can be physically and emotionally intimate without even touching each other. Start by sitting across from each other and facing one another. Begin focusing on your breath and breathing with your eyes closed. When you feel ready, open your eyes and watch your partner’s stomach moving with their breath. The air you breathe will become the air that your partner breathes. Whether you start to breathe together or not, you should feel in sync with your partner. After you complete this exercise can be a great time to talk and have those deep conversations that seem so difficult in other situations. 9. **Lock eyes together.** Gazing at each other can be a sign of love and connection. You might feel vulnerable or even a bit fearful once you and your partner lock eyes. Keep the connection and step outside of feeling embarrassed or scared and focus on your partner. Recognize that you can feel safe and secure, even when your partner sees you for who you are. Spend some time locking eyes with your partner. Sit across from each other and look into each other’s eyes. Start with 30 seconds, then move the time up as you feel comfortable. 10. **Kiss passionately** If your kisses have moved to pecks, bring back the passion that comes from a good kiss or makeout session. Kissing can contribute to improving intimacy, especially in long-term relationships. Couples who kiss more frequently report higher levels of relationship satisfaction. Give your partner different kinds of kisses. For example, kiss on the lips, on the cheek, neck, hand, and other parts of the body (that won’t lead to having sex). 11. **Try intimate touching.** You might not want to have sex, but there are sexual activities that you can do together that involve many of the same feelings and sensations without the actual act. For example, touch each other, kiss each other’s bodies, and lick each other. These actions can allow you to be intimate, without worrying about some of the consequences of sex itself. Talk about your comfort level with your partner. If you are purposefully abstaining from sex, then create specific boundaries for relating in a physically intimate way. For example, you may be comfortable kissing but not taking your clothes off. 12. **Try something new together.** Trying something new requires courage and may show you a new side of yourself and your partner. You might find that you enjoy something you never knew you could enjoy, or discover something about your partner you’ve never noticed. Adding a new experience can help you feel closer and help you bond over the new experience. For example, try a boxing class, race go karts, or try a dance class. Use your knowledge from your intimate talks to come up with activities you would both enjoy. Alternatively, you could try something that is special to one of you. 13. **Add some adrenaline to a date.** A little adrenaline can help you feel more attracted to your partner and increase feelings of intimacy. Try doing something fun and maybe even a little risky together. For example, try skydiving, rock climbing, or zip lining. Doing something in a high arousal state can make couples feel more bonded and together. 14. **Do something a little scary.** While you don’t want to be scared for too long, it can be fun to do something with a small fear factor to encourage you and your partner to turn toward each other. Knowing you can rely on your partner for emotional support can help you feel close to them and trust them to be there for you. For example, go to a haunted house or take a walk in the dark together. 15. **Look at old photographs together.** Take a trip down memory lane and open yourself up to exposing a younger version of yourself to your partner. Looking at pictures of your childhood and the people that were important to you is a very intimate act. When you discuss the things that mattered to you and the events and people that led you to become who you are, you reveal a lot of vulnerabilities to your partner. Show your partner around your hometown and talk about memories from growing up. Then, ask them to do the same for you. Family stuff can be difficult to discuss, but try to answer all of their questions.

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How to Respond to Verbal Abuse

Verbal abuse is a form of emotional abuse. It may involve obvious aggression: yelling, insulting, name-calling. It may also be more subtle: jokes that make you feel disrespected, constant criticism, a disregard for your thoughts or feelings, blame and accusations that come out of nowhere. If you are being bullied or abused, take steps to remove yourself from the situation. If you are forced to confront an agitated person who is being verbally abusive, de-escalate the situation with calm, firm speech. 1. **Refuse to emotionally engage.** When someone speaks to you in an abusive way, they are trying to control your behavior. They want you to react by getting upset. They are trying to force you to pay attention to them and to give them power. Your response may be to defend yourself and to try to control them, in turn. Don't. The best thing you can do is to turn your attention to yourself and keep control of your own behavior. Don't let yourself be dragged into an argument or an ugly scene. Do not defend yourself against accusations and insults. That would be taking them seriously. Say, "I'm sorry you feel that way." If you are talking to someone who likes to get a rise out of you and then say that you're too sensitive, don't expose your vulnerability by getting upset or appealing to their sympathy. If you are being bullied by a schoolmate, dismiss them. Show that you aren't interested in their opinion. You might smile and say, "Yeah, I'm not here for that." When you are being insulted, mocked, yelled at, threatened, or otherwise verbally abused, take a deep breath. Speak in a calm, even voice. Do not yell or mutter. Remind yourself that nobody has the right to put you down, and that what is happening is not something you deserve. 2. **Set boundaries** When you are being verbally abused, explain that you will not engage with the behavior, set consequences, and stick to them. Say "I would be happy to talk to you about this issue, but I am not going to speak to you when you are yelling/insulting me/threatening me/putting me down/speaking in a sarcastic tone of voice." If they say they are just joking, say "I don't like that joke, and I am not interested in talking to you when you talk to me like that." If they continue to harass you, set a consequence. Say, "I will talk to you about this when we can both act calmly; however, I will not stay here and be abused. If you keep speaking to me in that tone, I will leave the house." Make sure to follow through on whatever consequence you set. If you said you will leave the house, leave the house. 3. **Walk away.** If a boundary you set is crossed, or if you feel unsafe, leave. If you are home, you can go to another room or leave the house. If you are being verbally abused by someone you don't know or don't have any reason to talk to, walk away if you feel safe doing so. You don't have to put up with abuse. Return only if it is safe. Leaving your house is a good strategy if you have a partner or other family member who gets angry and needs to calm down. In these cases, leave for an hour or two and come back when you feel ready. However, if the abuser is more inclined to stay angry, to escalate into violence, or to seek some sort of revenge, stay away. If there are children or other vulnerable people in the house, take them with you. If you are being randomly verbally abused by someone you don't know, either stay silent or say, "I would appreciate that you not speak to me in that tone of voice," and move on to a place of safety as soon as you can. 4. **Get help.** If you are being verbally abused at work or at school, report your abuser to someone higher up. Enlist help from friends and colleagues as well. If you are being abused by a partner, take steps to remove yourself permanently from the situation. If your child or other dependent is verbally aggressive, set strict limits and seek help for them. Never stay silent about verbal abuse. Let others know what you are going through. Abuse can escalate, and verbal abuse can get in your head. Friends, family, and others can help. If you or someone you know has been experiencing verbal abuse for a prolonged period, find a good therapist as soon as possible. 5. **Recognize verbal abuse that may escalate to violence.** There are times when you will be forced to engage with a person who is being verbally abusive. For instance, you may be alone and cornered by a mentally unstable person. You may be the teacher in a classroom where a student is insulting classmates, or the manager in a store where a patron is yelling. In these situations, it will be your job to de-escalate the abuse for reasons of safety. Recognize the symptoms of agitation. The person may speak quickly, and may raise her or his voice or speak in a high pitch. Agitation brings on certain kinds of verbal abuse. These may include cursing, threatening, insulting, demanding, and making illogical statements. Aggressive posture, pacing, shaking, gesturing erratically or making fists are other signs of agitation. 6. **Use calm body language.** Take a deep breath and exhale. Look as calm and as certain of yourself as you can. Look into the eyes of the person you are speaking to, but don't stare them down, as this can appear threatening. Get eye-level with the agitated person. If they are standing, stand, but make sure you give them space. Move slowly and deliberately. Relax your hands and do not cross your arms. Stand at an angle from the agitated person. Standing or approaching an agitated person at an angle is less likely to appear threatening. Do not turn your back or approach the agitated person from behind. Stand with more physical distance than you normally would. Getting close to someone who is agitated may cause them to panic and escalate into violence. If you notice someone showing signs of increased agitation, step to the side and continue talking to them. 7. **Speak in a calm, even voice.** Regulate your volume and tone. Speak evenly, slowly, and at an ordinary volume. Do not raise your voice to be heard over yelling. Instead, wait for the abuser to take a breath, and speak then. Take a deep breath if you notice your voice wavering or if you are speaking too quickly or loudly. If you are afraid, you may speak too quietly. Take a deep breath and project your voice, speaking from your diaphragm. 8. **Speak respectfully.** Use an abundance of respectful language. Say "Please," "Thank you," "I'm sorry," "If you don't mind," "Sir," "Ma'am," "Mr." "Ms." and, if you can, the name of the person you are addressing. Avoid challenging, threatening, bossing, or shaming the agitated person. Repeat what the person is saying to reassure them that you are listening. If they say "I can't get any help and you're not helping! “say,” I hear that I haven't given you the help you need," then ask them how you can better help them.“ Affirm what they are saying with nods and brief verbal responses, like "I hear you," "Okay," "I see." 9. **Engage the person's problem.** Be honest with all your information if possible. If the information you have will upset the person further, explain that you will discuss it when you can speak together calmly. Do not defend yourself or others from insults or accusations: they are meant to drag you into an argument, which will not help anyone. Answer real questions. If someone asks, "Who the &*#@ are you," respond with your name and title. Ignore fake questions. To a comment like, "Why are you such a &*#@?" you might respond "I'm sorry you feel that way." Ask open-ended questions to get more information and to encourage the agitated person to slow down and think rationally. 10. **Set firm limits.** Explain that you cannot help the person when they are speaking abusively. Stay present with them, but explain that you are not negotiating with them during the outburst. Offer options. Say, "Would you like to step into the hallway and continue our discussion in a quieter tone of voice, or would you like to come back again tomorrow and discuss this then?" Offer empathy for feelings, but not for abusive behavior. Say, "I am very sorry that we failed to help you with this, and you have every right to feel angry. You do not have a right to make threatening remarks, however." 11. **Scan your relationships for kinds of verbal and emotional abuse.** You can be emotionally abused by a partner, a parent, a friend, or anyone you are close to or who has power over you. Verbal abuse expert Patricia Evans defines the following 15 categories of abuse: Withholding. If a loved one does not share feelings, thoughts, or any intimate information with you, especially when you solicit it, she is withholding. Blocking or diverting. This is a form of withholding in which the abuser chooses all the topics of conversation. They may tell you that you are talking too much or complaining too much. Countering. Countering is unnecessary argumentation. This is when someone tries to dismiss or "disprove" your feelings, thoughts, and opinions on a regular basis. Discounting. If you are told you are too sensitive, too dramatic, "making a big deal out of nothing," too serious, or too immature, you are being discounted. Your judgment and self-preservation are being attacked. Abusive joking. If someone makes jokes that upset you or hurt your feelings, they are being abusive by joking. If you express your feelings and they say, "It was just a joke," they are using a form of discounting. Blaming and accusing. If someone blames you for things that are not your fault, accuses you of doing things you did not do, this is an abusive behavior. Many abusers can't stand taking responsibility for their own failures, and will take their anger out on you. Judging and criticizing. If someone constantly puts you down by criticizing you or putting a negative spin on your actions, she is being abusive. These statements tend to start with "You," as in, "You're getting fat," or, "The reason you don't have any friends is you have nothing to say in conversations." Trivializing. An abuser will attempt to diminish you by making light of your work, your pleasures, and your choices. If you are proud of something and someone responds with "Isn't that pretty standard?" they are trivializing. Undermining. If someone takes issue with everything you say, questions your authority constantly, and never takes your word, they are undermining you. Threatening. Threats of violence to you are abuse, even if they are never followed through on. Someone threatening to hurt themself "because of you" is a common form of abuse designed to control you. Threats without violence are also common, such as a someone saying that you will be broadly judged if you don't follow her advice. Name-calling. Someone who insults you by calling you names, expletives, and words that imply you are oversensitive is abusing you. Names like "Idiot," "Crazy," "Ugly," or statements like "You're acting like the victim," or, "You think you're so special," are verbal abuse. Forgetting. If someone consistently forgets things that are important to you, this is a form of abuse, as they should have made the effort to remember. Giving orders. If someone tells you to do things, demands anything, or otherwise bosses you, this is verbal abuse. Denial. If your abuser denies their abuse and rationalizes it instead of listening to you and caring about the effect she has on you, she is engaging in denial. Anger. This kind of abuse involves yelling, screaming, getting suddenly agitated, or using physical force. 12. **See a therapist.** If you are in an abusive situation, or if you think you might be, speak to a professional. You will need the perspective of a licensed therapist or counselor to sort out your feelings. If you are worried about expense, look for a social worker or call your insurance to see what options you have. If a potentially abusive family member is willing, go to therapy together. A family member who is willing to go to therapy with you may be able to break out of abusive patterns. If your partner offers to enroll in anger management, ask for therapy instead. Anger management does not help with abuse. 13. **Reach out to friends and family.** A common symptom of abuse is that you become isolated from your support network. Make regular dates with friends, and stay in touch with friends and family members you love. Be honest with your friends and family about your home situation. Maintain your own life: you shouldn't feel forced to share all friends and activities with your partner or other abusive loved one. 14. **Protect children from verbal abuse.** If your child or a child you know is being verbally abused, don't just stand by. Verbal abuse has devastating longterm effects on children, and often escalates to physical abuse. If you think you know a child who is being verbally abused, you can call (800) 422-445 for advice. If you are certain a child is being verbally abused, report the abuser to your local Child Protective Services (CPS). 15. **Leave.** If you realize you are living with an abuser, and your situation is not improving, leave. If you feel endangered, leave. If you have children, leave. If the abuse becomes physical, leave. If you are ready to leave, leave. If you think you might want to leave eventually, start saving money and alert some trusted friends. If you have nowhere to go, or if you just need help, call a local domestic abuse program. They might be able to locate a shelter for you where you can stay until you relocate away from the abuser. Call the domestic abuse hotline for advice on where to go and how to do it.(1−800−799−7233), or visit their website: http://www.thehotline.org/

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Respond-to-Verbal-Abuse", "language": "en"}

How to Deal With a Parent's Death

Dealing with the death of your parent may be the hardest thing you ever have to do in your life. Though you won't ever be able to truly "get over" it, there are many steps that you can take in order to honor your parent's memory while being able to go on with your daily life. The important thing is that you should give yourself time to process the loss and avoid being hard on yourself if you think it's taking "too long" for you to deal with your parent's death. There is no timeline for grief, and you'll be able to move forward when you're ready. 1. **Grieve at your own speed.** Don't be too hard on yourself and impose a timeline for getting over your loss. The Victorians took two to four years to mourn a death. While that doesn't have to be you, don't expect to be ready to get back into the swing of things after a few weeks, a month, or however much time you think you need. Instead, be patient with yourself and let go of the expectations you may have for yourself. Try to keep in mind that grieving is a process. You'll probably be grieving in some way for a long, long time, though hopefully it won't always be this intense. Work through it in your own time. 2. **Accept that your parent would want you to keep living.** Though it's normal to be depressed, remember that your parent loved you and wouldn't want this event to cripple your life forever. As you work through the loss, try to get back into doing the things you enjoyed before. Of course, this is easier said than done, but it doesn't mean that you should forget about the fact that your parent was happiest when you were happiest. This doesn't mean you have to sweep all of your negative feelings under the rug, but it does mean that you should make an effort to keep enjoying the little things as much as you can. Of course, if you feel completely devastated by the loss and unable to get back into the swing of things right away, don't let the memory of your parent make you feel guilty about not getting back on your feet. 3. **Remember your parent.** They will always have been a big part of your life no matter what, even if they have passed away. Write down your memories together because as you go on you probably don't want to forget those moments in your life. You just have to know that they will never leave that place in your heart. Take comfort in the memories you have of that person without obsessing over not remembering every little thing. Just do the best you can. You can talk to the people who also knew your parent about him or her to keep the memory alive. You can also tell stories about the parent to people who did not know him or her, from time to time. You can also ask family members questions about your parent to help understand all of his or her life experiences. This can add a new layer to your relationship with your parent, and can make your memory of your parent even more vivid. 4. **Take care of yourself.** Be a little more gentle on yourself than you usually would. Take extra time to relax, try to find constructive distractions, and shut down any self-criticism for now. Though you may be filled with too much grief to care about your own well-being, it's important to get at least seven to eight hours of sleep, eat three healthy meals a day, and to get at least 30 minutes of exercise per day. It's likely that you'll be in need of energy because of your loss, and keeping your body in order will help you not feel so sluggish. Of course, sleeping and eating well won't help you forget your parent completely. But it will make it much easier for you to go about your daily life while dealing with your loss. 5. **Know your triggers.** It's important to be aware of when you'll be the most upset and to know that you'll need extra support. For example, if you lost your father, you may need to spend some extra time with your loved ones on Father's Day; if you lost your mother, then you may get upset during certain activities, like shopping, that you traditionally did with your mother. Knowing what will make you upset will help you prepare to not be alone during those times. 6. **Don't get too hung up on the five stages of grief.** It's true that there are five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, but that doesn't mean that you have to neatly go through each of those stages in order to truly deal with the loss of your parent. You may be angry or depressed first, feel denial later, or bargain after you feel depression, and there's nothing wrong with that. Everyone grieves in his or her own way, at his or her own time. 7. **Avoid making any big decisions at first.** Your parent's death may make you realize that your marriage is a lie, that your career is meaningless, or that you should drop everything and become a pineapple farmer in Hawaii. While all of these realizations may be true, you should avoid doing anything impulsive or acting on them until you feel ready to make a rational decision. Making big changes in your life probably won't help you get over your parent's death any faster, and you may end up doing something that you regret. 8. **Talk to a close friend.** Nobody should be alone during a time of grief. When you're dealing with the loss of a parent, you may want to spend all of your time alone, curled up in a little ball. It's okay to have some alone time for a while, but eventually, you should make an effort to see some of your friends. It'll help you to socialize, get outside your own head, and have someone who can help you deal with your feelings. Make an effort to see the friends who care about you instead of shutting them out. Remember that your friends are likely at a loss too, and they may not know exactly what to do or say. Appreciate the fact that they're trying. This doesn't mean you should hit up the clubs or go to your best acquaintance's 30th birthday boozy brunch; you don't have to go out in big groups if you're not up for it yet. 9. **Talk to a family member.** Talking to a family member after the loss of one of your parents can be one of the best ways of finding support. If you've lost one parent but still have another, spend as much time with that parent as you can. Your parent will be grieving, too, and will likely need your support. Though being around other family members may be painful because it will remind you of your loved one, it's far better than being alone with your pain. Talking about your parent can help you ease the pain, too. You may not be ready to talk about that person, at first, but after a while, talking about him or her will make you feel better. 10. **Consider getting help from a grief counselor.** Some therapists or counselors specialize in helping people deal with loss. If you feel like your grief is trapping you and preventing you from moving forward, you might want to contact someone for help. Though talking to your friends or family members can be a big help, sometimes getting the perspective and aid of a person outside of your personal situation can help you take a new approach to your life. Therapy is definitely not for everyone, but that doesn't mean you should be skeptical of trying this approach. A grief counselor may also be able to suggest some new approaches for dealing with your grief. Though there's no one magical solution, getting multiple opinions can help you find the right path. 11. **Join a support group.** There are many support groups for people who have suffered the loss of a parent. You may feel like there is only so much your friends, or even your other parent or other beloved family members can say, because they cannot completely relate to how you are feeling. Don't be embarrassed about needing some outside help, and look into support groups in your area. You may meet people who are crucial to helping you move forward. 12. **Find comfort in your faith.** If you're religious, then spending more time at your organization of choice, whether it's a church or a synagogue, can also help you think of the bigger picture and to help you in your grieving process. Your organization likely has plenty of events, from barbecues to volunteer activities that you can participate in, and you can try to be active within your organization to spend some time with like-minded people and working for a greater good. 13. **Consider getting a pet.** Though you may think this is ridiculous advice, no one is saying that a kitten is going to replace your mother or your father. However, taking care of a pet can make you feel good and needed, and like you're less alone, and can bring you a tremendous amount of joy. If you're feeling very lonely, and especially if you've been talking about getting a cat or a dog for a while, then you should go to your local pet shelter and bring home a puppy or a kitten to take care of. 14. **Break up your routine.** Once you get back into the swing of things, start mixing it up. If you do the same thing you always did, then you're more likely to keep mourning your parent during certain times of the day. Find a way to switch up your schedule, whether it means going to a new coffee shop to do work, or spending the time you spent on the phone with your mom doing yoga. This doesn't mean you should avoid doing anything that reminds you of your parent, but it does mean that changing your daily schedule can make you move on faster. Try something completely new. If you want to break up your routine, take that painting class you've been meaning to take, grab some coffee with the neighbor who has been asking you to hang out, or even catch up on the last season of The Good Wife. Treat yourself. It doesn't even have to be something that will improve your mind or body. 15. **Do the things you used to love.** Though it's good to mix it up, it's also important to return to your favorite activities if you want to come close to feeling whole again. Whether you loved to paint, write poetry, or work at your local soup kitchen, don't deny yourself your favorite activities just because you think you're too sad to do them. Soon you'll see that you can find some happiness -- even if only a little bit -- in doing your favorite things. If you don't have the heart to do something you used to do with your parent, such as hiking or running, bring a friend along if you really want to get back into it. 16. **Avoid the alcohol for a while.** This is not the time to drink heavily and hit up the dance floor with your girlfriends. Though it may make you forget your problems for a little while, alcohol is a depressant, and it may make you feel worse, whether it's when you're coming down from it in the moment, or the next day. You can have a drink or two if you're feeling up to it, but try not to alter your mental state too much. And if you're thinking about taking prescription drugs to deal with the pain, talk to your doctor about whether or not this is a good idea for you. 17. **Get busy (but not too busy).** Try to fill your schedule with as many meaningful activities as possible. Attempt to see a friend at least a few times a week, and to do something social as often as you're feeling up to it. Make sure, also, to leave the house at least twice a day, no matter what. It's also important that you spend time working or being in school, exercising, and doing the things that matter to you. If something fun is coming up, mark it on your calendar, so you have something to look forward to. Having a busy and active life will make you feel better about everything, even if you have to motivate yourself to keep going strong a bit. This doesn't mean that you should force yourself to be busy 24/7 so you don't have time to sit and think about your parent. Instead, make sure that you do factor in some alone time into your schedule. As long as not all of your time is alone time, it's important to have some time to be alone with your thoughts, even if they aren't happy ones. 18. **Spend time on soothing activities.** It's important to focus on doing some relaxing things as you go through the process of grieving. This is the time to spoil yourself a little, and to spend time doing things that make you feel better, even if only a little bit better. Here are some things you can do: Write your thoughts down in a journal. Writing daily can help you get in touch with your thoughts. Try yoga or meditation. This can help you center your mind and your body. Spend time out in the sun. Get out of that coffee shop and go read outside instead. A little bit of sunshine and fresh air can go a long way. Reread your favorite novels. Take comfort in them. Listen to some soothing music. Nothing too jarring, please. Go for walks. Get some exercise while getting in touch with your thoughts. 19. **Be patient with yourself.** As you start enjoying your life again, make sure not to overburden yourself. It really can take months or years to even begin to feel like your old self again, and it's important not to rush it. As long as you have goals and are looking toward the future, it's okay to take the smallest baby steps toward your new life without your parent. You should know that while you'll never be able to fully get over your loss, you will be able to develop a new relationship with the parent you lost, in time. Don't force it. Listen to what your mind and heart is telling you. If you're not ready to make big moves yet, then take your time. This is far better than overexerting yourself and crashing. The important thing is to know that things will get better, even if it takes a long time.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Deal-With-a-Parent%27s-Death", "language": "en"}

How to Get Non Profit Status

Having federal income tax exemption is commonly referred to as having 501(c)(3) nonprofit status. The name comes from section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), which is the section allowing educational, charitable, religious, and certain other organizations to obtain federal tax exemption. To qualify as exempt from federal income tax, you must first create and register an eligible organization. After creating your organization, you will be able to apply for tax exempt status with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Obtaining tax exempt status offers a number of benefits for your nonprofit. 1. **Know the benefits of tax exemption.** When your organization is recognized as tax exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the IRC, you will not need to pay federal income tax and you will be eligible to receive tax-deductible charitable contributions. Nonprofit organizations are dependent on donations in order to function and donors are much more willing to support organizations exempt under section 501(c)(3) because the donations are tax deductible. In addition, gaining 501(c)(3) status assures grant-making institutions that they are issuing grants to permitted beneficiaries. 2. **Choose an organizational structure.** In order to be eligible for 501(c)(3) status, your organization must be structured as a corporation, trust, or unincorporated association. The most common type of 501(c)(3) is the nonprofit corporation. However, you should research your options before creating your organization. A nonprofit corporation is one where no part of their income is distributable to members, directors, or officers. This means that the corporation's profits must be used for charitable purposes and not pocketed by executives. A trust is a formal relationship where one person holds property subject to an obligation to use or distribute that property for the benefit of someone else. For example, a trust may be created if you give Ted $400 to be given to Jake in equal installments over five years. An unincorporated nonprofit association consists of a minimum number of members joined together for a common, nonprofit purpose. 3. **Pick a name.** Before you can register your business, you need to choose an acceptable name. Your name should be descriptive of your organization but you need to make sure your name is not the same or similar to a name already in use. 4. **Appoint initial directors.** Some states require you to name a specified number of initial directors when you register with the state. The directors govern the nonprofit corporation and make high level decisions. Board members must be natural people (i.e., they cannot be other corporations) but they do not need to live in the state you register in. In Texas, for example, you must name a minimum of three directors in your certificate of formation (i.e., articles of incorporation). In Oregon, you do not need to name any directors in your articles of incorporation. 5. **Select a registered agent and address.** A registered agent is responsible for receiving any legal notices or official documentation. Your registered agent can usually be an entity registered to do business in the state you are filing in or a natural person residing in the state. The registered office address you choose must be a physical address (i.e., you cannot use a P.O. Box) located within the state you are registering in. The registered agent should be reachable at the address you choose during normal business hours. 6. **Limit your purpose.** To be eligible for tax exempt status, you must create a purpose statement for your organization. The purpose you choose must fall within one of the categories described in section 501(c)(3) of the IRC. In addition, you cannot expressly permit activities that do not further the purpose you choose. In general, the following exempt purposes are allowed: Charitable, which includes relief of the poor, the distressed, or the underprivileged; advancement of religion; advancement of education or science; erecting or maintaining public buildings, monuments, or works; lessening the burdens of government; lessening neighborhood tensions; eliminating prejudice and discrimination; defending human and civil rights; and combating community deterioration; Religious; Educational; Scientific; Literary; Testing for public safety; Fostering national or international amateur sports competition; and Preventing cruelty to children or animals. 7. **Dedicate your assets to exempt purposes.** When you fill out your articles of incorporation, you will be required to permanently dedicate your assets to exempt purposes in order to be eligible for 501(c)(3) tax exemption. This means that if your organization were ever to dissolve, your assets would be distributed to other charities and not to your members or directors. For example, your articles of incorporation could state: "Upon the dissolution of the corporation, assets shall be distributed for one or more exempt purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or the corresponding section of any future federal tax code, or shall be distributed to the federal government, or to a state or local government, for a public purpose." 8. **Fill out your articles of incorporation.** Your articles of incorporation are your creation documents and they will be filed with a state agency, often the Secretary of State's office. You should be able to find a form on your state's Secretary of State website. Once you locate the form, you will need to fill it out accurately and completely. In general, the articles of incorporation must contain the following: Your organization's name and type; Your registered agent and registered office; Your initial directors (in some states); Your purpose; and Your dissolution statement. 9. **File your articles of incorporation.** When your articles of incorporation are complete, you will file them online. If your state does not offer an online filing service, you may have to file in person or through fax. In Texas, you can file your creation documents online using their SOSDirect system. In Oregon, you can file your documents online through the Secretary of State's website. 10. **Pay the filing fee.** At the time you file your articles of incorporation, you will also be required to pay a filing fee. These fees are often not waivable. In Texas the filing fee is $25. In Oregon, the filing fee is $50. 11. **Obtain required local licenses and permits.** In addition to filing paperwork with the secretary of state, some organizations are required to obtain local licenses and permits in order to conduct business. This will most often be the case if you are opening up your business to the public (e.g., selling clothes or offering medical services). 12. **Fulfill insurance requirements.** Most nonprofit corporations will need to have certain types of insurance in order to conduct business. For example, if you are going to have employees, you will most likely be required to obtain unemployment insurance and workers compensation insurance. 13. **Apply for your Employer Identification Number (EIN).** The IRS will require you to obtain an EIN, which is considered your account number with the IRS. This EIN will be used whenever you correspond with the IRS. To apply for an EIN, complete Form SS-4 and submit it online through the IRS' website. Do not apply for an EIN until your organization is registered with the state. Form SS-4 should include the following information: Your business's information, including its name and address; The type of entity you have, which in this case will usually be a corporation or other nonprofit organization; The reason you are applying; and The business's purpose and employee information. 14. **Start the application in a timely manner.** Most organizations will need to file for exemption by the end of the 27th month after you were legally formed. Your organization will be considered legally formed on the date you filed your articles of incorporation. If you file late, you will need to complete Schedule E, which is part of Form 1023. The schedule will help the IRS determine the effective date of your exemption. 15. **Complete Form 1023.** Form 1023 is the IRS form required to apply for recognition of exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the IRC. You must complete Parts I through XI and any required schedules. The schedules you will have to submit will depend on the type of organization you have. Parts I through XI need to include the following information: The applicant's identification; Your organizational structure; Proof of required provisions in your organizing document; A description of your activities; Any financial arrangements you have with directors, officers, employees, etc.; A list of individuals receiving benefits from you; Your history; Your specific activities; Your financial data; Your public charity status; and Your user fee information. 16. **Pay the user fee.** After you complete Form 1023, you will need to file it promptly. When you file, you will pay what is called a "user fee." The user fee you will pay will depend on your organization's annual gross receipts. If your gross receipts have exceeded, or will exceed, $10,000 annually over a four-year period, the user fee will be $850. If you do not meet that threshold, the user fee will be $400. Your gross receipts will be certified in Part XI of Form 1023. 17. **Comply with IRS requests.** Once you file, an IRS tax specialist will review your Form 1023 and may request additional information. If you get a written request for information, gather the required information and submit it. 18. **Receive your determination letter.** Once the tax specialist determines that your organization meets the requirements for exemption, the IRS will send you a determination letter. This determination letter is an important document and you should keep it with your other permanent records. 19. **Refrain from conducting prohibited activities.** In order to receive and keep your tax exempt status, you must refrain from taking part in activities that could jeopardize your status. For example, you may need to refrain from taking part in some or all of the following activities: Participating in political campaigns; Lobbying substantially; Providing benefits to private individuals; Operating for the benefit of private interests; Conducting illegal activities or activities that violate public policy. 20. **Keep good records.** Your 501(c)(3) organization is required to keep in-depth books and records evidencing all your financial and non-financial activities. You should keep track of all grants and donations received; your employee information; and decisions made at board meetings. 21. **Meet federal filing requirements.** As a 501(c)(3) organization, you will be required to file a number of documents with the IRS. Most importantly, you will be required to submit an information return (Form 990), which will provide the IRS with tax related information. This information will generally be available for public inspection. 22. **Disclose all required information.** In addition to your Form 990s being disclosed to the public, a number of other documents will be public as well. Your exemption application (Form 1023), your articles of incorporation, and certain information regarding charitable contributions must be documented and disclosed.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Get-Non-Profit-Status", "language": "en"}

How to Replace a Sink Basket Strainer

A sink basket strainer is simple enough for anyone to understand. This mesh basket catches solid objects to save them from falling into the sink. Replacing one is usually a quick, simple job, but there are a few pitfalls to be aware of. 1. **Remove the pipe beneath the sink.** Unscrew the T-junction or pipe segment closest to the sink and set it aside. Leave the water trap (U-bend) in place to keep sewer gases at bay. 2. **Unscrew the nut at the base of the basket strainer.** Approach the basket strainer from below and unscrew the lowest nut. This should free the flanged tailpiece (a straight, collared tube) and top hat gasket (a small circle with a flat rim). Set these parts aside. 3. **Take off the large nut at the top of the basket strainer.** There's one more large nut for you to unscrew. Remove this and you'll have complete access to the basket strainer. 4. **Remove the basket strainer.** Once the nut is removed, several smaller gaskets and washers will fall down or hang loose around the basket strainer. Your replacement basket strainer should include replacement parts for these, so you can safely discard them. Remove the old basket itself as well, lifting it out from the top of the sink. 5. **Clean the sink hole thoroughly on both sides.** Scrub the top and bottom of the sink around the empty hole using a clean, soapy sponge or cloth. It is vital to get the area as clean as possible so the plumber's putty can form a good bond. Dry thoroughly once finished. If there's old sealant or other gunk in this area, scrape it off with a putty knife. Serious buildup may require paint thinner or another solvent. Always follow the product's safety label instructions when using solvents. 6. **Repair holes in the sink basin if present.** It's possible your leaky sink was caused by a puncture in the basin, rather than the basket strainer. Inspect the sink carefully, especially next to the hole where the old strainer may have obscured a puncture. A large hole or network of cracks may require a full sink replacement, but you can repair small holes as follows: Stainless steel sink: Sand the surface around the hole and wipe with an ammonia-based cleaner. Mix, apply, and let cure a two-part stainless steel epoxy according to label instructions. Ceramic sink: Drill any small cracks to create a rough surface. Fill completely with waterproof ceramic putty. Let dry according to label instructions, smoothing it out with a little water just before it dries completely. These repairs may not last forever, but they can last years if properly applied over minor damage. 7. **Disassemble the new basket strainer.** Your basket strainer most likely comes with all the parts threaded on. Unscrew the nut and set aside everything but the basket itself. Note the order these parts were threaded. There may be minor variations for your model of strainer, but they should be easy to figure out. For example, your strainer may have two screws on the underside. You don't need to do any measurements to choose your new strainer. At least in the United States, all basket strainers and sink drains are manufactured to the same size. 8. **Decide on a method of sealing.** Plumbers can have strong opinions on this topic, but plumber's putty is generally a good default choice. However, putty can weaken plastic sinks and stain stone or other porous materials. If your sink is made from one of these substances, use silicone sealant instead. If using silicone sealant, load it into a caulk gun and apply a small bead to the underside of the basket rim. This is a very strong bond, so expect your next replacement to require some force. If using putty, continue reading below for detailed instructions. You can also buy "stainless putty" which is designed to be used on porous materials without staining them. 9. **Roll out a piece of putty into a snake.** If you are going with putty, make sure your hands (or gloves), putty knife, and work surfaces are bone dry and absolutely clean, as moisture or dirt will make the bond less effective. Roll out a piece of putty into a snake shape, long enough to fit around the new basket. Start with a lump about the size of a golf ball. If the putty is hard and difficult to work with, warm your hands on a heat source, then use your warm hands to soften the putty. 10. **Apply plumber's putty to the underside of the basket rim.** Coil it beneath the rim and use your thumbs to flatten it evenly against the surface. Use just enough putty to cover the underside of the rim completely. Apply too much, and you won't be able to push your basket flush with the sink. 11. **Press the basket into the sink.** Use moderate pressure to squeeze the basket down into the sink drain, pressing a little putty out the sides. 12. **Thread on the gaskets and nut.** Return to the underside of the sink. Slide on the rubber gasket, cardboard gasket, and nut that came with your basket strainer assembly. Screw in the nut with moderate pressure using a wrench. The flat rim of the basket nut should be on top as you screw it in. 13. **Scrape out excess putty, tighten further, and repeat.** When you screwed in the basket nut, some of the putty squeezed out into the sink basin. Use a putty knife to scrape away every scrap of this excess putty, and throw it away. For good measure, tighten the nut further and scrape out the additional putty that emerges. Clean the basin with a rag to remove the last flecks. Avoid extreme force when tightening the nut, or you may break it. 14. **Reattach the tailpiece with new gaskets.** Slide a new top hat gasket onto the tailpiece, followed by a new beveled gasket. Thread the tailpiece back onto the basket strainer. 15. **Assemble the rest of the plumbing.** Put back the pipe you removed and reattach it at all points. It may be easiest to attach all points loosely at first, then cycle through them tightening in small increments. If you need to remove the water trap (U-bend) to fit the piece back in, take care not to spill the water on yourself. If you dump out the water, run the sink to make another water seal, blocking sewer gas. (If your plumber's putty label specifies a dry curing time, stuff a rag in the water trap until you can use the sink.)

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Replace-a-Sink-Basket-Strainer", "language": "en"}

How to Apply Clear Coat

Clear coat is a transparent paint that goes over your base coat and protects it from damage and UV rays. It also gives a glossy finish that deepens the base color quality and lets you easily buff out small scratches. Before you paint, make sure to choose quality equipment and mask off the body of the car before sanding off any previous damaged clear coat. Spray the car with thin, wet coats of clear coat paint and let them dry between layers. To keep your new clear coat looking fresh, make sure to gently wash and wax it on a regular basis. 1. **Hold the spray gun 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm) away from the surface.** If you go over a section where the surface of the car is tilted, tilt the gun as well in order to be parallel to the surface. This should give you the lightest, most even paint layers possible. 2. **Make steady, even passes that overlap each other by 50%.** Covering half of the previous pass each time will help you achieve an even application and prevent the “tiger striping” effect. Make sure to spray on the paint in consistently straight, even lines across the car surface. 3. **Apply a coat of paint to the car.** Spray a light coat of paint all over the body of the car. Keep the paint thin and wet in order to achieve an even application and keep the drying time short. If the paint is too thick, you can run into problems like filminess or a foggy, hazy effect. 4. **Let the paint dry for at least 10 minutes.** With thin individual layers of paint, the drying time is fairly short between applications. Waiting a full 10 minutes between coats will help the paint settle and set, or “flash,” before it’s covered by another layer. 5. **Apply a second coat of paint to the entire car.** After the first layer has dried, add a second layer of paint. This layer can be a bit thicker because it will have more time to dry out completely. Make sure to apply the paint slowly and carefully to avoid any drips and imperfections. 6. **Wait 1 hour for the layers to fully dry.** Don’t touch the clear coat while you’re waiting for it to dry. Let it sit undisturbed in order to let the paint cure and set properly. This will help ensure the clear coat’s durability and quality. 7. **Hand wash your car** Use a quality wash mitt, 2 buckets of washing and rinsing water, car-wash soap, and microfiber towels to wash your car regularly. Take extra care to be gentle over the clear coat and remove any dirt buildup that could cause scratches. It’s best to wash your car sooner rather than later to remove any dust and dirt that could damage your clear coat. 8. **Wait 30-45 days before waxing, buffing, or going through a carwash.** After applying clear coat, it’s important to wait and let the paint harden before applying too much pressure. For warmer climates, waiting 30 days should be sufficient. However, for cars in colder climates, you should wait 45 days because low temperatures can slow the curing process. 9. **Ask car wash employees to take care with your clear coat.** Clear coat can be easily scratched during a ride through an older car wash. If the car wash includes a manual rub-down, make sure the attendants use clean, soft towels on the clear coat. Typically, modern car washes are gentler and won’t scratch your clear coat. 10. **Wax your clear coat** Excessive buffing and rubbing can damage the clear coat, so make sure to use a non-abrasive formula and polish carefully. Waxing regularly helps protect the paint job and visually enhances the paint quality. Generally, car wax only lasts about 2-3 months, but depending on the weather and the car’s paint condition, this time may vary. 11. **Choose a solvent and activator for your current weather conditions.** Think about size and area of the repair as well as the current temperature and humidity when making your choice. Some products are formulated for higher temperatures and extra moisture, so make sure to check the product labels. Keep in mind that you should also try to paint in optimal conditions. 12. **Try to paint on a warm day.** In general, it's not a good idea to paint your car if you’re in temperatures above 90 °F (32 °C) or below 55 °F (13 °C). You should also avoid painting in direct sunlight by painting in the shade, in the early morning, or at nighttime. 13. **Use quality car-painting equipment.** For this project, higher quality tools will likely be worth the extra cost. You can buy or rent a gun, compressor, respirator, and air/oil separator along with an air hose. Clear coat is best applied with a spray gun because it acts like a solvent. If you try to apply it with pressure, rather than floating it on with an aerosol tool, it can remove the base coat beneath it. You could also use clear coat in a spray can, but a gun will give you a smoother, more professional finish. 14. **Wet-sand** Look for any peeling, delaminating, or flaking in the old clear coat. If you find damage, use 400-600 grit sandpaper and an orbital sander to wet-sand off all of the old clear-coat. It’s important to start over with a base coat for the new urethane to bond properly. To wet-sand, spray your sandpaper down with water. This will prevent the sandpaper from creating deep scratches in the car’s surface. Wipe down the surface with a tack cloth after sanding to clean up any dust. 15. **Practice spraying on a smooth piece of scrap metal.** Before you spray your car, test out your materials and practice your spraying technique on a smooth metal surface. Follow all the steps from start to finish, making note of any issues or imperfections that you should adjust for the final project. If you’re using a can of spray clear coat, make sure to shake it well before spraying.

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How to Be Strong Minded

Most successful people have one trait in common: they are strong-minded. Someone with a strong mind is mentally tough and resolute about their ideals, but they aren’t too stubborn to grow and adapt to new situations, either. If you want a stronger mind, you can achieve it with some work and patience, just like you would train your body in a gym. Develop your mental toughness by knowing what you believe, having the conviction to live by your values, and becoming resilient enough to recover from adversity. 1. **Quiet your mind.** A strong mind is an uncluttered mind. Practice letting go of unnecessary worries and distractions, so you can focus on more important things. When you notice yourself feeling scattered, take a deep breath and bring your focus back to where you want it. Meditation is an excellent way to learn to control your mind. If you’ve never meditated before, it may be difficult at first, as your mind is not used to stillness. It will get much easier with practice, so do not get discouraged. It only takes five or ten minutes a day to start achieving results. If you want to regain focus in the moment, you can try writing down what keeps popping up in your head. Think about it like a brain dump. When you get these thoughts out of your head, you'll be able to focus better. Dedicate some time later to attend to these thoughts or ideas. 2. **Discover what brings you joy.** Ask yourself when you’ve felt happiest or most fulfilled and why. Then, identify the reasons those experiences were so rewarding for you. Try to replicate these experiences more often. Also, ask people you’re close to about yourself. Ask them what traits describe you when you're at your happiest, and what they think causes this side of you to come out. This can be a powerful tool in self-discovery. For instance, if you loved a past tutoring job, take more opportunities to help others and share your knowledge. 3. **Find out what motivates you.** Think about what drives you to achieve or persevere in your day-to-day life. If you often find yourself just trying to get through the day, ask yourself what you would do with your time if you didn’t have to worry about basic concerns like money. Your motivations may be closely linked to your values. For instance, if you value friendship, you might be motivated to spend time with the friends you already have and meet new people. 4. **Set some long-term goals.** Having a general idea of where you want your life to take you will help you stay strong-minded in the face of distractions and obstacles. Set goals that help give you direction in life. Try making a loose plan for the next five years. Just sit down and write out a few accomplishments you would like to reach over the next few years. These may include graduating college, getting a job, or learning to speak Italian. Encourage goal setting by surrounding yourself with goal-oriented people and also creating relationships with mentors with whom you can discuss your dreams periodically. 5. **Create actionable short-term goals.** Now, that you have a general understanding of where you want to go, break those long-term goals down. This keeps you from getting overwhelmed and helps you stay on track. Try to set SMART goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound. For instance, your might break down "getting a job" into smaller segments. You might need to update your resume, complete an internship, or get additional education to reach this larger goal. Be mindful about the time frames you give yourself. Make sure they are reasonable and account for rest, recreation, and the unexpected in life. 6. **Inform yourself.** Examine the reasoning behind your beliefs. If you find that you’ve been basing your ideas on emotions or misinformation, do some research and see if you need to re-evaluate your position. Stay up-to-date on current events and issues by reading widely and watching the news. When you can backup your ideas with facts, you’ll feel more confident in yourself, and you’ll be better prepared to have rewarding conversations with other people. Be mindful of whom you choose to associate with. Choose people who are also informed and thoughtful and who respectfully challenge your ideas. Use good judgment when reading information published on the internet. Some websites purposely spread false or malicious content. 7. **Avoid worrying.** Focus on the things you can control, instead of wasting mental energy on the things you can’t. If you’re worried about a situation or an upcoming event, ask yourself what you can do to prepare for it or make it less stressful. Then put your energy towards taking action. If you’re a habitual worrier, set aside a short window of “worry time” every day. Give yourself ten minutes to do nothing but worry. If you catch yourself worrying at other times throughout the day, force yourself to think about something else. Try out a few different times of day to do this and stick with the one that works best for you. 8. **Take responsibility for yourself.** Develop the mindset that you’re in control of your own actions and choices. Instead of blaming other people when something goes wrong, think about how you can respond most constructively, and ask yourself whether you can prevent it from happening again. Similarly, when something goes well in your life, congratulate yourself for the role your hard work played in the achievement, instead of chalking it up to luck. Share the good news with others and find a way to commemorate it. This will help keep you motivated and build your self-confidence. 9. **Develop good habits.** Increase your willpower by establishing positive everyday habits, such as getting up the first time your alarm goes off, keeping your house clean, and exercising regularly. If you procrastinate often, break the habit by making yourself accountable to other people and breaking your goals down into achievable steps. Start with one good habit at a time. Keep a log of how often you stick to the habit. Try to consistently do the habit for at least a month before moving on to the next one. 10. **Be willing to learn and change.** Being strong-minded doesn’t mean never changing your mind about anything. Our understanding of things changes over time, so do your best to not get stuck in the past. Stay open to new possibilities, and practice looking at complicated issues from multiple perspectives. When you talk to the people around you, really listen to them, even if you don’t agree with them. Educate yourself and update your knowledge by doing activities such as: reading, watching documentaries, listening to podcasts, and visiting museums. 11. **Don’t let yourself be easily influenced by others.** Strong-minded people don’t doubt themselves completely every time someone disagrees. Practice being confident in your beliefs by journaling regularly and practicing saying “no.” Speak up confidently when you don’t agree, instead of keeping your thoughts to yourself or feeling the need to justify your opinions to others. 12. **Identify the motives of others.** In order to be more confident in your opinions and decisions, you’ll need to work on developing a clear perception of others. You should always consider what people have to say when they’re trustworthy and admirable, but listening to those with potentially selfish or harmful motives can make you feel confused or tricked. If you notice the person is continuously needy and persuasive and you have a bad feeling about them, don’t associate with them. They most likely don’t have your best interest at heart. 13. **Get some perspective on your problems.** Avoid blowing problems out of proportion in your mind. Catastrophic thinking, blaming yourself, and jumping to conclusions all undermine your mental strength. Instead, try to take a realistic view of the situation. Stay in perspective by conducting reality testing against such thoughts. Ask yourself whether you have clear evidence to support the thought. Or, decide if there is a better, more realistic way of viewing the situation. For instance, if you give a bad talk in front of 100 people, you might think, “I’m a terrible speaker. I should never speak to a crowd again.” If that happens, take a mental step back and remind yourself, “Lots of people have given one bad speech. It’s not the end of the world.” Try consulting a trusted friend or advisor in order to gain some perspective. This person is not as emotionally invested and can be more objective, which may give you new things to consider. 14. **Don’t compare yourself to others.** Strong-minded people are confident and resilient no matter how other people are performing. If you are going to compare, it should be against goals you have made and achieved in the past, to show how you’ve grown. Although strong-minded people are often in competitive fields, such as sales, athletics, politics and academics, they win by being able to move past competitive pressures. Pay attention to your social media use and determine whether it’s causing you to compare yourself, feel inadequate, or suffer from any other negative impacts. 15. **Think constructively.** Avoid feeling sorry for yourself or telling yourself a situation is hopeless. Look for ways you can take control instead. Dismiss your negative thoughts and ask yourself, “What can I do about it?” Your self-talk can be a sneaky source of negativity, so keep an eye on it. If you notice that you’re giving yourself unhelpful feedback, change it to something positive instead. For example, you could change “Why do I even try?” to “I’m going to make one little improvement to the way I do this today.” This can be heavily impacted by the people you spend time with. If you notice that people you’re around a lot tend to speak negatively, you may want to spend less time with them for the sake of your own personal growth. 16. **Accept discomfort.** Pushing past the limits of your comfort zone takes strength and determination, but that’s the only way to achieve new things. Stretch yourself by doing things that are a little past your skill level. Accept the inevitability of failure and practice making peace with not knowing how things will turn out. Discomfort, failure, and uncertainty are okay, important, and useful for growth. For example, you could increase your tolerance for discomfort by joining a public speaking group like Toastmasters or signing up for a challenging workout class. 17. **Persevere.** If something is important to you, don’t give up on it, no matter how hard it is or how many times you’ve failed. Stay determined, even if you don’t see how things will work out right now. Look for a way to take one small step forward every day. For example, if you can’t get hired for the kind of job you want, you could try working a different job temporarily while taking night classes in your chosen field. If you decide that a goal or task is not worth your time anymore, it’s okay to stop pursuing it, but make sure you’re honest with yourself about your motivations. Quit because your goal is no longer in line with your goals or values, not just because it’s hard.

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How to Make a Quick Disinfectant for Minor Cuts and Abrasions

Minor accidents, abrasions and bruises will occur at the most inconvenient of times. After taking care of the initial bleeding (if there is any) and making sure that nothing serious is going on, it can be helpful to make a quick disinfectant to apply under a Band-Aid to optimize healing and to minimize the chance of wound infection. Read on to find out how to do this! 1. **Stop the bleeding, if there is any.** The best way to do this is to apply direct pressure to the wound and, if possible, to raise it above the level of the heart (if bleeding is severe). This will diminish blood flow to the area, and give time for a clot to form at the site of the wound. 2. **Clean the wound well.** Start by washing the area thoroughly with cool, running water. Then use an antibacterial soap, if possible, such as Dial or Soft-soap (if you do not have either of these, regular soap will do) to clean the wound. If there is still debris in the wound, you may want to use a pair of clean, sterilized tweezers to remove it. 3. **Know when to seek additional medical help.** If the bleeding won't stop, or if is a deeper wound or has "foreign objects" in it (materials that cannot be removed easily), it is important to seek the advice of an experienced physician. Similarly, if the injured person has stepped or fallen on a sharp object (such as a nail) or been cut by a metal or rusty object, it is important to go to the Emergency Room to receive a tetanus shot (if necessary) and appropriate medical evaluation. 4. **Add warm water into a cup.** Make sure that the cup is clean. Then add a teaspoon of salt into the water. Salt can be iodized. The salt used for regular cooking will be ideal. Mix well until all the salt dissolves in the water. Using warm water helps it to dissolve faster. Salt mixed with water has been proven to be effective as a disinfectant, as shown by researcher Dr. Sarah Forgie (a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the University of Alberta). 5. **Add a tablespoon of vinegar and mix well.** Any kind of vinegar (processed or natural) will do the trick. Vinegar contains a mild acetic acid, which can cleanse and disinfect wounds. Vinegar has been recognized for its medicinal uses and anti-infective properties since the age of Hippocrates (460-377 BC, considered the "father of modern medicine"). If vinegar is unavailable, fresh lemon juice will also suffice. 6. **Soak the solution you have made into cotton wool.** Then apply it to fresh cuts and abrasions on the skin. It is preferable to open a sealed pack of cotton wool to ensure optimum cleanliness. Make a fresh preparation each time this procedure needs to be repeated. This is the safest way to ensure the solution does not get contaminated in any way. 7. **Understand that sometimes it is easier to store pre-made disinfectant supplies at home.** Especially if you are in a household with children — who are prone to frequent cuts and abrasions while playing — it can be helpful to have some supplies in the house that are "easy-access" for when an injury does occur. These can be purchased over-the-counter at any drugstore or pharmacy, and are described in more detail in the steps below. 8. **Purchase antiseptics.** Either iodine or hydrogen peroxide is effective as an antiseptic — meaning they work to reduce the likelihood of infection in a wound. Do not rub the area too hard when applying the antiseptic, as this may further the injury or cause irritation to the wound. Gently applying it is all that is required. Use a cotton ball to apply the antiseptic to the wound surface; this is because the cotton ball is clean, so it will not further contaminate the wound, as opposed to using your hand. Note that hydrogen peroxide is the most commonly used antiseptic, and it can be purchased at any drug store or pharmacy. 9. **Use topical antibiotics.** Antibiotic creams or ointments, such as Neosporin or Triple Antibiotic, can be applied directly over the cut, and then covered by a Band-Aid. These greatly diminish the possibility of bacterial infection of the cut or abrasion. 10. **Try other natural remedies that decrease the chance of wound infection.** These have been shown to boost the immune system and to increase speed of healing. Examples include gently rubbing aloe vera, honey, or lavender oil on the wound, and then covering it with a bandage.

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How to Cook Bulgur

Bulgur is a wheat product that has been parboiled, dried and ground to a powder. This cereal is common in Middle Eastern, southern Asian and European cuisine. You can cook bulgur quickly with boiled water, then season or use in recipes as desired. 1. **Look for bulgur in whole food stores.** It is often sold in the bulk section. 2. **Don’t confuse bulgur for cracked wheat.** The latter is not parboiled and will take slightly longer to cook. Both have a chewy, nutty consistency. 3. **Pick bulgur for recipes that compliment its natural nutty flavor.** Bulgur can be used in place of couscous, quinoa and even oats. 4. **Try several types of bulgur wheat.** It comes in finer and larger grains. For example, you may see free keh, faro, organic, brown and fine-grained bulgur. Fine grain bulgur is also known as “Number 1.” It cooks faster than coarser grains. Coarse bulgur will take longer to cook, but the texture will be firm enough to use as a side or in a salad or in soups and stews. 5. **Measure 1 cup (164g) of bulgur.** Pour it into a bowl. The bowl should have a tight-fitting lid, or you can use a saucepan. If you don’t have a lid, try to find a plate that will cover the top of the bowl. 6. **Bring 2 cups (0.** For larger batches, you will maintain a ratio of 1 part bulgur to 2 parts water. 7. **Pour the 2 cups of water into the bowl containing your bulgur.** Unlike with other grains, you do not have to cook bulgur on the stove. Consider adding 1 tbsp. (15 ml) of butter or olive oil for extra flavor. 8. **Place the lid on the bowl or saucepan.** 9. **Start your kitchen timer.** Allow it to sit for 7 to 20 minutes for the bulgur to absorb the water. Fine grain bulgur should sit for 7 minutes. Medium grain bulgur should sit for 20 to 25 minutes. Coarse grain bulgur should sit for 30 minutes. 10. **Drain any remaining liquid out of the saucepan or bowl.** Use a narrow opening between the lid and bowl or a strainer. The holes in the strainer should be very small so that the bulgur does not drain with the water. 11. **Fluff the bulgur with a fork.** Season with salt, pepper, herbs and spices to taste. To make a quick tabbouleh salad, add 2/3 cup (0.16 l) of chunky salsa, chopped fresh parsley and 1 tbsp. of olive oil. 12. **Sauté 1/2 of a medium onion in 1 tbsp.** 13. **Add additional vegetables, such as carrots, mushrooms or bitter greens.** If you want to make a 1-dish meal, you can add as many vegetables as you like. Sauté them until they soften. 14. **Add garlic to the pan.** Cook for 1 minute or until the garlic is fragrant. 15. **Pour 2 cups (0.** Stir into the vegetables and scrape the bottom of the pan to loosen browned areas. You can use water in place of broth, if you choose. 16. **Heat the liquid to a boil.** 17. **Pour 1 cup (164 g) of bulgur into the pan.** Stir well until all the ingredients are combined. 18. **Take the pan off of the hot burner.** Place a lid over the top. 19. **Let the grain sit for 20 to 30 minutes.** This method is best when used with medium or coarse bulgur. 20. **Remove the lid and fluff with a fork.** Taste the result before you add seasonings, since broth may include salt and pepper. 21. **Serve immediately.** Pour off excess liquid as needed.

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How to Be a Very Cold and Quiet Person

Some people who are introverts by nature spend their lives pretending to be outgoing extroverts in a misguided effort to please others. Introversion is nothing to be ashamed of, and it’s healthy for your wellbeing if you can accept yourself as you are. If you prefer to keep to yourself most of the time, send out signals—through what you say and don’t say, through body language, and so on—to let others know. Embrace your ability to live life on your own terms, but never use introversion as an excuse to be hostile towards others. 1. **Keep to yourself when you feel like doing so.** Having friends and connecting with other people is emotionally healthy, but so is spending time alone. If you’re happier and healthier with more “me time” than others might be, that’s okay. When you need to interact even though you don’t really feel like doing so, organize your thoughts so you can keep the interaction as brief and basic as possible. If you’re not comfortable sitting in the middle of the crowd in school, look for a spot in the back of the room or another more isolated spot. Join the crowd when you want to. 2. **Remain quiet when you want to be instead of feeling obligated to talk.** There will be times when you have to talk to others, but don’t try to be talkative or even loud and boisterous just to “fit in” or please others. Being quiet most of the time, and being thoughtful and soft-spoken when you do communicate, will send out the message that you want to interact with others on your own terms. Pause and think before speaking. Consider whether a comment is really necessary. It is surprising how often being quiet is the best response. 3. **Keep your opinions to yourself to avoid attracting attention.** Expressing your opinions openly will draw attention and maybe even stir up trouble with other people. Save these opinions for close friends and family, or for times when you feel the urge to share them. Other people may see you as fascinatingly mysterious if you don’t share your feelings and opinions widely. 4. **Use body language to let others know you want to be left alone.** For instance, if you’re in the hallway between classes, lean against the wall with your arms crossed or in your pockets, and with the bottom of one foot resting up on the wall. This body language reveals a distanced attitude. Limit the amount of eye contact you make. Instead, look down at your feet or stare off into space. 5. **Be quiet and introverted without being intentionally unpleasant.** Go ahead and be silent when you want, but do speak when spoken to and use at least a mildly pleasant tone. There’s no reason to give the impression of being rude. If you want to give off any impression at all, it's best to seem mysterious. Being “very cold and quiet” doesn’t mean you have a free pass to treat other people like trash. You deserve to be able to be left alone, but other people deserve to be treated by you with basic dignity and respect. 6. **Stop trying to please others by ignoring your own wants.** Be courteous to others, but stop choosing actions based on the sole criteria of whether those actions will please others. Learn to set boundaries on your time and availability so that others become aware of your limits. Sometimes, you just really need to say something like the following: “I’m sorry, but no, I can’t help you today. I really need some “me time” this afternoon.” You have no right to harm others through your actions or inaction, but you also shouldn’t feel guilty about prioritizing your own wants when possible. 7. **Respond (or don’t respond) to others in the way you see fit.** If a particular situation or someone else’s words or actions make you want to grin, smirk, or do nothing at all, follow your instincts. Accept your own honest feelings, actions, and words—or the lack thereof—as valid. That said, you must also accept others’ honest reactions to the ways in which you respond or don’t respond. Being yourself is more important than basing your actions on the opinions of others, but that doesn’t mean you’re free to be rude or spiteful. Don’t respond at all instead of being intentionally rude in your response. Others may still interpret your lack of response as rude, but that’s out of your control. 8. **Identify what you want without factoring in others’ interpretations.** When you’re trying to figure out what you truly want to be or do, don't concern yourself with how other people might interpret your actions. Eventually, you’ll have to factor in whether you’re unnecessarily bothering or harming others, but save that evaluation for later, after you’ve identified your path. For instance, focus first only on your own wants as you come to the realization that you want to quit your job and find something better suited to your personality. Only after you’ve identified this want should you consider how it might impact others around you. 9. **Make time for quiet, thoughtful activities if they suit your introverted nature.** For example, your classmates in school might want to go play football or swim or ice skate, but you might just want to read a good book. Reading is both an emotionally calming and mentally stimulating activity for many introverts, so don’t be ashamed to make it your leisure activity of choice. Journaling, writing creatively, and producing artwork are also activities that are often well-suited to introverts. However, don’t feel obligated to do only these things because you’re an introvert. If you want to go play football or ice skate, do it! 10. **Keep people at your arm's length.** Cold people don’t let anyone close enough to get to know them and they know a lot of ways to do it. When someone ask about themselves, they distract or change the conversation. It’s not necessarily because they dislike people, but they find it more difficult than most to be congenial or engaging. And if the coldness is soul-deep, they don’t feel enough interest in other people to justify showing any. They isolate themselves to avoid those who might want to get to know them. 11. **Embrace who you are first and foremost.** You can’t control whether other people accept you as you are, but you can control whether you do. If, for instance, you’re naturally quiet and have a disinterested and indifferent attitude to many things in life, accept that as your truth. So long as you aren’t causing harm, there’s no reason you can’t be who you are and be proud about it. Instead of wishing you were different, take the time to really learn about yourself. Identify and celebrate the positives about “you being you,” and identify paths toward self-improvement when appropriate. Be self-centered. You are your own main focus. Cold people don’t have an easy time talking to other people, much less seeing life from someone else’s way. Be neither curious nor interested in other people. 12. **Analyze yourself without harshly criticizing yourself.** Learn to recognize your honest feelings and reactions, then decide which you want to keep and which you want to adjust. Make it your goal to be the best version of yourself. Don’t ignore your shortcomings, but also don’t berate yourself for having shortcomings. Identify them, learn from them, and strive to make improvements, but don’t try to completely change who you are. 13. **Seek help toward self-improvement when you need it.** Introverts, especially those who are both quiet and cold by nature, sometimes get labeled as “dark, “disturbed,” or even “dangerous.” These are rarely fair or true labels, but if you feel like your thoughts or actions aren’t good for your own wellbeing or the wellbeing of others, never be ashamed to seek professional help. Talk to your primary care doctor for referrals to mental health professionals. A good therapist won’t try to change who you are. Instead, they’ll use various techniques to help you bring out a healthier version of yourself.

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How to Clean an iPhone Charging Port with a Toothbrush

Are you having some trouble charging your iPhone? If there is any dust or debris stuck inside the charging port, your iPhone may not be able to charge. This wikiHow article will teach you a safe, effective way to clean out your iPhone charging port using a toothbrush. 1. **Remove your phone case.** Take off your phone case if you are using one. Depending on the case, you can remove it using a variety of methods. A common technique is to first peel off one corner of the case so you can then grip that part of your phone. Once you have a hold on your phone, proceed to remove the other corners of the case. 2. **Shine a flashlight on the charging port.** In order to clearly see all of the potential debris, we recommend shining a flashlight on the charging port. If you see any signs of debris, dirt, or dust, follow along with our next method to learn some cleaning tips and tricks! If you don’t have a flashlight handy, ask someone with a smartphone if you can use their built-in flashlight. 3. **Turn off your phone.** To do so on an iPhone X, 11, 12, or 13, simultaneously hold down the Power button and one of the Volume buttons. For any generation below an iPhone X, simply hold down the Power button. You should now see a new screen pop up on your phone. Swipe the “slide to power off” button at the top of your screen by tapping and holding the white circle and then swiping your finger towards the right. While powering off your phone is not absolutely necessary, we recommend doing so to avoid accidentally manipulating your phone while cleaning the charging port. 4. **Get an anti-static or brand new toothbrush.** Using an anti-static toothbrush will minimize the static electricity created when brushing, making it extra safe to use with your iPhone. Alternatively, if you do not have access to one, you can use a brand new, clean toothbrush. 5. **Gently brush out any debris.** Using the head of the toothbrush, carefully swipe the bristles along the charging port to remove any debris. If you observe any particles further within the charging port, use the tip/corner of the bristles to reach inside. We recommend using a scooping motion to fully clean out the port. Make sure that you never wet the toothbrush. This could potentially cause unwanted water damage to your iPhone. 6. **Try charging your phone.** After you have removed all debris, turn on your phone using the same method as when you turned it off. Plug a charger into the port and see if your phone is now charging. If your phone is still unable to charge, we'll give you some additional cleaning tips. 7. **Use a toothpick for more precision.** Carefully insert the toothpick into the port and lightly guide it along the inside walls. Remove it after you have completed one circle to see if it picked up any debris. If so, wipe off the toothpick with a paper towel or cloth and repeat the process until it comes out clean. 8. **Use compressed air.** A can of compressed air may help remove any dust. Make sure to hold the can upright and a couple inches away from the charging port. You can now blast a few brief shots of air into the port. Just as before, you should power on and plug in your phone to see if it worked. Feel free to combine these steps for optimal results. Simply alternate between a toothpick and compressed air until no debris remains.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-an-iPhone-Charging-Port-with-a-Toothbrush", "language": "en"}

How to Become a Shoe Designer

A shoe designer, also called a footwear designer, is a type of fashion designer who specializes in creating shoes and boots. In addition to being practical for covering the feet, shoe designs can be original, innovative works of art. Becoming a shoe designer takes talent and skill, but it is something that can be achieved with dedication. 1. **Create a 5-year plan.** Make a plan for yourself that includes a series of steps that are realistic to achieve. Include a timeline for achieving each step so that you can stay focused. Be flexible with your plan. This isn’t written in stone, so if a new opportunity or contact presents itself, be flexible so you can incorporate a new direction. Reevaluate this plan every year or two. Determine if you’re on track or if you need to make adjustments. 2. **Decide on your focus.** There are many paths you can follow in shoe design. For example, you can design shoes for women, men, children, athletes, and so on. What appeals to you most? Consider which aspect of the shoe design process appeals to you most. Do you love designing shoes but you don’t care about actually making them? Do you want to actually make your own shoes? Do you want to work for a big company like Adidas or Nike, or do you want to own your own boutique? 3. **Get a degree in design.** While it is not necessary to get a degree, a degree can help you develop skills and contacts that will be useful for succeeding in the industry. Enroll in a 2- or 4-year program at an accredited institution. Your degree doesn’t need to be in shoe design. Any degree in an art- or design-related field will be applicable. These might include shoe design, industrial design, graphic design, art, product design, fashion design, and accessory design, among others. 4. **Start developing your style.** A great shoe designer will have an interesting and original look to their designs. You can start developing your own style and brand immediately. Limit the elements that you can use, such as restricting yourself to three colors, or two types of fabric or material. This will force you to be imaginative and innovative. Give yourself assignments. Design shoes for different types of people, for example. What are some similarities that resound through each design? Challenge yourself to create something new every day. Design a new shoe every day for a month. You may start to see themes in your shoe designs. 5. **Find inspiration in the world.** You may have a tendency to look at other shoe designs and designers for inspiration, but this risks replicating designs. Look for inspiration in other areas of art or the world. Christian Louboutin, for example, has drawn from archaeology to influence some of his designs. 6. **Learn about the industry.** There is more to shoe design than just drawing pictures. The industry is roughly divided into three parts: design or creative, manufacturing, and retail. : This is the division where you create your design. But this involves more than sketching a shoe on paper; it also involves pattern making, and for some designers, using or making original lasts to determine shoe fit (lasts are reproductions of the foot, usually made of high-quality plastic or resin). : This is the division that turns your design into an actual pair of shoes. Learn about the chain of manufacturing, from selection of materials to production. : This is the division that sells your shoes. Understanding the retail side involves understanding what consumers are looking for; these are the people who will be wearing your shoes. Who are the consumers you’re hoping to target? Also consider what stores and buyers are looking for and how your shoes might suit their needs. 7. **Keep track of current trends.** Following the industry and trends in shoes will help you figure out where you can be cutting-edge and stand out. This is a competitive industry and being on top of trends is a necessity. Read design and fashion magazines to keep up with trends. 8. **Sketch a lot.** One of the most important skills that a shoe designer has is the ability to envision something and translate that onto paper. The goal here is not to replicate what you can already see. Rather, you should imagine a shoe and sketch that out. Sketching doesn’t have to be done on physical paper. You might use design software to create your shoe designs. 9. **Learn how to use design software.** Shoe design is not all done with pencil and paper sketches. You will need to know design software, such as the Adobe Creative Suite. This includes PhotoShop, Illustrator, InDesign and other programs. Be able to recreate your pencil sketches on the computer. Also learn how to use computer-aided design (CAD) programs. These will enable you to create 3D digital designs. 10. **Learn how to design shoe patterns.** When you learn the different parts that go into creating a shoe from a design sketch, you will understand more about the entire shoe-making process. Make patterns for different types of shoes. 11. **Build a portfolio.** Assemble your best shoe designs that demonstrate your skill and versatility as a designer. Aim for about 20 designs for a physical portfolio and 30 for an online portfolio. Keep the content fresh by updating your portfolio once in a while with new work. Include a designer’s statement, in which you talk about your influences and inspirations. Also include an up-to-date resume. 12. **Get an internship.** An internship is a chance for you to work with a designer and assist them in the everyday work of creating shoes. This may also expose you to other roles in a shoe company that you hadn’t previously considered Check with your favorite companies to see what their internship requirements are. Some internships are not paid, but they may offer college credit in exchange for your work. It is best to receive some remuneration for your work if possible. 13. **Work in retail.** Working in a shoe store or the shoe department of a major department store will expose you to all kinds of customers and salespeople. These are, after all, the core people who will come in contact with your shoes on a daily basis when you are a designer yourself. Get to know the business from the ground up by having some experience on the retail side. 14. **Work in shoe manufacturing.** Just like in retail, working in manufacturing will give you a lot of insight into how shoes are produced. You might witness how decisions are made and how the shoes are actually put together. This might also give you good contacts for manufacturing your own shoe designs, when you get to that point. 15. **Start out as an assistant.** A design assistant, pattern maker, sketching assistant and production assistant are different types of entry-level jobs that allow an individual to work directly with shoe designers. Through these positions, you can help convert the shoe designers' ideas into drawings and actual patterns. 16. **Grow your professional networks.** Start attending openings, trade shows, trunk shows, professional gatherings and so on. Dress smartly and introduce yourself to people. Don’t be pushy, but do focus on chatting with people in a friendly way. Bring business cards with your contact information printed on them. This will help people remember your name and make it easy to contact you if an opportunity comes up. You may not want to restrict yourself completely to shoe-related events. Art events more generally, for example, will be gathering places for artistically minded people who may be in a good position to help you move up in the industry. 17. **Go on an informational interview.** An informational interview is a chance to talk to someone who does the kind of job you want to do. Contact a shoe designer and set up a time to talk about the industry and their job. Be sure to plan a time and location that is convenient for the designer. This is not an interview for a job. You are presenting yourself as someone interested in learning more about the industry, rather than as someone looking to be hired on the spot. 18. **Join a professional organization.** A professional organization is a network of people who participate in a similar profession. These organizations often host conferences, advocate policy, promote education and professional development, and give awards. Most are member-based, and you will have to pay an annual fee to join. Some examples related to shoe design include: Industrial Designers Society of America, American Institute of Graphic Arts, American Apparel and Footwear Association, and Association of Sewing and Design Professionals Many professional organizations have regional or local chapters and student chapters. 19. **Find a mentor.** Talking regularly with someone who has a solid career in shoe design can give you good insight and advice as you progress on your trajectory. You might find a mentor through a professional organization, an internship or through a university design program. 20. **Connect with a manufacturer.** Do your research on finding a good, reliable manufacturer who can produce the quality of shoe that you are looking for. In addition, their manufacturing must produce a shoe that is representative of what you have designed. Manufacturers can vary greatly, even in terms of the types of shoes they typically produce. For example, thin-soled shoes with thin leather are more often manufactured in Portugal, while heavier-soled, rounded shoes are more often made in England or Hungary. Shop around for a manufacturer. Take your design to a few different manufacturers and ask them to make a sample shoe. Compare these to find the best choice for you. 21. **Hold a trunk show.** A trunk show is an event where you sell your work (shoes, accessories, and dresses are sold at most trunk shows) at a boutique or store. You attend the trunk show as well, talking and selling to customers. This usually lasts from a few hours to a couple of days, and offers special deals on your items that may not normally be available in stores. They are excellent promotional events, helping get your name out there. 22. **Partner with a boutique or shop.** Find a local boutique that has an aesthetic that complements your shoe design style. Ask if they will carry your shoes in their store. The store will normally ask for a percentage of the sales in exchange for selling your shoes. 23. **Sell your shoes online.** Set up an online shop, either through your own website or through a storefront website, such as Etsy. This is usually an easier first step to selling your own shoes, rather than opening your own store.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Shoe-Designer", "language": "en"}

How to Stretch a Polyester Shirt

Stretching synthetic fabrics like polyester can be tough, since they’re made from very stable molecules that allow them to keep their shape more or less permanently. However, it may be possible to make polyester shirts and other garments a little roomier for a short time, especially if they’re blended with naturally stretchy organic materials like cotton. The trick is to use a combination of warm water and ordinary hair conditioner, which will cause the fibers to relax and lengthen. 1. **Fill your sink or a similar container with warm water.** Turn on the faucet and wait for the water to heat up to a comfortable temperature before lowering the stopper. You want it to be warm to the touch, but not too hot. Run enough water to completely submerge the shirt you want to stretch. Overheating polyester and similar synthetics, even in water, could cause them to warp or lose their shape for good. 2. **Add a small amount of hair conditioner to the water.** A good rule of thumb is to use about 1 tablespoon (15 mL) of conditioner for every 1 quart (0.95 L) of water. Pour the conditioner directly into the water, then whisk the water gently with your hand until the conditioner is evenly distributed throughout. Conditioner can be useful for softening clothing fibers, just as it’s useful for softening hair. If you’re fresh out of conditioner, you can also use an equal quantity of a gentle moisturizing shampoo. Baby shampoo is a good choice. 3. **Soak your shirt in the water for 15-30 minutes.** Push the shirt down beneath the surface of the water to make sure that it’s thoroughly saturated. Set a timer for at least 15 minutes. As the shirt sits, the combination of warm water and conditioner will encourage the tense threads to relax and lengthen. After about half an hour, the water will have mostly cooled down and won’t have as much of an effect. 4. **Remove the shirt and wring out as much water as possible.** Pull up the stopper and allow the water to drain out of the sink. Then, grab your shirt and press, squeeze, and twist it to coax out any lingering moisture. By the time you’re done, your shirt should be slightly damp, but not wet. Don’t be afraid to get rough with 100% polyester shirts—all that force will also serve to loosen up the stubborn fibers. Avoid wringing or twisting blended garments that contain cotton or wool. Natural fabrics are less resilient, and doing so could stretch them out permanently. 5. **Stretch your shirt to the desired fit by hand.** Take hold of the edges of the garment and tug on them to stress the fabric in every direction. For an even greater stretch, you can also slip both hands inside the torso or sleeves and push the material apart from within. Basically, imagine that the shirt is a ball of pizza dough and you’re whipping up a family-sized pie. Just don’t toss it into the ceiling fan! Pay particular attention to any parts of the shirt that fit too snugly, like the chest, shoulders, neckline, or bottom hem. If you start to get tired, look for other creative ways to loosen up your shirt. You might wrap the whole garment around a post, swing it around like nunchucks, or stand on one end and pull the other end up towards you. 6. **Use a few heavy items to keep your shirt stretched out as it dries.** Once you’re satisfied with the shape of your shirt, smooth it out nice and flat and set books or other flat, heavy objects along the edges. This will help the fibers retain their new shape while drying rather than shrinking the way they normally would. Lay your shirt out on a towel to absorb any remaining moisture and cut down on its overall drying time. 7. **Allow your shirt to air dry before wearing it.** Polyester dries fairly quickly, so you shouldn’t have to wait long. Garments made from blended fabrics may take a little longer. Once the shirt feels dry, put it on and see if you can feel a difference in the fit! It may keep its new shape for a few hours if it's pure polyester, or until the next time you wash it if it's a blend. If you prefer, you can also try hanging your shirt up on a shower curtain or towel rack as it dries—weight and gravity will help keep the damp fabric elongated. You’ll get the best results when working with blended fabrics, as natural fibers tend to stretch more easily and stay stretched out longer. 8. **Wash or condition your shirt as usual.** Assuming you don’t want to go to the trouble of stretching out your shirt manually, another option is to let your body do all of the work. Start by putting your shirt through a regular wash cycle, or soaking it for about 30 minutes in a mixture of warm water and hair conditioner. Afterwards, squeeze or wring out the excess water so that the shirt is just damp. Anytime you’re attempting to stretch polyester or another synthetic fabric, always wash them with warm water. Heat plays a big part in softening and relaxing the fibers. Be careful not to handle garments blended with natural cotton or wool fibers too roughly, or you may end up permanently overstretching them. 9. **Put the shirt on while it’s still damp.** Rather than spending a bunch of time yanking on your freshly-wetted shirt, simply pull it on and wear it. Having a body inside of it will expand the material without the need for a lot of physical labor. Even better, it will have a chance to conform to your natural contours. If you’re trying to loosen up a button-down shirt, be sure to button it from top to bottom to create the maximum amount of stretch. Wearing a damp shirt may not be the most comfortable thing in the world, but it’s effective and can save you time and energy compared to stretching it by hand. 10. **Move around in your shirt to stretch it out even more.** Once you have the shirt on, bend, lean, twist, and reach to flex the fabric as much as possible. This is especially helpful for relaxing overly-snug areas, such as the arms, chest, and back. When it comes to stretching clothes in a way that looks natural, movement is your friend. Try running through a short yoga session or stretching routine while wearing your damp shirt. Just avoid doing anything strenuous enough to make you sweat. 11. **Continue wearing your shirt until it dries.** Drying your shirt around your frame will prevent the threads from shrinking as quickly. The process shouldn’t take long, since your body heat will rapidly evaporate any moisture still trapped in the fabric. Once the shirt is completely dry (or close enough), it will be ready for a night out on the town! 100% polyester garments will always go back to their original size eventually. For this reason, it may be necessary to stretch out a too-small shirt each time you want to wear it.

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How to Paint an Old Wooden Chair

There are a lot of possibilities when it comes to painting an old wooden chair. You can paint your wood chair to be a showpiece, a room accent, or to strictly serve a utilitarian purpose. After prepping the chair's surface, apply a design or a solid color in the paint of your choice. The nice thing about painting a wooden chair is that if you don't like the results, you can always start over again and repaint it. 1. **Wash the chair.** Use a cloth dipped in soap and water to remove any cobwebs, debris or dirt build-up on your wood chair. If there is a grease build-up, use a grease remover followed with a water rinse. Allow the chair to air dry completely. 2. **Sand the chair to create a smooth painting surface, if needed.** If your chair is covered with chipping paint, use a coarse grit sandpaper to remove the larger pieces, then use graduating levels of finer grits until you reach the desired finish. Sand out light scratches and dings, as they will show when you paint your chair. 3. **Fill any holes with wood putty.** If the blemishes are too deep to be removed with sanding alone, apply wood putty to the marks and allow it to dry per the manufacturer's instructions. Once dry, sand the excess putty away until your surface is smooth. 4. **Tack off the chair.** Use a tack cloth or slightly damp cotton cloth to remove the dust from sanding. Allow the chair to air dry before proceeding. 5. **Pick a color or color scheme for your chair.** Use a solid color, or a combination of contrasting or complementary colors. For a whimsical look, paint the seat one color, the back another and the legs another. For subtle touches, paint the entire chair a solid color, then apply accents, such as striping or polka dots, using an alternate color or 2. 6. **Place the chair on a drop-cloth to protect the surface below from paint spatter and drips.** 7. **Apply Primer.** Stir the paint thoroughly before applying. Use a brush that's easy to hold and small enough to fit between all of the chair's components. It's typically easiest to turn the chair upside down and paint the legs first. When finished, stand the chair on back on its legs and paint the remainder of the chair. 8. **Allow to dry and apply additional coats as needed.** Use spray paint for fast results. Be sure to shake the canisters thoroughly before applying. Use several light coats rather than 1 heavy coat as this discourages drips. 9. **Apply your chosen paint.** Use several light coats rather than 1 heavy coat as this discourages drips. 10. **Cover your newly painted wooden chair with a protective clear coat.** Depending on the desired finish, use a matte, satin, or gloss coating. A spray finish is easy to apply, but a brush-on finish offers more control for even application. If you plan to add decorative decals to your newly painted chair, apply them before applying the protective clear finish. Allow the clear coating to dry per the manufacturer's instructions, and apply as many coats as desired.

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How to Clean a Typewriter

Typewriters aren’t just cherished devices from the past. They are still used and loved by generations both young and old. If your typewriter is an antique or used regularly, chances are it needs a good clean. If you're not sure how to clean and oil a typewriter, don't worry. This article will walk you through everything you need to do to clean and oil a typewriter, from clearing away dust and grime to oiling the different mechanisms. Soon your typewriter will be shiny, glossy, and looking as good as new! 1. **Place the typewriter on sheets of newspaper.** Lay 3-4 sheets of newspaper flat on your work surface. Unlatch the carrying case and lift the typewriter onto the newspaper. This protects your work surface from any dust, dirt, or products that may drip during the cleaning process. It also makes cleaning up your work surface easier. Alternatively, place the typewriter on an old sheet or towel. Not all typewriters have a carrying case. How often you need to dust your typewriter depends on how dirty it is and how often it's used. If you use your typewriter daily, aim for once every 2-3 weeks. 2. **Use a vacuum and a paintbrush to remove dust from the exterior.** Getting rid of dust is one of the largest tasks of cleaning a typewriter. Hold the vacuum cleaner extension arm 6 in (15 cm) directly above the machine and run the paintbrush over the area. Work your way around the machine with the paintbrush and vacuum cleaner to free up and remove the dust from all of the surfaces, key faces, and crevices. You can find a variety of small paintbrushes at craft stores. Pick one with very soft bristles. Alternatively, you can use a toothbrush instead of a paintbrush. However, only use a toothbrush on modern typewriters and not antiques. This is because the bristles may be too rough, which can cause paint to flake off older machines. Try to use a toothbrush labeled "very soft" if possible. 3. **Vacuum underneath the typewriter to remove dust from inside the machine.** Lift the typewriter and rest it on its back. Use the same process of freeing the dust with the paintbrush and removing it with the vacuum cleaner. Move the carriage from side to side so that more of the inner workings are exposed. Remove the dust from these areas too. Rest the typewriter back in its proper position once you have vacuumed underneath. 4. **Use a can of compressed air to dislodge any difficult to reach dust.** Compressed air is the best way to reach dust that couldn’t be removed with the vacuum cleaner and paintbrush. Purchase a can of compressed air from a department or home improvement store and follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully. Aim the nozzle directly above the area you want to reach, such as the keys, and hold down the trigger to dislodge the dust. 5. **Wipe down the typewriter exterior with a damp cloth.** Warm water and a drop of dish detergent are great for removing years of built-up grime. Simply add a drop of dish detergent to a cleaning cloth and wet the cloth very lightly with warm water. Gently wipe all surfaces of the typewriter with the cloth. Be very careful if you have an antique typewriter, as the labels can come off easily. It's best to clean the typewriter whenever you notice dirt building up to help keep it in good condition. If you use the typewriter daily, remove the dirt and grime at least once per month. 6. **Dry the typewriter with a cloth.** Use a dry cleaning cloth to wipe all areas of the typewriter that you cleaned with warm water and detergent. Make sure that the typewriter is completely dry. This prevents the typewriter from rusting. 7. **Use white vinegar to clean any glass panels.** Not all typewriters have glass panels on the side, but if yours does, then white vinegar is a great cleaning solution! Pour white vinegar into a spray bottle and lightly spray the glass panels. Then rub the glass panels with a cleaning cloth to get a shiny, glossy look. Be careful to only get vinegar on the glass panels and not on other parts. This is because typewriters tend to be very delicate and the vinegar may lift worn paint. 8. **Clean the typewriter key faces with white vinegar and cotton swabs.** Lightly dampen a cotton swab with white vinegar and gently rub each key face to remove dirt and grime. Replace the cotton swab as it gets dirty. Don’t scrub the key faces too harshly, as the paint may lift off. 9. **Clean the carrying case if the typewriter has one.** The typewriter will only be as clean as the carrying case! It’s easy for dirt and dust to build up in the case, so use a vacuum cleaner to remove as much as possible. Wipe down the inside and outside of the case with a damp cloth and then dry it fully with another cloth. Don’t put your typewriter back inside the case until they are both fully dry, as otherwise, mold and rust can form. 10. **Store the typewriter in the carrying case whenever it’s not in use.** The easiest way to keep a typewriter clean is to prevent dust from building up in the first place. Make a habit of putting your typewriter away whenever it’s not in use so that it’s protected from dust and spilled food and beverages. If your typewriter doesn’t have a carrying case, place a clean drape cloth over it for protection. 11. **Unstick sticky keys with rubbing alcohol.** Dip a toothbrush or small paintbrush in rubbing alcohol. Brush the rubbing alcohol over the metal key mechanisms and over any metal joints. If any key is particularly sticky, press down on the key face to expose that particular key mechanism. Scrub all sides of the key mechanism with the brush and rubbing alcohol to get it running smoothly again. When scrubbing the key mechanisms, try to scrub in between each one as much as possible. The key mechanisms are visible at the front of the machine, just below the platen. This is the rubber roller that supports the paper in the typewriter. Cotton tips (which are the same as cotton swabs) can also be useful if a toothbrush or paintbrush isn’t effective. You shouldn't need to deep-clean your typewriter very often, as it typically only needs to be deep-cleaned if you notice a problem starting. Aim to deep-clean your typewriter once every 3-4 months if you use it daily. 12. **Apply a firearm or machinery oil to the main internal mechanisms.** A small amount of oil can make a huge difference in helping your typewriter run smoothly! Lift up the typewriter and rest it on its back. Spray a tiny amount of oil over the key mechanisms that you cleaned and over any pivotal joints. Immediately wipe any excess oil away using a clean cloth so that it doesn’t clog up the joints. Only oil the internal mechanisms once you have removed the dust with a vacuum cleaner first. The internal mechanisms of typewriters can look complicated. The easiest way to find the pivotal joints is to hold down the space bar, backspace key, and shift key individually, and watch from underneath to see which joints move. 13. **Clean the rubber platen with lacquer thinner if it has difficulty feeding.** Pour a small amount of lacquer thinner onto a cleaning cloth. Rub the lacquer thinner over the platen and turn it as you work so that you reach all sides. You may need to swap the cleaning cloth halfway through if the platen is especially dirty. The lacquer thinner removes the ink and grease from the platen, which helps it to run smoothly.

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How to Skin a Raccoon

From Davy Crockett's famous coonskin cap to the incorrectly named "sealskin" caps of the British Royal Fusiliers, raccoon fur is useful, fashionable, and iconic. One of the most common and sought-after furs in the fur trade, it's no overstatement to think that raccoon pelts are an integral part of the history of America. Raccoons were even the mascot of the Whig party in the 19th century. If you want to learn this classic skill, you can learn to case the fur properly, scrape it, and stretch it to save the pelt. 1. **Remove the pelt first by casing.** When you've acquired game the primary goal of which is the pelt, there are two basic methods of proceeding. Casing refers to removing the pelt from the carcass, starting around the back feet and working forward, pulling it off in one big piece. This is the best way to proceed. It's not usually recommend that you attempt to remove the organs first, which can ruin the valuable pelt. Open-skinning is typically only used on beavers and a few other animals. This involves removing the organs first, via a vertical slit up the torso of the animal, then removing the pelt and the tail at once. This isn't recommended for raccoons. 2. **Clean the raccoon thoroughly.** Raccoons have a reputation for acquiring a lot of dirt, since they're scavenging creatures, which means you'll need to take a bit of time to clean them before getting started. Hang the carcass from a skinning gambrel by the feet, hooked through the tendon just behind the ankles to clean them. If the raccoons appear to be fairly clean, run a hairbrush through the fur in the direction of the tail, end, to get out any debris, twigs, and dirt that might be difficult to see. If the raccoon seems clean, it's ok to start skinning. If you've got a muddy raccoon, hose them down until the water runs clear, hang them by their front foot and hose them down until they run clear water, then let them dry thoroughly before starting. If at all possible, it's best to avoid this, because the stiff bristles of the raccoon fur can become a lot more pliable and (to some people) less desirable if you rinse it. 3. **Cut from the inside of one back foot to the next in a straight line.** To get started, make a cut through the pelt between the legs of the animal, from the inside of one ankle to the next. Think of it like the inseam on a pair of jeans, connecting your cut from one ankle to the next in a "V" shape. "Cuff" the incision by running your knife around both "ankles" of the raccoon, loosening the skin. This will allow you to start pulling the skin down clearly. 4. **Cut around the anus.** Cut about an inch or so in diameter around the anus, starting at the base of the tail, where it connects to the body. Obviously, it's usually best to wear gloves at all times when you're skinning raccoons. Be very careful at this point not to cut too deeply and cut into the meat. The last thing you want to do is puncture the intestines right around the anus, which can taint the fur and the meat, if you want to use it. 5. **Cut down the length of the tail.** Run your knife all the way down the length of the tail in a straight line. To keep the pelt as neat as possible, it's important to use caution and be very exacting in your cut. Go slowly and pull the tail taut while you run it straight from the base to the tip. For some raccoons, depending on the size, it may be difficult to get all the way down to the tip of the tail. It's common to go about halfway, then use a tail-stripper to hold the fur in place while you pull the tail up and out of the fur. To use a tail-stripper, you'll probably have to work the fur down the hind legs and around the hips to expose the base of the tail more easily to get it started. Tail-stripers are common tools that are used in skinning foxes, raccoons, and other animals, and are available at most outdoors outfitters. 6. **Pull the skin down toward the shoulders.** If you've ever skinned a rabbit, the pulling the skin down a raccoon is similar, but a little more tenacious. You'll basically just start pulling the fur downward, toward the head, as if you were stripping off a jumpsuit. Keep pulling until you get to the shoulders. If you need to use your knife to help the skinning process, remember to always cut behind the skin and into the membrane, not into the skin itself. Don't get reckless and start scraping away with your knife. Go slowly and use pressure to pull the skin, and let the knife ease any difficult parts, disconnecting any stubborn membrane from the flesh. On male raccoons, you'll have to cut the genitals away from the carcass using your knife. It'll stay attached to the fur, and you can remove it later during the fleshing and stretching process. 7. **Go slowly around the forearms.** When you get to the forearms, it's usually recommended that you put the knife away. It's a fatty area, and gets somewhat difficult to distinguish meat from fur, so it's a better idea to use your fingers and go slowly, avoiding the knife and accidental cuts through the pelt. Pull the fur loose around and over the shoulders, down to about the elbow. You can make another cuff cut at that point and separate the fur from the arms. It should now just be attached around the neck. 8. **Cut around the ears and eyes.** Expose the face of the raccoon and use your knife to cut around the eyes and the ears. Return your attention to the skin side, and keep pulling the pelt down and free of the flesh, working it up the neck and to the jaw. At this point, you'll probably need to use the knife to run along the top jawline on both sides, to separate the pelt from the mouth. Keep pulling until the pelt comes almost entirely free. 9. **Separate the pelt from the nose cartilage.** At this point, there should be a strong point of cartilage that connects the nose to the skin. You're almost done. Just use your knife to cut through it and the pelt should come free in one big piece. Don't pull to hard to try to separate the pelt, because you risk ripping it and damaging the skin. Cut through the cartilage and you'll be done. 10. **Inspect the meat for signs of disease.** Raccoons are sometimes eaten, though some sources estimate that as many as 40% of raccoons in North America suffer from intestinal parasites like roundworms, which can make you sick. Raccoons are also scavengers, meaning that they're exposed to a number of diseases and infections. Examine the skin and the flesh of the animal closely for spots, discoloration, or any other signs of infection. If it looks suspect, discard it. If you want to try raccoon and determine that the meat is clean, gut the carcass as you would a rabbit. While less popular than certain other wild game because of the strong and some say unpleasant flavor, brining raccoon for a long period of time and cooking it properly is considered by some to be a delicacy. If you're after more than just the fur, you can learn to prepare the meat in the following section. 11. **Get a scraper and a stretching board.** Flesh-scrapers and stretching boards are about as primitive a tool as you can get, but it's still the most effective way for getting the flesh, cartilage, and fatty bits off of the pelt so that it can dry thoroughly. A flesh scraper is basically what it sounds like: a short and sharp blade that's used to scrape the flesh away. In a pinch, you could use a big kitchen knife that's somewhat dull, but it might be a little more difficult than with a scraper. Hog scrapers, single and double-handed scrapers are all common. Metal and wooden boards are both commonly used for the job. If you use a wooden stretching board, you'll also need staples or push-pins to secure the pelt when you're ready to stretch it for drying. Wooden stretching boards can double as "fleshing boards," providing a nice surface to scrape the pelt on. If you have a metal stretcher, you'll just need to use a bench, table, or other flat surface on which to scrape the pelt. 12. **Let the pelt dry some until the fat can harden.** It's usually recommended to let the fur alone to firm up the fat some in a cool environment (about 55 degrees F, or 13 C). This will help to make the scraping job a lot easier. You can flatten out the pelt onto the board, fur side down, to let it dry for several hours before you get started scraping. When you start, the whole process of scraping itself shouldn't take more than 15 or 30 minutes. 13. **Start scraping the fat away from the tail.** Using firm pressure, carefully scrape the fat and connective tissue away from the skin using the scraper. There's not much of a secret or a science to it–you're basically just scraping. Be gentle to avoid tearing through the skin, but be firm enough and even enough to get everything off. The tail is usually the most challenging part, so most trappers will start there, spending the most time making sure that every bit of fat is evenly scraped away. 14. **Remove the rest of the fat.** After removing the fat from the tail, scrape directly up the middle of the pelt, in a stripe. Go all the way up until you've scraped everything off a narrow strip up the middle of the pelt, and the head of the pelt. Then go back and scrape outward, extending evenly to the sides. This will help start the stretching process and flatten out the pelt. Keep using even pressure and slowly scraping off all the fat and other bits as you work. It shouldn't take that long, but be thorough. If you miss anything, you risk ruining the pelt with rot. 15. **Stretch the pelt onto the stretching board.** Metal stretches are usually one-peice mechanisms that allow you to secure the pelt easily without additional tools. With a wooden stretching board, you'll typically need to use push-pins or staples to stretch out the pelt. Stretch the pelt tightly, so it flattens out and looks clean, but not so stretched that it thins out the skin and makes it look weak. It'll also shrink some while it stretches, so you want to make sure it'll be able to comfortably. The pelt should be starfish-stretched out, all the limbs and the tail taut and extended. Don't let the arms hang loosely, or the pelt won't look right. 16. **Let the pelt hang in a cool dark place.** 55 to 60 degrees F (13 to 15 degrees C) is the perfect drying environment for a pelt. Make sure it's free from sunlight and temperature fluctuations. Depending on the climate, pelts should hang for anywhere between a day and a week. You'll know it's done when the skin is firm and taut, with a plastic-like touch.

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How to Survive on a Small Income

Living on a modest or minimal income can be tiring and stressful, but by budgeting and seeking aid when necessary, you can survive on a surprisingly small amount of money. Federal, state, and local governments also provide aid for low-income individuals and families, and by combining this help with other cost saving measures you can stretch your income and make ends meet. 1. **Analyze your spending.** If you find you’re having trouble getting by on the amount of money you bring in, start by getting a sense for where that money is going. Jot down a list of your known monthly expenses, like rent, utilities, transportation, etc. Then use your three most recent months of credit card and bank statements to categorize your other spending into food, household necessities, healthcare, entertainment, or other. Figure out on average how much you spend each month in each category, and use this as a baseline. 2. **Choose where to save.** Once you’ve written down all of your expenses, you can look at the categories and decide where you can save money. Are there ways you can reduce your spending on food, entertainment, or other expenses? Are you spending more than you realized on food and clothing? Analyze each line item and be realistic about whether or not you can reduce it. 3. **Create a budget** Using your list of historical spending and combining the areas you plan to improve, create a monthly budget that you will work off of going forward. Don’t budget for less than you can get by on — just try to eliminate anything you truly don’t need. Once you’ve decided on this budget, stick to it as closely as you can and adjust it only deliberately. You can write down your budget in a visible place, like on your fridge or front door, and check in once a week in how you are doing. Having a visual representation of your spending can help you keep track of it, and motivate you to meet your savings goals. If you prefer electronic budgeting, tools like Mint.com and other budgeting software connect to your accounts, and allow you to see your budget and spending online. 4. **Consider using cash.** Financial experts often recommend that if you are on a low monthly budget, you only use cash to make purchases. This avoids the charges that come with credit cards, and ensures you know how much you are spending — using a card (even a debit card) can make it difficult to keep track of how much money you are actually spending. Think about switching to this method at least for the first few months on your new budget, to help you adjust to your new spending pattern and avoid any extra charges using a credit card might bring. 5. **Save on rent.** You can save the most by reducing expense categories that are highest, such as rent or mortgage, so ask yourself if you can spend less on your housing. If you’re in a housing situation where you can leave without paying a penalty, look around for lower rent. Really hardcore? Microhousing is the latest form of cheap living, whether by renting a micro apartment or by buying a tiny house. If you’re really embracing the simple lifestyle long-term, this may be a great saving option for you. 6. **Reduce your utility bills.** Another type of monthly expense is utilities, or bills like water, sewer, electricity, cable, internet, garbage service, and natural gas. While some of these expenses are necessary, there are ways to reduce your use of utility services and save. Take showers instead of baths, and be brief. Also make sure your faucets are always completely turned off and you have no leaks to keep from wasting extra water. Always turn off the lights in rooms you are not using. Insulate your windows during the winter using clear plastic or bubble wrap, to stop heat from escaping into the outdoor cold. This will help reduce your electricity bill. If you have internet service on your cell phone, consider getting rid of your cable internet, and doing your computer-based online work at a public library, where internet is free. You can check email and facebook on your phone, but may be able to save by getting rid of cable internet. Many cable and cell phone companies are in intense competition for business, so there are many ways to save on those bills by keeping your eyes and ears open. Pay as you go cell phones tend to be much cheaper than new ones, and by getting rid of cable and just using Netflix or HuluPlus, you can save hundreds each year. In some locations, energy has been deregulated, which gives consumers the opportunity to shop around for the lowest price. 7. **Save on food.** Another large household expense is food. While you can’t eliminate the need to eat every day, you might be able to get more for less by reexamining how you spend money on food. Generally you will save more by eating at home instead of at restaurants, and by buying fresh food to prepare rather than pre-made meals. Food Studies scholar Leanne Brown's book Good and Cheap provides nutritious recipes you can make at home for $4 a day. Consider using this or a similar cook book to plan low-budget meals in advance. Staple foods like rice, beans, and lentils are really nutritious and inexpensive. You can use these low-cost items to make the bases of your meals, and then add in fresh vegetables, spices, meat, or other items to liven up the meal. If you consistently use these staples to feed yourself, you can save tremendously on your monthly grocery bill. Couponing is another way to save on food or household items. You can look out for coupons for items you were already planning to buy, or you can plan your menu each week around couponed items. Consider buying non-perishables in bulk. Things like toothpaste, paper towels and toilet paper, trash bags, plus dry pasta, oatmeal, and dry rice and beans should be bought in bulk to save you money long-term. Produce and other things that perish quickly should be purchased in smaller quantities, unless you plan to freeze them (and have room to do so). 8. **Eat out less.** Every time you eat out, you pay for the food you buy, as well as the labor for the person who prepares it, all the packaging for the meal or the server, and the environment you’re eating in. Simply put, you can save money by not eating out altogether or reducing the amount you do. You can save when you do eat out by choosing more simple meals or side dishes, eliminating alcoholic beverages from your restaurant purchases, or finding deals like happy hour. 9. **Save on transportation.** Another expensive item is transportation. You can save on transportation costs by biking or walking to work as often as possible, carpooling, or using public transportation instead of driving. These small savings (which can include saving on gas, parking, and wear on your vehicle) can add up and impact your bottom line — adding some funds back for eating or utilities. Ask your employer if they offer or support ride-share programs. Many employees now work from home one or more days a week, which saves the cost and time of commuting. Consider asking your employer whether you can work from home full-time or even just occasionally, if your job allows. 10. **Buy used.** Another brilliant way to save is to shop first at second hand stores. This doesn’t mean you buy everything you own at Goodwill — just make a practice of searching craigslist and the local thrift shop first before buying anything over $50. (Some examples are kitchen equipment, household furniture, clothing, or electronics.) Remember that buying used only saves if you already needed the item, but if you make a practice of buying used when you can, you will begin to reap the savings. 11. **Have fun for free.** Instead of spending money on movie tickets and plays, check out the free entertainment in your area. Most towns have a public library where anyone can borrow books, audiobooks, or even movies, for free. Some cities have free movies or concerts in the park during the summer, where anyone can bring a blanket and watch. 12. **Seek housing assistance.** Rent is most people’s largest monthly expense, and depending on your income, you may qualify for housing assistance. This may come in two forms: 1) rent subsidy (where the government pays a portion of your rent), or 2) reduced rent housing. Both types of aid are based on your household income, and the number of people living in your house. See if you qualify for federal housing assistance by using the HUD Website. Also search for housing assistance in the state where you reside, which may also other assistance. 13. **Apply for nutrition assistance.** Like housing aid, the federal and most state governments also offer assistance to individuals or families with reduced incomes. Qualifying for aid is based on your household size and number of people living in the house, and the amount of assistance you qualify for can vary based on your income. 14. **Get healthcare help.** A US government program is the Affordable Care program, which provides subsidized health insurance to low-income individuals or families. By enrolling for coverage, you will receive subsidized healthcare treatment, and have significantly fewer expenses should you or a family member experienced an unplanned medical event. You can apply for coverage during open enrollment, which starts November 1 before the year of coverage, and ends on January 31, in the year of coverage.. (So for example, open enrollment for 2016 is November 1, 2015 — January 31, 2015.) You can also apply for healthcare assistance outside of the open enrollment period if you have life changes such as a marriage, birth of a child, loss of coverage, have a baby, or move to another area. 15. **Apply for reduced utilities.** Many local garbage, electric, gas, and cable services are operated by the government, and offer reduced prices for low-income individuals and families. If you qualify for any government assistance like housing or nutrition, you will likely also qualify for subsidized utilities. Check the websites of your local providers to learn about how you can save.

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How to Take Psyllium Husk

Powdered psyllium husk or psyllium husk wafers are a source of soluble fiber that can help treat common digestive problems, like constipation, diarrhea, hemorrhoids and irritable bowel syndrome. Psyllium husk absorbs water as it goes through the digestive tract, adding bulk. Some studies have suggested that it can also reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and high cholesterol by adding more fiber to the diet. Keep reading to learn how to take psyllium husk. 1. **Understand the uses of psyllium husk.** Psyllium husk is a source of soluble fiber. It is often used for occasional constipation and to help restore regularity. Psyllium husk works by absorbing water in your digestive tract and combining with the water to form bulky stool. This process stimulates digestion and helps quicken the passage of stool. For this reason, psyllium husk is known as a bulk forming laxative. Psyllium husk is also used to help treat irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease. These conditions cause pain and digestive problems that may be alleviated by incorporating psyllium husk into your daily routine. 2. **Call your doctor before you purchase a psyllium husk product.** Your doctor may advise against taking psyllium husk products if you are on any medications. Psyllium can reduce the absorption of medications into the digestive system. If your doctor says it's okay to take psyllium husk with your medications, he or she may recommend that you take psyllium husk at least 2 hours before or after you have taken your other medications. This time between taking psyllium husk and your medications will reduce the likelihood that the psyllium will affect your medication absorption. 3. **Choose a psyllium husk product that suits your needs.** You can get psyllium husk in a wide variety of forms, from powders to cookies. Pure psyllium husk powder has a sawdust-like texture that some people find unpleasant, so it is also available in forms that are flavored and easily dissolvable. The advantage of these products is that they have a more pleasant taste and texture than pure psyllium husk. Psyllium products like Metamucil are known as blond psyllium and they often contain sugar and other additives. You can purchase flavored Metamucil powder to mix with water or you can even get cookies or wafers that contain psyllium husk. Follow the instructions on the package when taking one of these forms of psyllium husk. If you prefer, purchase a 100% psyllium husk powder product at a health food or nutrition store. This type of psyllium husk has no flavor or added sugar, so it is best to mix it with water or juice. 4. **Read the instructions on the package before purchasing any psyllium husk product.** Make sure that you understand the dosage instructions and contraindications of the product before you leave the store. If you have any questions about the product and whether or not it may interact with your medications, ask a pharmacist. 5. **Read the product instructions before taking a psyllium husk powder.** Some products may not be compatible with certain medications or chronic conditions. In addition, dosages differ with each product. Most psyllium husk products can be taken one to three times a day. Your doctor may suggest a higher dosage to relieve severe constipation or diarrhea or if you are using it for other issues. 6. **Add psyllium husk into your diet slowly.** It is better to add fiber to your diet slowly to decrease discomfort, bloating and gas. Measure half teaspoon dose the first time you take psyllium and increase the amount by a half teaspoon every few days until you are taking the recommended dosage. 7. **Mix the psyllium husk powder with eight ounces (0.2l) of water or juice.** Stir it well for about 10 seconds. Add more liquid if it is too thick. Do not allow the mixture to sit after you have mixed it because it will begin to form a gel that may be difficult to swallow. 8. **Drink the mixture immediately.** Psyllium husk becomes gel-like and bulky after a short time. It can create a choking hazard if it is taken in a semi-solid form. Make sure that you have used enough liquid and that you drink the mixture right away to avoid this potential hazard. If your psyllium husk mixture is gel-like, throw it out and mix a new batch. 9. **Increase your dosage to two teaspoons in eight ounces of water after one to two weeks.** If you are taking multiple doses of psyllium husk, try to space your doses out throughout the day. For example, you could take one dose of psyllium husk in the morning, one at midday, and one in the evening. Keep in mind that your doctor may suggest a higher dosage to relieve severe constipation or diarrhea. Do not exceed the recommended dosage unless your doctor has told you to do so. For treatment of high cholesterol, 10 to 12 g of psyllium may be prescribed. This is approximately two to three tbsp. of psyllium, broken up into smaller doses with 8 to 16 oz. of water throughout the day. If you think that you may have overdosed on psyllium, contact your local poison control center by calling 1-800-222-1222. 10. **Take a serving of psyllium wafers if you can't swallow the psyllium husk drink mix.** Wafers may also be preferable if you dislike the taste of the drink mix. Take small bites and chew each bite very well. Drink a glass of water or juice with the wafer. This will ensure it starts to bulk up when it reaches your stomach. 11. **Take psyllium capsules if you cannot take the powder or wafers without nausea or discomfort.** Read the product instructions to determine how many capsules you should take per dose and how many doses you should take per day. Take the capsules with a large glass of water. 12. **Be patient if you are using psyllium husk for constipation.** It may take up to 3 days for your symptoms improve. Your stools should be softer and more frequent. If psyllium husk has been recommended by your doctor, keep using it as directed. Talk with your doctor if your symptoms do not improve after 3 to 5 days of treatment. Do not use psyllium husk products for more than seven days without consulting your doctor. 13. **Make other lifestyle changes to help with constipation.** If you are planning to take psyllium to help with constipation, make sure that you incorporate some other positive lifestyle changes as well. Constipation means you have three or less bowel movements per week. Your stool is hard and can be difficult to pass. If you have constipation, try these lifestyle changes. Drink plenty of fluids. The Institute of Medicine recommends about 3 liters for men and 2.2 liter for women of water AND liquids combined. Increase intake of dietary fiber. Fruits such as pears, berries, prunes and apples are high in fiber. Beans, sweet potatoes, spinach, and whole grains are also good sources. Avoid high sugar or high fat, processed foods. These include white breads, doughnuts, sausage, fast-food, and french fries and others. Use the restroom when you need to go. Holding or delaying going to the restroom can make constipation worse. Your stool may be harder and if you delay, your body may not be ready to defecate later on. Exercise daily. Exercise can help stimulate your digestive tract, which will help your body process food. 14. **Call your doctor if your constipation does not improve after a few days.** If you have continuous constipation that lasts more than one week, you should call your doctor right away. You should also call your doctor if you have any other drastic changes in your bowel habits, such as bloody stools or bleeding from your rectum. These symptoms may indicate a serious problem that requires medical treatment. 15. **Call your doctor if you experience mild side effects as a result of using psyllium husk.** Some people experience negative side effects and mild allergic reactions to psyllium husk. Discontinue use of psyllium husk products and call your doctor if you have any of these mild side effects. Some of the side effects that you should watch for include: gas stomach pain diarrhea constipation nausea runny nose headache backache cough 16. **Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe side effects.** In some cases, an adverse or allergic reaction to psyllium husk may create a life-threatening situation. If you experience any severe symptoms after taking psyllium husk, you should call 911 or go to an emergency room right away. The severe symptoms that you should watch for include: flushing severe itching shortness of breath wheezing swelling of the face or body chest and throat tightness loss of consciousness chest pain vomiting difficulty swallowing/breathing

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How to Make a Fashion Design Notebook

If you've ever wanted to design fabulous fashion pieces but didn't know where to start, there are simple ways you can get your creative energies flowing! Start with putting together a fashion design notebook so you can have a tangible collection of your designs all in one place. It's a great way to impress your friends and colleagues, and it's easy to get started. 1. **Purchase a sketchbook or a notebook.** Go to a local store and purchase a sketchbook with 70+ pages, depending on how many sketches you plan on doing. Choose a notebook that shows off the style of your fashion designs through the color and design of the front cover. Personalize the front cover by drawing a design or making a collage that matches the theme of your fashion collection. 2. **Purchase pencils.** Find regular #2 pencils with erasers that you can sketch your designs with. You may want to incorporate color into your fashion design notebook, in which case you can also purchase colored pencils, watercolors, or markers. 3. **Purchase fine black pens with pigment drawing ink.** Make sure your pens use archival ink, which means they won't fade on the page over time. These pens are used to make your pieces pop. Fine black pens with pigment ink are especially useful for drawing patterns. 4. **Collect fabric scraps and fabric glue.** Get fabric swatches or print out patterns that would make pretty fabric. Also, be sure to purchase fabric glue so you can paste the fabric onto the pages. 5. **Gather inspiring materials.** Your sketchbook is going to make an individual statement about you and your ideas, so start by personalizing it. Reveal yourself by gathering materials that are special to you, including mementos of places you've been, and photos of family and friends. 6. **Name your collection.** You can use one sketchbook for a whole collection or one sketchbook for several collections. If you're using one sketchbook for one collection, write the name of the collection on the front cover. If you are doing fancy prom dresses, try something like “A Night to Remember.” 7. **Plan out each page.** Make a list of your outfit ideas that will go on each page before you begin to sketch in your fashion design notebook. For example, write down your ideas for dresses, blouses, skirts, etc., and the details of each piece, such as what materials they'll need. 8. **Create a model figure stencil for repetitive use.** If you can't freehand draw the shape of a man, woman, boy, or girl, get a thin sheet of paper to lay overtop a model-like picture from a magazine or book. Cut it out so you'll have a stencil you can use for each model you draw in your sketchbook. Your fashion designs may vary depending on which size, shape, and gender you use for each, so you may want to create a few different shaped stencils. Make sure your figure is creatively posing to show off your fashion design better. You can also use premade stencils for ease of use. 9. **Trace your stencil.** Lay your stencil on top of the first page of your sketchbook, and lightly trace the outline of your model. You'll want to press very gently with your pencil, as the outline of the model should look faint so your outfit design stands out. 10. **Sketch your design.** Lightly sketch the outline of your outfit idea over the figure. Then, lightly sketch every detail of your outfit design, such as folds and ruffles, and erase any errors. Once your design looks the way you want it to, trace over it, pressing harder this time so that the outline of your design appears darker. 11. **Color it in.** Use colored pencils, watercolors, or markers to color in your fashion designs. Sketch patterns with a pencil, then trace over the pattern with a fine black pen to make it pop! 12. **Paste your fabric scraps.** Attach them to the page of your sketchbook with the outfit they correspond to, and label what type of fabric it is. Apply the glue sparingly to the page and wait for it to get tacky before pressing your fabric on top of it. You wouldn't want the glue to seep through the fabric. In the collection, make sure the outfits all match the "mood" of the colors. For example, red, orange, and yellow could be a mood of summer or the leaves on the trees in autumn. 13. **Leave space for notes.** You may want to label each piece with specific qualities of the garment. If you'll be sewing your garments, leave space on the page or use the backside of the page to write down notes on the outfit measurements.

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How to Video Chat on Facebook

Ready to take your Facebook chatting experience to the next level? This wikiHow will teach you how to video chat on Facebook. You can video chat with your friends on Facebook for free using either the Facebook website or the Messenger app. Video chatting doesn't require any additional software, but only some browsers are supported if you're chatting from your computer. 1. **Connect a webcam to your computer.** If your computer doesn't have a webcam connected, you'll need to install one before you can video chat. 2. **Open the Chat menu on the Facebook website.** Click the Chat menu in the lower-right corner to open the Chat menu if it isn't open already. You'll need to use Chrome, Opera, or Edge, but group calling is not supported in Firefox or Edge. 3. **Select the person you want to video chat with.** You can select people you commonly chat within the list, or you can search through all of your friends by typing the name into the field at the bottom of the list. 4. **Click the video chat button.** The button looks like a silhouette of a video camera. A new window will appear for the video chat. If you are not able to click the video chat button, the recipient is not able to receive video calls. 5. **Allow Facebook to access your webcam.** The process for this will vary depending on the browser you are using. Generally, you'll need to click "Allow" or "Share" to allow Facebook to access your webcam. 6. **Wait for the other person to pick up.** The recipient will be notified either through the Facebook website or in their Messenger app, depending on their online status. If they choose to answer, your video chat will begin. 7. **Open Messenger.** This app icon looks like a speech bubble with a lightning bolt inside it that you'll find on one of your Home screens, in the app drawer, or by searching. You can video chat with your friends using the Messenger app on iOS and Android. 8. **Open a conversation with the person you want to video chat with.** Tap the conversation you want to start the video chat with. You can video chat with a group or individual. 9. **Tap at the top of the conversation.** This video camera icon will begin calling the other person. If the button is grayed out or not there, the other person is not able to receive video calls at this time. 10. **Wait for the other person to pick up.** The recipient will be notified that they are receiving a video call. They'll be able to answer using their Messenger app or the Facebook website and a webcam. 11. **Press the camera swap button to switch between the front and rear cameras.** Tap this button during the video chat to switch what camera Messenger displays.

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How to Have a Personal Christian Devotion

Devotions are a great way to get closer to God. A devotion is a quiet time that you spend praying, reading God’s word, and reflecting on your relationship with Him. You might also choose to sing hymns, meditate, or write in a journal during your devotion time. If you set aside a little time each day to open your heart to God’s word, you’ll likely find that it becomes an important part of your spiritual walk. 1. **Open your devotion with prayer.** Your devotion is a time that you should spend listening for God’s guidance in your life, so it’s important to approach it with a humble, open attitude. Before you even begin your devotion, start with a prayer asking God to share His wisdom with you. The Bible says in James 4:8, “Come near to God and He will come near to you.” By reaching out to God at the beginning of your devotion, you’ll be more likely to feel His presence. For example, you might pray something like, “Dear God, please help me understand Your message today. Send me the Scriptures I need to help me make the best decisions throughout my day." 2. **Read a passage from the Bible during your devotion.** The best way to hear God’s message for you is through His Word. There’s no right or wrong way to read your Bible, although it can be helpful to read an entire passage or chapter to ensure you read each verse in its intended context. However, it’s fine if you want to read the Bible straight through, you can skip around to different books of the Bible, or you can follow a guided reading plan, if you prefer. Try highlighting or underlining verses that seem significant to you when you read them. Then, when you re-read that passage, it will be a reminder of a time that God spoke to you in a special way. If you’d like some extra guidance during your devotions, try looking for a book of devotionals that you find relevant. For instance, you might purchase a book of devotionals that are geared toward students, mothers, or husbands. You can also find daily devotionals online. 3. **Reflect on what you read and how it applies to your life.** Once you finish reading your Bible passage, take a few moments to really absorb the meaning of the words. Try to find a way to connect them to your life personally, and think about how that relates to your relationship with God. For instance, if you’re reading the story of Jonah, don’t just picture a man inside the belly of a whale. Imagine how it feels to be facing a situation that seems completely hopeless, and reflect on a time you might have felt that way. Think about how God brought you out of that situation, the same way He brought Jonah to dry land. You don't have to stop meditating on God's word just because your devotion is over! Allow His wisdom to guide you all throughout your day. 4. **Try keeping a journal so you can look back on your spiritual journey.** While you don’t have to keep a journal to have a personal devotion, it can be a good way to help you organize your thoughts, and it can provide a touching way for you to track your spiritual growth over time. You might jot down your thoughts about what you’re reading, prayers for yourself and others, or some of your favorite Bible verses. Just as with any other journal, the way you keep a devotion journal will be extremely personal, so don’t feel like it has to fit any particular format. 5. **Sing a hymn if you enjoy worshipping that way.** If you find that singing hymns help you feel closer to God, try incorporating them into your devotion routine. The Bible encourages God’s followers to praise Him with song, such as in Psalm 105:2, “Sing to Him, sing praises to Him, tell of all His wondrous works!” Singing can help quiet your spirit while expressing your love for God. It’s okay if you feel a little self-conscious at first. Just remember that you’re singing as a form of worship, and not to impress anyone else. 6. **Close your devotion with prayer.** Ending your devotion with prayer is a good way to ensure that you’ll feel close to God throughout your day. You can pray about whatever you like—you might want to praise God, ask Him to help you with a problem you’re having, or even pray for other people. In 1 Thessalonians 5:17, the Bible tells us to “Pray without ceasing.” This means you should always keep God in your thoughts, and you can talk to Him whenever you want. However, it’s still helpful to set aside certain times for more specific, intentional prayers. 7. **Set aside the same time every day.** In order for your devotions to really impact your day-to-day life, it’s important to be consistent. If you want to have a devotion every day, it’s helpful to do it at the same time each day. Pick a time, and treat it like an important appointment—try your best not to schedule anything else during that time. Many people prefer to have their devotions early in the morning so they can start the day focused on their relationship with God. However, others prefer having their devotion in the evening before bed so they can reflect on everything that happened during the day. Find the time that works best for you. Your devotion doesn’t have to be very long—start by setting aside 10-15 minutes a day. It’s okay to be flexible. If you have something important you have to do when you’d normally do your devotion, try to find another time during the day to do it instead. However, even if you miss a day, you can just pick up where you left off the next day. 8. **Find a place that's quiet and free of distractions.** In order to be really focused on God’s word, it’s important that you don’t have a lot of noise or chaos going on around you. Pick a quiet spot where you’ll feel comfortable, and make sure to turn off the TV, radio, or anything else that might distract you. In Psalm 46:10, the Bible says, "Be still, and know that I am God." If you’re quiet and relaxed, you’ll be more likely to feel His presence around you. 9. **Ask your family members to respect your quiet time.** If you live with other people, they might unintentionally interrupt you when you’re trying to have your devotion. Try letting them know that you’d like a little time each day to read your Bible and pray, and tell them when you plan to do it. That way, they’ll at least be aware of what you’re doing, and they might be more likely to wait until you’re finished before they come talk to you. For instance, you might say something like, “Hey Mom, I’d really like to start doing a devotion every day when I wake up. Do you think you could help keep my little brother from coming in the room until after about 7:15?” 10. **Don't feel like you have to follow a set guideline for your devotion.** A devotion isn't a set of rules and routines, but a chance to have a closer relationship with God. Your devotion might not look exactly like anyone else's, and that's okay—God created you to be unique, and He loves you for who you are. Try not to think of it as a chore, but a chance to deepen your relationship with Him.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Have-a-Personal-Christian-Devotion", "language": "en"}

How to Catch Trout

Fishing can seem like a difficult past-time for you to get into because of the different varieties of fishing and all of the equipment. You can buy all the equipment for a relatively cheap price and it's easy to use. Fishing for trout in a river or lake is very peaceful and enjoyable. Get all the equipment, set it up, and head to your nearest lake or river as soon as you can to catch some trout. 1. **Find out the rules and regulations regarding catching trout.** In most places, trout fishing is regulated in a number of ways. Fish populations and freshwater ecosystems need to be protected from harmful practices. Contact your local wildlife management department to find the trout fishing rules in your area. A fishing license is required in most cases to permit you to fish for trout. You might be able to buy a fishing license at your local sports store. 2. **Purchase an open-faced reel if you have fishing experience.** Open-faced reels are a little harder to use but work better for spinning and other types of fishing. Open-faced reels can be easily manipulated and allow you greater control over the fishing line. A locking mechanism prevents the handle from reversing while the fish is pulling on the line. You can find good rod and reel combinations for around $20. The fishing pole will have the weight range of the line printed on it. You need to buy a rod that can carry a weight of between 2–8 pounds (0.91–3.63 kg). 3. **Get a closed-faced reel if you're new to fishing.** Closed-faced reels are easy to use and are great for bait fishing. However, they are also prone to tangling. Tangling can easily frustrate people new to fishing and turn them away from the sport. Many fishermen won't use a closed-faced reel because of how difficult they can be to untangle. Good quality rods and reels can be bought for $20 or so. Select a rod that is designed to carry a weight of between 2–8 pounds (0.91–3.63 kg) for catching trout. 4. **Purchase hooks, lines, and weights at the fishing store.** Fishing is a sport that requires a lot of different equipment. However, you don't need to spend loads of money to get this equipment. Hooks, lines, and weights can be bought for a relatively cheap price. If fishing is a passion of yours, buy more expensive equipment that will last you much longer than cheaper counterparts. The rod and reel may come pre-spooled with line. Check the line to make sure it can withstand its rated strength. If not, you will have to buy 4–8 lb (1.8–3.6 kg) test fishing line and spool the line onto the reel. Many sporting goods stores have top quality line in bulk, and can spool it for you at a very reasonable cost. You will also need #6 to #10 hooks, "split shot" weights, and a net. Split shot weights are small, round pieces of metal that are used to set the float. 5. **Buy earthworms, salmon roe, or corn kernels at your local fishing store.** Check regulations to see what bait is allowed. Earthworms, salmon roe, and corn kernels are the most popular types of bait. Find out before you buy if any of these baits are banned by the local authorities. If you are fishing in a small river, use lighter lures. An exception to this is small, fast-moving rivers. These waters require heavier lures. Fast moving rivers are more powerful and you'll need a stronger rod here. Small rivers and streams don't put as much pressure on the rod, so you can use a lighter lure. 6. **Find a river or lake with cool and clean water.** Trout are a very common fish. They can be easily found in water that is cool and clean. Water with plenty of aquatic insects and protection from predators will also be full of trout. You can find trout in still waters like lakes and ponds or in moving waters such as rivers and streams. 7. **Rig up your equipment before departing.** The easiest thing to do is to tie on a barrel swivel using a simple clinch knot. Under no circumstance should an overhand knot be used. This will cause the monofilament line to cut itself. Try tying one of these knots in the line and give it a quick jerk if you would like to see how harmful this knot is. To tie a clinch knot, thread the end of your fishing line through the eye of the hook. Then double back and twist the line around the standing line. Twist the line 6 or more times around the standing line. Bring the end of the line back the first loop behind the eye and then through the bigger loop. Lightly soak the knot and slide it tight against the hook. Clip the excess line with scissors and close the knot. To set up a pole with no line on it, pull the line through the holes on the rod. When you get to the reel, thread the line through the line guide, which is located at the front of the reel. Wrap the line around the reel and tie 2 knots to keep the line secure. Cut off any excess line with scissors. Flick the reel handle and the line will move down and onto the reel. Continue reeling the line in until it's tightly wound around the reel. 8. **Attach split shot weights to the line.** This serves 2 purposes. It allows you to cast your line more effectively and it allows you to control how fast your bait will drift in the water. Place the weights about 2 feet (0.61 m) below the hook. Make sure you pinch them hard enough so they won't move on the line, but loose enough that you can adjust their position. Use 3 weights at first and remove or add weights depending on how fast your bait is moving. 9. **Fish during the morning or evening when the weather is fair.** Fish will bite in almost any condition, but you should at least attempt to remain dry, so wait for good weather. If you don't mind fishing in bad weather, you can match your bait to the weather conditions. During a rainstorm and up to 24 hours afterward, many earthworms will be washed into the river. This is the best time to fish for worms. The best time of the day to fish for trout is early in the morning and late in the evening. Trout do not like bright light. They will be more likely to come closer to the surface to feed when the light is less intense. On windy days baits like grasshoppers or crickets are effective. This is due to the fact that windy conditions cause these bugs to end up in the water. 10. **Scout the river or lake when you arrive for a fishing spot.** Leave all of your fishing stuff in the car. Look for other fishermen along the shoreline. Look for any nice clearings on the shoreline that are easily accessible. You'll also want to look for slow moving patches of deep water, or any area where the water goes from deep to shallow or shallow to deep. Converging currents are another good thing to look for as fish will be drawn into these converging areas. If it's a stocked river or lake, there should be plenty of people fishing. If you're inexperienced, don't be afraid to talk to other fishermen. They'll more than likely be happy to show you the ropes. 11. **Get your fishing gear and head to your scouted spot.** You rigged up all the equipment at home so now all you have to do is set it up at the lake or river. Be careful wading into the water as you might lose your footing at any point. Don't wade too deep into the water. 12. **Attach your bait to your hook.** If you are using one of the worms, you need to push the hook through the end of the worm. Work the length of the worm onto the hook until the worm gets to the end of the hook, then pull the tip of the hook out through the worm to expose it. Pinch off the remainder of the worm about 1 inch (2.5 cm) away from the hook so that a small part dangles from the end. If you are using the Roe or the corn, simply push a couple of pieces onto the hook just past the barb. 13. **Cast the fishing line slightly upstream or into the current.** A good rule of thumb for trying to catch visible fish is to go 20–50 feet (6.1–15.2 m) downstream and cast upstream past the fish. This serves two purposes. As stated earlier, you need to have a lifelike drift on your bait or lure. That means that if you go downstream you are behind them and less likely to be seen. To cast the rod, bring the rod tip behind you slowly. Press and hold the button on the reel with your thumb. Quickly bring the rod tip directly in front of you and release the button in the middle of the cast. Be careful not to whip the rod too hard or your bait will get thrown off the hook. If using a rod without a button, use your index finger to hold the line, then flip the bail (the little bar) up and continue to hold the line. Follow the same instructions as above, by holding on until the middle and letting it fly. You can cast from the shore of the lake or river or you can wade into the water. You'll probably have more success catching trout if you wade into the water. However, your movements might also scare them away. 14. **Let the bait drift, keeping the rod tip up and about face level.** Once the bait gets past you, the line will start to tighten up, so keep your eyes on the rod tip and where the line is going in your peripheral vision. Any small pulls on the rod tip could be the bait bouncing off rocks or it could be a trout tasting the bait. Wait for the trout to take the bait. You will feel a big pull on the rod when you have a fish on the line. 15. **Set the hook when you've got a bite.** Do this by quickly jerking the rod tip up 1–2 feet (0.3–0.6 m). If you've hooked the fish, your rod will be heavily bent over. Reel in slowly and keep the rod tip above your head. If you lower the rod tip, the fish can get off the hook as it violently thrashes about in the water. Once you have the fish reeled into shore, take your net and gently scoop it up. 16. **Keep the trout if you want to cook it later.** You need to know the regulations on what size fish you are allowed to keep. Stocked fish are usually about 9 inches (22.9 cm) long if stocked small. These are too small to fillet but are delicious when prepared whole. Only keep the trout if you will eat it. Stocked fish rarely survive over winter or reproduce, and compete with wild fish. If you do not fillet the fish you will need to clean it (remove its innards) before cooking it. 17. **Protect the fish if you decide to release it.** If you do not wish to keep the fish, it is very important that you not handle the fish at all if possible. Wet your hands and net before handling the fish. Try to keep the fish in the water and grasp the hook at the curve, either with your fingers or forceps, and gently remove it from the fish. Trout, like all fish, have a protective coating of slime on them. Touching them removes the slime and will actually "burn" the fish where you touch it. Use a net to return the fish to the water. If the fish swallowed the hook, you will have to cut the line and try not to pull on it very much as you will rip the fish's insides apart and it most likely will not survive. Don't squeeze the fish, as this will cause internal bleeding and a very slow, painful death for the fish. Do not throw or drop the fish from a height as it may burst the trout's air bladders. Most trout survive a proper release.

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How to Treat a Wound

Most small wounds, such as cuts and scrapes, can be easily treated at home. However, if you have a more serious wound or an infection, you may need medical attention to make sure it heals properly. 1. **Apply pressure to the wound to stop the bleeding.** Wash your hands and then use a clean bandage or cloth to press firmly on the wound. Washing your hands will prevent you from transferring bacteria from your hands to the wound. The pressure will help slow the bleeding and promote clotting. If the wound is on an arm, hand, leg, or foot, you can also slow the bleeding by raising it above your heart. For an arm or hand, you can hold it in the air. For a leg or foot, you will need to lie in bed and prop your leg up on a pile of pillows. 2. **Clean the wound.** Rinse it with clean water. This will help to remove dirt and other particles that might cause an infection. Wash the skin around the wound with soap and a clean washcloth. Gently pat the wound and surrounding tissues dry. If running water is not able to remove all of the debris from the wound, you may need to remove it with tweezers. Wash and then sterilize the tweezers with rubbing alcohol before touching them to the wound. Then gently remove any foreign particles embedded in the wound. If you cannot remove them all, go to the emergency room and have a doctor help you. If the wound has an object embedded in it, . Instead, go to the doctor so that it can be removed safely without causing additional damage. Do not wipe the wound with a cotton ball that might leave pieces of material stuck in the wound. This increases the risk of infection and may complicate healing. 3. **Prevent infection with a topical antibiotic.** After you have stopped the bleeding and cleaned the wound, apply an antibiotic cream to protect it from infection. You can purchase antibiotic creams and ointments such as Neosporin or Polysporin over-the-counter at your local pharmacy. Use these ointments for one to two days. Always read and follow the instructions on the packaging. If you are pregnant, nursing, or treating a child, consult your doctor before using any medications. Do not apply an antiseptic disinfectant like alcohol or hydrogen peroxide. This can harm the tissues and make it take longer to heal. 4. **Cover the wound with a bandage.** This will prevent bacteria and dirt from entering the wound. Depending upon where the wound is located, a simple adhesive bandage may be sufficient. If the wound is larger or located near a joint, you may need to wrap it so that the covering will stay in place. Do not wrap so tightly that you cut off the circulation. Change the bandage daily to prevent infection. If it becomes wet or dirty, change it promptly. Use waterproof bandages or wrap plastic wrap over your bandages when you shower to keep them dry. 5. **Monitor the wound to make sure it does not get infected.** If it shows signs of infection, go to the emergency room. Signs to watch for include: Increasing pain over time Warmth Swelling Redness Pus leaking from the wound Fever 6. **Go to the emergency room if you have a serious wound.** Do not try to drive yourself if you have just suffered a severe wound. Have someone drive you or call emergency medical responders. You need professional medical care if you have a wound that is bleeding severely or may leave you permanently disabled if it does not heal properly. This includes: Cut arteries. If you are bleeding bright red blood which is pumped out of your wound each time your heart beats, call emergency medical responders. It is important that you receive care before you lose too much blood. Bleeding that does not stop after a few minutes of pressure. This may occur if you have a severe, deep cut. If can also occur if you have a blood disorder or are on medication that prevents your blood from clotting. Wounds where you cannot move or feel a body part. This may be indicative of a deeper injury to the bone or tendons. Wounds with a foreign object stuck inside. Common examples include glass, shrapnel, or stones. In this case a doctor will need to remove the objects and prevent infection. Long jagged cuts that are difficult to heal. If the cut is larger than about two inches, you may need stitches to help it close. Wounds to the face. Facial wounds require expert care to prevent scarring. Wounds that have a high risk of infection. This includes wounds that are contaminated with feces, bodily fluids (including saliva from animal or human bites), or soil. 7. **Get medical treatment for your wound.** The care that your doctor recommends will likely vary based on whether it is infected. If it is not infected the wound will be cleaned and closed. Closing the wound quickly will help prevent scarring. There are several techniques the doctor may use to close the wound: Stitches. Wounds longer than about 2 ½ inches may be sewn closed with sterile thread. The stitches may be taken out by a doctor five to seven days later for small incisions, seven to 14 for larger wounds. Or, if your doctor feels it is appropriate, she may use thread where the stitches will dissolve after a few weeks as the wound heals. Never remove your stitches yourself. You may cause an injury or infection to the site of the wound. Tissue adhesive glue. This substance would be applied to the edges of the wound while it is held together. As it dries it will seal the wound shut. The glue will come off by itself after about a week. Butterfly stitches. These are not actually stitches. Instead they are sticky strips that hold the wound closed. The doctor will remove them after the wound heals. Do not remove them yourself. 8. **Let your doctor treat an infected wound.** If your wound is infected the doctor will treat the infection before closing the wound. If it is closed while it is still infected, this will seal the infection in and may cause it to spread. Your doctor may: Swab the infection so the pathogen can be studied and identified. This can help determine the best course of treatment. Clean the wound and pack it with a dressing that will prevent it from closing. Give you antibiotics to eliminate the infection. Ask you to return after several days so the doctor can evaluate whether the infection has been successfully treated. If so, the doctor will then close the wound. 9. **Get a tetanus vaccine.** Your doctor may want you to get a tetanus vaccine if the wound is deep or has dirt in it and you have not had one in the past five years. Tetanus is a bacterial infection. It is also called “lockjaw” because it can cause the muscles of the jaw and neck to contract. It can also cause breathing problems and can be fatal. There is no cure, so the best prevention is staying up to date on your vaccines. 10. **Go to a wound care center if you have a non-healing wound.** Non-healing wounds are wounds that have not started to heal after two weeks or have not finished healing after six weeks. Common types of wounds that are difficult to heal include pressure sores, surgical wounds, radiation sores, and wounds resulting from diabetes, lack of blood flow, or swollen legs, which often occur in the foot. At a wound care center you will have access to: Nurses, doctors, and physical therapists who will teach you to clean your wound properly and do exercises to maintain the blood flow. Specialized therapies to remove dead tissue. This may include cutting it away, using a whirlpool or syringe to wash it away, applying chemicals to dissolve the dead tissue, and using wet-to-dry dressings that dry on the wound and absorb dead tissue. Specialized procedures to promote healing include: compression stockings to improve blood flow, ultrasound to stimulate healing, artificial skins to protect wounds as they heal, removing fluid from the wound with negative pressure therapy, providing you with growth factors to promote healing, and using hyperbaric oxygen therapy to increase the blood supply to your tissues.

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How to Prepare Guava Leaves for Weight Loss

There's some evidence that guava leaf may bolster your weight loss efforts, so drinking tea made from guava leaves has become quite popular. Simply drinking guava leaf tea probably won’t help you lose weight, but it may help to curb your appetite and it’s a great calorie-free drink option. You can make guava leaf tea using fresh or dried guava leaves. Drink the tea before eating a meal or in place of your morning coffee to reap the guava leaf’s weight loss benefits. 1. **Rinse the leaves under running water to clean them.** Guava leaves sometimes have a coating of powder on them, which you will need to rinse off. Hold the leaves under running water for about 30 seconds to rinse off the powder. Rinse about 20 leaves for the tea. Another option is to fill a bowl with cool water and dunk the leaves into it. Then, replace the water and repeat 2 more times to get the leaves clean. Check in a health food store or farmer’s market (in tropical regions) for fresh guava leaves. 2. **Pour 12  fl oz (350 mL) of water into a pot and bring it to a boil.** Fill a small to medium-sized pot and place it on the stovetop. Then, turn on the heat to medium-high and bring the water to a boil. 3. **Add the leaves to the water and boil them for 10 minutes.** Once the water is boiling, add the guava leaves to the pot. Boil the leaves in the water for the next 10 minutes. If the leaves float to the top of the water, use a metal or wooden spoon to push them back down. 4. **Remove the pot from the heat and strain the liquid through a colander.** After 10 minutes, place a colander or tea strainer over a mug. Pour the desired amount of the liquid through the colander to strain out the leaves. This recipe makes enough for 2 6  fl oz (180 mL) servings. Enjoy the tea hot or pour it over a glass filled with ice. If desired, you may also sweeten the tea with honey, sugar, or a calorie-free sweetener, such as stevia. 5. **Add 1 tsp (2.5 g) of guava leaf powder to a tea infuser.** This is enough powder to make 8  fl oz (240 mL) of guava leaf tea. Increase the amount to make a larger batch. Measure out the powder and put it into a metal, ceramic, or other type of tea infuser or strainer. You can order powdered guava leaves or guava leaf tea online. 6. **Pour 6  fl oz (180 mL) of hot water over the tea infuser in a mug.** Bring the water to a boil in a teapot and then pour it over the tea infuser in a mug. Let the tea steep for 10 minutes. You may cover the tea cup with a plate if desired. This will help to keep the heat in and prevent the water from cooling down too much. If you're using the guava leaves to help treat digestive or sugar issues, you're more likely to experience results from a tea, rather than using capsule or powdered guava. 7. **Remove the infuser and drink the tea hot or pour it over ice.** After time is up, take the infuser or tea strainer out of the cup. Then, you can either drink the tea hot or pour it over a cup filled with ice if you want to make iced tea. If desired, you may also add honey, sugar, or a calorie-free sweetener, such as stevia. You can also flavor the tea with juice from a lemon.

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How to Make Liposomal Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that supports the immune system and is critical for the normal repair of wounds and tissue injury, including cuts, sprains, strains, burns and broken or fractured bones. Vitamin C may also reduce inflammation, slow down the effects of aging, help treat cancer, and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, and there are biological problems getting a water-soluble nutrient into a fat-soluble environment — liposomal vitamin C solves that problem. Liposomes are fat-soluble vehicles that carry nutrients to the body's cells. You can even make your own liposomal vitamin C by following some simple steps. 1. **Gather your ingredients.** To make liposomal vitamin C, you will need some special ingredients and tools. You can find most of the ingredients in a well-stocked grocery store, but you may also order them online. For example, lecithin may be difficult to find in a grocery store. To make liposomal vitamin C, you will need: Distilled water Vodka (40% alcohol) Vitamin C powder or tablets (also sold as ascorbic acid) Powdered lecithin derived from soy or sunflower seeds (make certain the product you buy does not contain GMOs) High power blender Scale that measures in grams or ounces Large glass container, such as a measuring cup or beaker Large mason jar 2. **Measure out nine ounces of distilled water and 12 ounces of vodka.** It is necessary to use steam-distilled water for this recipe. Do not use regular tap water. Measure and pour the water and the vodka into the glass container. If you have a measuring cup with measurements on the side, then this is ideal. 3. **Add 6 ounces of vitamin C powder to the water.** Measure out 6 ounces of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) powder and add it to the vodka and water mixture. Stir the vitamin C into the water and vodka until the vitamin C is completely dissolved. To make sure that the vitamin C powder is fully dissolved, you may also want to heat this mixture in a ceramic pan until it reaches 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). If you are using vitamin C tablets, then you will need to crush them first. You can use a mortar and pestle if you have one or put tablets into a plastic bag and use a rolling pin to crush them. 4. **Blend in the lecithin.** You will need to weigh out 7 ounces of lecithin and add it to the vitamin C, water, and vodka mixture. You may use soy-derived or sunflower-derived lecithin for this recipe. Then Pour the vitamin C, water, vodka, and lecithin into the blender. Blend the ingredients on high for about four minutes and then put the blender in the refrigerator for a few hours. Then take the blender out and blend the ingredients for four minutes again and then return the mixture to the refrigerator for a few more hours. Continue to blend and refrigerate five or six times over the next 24 hours. 5. **Transfer your liposomal vitamin C into a large mason jar.** At this point, you have created liposomal vitamin C that you can store and use. It is not necessary to do anything else. Using an ultrasonic unit will increase the number of liposomes that you create, but it is not absolutely necessary since you have already created some liposomes by blending the ingredients. 6. **Gather materials.** Keep in mind that improving your liposomal vitamin C with an ultrasonic unit is optional. If you do not already have the materials that you need to improve your liposomal vitamin C, then you will probably have to order some tools online, such as the glass beaker and ultrasonic unit. You will need: One recipe of basic liposomal vitamin C High powered blender 1-liter glass beaker Ultrasonic unit Plastic wrap Wooden spoon 7. **Blend the liposomal vitamin C one more time.** Blend the liposomal vitamin C until it feels warm. This may take several minutes. Feel the blender to detect the temperature. The temperature of the ingredients should be about 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). 8. **Transfer the basic liposomal vitamin C into a glass beaker.** After you have blended the vitamin C until it is warm, then transfer it into your glass beaker. The beaker that you use will need to be large enough to hold all of the blended ingredients and still fit into your ultrasonic unit. You may want to check before you transfer your liposomal vitamin C. 9. **Remove the bubbles with the ultrasonic unit.** Pace the beaker with the liposomal vitamin C into the ultrasonic unit for about 30 minutes. The ultrasonic unit will push the bubbles to the surface. After 30 minutes is up, cover the beaker in plastic wrap and place the beaker into the refrigerator for about an hour and then use a wooden spoon to skim off the bubbles that have collected on the surface. Make sure that you follow the manufacturer’s directions for how to use your ultrasonic unit. 10. **Put liposomal vitamin C back into your ultrasonic unit.** Let the ultrasonic unit run until the temperature of the vitamin C mixture reaches 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32 degrees Celsius). This will help to kill any bacteria that might be present in your liposomal vitamin C. 11. **Pour the liposomal vitamin C into a glass jar.** When your liposomal vitamin C is ready, you can transfer it into a glass jar. Make sure that the jar has a tight-fitting lid so that you can close it and not worry about it leaking. A mason jar works well for storing your liposomal vitamin C. 12. **Store liposomal vitamin C in the refrigerator.** Keeping your liposomal vitamin C will help prevent spoilage, but keep in mind that it has a short shelf-life. Your liposomal vitamin C will only keep for about three to four days, so you will need to make a batch twice per week if you want to use it regularly. 13. **Take one tablespoon of liposomal vitamin C every day.** Liposomal vitamin C is a potent supplement, so you only need to take one tablespoon per day. For best absorption, you should take it on an empty stomach. You may also want to mix it with juice or water because Vitamin C is quite sour. 14. **Keep in mind that Vitamin C can increase the absorption of iron in foods.** Vitamin C increases the amount of iron that you absorb from foods that contain iron or from iron supplements. For this reason, do not exceed your daily allowance of iron from food or supplements. Some sources say to wait at least an hour after taking liposomal vitamin C before eating red meat. 15. **Stop taking liposomal vitamin C prior to a blood glucose test.** Vitamin C can alter the results of a blood glucose test, so you will need to stop taking it about two to three days before a blood glucose test to prevent this from happening. You should also let your doctor know that you have been taking liposomal vitamin C. 16. **Check with your physician first if you have any medical conditions.** Liposomal vitamin C may not be recommended in certain situations. Talk to your physician before taking liposomal Vitamin C if you: Have diabetes or kidney disease Are on a sodium-restricted diet Are taking blood thinners

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How to Survive an Earthquake

Earthquakes strike without (or with limited) warning and are among the most destructive natural disasters. To ride out an earthquake, remember the phrase “drop, cover, and hold on.” Quickly find a spot away from glass, exterior walls, and any objects that could fall. Crouch and take cover until the shaking stops, then respond to any hazardous damage caused by the earthquake. Advanced preparation is key, so you and your family should make a supply kit, come up with an emergency plan, and practice drills regularly. 1. **Remember that you only have a few seconds between an earthquake warning and feeling actual shaking.** You may feel shaking before or after receiving such a warning. You may even feel shaking with no warning! Regardless, remember that earthquake early warnings give you limited time and do not predict earthquakes. You may get a warning anywhere from a few seconds to up to a minute before an earthquake hits. 2. **Turn off cooking appliances if it is safe to do so before taking cover.** These appliances can potentially start a fire if left unattended. Make sure all controls on stoves, ovens, and microwaves are set to OFF before seeking cover. 3. **Open exit doors if you can before tremors start.** This will prevent them from jamming, leaving you with a possible evacuation route. 4. **Follow instructions of emergency personnel if in a public building.** They may provide you additional things that you need to do to protect your lives. For example, they may inform you to turn off dangerous machinery or to move away from shelves or displays. 5. **Slow down your vehicle if in a car.** Avoid sudden braking or swerving, as it could potentially cause an accident. 6. **Get away from glass, large furniture, and other hazards, if possible.** In the first few seconds after the shaking starts, try to quickly move away from anything that could fall and injure you. Get low and walk or crawl away from hazards such as windows, cabinets, televisions, and bookcases. If you're in a crowded public place, such as a store, do not rush toward the exits, even if you see lots of people doing so. Get away from display racks, glass, and exterior walls, and find a covered spot to take shelter. Remember the phrase “Drop, Cover, Hold on,” which is the course of action recommended by U.S. and international emergency management organizations. Fire alarms may sound as earthquakes can mess with fire alarm systems, but it is best to stay where you are and wait until the shaking stops. 7. **Drop to your hands and knees under a sturdy table or desk.** Look for a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a solid table, that can offer cover from falling objects. Get down on your hands and knees, and crouch under the desk or table until the shaking stops. If you're in bed during an earthquake, stay there. Brace yourself, and protect your head and neck with a pillow. If you can't get under a sturdy table or desk, take cover in an interior corner of the building. Don't stand in a doorway. This is was recommended in the past, but you're safer under a sturdy table or crouched in a corner. A doorway doesn't offer much protection from falling or flying objects, which cause the most earthquake-related injuries and deaths. 8. **Protect your head and neck from falling debris.** If possible, grab a pillow, sofa cushion, or another object to shield your face and head. If there's nothing nearby to use as a shield, cover your face, head, and neck with your hands and arms. A strong earthquake can kick up clouds of dangerous dust. If this is the case, you should also cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or an article of clothing. 9. **Remain in your safe spot until the shaking stops.** Stay put until the shaking has stopped for 1 or 2 minutes. Remain on guard when you get up, as aftershocks can occur at any time after an earthquake. In the event of an earthquake, you and your family (or coworkers, if you're at work) should meet in a designated safe location. Create an action plan in advance, and head to the designated meeting place once the shaking has stopped. If an aftershock occurs, drop, cover, and hold on until it stops. 10. **Use caution around debris after leaving your shelter.** Watch out for broken glass and rubble. If you're not wearing shoes, tread lightly, and be extremely careful not to injure yourself. Grab a pair of heavy-soled shoes and, if you're wearing light clothing, put on a pair of pants and a long-sleeved shirt. In a strong earthquake, remember to cover your mouth to avoid inhaling dust, especially if you have a history of any respiratory diseases. If you're trapped, don't shout, as you'd risk inhaling dust. Instead, send a text or call emergency services, tap on a hard surface, or, if you have one, blow a whistle to alert first responders of your location. 11. **Check for injuries and render aid, if needed.** Call emergency services if you or someone nearby are injured and need medical attention. If you know first aid or CPR, administer emergency care as needed. To perform CPR, place one hand over the center of the person's chest, and hold your other hand over the first. Keep your arms straight as you press directly into their chest at a rate of about 100 beats per minute. Stop bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound. Pack the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth and apply firm pressure. If firm pressure doesn't stop the bleeding, use a belt, article of clothing, or bandages to fashion a tourniquet. Wrap the tourniquet 2 to 3 in (5.1 to 7.6 cm) above the wound toward the torso. For a wound on the thigh, wrap the tourniquet above the wound near the groin to limit the amount of blood flowing from the heart. If someone is seriously injured or unconscious, don't move them unless the building is structurally unsound or they're otherwise in immediate danger. 12. **Inspect the building for structural damage and hazards.** Check for cracks in the building's structure, fires, the smell of gas, and damaged wires or electrical appliances. If you believe the building is unsound, evacuate immediately. If possible, and if there's no immediate threat that the building will collapse, respond to any utility hazards. If you smell gas or hear a blowing or hissing noise, open a window and quickly leave the building. Turn off the gas at the main valve outside and call the gas company. Note that a professional will be needed to restore service. Look for signs of electrical damage, including sparks, broken or frayed wires, and burning smells. If possible, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or circuit breaker. If you'd have to step in water to access the fuse box or circuit breaker, call an electrician instead of approaching it yourself. Put out any small fires with a fire extinguisher. If there's a larger fire, call emergency services. Evacuate immediately if there's a fire and you smell gas. Don't drink water from the sink, bathe, or use the toilet until your local authorities have advised that it's safe to do so. Plug the drains in sinks and bathtubs to prevent sewage backflow. 13. **Stop in a clear area away from trees, buildings, and other structures.** Find an open area and stop your vehicle on the shoulder or side of the road. Get as far away as you can from utility poles, large structures, bridges, and any other potential hazards. Pay attention to surrounding traffic, and stop only when it's safe to do so. Don't stop abruptly, or vehicles to the rear might collide with you. 14. **Set your parking brake and wait until the shaking stops.** The car may jiggle violently during an earthquake, but stay put and try to remain calm. You're safer in a car than outside, since vehicles offer protection from debris and falling objects. Turn on your radio, as channels should be broadcasting emergency broadcast information. 15. **Beware of damaged roads, debris, and other hazards when you continue driving.** Listen for reports of road closures or hazards on the emergency broadcast. When the shaking stops, resume driving and keep your eye out for damaged roadways, sinkholes, unsound bridges, and any other potential hazards. If a power line has fallen on your vehicle or you're otherwise unable to travel, stay put. Call emergency services, and wait for first responders. 16. **Move away from buildings, street lights, power lines, and bridges.** The most dangerous locations during an earthquake are areas immediately around buildings. As soon as the ground begins shaking, try to get as far away as possible from any nearby structures. Stay low to the ground to keep your balance as you get to a safe spot, and keep your eye out for falling debris. Do not seek shelter under a bridge or overpass. Additionally, look out for sinkholes, open faults, or large holes in the ground. 17. **Crouch down low in a wide open area until the shaking stops.** Once you've made your way away from nearby structures, get on your hands and knees and cover your head. See if there are any objects nearby to use as a shield, such as a trash can lid. If none are available, cover your head and neck with your hands and arms. Remain crouched low to the ground in a covered position until the shaking stops. 18. **Watch out for hazards as you assess your surroundings.** As you venture out after the earthquake, beware of broken glass, rubble, downed power lines, fallen trees, and any other potential hazards. Check yourself and anyone nearby for injuries. If necessary, administer first aid and call emergency services. Stay away from damaged structures and areas immediately around buildings. Remember that aftershocks may occur. If there's an aftershock, weakened buildings, windows, and architectural details can fall to the ground. 19. **Get to higher ground if you're on the shore or near a dam.** If a shaking lasts more than 20 seconds, don't wait for an alarm or warning to flee. Get to ground that's at least 100 ft (30 m) above sea level or 2 mi (3.2 km) from the shore. Earthquakes can cause tsunamis, so put distance between yourself and the coast. While a catastrophic failure is unlikely, earthquake damage can cause flooding downstream from a dam. If you live in a flood zone, proceed to higher ground. Check evacuation plans in advance if you live near a dam in an earthquake-prone area. 20. **Make an emergency supply kit.** Keep your supplies in an easily accessible spot, such as a hall closet or garage. Make sure every member of your family knows where your emergency supplies are located. Keep the following items on hand: Enough bottled water and non-perishable food to last 3 days. A first aid kit, including gauze, alcohol or hydrogen peroxide, tweezers, ibuprofen or another pain reliever, cotton swabs, anti-diarrhea medication, sanitary napkins, and eyewash. Medications that any members of your family take regularly. A flashlight and extra batteries. Tools, including a screwdriver and adjustable wrench. A whistle, to alert first responders in the event you become trapped. Clothes and blankets. Your pet's food and medication, if you have one. 21. **Create a family survival plan for your home.** You and anyone you live with should have a plan to quickly get to safety in the event of an emergency. Instruct every member of your household to drop, cover, and hold on, then to head to a designated meeting location when the shaking stops. Designated spots might be a clearing near your home, a school, community center, or a shelter. Make a plan to reunite ahead of time, as phone service may be limited and should be used only for emergencies. Conduct practice drills every 6 months to ensure you and your loved ones know exactly what to do in the event of an earthquake. 22. **Identify safe spots and hazards in each room of your home.** Look for tall cabinets, televisions, dressers, bookcases, hanging plants, and other objects that could fall and cause injury. Go room by room with your family members, and note spots that offer protection and those that are potentially dangerous. For example, if there's a heavy desk in your child's bedroom, tell them to take cover under it. Advise them to stay away from their windows and dresser. 23. **Store dangerous objects in a secure cabinet or on lower shelves.** Avoid storing heavy objects high up, and install brackets to secure tall furniture to walls. Keep any dangerous items, such as sharp objects, glass, and flammable or toxic substances in locked or low cabinets. Objects such as knives or corrosive liquids can cause serious injury, especially if they fall from a high storage spot during an earthquake. 24. **Take first-aid and CPR classes to become certified.** If someone nearby is hurt in an earthquake, basic knowledge of first aid can be a lifesaver. A CPR certification will prepare you to respond if the worst happens. Look online for nearby classes, or check with a local clinic or Red Cross chapter. 25. **Learn how to shut off the water, the electricity, and the gas.** Earthquakes can damage utilities and cause flooding, fires, or explosions. If you're not sure how to shut off your utilities, call your service providers for specific instructions. To shut off electricity, turn off individual circuits or fuses at the main box, then turn off the main circuit or fuse. Your gas main should be near your gas meter, but locations vary. Use an adjustable wrench to turn the valve 1/4 turn clockwise. Your water main should be at your water meter by the street or sidewalk, but it may be inside your home. Turn the valve 1/4 turn clockwise to shut off your water.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Survive-an-Earthquake", "language": "en"}

How to Be Friends with a Girl That Rejected You

Rejection isn't easy, but just because a girl doesn't want a relationship doesn't mean you can't still be friends. Learning to see her as a friend will take some time and work on your part, and it may not be easy. Once you get through this process, though, you'll realize that instead of losing a romantic partner, you actually have gained a friend and that this friendship can have a positive impact on your life and hers! 1. **Be polite as she rejects you.** While it's never fun to be rejected, you have to take it in stride, especially if you want to stay friends with the girl. Even if she isn't as polite as she could be, be the bigger person and accept the rejection. Just end the conversation with a simple, "Okay, I'll talk to you later," or something like that. When you see her afterwards, just smile and say hi. Don't bring up the rejection again, at least for a while. She made her decision and you'll only pester her if you keep bringing it up. Never insult or threaten her. It's this girl's right to decide who she wants to date, and she doesn't deserve to be insulted because she rejected your advances. 2. **Allow yourself to be sad for a little while.** Getting rejected always hurts, and it's normal to feel bad about it. Don't try to suppress your feelings of disappointment, but rather allow yourself a few days to get those feelings out. After you go through this grieving process, you can get back to building your confidence. Everyone grieves at their own pace, and it's normal to feel sad for a while. If you can't seem to get over it or are feeling depressed for some time, however, you might be suffering from some psychological issues. Consider talking to a guidance counselor or mental health professional to get the help you need. 3. **Put the rejection in perspective.** Things always seem more serious than they really are when they first happen. It might seem like this rejection is a huge deal, but think about it a little more. How much does getting rejected for a date impact your life? Probably not too much. Remember that this rejection doesn't mean anything about you as a person. You're not a bad or undesirable person because one girl didn't accept your advances. All the good qualities you had are still a part of you. Once you realize that, moving on is much easier. 4. **Get your mind off the rejection with other activities.** Any time you're feeling down, doing nothing just makes it worse. This allows your brain to dwell on the problem. Instead, distract your brain. Watch a movie, go outside and walk or ride your bike, go to the mall with friends; anything you enjoy and that will keep your mind busy. It especially helps to do activities you're good at. This will help rebuild your confidence. For example, if you're great at basketball, go play a pickup game at the park. Your good performance on the court will help help improve your mood and confidence level. 5. **Try to be her friend only after you've gotten over the rejection.** If you're still hurt, you won't be able to focus on being a friend. You'll still be wondering why she rejected you, what's wrong with you, etc. This could result in you lashing out or acting angry at her. It's much better to work on getting over the rejection first before moving on, or you could cause unnecessary heartache for yourself. 6. **Avoid having ulterior motives.** Before trying to cultivate a friendship with the girl, question your own motives. Do you really want to be friends with her, or are you just hoping it turns into something more? Even if you still like her, you shouldn't be friends with her just in hopes of getting into a relationship with her. This will probably end up in more rejection if she gets into another relationship or still doesn't want a serious relationship with you. Also, if she realizes you have other motives, she might think twice about being your friend too. Ask yourself, "Do I really want to be friends with a girl who rejected me?" 7. **Communicate with her normally.** Soon after the rejection, she may feel strange seeing you or talking with you. Show her that you've moved on and you're okay. Don't get tongue-tied or act shy. Talk about school, music, TV, and normal things you would talk with any other friend about. This will help her get more comfortable around you and view you more as a friend than a person she rejected. Do not let her talk you into remaining friends, if you would rather not be her friend. Don't be afraid to reject her friendship and pursue friendships with other girls who may be open to a relationship with you. It's normal to be nervous about talking to her for the first few times after the rejection. Try reading Talk to a Girl for some ideas on how to overcome your nerves and hold down a conversation. Start a conversation with her about something you know you have in common. For example, you may have a class together. Talking about the teacher or an upcoming test is a good way to get a conversation going. This will break the ice and show her that you're someone she can talk to normally. Again, don't bring up the rejection. This will make her uncomfortable and she probably won't be too excited to talk to you. 8. **Find out her interests.** Any friendship requires mutual interests. When talking to her, try to find out her hobbies and interests. You may find that you like a similar band or sports team. This will give you a ready-made topic to talk about when you see her, and can also give you ideas on where to hang out with her. During one of your conversations you could casually bring up a band or something that was on TV the night before. Pay attention to her response and see if she is interested in it. If she doesn't like what you brought up, use that as an opportunity to ask what she prefers instead. Learning about one of her interests will give you even more common ground with her and can help foster your friendship. However, you should only take up a hobby or interest if you legitimately like it. Doing something just because she likes it means that you're not being honest with her or yourself. 9. **Start by socializing with her in a group.** Recently after the rejection, you shouldn't ask her to hang out with you alone. She might think you're just trying to trick her into a date. Instead, invite her to hang out with your friends. Tell her she can bring friends too. She'll probably be more comfortable around her friends and you too can socialize as normal friends would. Movies, sports games, bowling, and going out to eat are all great activities that can be done in a large group. If your friends know about the rejection, make sure to tell them not to bring it up while she's around. An off-hand comment from one of your friends could make her uncomfortable and mess up what would have been a fun time. 10. **Advance to hanging out with her one-on-one slowly.** This will probably take a while, and may never happen. She simply may not be comfortable enough to see you alone, and there isn't anything you can do about it. You can still be friends if you don't see her one-on-one. If you do ask her to see you alone, make sure she knows that you don't mean it as a date. Let her know that you just want to see her as your friend. Also sticking to public places will probably make her more comfortable. She may get the wrong idea if you ask her to come watch movies at your house. 11. **Avoid contacting her too much.** Calling or texting her constantly will probably make her think you're still interested in her, and you'll end up annoying her. Treat her the same way you would treat your other friends. Would you call your other friends three times a day? Probably not. Remember, treating her normally is the way to make her your friend. There isn't a concrete rule on how much contact is too much, so it will depend on the situation. Paying attention to her responses will help you see if you're going too far. If she's giving you one-word answers, taking a long time to respond, and you're doing most of the talking, these are indications that she isn't interested in talking so much. Scale back the amount you contact her. If she comes out and tells you you're contacting her too much, take this seriously and cut back. 12. **Stick to boundaries when talking to her.** There are a few things that should be off-limits when you talk to her. Avoid bringing up her love life, her relationship if she's in one, the fact that she rejected you, and any romantic topics. Keep your conversations on safe topics. Of course you can talk about these things if she brings them up first. Let her take that first step to show that she's comfortable talking about more serious topics with you. Until then, don't push the boundaries or you risk making her uncomfortable. 13. **Respect her relationship if she's in one.** While it may be difficult to see her in a relationship with someone else, this is something you have to accept. You're not in a relationship with her and it's none of your business what she does romantically. Not respecting the boundaries of her relationship is rude to both her and her significant other. Don't insult her significant other or compare yourself to him or her. In fact, it's really best not to bring up her significant other at all unless she mentions him first. This will keep conversations from getting into inappropriate territory. Sometimes people talk to their friends of the opposite sex less often when they're in a relationship. You might find this hard to deal with, but it's common and you have to respect her choices. Don't harass her if she withdraws from you after getting into a relationship. If you two became very good friends and she stopped talking to you altogether, then you could bring it up to her and say you're disappointed that your friendship has suffered. If you're only casual friends, however, let it go. Never make further advances on her when you know she's in a relationship. While this would be inappropriate after a rejection anyway, it is especially disrespectful to do so when you know she's in a relationship. 14. **Make future advances only if she expresses interest in you.** It's possible that after being your friend for a while, this girl may start liking you as well. If that happens and you're still interested, great. But don't make anymore advances until she expresses interest in you. This could ruin the friendship you've been working so hard to cultivate.

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How to Sit at a Computer

This wikiHow teaches you how to use proper posture and equipment positioning when sitting at a computer for long periods at a time. Keep in mind that, even with the perfect posture and equipment set-up, you should still stand up to stretch and walk around every once in a while. 1. **Sit using ideal posture.** Many office and personal desk chairs have adjustable backs, seats, and even lumbar support. Since the type of chair that you use will vary, try to keep the following criteria in mind: Your upper legs should be flat against the bottom of the chair. Your lower legs should form a 90 degree angle at the knees. Your feet should be at a flat 90 degree angle to your lower legs. Your back should be at between 100 and 135 degrees in relation to your legs (if possible). Your arms should be tucked near your sides. Your shoulders and neck should be relaxed. Your eyes should be able to view the screen comfortably without having to stretch, crane, or strain your neck or your eyes. 2. **Adjust any support for your chair.** If your chair has lumbar support, a customized cushion, adjustable arm rests, or any other type of specialized support, adjust it as needed. It's okay to remove things like arm rests and cushions if they interfere with your posture. 3. **Sit close to your keyboard.** Your keyboard should be directly in front of your body; don't twist or bend your body in order to reach your computer. Ideally, your computer's screen will be at least one arm length away from you. 4. **Keep your head elevated.** You may be tempted to slouch your neck, thus bringing your chin close to your chest; this will lead to neck, shoulder, and back pain, so keep your head up even if you have to look down at the screen. One possible fix for this is adjusting your monitor's height so that it sits at your actual eye height. 5. **Take deep breaths.** It's easy to take shallow breaths when sitting down, but doing so will eventually lead to other problems. Make sure to take deep breaths often—especially if you find yourself experiencing a headache or lightheadedness—and try to hold a few deep breaths in once every hour or so. Shallow breaths can cause you to adjust unconsciously your posture, while deep, diaphragm-level breaths will help you center your posture. 6. **Arrange any documents and items around your computer.** If you have enough space on your desk to accommodate your documents, phone, and other accessories, make sure that they're arranged around the computer; your computer should be the center item on your desk. Some computer trays have different levels for different items (e.g., documents, keyboard, writing implements, etc.). If you do not have a fully adjustable keyboard tray, you may need to adjust your workstation height and the height of your chair, or use a seat cushion to get in a comfortable position. 7. **Take small breaks during your workday to release some of that muscle tension.** Studies have shown that constant sitting is very damaging to your health. Try walking around for a couple minutes, standing and doing stretches—anything to break up a full day of sitting is good for you! Take short 1-2 minute stand, stretch, and/or walk breaks every 20-30 minutes. If you have lunch breaks or meetings, try to keep them as far away from your computer as possible, and stand when you're able. 8. **Avoid eye fatigue.** While your eyes may not seem like they have much to do with your back and posture, eye fatigue can cause you to slouch, lean in closer to your computer, and more. Simply looking away from your screen for a few seconds every 30 minutes or so should do the trick. A good way to prevent eye fatigue is by using the 20/20/20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something at least 20 feet (6.1 m) away for 20 seconds. You can purchase blue light filter glasses (e.g., computer glasses), which will both decrease your eye strain and improve your sleep at night, for as little a $10. 9. **Exercise your hands.** Aside from your eyes, your hands are the most active part of your body when you're using a computer. You can prevent carpal tunnel by pushing on the joints of one hand while bending the fingers back, as well as by using squeezing resistance movements (e.g., squeezing a tennis ball). 10. **Remember to prioritize your posture.** You should arrange your computer and keyboard to fit your posture, not the other way around! When adjusting your computer interaction, refer back to Part 1 of this article to ensure that you're positioned correctly. 11. **Determine the type of computer you're using.** A Desktop computer has a monitor separate from the keyboard, while a Laptop computer has a screen attached directly to the keyboard. Desktop computers often have adjustable monitors and keyboards, but you'll have limited options when it comes to adjusting a laptop. Consider buying a riser or a similar item for your monitor if it isn't adjustable. You can buy an angled slap on which your laptop can sit in case you need to adjust the tilt of the keyboard while keeping the screen flat. 12. **Leave 4 to 6 inches of space between your keyboard and the edge of the desk.** Regardless of the computer that you're using, it's best to keep a decent amount of space between the keyboard and the edge of the desk in order to encourage natural posture for your arms and wrists. If this isn't possible for your desk, consider moving your chair back, or reclining slightly. 13. **Adjust the monitor height and tilt if possible.** Ideally, your monitor will sit at eye height, though this may not be possible for your computer. Likewise, you may need to tilt up or down the monitor to prevent your neck and eyes from straining. If you can, position the top of the monitor approximately 2 to 3 inches above your seated eye level. If you wear bifocals, lower the monitor to a comfortable reading level. 14. **Adjust the keyboard tilt if possible.** Your shoulders should be relaxed, and your hands should be in line with your wrists and forearms; if this isn't possible while maintaining proper posture, you may need to angle your keyboard down or lower its overall height. You should be able to adjust the tilt of a desktop keyboard based on your sitting position: use the keyboard tray mechanism or keyboard feet to adjust the tilt. This isn't really possible with a laptop, though you may be able to buy an angled rest on which your laptop can sit. 15. **Avoid using wrist wrests or cushions.** Unless your keyboard sits significantly higher than your desk level, wrist wrests or cushions can compromise proper arm position, leading to fatigue and eventual injury. Wrist wrests can also cut off circulation in your hands. 16. **Keep all commonly used equipment close and on the same level.** Your keyboard, mouse, pens, documents, and other implements should all be on the same level (e.g., your desk top), and they should be within arm's reach. This prevents you from changing your posture to reach for an item.

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How to Grow a Topiary: Pruning and Plant Care Guide

Growing topiaries is a fascinating hobby that dates back to ancient times. You can grow topiaries with shrubs or vines to create living sculptures in a variety of shapes and sizes. Simple shapes like cones and spheres are easy to create on your own, but you can use a wire frame if you want more help pruning the perfect shape. Since the pruning process is pretty different for shrub and vine topiaries, we'll walk you through the details for each type separately. 1. **Select a hardy evergreen shrub with dense, small leaves.** The best shrubs for topiaries are dense, slow-growing, and tolerant of pruning. Buy young shrubs so you can start training and shaping them early. Great options include juniper, privet, yew, boxwood, myrtle, holly, and rosemary. Boxwood and yew shrubs are the most popular and ideal for beginners. Boxwoods have shiny, small, dark green leaves that grow very close together. Yews are also dense, but they have glossy, dark green needles rather than leaves. 2. **Choose a sunny location away from structures that could block the light.** Shrubs like yew and boxwood can tolerate full shade, partial shade, and full sun, but they prefer to get a few hours of light each day. Topiary shrubs need to get equal amounts of sunlight on all sides for even, dense growth, so stay away from any structures that might block sunlight. For example, avoid growing a topiary right next to your house. Boxwoods do fine in full sun (6 hours a day) as long as the soil is fertile. If you’re growing yew in a hot climate, put it in partial shade. Yew are pretty hardy, but they don’t like heat. For other shrubs, check the nursery tag for special light or soil needs. 3. **Select a container with drainage holes and fill it with regular potting soil.** Topiary shrubs make wonderful container plants and regular potting soil for houseplants works great as long as the container provides adequate drainage. If your container doesn’t have several drainage holes, drill a few extra holes in the bottom. Go with a planter that’s at least one-third the size of shrub’s height. For example, if your shrub is 3 ft (91 cm) tall, use a container that’s at least 12 in (30 cm) deep. If you’re planting directly in the ground, look into soil needs for your shrub type. Boxwoods and yews tolerate most types of soil as long as it drains well. To create better drainage, turn the soil and amend it with organic compost. 4. **Nestle the root ball into the soil and lightly pack soil around it.** Remove the shrub from the nursery pot and gently loosen the roots with a soil knife or your fingers. Dig a hole in the soil wide enough to accommodate the root ball, place the root ball in the hole, and fill around it with more potting soil. 5. **Keep the soil consistently moist and fertilize if the leaf tips turn brown.** Check the soil every day by touching it with your fingers. If it feels dry, water your shrub—never let the soil dry out. These shrubs crave water and need it to grow their dense foliage. Feed the plant with fertilizer if you notice the leaves getting brown or copper at the tips. Apply water-soluble houseplant fertilizer at the base of the shrub for the best results. A regular 10-10-10 fertilizer works fine for most shrubs. Apply organic mulch around the shrub every spring to encourage growth. 6. **Monitor shrubs for box blight and act quickly to control the fungus.** Boxwoods and yews are pretty hardy, but keep an eye on them so you can treat problems fast. Removing broken, dying, or sickly branches as soon as you see them is the best way to keep your shrubs healthy. Also, watch out for box blight, which is a common fungal disease. If you see the leaves turning brown and falling off, bare patches, or black streaks on your shrubs, box blight is the cause. Box blight treatments include: Cutting away affected areas and removing fallen leaves at the base. Stripping off the surface of the topsoil and replacing it with fresh soil. Bagging all infected material and disposing of it. Fungicides like tebuconazole and triticonazole can be applied, but aren't effective unless combined with the techniques mentioned above. 7. **Repot your shrub in a larger container every few years.** If your shrub gets root-bound, growth will slow down significantly. Stay ahead of this by upgrading the shrub's container every few years. Use the same guideline as before: go with a container that’s at least one-third the size of shrub’s height. 8. **Select a simple shape for your shrub topiary.** Spend some time looking at your shrub's natural form and choose a shape that won't be too difficult to create. Bold, simple shapes like spheres, cubes, cones, and spirals are best for beginners because they're easy to prune and maintain. For example, if your shrub is long and lean, don't try to force it into a sphere. Go with something that works with it's natural shape, like a cone or a spiral. You can always get more ambitious once you get the hang of topiaries. Simple shapes are easier to prune free-hand. 9. **Tie the main stem to a stake and cut off the other upright shoots.** Upright shoots are vertical stems that eventually become dominant stems. Pick 1 upright shoot to be the main stem for your topiary so you can easily control its shape. Go with a strong-looking shoot that's positioned well for your intended shape. Tie this main stem to a stake with a piece of cloth or twine. Cut off the upright shoots around the main stem with hand pruners or secateurs. Always use sharp shears and disinfect them before and after each use. You may want to sharpen your shears on a regular basis. 10. **Place a wire frame over the shrub if you need help shaping it.** A wire frame isn’t necessary for a simple geometric shape, but it can make the pruning process easier for more intricate designs, like fairies or mushrooms. Gently place the wire frame over the shrub and stick the feet into the soil so it won’t move around while you're pruning. The wire frame should fit easily over your young shrub. Depending on the frame, you either slip it over the shrub right before pruning or leave it in place as part of the sculpture. In the early stages, prune away any growth that sticks out around the frame. If you decide to leave the frame in place, the shrub eventually grows around and obscures it. Pick up a wire frame in any shape you like at your local nursery. If you want to grow several shrubs with identical shapes, you can use the same frame or guide for each one. 11. **Clip new leaf growth into the basic shape you want in late spring.** New foliage growth is easy to spot because it's a lighter shade of green than the older foliage. Use sharp, long-handled shears to get the general shape started. Clip individual stems and leaves to remove foliage. Keep the blades parallel with the mature growth and trim away the longest shoots first. Then, move on to smaller shoots. For example, if you're creating a cone, start at the top and work your way down to the bottom. If you're creating a spiral, start at the base of the plant and work your way up to the top. Avoid making big, hacking cuts when you're pruning a topiary! Small changes take shape slowly over multiple pruning sessions. 12. **Stand back frequently to check and reassess your work as you prune.** Whether you're pruning free-hand or using a wire frame, make it a point to stand back from time to time to survey your work. Is the cone evenly balanced? Is the spiral perfectly vertical? Is the sphere rounded at the best angle? Keep in mind that pruning stimulates growth. Anywhere you make a cut will kickstart growth in that spot. It's likely that your young shrub has gaps or holes at this point. This is normal! The gaps and holes will fill in over the years as you continue pruning. 13. **Prune again in summer and fall to keep perfecting the general shape.** As long as there’s at least 1 in (2.5 cm) of new growth, you can prune the shrub. Use sharp, long-handled shears and continue making small cuts to remove and shape new growth. To navigate smaller areas, use sharp scissors instead. Cut off the ends of stems at this point; you don’t want to lop off whole stems. If your shrub has any large, empty spots, lightly prune the end of the stems in that area to stimulate growth in the coming months. Fall pruning is important because it prepares the shrub for winter. 14. **Clear away the lower shoots and stems gradually during each session.** As the shrub gets bigger, upright shoots will continue to spring up around the base. You want to keep the main stem the central focus, so cut away the lower shoots and foliage during each pruning session until the main stem reaches your desired height. This may take several years. 15. **Stick to this pruning schedule for a few years until the shrub is mature.** Slow, careful shaping is the key to a great looking topiary! If your shrub is looking extra bushy but it's not time for a full pruning session, you can always snip a little here and there, as needed, so the branches get proper air circulation. Once your shrub is mature, reduce pruning to once or twice a year. You don’t have to follow this schedule strictly, but use it as a general guideline. 16. **Choose a hardy, perennial vine like English ivy for your topiary project.** There are 2 types of vines: annuals and perennials. Annuals die after 1 year while perennials live for years. Since topiaries are long-term projects, perennials are the way to go! English ivy (Hedera helix) is a good choice for beginners since it’s relatively low maintenance and grows quickly. Other good options include: Actinidia Bittersweet Climbing Hydrangea Fleece vine Honeysuckle 17. **Buy a sturdy container with good drainage and regular potting soil.** Good drainage is important, so check the bottom of the container for drainage holes. If there aren’t any, you can always drill a few into the container yourself. Choose a planter with some weight to it so your topiary won’t tip over. Houseplant potting soil works just fine for this, especially if you’re growing an unfussy vine like English ivy. Vine topiaries can be grown outside, but an indoor container project is a good choice for beginners. 18. **Select a simple wire form for your vines to grow around.** The easiest option for a beginner is a circular-shaped wire form, which you can buy pre-made at any nursery or home improvement store. Choose a frame that has least 2 legs for sturdiness, and make sure the legs are long enough to reach the bottom of the container you picked out. Other popular shapes include hearts, cones, and pyramids. If you want to create your own form, use heavy-duty galvanized wire and bend it into the shape you want. This form can be any size or shape you want as long as the container can accommodate it. 19. **Fill the container with soil and insert the wire frame all the way.** Scoop the potting mix into your container until it’s filled to just below the rim. Center the wire form over the container and poke the legs down into the soil. Be sure to push the form down firmly so the legs reach all the way to the bottom of your container. The base of the form needs to sit at least 1–2 in (2.5–5.1 cm) above the soil’s surface. 20. **Plant 1-2 young vine plants or ivy cuttings at the base of each wire leg.** To plant ivy, follow the directions for depth and spacing that came with your specific species. Choose young vines that are tall enough to start wrapping around the wire legs and plant them close enough so they can reach the legs easily. Give the vines a little water after you get them in the soil. 21. **Weave the vines around the wire legs and up the frame.** Gently pull each vine around the base of one of the legs and wind it vertically around the wire frame as far as possible. If the vines won’t stay in place by themselves, tie them gently to the wire form with twine or string. If you don’t like the way the twine looks, don’t worry! Once the vines establish themselves, you can remove the twine. 22. **Trim any stray leaves or stems with a sharp pair of gardening shears.** You may not need to do this yet if the vines are really young, but if they’re a bit bushy and not conforming to the wire form, snip off any straggling leaves and stems to create a more defined shape. Use clean, sharp shears to make cuts. 23. **Pinch at each intersection to stimulate growth in a specific direction.** Vines are easy to prune! Just pinch off the stem where it intersects with the main stem to kickstart growth. Then, bend the new stems that sprout around the wire frame to conform to the shape. Trim off short, thin, or skimpy vines, as needed, to maintain the shape. Continue pinching and pruning regularly until the vines fill the frame. 24. **Prune your vines frequently to keep growth under control.** Vines are quick growers and can overtake an area quickly! This is especially true for English ivy. Keep an eye on new growth and prune as often as you need to in order to control the shape. Tie any stubborn vines to the wire frame with twine or string to train them. 25. **Put the container in a spot that gets plenty of bright, indirect sunlight.** Most vines, like English ivy, can’t tolerate direct sunlight. Find a well-lit window that faces north, east, or west for your vines. If forced, they will tolerate low or medium light, but they won’t grow as quickly or look as colorful without several hours of bright light daily. Rotate the container every 2 weeks so the vines get light on all sides and grow uniformly. Double-check the light needs if you’re growing something other than English ivy, since different vines may prefer different conditions. 26. **Choose a spot where you can maintain a temperature of 50–70 °F (10–21 °C).** Most vines, including English ivy, prefer cooler temperatures. Aim for somewhere between 50–70 °F (10–21 °C) during the day and 5-10 degrees lower than that at nighttime. Moderate humidity is preferred, which you can easily create by filling a shallow tray with pebbles and water and putting it nearby. However, your vines should be okay if you aren’t able to do this. Don’t put your vines near heat vents or radiators. 27. **Let the soil dry to a depth of ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) in between waterings.** Water each vine thoroughly at the base and allow the soil to dry completely before watering again. Check by sticking your finger into the soil to see if it’s dry. Be careful not water your vines too frequently since they won’t tolerate water-logged soil. Signs of overwatering include wilting, yellow leaves, lower leaves falling off, and stunted growth. You don’t want to overwater, but it’s equally as important to prevent the roots from drying out. 28. **Apply a slow-release fertilize monthly to keep the vines healthy.** Limit fertilizing to the spring and fall months when vines are actively growing. Slow-release plant food, water soluble fertilizer for houseplants, and plant spikes are all viable options for delivering nutrients. Use a regular 10-10-10 fertilizer for vines. Don’t fertilize in summer or winter when the vines temporarily stop growing.

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How to Bathe a Horse

If you're going to a show, or your horse is covered in mud, you'll need to give the animal a bath. Bear in mind that a horse can become chilled in cold weather, so it might be best to postpone until a sunny day. If your horse is sick, consult your veterinarian before bathing the animal. 1. **Gather the correct supplies.** Properly bathing a horse requires the correct assortment of tools and supplies. Chief among these supplies are a shampoo and conditioner specifically designed for a horse. You will also need an assortment of grooming tools such as a sweat scraper, body brush, curry comb, mane comb, and chamois leather or towels. You will also need access to a water source, obviously, as well as a step stool if your horse is too tall for you to reach its back. 2. **Tie up your horse using a quick-release knot.** Choose a place to tie your horse where the water will drain away. Most stables have wash racks or a part of the stable reserved for bathing horses. A quick-release knot (or safety knot) is the best option because a panicked horse can injure itself or damage the barn/fence to which you’ve tied the animal. This type of knot allows you to easily untie the horse with a tug on the knot instead of having to fumble while the horse pulls back on the rope. For instruction on how to tie this type of knot, check out: How to Tie a Quick Release Knot. 3. **Use the curry comb on the body of the horse.** Work the comb in a circular motion to stir up and loosen dirt and debris within the coat. You can then follow with a dandy brush to remove this detritus. A curry comb is a rubber- or plastic-bristled comb that you can use to gently stimulate circulation in the horse’s muscles and skin. The curry comb is usually the first step in grooming, and it loosens dirt and debris from the horse’s coat as well. A dandy brush is a stiff-bristled brush made from synthetic fibers or coarse animal hair. The brush is good for removing the layers of dirt and hair lifted by the curry comb. The brush is also good for removing mud from the horse’s legs and hoof walls. 4. **Use a dandy brush on the horse’s legs.** Depending on your individual brush, a stiff curry comb can be too harsh for use on the legs, in which case just use the dandy brush on the legs. Brush downward along the lie of the hair to loosen off dried mud. 5. **Use a mane comb on the horse’s mane and tail.** Use a wide-toothed mane comb to tease out any debris or knots tangled in the mane or tail. For especially tangled knots, use your fingers to work them free, rather than tugging at them with a comb. Never stand directly behind the horse. When combing or washing the tail, stand beside the horse's rump and reach around to the tail. This way if the horse kicks with a back leg you are out of harm's way. 6. **Wash the horse’s face.** The horse is likely to be sensitive about having its face washed, so do this first before the rest of the bathing. Soak a sponge or a rag in warm water, then squeeze off the excess moisture. Wipe the face over, following the direction of the hair. Take care when working around the eyes that you don't squeeze water into them. This will upset the horse and cause unnecessary distress. Never use shampoo on the horse's face, just plain water. If the face is very dirty, refresh your bucket of with clean water as many times as is necessary until the rinse water comes away clean. 7. **Wet the horse.** It is best to wet the coat all over before applying any shampoo. To wet the horse, you can use a hose, or you can soak a sponge in water and wipe it over the horse's coat. Not all horses are happy to be hosed down. Start with their hooves and slowly direct the water up the legs before wetting the body. This gives the horse time to understand what you intend to do. Don’t squirt the horse with a high-velocity water jet, which is bound to upset the animal. 8. **Clean the horse’s anus and genitals.** Now is a good time to clean the sheath in a male horse and around the anus regardless of the gender of the horse. For this, use clean wads of cotton wool or a clean cloth that you save just to wash these areas. Use a separate cloth for the anus as for the sheath. Washing the sheath and penis of a male horse requires gentle sponging and rinsing of the area. You should also check the horse’s penis for potential abnormalities. You can find more information about the washing and examination process at: How to Clean the Sheath of a Horse For the anus, simply dampen the cloth with water and wipe. Use a fresh area of the cloth when the first area becomes soiled. Keep gently wiping until the cloth comes away clean. Never stand directly behind the horse to wash the anus. Always stand to one side. 9. **Shampoo the horse’s coat.** Once the coat is wet, apply a coin-sized amount of shampoo (as directed on the individual product) to a wet sponge and work it into the coat. You will likely need to repeat this several times depending on the horse's size. You may also want to shampoo the horse’s body in sections because the shampoo can lead to a dry, dull coat if is sits long enough to dry. Shampoo is not always necessary. Be cautious about shampooing too frequently since it may strip the horse's coat of valuable oils that help to waterproof the coat in bad weather. If the horse is a show animal and needs shampooing more than once a month, then you might need to think about stabling the animal as their natural ability to cope in bad weather is undermined. 10. **Rinse the horse.** Shampoo left in contact with the skin can irritate or dry it, leading to a dull coat. Always rinse the shampoo off well. To do this, either use a clean bucket of water and repeatedly rinse the coat with a damp sponge until no more foamy residue remains, or you can also gently hose the horse off. 11. **Dry the horse.** Once satisfied the water running off the horse is clear and there is no shampoo residue left, you are ready to stop rinsing and dry the horse. One option is to use a sweat scraper and to move it in the same direction as the hair. This squeezes the excess water from the coat. If you don't have a sweat scraper, you can use the edge of your hand to "squeegee" the water away. Alternatively, use several clean dry towels to wipe the entire horse over and dry it off. When you are satisfied the horse is as dry as possible, walk it for ten minutes or so in the sun. If it's clouded over, put an anti-sweat sheet or cooler blanket on the horse. 12. **Carefully comb your horse's mane.** Don't try to comb out knots. Undo them with your fingers, and then gently comb the mane. 13. **Wash the tail.** You should clean your horse's tail as well, especially if it is a pale color. Because washing the tail doesn't chill your horse, you can wash it any time. Hold the bucket of warm water and shampoo up with one hand. With the other hand, lift the horse's tail into the bucket and then hold the bucket about level with the horse's dock. Clean as much of the tail as possible. Swish the tail in the bucket, squeezing the dirt out. You can clean the top of the tail using a sponge dipped in warm water mixed with shampoo. Rinse the tail off in several buckets of clean water. Dip the sponge into clean water and clean the top of the tail. Dry off the tail with a towel. Let the horse graze in a sunny place to let the tail dry off. Again, never stand directly behind the horse. Stand beside the horse’s rump and reach back with the bucket to avoid any potential kicking.

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How to Politely Ask Someone's Age

Some say that age is just a number, so it shouldn’t be a big deal to ask about it, right? Well, some people are more sensitive about their age than others, so it’s a good idea to be as polite as you can if you need to ask. We’ve put together a handy list of super polite ways to ask someone’s age, as well as some more discreet ways to deduce their age in conversation. Read on to find the perfect way to ask, “How old are you?” 1. **“Would you mind if I ask how old you are?” is a polite, direct way to ask someone’s age.** By saying “Would you mind,” you acknowledge that they may or may not care to share. It also gives them the opportunity to express how they feel about that question, as well as the chance to answer or decline. Try including a compliment to butter them up. “You look so youthful! Do you mind me asking your age?” “Would you mind telling me your age?" “Do you mind telling me how old you are? You have so much energy.” Always be prepared to state why it's relevant that you're asking. If you can't think of an appropriate answer, then it's best not to ask. 2. **“Can I ask how old you are?”** Ask for permission to inquire about age with this polite but slightly more casual question. The wording gives them the option not to tell you if they wish. Use this with acquaintances or someone you don’t know well. If you have a legitimate reason you need to know their age, mention it. “Can I ask your age?” “Can I ask how old you are? I'm conducting a survey." “May I ask you how old you are?” 3. **“Are you comfortable sharing your age?”** Instead of asking for age directly, ask if the person is willing to share that information. This way, you’re taking their feelings and potential reservations into account while still giving them a polite way to say “no.” “Are you willing to tell me how old you are?” “If you’re OK with it, can you tell me how old you are?” “Do you feel all right sharing your age?” 4. **“How old are you?”** Use this short and straightforward phrase with people you know won’t be offended by your asking, like friends and family. This is the most common way to ask, but it’s usually considered too informal or pointed to be polite in all situations. Ask with a friendly tone to show your good intentions. “How old are you again?” “You’re how old?” “I’m curious, how old are you?” 5. **“How old are you now?”** If someone mentioned their age in a story about when they were younger, ask them how old they are now or how long it’s been. This works best with people you know fairly well or have a good relationship with since personal stories could include dark, embarrassing, or semi-private information. “I was 24 when my grandpa passed.” “Oh I’m so sorry. How long has it been?” “I didn’t have my first kiss until I was 16!” “That’s not so weird. How old are you now? 6. **“Is this a milestone birthday?”** If they’re celebrating a birthday, ask if it’s a notable or special one. A milestone birthday might correspond to new opportunities (like being able to drink alcohol once you’re 21) or entering a new decade of life (like turning 30, 40, or 50). If they’re comfortable disclosing, they’ll more than likely tell you how old they’re turning. “Happy birthday! Is it a special one?” “Happy birthday! Celebrating any milestones this year?” “Are you having a special birthday this year?” 7. **“How many years have your beautiful eyes seen?”** Ask a romantic or cheesy version of the question to make someone you’re flirting with smile (and tell you their age). Use a lighthearted tone, flattery, or a little humor to make them more comfortable sharing. “How many times has your gorgeous smile traveled around the sun?” “You level up in handsomeness every year! What level are you on now?” “What year should I be thankful that the most beautiful person in the bar was born?” 8. **In general, it depends on who you’re asking and in what context.** Some people are very open about their age because they feel it’s just a number and it doesn’t define them. Others are more sensitive and don’t want to be stereotyped because they’re “too young” or “too old.” People are also more likely to open up about their age in one-on-one conversation than in front of a large group. Use your knowledge of the person and your relationship to decide if it’s OK to ask—if you suspect it’ll make them uncomfortable, it’s best not to ask. It’s illegal for employers to ask a job applicant’s age. This helps prevent age discrimination during the hiring process and in the workplace. 9. **It’s often impolite or inappropriate to ask a woman her age.** In America especially, it’s ruder to ask a woman’s age than a man’s. This is because many women already feel stereotyped because of their gender and don’t want additional factors, like their age, interfering with how others perceive their work, personality, or contributions to society. Ads for anti-aging cosmetics and a youth-centric culture also make women feel uncomfortable revealing their age for fear of being considered “too old.” 10. **“When did you graduate?”** Ask someone when they graduated high school or college to learn their approximate age. In America, most people are 17 or 18 when they finish high school and 21 or 22 when they complete a 4-year college degree. Remember that not everyone completes high school or goes to college—only ask this if you’re confident about their education background. “When did you finish high school?” “What year did you finish undergrad?” “When did you get your Bachelors degree?” 11. **“How old are your siblings?”** If the person has siblings, find out their age and whether they’re older or younger. This might not get you an exact age for the person in question, but it’ll give you a possible range. Ask about their siblings if you’re already talking about family or if you’ve told them about yours before. The conversation might look like: “Are you the oldest sibling?” “Yeah, I have 2 younger sisters.” “How old are they?” “32 and 34.” 12. **“You have to be 21 or older to get in.”** If an event or venue has an age restriction, use it as an opportunity to ballpark someone’s age. Things like getting into bars and clubs, different age categories for races, or age limits for contests and grant applications narrow down the age range possibilities. “I found this cool competition you might like, but you have to be under 35 to enter.” “Perfect! I’ve got a whole year to spare.” “I finished first in my age group!” “Congrats! Which group was that?” “50 to 59 years old.” 13. **“Ugh! I can’t believe I’m already 30.”** Complain about your age and watch the other person’s reaction. If they roll their eyes or reassure you that you’re young, they’re probably older than you. If they tease you, they’re likely younger. If you’re lucky, they’ll tell you their age in comparison. “I don’t want to turn 40 next week!” “Try turning 48!” “I can’t believe I’m 35 already, the past few years flew by.” “Haha, can’t relate! I’m still out here enjoying my 20s.” 14. **“I was 10 when that was invented.”** Bring up your age when a new technology debuted or became popular. Handheld personal gadgets like flip phones or smartphones, MP3 players, or flash drives are good references since most people have (or had) them and you can easily look up when they came out. This may not give you a person’s exact age, but you’ll get a ballpark estimate. “I remember the Motorola Razr! I got one when I was 16.” “They were so cool back then! I got mine when I was 14 I think.” “Do you remember floppy discs? I never used a flash drive until 6th grade.” “Oh, I remember. I never got a thumb drive until I graduated high school!” 15. **“That was my favorite song during senior year.”** Talk about your memories of a really popular song or album, movie, or book when it came out. If they know it, the other person will probably respond with a memory that will help you place their age. Bring up something you know they like or that was universally popular for the best results. “My parents let me watch the first Scream movie when I was 5.” “Wow! I was 13 when it came out and I was still too scared to go see it.” “The song “Fancy” defined my senior year of college.” “Same! I was a junior when that dropped and it was impossible to escape.” 16. **“I was 14 when that happened.”** Mention how old you were when a major historical or cultural event happened, like a presidential election or a notable celebrity scandal. This will prompt the other person to reply with how old they were during the same event. Pick an event that’s widely memorable or recognizable so you don’t get derailed explaining what you’re talking about. “I was only 7 on New Years Eve 1999.” “You’re so young! I was 15.” “I was in 4th grade on 9/11.” “I think I was only in Kindergarten.”

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Politely-Ask-Someone%27s-Age", "language": "en"}

How to Hang a Stockholm Mirror

A Stockholm mirror is a round mirror from IKEA. While the mirrors are decorative, many customers are confused about how to hang them because they usually don’t come with instructions. Luckily, the process for hanging them is very easy. If you have some skill with measuring and using a screwdriver, then mounting the mirror with screws is the most secure option. However, an easier method is hooking a string to the back of the mirror and hanging it on a hook. Either way, the mirror will be a great addition to your home. 1. **Measure the distance between the slots on the back of the mirror.** Use a tape measure or straightedge to take the measurement. Write the distance down because you’ll need it later on to install the mounting screws. On a standard Stockholm mirror, the distance between the slots is 23 inches (58 cm), but double check to confirm that distance. 2. **Draw a line connecting the 2 slots.** Use a straightedge to make the line as straight as possible. Since this is the back of the mirror, you can use a pencil or marker since the line won’t be visible. If you don’t want to draw across the mirror, you could just make a mark at the midpoint between the slots. If the mirror is 23 inches (58 cm), then the midpoint would be 11.5 inches (29 cm). 3. **Measure the distance from the middle of the line to the top of the mirror.** Find the midpoint of the line you drew. Then, measure up from there to the very top edge of the mirror. Make a dot at that midpoint on the top of the mirror. Remember to write down this measurement as well. 4. **Mark the point on the wall that you want the mirror top to reach.** Hold the mirror on the wall and position it where you want it. When you find the right spot, make a dot on the wall marking the top of the mirror. This is where the mirror will reach when it’s mounted. This will be easier if you work with a partner. Either you hold it up and they tell you where to move it, or vice versa. Stockholm mirrors usually weigh 10 lb (4.5 kg). If that’s too heavy for you to handle on your own, work with a helper. Ideal mirror height is for the center to be roughly eye-level with the people looking at it. Since people are different heights, this is more of a general rule. In most cases, this means the center of the mirror should be 55–60 inches (140–150 cm) from the ground. Also make sure there are at least 6 inches (15 cm) between the bottom of the mirror and any furniture. 5. **Draw a line on the wall that matches the one on the mirror.** Start by measuring down the same distance from the top of the mirror to the line on the back of it. From that point, draw a straight line half as long as the line connecting the slots in each direction. Make dots at each end of the line. If the line connecting the slots was 5 inches (13 cm) below the top of the mirror, measure down 5 inches (13 cm). Then make a line 11.5 inches (29 cm) long on either side of that point, if the original line was 23 inches (58 cm). Confirm that the line is straight with a level. 6. **Screw in the anchors at each end of the line.** Make sure you get wall anchors that can hold more than 10 lb (4.5 kg), or the weight of the mirror if it’s different. Poke the anchors into the wall in the middle of the dot you drew. Then, use a Phillips head screwdriver and turn clockwise until the anchor fully enters the wall. Do the same for the other side of the line. You can buy multiple anchor types at the hardware store. Mainly, make sure the type you use can support the mirror weight. Also check reviews to see if the anchor brand has any problems with falling or breaking. If you know exactly what type you want, shopping online might be faster. These anchors work well with drywall or plaster. If you have brick wall, use a brick drill bit and drill screws into the dots instead. 7. **Insert screws through the anchors.** Anchor kits also come with screws. Take a screw and hold it in the middle of the X on the anchor. Then use the same screwdriver and drive the screw into the anchor. Leave enough space for the mirror to hook over the screws. You might hear a click or snap noise as you’re inserting the screws. This is normal, and indicates that the anchors snapped into the wall. 8. **Mount the mirror onto the screws.** Lift the mirror up and work each slot over the screws one at a time. Hook the mirror over one screw, then lean the mirror to the other side to find the other. Once both mounts are secure, the mirror is successfully up. If you have trouble getting the mirror to mount, the screws may be in too far. Try pulling them out a bit more so the slots have more room to catch. Make certain that both mounts are secure before letting go of the mirror. Otherwise it could fall. 9. **Insert a D-ring into each slot in the back of the mirror.** A D-ring comes with 3 parts: the ring, a screw, and a nut. First, slide the screw into the thin portion of the slot on the back of the mirror. Then, place the screw section of the D-ring over that. Finish by screwing the nut into position tightly. Do the same for the other slot. Get a D-ring set from a hardware store or online. If the screws that come with the D-rings are too small to mount securely into the slots, you can use different ones. Get screws with wide heads that won’t slip out of the slots. 10. **Loop twine through the D-rings and leave it slack.** Cut a piece of twine long enough to loop through both D-rings and meet again. Wrap the twine through each D-ring. Pull the twine so it’s slightly taut, but still has a bit of slack. Then tie a tight knot in the twine. Look for twine or rope than can hold at least 10 lb (4.5 kg), the average weight of a Stockholm mirror. If the mirror is too heavy for twine, try using wire instead. 11. **Test the strength of the twine and knot before hanging the mirror.** Hold it up by the twine over a soft surface, like your bed. Keep holding it for a minute to make sure the knot doesn’t come undone or the rings don’t pop out. If all holds, then the mirror is ready to hang. 12. **Nail a picture hook into the wall where you want to hang the mirror.** Find the location that you want the mirror to hang in. Then, place a picture hook at that point. Hammer it into the wall all the way. Make sure that any hook you use can hold at least 10 lb (4.5 kg) so it supports the weight of the mirror. You could also use a plain nail or screw to mount the mirror. Angle the screw up so the twine loops over it. The center of the mirror should be roughly eye-level with the people looking at it. This could vary since people aren't the same height. On average, the center of the mirror should sit about 55–60 inches (140–150 cm) from the ground. 13. **Hang the twine on the hook.** Finally, lift the mirror up to the hook. Work it around so the twine loops onto the hook. Adjust the mirror so the hook is right in the middle of the twine. After this, the mirror is all set. Make certain that the mirror is attached before letting it go. Let go slowly to confirm that the mirror is secure.

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How to Overcome Lack of Motivation

Everyone feels low energy sometimes, but lately does it seem like you've lost your motivation completely? In this article, we'll share some ideas about what might be causing your lack of motivation and how to fix it so you can keep working toward your goals. 1. **Return your eyes to the prize.** Over time, you may have lost sight of the reasons behind your major goals. You may be so busy or pressured that you have forgotten your personal reasons for doing your task. However, your reasons for doing a thing are the driving force behind your motivation. Ask yourself, "Why am I doing this? Is this helping me achieve my big goals and targets? Why do I want to achieve these goals and targets?" Knowing these reasons can help you feel motivated. Evaluating your reasons for doing something is also an effective way of taking stock of your priorities. Over time, your priorities may have changed so that your goal is less important. "Unimportant" tasks can be hard to get motivated about. Occasionally take some time to re-evaluate your major goals. Have your dreams changed? Do you still feel like you can accomplish them? What steps do you need to take to achieve those dreams? 2. **Invest in your work space.** If, as an example, you dreaded going to work every day in a dark basement office without any windows, that feeling would make it hard for you to be motivated. A comfortable, pleasant work space, on the other hand, will keep you positive and motivated. Equipment that is too large, small, or old might cause discomfort or pain, especially with prolonged use. Choose equipment that fits you well, and follow the care instructions to know when replacement is necessary. Chronically dark places can lead to depressed moods. Try adding a few lamps to your work space or going on walks during lunch so you can get some sun. Set up pictures of your family, friends, favorite bands, and more. Personalizing your work space can make you more productive, which can give a serious boost to your motivation. 3. **Visualize yourself completing your task.** This is one way that you can trick your brain into believing you can succeed. The more you believe you can succeed, the more motivated you'll be to achieve your goal. When you visualize: Imagine doing and completing your task as vividly as possible. Think about the smells, sights, and other sensations as you imagine each step from start to finish. When you're feeling especially unmotivated, you may want to get into the habit of starting out each day visualizing yourself accomplishing the major tasks of that day. 4. **Take steps to achieve your goal every day.** The problem with big goals is that they can be awfully intimidating. It's a good thing you don't have to do it all at once, although sometimes you might feel that way. Taking a few steps every day will keep you on track completing your goals. If you have difficulty remembering to take a few steps every day to achieve your goals, you might want to use a planner, checklist, or sticky notes as a reminder. With big goals and projects, sometimes you might get lost in the details. In these cases, every week or so you might want to reevaluate the big picture. 5. **Approach your goals as if they were objectives in a game.** This technique, called “gamification,” helps make reaching goals or completing tasks challenging and fun. In gamification, you reward yourself for completing tasks and overcoming major challenges, just as you would in a video game. Try using a productivity gaming app, such as SuperBetter or HabitRPG, to help you feel like you are “levelling up” in the game of life. 6. **Expect resistance.** When your experience doesn't match up with what you expected and you feel uncomfortable or uneasy, psychologists call this "cognitive dissonance." Over time, cognitive dissonance can lead to stress and make it difficult to get motivated. By expecting resistance, or obstacles, along the way to accomplishing your goals, you'll be less discouraged when they happen. Whenever approaching an important task, it's completely natural for you to feel like a force is resisting or fighting you, making the work more difficult. Once the ball gets rolling, you'll find in most cases that resistance decreases or disappears entirely. The hardest part to beating resistance is getting started. 7. **Change your routines to fight boredom.** It’s hard to stay motivated when you are feeling bored. Making even minor changes in your regular routines can help spice things up and boost motivation. Try taking a new route to work, eating something different for lunch, or rearranging or redecorating your workspace. 8. **Cultivate a supportive environment.** You can't always choose your situation, but you can choose the people you surround yourself with. People who are encouraging and positive will naturally stimulate your motivation. In a similar way, discouragement and negativity can hurt your motivation. If you have a friend who's a bit of a stick in the mud or a pessimist, you may want to limit your time around that person while you need to be motivated. Some people are more sensitive to the emotions of others. If you find that your emotions are easily affected by the feelings of others, you might take on negative emotional energy easily and need to avoid it. 9. **Find an accountability partner.** An accountability partner is someone you trust to help you keep a commitment. This can be a friend, a family member, a teacher, a coach, or anyone that you're comfortable sharing your goal(s) with. Have your accountability partner regularly check in on your progress and you should notice an increase in motivation. Try to be regular in your check-ins with your accountability partner. Routine, like reviewing your progress weekly with your partner, will help you consistently remember to check in. You can create an accountability network by taking time to share your goals with your friends and family. You'll be more motivated to work hard and make progress if you know someone might ask about your goal later. 10. **Set major milestones and make a schedule.** When you write something down, you're more likely to do it. This can be an invaluable tool in maintaining your motivation. Create a loose timetable for the major phases of your goal (brainstorming, design, production, etc.), then schedule time during your week to work on your project little by little, day by day, until it is complete. As you see yourself accomplishing weekly tasks and getting closer to finishing the major phases of your goal, you'll likely be encouraged and motivated by your progress. It's best to leave some wiggle room when making your loose timetable. Some goals might require more practice or effort than expected, in which case you'll need to adjust your timetable. In some cases, slow progress can lead you to thoughts that you'll never finish, which can be very discouraging. Focus on the positive points and remind yourself that all big projects are accomplished one small thing at a time. 11. **Take breaks.** If you spend too much time and energy focusing on completing a task or trying to achieve a goal, you will start to feel burnt out. Taking breaks actually increases productivity and helps you feel more motivated. Take short breaks while you work and go for a quick walk, stretch your legs, eat a snack, or read a little bit. Make sure you have a little time set aside every day for fun, relaxation, and self-care. 12. **Discern the different kinds of lack of motivation.** Being unmotivated isn't always a bad thing. Sometimes, lack of motivation can be a sign that you don't enjoy what you are doing, or that the task isn't challenging enough. Other times, lack of motivation can be a kind of self-sabotage that you need to resolve to achieve success. Forget how difficult it might be to accomplish your goal. Do you feel excited and thrilled when you think of it being completed? If so, this is a strong indication that you are passionate about the goal and it is worth getting motivated about. If you find that you do not enjoy or are not challenged by whatever it is you are doing, you might ask if you can graduate to a more advanced level, or you could try something entirely new. 13. **Familiarize yourself with your lack of motivation.** By clearly detailing what your lack of motivation feels like, you'll be better able to find solutions to get inspired. Your unmotivated feeling might come from the focus of your work, your work space, your coworkers, and so on. While familiarizing yourself: Simply ask yourself, "Do I like the topic of my work? Do I like my work space? My coworkers?" Such questions might reveal that your motivational problem isn't the work itself, but something else. When you think that you might have found a potential cause of your motivation problem, test it by leaving your daily routine the same and adjusting only that potential cause. If motivation improves or worsens, you've found a cause. 14. **Notice and fight self-doubt.** When thinking about your future goals, you may have thought to yourself something like, "Who am I to achieve this?" In this case, it's likely you don't believe you deserve your goal/dream, which will make it very difficult getting motivated. Give yourself permission by: Coaching yourself positively, saying things like, "It's only natural to be afraid of failure, making a mistake, or embarrassing myself. It's OK to feel this way, but I can still do this!" Confronting the inner demons telling you that you're not good enough. Oppose these feelings by telling yourself, "I am good enough, I can do this, and I believe in myself." 15. **Identify and contend with being overwhelmed.** When you feel like there's too much to do or a task will never be completed, it can absolutely kill your motivation. Things unrelated to your task/goal, like homework, your social life, or your job, could also be adding to your stress and killing your drive. Handle being overwhelmed by: Breaking down your task into small, manageable parts. Picture each part clearly and separately in your mind and arrange these from first to last. Getting outside of overwhelming patterns. Even if you're used to being overwhelmed, constantly being so is unhealthy. Adjust your daily schedule so it's less hectic and there's enough break time. Pausing to ask yourself before agreeing to do something, "Would adding this be too much?" If yes, you may want to decline helping until you life is less stressful.

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How to Wear a Short Skirt Without Looking Overexposed

Short skirts can be cute, fashionable, versatile, and fun to wear. But how do you avoid feeling uncomfortable, overexposed, or inappropriate when baring that much skin? Learn how to dress in a short skirt and look and feel good in the situation you’re dressing for. 1. **Pick a flared or a-line skirt for comfort.** Try a short skirt that isn’t fitted and flares out from your body. This will prevent the discomfort and exposure of a tight skirt that tends to ride up the legs. While standing, most short skirts tend to have a hemline a few centimeters above the mid thigh level. Try a skater style skirt, a pleated skirt, or a button-down skirt in denim, velvet, or corduroy for some on-trend fashions that aren’t so tight and uncomfortable. Note that flowy, loose short skirts can easily blow up when a breeze comes through! You might favor a thicker denim, wool, or corduroy material for a windy day outside. 2. **Choose a skirt that sits at the natural waist.** Get a skirt with a waistband that’s meant to sit at your natural waist, which is the narrowest part of your torso. While it still falls at a normal length for a short skirt, you can feel a little more covered and secure with fabric covering your midsection. Look for an elastic waistband for extra comfort, good fit, and better ability to move around. Flared styles that rest at the natural waist can help elongate the body and accentuate the waist on short or curvy bodies. 3. **Try a high-low skirt.** Consider the high-low skirt as a good hybrid of a short skirt and a skirt with more coverage. Find one of these skirts, which can be quite short in the front but longer in the back, to avoid exposure when you bend over or move around. Pair this style easily with dressy or casual tops and shoes, and use it as an easy transition from cooler to warmer weather. You can also try a skirt that is asymmetrical from side to side, so one leg is exposed more than the other. 4. **Go for a little extra length in a fitted skirt.** If you choose a fitted body con skirt in a stretchy material, look for one that is slightly longer in length. Because it hugs your body, it will still feel short, but a little extra length accommodates for any riding up the material will do. Also look for fitted skirts that just skim the outline of your legs rather than hugging them tightly, as this will prevent it from riding up and give you a break from pulling it down all the time. Try a denim skirt for a fabric that won’t ride up, but note that it likely won’t be as stretchy and comfortable as a fitted knit skirt. 5. **Consider a skort.** Try a skirt with built-in shorts underneath for a comfortable style with no fear of exposing yourself when you move around or the wind comes up. Note that “skort” is the name that was originally used for a garment that had a skirt flap in the front but with shorts showing in the back, while a “scooter” had skirt panels covering shorts entirely. In modern fashion, the latter style is favored but the names are used interchangeably. Look out for a style that has skirt panels that fall lower than the hidden shorts so they don’t peek out accidentally. 6. **Wear loose shirts or sweaters.** Pair a short skirt with tops that cover more skin in loose, comfortable fabric. You can pull on some comfy sweaters for fall and winter, or keep the material light and thin for warmer weather while still feeling a little more covered up. If you feel a little uncomfortable with how much skin you’re showing with a short skirt, look for tops with higher necklines and sleeves to cover up more skin on top. Pick longer, drapey styles in a top to provide contrast from a structured or fitted skirt. Wear more structured tops that fall right at the waistline to contrast a looser a-line or flowing skirt. Try wearing a short skirt with a fitted tank and then donning a long, sheer top that covers the tank and skirt completely for a fun and unique look that is totally covered up while still showing off the skirt underneath. 7. **Layer over the skirt.** Add sweaters, cardigans, jackets, and wraps to your outfit so that they can fall over your skirt. This will help break up the short line of the skirt and allow you to feel more covered and secure. Try wearing a long coat or cardigan over a short skirt. Keep it unfastened in the front so you can still show off your skirt and bare legs while being covered in the back. 8. **Wear tights or leggings underneath.** Pull on a pair of tights underneath a short skirt to cover up your legs a little more for warmth or modesty. Wear a thicker legging for more coverage or for a colder climate. Try a neutral color like black, white, or a shade that matches your skin tone for tights that go well with any outfit. Or, bring a pop of color to a more muted outfit with bright colored or patterned tights. You can experiment with the opacity of tights, too. If you’d still like to show some skin, opt for a sheer variety. If you’d like to cover up more, go for opaque ones. Textured tights, like fishnet, lace, or ribbed can help keep a form-fitting skirt from riding up. 9. **Hide spandex underneath.** Consider wearing small spandex shorts meant for sports or biking underneath any short skirt you wear. They’ll make you feel a little more secure and prepared for a surprise breeze or other revealing accident. Make sure spandex shorts are short enough that they won’t show underneath your skirt intentionally. Get spandex shorts in a neutral color like black, or even match them to the color of your skirt if possible. 10. **Wear flat, comfortable shoes.** Wear a short skirt with flats, sneakers, booties, or tall boots rather than high heels. Heels accentuate the length of the leg, which can make you feel like you’re showing even more skin than you are, not to mention that they can be uncomfortable and add to a feeling of vulnerability and exposure. Casual sneakers and flats help downplay the short length of a skirt. Add other casual pieces of clothing to your skirt outfit to achieve a similar effect. Try a taller leather riding boot, cowboy boot, or even a thigh-high boot to cover up more skin while still showing off your short skirt. 11. **Walk on even surfaces.** Try to walk carefully and on even surfaces when wearing a short skirt. Avoid the skirt riding up or moving around too much by taking smaller steps. Avoid wearing high heels, as these will only make it harder to walk when you have to manage both a short skirt and the risk of tripping or falling on uneven surfaces. Remember the weather and check for a windy day before you don a flowing skirt to walk around outside in. For a day you know you’ll spend walking outdoors, you might want to wear a more structured skirt that skims the body with a heavy material that will stay put. Try not to keep tugging at your skirt, even if it may feel too short. It will only draw unnecessary attention. Try to hold yourself confidently while wearing them. If you are a school student, try to avoid all physical activities such as running or jumping. 12. **Bend at the knees when bending over.** If you have to bend down or move to sit down, make sure to bend from your knees, keeping the hemline of your skirt level rather than making the back come up with your forward movement. Also try holding the back of your skirt close to your body before you bend over. This is especially useful before sitting down, as it keeps the skirt down and flat rather than hiked up or rumpled underneath you. 13. **Keep your knees together while sitting.** Press your legs and especially your knees together whenever you’re sitting in a skirt to avoid exposing yourself. Try crossing your legs or tucking one ankle behind the other to help keep legs closed comfortably when sitting in a chair. If you have to sit on the floor, sit on your shins with your legs folded straight under you. While sitting in a short skirt, almost the entirety of your thighs will be exposed and this will be even more obvious when you're wearing a tight miniskirt. As a countermeasure, you can place a purse, jacket, or other clothing item or accessory over your lap when sitting to help avoid the risk of others seeing up your skirt.

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How to Care for Mini Orchids

Caring for mini orchids is very similar to caring for standard orchid varieties. Like their standard-sized counterparts, mini orchids thrive in warm, humid conditions with semi-dry roots. Mini orchids tend to be a little more sensitive, however, and require less watering and less frequent fertilization. Mini orchids, like their standard-variety cousins, also need to be re-potted every few years in order to remain healthy. 1. **Water your orchid when it starts drying out.** Put your finger or the point of a sharpened pencil into the growing medium; if the soil feels dry, water your plant by placing it under lukewarm, running water in your sink for about 15 seconds, then allow the excess water to drain for about 15 minutes after that. Overwatering can kill your orchid, so it's important to prevent the roots from sitting in soggy soil. Phalaenopsis and paphiopedilums should be watered before the soil completely dries out, while cattleyas and oncidiums need the soil to dry completely between waterings. Contrary to popular belief, you should not water your orchid with ice. It's not the only way to avoid overwatering your orchid, and the cold ice can stress the plant and decrease its lifespan. 2. **Check the growing media for dryness every few days.** In most cases, a 6-inch (15.24-cm) pot will need water once every week. Smaller pots will need water a little more often. However, in excessively hot or dry conditions, you may need to add an additional sprinkle of water in the middle of the week. Allow the media to get partially dry, but add more water once it feels dry even 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) below the surface. 3. **Allow your mini orchid to sit in a sunny spot, but avoid direct sunlight.** Place the flower in an eastern window that only receives muted sun, or block out some of the direct sun by placing it behind a translucent shade or screen in a southern window. 4. **Supplement artificial lighting when you cannot provide enough natural light.** Fluorescent lights or High Intensity Discharge lights offer the best alternatives. Place the lights 6 to 12 inches (15.24 to 30.48 centimeters) away from the top of your mini orchid to prevent accidental over-lighting. 5. **Keep an eye on the foliage.** You can usually determine whether or not your orchid receives the right amount of light based on the way its leaves look. Too little light will result in dark green leaves with no flowers. Too much light will cause the leaves to turn yellow or red. Some leaves may even develop brown "sunburn" spots. 6. **Maintain a room temperature between 65 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit (18 and 29 degrees Celsius).** Mini orchids thrive in warm, humid conditions. For best results, keep the temperature on the high end of the scale during the day and drop it by about 15 degrees Fahrenheit (8 degrees Celsius) at night. Never allow the temperature to drop below 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius), however. 7. **Do not place the flower in a drafty area.** Avoid letting it sit near open windows and air vents. 8. **Periodically mist the leaves of the mini orchid.** Orchids like humid conditions, and misting the plant every day or two will mimic humidity. If this does not work, run a humidifier in the same room during the day. 9. **Fertilize your mini orchid once a month.** Use a balanced fertilizer and mix it with water, diluting it down to half its recommended strength. If this fertilizer does not seem to do well for your plant, you can also try a high-nitrogen fertilizer, especially if you use a bark-based growing media. Make sure the fertilizer contains little to no urea. Another option is to fertilize your orchid once per week, right after you water it, by diluting a balanced fertilizer safe for use with container plants down to 1/4 strength, to further reduce the risk of feeding it too much at one time. 10. **Choose a slightly larger container than the one your orchid currently sits in.** Mini orchids have fast-growing roots, and one of the main reasons you need to periodically repot your orchids is to provide the roots with plenty of room. The new pot only needs to be large enough to fit the roots; you do not need to choose a pot that is significantly larger to anticipate further root growth. 11. **Look for a growing media that has large particles.** Media with a base of moss and bark is superior to standard potting soil. 12. **Allow the growing media to soak in water.** For best results, let the drenched media sit for a full 24 hours so that it thoroughly absorbs the water. 13. **Trim the spikes.** Snip off green spikes 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) above the top node. Trim yellow or brown spikes 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) above the bottom node. 14. **Carefully remove the mini orchid from its current container.** Gently grab the base of the orchid with one hand and the pot with your other. Tip the mini orchid to its side or upside-down, and slowly squeeze or rotate the sides of the pot until the clump of roots comes free. 15. **Brush off any planting media stuck to the roots.** Media breaks down as time passes, and old, decomposed media is more likely to cause your orchid's roots to rot. As a result, you need to remove as much old media as possible without damaging the roots. 16. **Snip away dead roots.** Dead roots with look brown and wilted. Healthy roots, on the other hand, are white or green and relatively firm. 17. **Scatter a little of the growing media into the bottom of your new container.** You only need a little, since the mini orchid's roots should fill the majority of the container. 18. **Fit the mini orchid into its new container.** Hold the orchid up so that the base of the lowest leaf dips below the rim of the pot by 1/2 inch (1.27 centimeters). 19. **Slowly pour the growing media around the mini orchid's roots.** Press down on the media gently to force it into the bottom and around the sides of the container. Periodically tap the side of the container to help settle it. Continue adding the media until the entire root system is covered, leaving the plant exposed from the bottom leaf up. 20. **Check the sturdiness of your re-potted mini orchid.** Lift the plant up by the stem. If the pot starts to slip, you need to add more media to make the orchid more secure. 21. **Refrain from watering your freshly potted orchid for the first 10 days.** Instead, sit it in a warm location and mist it with a little water each day. The leaves should stay dry at night. 22. **Repot your mini orchids every two years.** Mini orchids may need re-potting as often as every one year, but some can even go as long as three years without any damage occurring. If your media starts to smell or if the roots of your flower look choked, you know it is time for you to repot.

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How to Treat Glaucoma

Treatment of glaucoma is focused on reducing pressure in the eyeball, called the intraocular pressure (IOP). This can be done through lifestyle changes and medical treatment. Treatment, however, differs depending on the type of glaucoma you have. Treating glaucoma requires that you understand the disease, manage symptoms and risk factors, and get the help of your doctor. 1. **Learn about what glaucoma is and how it's treated.** Understanding glaucoma in detail can help patients adhere to a treatment plan. Glaucoma is a group of diseases which damage the optic nerve. Glaucoma can be caused by an increase in eye pressure, but it can also occur without an increase in eye pressure (known as low-tension or normal-tension glaucoma). The treatment of glaucoma is focused on reducing the pressure in the eyeball, called the intraocular pressure (IOP) or eye blood pressure. This should be done with medical supervision. In a normally functioning eye, a fluid called aqueous humor is produced in the posterior (rear) chamber of eye. It then travels to the anterior (front) chamber of eye by passing the pupil where it exchanges contents with the cornea and lens. It exits to the system where the recirculation will cycle through the eye again. 2. **Learn about the different types of glaucoma.** There are two main types of glaucoma: open angle and closed angle. Both types of the disease are characterized by progressive optic nerve damage that is sometimes related to an increase in eye pressure inside the eye, called intraocular pressure. 3. **Learn the symptoms of glaucoma.** The two main types of glaucoma have completely different symptoms. The symptoms of open-angle glaucoma include tunnel vision, or the gradual loss of peripheral vision. The symptoms of acute closed-angle glaucoma include eye pain, nausea and vomiting, sudden loss of sight, blurred vision, light halos, and red eyes. 4. **Understand open-angle glaucoma.** Open-angle is the most common type of glaucoma, responsible for 90% of cases of glaucoma. In open-angle glaucoma, there is either a lack of cells in the trabecular network, the cells that are available are not functioning correctly, or the trabecular meshwork may be partially clogged, causing slower than normal drainage of aqueous humour. Without an exit for the fluid, the result is an accumulation of aqueous humour in eye, thus increasing the intraocular pressure. This results in a suffocating optic nerve. The complication of this is diminished vision ultimately leading to blindness if left untreated. Some symptoms of open-angle glaucoma are slow or gradual vision loss and painless change of vision. Many people do not have any other symptoms; therefore, it is important to maintain eye doctor appointments to regularly test the pressure inside your eye. Diagnosis cannot be made without testing IOP. 5. **Understand closed-angle glaucoma.** Closed-angle glaucoma is caused by aqueous humour accumulation causing a bulging iris, thus physically obstructing aqueous humour drainage. Unlike open-angle glaucoma, it is a painful situation. Generally, it is acute in nature; however, chronic cases are also possible. This is a medical emergency and you should be immediately taken to the nearest medical facility. Patients with open-angle glaucoma should be cautious when administering eye drops, because any drops that dilate pupils can result in closed-angle glaucoma. Before administering drops ask an eye care professional if it is advisable. If you do experience pain with drops and vision changes, go to the nearest medical facility and inform your doctor. 6. **Understand the risk factors for glaucoma.** Understanding risk factors for glaucoma can help patients keep an eye on warning signs and symptoms if they are at higher risk. Those who are older than 40 are at a higher risk of developing glaucoma. This is due to the natural aging of cells in the trabecular meshwork, making them more prone to accumulation of aqueous humour. Diabetics are twice as likely to develop glaucoma than non-diabetics. Environmental stress can also become a factor. Exposure to pollutants, such as smoke or UV light, without proper protection can cause an increased amount of free radicals. Free radicals are molecules that have unstable electrons — they have an odd, unpaired electron. This unstable molecule attempts to stabilize by attacking a healthy molecule, trying to steal an electron. This turns the attacked molecule into a free radical, an so on. Eventually, this reaction can damage the cell. 7. **Learn some relaxation techniques and exercises.** Some eye exercises can relieve stress and can help relax and strengthen your eyes. Although eyestrain doesn't cause glaucoma, people who suffer from glaucoma should reduce strain on their eyes in order to accommodate the low amount of aqueous humour exiting in relation to its production. The great part is these are things you can do at home or anywhere you are as long as you are comfortable. Here are some examples: Blinking provides a break for our eyes, but is often disregarded due to our heavy and long workloads. This may seem unnecessary to think about, but eyestrain makes this a concern. Blinking helps lubricate your eyes by spreading tear film evenly and can help eyestrain due to eye dryness. Blinking cleanses eyes by mechanically pushing toxins out with tears. You should blink once every four seconds to spread tear film and prevent tired eyes due to dryness. Palming can be done by simply taking your palms and using them to cover your closed eyes for a few minutes. Sit comfortably in a chair with your back straight. Put your elbows on a table — on top of pillow for added comfort. Cup each hand and close eyes. Place the right cupped hand over the right closed eye, and the left cupped hand over the left closed eye. Breathe normally and relax with your palms on your eyes for five to 10 minutes. Practice tracing figure eights with your eyes. This exercise helps your eye muscles and increases their flexibility. Imagine a horizontal figure eight or infinity sign in front of you. Trace the eight with only your eyes slowly, about ten times, without moving your head. These methods should be done together. As a result of patient's commitment to these exercises, patients can experience less eyestrain. Do these exercises for about 20 minutes a day, four to five times a week, or at the advice of orthoptic specialist. 8. **Try focusing or zooming your eyes.** By focusing on objects at different distances, you can provide some relief to eyestrain. For example, eyestrain can occur when focusing on monitors or screens for long periods of time. A simple break to perform this technique can also remind you to blink, thus hydrating eyes. Focusing. Simply find a relaxing place to sit. Put your thumb in front of you, around 10 inches (25.4 cm) away and try to focus your eyes on it. After a few seconds try to focus on something else again, around 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.1 m) away from you. Don’t forget a deep breath before you switch focus in your eyes! Zooming. This improves your focusing skills and also strengthens your eye muscles. Try to work again with your thumb. Put your thumb in front of you with your arms outstretched and after a few seconds try to bring it near, around 3 inches (7.6 cm) away from your eye. Do this for a few minutes. 9. **Eat the right diet** Eating healthy cannot cure glaucoma but some nutrients and vitamins from healthy foods can help you improve your eyesight. Here are some foods that are good for the eyes: Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which is good for smooth eye function. Green, leafy vegetables and egg yolks are rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, both powerful antioxidants. Citrus fruits and berries are rich in Vitamin C. Almonds are high in vitamin E which are antioxidants. Fatty fish is rich in DHA and omega-3s and great for overall eye health. 10. **Limit your fluid intake, especially of caffeine.** Since you are experiencing eye pressure, drinking several fluids at a given time can temporarily increase eye fluid buildup, leading to pressure. Instead, stick to a steady stream of water to keep hydrated. Limit drinking caffeine as it can contribute in increasing eye pressure, too. That means decaffeinated sodas and only decaffeinated coffees and teas. Read the label first to be sure! One cup of coffee a day is thought to be a safe amount. It is not clear how much or why coffee may increase intraocular pressure; however, coffee does have an effect on blood flow and the vessels that feed the eyeball. Many health professionals recommend limiting coffee to a cup a day even though the exact mechanism is not well understood. Some evidence suggests that aerobic exercise can also help to reduce IOP. Exercise can reduce systemic high blood pressure and is overall helpful to maintain a healthy lifestyle. 11. **Use over-the-counter eye drops.** Lubricating eye drops are only for relief of eyestrain and not to treat glaucoma. They simply treat related dry eye. See your eye doctor for more information on relieving eyestrain with a preexisting condition. Artificial tears can only provide supplemental care and not a substitute for natural tears. Artificial tears can help alleviate dryness by replacing the layer of tear film that helps keep eyes moist and tears spread evenly throughout surface of eye. Eye ointments can comfort due to their lubricating effect and are particularly useful during extended periods when artificial tears cannot be applied. Over-the-counter eye drops (such as Systane) are administered about four to six times daily or as needed. 12. **Use prescribed medicated eye drops.** Medicated eye drops are the most common way of treating glaucoma. These require a prescription so the eye doctor can regularly check eye pressure as well as any complications that may occur. Over-the-counter eye drops are not recommended in combination with prescription eye drops. Prescription eye drops can lower eye pressure by slowly improving fluid drainage in your eyes. These are usually taken every day, of course with the guidance of an ophthalmologist. If this sounds like a convenient solution for you, talk to your doctor. She will be able to set you up with the kind that is right for you. 13. **Look into using beta-blockers.** This type of eye drop is used to reduce the fluid in the eyes. Examples of this drug include timolol (Betimol) betaxolol (Betoptic), and metipranolol (OptiPranolol). These are usually given one drop, once or twice daily. The side effects of this eye drop may include breathing problems, hair loss, fatigue, depression, memory loss, a drop in blood pressure, and impotence. 14. **Talk to your doctor about prostaglandin analogs.** This eye drop has replaced beta-blockers as the most common eye drop used because it does have fewer side effects. This drop, usually given one per day, increases fluid flow in the eye and reduces eye pressure. Its possible side effects include a reddening and stinging feeling in the eyes, a little swell in the outer part of the eye and the iris of the eye becoming dark. The color of the eyelids may also change. 15. **Know that cholinergic agents are an option, too.** These are also called miotics because they narrow the size of the pupils. On the other hand, they help with glaucoma by increasing fluid flow in the eye. Common examples are pilocarpine and carbachol. Possible side effects are having smaller pupils (less intake of light), blurred vision, an aching brow, and an increased risk of retinal detachment. These eye drops are infrequently used anymore as a treatment for glaucoma because it usually requires one drop, three to four times a day. Rather it is now commonly used to keep pupils smaller prior to laser iridotomy — in other words, conditions unrelated to glaucoma. 16. **Alternatively, look into carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.** These eye drops reduce fluid production in the eyes. Drug examples are Trusopt and Azopt, with one drop taken two to three times a day. These drugs can also be use as pills in eliminating body fluid, including in the eyes. Possible side effects may include nausea, eye irritation, dry mouth, frequent urination, tingling in the fingers/toes, and a strange taste in the mouth. 17. **Consider using an adrenergic agonist.** These eye drops both reduce fluid flow in the eye and at the same time increase the fluid drainage in the eye. Usually one drop is needed per day. Drug examples are Alphagan, Propine and Iopidine. These are not commonly used, as 12% of users may have an allergic reaction. Possible side effects may include irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, fatigue, red, itchy or swollen eyes, and dry mouth. 18. **Consider surgery if all else fails.** Surgical intervention for glaucoma is done if eye drops or drugs don’t work, or if the person cannot tolerate the drugs' side effects. The main reason for surgery is to improve the fluid flow in the eye to lower eye pressure. Sometimes, your initial surgery does not lower eye pressure enough, requiring you to have a second surgery or to still continue using eye drops. The different kinds of eye surgery are as follows: Drainage implants. Implants are usually done for children and for those suffering from advanced glaucoma and secondary glaucoma. Laser surgery. Trabeculoplasty is a laser surgery that uses a high-energy laser beam to open blocked drainage canals and let the fluid run easily in the eyes. Laser iridotomy. These are for people with very narrow drainage angles. A small hole is created on the top part or side of the iris for improved fluid flow. Filtering Surgery. In this procedure, a surgeon creates an opening in the sclera (the white part of the eye) and removes a small piece of tissue in the base of the cornea where fluid goes out, allowing the fluid to flow freely out of the eye.

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How to Study Fast

Maybe you forgot about that big test coming up, or maybe you’ve just been too busy with life to find much time to study. Don’t worry! You can increase your study speed by learning to read faster and taking some steps to study more efficiently. You can also improve your memory. If you can remember things more easily, it’ll take much less time to absorb the material. You’ll be heading towards good grades in no time! 1. **Focus on the first and last sentences in each paragraph.** The first sentence should introduce you to the subject of the paragraph. The last sentence should wrap up the idea and serve as a transition to the next paragraph. By focusing on these parts, you’ll be able to quickly grasp the author’s main point. After you have determined that the paragraph is necessary to read, go back and scan the body of it. Look for keywords and phrases that relate to the main point. Another option is to go back through all of the paragraphs after you finish reading and read only the first and last sentences of the paragraphs. 2. **Take notes on key points.** You can write notes more quickly if you use the margins of your book. Simply draw an arrow to the point you’re commenting on and write brief notes. Of course, you should only do this if the book is yours. Make sure to use a pencil! For example, if you’re studying for a test about World War II, your brief note might read “D-Day, major undertaking, allowed the Allies onto mainland Europe.” 3. **Ignore small words.** When you are reading quickly, skip over the small words like “the”, “and”, and “it”. Your brain will automatically fill these words in as needed. You don’t need to take the extra time to actively read them. If you’re reading literature, you might miss some of the finer details of the writing when you’re reading quickly. You can still use this approach, and go back and read the book for pleasure later. 4. **Use tools provided by the author.** Many textbooks will include features designed specifically to help you study. Your chapter might include a list of key terms, chronology of the subject, or charts or graphs that clearly present data. Make sure to use these tools to help you quickly grasp the key points. If you are using a textbook, focus on any key terms that are in bold font or underlined. You can also start at the end of the chapter to find any key terms or important concepts listed there before you start reading. Then, skim the chapter for this information. 5. **Sit up straight.** When you slouch, your body has to work harder to breathe, taking up extra energy. Use good posture when you read so that all of your energy can go towards reading faster. Don’t ever try to study laying down. It could put you to sleep! 6. **Set up a study space.** You’ll be able to study more efficiently if you work in a comfortable space without distractions. Set up a desk or table in a quiet area of your home. A corner of your bedroom might be a good spot. Let other people in your household know that you are studying and don’t want to be disturbed. Choose an area without a TV. If you like to work with noise, try listening to soft music. You might find that you work well in a corner of the library or in a nearby coffee shop. Bring everything you need with you to your study area so that you don’t have to get back up. This might include books, notes, water, or snacks. If you’re tempted to check your phone frequently, leave it outside of your study space. 7. **Make an outline.** A quick way to retain information is to write an outline. An outline will help you to segment your studying so that the topics don’t blend together, which could be confusing. Use an outline style that works for you. For example, your outline might include notes on each section of the textbook. Or you might start by listing main points first, and then adding details in later. You’ll be able to sneak in quick study sessions by just looking at your outline instead of all of the material. For a test on World War II, your outline headings might be: Origins European Theater Pacific Theater The home front 8. **Pay attention in class.** You’ll be able to study much more quickly if you are already familiar with the material. Make sure that you don’t just attend class, but that you are mentally present. Sit up straight and listen to the teacher. Pay attention when other students ask questions or make comments. Engage with the material by participating in a constructive debate with other students. Take good notes by noting key points and jotting down questions you need to ask. 9. **Review your notes each day.** Take 10 minutes every day to look over your notes. This will help you retain the information. When it comes time to study, you’ll really just need to review what you’ve already learned. Make flashcards of key terms if that system works for you. 10. **Ask questions if you are confused.** Don’t waste time studying by trying to figure out what the teacher means or what they want. Before you start studying, ask your teacher about anything that is unclear. You could say, “Will the test include Chapter 23?” You could also ask, “Is it more important that we know exact dates or should I focus on the larger themes?” 11. **Exercise your brain with new or challenging activities.** Your brain needs exercise just like your body. To keep it in good shape, and to keep that memory sharp, you should regularly engage in challenging mental activities. You can learn something new or sharpen an existing skill. If you play music, try tackling a difficult new piece. Or, you could try doing a tricky crossword puzzle. 12. **Get physical exercise each day.** Exercise that involves cardio activity is especially good for strengthening your memory. Incorporate aerobic exercise into your daily routine. Try taking a break during lunch or between classes to take a brisk walk. Activities that require hand eye coordination are also effective. Try taking a tennis lesson to build this skill. 13. **Create a good sleep routine.** If you miss out on sleep, your memory and critical thinking skills can suffer. Aim to get 7.5 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Try to get into a routine of going to be and getting up at the same time each day. Turn off the TV and electronic devices 1 hour before bedtime. Unwind with a book or a cup of tea. 14. **Manage stress with friends and laughter.** Good news! You can actually keep your brain healthy by hanging out with your friends. It will keep you from being stressed, which can hamper your concentration. Make time to hang out with your friends regularly. Try going to a funny movie or checking out a concert together. 15. **Use tricks for memorization.** Try to get your other senses involved in learning. For example, you can try reading notes or your book out loud to help retain information. If you’re more visual, draw an image or chart that will help you visualize what you’re studying. You can also practice explaining your information. Imagine that you have to teach someone else the material that you are studying. Figuring out how to do this can help you more quickly absorb information.

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How to Extend Your Garage

Is your garage a bit too cramped for comfort, or are you looking to repurpose some unused space? Garage extensions are definitely a big undertaking, but the end results are very rewarding. If you aren’t sure where to start, check out this guide—it tackles several frequently-asked questions about garage extensions, so you can put your best foot forward during your future home improvements! 1. **Lengthen your garage to create a larger workspace.** Does your garage tend to double as a home workshop? When you lengthen your garage, you create a lot more room for your tools and equipment. This type of extension can also provide more storage space, or help convert your garage into another living space. For instance, you might lengthen your garage to make room for a home gym. 2. **Widen your garage to fit more cars.** Parking space is essential to any home, especially if you’re getting a new car. Transform your one-car garage into a two-car garage, or widen your garage slightly to give your car a little more room. A small extension can help if you store bikes and other outdoor equipment in your garage. 3. **Raise your garage height to fit bigger vehicles.** A typical garage is great for basic vehicles, like sedans and SUVs, but likely won’t be tall enough for a trailer or RV. A taller garage can also fit a car lift, which makes working on your vehicles much easier. Garage height extensions are great if you don’t have enough space to extend in other directions. 4. **You can, but it requires a lot of construction and planning.** First, you’ll need to hire an engineer to inspect your current garage—they’ll let you know if the frame and foundation can support an extra extension. Then, ask a contractor to inspect and reinforce the garage’s foundation if needed. At this point, hire building professionals to complete the renovations, who can make sure the addition is up to code. For instance, your base garage needs a ⁄8 in (1.6 cm) layer of drywall added along the walls and ceilings when an addition gets installed. 5. **Yes, you can definitely transform your garage into more living space.** You might turn your garage into a studio apartment, or convert it into a home gym. Other people turn their garages into home offices, playrooms, or kitchen extensions. You could also turn your garage into a crafting space or laid-back rec area. 6. **You’ll probably need a permit, but it depends on where you live.** Meet with a local government employee to see what specific permits you’ll need—different cities, states, provinces, and countries each have unique zoning requirements. Schedule an appointment at your local government office; when you meet, let them know what kind of project you’re planning. They’ll tell you what type of zoning or building permits you’ll need, and give you specific applications to fill out. In Prince William County, Virginia, you need a building permit and zoning approval to extend your garage. 7. **Ask your county or local government for specifics.** Zoning requirements aren’t universal, and your project requirements will definitely depend on where you live. Stop by your local government office—an employee there can let you know what is and isn’t allowed. In Fremont, California, you can extend your home up to 10 ft (3.0 m) from the back property line, as long as your expansion doesn’t take up more than 30% of the backyard. 8. **You technically can, but it’s not a great idea.** Unless you have a lot of contracting experience, you’re better off hiring a professional. Garage extensions require a lot of construction and engineering expertise. To be safe, hire professional contractors to get the job done. 9. **The average garage extension costs over $12,000.** When you break it down, garage extension projects are a combination of materials and labor. Certain materials, like brick and metal, are significantly more expensive than other building materials, like wood. Additionally, bigger projects, like converting a one-car garage into a two-car garage take more time to complete, and cost more than a smaller add-on. The pricing will ultimately depend on the contractor you work with. Scout out different quotes online before committing to a specific builder! 10. **The extension will cost more if you hire construction specialists.** If you’re expanding and converting your garage into a different space, you may need extra professionals to finish the job, like carpenters and electricians. For large-scale jobs, like an addition, you might also hire an architect or designer to draw out the extension plans. 11. **It usually takes between 1-2 weeks to build a garage.** Ultimately, the timeline depends on the extension you’re getting done, as well as the materials you’re using. Before construction really gets underway, to ask your contractor for an estimate. For example, it takes a lot longer to build with brick than concrete.

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How to Wash White Clothes

White clothes are more prone to becoming stained, discolored, and yellowed than lighter or darker clothing. As a result, it can be relatively challenging to keep these clothes white! Fortunately, by knowing how to properly sort and run your clothes in the washing machine, as well as how to bleach them safely, you can wash white clothes without diminishing their overall quality and appearance. 1. **Separate out your white clothes from clothes with any colors on them.** Whites should always be washed separately from other clothes to prevent colors from transferring to and staining them. Make sure to separate out any whites with colors on them as well, to keep them from bleeding onto all-white clothes. Even lightly colored clothes (like beiges and pastel colors) can bleed into your whites. Make sure to separate these clothes from your whites, too. 2. **Sort your whites by fabric type to wash them in different temperatures.** Put all of your sturdy fabrics, towels, jeans, cottons, and clothes containing manmade fibers into one pile. Then, put all your delicate fabrics, including silk, lingerie, Spandex, and activewear, into a different pile. You'll wash your sturdy fabrics in warm water and your delicate fabrics in cold water. Fabric type will also determine what laundry setting your clothes should be washed on. Wash your sturdy fabrics on Quick Wash or Heavy Duty if they’re heavily soiled and wash your delicate fabrics on Delicates or Hand Wash. Sorting your fabrics this way allows you to wash your clothes at the hottest temperature they can tolerate without being damaged. 3. **Divide your sorted whites into additional piles based on filth level.** Place heavily soiled clothes into one pile, moderately dirty clothes into a second pile, and relatively clean clothes into a third pile. This prevents dirt, food, and other debris on soiled white clothes from staining other white clothing. For example, if a white shirt is caked with mud after spending an afternoon gardening, separate that particular shirt from cleaner, brighter-looking whites. 4. **Wash each pile of clothes separately, one at a time in the machine.** Run the washing machine on the appropriate settings for each pile. Then, dry your clothes in the dryer as you normally would. 5. **Don’t use more detergent than what the instructions recommend.** Use the laundry detergent cap to add the precise amount of detergent to your load based on packaging instructions. Using excess detergent can lead to filmy buildup that attracts more dirt and is more noticeable on white clothing. The amount of detergent you should use depends on load size and on the strength level of your detergent brand. At the same time, don’t use too little detergent to wash your clothes. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions as closely as possible to get the best possible clean for your white clothes. If you want to wash your clothes with vinegar in addition to detergent, only add the vinegar during the rinse cycle after the detergent is out. Otherwise, your clothes will end up oily. 6. **Treat stained whites with cold water before washing them.** Use a sponge or washcloth dipped in cold water to scrub stains from coffee, wine, or blood. Vigorously scrub the stains, then let the clothing sit for about 15 minutes before washing it. Do this as soon as possible after staining the piece of clothing for best results. Don’t use hot water on stains– it may actually cause them to set, which will ruin your white clothes. 7. **Use the hottest water that you can for the fabric type you’re washing.** Hot water is more effective at killing germs and bacteria, as well as preventing white clothes from fading. Wash your heavily soiled clothes in hot water, your sturdy fabrics and moderately soiled clothes in warm water, and your delicate fabrics in cold water. Make adjustments to water temperature as needed based on care labels to prevent clothes from shrinking or becoming misshapen. For instance, clothing made from nylon, spandex, lycra, and certain cotton blends may shrink in hot water. 8. **Avoid using bleach on fabrics other than cotton.** Bleach typically helps whiten clothes, but chlorine- and oxygen-based bleach brands can weaken some fabrics and lead to white clothes looking gray or yellow. If you want to bleach an artificial fabric, substitute bleach with household ingredients that have natural bleaching properties, such as ⁄2 cup (120 mL) of either lemon juice, white vinegar, baking soda, or hydrogen peroxide. These ingredients also make whites whiter without the added risks of toxicity and skin irritation. 9. **Add bluing agent to your laundry load to make your whites look whiter.** Bluing agent formulas make whites whiter by releasing a small amount of blue dye to the water, which paradoxically works to brighten your whites. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to add the bluing agent to your wash water. The agent is typically removed during the rinse cycle, so you don’t have to worry about it after you add it to the wash. 10. **Check the labels on your clothes to make sure they can be bleached.** A hollow triangle on the care tag means that any bleach can be used on that item. A triangle filled with diagonal lines means that only non-chlorine bleaches can be used on that item. A solid black triangle with lines crossed over it means that that item cannot be bleached. 11. **Run your clothes in the washing machine** The heat will ensure that the bleach is activated during the wash cycle. Leave all the other settings on the machine as they normally are for the clothes you’re washing. For example, if you’re washing a small load of delicate whites, set the machine to “small load” and “delicate” settings. 12. **Add the bleach to the cycle per the manufacturer’s instructions.** The bleach bottle will have specific instructions for how much bleach to add to the wash water, depending on the size of the load and the type of fabrics being washed. Use the measuring cup that came with the bottle to measure out the correct amount of bleach and add it to your machine’s bleach dispenser. After you’ve washed your clothes, dry them as your normally would. The bleach will not affect what you have to do to them afterwards.

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How to Make a Rope Harness

A harness acts as a safety net for your body when you are climbing or descending with a rope. If you don't have access to a commercial harness, you can still fashion a functional harness from a length of rope or webbing. The ASRC Seat Harness is a comfortable and straightforward standard for tying a makeshift harness. The "Swiss Seat" is another simple and popular method. 1. **Wrap the rope around your upper thigh.** First, wrap the end of the rope around one leg, starting between the legs and winding around the outside of your figure to meet the rest of the rope at the upper thigh. The rope should rest comfortably beneath your rear. Pull the end through so that you have about two feet of slack to tie the knot. Make sure to use a rope that is thick enough to support your weight. If possible, use a dedicated climbing rope that is designed to hold up against the shock of a fall. Consider using climbing webbing. 2. **Tie a bowline knot** If you made the first loop around your right leg, then use your left "steady" hand to form a small loop in the long side of the rope that runs between your legs. Hold the loose end of the rope in your right hand. Then, pull the loose end up toward you through the loop, and wrap it around the base of the loop. Thread the end of the rope back through the loop. Finally, pull the ends in opposite directions to tighten the knot. Think of the loop as a "rabbit's hole," and the long end coming off the loop as a "tree". Imagine that the loose end of the rope, which you're holding in your right hand, is the "rabbit". The rabbit comes up the hole, runs around the tree, and goes back down the hole. The loose short end of the rope serves to secure your leg. The long end will loop around the other leg, and will eventually become the "crosspiece" to which you clip the carabiner. 3. **Tie another bowline around your other leg.** Wrap the long end of the rope around your other leg, but be sure to leave room for a small "rabbit's hole" loop where the rope goes between your legs. Tie the bowline and tighten the knot. You should now have a sturdy "crosspiece" that runs across the front of your pelvic area. The crosspiece should be about 2 inches long with the knots toward the inside of the leg. 4. **Take the long end around your back and through the crosspiece.** Make sure that the rope sits comfortably in the small of your back, above your seat. 5. **Strengthen the harness.** Wrap the rest of the rope around your back and through the crosspiece in the same direction. Continue until you run out of webbing. Three or four wraps of rope around your waist should provide plenty of support. Pull the rope tight, but not so tight that it constricts your movement. Try to keep the rope strands parallel – don't let them cross over and become tangled. 6. **Tie the two ends together with a square knot.** Connect the short loose end that protrudes from the first bowline knot to the end of the long length of rope that you've wrapped around your waist. 7. **Back up both sides.** Tie overhand knots, square knots, fisherman's knots, or another sturdy knot. The goal here is to make your harness extra secure, and to provide a bit of insurance should your other knots come loose. 8. **Clip in the carabiner to the crosspiece.** Clip it as if someone walked up to you and clipped it down onto your harness – then pull the gate out front. This will make it easy to clip things into your carabiner. If you are rappelling, you want the opening end of the carabiner to lie against you, not the cliff. Be sure to lock the carabiner. If your carabiner does not lock, then you'll need to be especially careful. Consider simply looping the climbing or rappelling rope through the crosspiece – but make sure that there are two "points of contact." 9. **Check that your harness is secure.** Pull up on your crosspiece to make sure that it feels strong enough to hold your weight. Make sure that you cannot fit more than two fingers between your thighs and the rope loops. Tug the rope that is coiled around your waist, and ensure that it will not slip off easily. Double-check all of your knots. If you are climbing or rappelling, then the rope should have two "points of contact" with your harness at all times – at least two spans of rope. If you are belaying, then the carabiner should lock through two points of contact. Be thorough! Do not put your full weight onto this harness until you are absolutely sure that it will hold up. 10. **Anchor to something sturdy** Tie the climbing or rappelling rope to something that will hold your full weight without bending or breaking. Look around you for solid anchors: Trees more than eight inches in diameter. Check that the tree is well-rooted: that it is sturdily attached to the ground, and not in loose soil. Rocks: large, sturdy boulders and outcroppings. Do not tie your anchor to porous rock that might flake or chip away. The frame of a vehicle. Make sure that the vehicle is in park with the parking brake on. Chock the wheels by placing rocks, bricks, or wedges to stop them from rolling.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Rope-Harness", "language": "en"}

How to Use a Telescope

Telescopes gather light and make for the most spectacular viewing experiences. The thrill of viewing distant galaxies, brilliant star clusters, unique nebulae, solar system planets and lunar features is nearly indescribable. 1. **Consider the type of telescope.** Different telescopes are better for different types of viewing. There are really on three basic telescope types: refractor, reflector and catadioptric. Which one you choose will be based on what you want to observe, where you are, and so on. The refractor basically has a long thin tube with an objective lens at the front that collects and focuses the light. This one is better for viewing the Moon and planets, usually giving a nice, crisp image. It travels well and doesn't need much maintenance. Unfortunately, it is very hard to see faint objects like galaxies and nebulae. The reflector employs a large concave mirror rather than a lens for the purposes of accumulating and focusing light. This is one of the better beginner telescopes and it usually has pretty good visibility, although water has a tendency to condense on the optics of the telescope which can be irritating. Also, you can't view terrestrial objects with this telescope, because they will appear upside-down. The catadioptric is a compound telescope, combining both lenses and mirrors. They are good photographic telescopes and they are a lot easier to carry than the reflector. This one tends to be more versatile, but they do tend to be more expensive than the other types. 2. **Consider where you live.** You'll need different power levels considering where you are. If you have an area where the light pollution is better or worse. If you are in an area where it rains more, etc. If you want to bird watch (for example) with your telescope, you'll be better off not choosing the reflector telescope because it won't show you terrestrial objects. If you're in a place where it dews frequently and you're planning on using your telescope at night, you'll need to consider whether choosing a refractor or catadioptric telescope might be your best option. 3. **Consider what you want to look at.** Objects like the planets, the Moon, and closer stars need a high power, good contrast and sharp resolution in a telescope. So if this is what you want to look at, your best bet is to go with a refractor or a reflector. If you're looking at faint objects such as galaxies and nebulae, you'll need a bigger aperture and choose a big reflector telescope. 4. **Consider the power capabilities of your telescope.** People generally have the mistaken impression that more power automatically means higher resolution and better viewing, but this is not actually true. High power simply dilutes the brightness of the image and amplifies any blurriness. For any telescope the maximum amount of magnification equals 50-power per inch of aperture. So say you have a 6-inch reflector. 300-power is as high as you should go (for a 3-inch reflector it would be about 150-power). Even if you're using a Barlow lens, magnifying it too far will only result in a blurred image. The telescope's image can only be blown up to a certain point. 5. **Learn the finderscope.** This is typically attached the side of the telescope. It displays more of the sky than the scope itself. For instance, a 50 power telescope covers an area about as small as the fingernail on your little finger, whereas an 8x finderscope covers an area about the size of a golf ball. 6. **Learn the mount.** Telescopes typically come in two types: equatorial or altazimuth. You'll need to know which kind of telescope you have so you can learn how to operate your telescope. Altazimuth mount operates my going up and down and side to side, making it easier for beginners to operate. It is more simple than the equatorial telescope. Equatorial mount swings across the celestial North to South and East to West. The polar axis (which is the rotating part closer to the telescope's base) needs to be aligned to Polaris, the North Star. It will then follow the motion of the sky around this point, moving from east to the west (as the stars move). It takes more time to get accustomed to the equatorial mount each time you want to look at a different star or planet you have to unlock the axis and take aim at the heavenly body using the finderscope and lock it once you have the general location. From there you'll use the slow motion cable controls or panhandle controls to make the smaller movements. The equatorial mount is generally considered to be more helpful. 7. **Learn the tripod.** You'll need to make sure that the three legs of your telescope are properly balanced otherwise the telescope can fall over and become damaged. When you're scouting out locations, always look for areas that have a flat, level area for your telescope. 8. **Learn the sky.** Before you start tromping around in the dark with your expensive telescope, you'll need to figure out what you're looking for. Maybe you want to have a gander at the moon, or want to check out the planets. Maybe you're interested in a meteor shower. You'll need to find out timing, place, weather, etc. If you're trying to observe the stars, for instance, going out on a moon-lit night won't get you very far. Look at books on stars and constellations. These will tell you when the best viewing times are and when the planets are easiest to be seen. Examine sky charts so that when you are out in the dark you know where to point your telescope. Train your eye. To do so, make sketches of the moon and the planets. You don't have to be a great artist to capture them as accurately as possible. This will help you to look more closely at the sky and observe details. 9. **Choose your spot.** You'll need to choose your spot carefully, once you've decided what you're looking for and where it will be. It will need to be accessible at night and have a place with solid level ground for your telescope's tripod. You'll need to consider light pollution. For instance, if you're in a big city, going up on a high roof (As long as it is safe) can get you away from the worst of the light pollution and allow you to see more clearly. Try to avoid decks and blacktop driveways and concrete. Footsteps on a deck can cause vibrations in the image. Blacktops driveways and concrete can create thermal issues for your telescope. 10. **Practice.** You'll need to practice setting up your telescope and pointing to the correct part of the sky before you start fiddling around at night. Otherwise it is very easy to lose bits of your telescope and forget how to do something. For practice set up your telescope and, using the lowest power eyepiece, point the main scope at something about 100 feet (30.5 m) away like a tree (not the sun!). Center the object in your crosshairs and make sure it's clear. Switch to a higher powered eyepiece and try again. 11. **Be comfortable.** Make sure that when you're having your big night out with the stars that you have dressed appropriately. If it is going to be cold, make sure you have the right clothes on and bring along a canister of something warm.

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How to Fix Vinyl Scratches

While there is no foolproof way to repair scratches on vinyl, you can try using wood glue to remove dust and even out the surface of your record. Clean your record with a dry brush, liquid cleaning solution, or a toothpick to remove additional dirt and debris. To prevent scratches, always hold your record from the edges and store it properly when not in use. If your record still skips after cleaning it a few ways, you may need to purchase a new one. 1. **Apply wood glue over the entire record as it spins on your turntable.** Place the tip of your wood glue at the edge of your inner label, and squeeze the bottle with light pressure. As the record spins, continue squeezing out the glue so it creates lines around your record. Stop when you reach the outer edge. You should have thin, even lines over all of your record. Your record will have stripes of glue following the circular grooves of the vinyl. If you squeeze out too much glue on the vinyl, that's okay. You will even out the amount of glue. However, if you use too much towards the outer edge, use a paper towel to wipe up the excess. If you are worried about getting glue on your turntable, you can apply the glue to the record on a table instead. The spinning of the turntable helps spread the glue across your record. 2. **Use a piece of cardboard or cardstock to spread the glue.** Take a piece of cardboard or cardstock about 2 inches (51 mm) wide, and touch it to the outer edge of your record. Let your record continue to spin, and the glue will spread out and cover the record as it moves. Then, lift up on your card and place it at the inside of your record to spread out all of the glue. You can leave your hand stationary and let the spin of the record spread the glue for you. You will have a smooth, even surface of wood glue covering the entirety of your record. 3. **Stop your turntable and let your the glue dry for around 24 hours.** You can leave your record on your turntable overnight. To see if the wood glue is dry, you can gently touch the outer edge of the glue with your finger. If it still feels sticky, let it sit for 1-2 more hours and try again. You can also leave your record on a piece of newspaper to dry if you do not use a turntable. 4. **Peel away the dried wood glue starting at the outer edge of your record.** Using your index finger and your thumb, pull up on the outer edge of the wood glue. Then, lift up with steady, consistent force to peel away all of the glue. Remove the glue slowly and gradually to try to pull it up in 1 piece. If your wood glue does not peel in 1 solid layer, that’s okay! Lift up at another edge and peel away the glue until it is completely removed. Avoid touching the surface of your record as you peel away the glue. 5. **Play your record to test the sound.** Put the arm of your turntable onto your record and power it on. Listen to your record, and the part of the song that used to skip may play clearly now. Wood glue can help your vinyl by capturing even the toughest dirt and dust. Keep in mind that using wood glue does not guarantee your record will be fixed. The wood glue provides a thorough clean of the entire record by removing any dirt and debris and smoothing over uneven vinyl surfaces. If your record still skips, try another coat of wood glue or another vinyl cleaning method. You could also search online for a professional vinyl restorer near you. 6. **Use a dry vinyl brush to remove surface dirt and dust.** Place your record on your turntable and turn it on. While the record spins, lightly hold the brush on the surface of your record to sweep away any impurities and static build-up. Keep your brush on your record for 1-3 spins, then angle your brush at the edge of your record and slowly remove it. Most record brushes have 2 rows of bristles, 1 to sweep of the dust, and 1 to remove static. Be sure to clean your brush after each use. That way, you do not spread debris to and from your cleaning brush. While this will not erase scratches, it will help your turntable pick up as many grooves in your record as possible, helpful to avoid skipping parts of the song. 7. **Purchase a record cleaning kit to use professional cleaning products.** Visit a music store or search online to find a kit. Most come with a liquid cleaning solution, directional brush, and smaller brush used to clean the directional brush. Then, follow the specific directions outlined in your kit’s instructions to clean away surface debris. Your directions will likely have you apply the cleaning solution, then use the brush to sweep away extra dirt. 8. **Make your own cleaning solution to deep clean on a budget.** Combine ¼ cup of 90-99% isopropyl alcohol, ¾ cup of distilled water, and 1 or 2 drops of dishwasher fluid in a spray bottle. Place your record on a microfiber cloth, and spray the solution on your record. Wait 30 seconds to let the liquid fill the grooves, and wipe away the liquid with another microfiber cloth. Then, soak another microfiber cloth in distilled water, and wipe off both sides of your record. This will remove fingerprints and grime that a record cleaning brush cannot pick up. Avoid spraying the label of your record. You can repeat the process for both sides of your record to thoroughly clean away dirt and dust. 9. **Rub a toothpick back and forth over the scratches with soft pressure.** Locate the scratches of your record, and angle 1 wooden toothpick at the scratch. Apply a little pressure, and rub back and forth on the scratch. Do this for any and all scratches on your vinyl. Rubbing the scratch with a toothpick helps get into the small cracks and lift up stubborn debris. Take your time when cleaning with a toothpick and be careful not to scratch other areas of your record. This may not fix the scratch, but it can help remove any surface debris from your vinyl. 10. **Place your record in its inner sleeve after you finish listening to it.** Inner sleeves come in either paper or plastic material. When you finish listening to a record, carefully slide your record in between both sides of material as a first line of defense. Your vinyl will come with an inner sleeve when you purchase it. You can also purchase replacement sleeves online or in music stores. 11. **Store your record** When you purchase a record, it comes in a cardboard outer sleeve. You can also purchase replacement plastic sleeves. After you place your record into its inner sleeve, slide it into its outer sleeve. The outer sleeve adds another layer of defense. If your outer sleeve is worn and you can see the ring of your record, consider purchasing a replacement plastic outer sleeve. 12. **Designate a shelf or crate for your record collection.** When you expand your record collection beyond 1 or 2 records, it is important to keep them safe to prevent damages. You can securely keep your record either on a shelf or in a crate, and always store them vertically. You can purchase a shelf or crate at a home store or online. You can also make your own! Keeping your records in piles can warp the records or the covers. 13. **Avoid touching any part of your vinyl besides the edges and inner label.** Handing your record correctly prevents scratches, dirt, and fingerprints from appearing on your record. The grooves of your record are delicate and contain the musical information to play the songs, so do your best to not touch them. 14. **Close your turntable’s lid if you have one to prevent airborne dust.** Some turntables have an attached lid. When you are finished listening to your vinyl, flip the lid overtop of the turntable to keep out dust and debris. Keeping your turntable free of dust is helpful because it lowers the risk of transferring dust onto your record.

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How to Clean Sheets

Cleaning your sheets is beneficial for your body and mind. People sleep much better when their sheets are clean. There is nothing like the feeling of slipping between clean sheets. It is best to clean your sheets on a regular basis but also in a way that fits into your schedule. By taking good care of your sheets, you will be able to make them last a long time. 1. **Wash your sheets once a week if possible.** It is a good idea to wash your sheets once per week or at least every couple of weeks. You should take your lifestyle, personal preferences and geographic location into account in deciding how often to wash your sheets. If you take a shower before going to bed and wear fresh pajamas, you may not need to wash your sheets as frequently. If you live in a place with limited water supply, it may be a good idea to avoid washing your sheets too frequently. If you have a very active sex life, you may want to wash your sheets more regularly. If you sweat a lot at night, it may be a good idea to wash your sheets more frequently. 2. **Wash brand new sheets with baking soda and vinegar.** Brand new sheets have chemicals added during manufacture that can prevent them from feeling soft. Detergent will lock in these chemicals and make the new sheets feel a little harsh. To avoid this problem, wash your new sheets with one cup (236 milliliters) of baking soda. Add one cup (236 milliliters) of white vinegar to the rinse cycle. After this first wash, you can use regular detergent. Feel free to sleep in your new sheets after the baking soda and vinegar wash. 3. **Remove the sheets from your bed and get ready to wash them.** If you are washing your regular sheets (i.e., not new), follow the washing instructions provided on the care label of your sheets. The care label will offer specific washing instructions based on the material and brand. Avoid washing too many sheets together. If you try to wash too many sheets at once, they will not get as clean. Also, washing too much at once will strain the motor of your washing machine. 4. **Place the sheets into a washing machine without other items.** Only sheets and pillow cases should be washed together. Other bed linen should be washed separately from sheets. Avoid washing your sheets with towels. If you wash sheets with towels, you will end up with little lint balls all over your sheets. The friction from the towels will gradually wear down the sheets. Avoid washing your sheets with items of a different color. If you wash your sheets with other clothing items of a different color, you may discolor your sheets. 5. **Measure out the required amount of detergent for the size of the load.** It is best to be conservative when measuring out the detergent for washing sheets. Use 2 oz (1/4 cup) or half a cap full of liquid laundry detergent for a regular load. Use 4 oz (1/2 cup) or 1 full cap of liquid laundry detergent for a heavily soiled load. Follow the guidelines on the detergent packaging. Avoid using too much detergent. If you want your sheets to last a long time, you should avoid excessive detergent. Loads of detergent will wear down your sheets faster. 6. **Choose the right cycle.** If your sheets are very soiled, you will choose a different cycle than if your sheets are only mildly soiled. If you always choose the strongest cycle, your sheets will deteriorate faster. Choose “sheet cycle” if your machine has such a setting. If there is no “sheet cycle,” use the regular cycle or the colors cycle. Use a warm water setting for regular washing. If the sheets are very soiled, you can use a hot water setting to kill more germs. Avoid using hot temperatures regularly. If you want your sheets to last a long time, you should generally avoid hot temperatures. A hot cycle will wear down your sheets faster. Use a hot temperature setting if you had a cold recently or if the sheets are especially soiled. The hot water will help disinfect your sheets and remove germs, viruses and allergens. 7. **Supplement the wash if you wish.** You can add common ingredients to get rid of certain smells, enhance other smells and brighten your sheets. Add 1 cup (236 milliliters) of vinegar to the rinse cycle. By adding vinegar at the rinse cycle, you will get rid of any traces of detergent on the sheets. Use a quarter cup (2 oz) of lemon juice to the wash cycle to brighten your sheets. Use lemon juice instead of bleach or a whitening agent. This can make your sheets last a little longer. 8. **Clean silk and satin sheets with gentle detergents.** Silk is a delicate fabric, so you need to take special care. Use a detergent that is designed for silk. Choose a gentle, cold water cycle and avoid washing silks with heavier fabrics. Dry your silk sheets on a clothes line. If you must use a dryer, choose a no-heat setting. To clean your satin sheets, you should machine wash at 40° Celsius (104° Fahrenheit). You can use a fabric conditioner in the final cycle to help keep the sheets soft. Avoid using bleach. Using bleach frequently will eventually damage your sheets. Dry on a clothes line or tumble dry. 9. **Wash your linen sheets on a cold cycle with minimal detergent.** Linen is a durable, but tricky fabric. With linen sheets, you should use colder temperatures. Try to use natural detergents and use less detergent than normal. For example, if you usually use 1 cup (236 ml), try only using 3/4 of that amount. You can always wash the sheets again later if they are not clean. 10. **Remove tough stains immediately.** If you get a stain on your sheets, it is best to remove it immediately. As soon as a stain happens, quickly rinse the affected area of the sheet with cold water. After you have rinsed off the stain, you can move forward with washing your sheets. Remove stains from your silk sheets with a product designed specifically for silk sheets. 11. **Take out blood stains with cold water.** If you get blood on your sheets, rinse the stains out with cold water. Try to remove the stains as soon as possible to keep them from setting in.If cold water does not work, try treating the blood stain with shampoo. Squirt a small amount of shampoo on the stain, and then vigorously rub it with a brush. Keep brushing the affected area until you get most of the blood removed. You can then rinse the stained area, and wash the sheets. 12. **Pre-soak sheets to remove body oil stains.** Soak the sheets prior to the wash. Soak the sheets in the washing machine with 3 squirts of dishwashing soap, 1/4 cup (59 milliliters) of borax and 1/3 cup (80 milliliters) of white vinegar. Let the sheets soak in these ingredients for 30 minutes. Then, wash the sheets on a hot water cycle. 13. **Dry your sheets on a clothes line to save energy.** If it is a sunny day, you may choose to dry your sheets on the clothes line in your backyard. You will save energy and electricity use by using a clothes line. Hang white sheets in the sun and colored sheets in the shade. Hang sheets from the corners rather than in the middle. This keeps them from getting damaged in the wind. Wear an apron with pockets for clothespins to make the task easier. Alternately, bring a bucket of clothespins. You may also choose to use a combination of clothes line and dryer. Try drying the sheets on the clothes line and then putting them in the dryer for just a couple minutes. This way you can save energy while also getting the soft feel of sheets just out of the dryer. 14. **Dry your clothes in a dryer for a shorter drying time.** If it is raining or you do not have a clothes line, you may choose to use the drying machine. The dryer gives a nice soft feel to your sheets, and is also more efficient than a clothes line if you need dry sheets right away. Use a tennis ball tied in a cotton sock to make sure the sheets dry evenly. Use a lavender dryer bag. Lavender oil can help you sleep and is a natural moth repellent and antibacterial agent. Fill a spray bottle with water and several drops of lavender oil. Shake the bottle to mix the oil into the water. Spray a clean washcloth with the solution and then toss the washcloth in the dryer with the wet laundry. The lavender scent will transfer to your sheets. 15. **Choose the correct setting on the dryer.** Generally, it is best to choose a medium or low heat setting. This makes your sheets last longer. You may also want to choose an automatic setting that tells you when your sheets are dry. Use the less dry or damp alert settings to prevent over-drying of cotton sheets. Avoid hot temperature settings. Hot temperatures will shorten the life of your sheets. 16. **Place your sheets flat across your bed as soon as they come out of the dryer.** If you place them flat across your bed while they are still warm, they will fit to the bed. Also, the sheets will look smooth and ironed, even though you have not actually ironed them. Avoid leaving your sheets in the washer. This causes wrinkles, since the spin cycle of the washer will suck the sheets against the washer wall. Instead, take out the sheets right when they are done and place them on the bed. 17. **Remake the bed with fresh sheets.** It is likely that you will get a better night's rest if you make your bed. Start by stretching the elastic corners of your fitted sheet over each of the corners of your mattress. Then, stretch your top sheet over the mattress and tuck the 4 sides underneath. Last, place your duvet on top. 18. **Store sheets in a cool dry place away from sunlight.** You can store each set of sheets in a matching pillowcase. This will keep your drawers neat. Put the top and bottom sheets in 1 pillowcase. You can also put your second pillowcase in there. Store your sheets in a linen closet. If you own a linen closet, you can keep your sheets in there. It will give you more closet space in the bedrooms. Store your sheets in the room where they are being used. This way your sheets will be readily available when you need them.

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How to Clean Fake Jewelry

Costume jewelry can be really pretty even if it is not made of precious gems. But keeping it beautiful can be a task. Costume jewelry can’t take wear-and-tear the way fine jewelry can. It tarnishes from water, air exposure and even creams and lotions. So, learning how to care for your items so that they remain beautiful for as long as possible is key, especially if you want to wear them for years to come. 1. **Collect the jewelry that needs to be cleaned.** There’s no hard and fast rule as to when it should be cleaned. Generally, the rule of thumb is the more you wear it, the more frequently you need to clean it. Clean it about once every few months or when it starts to look dull. Remember that fake jewelry is not genuine gold or sterling silver and does not have precious gemstones. Even though sterling silver does tarnish, it should not be cleaned the way you would clean fake jewelry or costume jewelry. "Real" gold does not tarnish at all. If you are having trouble deciding what is classified as fake jewelry and what is real, keep in mind that plated jewelry is considered "authentic." Since the top layer of metal is authentic silver or gold, it is considered "real" jewelry, even though it is not solid gold or silver all the way through. So, you can use regular jewelry cleaner to clean gold- and silver-plated jewelry instead of the methods provided. If you’re not sure if a piece of jewelry is real or fake, have a jeweler test the metal and the gems for authenticity. 2. **Inspect the jewelry.** Notice if it has any gemstones on it. If it does, then you need to be careful how much liquid you apply around that area. The liquid might get underneath the gemstones and loosen the glue under the gemstones, which might make them fall off later. Also, too much water could ruin the foil backing that makes fake gemstones appear sparkly. Don’t let any water pool and slide under them so the glue holding them down doesn’t loosen. 3. **Try using a Q-tip or toothbrush to clean the jewelry.** These common products most people have in their homes work well to get at tough-to-clean crevices or around gemstones. You could also try a magic eraser. Your Q-Tip should start to show signs of dirt and grime removal. The end of it should start to get dirty. Make sure the toothbrush is new, and that it hasn't been used before. You don't want to transfer material on an old toothbrush onto the jewelry. Obviously, don't use the toothbrush again after you use it to clean jewelry. Rub the dry soft toothbrush or Q-Tip on the jewelry to remove verdigris. Verdigris is the green gunk that builds up on some costume jewelry. Q-Tips and soft toothbrushes are a bit more abrasive when they’re dry, so they may do a better job of scraping off the gunk. If you still can’t get it off, try using a toothpick. 4. **Try using lemon on the fake jewelry.** Lemon has been used for a long time to rid jewelry of the oxide layer that forms on metals with the passage of time. You might want to add a little baking soda to the lemon. Lemon is a natural acid and rubbing a half cut lemon on jewelry can hasten the process of cleaning. You can put the silver jewelry in a cup of lemonade with some salt for a night. Lemon works especially well on silver. You could juice a lemon in a small plate, and then rub this juice over the jewelry that you intend to clean, and then use a rough cloth (or scotch bright) to rub vigorously against the jewelry. 5. **Try using a white vinegar and water solution.** Soak the jewelry in the solution, and then use soft toothbrush to get into corners and holes. Cleaning fake jewelry in vinegar can leave the chains shiny. The soft bristle toothbrush can help if the jewelry contains gems by getting in cracks. You can simply apply the vinegar to a sponge, and use it to clean the jewelry. Another natural product that can be used to clean jewelry is olive oil. Olive oil will make it shine, but make sure to wash it off. You could also use a dental tablet and dissolve it in water. Then, let the jewelry soak for a bit and scrub gently with a toothbrush 6. **Try using hand soap and warm water.** This not only increases the chances of making the jewelry look pretty, but it also makes it smell good. Put as little water on the jewelry as possible, though, and limit your jewelry's exposure to the water. Water can tarnish and rust costume jewelry if it sits for too long. Use a washcloth to gently clean the jewelry. It’s usually not a good idea to let fake jewelry soak in water for a long time as it can ruin the look or finish of the jewelry. This approach can work well on gold jewelry with gemstones. You can also mix a drop of dish soap into a bowl of warm water and gently clean the jewelry with a child's toothbrush. Just be sure to dry it very well—you don't want to leave residue or sitting water on the surface of the jewelry. If rust does develop on necklaces, bracelets, rings, or other pieces of costume jewelry, you'll need to take additional steps to remove it as soon as possible to limit the damage. 7. **Use baby shampoo to clean the jewelry.** Baby shampoo is a milder shampoo, so it can be a good cleaning agent for fake jewelry. Shampoo can be a good approach to cleaning pearls, especially. Mix together one drop each of baby shampoo and water. Use a soft toothbrush or Q-Tip to clean hard-to-reach spots. Mix it until it is about the consistency of a thick soup. If the mixture is too thick, add a few additional drops of water. Rinse the baby shampoo off quickly in cool water, and dry with a clean, soft hand towel or microfiber cloth. 8. **Use lens cleaner or toothpaste.** There are many different cleaning products around the house that people often use to clean fake jewelry. Lens cleaner and toothpaste can be effective on some costume jewelry. But be very careful! Read the instructions and cautions labels. Don't use lens cleaner on precious metals, and be aware that paint or finish may come off. Also, don't use if you have sensitive skin or on earrings. Toothpaste is less problematic when it comes to cleaning jewelry. Just apply the toothpaste to a brush, and rub it on the piece of jewelry. This method can be used on different forms of fake jewelry, such as bracelets. 9. **Purchase jewelry polish specifically made for jewelry.** Fake or impure metals will deteriorate quickly if not using the correct polish. You can buy polish for either gold or silver items in many jewelry or department stores. Keep in mind that some regular jewelry cleaners, usually meant for the real deal, are too harsh to use on costume pieces. Simply soak the piece of jewelry in the polish for no longer than 30 seconds, then remove and wipe it gently to avoid scraping or bruising the jewelry. You might want to use a toothbrush after dipping it into the solution. 10. **Buy a bottle of rubbing alcohol from a drugstore or retail department.** Then take a small bowl, and pour the alcohol into it. Soak the jewelry in it for half an hour. Then take the jewelry out, and wipe off any excess alcohol on it. Leave it out to dry for 15 minutes. If every part isn’t clean, wipe it with an alcohol wipe or repeat the process. You could put your earrings in peroxide, and let them soak at least 2 to 3 minutes. The peroxide might bubble or fizz, which means your earrings are really dirty, and you should probably leave them in longer. If it looks like you are rubbing off more of the finish than the gunk, then stop. You may be scrubbing too hard. Rub gently so you don’t mess up the finish. 11. **Rinse thoroughly.** After applying the mixture and cleaning everything off, immediately rinse the piece off in cool water. Rinse just enough to get the soapy water solution off of the jewelry. Dry it with a blow dryer. Immediately after you rinse off your jewelry, place it on a towel to soak up any excess water. Blot away excess water with the towel. Then, set your blow dryer to a cool setting, and use your blow dryer to quickly dry the jewelry. Move your blow dryer around the piece to distribute the air. Drying it quickly makes it less likely to rust and develop water spots. Continue drying the jewelry with the blow dryer until it is completely dry. Try not to hold the blow dryer directly above areas with gemstones for long periods of time especially if you decide to use a warmer setting. You don’t want the heat from blow dryer to melt the glue holding them down. 12. **Spray perfume, hair spray, and rub on lotion before putting on your jewelry.** Since anything water-based can potentially tarnish your costume jewelry, even perfume and lotions can tarnish the finish. If you spray your perfume and put on your lotions first, you will reduce the chances they will coat the jewelry. Wait until your body is dry. Then, put on your costume jewelry. This should prevent some of the build-up on fake jewelry that makes it look dull and requires that you do frequent cleaning. 13. **Wipe down your jewelry daily.** If you wipe your jewelry down with a clean microfiber cloth after each use, you won’t have to clean it as often. It also will continue to look like new for longer periods of time. Wiping it down daily also limits your jewelry exposure to water or anything that it might have been exposed to when you were wearing it that day. 14. **Store your jewelry properly.** You might try storing the jewelry in ziplock bags. Designate one piece per bag. Put the jewelry in. Squeeze all the air out of the bag. Then close it. With the air removed, the metal cannot oxidize or turn green from exposure to the air. So, it will look cleaner and newer for a longer period of time. Keeping your jewelry in a jewelry box that has a closing lid and a velvet lining limits your jewelry’s expose to air as well and also keeps it from being scratched.

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How to Train a Cat

Cats are incredibly independent creatures. In fact, researchers have found that even though humans have kept cats as pets for at least 9,000 years, house cats are only semi-domesticated. Training a cat can be difficult, because it can require the trainer to convince the cat that the task at hand is a worthwhile skill to learn. But with a little patience, you can train your cat to be a better pet in more ways than one. 1. **Put the litter box in a quiet location.** Cats prefer to relieve themselves in a peaceful location without a lot of action or loud noises in the background. However, cats also do not like having a litter box that is too far out of the way. Make sure your cat can physically access his litter box. Do not put the box on a high shelf or an otherwise difficult to reach area if your cat is old and has trouble jumping or climbing. Avoid noisy or high-traffic areas. Do not place a litter box next to a washing machine, for example, or in a crowded hallway that gets a lot of foot traffic. Cats want peace and privacy, but they also want convenience. Do not put your cat's litter box in close proximity to its food and water dishes. This may discourage your cat from using the litter box. Put out enough litter boxes so there are 1 more than the number of cats you have. For example, if you have 1 cat, you should have 2 litter boxes. 2. **Place your cat in his litter box shortly after meals.** You may also want to place your cat in his box shortly after he wakes up and after playing, as all of these are times most cats will want to excrete wastes. Putting your cat into the litter box during times he will likely need to relieve himself, such as after eating a meal or when he's just woken up, may help remind him to use the litter box every time he needs to go. 3. **Keep a clean litter box.** Cats will not want to use a litter box if it is dirty, and may resort to urinating or defecating around the house. Wear rubber gloves while handling cat feces to reduce the risk of contracting toxoplasmosis. Scoop out solid waste and clumps of urine-soaked litter everyday. Wash your hands thoroughly after handling soiled cat litter, even if you wore gloves. Do a thorough cleaning once a week. This entails dumping out old litter, washing the litter box with a mild detergent, thoroughly rinsing the soap away, drying the box completely, and pouring in a fresh layer of litter. You should only add about two to three inches (five to seven centimeters) of litter when refilling the box. 4. **Use a litter your cat will enjoy.** There are many different types of cat litter, made from a variety of different materials. The most important factor is finding a litter that your cat will want to use. Most cats prefer clumping, unscented litter. However, your cat may prefer something different, especially if he was adopted and grew accustomed to something in his former home. See what your cat responds to and adjust accordingly. The most common types of cat litter are clay litter, clumping litter, crystal/silica gel litter, and bio-degradable litter. Switch litters gradually, rather than abruptly, to minimize the shock and confusion to your cat. Mix a small amount of the new litter in with your cat's existing litter every day over the course of three to five days. If you change litters gradually, your cat shouldn't notice a difference. If your cat continuously relieves himself in a potted plant, he may prefer using soil instead of litter. This can be especially problematic in cats that used to live outdoors. Try lining your cat's litter box with potting soil, and see if he uses it. 5. **Reward your cat for using the litter box.** Give him praise immediately after he has finished using the litter box. This will build positive habits and teach him that that is where he should be relieving himself. 6. **Do not punish your cat for accidents outside the litter box.** Negative reinforcement doesn't work with cats. It may actually create a litter box avoidance problem in your cat. If your cat eliminates his waste outside the litter box, it's important to immediately wash that surface with an odor-neutralizing enzymatic cleaner. If your cat can smell his urine on the carpet, he might begin to associate that spot or that texture with going to the bathroom. If your cat passes solid waste outside the litter box, pick it up (with a paper towel or gloves) and place it in the litter box. This will give your cat scent-based cues to use the litter box next time. Try making unwanted elimination areas less desirable to your cat. If he has a part of the house that he tends to relieve himself in instead of using his litter box, leave tin foil or double-sided tape on the floor in that spot to discourage him from going there. 7. **Try confinement training as a last resort.** If your cat has a strong aversion to using his litter box and nothing else has worked, temporarily confining him in a single room with the litter box could instill an understanding in him to use the litter box. This should only be used as a last resort, when nothing else has worked. Do not confine your cat to a small room for extended periods of time. It is cruel to lock your cat up over long periods of time. Make sure your cat has food, water, and his bed in the room with the litter box. Keep the litter box on the opposite side of the room as the food, water, and bed. If he poops on the floor, scoop it up and put it in the tray to give him a scent mark to return to. If you cat is absolutely sold on a substrate, such as soil or carpet, and refuses to use the tray, then put that substrate in the tray. If necessary, purchase multiple pieces of carpet off cut and put it in the tray. Once the cat uses the tray with carpet in it, start to sprinkle cat litter over the carpet in the tray, to give the cat the idea. Replace sodden carpet with fresh in the tray. 8. **Play dead.** If your cat gets too aggressive while playing and uses his teeth or nails, respond by immediately disengaging from the play activity, standing or sitting still, and ignoring him. Your cat will want to play, and when you deprive him of movement and interaction, he will quickly learn that he does not want that outcome. Never hit your cat. Likewise, do not yell at him or squirt him with water if he has bitten you. Over time, these negative responses can cause your cat to become fearful of you. Try changing the nature of your play if your cat becomes too aggressive. It's possible that he has slipped into hunting mode. Use a toy with a long string or handle to allow your cat to exercise his need to hunt without causing you injury or creating poor behavior. 9. **Respect your cat's boundaries.** It's possible he bit or scratched you because you handled him roughly or chased him into a defensive position. If your cat needs room, give him room. If he does not want to be handled, do not try to handle him. If your cat's ears are flattened or its tail is whipping back and forth quickly, it probably doesn't want to be pet or handled. 10. **Give your cat a hunting outlet.** Your cat may not be getting enough exercise or enough outlets for his predatory instincts. Try giving him toys that he can flick, like a ball or a stuffed mouse. This will make him feel like he is hunting and catching. Better yet, use a toy with a string or pole, like a "fishing" toy, so that you and your cat can play together. Try using catnip. Many stuffed cat toys come with a velcro pouch to insert catnip, or you can simply sprinkle some catnip on the floor and let your cat roll around in it. About half of all cats won't find catnip desirable, but those that do will enjoy a short, safe burst of play time, followed by a period of ecstatic inactivity. 11. **Give your cat a scratching post.** If your cat is constantly scratching you or pieces of furniture, there's a chance that he's doing it because he needs to scratch. A cat scratches household items to mark his scent on that item (using glands in his paws), and to remove the sheath that naturally grows over his claws. Giving him an outlet, like a scratching post, to satisfy his scratching needs should alleviate some of this problem behavior. If you catch your cat scratching furniture, a carpet, or any other place he's not supposed to scratch, interrupt him with a sharp noise. Try clapping your hands or shaking a jar full of coins to startle your cat out of his scratching. Immediately direct your cat to his scratching post. By interrupting his scratching of furniture and moving him to an acceptable object like a scratching post, you are reinforcing for your cat the notion that some objects are okay to scratch, but not others. 12. **Use citrus or menthol.** Cats tend to dislike the smells of citrus and menthol. Rubbing a little bit of oil on the furniture your cat scratches the most could help prevent him from scratching there in the future. Soak several cotton balls in either citrus oil or a menthol-based muscle rub. Try dabbing the cotton ball on the legs and armrests of furniture your cat tends to target. Note that this will leave your furniture with a slight odor and may cause staining. Citrus oil may be less likely to stain. If you're concerned about the oils soaking through to your furniture, you may want to try simply taping the cotton balls onto the legs of couches and tables your cat tends to scratch. 13. **Use the squirt method.** If your cat continues to pounce on your hands or feet, or destroy furniture around the house, it might be time to employ the water squirt method. Fill a spray bottle with clean, cold water. When the cat pounces, give him or her a quick squirt. Cats don't appreciate being sprayed with water, and they'll soon learn to associate this uncomfortable sensation with biting or scratching you. Be advised, however, that your cat will come to associate you with the unpleasant sensation of being sprayed with water. He may even come to fear you. 14. **Do not get your cat declawed.** No matter how bad of a scratching problem he has, getting your cat declawed will only cause worse problems. The process is incredibly painful for cats and can cause lasting problems like tissue necrosis, permanent pain, aversion to using the litter box, and increased aggression towards humans. Consult your vet on other ways to curb your cat's scratching if this behavior becomes problematic. 15. **Remove food.** If you keep food stored on the counter, including your cat's food bowl, he may have come to think of the counter as a place to find food. Remove any food products from the counter, and keep the cat's food bowl on the floor (while he's using it) or in the sink to deter him from climbing up on the counter. 16. **Make the counters unpleasant.** One of the best ways to keep your cat from climbing on the counter is to make the counter an unpleasant place for him. Apply double-sided tape to one side of a plastic laminated placemat. Lay the placemats across the counter. Over time, your cat will come to associate the counter with the unpleasant experience of walking on tape. 17. **Give him other climbing options.** Cats love to climb, mostly because they enjoy being elevated off the ground. It's possible that the kitchen counters are the highest "perch" your cat can reach. Give him other climbing options, like a cat "condo," which you can set up anywhere in the house and offer your cat a satisfying climbing and perching experience. 18. **Keep the cat out.** If your cat insists on climbing up on the counters whenever you are preparing food in the kitchen, keep your cat confined in a bedroom or bathroom, if at all possible. This will keep him from climbing and interfering with your kitchen plans. Let your cat out of confinement once you're finished cooking/preparing food. 19. **Use delicious treats.** Training a cat is slightly different from training a dog. A dog will learn tricks because he wants to please you; to train a cat, you need to respect his or her independence and provide enticing reasons for the cat to obey you. Pellets of dry cat food aren't going to work, and neither is excessive praise, which cats are less interested in than dogs. The trick is to use high-quality treats that your cat will desire, like catnip, pieces of fresh chicken, or tuna. 20. **Make sure your cat is engaged.** Before you begin trying to teach your cat a new trick, make sure he is aware that you're trying to teach him something. Hold the treat in front of your cat's nose so he understands that there is a potential reward waiting for him. Slowly move the treat in your hand over and behind his head. Continue to do this until your cat tips his head up and sits down on his bottom. Praise your cat and give him the treat as soon as he completes the "trick" of sitting down. 21. **Try using a clicker.** If you don't have a clicker, you can use a retractable pen to make a similar noise. Give your cat a treat each time you use the clicker, so that he will come to associate the sound with getting a treat. Then use the clicker and a reward every time your cat accomplishes a new trick, like chasing a stick when you throw it. Eventually your cat will respond every time you throw the stick and click the clicker. 22. **Keep training and play sessions short.** Remember that your cat will get tired out. Aim for training and play sessions that run about 15 minutes, once or twice every day. 23. **Respect your cat.** As a cat owner, you are probably aware of your cat's unique personality traits and independent nature. Never try to force a cat to do a trick he or she doesn't want to do. Some cats will happily learn to use the toilet and flush it afterward, or perch on your shoulder while you walk around the house, while others prefer not to be bothered or touched. Learn to coexist with your cat so that you're both getting something out of the relationship.

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Installing Corrugated Roofing Yourself: Everything You Need to Know

Corrugated roofing is a great way to top a garden shed, shop, or patio. It's quick, easy, low cost, and, best of all, you can do it yourself. All it takes is some common tools and a little math, which is where we come in. We’ll give you the rundown on how to measure, cut, and install corrugated roof panels, and also an overview of which material is best for your budget and project. 1. **Measure your roof’s area.** Use a ladder and a tape measure to note your roof’s dimensions. Measure the width (horizontal) and length (from the peak to the lowest point). To get the area, multiply those 2 numbers. Repeat this for every section of your roof. Finally, add 15% of that number to the total to find your approximate required square footage of roofing. For example, a roof with a width of 15 ft (4.6 m) and a length of 10 ft (3.0 m) has an area of 150 sq ft (~14 sq m), which we then double for an A-frame roof. Fifteen percent of that number is 45 sq ft (~4 sq m), which brings the total estimated material needed to 345 sq ft (~32 sq m). The added 15% is to accommodate roofing overlap. Add another 5-10% if you want to be sure to buy enough. 2. **Cut the panels to the desired length.** Use an angle grinder to cut and shape the panels to your roof. Most panels come up to 32 feet (9.8 m) in length. Gather enough panels to cover your roof’s area, accommodating for about 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm) of overlap on each side of the panel. Cut down a few panels that would otherwise make for excess roofing area. 3. **Pre-drill holes on the ridges.** Some panels have pre-drilled holes. If yours do not, then use an electric drill to add them. Use a ⁄16 in (4.8 mm) drill bit, and space the holes every 6 to 8 in (15 to 20 cm) horizontally and every 2 ft (0.61 m) vertically, drilling on the nearest ridge. In addition, space the lowest row of holes on what will be the lowest panels 6 in (15 cm) from the bottom of the panel. 4. **Lay down your underlayment.** Underlayment is key to insulating your structure and catching any leaks that may make it through the roofing. Simply roll it out horizontally, adhesive-side down, starting at the eaves of the roof. Overhang it by 2–3 in (5.1–7.6 cm) and overlap each strip by 1–2 in (2.5–5.1 cm). If your underlayment doesn’t have adhesive, nail or staple your underlayment to the structure of the roof. If you’re installing your roofing over shingles, remove any damaged shingles first. 5. **Secure the edging to the eaves with a roofing nailer.** The edges, or “flashing,” sits on the underside of the roof, about where your gutters are. Fit the flashing over the underlayment on the edges of the roof, overlapping each section by .25–.5 in (0.64–1.27 cm), and driving a nail every 16 in (41 cm). As you overlap them, apply a line of caulk to the edge of the bottom flashing to seal it. The flashing will overhang any gutters by about .25 in (0.64 cm). It’s totally normal, and there’s no need to remove or fiddle with the gutters. 6. **Apply sealant tape and closure strips to the edge.** Lay sealant tape along the edge of the flashing, and peel away the back paper. Then, lay your closure strips—the bits of foam that block the underside of the panels—along the adhesive, taking care not to stretch them out. 7. **Install the panels, starting from the eaves.** Draw a line of sealant atop the closure strip, then place the panels onto the closure strips, overhanging the edge by about 4 inches (10 cm). Start at one corner, and overlap the panels themselves by 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm), or by one ridge, more or less, screwing them in with 1.5 in (3.8 cm) wood screws and washers. Drive the screws so that the head of the screw just meets the corrugated panel and holds it securely, but no more, to prevent denting or dimpling the panels. Continue across the roof until the first row of panels is completed. 8. **Install the upper rows of panels.** Once the first row is complete, begin the second row, overlapping each row by 4 in (10 cm). Continue in this way until the entire roof is covered by the corrugated panels, leaving the peak exposed. As you work, make sure the panels are square with the roof, to avoid laying crooked panels. Use a chalk line to snap down a grid that’s perpendicular to the edges of the roof. 9. **Attach the gable trim and roof cap.** The gable trim covers the edges of the panels and keeps out the elements. Secure it with additional screws or butyl tape. The roof cap is the bent bit of metal that covers the very peak of the roof between the panels. Lay it atop the panels, overlapping them by 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm), and screw it in just as you did with the panels below. Also overlap the trims and caps themselves by 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm). Your ridge cap may require an additional closure strip and sealant. When in doubt, follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Once you’ve placed the ridge cap, seal any visible or dramatic seams with sealant. 10. **Choose PVC or other plastic roofing to let light in.** The advantage of the PVC, polycarbonate, or vinyl roofing is the translucency of the panels. They allow daylight to enter through them, making them preferable for things like chicken coops, greenhouses, or low-profile carports. PVC sheets are often cheaper than metal, but are much less durable. Other plastics, like polycarbonate or fiberglass, are much more durable than PVC, but are often more expensive. Plastic panels do tend to be noisier than metal in rain and hail conditions, however. 11. **Go with aluminum panels for practical durability and sensible cost.** Aluminum panels are lightweight, more durable than plastic (it can last up to 50 years), and often more affordable than other metal panels. It won’t rust, either, making it great for humid, salty air. Since it’s lightweight, though, it is more susceptible to dents and divots. 12. **Pick terne roofing for greater durability.** One of the strongest features of corrugated terne (stainless steel pressed between layers of tin) is its durability. It can withstand extreme weather conditions, weathers to a pleasant matte look, and can last longer than 100 years. Terne tends to be the most expensive of the 3, and is often more difficult to work with.

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How to Survive the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

Chances are, if you're reading this, that you have already taken the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme or you're seriously thinking about taking it. You're in the right place for some helpful tips, to help you decide whether this is something right for you and to help you survive getting through a challenging (yet rewarding!) way to study. 1. **Gain an understanding of the program.** If you haven't started IB yet, make sure you know what you are getting yourself into. Visit your school's open house, talk to IB coordinators and teachers, etc. IB isn't for everyone. 2. **Make the most of your classes.** Ask questions and take notes. Follow up anything that you don't understand, as soon as possible. If your school offers additional help before and after school, then take advantage of it. 3. **Stay organized.** Write neatly and organize your notes and handouts into the appropriate folders and binders. Ensure that you have all your supplies (e.g. a couple of pencils, eraser, sharpener, pens, highlighters, markers, and calculator/s). 4. **Learn the IB objectives for each subject.** Because of the need to standardize the curriculum across different languages and cultures, they aren't going to test you on anything else. Ever. For example, in Biology, there's not much point learning the names of all the amino acids when you only have to be able to draw a generalised structure (unless you love biology, in which case, more power to you). 5. **Learn the command terms for each subject.** Not knowing command terms will lose you marks you could have gotten otherwise. 6. **Do all your homework.** Homework assignments constitute a high percentage of your final IB grade, and you could find yourself overwhelmed by the final exams if you're not diligent. This applies even further if you are doing HL (higher level) science or math. 7. **Start your extended essay ASAP.** Do it well, properly, and early. The sooner you do it, the sooner it's out of the way. 8. **Understand TOK (full IB).** Otherwise known as Theory of Knowledge. Nail it. It's easy to get the core points for it if you work relatively hard. If your teacher won't teach you, teach yourself. There are books out there which are specifically designed for IB, so go get them. 9. **Keep up to date with your CAS (Creativity, Action, Service).** You need 50 hours of each, over a two year-period. Try to persuade your school to organize something to help you knock these hours out, for example, photography class, activity weekend, or tuition of younger kids. If all else fails, gardening in school can count as all three. Any help you do in school, get it signed off. Hand in those forms! You'll want to finish this as soon as possible, because by the end you'll need your energy to concentrate on your final exams. Not all IB programs still count hours, so make sure to check with your individual IB coordinator to make sure you are doing your CAS correctly. 10. **Try not to freak out.** You aren't going to fail if you work. Yes, you will get into university/college. Although it may seem like a lot at first, it'll all pass eventually. Don't let stress and fear get in the way of succeeding in this program. 11. **Remember, there is more to life than IB.** Lack of human contact due to IB can result in social isolation and depression. Relax and have some sort of social life, for the sake of your own sanity. Find a decent IB forum on the Internet. Talk to other IB students and programmes. That said, don't fall behind on your schoolwork. 12. **Give yourself a break once in a while.** Do whatever it is you do to relax. Have some "you time". Just not all the time. 13. **Avoid slacking off for any extended period.** The IB is hard sometimes, but do it properly. There's no point wasting years of your life goofing off, when you could be making the most of what is, at the end of the day, an amazing qualification. 14. **Don't procrastinate.** IB students are known for being the kings and queens of procrastination. It's okay to if you feel like putting things off once in a while, but not so often that you end up having to write your Extended Essay overnight. 15. **Do the IB with friends, or make friends in the IB early on.** It is much too difficult to survive successfully all by yourself, as this also requires a guardian who is committed to helping you succeed IB. Your friends in IB will be a large mental help to you succeeding. You need to hang out with this particular group and study well with them, because you can all support each other. You also need to take every help you can get, ask every single question in your head if you have to. 16. **Revise.** These exams are definitely not a walk in the park. The IB is hard for most people (even geniuses like us) so prepare for it! And when — not if, when — you pass your exams, smile and be thankful that it's over. Help the first year students. 17. **Practice.** Work through as many past I.B exams as you can possibly handle! The questions in your textbook or those which you are completing in class may be drastically easier than the actual exam.

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How to Calculate Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solids (or TDS) is the measure of all organic and inorganic substances dissolved in a given liquid, revealing the proportion of different solids. There are a number of different uses for TDS: it can measure pollution levels in lakes and rivers or mineral levels in drinking water, for example, and also has agricultural applications in irrigation. To calculate the TDS for a particular liquid, follow these steps. 1. **Gather your materials.** Before attempting to measure the TDS of your sample, make sure to prepare a clean, clear space with the appropriate instruments and tools for the task. If you do not have access to the materials necessary for this procedure, they can all be purchased easily online. You will need the following: A clean, properly sterilized beaker that is free of dust or other particles A sample of the water you want to analyze, collected into the sterilized beaker. Ideally, the sample should be at 25° C (or 77° F) at the time of analysis. An electrical conductivity meter — a device used to measure a solution's ability to conduct electricity. It works by releasing a current into a liquid, then measuring the resistance. 2. **Measure the conductivity of the sample.** Make sure your beaker with the water sample in it is placed on a flat, stable surface. Turn on the electrical conductivity meter, then insert the measuring lead into the sample. Wait for the reading on the conductivity meter to become stable before noting the result. You may have to wait a few seconds before the reading stabilizes, but it's important that you wait until the number on the display stops changing. The measurement displayed on the electrical conductivity meter is the purity of the water, measured in µS (micro-Siemens). The lower the µS value, the purer the water, with 0 µS being pure, unpolluted H20. 3. **Plug your data into the TDS formula.** The basic formula for calculating total dissolved solids looks like the above illustration. In the formula, TDS is measured in mg/L, EC is the conductivity of your sample (the reading from your electrical conductivity meter), and ke is the correlation factor. The correlation factor depends on the liquid being used as the sample, and it may also vary according to atmospheric conditions. It varies between 0.55 and 0.8. In the example above, say the correlation factor at the current temperature and in the current pressure conditions is 0.67. Plug your values into the formula. The TDS for your sample is therefore 288.1 mg/L. Water with a TDS of less than 500 mg/L meets the Environmental Protection Agency's standards for drinking water. A high TDS does not necessarily mean that water is unsafe for consumption; it may just suggest that the water will have unpleasant aesthetic qualities in terms of color, taste, smell, etc. If you are concerned about the safety of your drinking water, you should have your water professionally tested. 4. **Gather your materials.** Prepare a clean, clear space with the appropriate instruments and tools for the task. If you do not have access to the materials necessary for this procedure, they can all be purchased easily online. You will need the following: A clean, properly sterilized beaker that is free of dust or other particles A sample of water, poured into the beaker Filter paper An evaporating dish A stirring stick A pipette large enough to collect a 50 ml sample A scale 5. **Weigh the evaporating dish in milligrams (mg).** Make sure that it is completely dry and completely clean of any extraneous particulate matter. 6. **Stir the water sample in the beaker with your stirring stick.** Stir vigorously enough to agitate the solution. This ensures that any particulate matter is more or less evenly distributed throughout the sample. 7. **Collect 50 mL of the water in the pipette.** Make sure you're still stirring the water while collecting the sample — don't let the solution settle before you pipette your smaller sample. If you find this difficult to accomplish, you might ask a friend to pipette the sample while you stir. 8. **Extract the filtrate.** Put the 50 mL water sample from the pipette through the filter paper three times to ensure all particulate matter has been collected in the filter. 9. **Weigh the evaporating dish with the filtrate.** Transfer the filtrate from the previous step to the evaporating dish you weighed in step 2, and wait for the filtrate to dry completely. Once the dish and filtrate are dry, weigh them in milligrams (mg). 10. **Plug your data into the formula.** Use the following formula to calculate the TDS of your solution: TDS=[(A-B) * 1000]/mL sample In this formula, A stands for the weight of the evaporating dish + filtrate, and B stands for the weight of the evaporating dish on its own. Because you pipetted 50 mL of water, the value of "mL sample" in this case would be 50. The final value of the Total Dissolved Solids is measured in mg/L. Water with a TDS of less than 500 mg/L meets the Environmental Protection  Agency's standards for drinking water. A high TDS does not necessarily mean that water is unsafe for consumption; it may just suggest that the water will have unpleasant aesthetic qualities in terms of color, taste, smell, etc. If you are concerned about the safety of your drinking water, you should have your water professionally tested.

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How to Read Topographic Maps

You may use topographic maps when you are hiking to help you navigate the trails. You can also use topographic maps when you are traveling to help you find a location or get a good sense of the roads in the area. Topographic maps are also important when you are planning a backpacking trip, as they will allow you to plot your route ahead of time and make sure you are prepared. To read topographic maps, you can assess the contour lines as well as the colors and symbols on the map. You can then orient yourself using the map so you do not get lost or turned around. 1. **Use the thicker contour lines to determine the elevation.** Contour lines represent paths or segments of the Earth. Topographic maps are covered in contour lines. Some contour lines are thicker, known as indexed contour lines. They have a number next to them that shows you the elevation of that path or segment. For example, you may notice there is the number “6500” next to the thicker contour line. This means that everything along that line is 6,500 feet (2,000 m) above sea level. There are also thin contour lines on the map. These are called intermediate contour lines and are not given an elevation. 2. **Determine the elevation change by looking at the space between the contour lines.** The closer the spaces are between the contour lines, the more rapid the change in elevation. An area with contour lines that are spaced far apart have a fairly low elevation and be easy to hike or walk through. An area with a concentration of contour lines that are very close together have rapid changes in elevation. It has high and low terrain that may be more challenging to walk or hike through. Vertical cliffs are notated by a series of contour lines that are drawn very close together. In some cases, cliffs that are very vertical and high may have contour lines that form a single line. 3. **Notice how the contour lines slope on the map.** The way the contour lines curve can tell you if the path is going to be gentle or steep. A thick contour line that has rounded curves means the path is going to have a gentle slope that is easy to climb. A thick contour line with jagged curves that appear sharp means the path is going to have steep slopes that are harder to climb. Use the shape of the contour lines, as well as the space between the contour lines, to help you determine if the path is going to be easy or difficult to hike or climb on foot. 4. **Look for flat terrain with a dashed contour line.** You may notice dashed lines on the map, which are called supplementary contour lines. This indicates the elevation is half of the elevation between the contour lines around it. This indicates the terrain is flat for a long expanse, or there is very little change in elevation in these areas. 5. **Check for contour lines that form a circle.** Contour lines that form a series of circles on the map, where the circles get smaller and smaller, indicate a raised land mass. If the contour lines are not thick and they form a circle, this means there is a hill. If the contour lines are thicker and form a circle, this means there is a summit or peak. There is usually an elevation number next to the land mass so you know how high above sea level it is. For example, if you see circular contour lines and the number “5400,” this means the land mass is 5,400 feet (2,000 m) above sea level. 6. **Find glaciers and cold areas by looking for blue contour lines.** Blue contour lines means there is a glacier in the area or the mountains are snow-capped and very cold. The contour lines are blue whenever you are at higher elevations on the map. Being aware of the blue contour lines helps you plan a route where you do not have to deal with ice or high elevations. Opt to go around these areas or use a different route instead. 7. **Notice the color brown for land.** The map will have a lot of brown areas if it has a lot of land. Contour lines are usually brown as well to notate land mass and land features as well as the elevation. Keep in mind that just because an area is brown does not mean there is a path or trail in this area, just that there is land. 8. **Check for the color green to find vegetation.** Green is on the map wherever there are forest or woods. Green usually appears in large sections to let you know there is a lot of vegetation in the area. 9. **Look for the color blue to locate water features like lakes and rivers.** The color blue will also appear if there are swamps, reservoirs, and any drainage sites. 10. **Find trails by looking for black lines.** Black lines are used to notate trails on the map. They may appear a bit thicker than other lines on the map so you can see them easily. 11. **Locate roads by looking for red lines.** Red lines are also used to notate boundaries on the map, such as a different town or area. 12. **Look for a blue symbol for glaciers or snowfields.** They are notated by round blue circles with dashed lines inside of the circles. The lines will point in different directions to notate if the glaciers or snowfields are advancing or retreating. Find a complete list of symbols on topographic maps at https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/TopographicMapSymbols/topomapsymbols.pdf It may be useful to bring a list of symbols with you when you use the map so you can refer to it as needed. 13. **Identify the type of river or lake with blue wave symbols.** Streams and rivers that are ongoing appear as solid blue waves on the map. Streams and rivers that are intermittent, where there is a break in their flow, have dashed lines or dots in the wave. Dams are notated on the map by two blue squares locked together. 14. **Locate buildings and schools by finding black boxes.** Buildings appear as small block boxes on the map. They may appear as solid black boxes or shaded boxes. Schools are notated by small black dots. Athletic fields appear as triangles or boxes with dashed lines. Other man-made objects like wells, tanks, and cemeteries are notated on the map using specific symbols. 15. **Check for campgrounds by looking for red tents.** Find picnic areas by looking for red tables. Roadside rest areas appear as small black tables on the map. 16. **Determine the scale of the map.** The scale on the map will help you determine the distance between objects and landmarks. This is handy when you want to plan a hike or walk. It can also help you figure out how far you are from landmarks or objects. The scale will appear on the top or bottom of the map and have a ratio next to it. The rain will tell you how to measure distance on the map. For example, it may say, "SCALE: 1:24,000." This means that 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the map represents 24,000 inches (61,000 cm) on the ground. There will also be graphic scale under the ratio. The graphic scale will break down the map by miles, feet, and kilometers. Use the graphic scale to make quick estimates of distance on the map. 17. **Locate a tall peak or hill in your area and refer to the map.** If you get lost and need to find your way using a topographic map, try finding a landmark like a tall peak or hill close to you. Then, look on the map for a series of circular contour lines to notate the hill or peak. You can then navigate your way using the peak or hill on the map as a guide. 18. **Search for a water feature or a man-made structure.** You can also use a nearby water feature like a river, stream, lake, or dam to determine your location. Or use a man-made structure like a campground, a building, a school, or a rest area to orient yourself with the map. If you can't tell what side of a feature you are on, locate another feature and determine where you are in relation to both of them.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Read-Topographic-Maps", "language": "en"}

How to Write a Novel

Writing a novel takes time and effort, but the process can be a very rewarding experience. Start by taking the time to flesh out your plot and characters, then commit yourself to a consistent writing process. Once you’ve completed a first draft, keep on revising and editing until your novel feels complete to you. Then you can consider whether you’d like to see it published! 1. **Seek out sources of inspiration for your novel.** Writing a novel is a creative process, and you never know when a good idea might come to you. Carry around a notebook and a pen—or the digital equivalent—so you can jot down ideas wherever you go. Scribble down sentences, fragments, single words, or even doodles that will become part of a more complete story. Don't simply wait for inspiration to come to you, however. Seek out examples of exceptional creativity to help spark your own. Your inspiration doesn't necessarily have to be a book—it can be a TV show, a movie, or even traveling to an exhibition or art gallery. Inspiration comes in infinite forms! Think of something from your own life that has inspired, troubled, or intrigued you—how can you explore this topic more fully in a novel? 2. **Put some thought into your preferred genre.** Not every novel fits neatly into a certain category, but it's helpful to think about your intended genre. Read key books to get a good understanding of how to construct a novel within your preferred genre. If you haven't decided on one genre or are working in more than one, that’s no problem—read widely and create your own genre if you must! Commercial novels are divided into many genres, including science fiction, mystery, thriller, fantasy, romance, and historical fiction, among others. Many novels in these genres follow broad formulas and are written in long series. Whatever genre you like or choose to focus on, read as many novels as possible within that genre. This will give you a better sense of the tradition you'll be working in—and how you can add to or challenge that tradition. 3. **Envision your target audience as well.** While you shouldn’t make blanket assumptions about who will and won’t read your novel, put some thought into the most likely readership for your work. That way, you can keep this target audience in mind as you plan, draft, and revise your work. Your likely audience usually depends on the genre for your novel. Think about popular novels within your chosen genre and who they seem to be targeted toward. You don’t have to aim for exactly the same target, but at least keep this readership in mind. For instance, maybe your chosen genre of fantasy novel tends to attract readers in their teens and early twenties, or your romance genre tends to attract readers in their forties and fifties. But always remember that these aren’t hard and fast rules for readership! 4. **Develop an expansive, captivating setting for your novel.** The setting for your novel goes beyond the particular city where your characters will dwell; you've got an entire universe to dream up! The setting you create will determine the mood and tone of your novel, and will affect the problems your characters will face. Think about these questions as you sketch out the parameters of the new world you're creating: Will it be loosely based on places that are familiar to you in real life? Will it be set in the present, or in some other time? Will it take place on Earth, or somewhere imaginary? Will it be centered in one city or neighborhood, or expanded to a range of locations? What kind of society does it take place in? Will it take place over the course of a month, a year, or decades? 5. **Create memorable characters to populate your world.** In most novels the most important character is the protagonist, so flesh them out with recognizable personality traits and thought patterns. Protagonists don't necessarily have to be likable, but they are usually relatable in some way so that readers stay interested in the story. There can also be more than one protagonist. If you have a primary antagonist to counter and conflict with your protagonist, they need to be three dimensional and relatable, even if they’re acting as the “bad guy” in your story. Secondary characters may not need to be fleshed out so fully, but they still need to be humanized to some degree. Envision each character fully, even if you don’t end up utilizing them in great detail. Many novelists describe thinking of their characters as real people, asking themselves what the characters would do in a given situation and doing their best to stay "true" to the characters. Spend time creating profiles for your characters so you can really flesh out what their personalities are like. 6. **Do research** The amount of research you need to do will depend on the novel you write. Research for a historical fiction set during the Revolutionary War, for example, may be more copious than that for a young adult novel inspired by your own experiences. In any case, do enough research to make sure that your novel feels believable, no matter the subject matter. Even if you’re writing a futuristic sci-fi novel or a fantasy epic, use scientific and/or historical research to give your created world a realistic grounding. Writing fiction rather than nonfiction does not make you immune from plagiarism. If you’re drawing from other sources, make sure to identify them through citations or acknowledgments. As with other types of planning, walk the fine line between skimping on your research and letting it block your path to actually writing. Trust your instincts. 7. **Visualize the broad outlines of your novel’s plot.** A novel with good characters but a lousy plot will not resonate with most readers. A common theme in designing a plot is to create conflict. Tension builds until the problem comes to a climax, and then it's resolved in some way. This doesn't mean novels always have happy endings, though! One traditional plot approach is to have rising action (building the details and tension in the story), a conflict (the main crisis of the novel), and a resolution (the final outcome of the crisis)—but this is not the only way to do it. Your novel doesn't have to neatly "resolve" the conflict. It's okay to leave some loose ends undone—if your readers like your novel, they'll be more than happy to tie up those loose ends themselves (speculation, fan fiction, discussion, and the like). 8. **Figure out the narrative perspective(s) you’ll employ.** Novels are typically written in the third person (from an outside perspective observing the characters) or the first person (the “I” voice from the perspective of a character). That said, they can also be written in the second person (which addresses the reader as “you”), or in a combination of multiple perspectives. You don't have to decide on the perspective of the novel before you write the first sentence. In fact, you may write the first chapter—or even the entire draft of the novel—before you have a better idea of whether it sounds better in the first person or the third. There's no hard and fast rule about which point of view works best for particular types of novels. But, if you're writing a panoramic novel with a gaggle of characters, the third person can help you manage all of those characters. 9. **Set up a writing routine that works for you.** To complete your first draft, you'll need to find a time and place that is conducive to your writing goals. You can write at the same time every morning or evening, write in short bursts throughout the day, or write in long bouts three days a week. Don’t wait to write only when you feel spurts of inspiration. Instead, treat writing like the real work it is and stick to a regular routine. Try scheduling a specific writing time into your daily calendar. Even if you don’t really feel like writing then, or just can’t get the words to come out, sit down during your scheduled time and work at it. Create a writing space to help you get into a routine. Find a cozy place where you can focus. Invest in a chair that won't cause back pain after a couple of hours of sitting and writing. You’ll be spending a lot of time in this place, so make it comfy and functional! 10. **Start writing immediately if you’re not the planning type.** Though it's great to start with a genre, plot, characters, and setting in mind, don’t let yourself get too bogged down with all the details. Some writers thrive when they just start writing, without much of a plan to guide them. Follow the path that suits your style and your creativity. For many writers, planning ahead makes the writing process go more quickly and smoothly. For others, though, planning can become a barrier that gets in the way of actually writing. Trust your own instincts on what works best for you. Even if you are a planner, don’t get obsessed over every last detail as you set up your novel. If you're too preoccupied with details before even writing your first draft, you may be stifling your own creativity. 11. **Make an outline** Creating an outline can be a good way to map out your ideas and give you small goals to accomplish as you work toward the larger goal of writing an entire book. But, if you write better “from the hip” and without all the details in place, just let yourself get inspired and write whatever feels right. Your outline does not have to be linear. You could do a quick sketch of each character's arc, or make a Venn diagram showing how different characters' stories will overlap. Your outline is a guide, not a contract. The point is simply to jump-start the writing process with a visual representation of where the story might go. It will certainly change as you begin the writing process. Keep updating or recreating your outline throughout the process. Sometimes an outline can actually be more helpful after you've completed a draft or two of your novel. 12. **Use descriptive writing to draw readers into your world.** Descriptive paragraphs or scenes help your audience envision the key characters and settings in your novel. The trick is to provide enough descriptive detail to spark the reader’s imagination, rather than force-feeding them loads of excessive details. As with most aspects of writing, practice makes perfect! Practice writing descriptive paragraphs that introduce each of your main characters and settings. Start with a brief, catchy sentence that provides a simple yet intriguing fact about the character/setting, then use vivid descriptive phrasing to build the rest of the paragraph. 13. **Include scripted dialogue that is realistic and revealing.** Most novels include dialogue between characters, and the quality of this dialogue can greatly impact how a reader perceives the overall quality of the work. Stilted, unrealistic, or cheesy dialogue pushes a reader’s imagination away from your world, while relatable, engaging dialogue draws them into it. Writing great dialogue is a challenging art, but listening to how people speak to each other is a great starting point. Listen to people talk to each other and observe how their conversations are—or aren’t—propelled forward and deepened by what they say. Flesh out your characters fully so that you can envision them speaking the dialogue that you write for them. Make sure the content and style of the dialogue suits the character. Don’t use dialogue to dump information on the reader. Instead, use it to humanize your characters, create conflict, and propel the narrative. 14. **Don’t ignore action scenes, no matter your genre.** Sure, thrillers need to have a lot of action, but so do gentle romances—just a different type of action! Develop scenes or episodes that bring characters into conflict or force key interactions. The more three-dimensional and relatable you make your characters, the easier it will be to make action scenes that draw readers in. Depending on your writing style, you might draft 8-10 key action scenes first, then build the rest of the novel around them. You don’t need to create action for action’s sake—not every novel needs a high-speed car chase! But, every novel benefits from key moments when critical actions are introduced and described. 15. **Write your first draft** When your planning and outlining and researching feel complete (for now, at least), sit down and begin writing the first draft of your novel. Don't worry about making the language perfect—no one will read this draft but you. The first draft of a novel does not have to be spectacular—it just has to be done! Make the commitment to write on your established schedule and produce this first draft. Who knows how many wonderful writers go unnoticed and unread because their drawers are filled with unfinished novels? Set small goals—finishing a chapter, a few pages, or a certain amount of words every few days—to keep yourself motivated. You can also set long-term goals—you might, for example, be determined to finish the first draft of a novel in one year, or even in six months. Reward yourself when you achieve one of your small or larger goals along the way. Celebrate your success, but then get back to writing! 16. **Write as many drafts as necessary until the novel feels right to you.** You may get lucky and only need to write three drafts to get it right. Or you may write twenty drafts before your novel rings true. The key is to keep writing drafts until you’re confident that the work feels ready to be shared with others. After you've written your first draft, take a break from it for a few weeks, then sit back and read it as if you were one of your readers. Which parts need more explaining? Which parts are too long and boring? If you find yourself skipping over long chunks of your novel, your readers will, too. How can you make the novel more appealing to them by cutting down or revising these cumbersome parts? You may feel like the drafting process will never end, but it will! Stay positive and confident. 17. **Give your “feels right” draft a thorough self-edit.** Don’t start worrying about editing until you’ve written a solid draft of your novel. After that, focus on cutting paragraphs or sentences that aren't working, getting rid of any awkward or repetitive phrasing, and streamlining your prose. Basically, make sure your “feels right” draft is also a “looks right” draft! If you typed your novel on a laptop, print it out and read it aloud. Cut or revise anything that just doesn't sound right. Don't get too attached to your writing—for example, a well-crafted paragraph that just isn't moving the story forward. Challenge yourself to make the right decision, and remember that you might be able to use the paragraph in a future novel! 18. **Get feedback on your draft from a range of sources.** Begin by showing your draft to someone you completely trust, like a friend or loved one, so you can get used to the feeling of having others read your work. Since it isn't always easy to get honest feedback from people who love you and want to spare your feelings, move on to getting outside opinions from sources such as the following: Start a writing group. If you know a few other people who are writing novels, arrange to meet with them to share progress and ask for tips. Join a writing workshop at a local college or writing center. You'll review other people's writing and receive notes on yours as well. Apply to an M.A. or an M.F.A. program in creative writing. These programs offer a supportive and inviting environment for sharing your work with others. Additionally, they can help motivate you by setting deadlines for completing your work. 19. **Evaluate your publishing options, if desired.** Many writers look at their first novel as a learning experience that can help them write stronger fiction in the future. However, if you feel very confident about your novel and want to see it in print, there are a number of routes you can take. You can choose a traditional book publishing house, an online e-publisher, or self-publishing. If you're going the traditional route, it helps to find a literary agent to shop your book around to publishers. You'll be asked to submit a query letter and a synopsis of your manuscript. Self-publishing companies vary widely in quality. Before choosing a company, ask for a few samples so you can see the quality of their paper and printing. If you don't want to go the publishing route, that's not a problem. Congratulate yourself on a job well done and move on to your next creative project!

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How to Make a Clicker for Dog Training

Clickers are great tools for dog training that reinforce good behavior. While you can buy a dog clicker at your local pet store, you can save some money by making your own at home. There are multiple ways to make your own dog clicker using things you can find around the house, like a jar lid, a flashlight, and an aluminum can. Once you make your clicker, use it with your dog as much as possible for the best results! 1. **Find a small aluminum jar lid.** The lid on a jar of baby food or the lid to a small mason jar will work. You want a lid that's around 2-3 inches (5-7.6 cm) in diameter. 2. **Place the jar lid face down on a flat surface.** The underside of the jar lid should be facing up. 3. **Tap the center of the jar lid with a hammer several times.** You want to create an indent in the jar lid that you can use to make the clicking sound. Don't hit the jar lid too hard with the hammer. Three or four firm taps should be enough. 4. **Pick up the jar lid and flip it over.** The center of the jar lid should be sticking out. If it's not, set the jar lid back on the flat surface, face down, and tap it with the hammer a few more times. 5. **Press down the raised bump on the jar lid to make the clicking noise.** The bump should pop back up into place after you release it. 6. **Find a flashlight with a clickable “on” button.** Only a flashlight that has one of these buttons will work. The button is what makes the clicking sound. Usually these buttons are made out of rubber and found at the end of the flashlight. If you're not sure whether your flashlight will work, press the button to turn it on. If it doesn't make a loud clicking noise, it won't work. 7. **Unscrew the top of the flashlight to remove the batteries.** Find the seam where the two halves of the flashlight connect. Twist the top half counterclockwise. Keep twisting until the two halves of the flashlight separate. Dump the batteries out of the flashlight. 8. **Put the flashlight back together.** Screw the top half of the flashlight back onto the bottom half. Keep twisting until the two halves are securely connected. 9. **Press and release the “on” button to make the clicking sound.** Don't hold the button when you press it in. Just quickly press and release to make the loud clicking noise. 10. **Find an aluminum can.** Any soda or beer can will work. Make sure the can is empty. Rinse the can out with water and let it dry. 11. **Use scissors to cut a square strip out of the side of the can.** Make the strip 2 inches x 2 inches (5 cm x 5 cm). You want the strip to come from the curved side of the can, not from the top or bottom of the can. Wear gloves when you're cutting the can. Sharp edges on the can could cut you. 12. **Make a fold with each corner of the square.** Fold each corner so the tip touches the center of the concave side of the strip. Unfold the corners. When you're done, there should be four creases on the strip. 13. **Tape two opposite sides of the square to a small plastic lid.** Use a thin, flexible plastic lid, like the lid to a plastic container. Tape the square strip so that the curve is sticking up away from the lid. Be careful, the edges of the aluminum strip may be sharp. 14. **Press down on the curved aluminum strip to make the clicking sound.** The center of the strip should pop down when you press it, making the noise. When you let go, the center of the strip should pop back up.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Clicker-for-Dog-Training", "language": "en"}

How to Use Kerastase Hair Masks: Easy Instructions & Choosing Products

Feel like your hair needs a little TLC? Kerastase hair masks provide needed nutrients to your hair, helping repair damage such as breakage or overly-dry hair. The best part is, they’re easy to use! In this article, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know to apply a Kerastase hair mask, plus help you choose the right product for your hair. Let’s get to it! 1. **Wash your hair thoroughly using shampoo.** Lather up your hair while you’re in the shower, using your favorite shampoo. Rinse the shampoo out thoroughly with clean water once you’re done. Brush your hair before washing it if it has tangles. Washing your hair before applying the mask helps open up the cuticles in your hair. 2. **Use a towel to remove excess water from your hair.** You want your hair to still be damp when you apply the hair mask, so don’t towel-dry your hair completely. Try squeezing out excess water by blotting sections of your hair with the towel. Use a microfiber towel or a T-shirt for a gentler way of drying your hair. Avoid using terry cloth towels. Having too much excess water in your hair will dilute the mask once it’s applied. 3. **Part your hair down the middle to separate it into 2 sections.** Try to make them equally-sized, but they don’t have to be exact. If you have short hair, use hair ties to pull together the hair on the left side and right side of your head. For longer hair, you can simply pull each section in front of your shoulders. 4. **Use the masks as frequently as you need to depending on your hair thickness.** For example, if you have thin or very short hair, only apply Kerastase hair masks occasionally, such as once a week. If you have thick or long hair, you can use the hair masks after every shampoo. 5. **Gather a quarter-sized amount of hair mask using your fingers.** Dip 2 or 3 fingers into the container, scooping out a small amount of hair mask. Rub the hair mask ingredients between your fingers so that you’re ready to spread it throughout your hair. If you have long, thick hair, you can use double the amount of hair mask. Avoid using more than the recommended amount of mask—Kerastase hair masks have a high concentration of ingredients. 6. **Apply the mask to your hair by rubbing it onto the strands.** Use your fingers to apply the mask to your hair, completing one section of hair before moving on to the other. Start at the bottom of a strand of hair and go up, rubbing the hair mask evenly throughout your hair. You can also twist individual strands of hair once you’ve applied the hair mask—this is supposed to help activate the mask. 7. **Avoid applying the mask near your roots.** Your roots already provide essential oils, so they don’t need the hair mask. Try to stop roughly 2 centimetres (0.79 in) before your roots when you’re rubbing the mask into your hair. 8. **Leave the hair mask in for 5-10 minutes.** This will give the ingredients in the hair mask time to help nourish your hair. Set a timer to help you remember when it’s okay to begin rinsing. If you have longer and/or thicker hair, try to leave the mask in for the full 10 minutes. 9. **Add a little water to your hair and rub the strands with your hands.** You can do this by simply placing your hands under running water and then massaging individual strands of your hair to help the hair mask work fully. You don’t need to create a cup with your hands to hold water, you just want your hands damp. If you have a spray bottle, you can also add a few sprays of water to your hair to get it wet. 10. **Remove excess product from your hair.** Hold a strand of hair with one hand, placing your hand near your roots. Use your other hand to get out excess hair mask by squeezing the strand of hair and sliding your fingers down the length of it. Continue doing this with other strands of hair until you’ve completed your whole head. It’s best to do this over a sink or in the shower so that you don’t make a mess. 11. **Rinse your hair out thoroughly with clean water.** The easiest way to do this is to hop back in the shower and use your hands to massage your hair under the running water. Rinse your hair out several times to ensure you got all of the Kerastase hair mask out. 12. **Dry and style your hair as usual.** Once the mask is all rinsed out, brush your hair to get any tangles out from the mask process. Use a blow dryer or let your hair air-dry as you normally would. If you're going to use a heat tool, make sure you apply a heat protectant to your hair first. 13. **Apply a Nutritive Kerastase product to your hair for nourishment.** Nutritive hair masks are for all levels of dry hair. They add needed moisture and healthy ingredients so that your hair is soft to the touch. 14. **Fix unruly, curly hair with Kerastase’s Discipline products.** The Discipline hair masks help you smooth and refine your hair. If you have frizzy, curly hair, this is the product you should use to help shield your hair from humidity and damage. 15. **Take advantage of lots of nourishing oils with the Elixir Ultime mask.** Elixir Ultime products have oils like Argan, Camellia, Maize, and Pracaxi. The combination of ingredients helps nourish your hair to create a soft, shiny look. This product is for all hair types. 16. **Use a Resistance product to repair damaged hair.** Kerastase products labeled “Resistance” help fix hair that’s been damaged by heat tools. If your hair has breakage or lots of split ends, try out a Resistance hair mask to help repair the damage. A Resistance product also works well on over-processed hair. 17. **Try out a Densifique product for thinning hair.** This hair mask is for hair that’s lacking density. If you’d like thicker hair, opt for a “Masque Densité” to help replenish your hair and keep it healthy. This hair mask helps protect your hair against stress, as stress can cause hair to thin. 18. **Preserve colored hair with a Reflection product.** If you have color-treated hair and want to keep it looking vibrant and healthy, apply the Kerastase Reflection hair mask. This will help protect the color from fading while also adding nutrients to your hair.

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{"url": "https://www.wikihow.com/Apply-a-Kerastase-Hair-Mask", "language": "en"}

How to Build a Fake Wall

Knowing how to build a “fake” wall, more appropriately known as a temporary wall, can come in handy when you want to enhance your privacy or change the layout of a room without actually altering its construction. You don’t need to be a home improvement guru to get started—the process is really quite simple. In a nutshell, it involves measuring the space where you’ll be situating your wall, constructing a rudimentary frame out 2x4 boards, then adding drywall, paint, trim, or any other finishing touches you like to get it looking just the way you want it. 1. **Measure the height of the space where you want your wall to go.** Start by deciding how long your wall will be and write this dimension down on a sheet of paper. Then, stretch a tape measure from floor to ceiling at both ends of your chosen location. Jot down these measurements alongside the first. You’re free to make your wall as long as you like. Keep in mind, however, that the completed wall will cut down on the amount of floor space you have available. Larger walls will also require more labor to take apart than smaller ones. Taking two separate height measurements rather than just one will provide for small variations in the floor and ceiling of the room you’re installing the wall in. 2. **Apply sill sealer to the floor and ceiling where they’ll connect with the wall.** Cut two strips of ⁄4 inch (0.64 cm) foam sill sealer to match the length you’ve selected for your wall. Lay the bottom strip along the floor where the wall will run. You can either use tape or a mild adhesive to secure the top strip or simply hold off on positioning it until it’s time to put everything together. You’ll find sill sealer, also known as sill gasket, at any major hardware store or home improvement center. Sill sealer is sold in large rolls that range in width from 5 ⁄2 inches (11 cm) to 7 ⁄2 inches (17 cm). A 5 ⁄2 in (11 cm) roll will be the perfect size for this project. 3. **Cut a pair of 2x4 boards to match the intended length of your wall.** Use your tape measure and a pencil to mark the precise length dimensions on the boards. Then, trim the boards to size with a circular saw or hand saw. These pieces will serve as the top and bottom plates for your wall. Cutting tools can be extremely dangerous when operated incorrectly, so be careful and pay close attention to what you’re doing at all times. 4. **Saw two more 2x4s to the height of your space minus 3 inches (7.6 cm).** Now, subtract 3 inches (7.6 cm) from both of the height measurements you took earlier and transcribe the resulting dimensions onto a fresh pair of boards. Cut these boards using the same method you did for the first set. They’ll function as the vertical studs on either end of the finished frame. Reducing the length of your stud boards by 3 inches (7.6 cm) will account for the thickness of the top and bottom plates—2x4s have an actual thickness of 1 ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm). 5. **Piece together your individual framing components.** First, position your top and bottom plates over your sill sealer strips, which should be situated in the location you’ve decided on for your wall. Then, stand up your end studs and wedge them between the plates perpendicularly, making sure the broad faces are flush with the ends of the plates. You may need to recruit a helper to hold the top sill sealer and plate in place while you negotiate the studs or vice-versa. If you’re having a hard time getting your ends studs to fit in between the plates, try tapping them in with a rubber mallet. 6. **Toe-nail the studs to the plates with 16D framing nails to fasten your frame.** Hold a nail against one side of the lower part of the first end stud. Use a hammer to drive the nail in carefully at a 40-45-degree angle so that the tip seats securely in the bottom plate. Do the same where the upper part of the stud meets the top plate, then repeat the process on the opposite stud. Wood screws are also an option. One advantage of screws is that they’ll be easier to remove later on once the time comes to dismantle your wall. It may also be a good idea to nail the top plate to the nearest ceiling joist if you plan on putting a door in your wall or have children or pets who might pose a risk to its stability. A couple extra nails should be enough to keep the whole structure from moving. 7. **Add a few intervening studs if your frame runs more than 4–5 feet (1.2–1.5 m).** Longer walls will benefit from some additional internal support. Cut enough studs to space the individual boards 16–24 inches (41–61 cm) apart on center down the length of your frame. Toe-nail these studs to the top and bottom plates just as you did the first pair. Additional studs will prevent your wall from collapsing under the force of knocks, bumps, and other sudden impacts. 8. **Insulate your wall with fiberglass batts if you want to partially soundproof it.** Slip the insulation panels into your frame in the spaces between the studs, being careful not to crush or compress them. Most fiberglass batts are sized in accordance with standard stud spacings for interior walls, so you should have no problem getting a perfect fit. If you notice any excess insulation piling up at the bottom of the frame, carefully slice it off using a sharp utility knife. Anytime you’re working with fiberglass insulation, always wear long-sleeved clothing, gloves, eye protection, and a facemask to safeguard your skin, eyes, airways, and other sensitive areas. It helps to put talcum or baby powder on your forearms and hands before interacting with the insulation. This prevents the fiberglass from accessing your pores. Once you get the powder off, you won't be itchy at all! 9. **Hang drywall on your completed frame to enclose it.** Mark a series of drywall sheets with vertical lines corresponding to the spacing of the vertical studs in your frame. Score the sheets with a utility knife, then snap them apart by hand or grab a drywall saw to handle the fine cutting. Fasten each panel to the frame by sinking 1 ⁄8 in (1.6 cm) drywall nails every 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) down its entire length on both sides. Drywall comes in several standard thicknesses, but the ⁄8 inch (0.95 cm) variety is a good all-around size that will suit most interior walls. Most drywall jobs are concluded by applying drywall tape and joint compound in order to strengthen the sections where the individual panels meet. For a temporary wall, however, these final steps will be optional. 10. **Paint your temporary wall** Apply 2-3 coats each of interior latex primer and paint in your chosen color to make your new addition blend in with the surrounding walls. Aim for even coverage and consistent depth of color, and allow each coat to dry for 30 minutes to an hour before moving onto follow-up coats. If your wall is only a few feet wide, you should be able to paint it easily with a handheld brush. Otherwise, you’ll save yourself some time and labor by using a roller. Hold off on adding trim and other embellishments until after you’ve painted to avoid creating more work for yourself. The only exception is when you want to paint the trim the same color as the wall itself. 11. **Add a few pieces of decorative trim to give your wall a more authentic look.** Use your circular saw to cut your trim boards to the correct length and arrange them on the bottom of the wall. If needed, use a dab of carpenter’s glue to hold the boards in place if needed. When you’re satisfied with their placement, attach them to each point along the wall where there’s an underlying stud using two 8d finishing nails. Track down a type of trim that matches the room’s existing accents, or choose a style that you think will look good in the area your wall will be going in. This is one of the easiest and most inexpensive ways to customize the appearance of a temporary wall. You can repeat this same process if you decide to add matching crown molding to the top of the wall. 12. **Put in a door** If you’re using your fake wall to close off an open-air study, office space, or similar area, you might choose to add a door for additional privacy and convenience. To add a door from scratch, you’ll need to cut an appropriately-sized opening in your wall, then fit and hang the door itself, along with the necessary mounting hardware. Depending on how elaborate you want your faux wall to be, you may also opt to cut and install trim to frame the mounted door and create more visual contrast with the surrounding surface. Installing a brand new door, opening and all, can be a fairly involved project. But with the right tools and a good guide, it’s not outside the capabilities of the average homeowner.

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How to Keep a Notebook Organized

Your notebook might be essential equipment for school, work, or just jotting down your daily thoughts, but it’s only useful if you can easily find your notes. Of course, your notebook can only be truly organized if you write (or rewrite) organized notes! Staying organized is also easier with a good quality, functional notebook, especially if you make quick additions like a table of contents and color-coded index. 1. **Do prep work for the class, meeting, or other note-taking opportunity.** Taking better notes in class, for example, starts with doing the assigned readings before class! Likewise, to take better notes during a meeting, go over any pre-circulated materials carefully. By making the material less of a surprise, you’ll find it easier to follow along and identify the key points you need to jot down. If you don’t have any readings or pre-circulated materials do go over, do a bit of quick research on the topic so you have some idea about what’s coming. 2. **Choose a good note-taking spot where you can see and hear clearly.** Yes, the best note-takers usually do sit near the front of the class! Hearing the speaker clearly makes note-taking much easier. So does being able to see any slides or visual materials clearly—along with the facial expressions and body language of the speaker. Talk to your teacher, supervisor, etc., if you need any special accommodations so that you can see and hear more clearly. 3. **Focus on writing down key points, identified by signal phrases and actions.** The key to good note-taking is knowing what to write down and what not to write down. Look for signals, such as particular phrases or uses of body language, to pick out the key points you should write down. For example: Listen closely to what comes after signal phrases like, “To sum up,” “There are X reasons why…,” “However,” “Once again,” and “Let me repeat.” Keep an eye (and ear) out for the speaker repeating a phrase—this usually means it’s important! Watch for signal gestures like pointing, tapping their fist into their palm, and opening their arms wide. Pay attention when the speaker raises their voice and/or speaks more slowly. 4. **Create a shorthand writing system that you can easily decipher.** You can take notes much more efficiently by using abbreviations, symbols, diagrams, sketches, and other shorthand techniques. If you’re making up your own shorthand system, though, make sure you can decipher it easily when reading over your notes! For example, if you use “CW” to denote the American Civil War but can’t remember what it stands for when you’re studying, you’ll end up wasting more time than you would have by writing out the entire phrase each time. 5. **Place less organized and more organized notes on side-by-side pages.** This method basically turns one notebook into two. With the notebook open, use the page to the left of the binding to jot down notes, make quick sketches, add reminders, and so on in a fairly haphazard way. At least once per day, rewrite this information in a more organized manner on the page to the right of the binding. Don’t think of rewriting your notes as a waste of time. In addition to getting the material better organized, rewriting helps you commit the information to memory more effectively. This can be very helpful for test prep! 6. **Give your note pages a consistent structure with the Cornell method.** Draw a horizontal line 2 in (5.1 cm) from the bottom of the blank note page and label the area below it “Summary.” Draw a vertical line 2.5 in (6.4 cm) from the left edge and label the area to the left of it “Cues.” Label the remaining area of the page “Notes. Use the “Notes” section to write down notes in real time, without worrying much about keeping things organized. Shortly after adding material to the “Notes” section, write down clarifying questions and comments in the “Cues” section. At the end of the day, summarize the entire content of the page in 2-4 sentences in the “Summary” section. 7. **Jot down your notes in a basic outline format as a simple approach.** If you prefer to keep your notes more organized from the start (instead of by adding to them or re-writing them later), try outlining as you go. Write down key words and main topics along the left edge of the paper. Indent (move in) about 1 in (2.5 cm) from the left edge when you add supporting details below the main topic. Indent again if you add supporting details to the supporting details! If you want your outline to be a bit more formal, use a mix of Roman numerals, letters, and Arabic numerals as labels. For instance: I. main topic A. supporting note for main topic (I) 1. supporting note for (A) a. supporting note for (1) i. supporting note for (a) 8. **Try mind mapping if you’re a visual learner.** Draw a circle in the middle of the note page and write down the key words or main topic of your notes—for example, the topic of the lecture or presentation you’re listening to. Write down important supporting information in slightly smaller circles surrounding the central circle, then connect the circles with thicker lines. Repeat the process with even smaller circles and thinner connecting lines. You may find it useful to do mind-mapping on one page of your open notebook, then re-write the notes afterward in a basic outline format on the other page. 9. **Use the note-taking system that works best for you.** There’s no single note-taking method that’s best for everyone. Try different options, such as Cornell notes and mind-mapping, and figure out what feels and functions best in your case. Once you find what works, stick with it! For additional guidance, get tips from a teacher, tutor, or classmate who’s a good note-taker, or visit your university's writing center if you're in college. 10. **Add page numbers if your notebook doesn’t have any.** Not all notebooks use page numbers, but yours should! If the pages aren’t numbered already, simply jot down the page number as you move on to each new page. Even if you end up using color-coding to help index your notes, adding page numbers is vital to a useful table of contents. 11. **Leave several pages at the front for an ongoing table of contents.** For an average notebook, leaving 3-5 blank pages at the front is probably sufficient. The key part is to fill in this space regularly! Add a brief entry to your table of contents each time you complete a page or add something important to your notebook. You might include entries by date, for example: “pg. 21-22: April 15, 2020.” Or, you might describe the entry: “pg. 35-37: Fall of the Roman Empire.” 12. **Start an ongoing subject index at the back of the notebook.** Starting at the bottom of the last page, write down index categories that make sense based on how you’re using the notebook. Add new index categories as you go, and jot down the relevant page numbers for each category. For the best results, create an index that uses page numbers and the color-coding method described in the next step. Your index categories might be things like “Meetings,” “Test Results,” “Contacts,” “Brainstorms,” “Sample Sketches,” “Essay Outlines,” and so on. 13. **Color code the page edges for your index entries and notes.** Right next to an index entry, such as “Meetings," use a marker or highlighter or add a specific color to the thin edge of the page. Use this same particular color to mark the locations in your notes that are related to the index entry. This method makes it easy to flip through your notebook and find any or all instances of similar materials. For example, if you have “Brainstorms” scattered throughout your notebook, you can quickly find all of them. Some people use color-coded sticky tabs instead, but these have a habit of falling out! 14. **Purchase a notebook that can stand up to heavy use.** A notebook that’s falling apart is more difficult to keep organized, especially if the pages are torn or falling out. Look for a notebook with a sturdy cover, a secure binding, and thicker pages, especially if you’ll be stashing it in your pocket or throwing it in your bag. Not all sturdy notebooks are expensive, and not all expensive notebooks are sturdy. Shop around and pick out a notebook that looks and feels both sturdy and functional. Size matters! Pick a notebook that fits the spot where you’ll keep it. Cramming a notebook that’s too big into a desk drawer that’s too small will lead to damage and disorganization. A notebook that looks beat up can feel disorganized, even if it’s as well-organized as a notebook that’s in better shape. Alternatively, a notebook that looks well-kept can feel more organized. 15. **Buy a structured notebook if its layout suits your needs.** A simple notebook with either lined or unlined pages may do the job perfectly well, especially if you plan on using your own organizing system. However, you may find it easier to stay organized if your notebook does some of the organizing for you! Especially if you’re buying a notebook for a specific purpose, consider options that are tailor-made for that use. If you use your notebook largely for scheduling, for example, it may make sense to pick one that has a daily or weekly calendar layout. Some notebooks are intended for use with a specific note-taking system—Bullet Journal is one such example. 16. **Place key identifying information on the inside cover or first page.** The world’s best-organized notebook won’t do you any good if you lose it and can’t get it back! Place your name and some basic contact information right inside the front cover, along with the subject(s) and date range of the notebook. While writing your name down makes it easier for someone to return a lost notebook to you, writing down the subject matter and date range helps you keep multiple notebooks organized. 17. **Write down personal goals or inspirational messages in key spots.** This might seem like an unnecessary addition that won’t make your notebook any more organized. However, it can help keep you more focused and organized. Pick some high-visibility spots in the notebook—the first page, right after a section separator, etc.—to write down a few quick nuggets of self-motivation and inspiration. Depending on your situation and your personality, you might respond, for instance, to a self-challenge: “Make the honor roll this grading period.” Or, you might be better served with an uplifting message: “I can do this!”

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