DeiT

Note

This is a recently introduced model so the API hasn’t been tested extensively. There may be some bugs or slight breaking changes to fix it in the future. If you see something strange, file a Github Issue.

Overview

The DeiT model was proposed in Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attention by Hugo Touvron, Matthieu Cord, Matthijs Douze, Francisco Massa, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Hervé Jégou. The Vision Transformer (ViT) introduced in Dosovitskiy et al., 2020 has shown that one can match or even outperform existing convolutional neural networks using a Transformer encoder (BERT-like). However, the ViT models introduced in that paper required training on expensive infrastructure for multiple weeks, using external data. DeiT (data-efficient image transformers) are more efficiently trained transformers for image classification, requiring far less data and far less computing resources compared to the original ViT models.

The abstract from the paper is the following:

Recently, neural networks purely based on attention were shown to address image understanding tasks such as image classification. However, these visual transformers are pre-trained with hundreds of millions of images using an expensive infrastructure, thereby limiting their adoption. In this work, we produce a competitive convolution-free transformer by training on Imagenet only. We train them on a single computer in less than 3 days. Our reference vision transformer (86M parameters) achieves top-1 accuracy of 83.1% (single-crop evaluation) on ImageNet with no external data. More importantly, we introduce a teacher-student strategy specific to transformers. It relies on a distillation token ensuring that the student learns from the teacher through attention. We show the interest of this token-based distillation, especially when using a convnet as a teacher. This leads us to report results competitive with convnets for both Imagenet (where we obtain up to 85.2% accuracy) and when transferring to other tasks. We share our code and models.

Tips:

  • Compared to ViT, DeiT models use a so-called distillation token to effectively learn from a teacher (which, in the DeiT paper, is a ResNet like-model). The distillation token is learned through backpropagation, by interacting with the class ([CLS]) and patch tokens through the self-attention layers.

  • There are 2 ways to fine-tune distilled models, either (1) in a classic way, by only placing a prediction head on top of the final hidden state of the class token and not using the distillation signal, or (2) by placing both a prediction head on top of the class token and on top of the distillation token. In that case, the [CLS] prediction head is trained using regular cross-entropy between the prediction of the head and the ground-truth label, while the distillation prediction head is trained using hard distillation (cross-entropy between the prediction of the distillation head and the label predicted by the teacher). At inference time, one takes the average prediction between both heads as final prediction. (2) is also called “fine-tuning with distillation”, because one relies on a teacher that has already been fine-tuned on the downstream dataset. In terms of models, (1) corresponds to DeiTForImageClassification and (2) corresponds to DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacher.

  • Note that the authors also did try soft distillation for (2) (in which case the distillation prediction head is trained using KL divergence to match the softmax output of the teacher), but hard distillation gave the best results.

  • All released checkpoints were pre-trained and fine-tuned on ImageNet-1k only. No external data was used. This is in contrast with the original ViT model, which used external data like the JFT-300M dataset/Imagenet-21k for pre-training.

  • The authors of DeiT also released more efficiently trained ViT models, which you can directly plug into ViTModel or ViTForImageClassification. Techniques like data augmentation, optimization, and regularization were used in order to simulate training on a much larger dataset (while only using ImageNet-1k for pre-training). There are 4 variants available (in 3 different sizes): facebook/deit-tiny-patch16-224, facebook/deit-small-patch16-224, facebook/deit-base-patch16-224 and facebook/deit-base-patch16-384. Note that one should use DeiTFeatureExtractor in order to prepare images for the model.

This model was contributed by nielsr.

DeiTConfig

class transformers.DeiTConfig(hidden_size=768, num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072, hidden_act='gelu', hidden_dropout_prob=0.0, attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.0, initializer_range=0.02, layer_norm_eps=1e-12, is_encoder_decoder=False, image_size=224, patch_size=16, num_channels=3, **kwargs)[source]

This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a DeiTModel. It is used to instantiate an DeiT model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the DeiT facebook/deit-base-distilled-patch16-224 architecture.

Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.

Parameters

  • hidden_size (int, optional, defaults to 768) – Dimensionality of the encoder layers and the pooler layer.

  • num_hidden_layers (int, optional, defaults to 12) – Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder.

  • num_attention_heads (int, optional, defaults to 12) – Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder.

  • intermediate_size (int, optional, defaults to 3072) – Dimensionality of the “intermediate” (i.e., feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder.

  • hidden_act (str or function, optional, defaults to "gelu") – The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, "gelu", "relu", "selu" and "gelu_new" are supported.

  • hidden_dropout_prob (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) – The dropout probabilitiy for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler.

  • attention_probs_dropout_prob (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) – The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities.

  • initializer_range (float, optional, defaults to 0.02) – The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.

  • layer_norm_eps (float, optional, defaults to 1e-12) – The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers.

  • gradient_checkpointing (bool, optional, defaults to False) – If True, use gradient checkpointing to save memory at the expense of slower backward pass.

  • image_size (int, optional, defaults to 224) – The size (resolution) of each image.

  • patch_size (int, optional, defaults to 16) – The size (resolution) of each patch.

  • num_channels (int, optional, defaults to 3) – The number of input channels.

Example:

>>> from transformers import DeiTModel, DeiTConfig

>>> # Initializing a DeiT deit-base-distilled-patch16-224 style configuration
>>> configuration = DeiTConfig()

>>> # Initializing a model from the deit-base-distilled-patch16-224 style configuration
>>> model = DeiTModel(configuration)

>>> # Accessing the model configuration
>>> configuration = model.config

DeiTFeatureExtractor

class transformers.DeiTFeatureExtractor(do_resize=True, size=256, resample=3, do_center_crop=True, crop_size=224, do_normalize=True, image_mean=None, image_std=None, **kwargs)[source]

Constructs a DeiT feature extractor.

This feature extractor inherits from FeatureExtractionMixin which contains most of the main methods. Users should refer to this superclass for more information regarding those methods.

Parameters

  • do_resize (bool, optional, defaults to True) – Whether to resize the input to a certain size.

  • size (int or Tuple(int), optional, defaults to 256) – Resize the input to the given size. If a tuple is provided, it should be (width, height). If only an integer is provided, then the input will be resized to (size, size). Only has an effect if do_resize is set to True.

  • resample (int, optional, defaults to PIL.Image.BICUBIC) – An optional resampling filter. This can be one of PIL.Image.NEAREST, PIL.Image.BOX, PIL.Image.BILINEAR, PIL.Image.HAMMING, PIL.Image.BICUBIC or PIL.Image.LANCZOS. Only has an effect if do_resize is set to True.

  • do_center_crop (bool, optional, defaults to True) – Whether to crop the input at the center. If the input size is smaller than crop_size along any edge, the image is padded with 0’s and then center cropped.

  • crop_size (int, optional, defaults to 224) – Desired output size when applying center-cropping. Only has an effect if do_center_crop is set to True.

  • do_normalize (bool, optional, defaults to True) – Whether or not to normalize the input with image_mean and image_std.

  • image_mean (List[int], defaults to [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]) – The sequence of means for each channel, to be used when normalizing images.

  • image_std (List[int], defaults to [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) – The sequence of standard deviations for each channel, to be used when normalizing images.

__call__(images: Union[PIL.Image.Image, numpy.ndarray, torch.Tensor, List[PIL.Image.Image], List[numpy.ndarray], List[torch.Tensor]], return_tensors: Optional[Union[str, transformers.file_utils.TensorType]] = None, **kwargs) → transformers.feature_extraction_utils.BatchFeature[source]

Main method to prepare for the model one or several image(s).

Warning

NumPy arrays and PyTorch tensors are converted to PIL images when resizing, so the most efficient is to pass PIL images.

Parameters

  • images (PIL.Image.Image, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor, List[PIL.Image.Image], List[np.ndarray], List[torch.Tensor]) – The image or batch of images to be prepared. Each image can be a PIL image, NumPy array or PyTorch tensor. In case of a NumPy array/PyTorch tensor, each image should be of shape (C, H, W), where C is a number of channels, H and W are image height and width.

  • return_tensors (str or TensorType, optional, defaults to 'np') –

    If set, will return tensors of a particular framework. Acceptable values are:

    • 'tf': Return TensorFlow tf.constant objects.

    • 'pt': Return PyTorch torch.Tensor objects.

    • 'np': Return NumPy np.ndarray objects.

    • 'jax': Return JAX jnp.ndarray objects.

Returns

A BatchFeature with the following fields:

  • pixel_values – Pixel values to be fed to a model, of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width).

Return type

BatchFeature

DeiTModel

class transformers.DeiTModel(config, add_pooling_layer=True)[source]

The bare DeiT Model transformer outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top. This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

Parameters

config (DeiTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

forward(pixel_values=None, head_mask=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None)[source]

The DeiTModel forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

  • pixel_values (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width)) – Pixel values. Pixel values can be obtained using DeiTFeatureExtractor. See transformers.DeiTFeatureExtractor.__call__() for details.

  • head_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional) –

    Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:

    • 1 indicates the head is not masked,

    • 0 indicates the head is masked.

  • output_attentions (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.

  • output_hidden_states (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.

  • return_dict (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

A BaseModelOutputWithPooling or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (DeiTConfig) and inputs.

  • last_hidden_state (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) – Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.

  • pooler_output (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, hidden_size)) – Last layer hidden-state of the first token of the sequence (classification token) after further processing through the layers used for the auxiliary pretraining task. E.g. for BERT-family of models, this returns the classification token after processing through a linear layer and a tanh activation function. The linear layer weights are trained from the next sentence prediction (classification) objective during pretraining.

  • hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

    Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

  • attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

    Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Examples:

>>> from transformers import DeiTFeatureExtractor, DeiTModel
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> import requests

>>> url = 'http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg'
>>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

>>> feature_extractor = DeiTFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained('facebook/deit-base-distilled-patch16-224')
>>> model = DeiTModel.from_pretrained('facebook/deit-base-distilled-patch16-224', add_pooling_layer=False)

>>> inputs = feature_extractor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state

Return type

BaseModelOutputWithPooling or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

DeiTForImageClassification

class transformers.DeiTForImageClassification(config)[source]

DeiT Model transformer with an image classification head on top (a linear layer on top of the final hidden state of the [CLS] token) e.g. for ImageNet.

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

Parameters

config (DeiTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

forward(pixel_values=None, head_mask=None, labels=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None)[source]

The DeiTForImageClassification forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

  • pixel_values (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width)) – Pixel values. Pixel values can be obtained using DeiTFeatureExtractor. See transformers.DeiTFeatureExtractor.__call__() for details.

  • head_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional) –

    Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:

    • 1 indicates the head is not masked,

    • 0 indicates the head is masked.

  • output_attentions (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.

  • output_hidden_states (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.

  • return_dict (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

  • labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size,), optional) – Labels for computing the image classification/regression loss. Indices should be in [0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]. If config.num_labels == 1 a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If config.num_labels > 1 a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).

Returns

A SequenceClassifierOutput or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (DeiTConfig) and inputs.

  • loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) – Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) loss.

  • logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, config.num_labels)) – Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) scores (before SoftMax).

  • hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

    Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

  • attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

    Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Examples:

>>> from transformers import DeiTFeatureExtractor, DeiTForImageClassification
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> import requests

>>> url = 'http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg'
>>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

>>> # note: we are loading a DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacher from the hub here,
>>> # so the head will be randomly initialized, hence the predictions will be random
>>> feature_extractor = DeiTFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained('facebook/deit-base-distilled-patch16-224')
>>> model = DeiTForImageClassification.from_pretrained('facebook/deit-base-distilled-patch16-224')

>>> inputs = feature_extractor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> logits = outputs.logits
>>> # model predicts one of the 1000 ImageNet classes
>>> predicted_class_idx = logits.argmax(-1).item()
>>> print("Predicted class:", model.config.id2label[predicted_class_idx])

Return type

SequenceClassifierOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacher

class transformers.DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacher(config)[source]

DeiT Model transformer with image classification heads on top (a linear layer on top of the final hidden state of the [CLS] token and a linear layer on top of the final hidden state of the distillation token) e.g. for ImageNet.

Warning

This model supports inference-only. Fine-tuning with distillation (i.e. with a teacher) is not yet supported.

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

Parameters

config (DeiTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

forward(pixel_values=None, head_mask=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None)[source]

The DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacher forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

  • pixel_values (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width)) – Pixel values. Pixel values can be obtained using DeiTFeatureExtractor. See transformers.DeiTFeatureExtractor.__call__() for details.

  • head_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional) –

    Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:

    • 1 indicates the head is not masked,

    • 0 indicates the head is masked.

  • output_attentions (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.

  • output_hidden_states (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.

  • return_dict (bool, optional) – Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

A DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacherOutput or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (DeiTConfig) and inputs.

  • logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, config.num_labels)) – Prediction scores as the average of the cls_logits and distillation logits.

  • cls_logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, config.num_labels)) – Prediction scores of the classification head (i.e. the linear layer on top of the final hidden state of the class token).

  • distillation_logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, config.num_labels)) – Prediction scores of the distillation head (i.e. the linear layer on top of the final hidden state of the distillation token).

  • hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size). Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

  • attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length). Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Examples:

>>> from transformers import DeiTFeatureExtractor, DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacher
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> import requests

>>> url = 'http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg'
>>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

>>> feature_extractor = DeiTFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained('facebook/deit-base-distilled-patch16-224')
>>> model = DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacher.from_pretrained('facebook/deit-base-distilled-patch16-224')

>>> inputs = feature_extractor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> logits = outputs.logits
>>> # model predicts one of the 1000 ImageNet classes
>>> predicted_class_idx = logits.argmax(-1).item()
>>> print("Predicted class:", model.config.id2label[predicted_class_idx])

Return type

DeiTForImageClassificationWithTeacherOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)