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The Sand Springs Range is a short mountain range located in western Nevada in the United States within the Great Basin. It is approximately long and is in Churchill County. It separates Salt Wells to the west from Fairview Valley to the east. To the north, it is separated from the Stillwater Range by Sand Springs Pass. To the south is Gabbs Valley. The Sand Springs Range was the site of Project Shoal, an underground nuclear test conducted as part of the Vela Uniform program. Shoal was a 12 kiloton device which was detonated below ground on October 26, 1963. As the area experienced a series of large earthquakes in 1954, seismic traces for the events could be compared to help differentiate future Soviet underground nuclear tests from earthquakes. The site is unrestricted and unmarked. No surface crater was formed, and the casual observer will find little evidence that the event ever took place. The Sand Springs Range also has several large military radar installations. These are associated with the bombing range in Fairview Valley, the electronic warfare range in Dixie Valley, and Naval Air Station Fallon. The most prominent peak in the Sand Springs Range is Big Kasock Mountain at an elevation of . Notes Category:Mountain ranges of Nevada Category:Mountain ranges of the Great Basin Category:Mountain ranges of Churchill County, Nevada Category:American nuclear test sites Category:Nuclear test sites

Joseph Stanley Faulder 19 October 1937 17 June 1999 was the first Canadian citizen to be executed in the United States since 1952. Stanley Faulder, a Jasper, Alberta native, was convicted of murdering Inez Scarborough Phillips, a 75-year-old woman, in Texas in 1975 during a robbery in her house. He was caught, convicted, and sentenced to death in 1977. Despite diplomatic complaints by the Canadian government, Faulder was executed by lethal injection on 17 June 1999. His last appeal was rejected about an hour before his death. See also Lists of people executed in Texas Capital punishment in Texas References Offender Information. Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. Randall, Kate. US high court upholds death sentence of Canadian on death row in Texas. World Socialist Web Site 1999-01-27. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. Randall, Kate. Texas executes Canadian Stanley Faulder World Socialist Web Site 1999-06-19. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. Category:1937 births Category:1999 deaths Category:People executed for murder Category:Executed Canadian people Category:20th-century executions by Texas Category:People executed by Texas by lethal injection Category:Canadian people executed abroad Category:People from Jasper, Alberta Category:People convicted of murder by Texas Category:Canadian people convicted of murder

The Chicago metropolitan area the Chicago Market commands the third-largest media market in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles and the largest inland market. All of the major U.S. television networks have subsidiaries in Chicago. WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Media Company, is carried with some programming differences as WGN America on cable and satellite nationwide. Sun-Times Media Group is also headquartered in Chicago, which, along with Tribune Publishing, are some the largest owners of daily newspapers in the country. History Journalists, novelists, architects, engineers, business tycoons, scientists, poets, sports teams, criminals, and millions of laborers shaped Chicago's national and international reputation. Images and representations are important means by which the city is known and negotiated. During the years of rapid urbanization between 1890 and 1930, numerous daily newspapers presented the most important and pervasive versions of the city. Among the significant innovations of Chicago's newspapers in these years that shaped the idea of the city was the emergence of the local color columnist. Groeninger 2005 examines the role of columnists in Chicago newspapers in creating a city of the mind. After a review of the literature on images of cities, the relationship of newspapers to modern city life in the thought of Robert Park, and the world of Chicago's newspapers at the turn of the 20th century, detailed studies of a number of the most important columnists of the era follow. George Ade's column of the 1890s in the Daily News, Stories of the Streets and of the Town, presented a view of Chicago from the perspective of migrants from the small towns of the Midwest. In the same decade Finley Peter Dunne's column in the Evening Post, featuring the fictional Irish barkeeper, Mr. Dooley, offered readers a literary version of the Irish working-class neighborhood of Bridgeport. Ring Lardner's Tribune sports column of the teens, In the Wake of the News, satirized not only Chicagoans obsession with sports, but also the middle-class culture of opera, musical theater, and the newspaper itself. Several columns in the black newspaper, The Whip, offered images of Bronzeville in the 1920s that both reflected and helped shape the experience of African-Americans on the South Side of Chicago. Ben Hecht's 1001 Afternoons in Chicago column in the Daily News expressed a new, anti-Victorian sensibility in the post-war era, but his most enduring contributions to the image of Chicago were on the stage and in the new medium of film. The columnists who wrote about everyday life in the city were the most distinctive and powerful newspaper voices in shaping the idea of Chicago and the civic personality of the city itself. Newspapers Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago, The Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times. The former has the larger circulation. There are also a number of regional and special-interest newspapers such as the Daily Herald Arlington Heights, SouthtownStar, the Chicago Defender, RedEye, Third Coast Press and the Chicago Reader. Daily Chicago Sun-Times Chicago Tribune Weekly Chicago News Chicago Crusader Chicago Defender Chicago Reader N'Digo Newcity RedEye Community Austin Voice Austin Weekly News Back-of-Yards Journal Beverly News Beverly Review Bridgeport News Brighton Park Life Chicago Citizen Newspapers Chicago News Russian - Новости Чикаго Chicago Free Press The Chicago Independent Bulletin Chicago Journal The Chicago Maroon Chicago Shimpo Chicago Standard Clear Ridge Reporter Dziennik Związkowy Polish Daily News Edgebrook Times Edison Review Exito Extra The Gate The Gazette Greek Star Hyde Park Herald Inside-Booster Korean News Korean Times La Raza La Voz de Chicago Lawndale News Logan Square Times Lumpen McKinley Park Life Mt. Greenwood Express Nadig Press-Journal Near North News New Metro News News-Star North Lawndale Community News North Loop News Northwest Leader-Post Norwood Review River North News Sauganash Sounds Scottsdale Independent Shoreland News Skyline Super Express USA Third Coast Press Tri-City Journal Westside Journal World Journal Business, legal, entertainment and other local periodicals Bar Fly Chicago magazine Chicago Computer Guide Chicago Daily Law Bulletin Chicago Educator Chicago Innerview Chicago Journal of International Law Chicago Life Chicago Parent The Chicago Reporter Chicagoland Golf Crain's Chicago Business Jettison Quarterly PerformInk South Shore Parent Time Out Chicago UR Chicago Windy City Times Defunct newspapers Chicago Daily News Chicago Free Press Chicago Inter Ocean Chicago's American Gay Chicago Gay Chicago News Red Streak Southeast Chicago Observer Radio stations According to Nielsen Audio, Chicago is America's third largest radio market, trailing New York and Los Angeles. AM FM Television stations Local broadcast stations Network owned-and-operated stations are highlighted in bold. Local independent cable channels Chicago Access Network Television, Public, educational, and government access PEG Channel Chicagoland Television CLTV NBC Sports Chicago WGN America satellite only Government cable channels for Chicago are also carried on channels 23, 25, and 49. Although EVINE Live does have over-the-air affiliates, it is not available via broadcast television in Chicago; however, is available on Comcast on channels 89 and 164 and RCN channel 193 in the Chicago market. Online Better formerly Make It Better The Beachwood Reporter Block Club Chicago Chicago Daily Observer City Bureau Chicagoist part of the Gothamist network now defunct ChicagoNow Chicago Tribune-owned weblog community DNAinfo Chicago defunctGapers BlockHuffington Post Chicago local edition of Huffington PostPatch.com Chicago NetworkReddit ChicagoSouth Side WeeklyChicago Morning Star'' Media corporations Sun-Times Media Group Tribune Media See also City News Bureau of Chicago I Am Chicago Newspapers of the Chicago metropolitan area References External links Film In Chicago Chicago Film Office Illinois Film Office Chicago Media List Chicago, IL on American Radio Map Radiomap.us * Chicago

2-haloacid dehalogenase configuration-retaining , 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, 2-haloalkanoid acid halidohydrolase, DL-2-haloacid dehalogenase, DL-DEXr is an enzyme with systematic name S-2-haloacid dehalogenase configuration-retaining. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction 1 S-2-haloacid + H2O S-2-hydroxyacid + halide 2 R-2-haloacid + H2O R-2-hydroxyacid + halide Dehalogenates both S- and R-2-haloalkanoic acids to the corresponding S- and R-hydroxyalkanoic acids. References External links Category:EC 3.8.1

Alapocas Run State Park is a state park, located in Wilmington, Delaware, United States, along the Brandywine Creek and its Alapocas Run tributary. Open year-round, it is in area. Much of the state park was created from land originally preserved by William Poole Bancroft in the early 1900s to be used as open space parkland by the city of Wilmington as it expanded. The park also includes the Blue Ball Barn, a dairy barn built by Alfred I. du Pont as part of his Nemours estate in 1914. In addition to walking trails, athletic fields, and playgrounds for children, one of the park's primary features is a rock climbing wall. The rock climbing wall is part of an old quarry across from historic Bancroft Mills on the Brandywine, and the quarry is also used for school educational programs centered on earth sciences. Park history Alapocas Run was originally created as a 123 acre city park named Alapocas Woods. In 1910 when Alfred I. du Pont was building his Nemours estate from DuPont Company lands, fellow industrialist William Poole Bancroft convinced him to have the company transfer a portion of the land between Nemours and the Brandywine to the city of Wilmington. Bancroft then donated a portion of his own lands along the Brandywine to the city. In addition to being a businessman, Bancroft was also a philanthropist and conservationist and had played a key role, including donating land, in establishing other city parks due to his desire to preserve the scenic beauty of the Brandywine. Directly across the river was the mill complex owned by him and his brother, Samuel. At the time of the creation of Alapocas Woods, he was serving as President of the Wilmington Park Commission. Bancroft and du Pont then jointly paid for the paving of Alapocas Road, which separated the park from the Nemours estate. The park grew to 145 acres over the years, much of which consisted of mature woodland. It also contained the remains of an granite quarry which had operated from 1870 to 1938. Stone from the quarry had been used to create local landmarks such as the Brandywine Park walls, Rockford Park's tower, and the National Harbor of Refuge. In 1998, Alapocas Run was made part of a state park when it was combined with several other city parks to form Wilmington State Parks. In 1999, as part of its efforts to convince pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca to relocate its headquarters to the Wilmington suburbs, the state launched the $127 million Blue Ball Project to redo the area's network of roads in addition to creating additional parkland by purchasing open space, developing recreational facilities, and preserving local historic structures. The project included the purchase of roughly 152 acres of land from the nearby Nemours Foundation to be used as open space parkland. At the time of the purchase, the Nemours Foundation also donated a conservation easement on 70 acres of mature woods behind the Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children. The new Alapocas Run State Park was officially dedicated in 2002, with the existing parkland near the Brandywine combined with the additional open space purchased as part of the Blue Ball Project. Development of various park amenities, including the restoration of the historic Blue Ball Barn, was slated to take place over the next three years. In November 2015, it was announced that the Nemours Foundation donated 46 acres of the 70 under conservation easement for an expansion of the park. Blue Ball Barn The Blue Ball Barn serves as the park visitor's center and headquarters. The Delaware Folk Art Collection is on permanent exhibit within the barn, and it houses over 120 works by 50 local artists meant to highlight the state's diverse artistic heritage. The first floor contains exhibits about the area's agricultural history and the development of dairy technology. The barn contains conference and meeting rooms that can be rented out. The barn was developed into part of the park as part of the state's efforts to reuse historic structures. The building was built in 1914 by Alfred I. du Pont as a state-of-the-art dairy barn. The dairy barn and surrounding farm complex were used to provide food for the Nemours estate from 1914 until 1943. From 1943 through 1977, the barn and farmland was leased out to a family of independent operators who sold the dairy produce externally. After 1977, most of the surrounding farm buildings were demolished. The barn was one of the few remaining structures. The Blue Ball Barn had been named after a tavern that dated back to the late 18th century which had been located near the barn. In front of the tavern was a pole with a large blue ball that could be raised or lowered. If the ball was on top of the pole, that served as a signal to illiterate stagecoach drivers that there were passengers which needed to be picked up. If the ball was lowered, the stagecoach would pass by. Recreation U.S. Route 202 divides roughly a quarter of the park from the rest. This section, referred to as the east park, is primarily reserved for active recreational uses while the bulk of the park to the west of US 202 is designed for passive recreation and preservation of the natural environment. The eastern section of the park includes three athletic fields which are available for permitted use of team sports such as lacrosse, soccer, field hockey, rugby, and kickball. It includes the 26,000 square foot Can-Do Playground, a boundless playground designed and funded by local Rotary Clubs to be fully accessible to children with disabilities. The playground opened in 2007. Nearby the playground is a pavilion and picnic area with outdoor grills. The eastern section of the park is also connected through trails and underpasses to the adjacent Rock Manor Golf Course. The public golf course, owned by the city of Wilmington, was first opened in 1921 and was named after the Rock Manor estate where Alfred du Pont stayed while Nemours was being built. The course was closed in 2005 and then extensively redesigned by Lester George as part of the Blue Ball Project. After it reopened in 2008, it was recognized as part of the American Society of Golf Course Architects' Design Excellence Recognition Program. The western portion has the bulk of the park's hiking and biking trails, including over 2 miles of the Northern Delaware Greenway Trail part of the East Coast Greenway, a 10.5 mile trail linking Alapocas Run to other northern Delaware sites including Bellevue State Park, Fox Point State Park, Rockwood Museum and Park, and Wilmington State Parks. The .7 mile Alapocas Woods Trail, with the .3 mile PawPaw loop extension, is another trail through the natural areas of the park's western section and is a good place to see the park's mature pawpaw trees. The rock walls remaining from an old granite quarry have been set up to allow rock climbing and rappelling. Nearby state parks The following state parks are within of Alapocas Run State Park: Auburn Valley State Park New Castle County Bellevue State Park New Castle County Brandywine Creek State Park New Castle County Fort Delaware State Park New Castle County Fort DuPont State Park New Castle County Fort Mott State Park New Jersey Fort Washington State Park Pennsylvania Fox Point State Park New Castle County Lums Pond State Park New Castle County Marsh Creek State Park Pennsylvania Norristown Farm Park Pennsylvania Parvin State Park New Jersey Ridley Creek State Park Pennsylvania Wilmington State Parks New Castle County White Clay Creek Preserve Pennsylvania White Clay Creek State Park New Castle County References External links Alapocas Run State Park Category:State parks of Delaware Category:Parks in New Castle County, Delaware Category:Protected areas established in 1910 Category:1910 establishments in Delaware Category:Tourist attractions in Wilmington, Delaware Category:Folk art museums in Delaware

The Spreelauf is a German ultramarathon race. In six days, runners compete over a total distance of 420km 261 miles, 10 times the traditional marathon distance. The Spreelauf starts in Spandau Berlin and follows the river Spree upstream to one of its three sources in Eibau Upper Lusatia. The Spreelauf is organized by Ingo Schulze, well known in the ultramarathon scene as the organizer of the TransEurope-FootRace and the Deutschlandlauf External links Official site German Description of the race Category:Multiday races

CAMI Automotive is wholly owned by General Motors Canada. The plant occupies and has of floor space of which was added in 2016 as part of a $560 million investment. CAMI uses the CAMI Production System CPS, a set of operating philosophies that guide team members in manufacturing vehicles. The basis of the system is working in teams performing standardized work. This is based on the Japanese production system, which is built on a team concept. Recent developments Prior to December 2009, ownership of CAMI was split 50-50 between Suzuki and General Motors of Canada Ltd. The former withdrew from the venture after it stopped production of its XL7 models at CAMI in June 2009 due to poor sales. CAMI was an independently incorporated joint venture of automobile manufacturing in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada and formed the third step of GM's three-pronged initiative of the mid-1980s to capture and practice the Japanese mystique of automotive management. The other two were United Australian Automobile Industries between Toyota and Holden in Australia, and NUMMI in California with Toyota and GM, the latter a wholly owned alternative to apply its learnings into practice. CAMI was the least successful of the trio for decades, but is now the sole survivor. In Nov 2009, GM announced to invest US$85 million investment at the plant, raising production by 40,000 vehicles to 240,000 by adding a third shift, resulting in the recall of about 150 laid-off autoworkers in preparation of the 2010 Chevrolet Equinox and GMC Terrain. From 2013 the plant has produced vehicles based on GM's Theta platform for crossover SUVs; production of the second generation Chevrolet Equinox for fleet sales continued even as production of the third generation model started on 8 January 2017. In 2013 GM announced a US$200 million C$250 million investment for a new body shop and flexible manufacturing equipment and tooling to support future production. In early 2015, GM announced to invest US$450 million C$560 million in the plant in preparation for production of the next generation Chevrolet Equinox. The amount included C$190 million at the plant and C$370 million in vendor tooling with suppliers. In January 2017, GM announced it would cut 625 workers as a result of shifting production of the second generation GMC Terrain to Mexico and phasing out the second generation Chevrolet Equinox earlier than planned. CAMI Automotive has 2,800 hourly and 300 salaried employees in early 2017 before the layoff. CAMI also supplied unfinished bodies of Chevrolet Equinox to GM's Oshawa Car Assembly for painting and final assembly. The arrangement ended after the production of the second generation Chevrolet Equinox ceased in 2017. In response to the Terrain's shifting and due to the production of the Equinox in two plants in Mexico, workers went on a strike demanding CAMI become the main assembly point of the Equinox. The strike ended in October 16, 2017. Awards and highlights In the 2005 Harbour Report, CAMI was ranked No. 3 in truck assembly in the Small SUV category of the 45 auto assembly plants in North America. Recognized as the most efficient plant in North America four years in a row 2012,2013,2014, and 2015 J.D. Power Silver Plant Award for the Americas June 2014 Landfill Free status achieved in January 2014 Clean50 - 'Leaders in Sustainability' Top 15 Project winner - September 2015 Best GMNA Plant in Wiring Warranty Performance February 2014 Current product The plant currently produces the Chevrolet Equinox. Former products The GMC Terrain was produced until the middle of 2017 when production of the all-new 2018 GMC Terrain was transferred to San Luis Potosi Assembly. Historical timeline 1986 - CAMI Automotive established 1989 - Production of J1 Suzuki Sidekick and Geo Tracker, M2 Geo Metro begins 1993 - Total CAMI production reaches 500,000. 1994 - Production of M3 Geo Metro and Pontiac Firefly begins. 1996 - Total CAMI production reaches 1.5 million vehicles. 1998 - Production of J2 Suzuki Vitara and Geo Tracker begins and CAMI receives ISO 9002 registration for its Quality Management System. 2000 - CAMI receives ISO 14001 registration for its Environmental Management System. 2003 - Total CAMI production reaches 11.5 million vehicles. 2004 - Production of Chevrolet Equinox begins. 2005 - Production of Pontiac Torrent begins. 2006 - Production of Suzuki XL7 begins. 2009 - Production of Suzuki XL7 put on indefinite hold. 2009 - Production of GMC Terrain begins. 2009 - Suzuki withdraws from venture; gives General Motors full control. 2016 - Plant expansion 2017 - Production start of third generation Equinox; production of sister second generation Terrain moved to Mexico; in response of the Terrain's moving to Mexico, workers go on a strike demanding CAMI to become the main assembly point of the Equinox in order to prevent more shiftings to Mexico. See also United Australian Automobile Industries UAAI A similar joint venture in Australia between Toyota and GM-Holden from 1989 to 1996. NUMMI A similar joint venture in United States between Toyota and General Motors from 1984 to 2009; now a 100 Tesla Motors owned and operated plant. References Category:Car manufacturers of Canada Category:General Motors factories Category:Ingersoll, Ontario Category:Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies Category:1986 establishments in Ontario

Randy Porter born July 6, 1964 is a retired American stock car racing driver. Porter competed 73 NASCAR Busch Series races between 1986 and 1998, achieving 3 top ten finishes and 1 pole position. Porter also competed in two NASCAR Cup Series events in 1992 and one NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series event in 1996. Motorsports career results NASCAR key Bold  Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics  Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. *  Most laps led. Winston Cup Series Craftsman Truck Series References External links Category:21st-century American racing drivers Category:NASCAR drivers Category:Living people Category:1964 births

Mark Alan Dewey born January 3, 1964 in Grand Rapids, Michigan is a former Major League Baseball player. He is currently a pitching coach for the Brevard County Manatees, located in Viera, Florida. The Manatees are the Class A-Advanced High-A Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers. His prior coaching experience was with the Washington Wild Things, an independent professional baseball team in the Frontier League, and at Emory & Henry College in southwestern Virginia. Born in Grand Rapids, Dewey played for the Grand Valley State University Lakers. In 1987, he struck out 87 batters in 97.2 innings. He was a 6'0 right-handed relief pitcher who played six season in the major leagues with the San Francisco Giants 1990, 199596, New York Mets 1992, and Pittsburgh Pirates 199394. On June 2, 1987, Dewey was drafted by the Giants in the 23rd round of the 1987 amateur draft. He appeared in 205 major league games and had a lifetime record of 127 .632 winning percentage with 168 strikeouts, 70 games finished and 8 saves. His lifetime earned run average was 3.65 for an Adjusted ERA+ of 110. His best season was 1993 when he had 7 saves for the Pirates in 21 games and maintained an impressive 2.36 ERA for an Adjusted ERA+ of 171. In his final season, Dewey appeared in 78 games for the Giants3rd most in the National League. Dewey earned $225,000 in his final season in the big leagues. In 1995, Dewey was inducted into the Grand Valley State University Athletic Hall of Fame. Dewey was involved in a notable controversy on July 28, 1996, when he refused to participate with his teammates in a pregame ceremony intended to support research of a cure for AIDS. As part of Until There's A Cure Day, members of the Giants wore AIDS awareness ribbons on their uniforms and stood in a group shaped like that symbol during speeches by Giants owner Peter Magowan and San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown. Dewey refused to take the field for the ceremony, and he wore his ribbon sideways which would have resembled the Jesus fish symbol. He cited religious reasons for his refusal, complaining that the ceremony was against [his] Christian principles and voicing the belief that homosexuality is a sin. References External links Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Baseball players from Michigan Category:Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan Category:New York Mets players Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players Category:San Francisco Giants players Category:Nashville Sounds players Category:Grand Valley State Lakers baseball players Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Aiken Foxhounds players Category:Everett Giants players Category:Clinton Giants players Category:San Jose Giants players Category:Shreveport Captains players Category:Phoenix Firebirds players Category:Tidewater Tides players Category:Buffalo Bisons minor league players

Kyaliwajjala is a neighborhood in Kira Municipality, Kyaddondo County, Wakiso District, in Central Uganda. Location Kyaliwajja is bordered by Namugongo to the northeast, Bweyogerere to the southeast, Naalya to the south, Najjera to the west and Downtown Kira to the northwest. This location lies approximately , by road, northeast of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in the country. The coordinates of Kyaliwajjala are:0°22'48.0N 32°38'47.0E Latitude:0.380000; Longitude:32.646389. Overview In the 1960s and 1980s, Kyaliwajjala was a trading center at a road intersection. During the 21st Century it has developed into a bustling urban center with banks, retail shops, gasoline stations, pharmacies and hardware stores. The Kampala Northern Bypass Highway passes through Naalya, to the south of the neighborhood. Population During the 2002 national population census, the population of Kyaliwajjala was estimated at about 16,200 or 11.5 of the total population of Kira. In 2011, the population of Kira Municipality was estimated at 179,800, by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics UBOS. Using those data, the population of Kyaliwajjala was estimated at about 21,000 inhabitants, in 2011. During 2012, the Kira Municipality authorities estimated Kyaliwajjala's population at about 50,000. Points of interest These are some of the points of interest in or near Kyaliwajjala: The Namugongo Road - Leads to the Uganda Martyr's Basilica at Namugongo The Kampala Northern Bypass Highway - The highway goes through Naalya, about , south of Kyaliwajjala Naalya Housing Estate - A high-rise condominium and apartment complex constructed by National Housing and Construction Company Vienna College - A private, mixed, residential high school S1 - S4 The Uganda Martyrs Basilica Namugongo - The basilica lies about , northeast of Kyaliwajjala. Quality Shopping Mall - A shopping complex anchored by Quality Supermarket A branch of DFCU Bank, located at Quality Shopping Mall A branch of Guaranty Trust Bank Uganda - Located on Namugongo Road Photos and diagrams Photograph of Kyaliwajjala In 2013, at Monitor.co.ug See also References External links Iryn Namubiru Entertains Her Kyaliwajjala Fans Through The Night Luganda Category:Kira Town Category:Populated places in Uganda Category:Cities in the Great Rift Valley Category:Central Region, Uganda Category:Wakiso District

Hasanabad , also Romanized as Ḩasanābād; also known as Ḩasanābād-e Olyā is a village in Sumay-ye Shomali Rural District, Sumay-ye Beradust District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 372, in 61 families. References Category:Populated places in Urmia County

Stephen Lawrence Petro October 21, 1914 August 15, 1994 was an American football guard who played two seasons with the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National Football League NFL. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the ninth round of the 1939 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Pittsburgh and attended Greater Johnstown High School in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Steve played football for the Pittsburgh Panthers under head coach Jock Sutherland and later was an assistant football coach for the Panthers from 1950 to 1972. He was also the Assistant to the Athletic Director from 1973 to 1984. Steve's Pitt nickname was The Rock, based on Petro, a derivation of the Greek word petros, which means rock. The Pitt Panther mascot's nickname is ROC, in Steve's honor. References External links Just Sports Stats Category:1914 births Category:1994 deaths Category:Players of American football from Pennsylvania Category:American football guards Category:Pittsburgh Panthers football players Category:Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches Category:Brooklyn Dodgers NFL players Category:Sportspeople from Johnstown, Pennsylvania

The Tiliger is a second generation hybrid from a male tiger Panthera tigris and a ligress which is the hybrid offspring of a lion and a tigress. The world's first tiligers were born on 16 August 2007 at Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park in Wynnewood, Oklahoma. Although male ligers and tigons are sterile, female ligers and tigons can produce cubs. As with ligers, tiligers grow to a size that is typically larger than either of their lion and tiger forebears. Large males can grow up to 600 kg and total length 5,5 meters in length, while the females may grow weight 300 kg up to 360 kg and up to 4 meters in length. History In the first litter of tiligers, the sire - Kahun - was a white Bengal tiger Panthera tigris tigris and the dam - Beauty - was a liger. Five cubs were born to that litter - four male and one female - named Tanyaro, Yun Yi, Monique, and two others that were moved to other facilities. On 7 March 2013, a second set of tiliger cubs were again born at Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park. In this event, the sire - Noah - was a Siberian tiger Panthera tigris altaica and the dam - Lizzy - was a liger. Three cubs were born to that litter. Valley of the Kings in Sharon, Wisconsin is home to a female tiliger named Ti-ler. References External links The Garold Wayne Interactive Zoological Foundation Valley of the Kings Category:Panthera hybrids Category:Zoos in Oklahoma Category:Second generation hybrids

Serhii Vladimirovich Andreev ; born 14 March 1990 is a Ukrainian footballer who last plays as a centre-back for Terengganu II. References External links Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:Association football defenders Category:Ukrainian footballers

Susan Egelstaff born 12 October 1982; née Hughes is a Scottish badminton player. Egelstaff won team bronze at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, took women's singles bronze four years later in Melbourne, and finished fourth in the singles in Delhi. In 2012, she competed for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She failed to progress past the group stage, beating Maja Tvrdy but losing to the 12th seed Sayaka Sato in three games. Achievements Commonwealth Games Women's singles BWF International Challenge/Series Women's singles Women's doubles BWF International Challenge tournament BWF International Series tournament References External links Category:Scottish female badminton players Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Glasgow Category:Badminton players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic badminton players of Great Britain Category:Badminton players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Category:Badminton players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Category:Badminton players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Scotland

This World, Then the Fireworks is a 1997 American crime drama film directed by Michael Oblowitz and starring Billy Zane, Gina Gershon and Sheryl Lee. The screenplay is based on a short story of the same name by Jim Thompson. Plot As children, Marty and Carol Lakewood, fraternal twins, witness a brutal murder involving their father. They grow up to become depraved and incestuous adults, living in Los Angeles in the mid-1950s. Marty is a skillful journalist, but grows bored with every new job and is easily distracted. When he seduces a young police officer, Lois Archer, and discovers she owns a beach house, Marty sets out to double-cross her and make the property his own. Carol is a heartless prostitute, willing to go to any lengths to con men out of their money, or make them pay in other ways. Powerless to stop them is Mrs. Lakewood, a weak-willed woman who suspects the terrible truth in her children's relationship, but knows no way to stop it. Cast Billy Zane as Marty Gina Gershon as Carol Sheryl Lee as Lois Rue McClanahan as Mrs. Lakewood Seymour Cassel as Detective Harris Will Patton as Lt. Morgan Richard Edson as Joe References External links Category:1997 films Category:1990s crime drama films Category:American crime drama films Category:American films Category:American neo-noir films Category:English-language films Category:Films about twins Category:Films based on Jim Thompson novels Category:Films set in the 1950s Category:Incest in film Category:Largo Entertainment films

Lil Freak is a song by American recording artist Usher, taken from his sixth studio album, Raymond v. Raymond. Featuring guest vocals by Trinidadian recording artist Nicki Minaj, the song was written by her, Usher, Ester Dean, Blac Elvis and Polow da Don, the latter two producing the track. Its hook is based on a manipulated sample of American soul musician Stevie Wonder's 1973 hit, Living for the City. Lil Freak was released as the second single from the album in the United States and Canada on March 2, 2010. Carrying a dark tone, composed of heavy bass beats derived from R&B and hip hop music, the lyrics are about the thrill of orchestrating a ménage à trois in a club. The song received positive reviews from critics who complimented its sensual nature. It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, and eight on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, becoming Usher's 16th top ten hit on the latter chart. The song's accompanying music video has a secret society concept, dealing with an underground club, playing on the storyline of the song. Background In an interview with MTV News when asked if he was just entertaining, Usher said the song was based on real life, stating, Yeah, I mean, I wrote about it. It happens in this day and time. Those are the best chicks to be friends with, honestly. Usher reiterated his statements in another interview with Access Hollywood, and when asked if he thought the racy lyrics would raise eyebrows, he said it would, commenting that that was an objective of the song. Usher also said that the work was like the dichotomy of Raymond v. Raymond, distinguishing one world from another, as in playing the nice guy or showing the other side. Before official release, the song was leaked onto the Internet in December 2009. Composition The song is midtempo, with supported by heavy bass beats produced by Polow da Don, which Prefix Magazine called Jurrasic Park synths. Chris Ryan of MTV News said Usher pairs off with current queen MC Nicki Minaj, and the two glide over Polow Da Don's minimal bass beat. Sara D. Anderson of AOL Radio Blog said that the heavy back-beat tune confirms Usher's old ways: Yeah you the business / So What's the business / Don't be shy, I'm just talkin' to you girl. Tom Breihan of Pitchfork Media called the heavily manipulated Living for the City sample, a monstrous swirl of orchestral exoticism. Minaj makes several puns in her lines, one of them referring to Santa Claus's reindeer in a runthrough which Prefix Magazine reviewed negatively. She also refers to P. Diddy and Cassie in her lines, that she's plotting on how I can take Cassie away from Diddy. Critical reception Critics positively received the song, complimenting Minaj's cameo and the track's production and lyrics. Andrew Winistorfer of Prefix Magazine thought that Usher should have gone with Lil Freak as the album's first big single, saying, It OMG doesn't come close to matching the filthy heights of Little Freak [sic]... He also said the song was by a wide margin, the best track to be leaked from Usher's long-delayed Raymond vs. Raymond album. In his initial reaction, he pointed out flaws of the song, but said that the song could become unavoidable if it gets traction on radio. Chris Ryan of MTV News called the song, slick, sexy hip-hop-infused R&B done to its finest. He also called the song nothing short of freak nasty, and is so full of sexy sexuality that it's enough to make Tiger Woods blush. Vibe magazine commented that wedding ring is definitely off on this Usher cut, and that Nicki Minaj stole the scene in the song. Pitchfork Media commented favourably on the songs explicit nature, stating the song isn't some R. Kelly-esque devotional hymn to sexual addiction, and that The whole towering mess makes a drunken 3 a.m. threesome sound like the most epic endeavor anyone could hope for.. The review also compared the song to Justin Timberlake's Cry Me a River, stating, it pushes into Cry Me a River territory for the same reason that Cry Me a River transcended: the gigantic, operatic backing track. Accolades Chart performance On the week ending March 20, 2010, Lil Freak debuted at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100. It then fell to 66, but rebounded ten spots to 56, and later peaked at 40 on the chart. The song's appearance on the Hot Digital Songs and Hot 100 Airplay charts at number 31 and 37, respectively, helped stabilize its stay on the Hot 100. lil Freak charted at number 28 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs months before its release due to it being leaked on the Internet. It eventually peaked at eight, and was Usher's third straight top ten hit on the chart, and 16th overall. According to Nielsen SoundScan, it has sold 508,000 units in the US as of October 3, 2010. Internationally, Lil Freak reached 109 on the UK Singles Chart. Usher performed the song in the United Kingdom on The Graham Norton Show on June 7, 2010. Music video Background and concept Usher and Minaj shot the music video on March 9, 2010 in Los Angeles with director Taj Stansberry, represented by Leah Harmony and Ciarra Pardo. In an interview with Vibe, Stansberry commented on the video's sex appeal and the pairing of Usher and Minaj, stating, This probably has the potential to be [his sexiest video ever]. Ushers one of the best entertainers in the world, then you have Nicki Minaj whos fresh on the scene. Put them together and theres just sparks, it was real good. When asked about the music video's concept would redefine the word freak, commenting: My general idea was to take the word and show its many faceted sides, twisting and turning it to where theres really no distinguishing between one freak and another. Usher went there. When youre engaging in sexual activity, there are many transitions and this is not about what they look like literally, but what they look like metaphorically. Its about luring people into a situation. Because you have your thoughts on a ménage à trois, but then were doing it in a non-obvious way. On Minaj and her pairing with Usher, Stansberry said, [Nicki] had a few looks that I really liked. She played the part, but still was her. If you really listen to her words in the song, you can kinda visualize her outfit. Stansberry also confirmed that R&B singer Ciara and singer-actor Jamie Foxx would make appearances in the video. In an interview with MTV News on the set of her video for Massive Attack, Minaj said that The video is freaky. And it's a great concept, a great story line, Minaj told MTV News. It felt just like one of the sequels to Saw. It was dope. Stating that the video had a secret society concept, Usher told Access Hollywood that the place symbolized locations where people use to get away from pressures, and also said the movie Eyes Wide Shut was some sort of inspiration of the video. On March 22, 2010 a thirty second preview of the music video was surfaced onto the internet. Two days later on March 24, 2010, Usher premiered the full music video on BET's 106 & Park. Synopsis and reception The video begins with a woman walking in a tunnel, and she enters and elevator with Minaj, sporting a Cruella de Vil hairstyle, and other women. The elevator goes to what MTV News calls Usher's underground playground, then soon finds Usher against a wall. A laptop is shown, and the video goes on to show people who are there, including Ciara playing a casino game. Then, girls are performing choreography on poles, as Usher sings his verses on the wall in the tunnel. Nicki Minaj then comes to sing her verse and starts talking to the unknown woman who was in the tunnel with Usher, and then Minaj guides the woman somewhere. Foxx makes appears near the end of the video, with a red light on him. Usher sings the rest of the song on the wall in the tunnel with choreography from the women, until the video fades out. BET Sound Off complimented the video and that it stuck to the storyline of the song, stating there's only but so much you can do with a video like this without the video being banned, being labelled offensive, or resemble a video weve already seen. Credits and personnel Songwriting - Usher Raymond, Nicki Minaj, Polow da Don, Blac Elvis, Ester Dean, Stevie Wonder Production - Blac Elvis, Polow da Don Recording - Jay Stevenson Mixing - Jaycen Joshua, assisted by Giancarlo Lino Contains a sample from Living For The City, written and performed by Stevie Wonder, courtesy of Motown Records. Source Charts Release history References Category:2010 singles Category:Usher musician songs Category:Nicki Minaj songs Category:Songs written by Nicki Minaj Category:Songs written by Polow da Don Category:Songs written by Blac Elvis Category:Songs written by Ester Dean Category:Songs written by Stevie Wonder Category:Songs about sexuality Category:Songs written by Usher musician Category:2009 songs Category:LaFace Records singles Category:Pop-rap songs Category:Dirty rap songs Category:Song recordings produced by Polow da Don

Jaipur Shopping Festival is an annual shopping festival conducted each year in the month of September and October in Jaipur, India. References External links Category:Shopping festivals Category:Retail markets in India Category:Culture of Jaipur

Stachyphrynium placentarium is a species of plant in the family Marantaceae. Its basionym was Phyllodes placentaria Lour. and was subsequently long placed as various species in the genus Phrynium. The species is widespread throughout Asia, with records from Bhutan, southern China, India, Indo-China and Indonesia; no subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. The leaves of this species, lá dong, are notably used throughout Việt Nam as a wrapping for food items: especially bánh chưng the glutinous rice cake consumed at Tết and bánh tẻ. Species in the similar genus Phrynium, including P. pubinerve may also be used for this purpose. Uses S. placentarium leaves are used for food wrapping in Việt Nam: References External links Category:Marantaceae Category:Flora of Asia

Pasquale Bona Cerignola, November 3, 1808 Milan, December 2, 1878 was an Italian composer. He studied music in Palermo. He composed a number of operas, including one based on the Schiller play that would later inspire Giuseppe Verdi's Don Carlos. Bona later taught at the Conservatory in Milan, where he counted among his pupils Amilcare Ponchielli, Arrigo Boito, Franco Faccio and Alfredo Catalani; he was also friends with Alessandro Manzoni. Operas Il Tutore e il Diavolo, libretto by Giovanni Schmidt 1832 I Luna e i Perollo, libretto by Giacomo Sacchero 1844 Don Carlo, libretto by Giorgio Giachetti 1847 Il Gladiatore, libretto by Francesco Guidi 1849 Vittoria, madre degli eserciti, libretto by Marco Marcelliano Marcello 1863 References Andrea Sessa, Il melodramma italiano 1861-1900. Dizionario bio-bibliografico dei compositori, Olschki, Firenze 2003, p. 56. Category:1808 births Category:1878 deaths Category:Italian classical composers Category:Italian male classical composers Category:Italian opera composers Category:Male opera composers Category:People from Cerignola Category:19th-century classical composers Category:Alessandro Manzoni Category:19th-century Italian composers Category:19th-century male musicians

Haracherite is a village in Gabrovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria. References Category:Villages in Gabrovo Province

In music centonization from Latin cento or patchwork is a theory about the composition of a melody, melodies, or piece based on pre-existing melodic figures and formulas . A piece created using centonization is known as a centonate . The concept of centonization was borrowed from literary theory, and first applied to Gregorian chant in 1934 by Dom Paolo Ferretti ; . Centonization, according to Ferretti's theory, is a very old and widespread technique. The musical modes used in Gregorian chant are supposed to reflect this use; according to the theory, the modes were more collections of appropriate melodic formulas than a set of pitches. Similar ideas appear in the music theory of other cultures; for example, the maqam of Arab music, the raga of Indian music, or the pathet of Indonesian music. These do not designate merely scales, but sets of appropriate melodies and specific ornaments on certain tones they are sometimes called melody types . The originality of the composer lies in how he or she links these formulas together and elaborates upon them in a new way. Regardless of whether the application of the concept to other branches of Christian chant, or other types of music is valid, its use with respect to Gregorian chant has been severely criticized, and opposing models have been proposed ; ; . The term centonate is not applied to other categories of composition constructed from pre-existing units, such as fricassée, pasticcio, potpourri, and quodlibet . See also Melody type Modal frame References Category:Medieval music Category:Musical composition Category:Melody

Tancarville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. Geography Tancarville is a farming village surrounded by woodland, by the banks of the river Seine in the Pays de Caux, some east of Le Havre and near the junction of the D39, D982 and D910 roads at the eastern end of the A131 autoroute. The canal de Tancarville to le Havre starts here and it is also the site of the 125 m high Tancarville Bridge. History Tancarvilla 1103; Tancardi villae 1114; Tankrad'''s farm. Germanic male given name Tankrad > Tancred, common in the duchy of Normandy. The first lords of Tancarville were the chamberlains of the Norman dukes, and then of the King of England too. William de Tancarville, a grandson of Stephen, Count of Tréguier, trained William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke whom he knighted in 1166. The title Earl of Tankerville was created in the Peerage of England for John Grey by King Henry V, during the Hundred Years' War and still exists, albeit in a later creation. Heraldry Population Places of interest The 19th-century church of St. Michel The 12th-century Château de Tancarville and chapel An 18th-century château The château of Drumare. The Tancarville Bridge. Vivier de Tancarville'', a large natural reserve. See also Tancarville Bridge Communes of the Seine-Maritime department Normandy References INSEE External links Tancarville on the Quid website History of Chateau de Tancarville with images Category:Communes of Seine-Maritime

Chandler Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is south of Chandler, Minnesota, on the Buffalo Ridge in section 13 of Moulton Township, Murray County. It was closed in 1969. History In late 1951 Air Defense Command selected the site as one of twenty-eight radar stations built as part of the second segment of the permanent radar surveillance network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the second segment of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary's approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction. The 787th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was activated at Moulton, MN on 27 June 1951. The site was equipped with AN/FPS-3 and AN/FPS-4 radars, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept GCI and warning station. As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes. The site was named Chandler Air Force Station AFS on 1 December 1953. By 1959 these sets had been replaced by AN/FPS-20 and AN/FPS-6 radars, and the AN/FPS-20 set was upgraded and redesignated as an AN/FPS-64, and a second height-finder radar AN/FPS-26 was added in 1961. During 1961 Chandler AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment SAGE system, initially feeding data to DC-11 at Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota. After joining, the squadron was redesignated as the 787th Radar Squadron SAGE on 1 April 1961. The radar squadron provided information 24/7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile. Chandler AFS was later switched to SAGE Data Center DC-22 at Sioux City AFS, Iowa in 1963. On 31 July 1963, the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z-18. In 1965 Chandler AFS was operating an AN/FPS-27 set, and the AN/FPS-64 was inactivated. The Air Force ordered radar operations to cease on 2 July 1969, and inactivated the 787th Radar Squadron on 30 September 1969. Air Force teams dismantled and removed the radars and communications equipment throughout the summer of 1969. The domes came down from the two height-finder radars, leaving only one dome remaining over the search radar. A small unit stayed behind for over a year to run that radar for the Federal Aviation Administration. The government subsequently sold the radar site to a developer and the housing area to a group of investors. Buyers removed the homes and the developer salvaged materials from the radar site, but was unable to find a commercial tenant or buyer, Today what was Chandler AFS has been obliterated, being demolished in June 1993 after sitting derelict for decades. A radio transmitter station now stands on the site, and what appears to be a large overgrown pile of concrete on the site which may be the remains of the Air Force structures. The site is located at 339 State Highway 91, Chandler MN 56122 under the county-wide 9-1-1 address system. Air Force units and assignments Units Constituted as the 787th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Activated at Moulton, MN on 27 June 1951 Site named Chandler Air Force Station, 1 December 1953 Redesignated as 787th Radar Squadron SAGE on 1 April 1961 Inactivated on 30 September 1969 Assignments 543d Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 27 June 1951 31st Air Division, 6 February 1952 20th Air Division, 1 January 1959 Kansas City Air Defense Sector, 1 January 1960 Grand Forks Air Defense Sector, 1 March 1961 Sioux City Air Defense Sector, 4 September 1963 30th Air Division, 1 April 1966 29th Air Division, 1 July 1968 30 September 1969 See also List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons United States general surveillance radar stations References Information for Chandler AFS, MN Category:Installations of the United States Air Force in Minnesota Category:SAGE sites Category:Buildings and structures in Murray County, Minnesota Category:1951 establishments in Minnesota Category:1969 disestablishments in Minnesota Category:Military installations established in 1951 Category:Military installations closed in 1969

Kemp Malone March 14, 1889 in Minter City, Mississippi October 13, 1971 was a prolific medievalist, etymologist, philologist, and specialist in Chaucer who was lecturer and then professor of English Literature at Johns Hopkins University from 1924 to 1956. Born in an academic family, Kemp Malone graduated from Emory College as it then was in 1907, with the ambition of mastering all the languages that impinged upon the development of Middle English. He spent several years in Germany, Denmark and Iceland. When World War I broke out he served two years in the United States Army and was discharged with the rank of Captain. Malone served as President of the Modern Language Association, and other philological associations and was etymology editor of the American College Dictionary, 1947. With Louise Pound and Arthur G. Kennedy, he founded the journal American Speech, to present information about English in America in a form appealing to general readers. He resisted the views of Old English poetry as products of a purely oral tradition. He contended that we must look to poets' individual elaboration of traditional structures: A given poet was reckoned worthy if he handled with skill the stuff of which, by convention, poems must be made. His interests ranged from 10th-century manuscripts to the etymology of contemporary comic strip names. American speech, the English language, the historical Arthur his suggestion was the Roman dux Lucius Artorius Castus, Cædmon and Beowulf he edited a facsimile of the Thorkelin transcripts, 1951, Deor - all were subjects among his hundreds of publications. He edited and translated a large corpus of medieval poetry: Widsith from the Exeter Book 1936. A sample of his production is a 1941 published book about old English poems, that were transferred into modern English alliterative verse. Rare books from his library, donated 1971 to Emory University, are part of the Ancient and Medieval History MARBL collection, held at Robert W. Woodruff Library at Emory University Libraries. The Kemp Malone library content were fully registered under Call number Z997.M35. His literary heritage 30 document boxes were deposited in 1983 at Johns Hopkins University. The historian and biographer Dumas Malone is his younger brother. References Further reading Norman E. Eliason: Kemp Malone: 14 March 188913 October 1971. American Speech, volume 44, no. 3 fall, 1969, pp. 163165 JSTOR Richard Macksey: Obituary: Kemp Malone: 18891971. MLN, volume 6, no. 6, Comparative Literature Dec., 1971, p. 760 JSTOR Thomas Pyles: Kemp Malone. Language, volume 48, no. 2 June, 1972, pp. 499-505 JSTOR R. W. Zandvoort: In Memoriam Kemp Malone. English Studies 53 1972, pp. 87-88 Albert C. Baugh, Morton W. Bloomfield, Francis P. Magoun: Kemp Malone. Speculum 47 1972, pp. 601-03. External links Sources for his bibliography Kemp Malone at mswritersandmusicians.com Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Kemp Malone papers, 1910-1970 Category:1889 births Category:1971 deaths Category:American medievalists Category:Lexicography Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty Category:Anglo-Saxon studies scholars Category:20th-century American historians Category:Arthurian scholars Category:People from Minter City, Mississippi Category:Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America Category:Linguistic Society of America presidents

Harpalus fulvilabris is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Carl Gustaf Mannerheim in 1853. References fulvilabris Category:Beetles described in 1853 Category:Taxa named by Carl Gustaf Mannerheim naturalist

is a subway station in Minato, Tokyo, operated jointly by the Tokyo subway operators Tokyo Metro and Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation Toei. Lines Shirokanedai Station is served by the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line station number N-02 and the Toei Mita Line station number I-02, and lies from the starting point of both lines at Meguro Station. It is the least used station on the Toei network, with 5,070 boardings per day in 2018. Station layout The station has two underground side platforms on the fourth basement B4F level, serving two tracks shared by both Tokyo Metro Namboku Line and the Toei Mita Line services. Platforms History The station opened on 26 September 2000. Surrounding area Meiji Gakuin University Shirokane Campus Meiji Gakuin Senior High School Institute of Medical Science The Institute for Nature Study Matsuoka Museum See also List of railway stations in Japan References External links Tokyo Metro station information Toei station information Category:Railway stations in Tokyo Category:Railway stations opened in 2000 Category:Toei Mita Line Category:Tokyo Metro Namboku Line Category:Buildings and structures in Minato, Tokyo Category:2000 establishments in Japan

Vaccinium vitis-idaea lingonberry, partridgeberry, mountain cranberry or cowberry is a short evergreen shrub in the heath family that bears edible fruit, native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Eurasia to North America. Lingonberries are picked in the wild and used to accompany a variety of dishes in Northern Baltoscandia, Russia, Canada and Alaska. Commercial cultivation is undertaken in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and in many other regions of the world. Names Vaccinium vitis-idaea is most commonly known in English as 'lingonberry' or 'cowberry'. The name 'lingonberry' originates from the Swedish name lingon for the species, and is derived from the Norse lyngr, or heather. The genus name Vaccinium is a classical Latin name for a plant, possibly the bilberry or hyacinth, and may be derived from the Latin bacca, berry. The specific name is derived from Latin vitis vine and idaea, the feminine form of idaeus literally from Mount Ida, used in reference to raspberries Rubus idaeus. There are at least 25 other common English names of Vaccinium vitis-idaea worldwide, including: Description Vaccinium vitis-idaea spreads by underground stems to form dense clonal colonies. Slender and brittle roots grow from the underground stems. The stems are rounded in cross-section and grow from in height. Leaves grow alternately and are oval, long, with a slightly wavy margin, and sometimes with a notched tip. The flowers are bell-shaped, white to pale pink, long, and produced in the early summer. The fruit is a red berry across, with an acidic taste, ripening in late summer to autumn. While bitter early in the season, they sweeten if left on the branch through winter. Conservation status in the United States The plant is endangered in Michigan. The minus subspecies is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut. Ecology Vaccinium vitis-idaea keeps its leaves all winter even in the coldest years, unusual for a broad-leaved plant, though in its natural habitat it is usually protected from severe cold by snow cover. It is extremely hardy, tolerating temperatures as low as or lower, but grows poorly where summers are hot. It prefers some shade as from a forest canopy and constantly moist, acidic soil. Nutrient-poor soils are tolerated but not alkaline soils. Varieties There are two regional varieties or subspecies of V. vitis-idaea, one in Eurasia and one in North America, differing in leaf size: V. vitis-idaea var. vitis-idaea L. syn. V. vitis-idaea subsp. vitis-idaea.Cowberry. Eurasia. Leaves long. V. vitis-idaea var. minus Lodd. syn. V. vitis-idaea subsp. minus Lodd. Hultén.Lingonberry. North America. Leaves long. Cultivation Lingonberry has been commercially cultivated in the Netherlands and other countries since the 1960s. Empress Elizabeth ordered lingonberry to be planted all over Peterhof in 1745. Some cultivars are grown for their ornamental rather than culinary value. In the United Kingdom, the Koralle Group has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Culinary uses The berries collected in the wild are a popular fruit in northern, central and eastern Europe, notably in Nordic countries, the Baltic states, central and northern Europe. In some areas, they can be picked legally on both public and private lands in accordance with the freedom to roam. The berries are quite tart, so they are often cooked and sweetened before eating in the form of lingonberry jam, compote, juice, smoothie or syrup. The raw fruits are also frequently simply mashed with sugar, which preserves most of their nutrients and taste. This mix can be stored at room temperature in closed but not necessarily sealed containers, but in this condition, they are best preserved frozen. Fruit served this way or as compote often accompanies game and liver dishes. In Sweden and Norway, reindeer and elk steaks are traditionally served with gravy and lingonberry sauce. Preserved fruit is commonly eaten with meatballs, as well as potato pancakes. A traditional Swedish dessert is lingonpäron literally lingonberry pears, consisting of fresh pears which are peeled, boiled and preserved in lingondricka lingonberry juice and is commonly eaten during Christmas. This was very common in old times, because it was an easy and tasty way to preserve pears. In Sweden and Russia, when sugar was still a luxury item, the berries were usually preserved simply by putting them whole into bottles of water. This was known as vattlingon watered lingonberries; the procedure preserved them until next season. This was also a home remedy against scurvy. This traditional Russian soft drink, known as lingonberry water, is mentioned by Alexander Pushkin in Eugene Onegin. In Russian folk medicine, lingonberry water was used as a mild laxative. A traditional Finnish dish is sautéed reindeer poronkäristys with mashed potatoes and lingonberries on the side, either raw, thawed or as a jam. In Finland, whipped semolina pudding flavored with lingonberry puolukkapuuro is also popular. In Poland, the berries are often mixed with pears to create a sauce served with poultry or game. The berries can also be used to replace redcurrants when creating Cumberland sauce. The berries are also popular as a wild picked fruit in Eastern Canada, for example in Newfoundland and Labrador and Cape Breton, where they are locally known as partridgeberries or redberries, and on the mainland of Nova Scotia, where they are known as foxberries. In this region they are incorporated into jams, syrups, and baked goods, such as pies, scones, and muffins. In Sweden lingonberries are often sold as jam and juice, and as a key ingredient in dishes. They are used to make Lillehammer berry liqueur; and, in East European countries, lingonberry vodka is sold, and vodka with lingonberry juice or mors is a popular cocktail. The berries are an important food for bears and foxes, and many fruit-eating birds. Caterpillars of the case-bearer moths Coleophora glitzella, Coleophora idaeella and Coleophora vitisella are obligate feeders on V. vitis-idaea leaves. In Native American cuisine Alaska natives mix the berries with rose hip pulp and sugar to make jam, cook the berries as a sauce, and store the berries for future use. The Dakelh use the berries to make jam. The Koyukon freeze the berries for winter use. Eskimos dilute and sweeten the juice to make a beverage, freeze and store the berries for spring, and use the berries to make jams and jellies. The Inupiat use the berries to make two different desserts, one where the berries are whipped with frozen fish eggs and eaten, and they mash raw berries with canned milk and seal oil. They also make a dish of the berries which is cooked with fish eggs, fish whitefish, sheefish or pike and blubber. The Upper Tanana boil the berries with sugar and flour to thicken, eat the raw berries, either plain or mixing them with sugar, grease or the combination of the two, fry them in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs, and make them into pies, jam, and jelly. They also preserve the berries alone or in grease and stored them in a birchbark basket in an underground cache, or freeze them. Use of the minus subspecies The Anticosti people use the fruit to make jams and jellies. The Nihithawak Cree store the berries by freezing them outside during the winter, mix the berries with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eat them, eat the berries raw as a snack food, and stew them with fish or meat. The Eskimos of Nelson Island eat the berries, as do the Eskimos of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic regions of Alaska., as well as the Western Canadian Inuktitut. The Haida people, Hesquiaht First Nation, Wuikinuxv and Tsimshian all use the berries as food. Nutritional properties The berries contain plentiful organic acids, vitamin C, vitamin A as beta carotene, B vitamins B1, B2, B3, and the elements potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Traditional medicine In folk medicine, V. vitis-idaea has been used as an apéritif, astringent, antihemorrhagic, anti-debilitive, depurative, antiseptic especially for the urethra, a diuretic, a tonic for the nervous system, and in various ways to treat breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, and various urogenital conditions. In traditional Austrian medicine the fruits have been administrated internally as jelly or syrup for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and urinary tract, and fever. Medicinal use by Native Americans The Upper Tanana eat the berries or use their juice to treat colds, coughs and sore throats. Other uses The Nihithawak Cree use the berries of the minus subspecies to color porcupine quills, and put the firm, ripe berries on a string to wear as a necklace. The Western Canadian Inuktitut use the minus subspecies as a tobacco additive or substitute. Related species Vaccinium vitis-idaea differs from the related cranberries in having white flowers with petals partially enclosing the stamens and stigma, rather than pink flowers with petals reflexed backwards, and rounder, less pear-shaped berries. Hybrids between Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium myrtillus, named Vaccinium × intermedium Ruthe, are occasionally found in Europe. References vitis-idaea Category:Alpine flora Category:Berries Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of North America Category:Flora of temperate Asia Category:Least concern plants Category:Least concern flora of North America Category:Least concern flora of the United States Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Japanese fruit Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Category:Groundcovers Category:Subshrubs

The Flakpanzer 38t, officially named Flakpanzer 38t auf Selbstfahrlafette 38t Ausf M Sd.Kfz. 140, was a German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun used in World War II. It is sometimes, incorrectly, referred to as the Gepard, which may lead to confusion with the unrelated Flakpanzer Gepard. Design and development The Flakpanzer 38t was designed around the chassis of the LT-38, a pre-war Czech design, which following the German occupation was produced for the Wehrmacht as the Panzer 38t until it was no longer effective. As the vehicle used the Ausf M chassis, the engine was located near the middle of the vehicle, and the armament was placed at the rear in a specially designed armoured section. The superstructure could fold down to allow 360-degree traverse at low elevation. Including the single prototype, 141 Flakpanzer 38ts were built from November 1943 to February 1944, entering service in 1944. Combat use The Flakpanzer 38t was intended to be issued to the anti-aircraft platoon of each tank battalion Panzer Abteilung in a Panzer division. Most of the Flakpanzer 38ts were issued to Panzer Divisions on the Western Front, the remainder served on the Eastern Front. An example user being the 12th SS Panzer Division. At this late stage in the war, the single 2 cm FlaK main armament was no longer sufficient to ward off enemy aircraft, and the Flakpanzer 38t became easy prey for Allied fighter-bombers. As its folding superstructure allowed a very low -5° elevation the Flakpanzer 38t was often used against enemy infantry and unarmoured or lightly armoured vehicles. Survivors Four complete vehicles exist, having been recovered from a French scrapyard in Trun, Normandy. They went to the following museums. Bayeux memorial Musee Automobiles de Normandie, Cleres Now believed to be in private hands in the UK Saumur armour museum Becker private collection See also Sd.Kfz. 138/1 Grille - German self-propelled gun on similar chassis Panzer 38t - the chassis the Flakpanzer 38t was based on References Bibliography Ledwoch, J. Shackleton, M. J. edited. Armour in Focus: Flakpanzer 38 t External links Category:World War II self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of Germany

Paris By Night 91: Huế, Sài Gòn, Hà Nội Huế - Saigon - Hanoi is a Paris By Night program produced by Thúy Nga that was filmed at the Terrace Theater at the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center on January 12, 2008 and January 13, 2008. Concept The program features songs, musicals and as well as a skit that characterize the three main cities of Vietnam, which are Huế, Sài Gòn and Hà Nội. Each city represents its respective region of the country. Hà Nội represents the North Vietnam. Huế represents the Central Vietnam. Sài Gòn represents the South Vietnam. Each city carries its own tradition as well as characteristics that set it apart from one another. As a whole, the cultures of Huế, Sài Gòn and Hà Nội complement each other to visualize a complete Việt Nam. The musical Huế Mậu Thân poignantly depicts the Massacre at Huế perpetrated by the communists in 1968 during the Tet Offensive. Special guests included Hưng Huỳnh, who was the winner of Top Chef Season 3, Khải a Dutch Pennsylvanian who spoke Vietnamese, Deputy Director Hồ Văn Kỳ Thoại Phó Đề Đốc Hồ Văn Kỳ Thoại, and Former Deputy Nguyễn Lý Tưởng Cựu Dân Biểu Nguyễn Lý Tưởng. Track list Disc 1 Opening Clip Phần Mở Đầu: Từ Miền Bắc Trích Đoạn: Con Đường Cái Quan: Từ Miền Bắc Phạm Duy Thế Sơn, Bằng Kiều, Quang Lê, Trần Thái Hòa, Dương Triệu Vũ & Trịnh Lam, Quỳnh Vi Giấc Mơ Hồi Hương Vũ Thành Khánh Hà Hà Nội Ngày Trở Về Phú Quang, Lời: Doãn Thanh Tùng & Phú Quang Quang Dũng Em Đi Chùa Hương Trung Đức & Thơ: Nguyễn Nhược Pháp Tú Quyên & Thanh Trúc Hà Nội Mùa Vắng Những Cơn Mưa Trương Quý Hải, Thơ: Bùi Thanh Tuấn Thế Sơn Video Clip: Nhạc Sĩ Hoàng Dương Hướng Về Hà Nội Hoàng Dương Thu Phương Phỏng Vấn: Mr. Khải Video Clip: Qua Miền Trung Trích Đoạn: Con Đường Cái Quan: Qua Miền Trung Phạm Duy Trần Thái Hòa, Dương Triệu Vũ, Trịnh Lam, Nguyễn Hoàng Nam, Lưu Việt Hùng, & Mai Thiên Vân Tâm Tình Gửi Huế Tôn Nữ Trà Mi & Hoàng Thi Thơ Họa Mi & Trở Về Huế Văn Phụng Ý Lan Bao Giờ Em Quên Duy Khánh Mai Quốc Huy Thương Về Xứ Huế Minh Kỳ Hoàng Oanh & Hà Thanh Phỏng Vấn: Mai Thiên Vân Tiếng Sông Hương Phạm Đinh Chương Mai Thiên Vân Video Clip: Nhạc Sĩ Châu Kỳ Trở Về Châu Kỳ Trần Thái Hòa Video Clip: Nhạc Sĩ Thăng Long Quen Nhau Trên Đường Về Thăng Long Quỳnh Dung & Duy Trường Phỏng Vấn: Cựu Dân Biểu Nguyễn Lý Tưởng Disc 2 Giới Thiệu Nhạc Kịch: Huế Mậu Thân Nhạc Kịch: Huế Mậu Thân Những Con Đường Trắng Trầm Tử Thiêng & Tô Kiều Ngân Quang Lê Bài Ca Dành Cho Những Xác Người Trịnh Công Sơn Khánh Ly Phỏng Vấn interview: Phó Đề Đốc Hồ Văn Kỳ Thoại Hài Kịch: Chung Một Mái Nhà Chí Tài, Hương Thủy, Bé Ti & Uyên Chi Video Clip: Top Chef Hưng Huỳnh Phỏng Vấn: Top Chef Hưng Huỳnh Video Clip: Vào Miền Nam Trích Đoạn: Con Đường Cái Quan: Vào Miền Nam Hương Thủy, Thế Sơn, Quang Lê, Nguyễn Hoàng Nam, & Lưu Việt Hùng Video Clip: Soạn Giả Viễn Châu Tân Cổ: Tiếng Hò Miền Nam Tân Nhạc: Phạm Duy & Cổ Nhạc: Viễn Châu Hương Lan & Minh Vương Đêm Đô Thị Y Vân & Sài Gòn Y Vân Bảo Hân, Hồ Lệ Thu & Thùy Vân Phỏng Vấn: Mr. Khải Bước Chân Chiều Chủ Nhật Đỗ Kim Bảng Ngọc Liên & Đêm Lang Thang Vinh Sử Dương Trieu Vu Sài Gòn Niềm Thương Nỗi Nhớ Nhạc: Võ Tá Hân & Thơ: Trần Ngọc Trịnh Lam Giòng An Giang Anh Việt Thu Quỳnh Vi & Nguyệt Ánh Phỏng Vấn: Bằng Kiều Sài Gòn Chiều Bơ Vơ © Thái Thịnh Minh Tuyết Tự Tình Quê Hương © Nhật Ngân & Trịnh Việt Cường Tâm Đoan Tôi Yêu Trịnh Hưng Hồ Lệ Thu, Thanh Trúc & Như Loan Finale Bonus video: Huế Mậu Thân Hậu Trường Sân Khấu Behind The Scenes Category:Paris by Night vi:Paris By Night 91

Language revitalization, also referred to as language revival or reversing language shift, is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one. Those involved can include parties such as linguists, cultural or community groups, or governments. Some argue for a distinction between language revival the resurrection of a dead language with no existing native speakers and language revitalization the rescue of a dying language. It has been pointed out that there has only been one successful instance of a complete language revival, that of the Hebrew language, creating a new generation of native speakers without any pre-existing native speakers as a model. Languages targeted for language revitalization include those whose use and prominence is severely limited. Sometimes various tactics of language revitalization can even be used to try to revive extinct languages. Though the goals of language revitalization vary greatly from case to case, they typically involve attempting to expand the number of speakers and use of a language, or trying to maintain the current level of use to protect the language from extinction or language death. Reasons for revitalization vary. In recent times alone, it is estimated that more than 2000 languages have already become extinct. The UN estimates that more than half of the languages spoken today have fewer than 10,000 speakers and that a quarter have fewer than 1,000 speakers and that, unless there are some efforts to maintain them, over the next hundred years most of these will become extinct. These figures are often cited as reasons why language revitalization is necessary to preserve linguistic diversity. Culture and identity are also frequently cited reasons for language revitalization, when a language is perceived as a unique cultural treasure. A community often sees language as a unique part of their culture, connecting them with their ancestors or with the land, making up an essential part of their history and self-image. Language revitalization is also closely tied to the linguistic field of language documentation. In this field, linguists attempt to create full records of a language's grammar, vocabulary, and linguistic features. This practice can often lead to more concern for the revitalization of a specific language on study. Furthermore, the task of documentation is often taken on with the goal of revitalization in mind. The five degrees of language endangerment Healthy/strong all generations use language in variety of settings Weakening/sick spoken by older people; not fully used in younger generations Moribund/dying only a few speakers non-children remain; no longer used as native language by children Dead no longer spoken as a native language Extinct no longer spoken or potentially spoken Theory One of the most important preliminary steps in language revitalization/recovering involves establishing the degree to which a particular language has been dislocated. This helps involved parties find the best way to assist or revive the language. Steps in reversing language shift There are many different theories or models that attempt to lay out a plan for language revitalization. One of these is provided by celebrated linguist Joshua Fishman. Fishman's model for reviving threatened or sleeping languages, or for making them sustainable, consists of an eight-stage process. Efforts should be concentrated on the earlier stages of restoration until they have been consolidated before proceeding to the later stages. The eight stages are: Acquisition of the language by adults, who in effect act as language apprentices recommended where most of the remaining speakers of the language are elderly and socially isolated from other speakers of the language. Create a socially integrated population of active speakers or users of the language at this stage it is usually best to concentrate mainly on the spoken language rather than the written language. In localities where there are a reasonable number of people habitually using the language, encourage the informal use of the language among people of all age groups and within families and bolster its daily use through the establishment of local neighbourhood institutions in which the language is encouraged, protected and in certain contexts at least used exclusively. In areas where oral competence in the language has been achieved in all age groups, encourage literacy in the language, but in a way that does not depend upon assistance from or goodwill of the state education system. Where the state permits it, and where numbers warrant, encourage the use of the language in compulsory state education. Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage the use of the language in the workplace. Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage the use of the language in local government services and mass media. Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage use of the language in higher education, government, etc. This model of language revival is intended to direct efforts to where they are most effective and to avoid wasting energy trying to achieve the later stages of recovery when the earlier stages have not been achieved. For instance, it is probably wasteful to campaign for the use of a language on television or in government services if hardly any families are in the habit of using the language. Additionally, Tasaku Tsunoda describes a range of different techniques or methods that speakers can use to try to revitalize a language, including techniques to revive extinct languages and maintain weak ones. The techniques he lists are often limited to the current vitality of the language. He claims that the immersion method cannot be used to revitalize an extinct or moribund language. In contrast, the master-apprentice method of one-on-one transmission on language proficiency can be used with moribund languages. Several other methods of revitalization, including those that rely on technology such as recordings or media, can be used for languages in any state of viability. Factors in successful language revitalization David Crystal, in his book Language Death, proposes that language revitalization is more likely to be successful if its speakers increase the language's prestige within the dominant community; increase their wealth and income; increase their legitimate power in the eyes of the dominant community; have a strong presence in the education system; can write down the language; can use electronic technology. Revival linguistics Ghil'ad Zuckermann proposes Revival Linguistics as a new linguistic discipline and paradigm. According to Zuckermann, revival linguistics combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning. After all, language reclamation is the most extreme case of second-language learning. Revival linguistics complements the established area of documentary linguistics, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep. Zuckermann proposes that revival linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics by, for instance, weakening the family tree model, which implies that a language has only one parent. There are disagreements in the field of language revitalization as to the degree that revival should concentrate on maintaining the traditional language, versus allowing simplification or widespread borrowing from the majority language. Compromise Zuckermann acknowledges the presence of local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies but suggests that there are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and first nations' leaders to work more efficiently. For example, it is easier to resurrect basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than sounds and word order. Revivalists should be realistic and abandon discouraging, counter-productive slogans such as Give us authenticity or give us death! Nancy Dorian has pointed out that conservative attitudes toward loanwords and grammatical changes often hamper efforts to revitalize endangered languages as with Tiwi in Australia, and that a division can exist between educated revitalizers, interested in historicity, and remaining speakers interested in locally authentic idiom as has sometimes occurred with Irish. Some have argued that structural compromise may, in fact, enhance the prospects of survival, as may have been the case with English in the post-Norman period. Traditionalist Other linguists have argued that when language revitalization borrows heavily from the majority language, the result is a new language, perhaps a creole or pidgin. For example, the existence of Neo-Hawaiian as a separate language from Traditional Hawaiian has been proposed, due to the heavy influence of English on every aspect of the revived Hawaiian language. This has also been proposed for Irish, with a sharp division between Urban Irish spoken by second-language speakers and traditional Irish as spoken as a first language in Gaeltacht areas. Ó Béarra stated: [to] follow the syntax and idiomatic conventions of English, [would be] producing what amounts to little more than English in Irish drag. With regard to the then-moribund Manx language, the scholar T. F. O'Rahilly stated, When a language surrenders itself to foreign idiom, and when all its speakers become bilingual, the penalty is death. Neil McRae has stated that the uses of Scottish Gaelic are becoming increasingly tokenistic, and native Gaelic idiom is being lost in favor of artificial terms created by second-language speakers. Specific examples Total revival of a dead language in the sense of having no native speakers into a self-sustaining community of several million first language speakers has happened only once, in the case of Hebrew, now the national language of Israel. In this case, there was a unique set of historical and cultural characteristics that facilitated the revival. See: Hebrew revitalization. Hebrew, once largely a liturgical language, was reestablished as a means of everyday communication by Jews migrating to what is now the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories, starting in the nineteenth century. It is the world's most famous and successful example of language revitalization. However, the Zionist encouragement of Hebrew has contributed to endanger the future of Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish. In a related development, literary languages without native speakers enjoyed great prestige and practical utility as lingua francas, often counting millions of fluent speakers at a time. In many such cases, a decline in the use of the literary language, sometimes precipitous, was later accompanied by a strong renewal. This happened, for example, in the revival of Classical Latin in the Renaissance, and the revival of Sanskrit in the early centuries A.D. An analogous phenomenon in contemporary Arabic-speaking areas is the expanded use of the literary language Modern Standard Arabic, a form of the Classical Arabic of the 6th century A.D.. This is taught to all educated speakers and is used in radio broadcasts, formal discussions, etc. In addition, literary languages have sometimes risen to the level of becoming first languages of very large language communities. An example is standard Italian, which originated as a literary language derived from the language of 13th-century Florence, especially as used by such important Florentine writers as Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. This language existed for several centuries primarily as a literary vehicle, with few native speakers; even as late as 1861, on the eve of Italian unification, the language only counted about 500,000 speakers many non-native, out of a total population of . The subsequent success of the language has been through conscious development, where speakers of any of the numerous Italian languages were taught standard Italian as a second language and subsequently imparted it to their children, who learned it as a first language. Of course this came at the expense of local Italian languages, most of which are now endangered. Success was enjoyed in similar circumstances by High German, standard Czech, Castilian Spanish and other languages. Asia The revival of Sanskrit happened in India. In the 2001 census of India, 14,135 people claimed Sanskrit as their mother tongue. It increased to 24,821 people in the 2011 census of India. Sanskrit has experienced a recorded a growth of over 70 per cent in one decade due to the Sanskrit Revival. However, Sanskrit speakers still account for just 0.00198 percent of India's total population. Many Sanskrit speaking villages were also developed. The Ainu language of the indigenous Ainu people of northern Japan is currently moribund, but efforts are underway to revive it. A 2006 survey of the Hokkaido Ainu indicated that only 4.6 of Ainu surveyed were able to converse in or speak a little Ainu. As of 2001, Ainu was not taught in any elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres and universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo's Chiba University. In China, the Manchu language is one of the most endangered languages, with speakers only in three small areas of Manchuria remaining. Some enthusiasts are trying to revive the language of their ancestors using available dictionaries and textbooks, and even occasional visits to Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in Xinjiang, where the related Xibe language is still spoken natively. In the Philippines, a variation of Spanish that was primarily based on Mexican Spanish was the lingua franca of the country since Spanish colonization in 1565 and was an official language alongside Filipino standardized Tagalog and English until 1987, following a ratification of a new constitution, where it was re-designated as a voluntary language. As a result of its loss as an official language and years of marginalization at the official level during and after American colonization, the use of Spanish amongst the overall populace decreased dramatically and became moribund, with the remaining native speakers left being mostly elderly people. However, it is currently seeing a slow revival due to past government promotion under the administration of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Most notably, Resolution No. 2006-028 reinstated Spanish as a mandatory subject in secondary schools and universities. Results were immediate as the job demand for Spanish speakers had increased since 2008. As of 2010, the Instituto Cervantes in Manila reported the number of Filipino Hispanophones with native or non-native knowledge at approximately 3 million including those who speak the Spanish-based creole Chavacano. In addition to government efforts, Spanish has also seen a small revival of interest in media, thanks to the importing of telenovelas and music from Latin America. The Kodrah Kristang revitalization initiative in Singapore seeks to revive the critically endangered Kristang creole. In Thailand, there exists a Chong language revitalization project, headed by Suwilai Premsrirat. The Coptic language began its decline when Arabic became the predominant language in Egypt. Pope Shenouda III established the Coptic Language Institute in December 1976 in Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Cairo for the purpose of reviving the Coptic language. Australasia Australia The European colonization of Australia, and the consequent damage sustained by Aboriginal communities, had a catastrophic effect on indigenous languages especially in the southeast and south of the country, leaving some with no living traditional native speakers. A number of Aboriginal communities in Victoria and elsewhere are now trying to revive these languages. The work is typically directed by a group of elders and other knowledgeable people, with community language workers doing most of the research and teaching. They analyze the data, develop spelling systems and vocabulary and prepare resources. Decisions are made in collaboration. Some communities employ linguists, and there are also linguists who have worked independently, such as Luise Hercus and Peter K. Austin. The Pertame Project is an example in Central Australia. Pertame, from the country south of Alice Springs, along the Finke River, is a dialect in the Arrernte group of languages. With only 20 fluent speakers left by 2018, the Pertame Project is seeking to retain and revive the language, headed by Pertame elder Christobel Swan. The Diyari language of the far north of South Australia has an active programme under way, with materials available for teaching in schools and the wider community. New Zealand One of the best cases of relative success in language revitalization is the case of Māori, also known as te reo Māori. It is the ancestral tongue of the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand and a vehicle for prose narrative, sung poetry, and genealogical recital. The history of the Māori people is taught in te reo Māori in sacred learning houses through oral transmission. Even after te reo Māori became a written language, the oral tradition was preserved. Once European colonization began, many laws were enacted in order to promote the use of English over te reo Māori among indigenous people. The Education Ordinance Act of 1847 mandated school instruction in English and established boarding schools to speed up assimilation of Māori youths into European culture. The Native School Act of 1858 forbade te reo Māori from being spoken in schools. The colonial masters also promoted the use of English in Māori homes, convincing many parents that their children would not get jobs unless they spoke English. During the 1970s, a group of young Māori people, the Ngā Tamatoa, successfully campaigned for Māori to be taught in schools. Also, Kohanga Reo, Māori language preschools, called language nests, were established. The emphasis was on teaching children the language at a young age, a very effective strategy for language learning. The Māori Language Commission was formed in 1987, leading to a number of national reforms aimed at revitalizing te reo Māori. They include media programs broadcast in te reo Māori, undergraduate college programs taught in te reo Māori, and an annual Māori language week. Each iwi, or tribe, created a language planning program catering to its specific circumstances. These efforts have resulted in a steady increase in children being taught in te reo Māori in schools since 1996, creating a significant number of fluent speakers and making Māori prominent and useful in the people's daily lives. The program has been so successful that similar programs have been based on it. See Māori language revival. Europe In Europe, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the use of both local and learned languages declined as the central governments of the different states imposed their vernacular language as the standard throughout education and official use this was the case in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Italy and Greece, and to some extent, in Germany and Austria-Hungary. In the last few decades, local nationalism and human rights movements have made a more multicultural policy standard in European states; sharp condemnation of the earlier practices of suppressing regional languages was expressed in the use of such terms as linguicide. Campaigns have raised the profiles of local languages to such an extent that in some European regions, the local languages have acquired the status of official languages, along with the national language. The Council of Europe's action in this area see European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages is in contrast to the European Union's granting of official status to a restricted number of official languages see Languages of the European Union. Presently, official attempts to revitalise languages under threat such as the promotion of Welsh, Galician, Basque and Catalan in their respective native regions have seen varying degrees of success. Irish One of the best known European attempts at language revitalization concerns the Irish language. While English is dominant through most of Ireland, Irish, a Celtic language, is still spoken in certain areas called Gaeltachtaí, but there it is in serious decline. The challenges faced by the language over the last few centuries have included exclusion from important domains, social denigration, the death or emigration of many Irish speakers during the Irish famine of the 1840s, and continued emigration since. Efforts to revitalise Irish were being made, however, from the mid-1800s, and were associated with a desire for Irish political independence. Contemporary Irish language revitalization has chiefly involved teaching Irish as a compulsory language in mainstream English-speaking schools. But the failure to teach it in an effective and engaging way means as linguist Andrew Carnie notes that students do not acquire the fluency needed for the lasting viability of the language, and this leads to boredom and resentment. Carnie also noted a lack of media in Irish 2006, though this is no longer the case. The decline of the Gaeltachtaí and the failure of state-directed revitalisation have been countered by an urban revival movement. This is largely based on an independent community-based school system, known generally as Gaelscoileanna. These schools teach entirely through Irish and their number is growing, with over thirty such schools in Dublin alone. They are an important element in the creation of a network of urban Irish speakers known as Gaeilgeoirí, who tend to be young, well-educated and middle-class. It is now likely that this group has acquired critical mass, a fact reflected in the expansion of Irish-language media. Irish language television has enjoyed particular success. It has been argued that they tend to be better educated than monolingual English speakers and enjoy higher social status. They represent the transition of Irish to a modern urban world, with an accompanying rise in prestige. Scottish Gaelic There are also current attempts to revive the related language of Scottish Gaelic, which was suppressed following the formation of the United Kingdom, and entered further decline due to the Highland clearances. Currently, Gaelic is only spoken widely in the Western Isles and some relatively small areas of the Highlands and Islands. The decline in fluent Gaelic speakers has slowed; however, the population center has shifted to L2 speakers in urban areas, especially Glasgow. Manx Another Celtic language, Manx, lost its last native speaker in 1974 and was declared extinct by UNESCO in 2009, but never completely fell from use. The language is now taught in primary and secondary schools, including as a teaching medium at the Bunscoill Ghaelgagh, used in some public events and spoken as a second language by approximately 1800 people. Revitalization efforts include radio shows in Manx Gaelic and social media and online resources. The Manx government has also been involved in the effort by creating organizations such as the Manx Heritage Foundation Culture Vannin and the position of Manx Language Officer. The government has released an official Manx Language Strategy for 2017-2021. Cornish There have been a number of attempts to revive the Cornish language, both privately and some under the Cornish Language Partnership. Some of the activities have included translation of the Christian scriptures, a guild of bards, and the promotion of Cornish literature in modern Cornish, including novels and poetry. Caló The Gipsies arriving in the Iberian Peninsula developed an Iberian Romani dialect. As time passed, Romani ceased to be a full language and became Caló, a cant mixing Iberian Romance grammar and Romani vocabulary. With sedentarization and obligatory instruction in the official languages, Caló is used less and less. As Iberian Romani proper is extinct and as Caló is endangered, some people are trying to revitalise the language. The Spanish politician Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia promotes Romanò-Kalò, a variant of International Romani, enriched by Caló words. His goal is to reunify the Caló and Romani roots. North America In recent years, a growing number of Native American tribes has been trying to revitalize their languages. For example, there is an Apple iPhone/iPod app for the Halq'emeylem language of the Greater Vancouver region of Canada. In addition, there are apps including phrases, word lists and dictionaries in many Native languages ranging from Cree, Cherokee and Chickasaw, to Lakota, Ojibway and Oneida, Massachusett, Navajo and Gwych'in. Wampanoag, a language spoken by the people of the same name in Massachusetts, underwent a language revival project led by Jessie Little Doe Baird, a trained linguist. Members of the tribe use the extensive written records that exist in their language, including a translation of the Bible and legal documents, in order to learn and teach Wampanoag. The project has seen children speaking the language fluently for the first time in over 100 years. In addition, there are currently attempts at reviving the Chochenyo language of California, which had become extinct. Tlingit Similar to other Indigenous languages, Tlingit is critically endangered. Less than 100 fluent Elders continue to exist. From 2013 to 2014, the language activist, author, and teacher, Sʔímlaʔxw Michele K. Johnson from the Syilx Nation, attempted to teach two hopeful learners of Tlingit in the Yukon. Her methods included textbook creation, sequenced immersion curriculum, and film assessment. The aim was to assist in the creation of adult speakers that are of parent-age, so that they too can begin teaching the language. South America Kichwa is the variety of the Quechua language spoken in Ecuador and is one of the most widely spoken indigenous languages in South America. Despite this fact, Kichwa is a threatened language, mainly because of the expansion of Spanish in South America. One community of original Kichwa speakers, Lagunas, was one of the first indigenous communities to switch to the Spanish language. According to King, this was because of the increase of trade and business with the large Spanish-speaking town nearby. The Lagunas people assert that it was not for cultural assimilation purposes, as they value their cultural identity highly. However, once this contact was made, language for the Lagunas people shifted through generations, to Kichwa and Spanish bilingualism and now is essentially Spanish monolingualism. The feelings of the Lagunas people present a dichotomy with language use, as most of the Lagunas members speak Spanish exclusively and only know a few words in Kichwa. The prospects for Kichwa language revitalization are not promising, as parents depend on schooling for this purpose, which is not nearly as effective as continual language exposure in the home. Schooling in the Lagunas community, although having a conscious focus on teaching Kichwa, consists of mainly passive interaction, reading, and writing in Kichwa. In addition to grassroots efforts, national language revitalization organizations, like CONAIE, focus attention on non-Spanish speaking indigenous children, who represent a large minority in the country. Another national initiative, Bilingual Intercultural Education Project PEBI, was ineffective in language revitalization because instruction was given in Kichwa and Spanish was taught as a second language to children who were almost exclusively Spanish monolinguals. Although some techniques seem ineffective, Kendall A. King provides several suggestions: Exposure to and acquisition of the language at a young age. Extreme immersion techniques. Multiple and diverse efforts to reach adults. Flexibility and coordination in planning and implementation Directly addressing different varieties of the language. Planners stressing that language revitalization is a long process Involving as many people as possible Parents using the language with their children Planners and advocates approaching the problem from all directions. Specific suggestions include imparting an elevated perception of the language in schools, focusing on grassroots efforts both in school and the home, and maintaining national and regional attention. Current revitalization efforts Language revitalization efforts are ongoing around the world. Revitalization teams are utilizing modern technologies to increase contact with indigenous languages and to record traditional knowledge. In Mexico, the Mixtec people's language heavily revolves around the interaction between climate, nature, and what it means for their livelihood. UNESCO's LINKS Local and Indigenous Knowledge program recently underwent a project to create a glossary of Mixtec terms and phrases related to climate. UNESCO believes that the traditional knowledge of the Mixtec people via their deep connection with weather phenomena can provide insight on ways to address climate change. Their intention in creating the glossary is to facilitate discussions between experts and the holders of traditional knowledge. In Canada, the Wapikoni Mobile project travels to indigenous communities and provides lessons in film making. Program leaders travel across Canada with mobile audiovisual production units, and aims to provide indigenous youth with a way to connect with their culture through a film topic of their choosing. The Wapikona project submits its films to events around the world as an attempt to spread knowledge of indigenous culture and language. Of the youth in Rapa Nui Easter Island, ten percent learn their mother language. The rest of the community has adopted Spanish in order to communicate with the outside world and support its tourism industry. Through a collaboration between UNESCO and the Chilean Corporación Nacional de Desarrollo Indigena, the Department of Rapa Nui Language and Culture at the Lorenzo Baeza Vega School was created. Since 1990, the department has created primary education texts in the Rapa Nui language. In 2017, the Nid Rapa Nui, a non-governmental organization was also created with the goal of establishing a school that teaches courses entirely in Rapa Nui. Criticism John McWhorter has argued that programs to revive indigenous languages will almost never be very effective because of the practical difficulties involved. He also argues that the death of a language does not necessarily mean the death of a culture. Indigenous expression is still possible even when the original language has disappeared, as with Native American groups and as evidenced by the vitality of black American culture in the United States, among people who speak not Yoruba but English. He argues that language death is, ironically, a sign of hitherto isolated peoples migrating and sharing space: To maintain distinct languages across generations happens only amidst unusually tenacious self-isolationsuch as that of the Amishor brutal segregation. Kenan Malik has also argued that it is irrational to try to preserve all the world's languages, as language death is natural and in many cases inevitable, even with intervention. He proposes that language death improves communication by ensuring more people speak the same language. This may benefit the economy and reduce conflict. Others have pointed out that similarities in language and culture have not prevented brutal civil wars. The protection of minority languages from extinction is often not a concern for speakers of the dominant language. Oftentimes, there is prejudice and deliberate persecution of minority languages, in order to appropriate the cultural and economic capital of minority groups. At other times governments deem that the cost of revitalization programs and creating linguistically diverse materials is too great to take on. See also :Category:Language activists Endangered languages Language documentation Language nest Language planning Language policy Linguistic purism Minority language Regional language Rosetta Project Sacred language Second-language acquisition Treasure language Languages in censuses Digital projects and repositories The Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages − contains works in endangered languages of the Northern Territory, Australia Organizations Foundation for Endangered Languages The Language Conservancy Pūnana Leo, Hawaiian language schools Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity Culture Vannin, Manx Gaelic language organization SIL International Lists Lists of endangered languages List of endangered languages with mobile apps Lists of extinct languages List of language regulators List of revived languages References Further reading Grenoble, L. A. and Whaley, L. J. 1998. Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response. Cambridge University Press. Nettle, D. and Romaine, S. 2000. Vanishing Voices. Oxford University Press. Reyhner, J. ed. 1999. Revitalizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ : Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education. Bastardas-Boada, A. 2019. From language shift to language revitalization and sustainability. A complexity approach to linguistic ecology. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. External links Organizations First Languages Australia Enduring Voices Project, National Geographic Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project Google Endangered Languages Project Fourth International 3L Summer School Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity World Oral Literature Project, Voices of Vanishing Worlds Canada United States Documenting Endangered Languages, Documenting Endangered Languages DEL Archived progam National Science Foundation Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States, Savius.org Programs Concerned with Alaska Native Language ANL Revitalization California Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival Indigenous Language Institute Live Your Language Alliance LYLA It is the desire of the Live Your Language Alliance to hear and speak the traditional languages of the Tolowa, Karuk, Yurok, Hupa, Tsnungwe, Wiyot, Mattole, and Wailaki. Technologies Recording your elder/Native speaker, practical vocal recording tips for non-professionals Learning indigenous languages on Nintendo Texting endangered languages First Nations endangered languages chat applications DOBES Documentation of Endangered Languages Techniques Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center training Pointers on How to Learn Your Language scroll to link on page Do-it-yourself grammar and reading in your language, Breath of Life 2010 presentations Language Hunters Where Are Your Keys Lost Words - The Documentary, covers Dr. Stephen Greymorning's Accelerated Second Language Learning Category:Linguistic purism Category:Linguistic rights Category:Endangered languages

The 2006 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen as All-Big Ten Conference players for the 2006 Big Ten Conference football season. The conference recognizes two official All-Big Ten selectors: 1 the Big Ten conference coaches selected separate offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players the Coaches team; and 2 a panel of sports writers and broadcasters covering the Big Ten also selected offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players the Media team. Offensive selections Quarterbacks Troy Smith, Ohio State Coaches-1; Media-1 2006 Heisman Trophy Chad Henne, Michigan Coaches-2; Media-2 Running backs Mike Hart, Michigan Coaches-1; Media-1 Antonio Pittman, Ohio State Coaches-1; Media-2 P. J. Hill, Wisconsin Coaches-2; Media-1 Tony Hunt, Penn State Coaches-2; Media-2 Receivers Mario Manningham, Michigan Coaches-1; Media-2 Ted Ginn, Jr., Ohio State Coaches-2; Media-1 Dorien Bryant, Purdue Coaches-2; Media-1 Anthony Gonzalez, Ohio State Coaches-1 James Hardy, Indiana Coaches-2 Centers Doug Datish, Ohio State Coaches-1; Media-1 Mark Bihl, Michigan Coaches-2; Media-2 Guards T. J. Downing, Ohio State Coaches-1; Media-1 Mike Jones, Iowa Coaches-1; Media-2 Adam Kraus, Michigan Coaches-2; Media-1 Kyle Cook, Michigan State Coaches-2 Jordan Grimes, Purdue Media-2 Tackles Jake Long, Michigan Coaches-1; Media-1 Joe Thomas, Wisconsin Coaches-1; Media-1 Levi Brown, Penn State Coaches-2; Media-2 Marshal Yanda, Iowa Coaches-2 Mike Otto, Purdue Coaches-2 Kirk Barton, Ohio State Media-2 Tight ends Matt Spaeth, Minnesota Coaches-1; Media-1 Scott Chandler, Iowa Coaches-2 Travis Beckum, Wisconsin Media-2 Defensive selections Defensive linemen Alan Branch, Michigan Coaches-1; Media-1 LaMarr Woodley, Michigan Coaches-1; Media-1 Quinn Pitcock, Ohio State Coaches-1; Media-1 Anthony Spencer, Purdue Coaches-1; Media-1 Vernon Gholston, Ohio State Coaches-2; Media-2 Jay Alford, Penn State Coaches-2; Media-2 Matt Shaughnessy, Wisconsin Coaches-2; Media-2 David Patterson, Ohio State Coaches-2 Willie Vandesteeg, Minnesota Media-2 Linebackers Defensive backs Special teams Kickers Garrett Rivas, Michigan Coaches-1; Media-1 Taylor Mehlhaff, Wisconsin Coaches-2; Media-2 Punters Brandon Fields, Michigan State Coaches-1; Media-1 Jeremy Kapinos, Penn State Coaches-2; Media-2 Key Bold = selected as a first-team player by both the coaches and media panel Coaches = selected by Big Ten Conference coaches Media = selected by a media panel HM = Honorable mention See also 2006 Big Ten Conference football season 2006 College Football All-America Team References All-Big Ten Conference Category:All-Big Ten Conference football teams

Philip Olivier born Philip Lee Borg-Olivier on 4 June 1980 in Liverpool is a British actor, model and stage performer best known for playing the role of Tim O'Leary in the soap opera Brookside. He is also known for appearing in many of Big Finish's Doctor Who audio dramas, playing the Seventh Doctor's companion Hex. Philip is the grandson of former Maltese prime minister Giorgio Borg-Olivier </ref></ref> Career 19952003 Olivier's first role was in 1995 in the Channel 4 production Hearts and Minds with Christopher Eccleston. In 1996 he started playing his first television role, as Timothy Tinhead O'Leary in the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside, and continued in the role until the show was cancelled in 2003. He also appeared in the one-off drama Brookside: Unfinished Business, which followed the series in 2003. 2004present Since leaving Brookside Olivier has performed in two dozen audio plays based on the Doctor Who television series by Big Finish Productions as a companion of the Seventh Doctor by the name of Hex. Philip has also appeared as one of the guest regulars in the Channel 4 comedy sketch show Bo Selecta. He is popular with gay audiences, hosting Mr Gay UK in 2005 and appearing on-stage at several Gay Pride events. Olivier appeared nude in the December 2008 and the April 2009 editions of the gay magazine Attitude. In 2005 he won the Channel 4 reality TV show The Games, dominating the competition from start to finish. After displaying an impressive physique in the series, Olivier went on to do a number of photo shoots and released calendars from 2006 to 2009. 2006 saw him play the role of Adam Tyler, a teacher struggling with his sexuality, in the Hollyoaks spin-off series Hollyoaks: In the City on E4. On 7 February 2007 Olivier featured on Never Mind the Buzzcocks on Phill Jupitus's team along with Donny Tourette. Olivier appeared on the show Ghosthunting with... Paul O'Grady and Friends, which was broadcast on ITV2 on 6 September 2008, alongside Jennifer Ellison who had played his character's wife Emily in Brookside, Natasha Hamilton and the show's host Yvette Fielding. In 2008 Olivier appeared in the filme The Crew, released straight to DVD in early 2009. He played the role of a gangster named Paul the Hom. Olivier appeared in a celebrity edition of Come Dine with Me in February 2009. He competed alongside Christopher Biggins, Julia Bradbury and Edwina Currie and finished second to Biggins, the eventual winner. During February and March 2009 he competed in Escape from Takeaway Prison, a section on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, which he won on 21 March 2009. Philip also appeared in an episode of Missing, a BBC One afternoon drama, playing club owner and gangster Mark Stone in March of the same year. 2009 also saw Olivier start to perform in musicals. He starred in Never Forget which is about a Take That tribute band forming. He played the role of former stripper Dirty Harry. He also starred in the title role of the Camberley Theatre pantomime Dick Whittington. On 28 September 2010 Olivier appeared in the BBC soap opera Doctors. He played the role of Matt Darby, a gay yoga instructor. Later in 2010, he took the role of Muddles in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at the Connaught Theatre, Worthing. In 2013 Series 4, Episode 6, he featured in an episode of the Channel 4 production of Four in a Bed where he and his friend Alfie Bubble own and run the Liverpool B&B 'Yellow Submarine'. Notable episode, where the guests were served a takeaway for breakfast. In 2014 Olivier starred in the soap opera Doctors. In 2014 Olivier first appeared in Benidorm the sixth series as the troublesome Jason Gallhager. In 2015 he reprised this role.. In 2019 he appeared in the LBGT short film Just Me 2019 co-starring actor Carl Loughlin. The film addressed the theme of accepting your sexuality, and hetrosexual men who have sex with men. The film gathered a lot of attention in the LBGT worldwide press, including an interview in The Advocate Magazine. Just Me is due for release Oct 2019 by Peccadillo Pictures on their Boys on Film collection. Filmography Television Appearances in character: Appearances as himself: References External links Category:1980 births Category:English male television actors Category:Male actors from Liverpool Category:English male models Category:Reality show winners Category:Living people Category:English people of French descent

Carlos Martins is the name of: Carlos Wizard Martins born 1956, head of the Wizard Language Institute Carlos Martins footballer born 1982, Portuguese football midfielder Carlos Martins musician born 1961, Portuguese jazz musician

Tim Wigley is an American lobbyist working primarily on resource and environmental issues. He is Executive Vice President of PAC/WEST Communications. He was formerly the president of the Oregon Forest Industries Council and worked as director of communications for pulp and paper company Georgia-Pacific. Wigley led the group Project Protect, which supported the Healthy Forests Initiative. He received a Bachelor's degree in Political Science from Southwestern Oklahoma State University, and is also a graduate of The American Campaign Academy in Washington, D.C. Criticism Wigley has been criticised for his alleged use of Astroturfing techniques in relation to the establishment of groups such as Project Protect and Save Our Species Alliance References Wigley bio Category:American lobbyists Category:Year of birth missing living people Category:Living people Category:Southwestern Oklahoma State University alumni

The Union for the Progress of Cantabria , UPCA was a political party in the Spanish Autonomous Community of Cantabria. The UPCA was created after Juan Hormaechea split from the People's Party in 1991. Election results Local elections Cantabrian autonomous elections General elections References Full historic municipal & general election results in Spain 1977-2016 Category:Political parties in Cantabria Category:Political parties established in 1991 Category:Regionalist parties in Spain Category:1991 establishments in Spain

The 201314 season of the Belgian Second Division also known as Belgacom League for sponsorship reasons began on 2 August 2013 and ended on 27 April 2014. Team changes After promotion and relegation, only 15 teams of the previous season remained in the league, with 3 others being replaced: Out Oostende were promoted as champions of the previous season. Oudenaarde was relegated to the Third Division after finishing 17th. Sint-Niklaas was relegated to the Third Division after finishing 18th. In Hoogstraten promoted as champions from Third Division A. Virton promoted as champions from Third Division B. Verbroedering Geel-Meerhout was promoted after winning the third division playoffs and changed their name before the season started to ASV Geel. Team information Regular season League table Period winners Like before, the season was divided into three periods. The first ten matchdays together form the first period, matchdays 11 to 22 form period two and the last 12 form period three. The three period winners take part in the Belgian Second Division Final Round together with the winner of the 201314 Belgian Pro League relegation playoff. The winner of this final round gets to play in the 201415 Belgian Pro League. Eupen and Westerlo respectively won the first and second period and qualified for the final round. But as eventual champions Westerlo also won the third period, this left two spots open for Sint-Truiden and Mouscron-Péruwelz to qualify as highest placed finishers third and fourth in the league respectively who had not already qualified. Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Results Season statistics Top scorers Source: Soccerway Up to and including matches played on 16 May. 9 goals 7 players Bart Goor Dessel Sport Florian Taulemesse Eupen Frédéric Gounongbe RWDM Brussels Mohammed Aoulad Sint-Truiden Joeri Dequevy Sint-Truiden Lonsana Doumbouya Tubize Philippe Liard Tubize 8 goals 8 players Wesley Vanbelle Aalst Sandro Calabro Antwerp Sven De Rechter Roeselare Dieter Van Tornhout Roeselare Grégory Dufer Sint-Truiden Gary Ambroise Tubize Leandro Bailly Tubize Samy Kehli Virton 7 goals 7 players Aleksandar Kolev ASV Geel Simon Vermeiren Heist Wouter Scheelen Lommel United Grégory Molnar Virton Arnaud Biatour Visé Fayçal Rherras Visé Basile de Carvalho WS Brussels 6 goals 8 players Stavros Glouftsis Aalst Omar Bennassar Dessel Sport Phakamani Mngadi Eupen Moussa Traoré Hoogstraten Loris Brogno Lommel United Zinho Gano Lommel United Mathieu Cornet Virton Raphaël Lecomte Westerlo 5 goals 10 players Jordan Faucher Antwerp Freddy Mombongo-Dues Antwerp Kevin Tano Antwerp Anice Badri Mouscron-Péruwelz Harlem Gnohéré Mouscron-Péruwelz Kevin Vandendriessche Mouscron-Péruwelz Sofian Kheyari Tubize Yohan Croizet Virton Laurens Paulussen Westerlo Jaime Ruiz Westerlo 4 goals 20 players Arne Hoefnagels ASV Geel Marijn Steurs ASV Geel Romain Tainmont Boussu Dour Ratko Vansimpsen Dessel Sport Juan Ochoa Eupen Yannick Rymenants Heist Tom Boere Hoogstraten Ruben Tilburgs Hoogstraten Toon Lenaerts Lommel United Glenn Neven Lommel United Julian Michel Mouscron-Péruwelz Nicolas Perez Mouscron-Péruwelz Sami Lkoutbi RWDM Brussels Mikael Seoudi RWDM Brussels Yohan Dufour Virton Maxime Annys Westerlo Jens Cools Westerlo Kevin Vandenbergh Westerlo Amady Diop WS Brussels Mamadou Fall WS Brussels 3 goals 31 players Donjet Shkodra Aalst Ken Van Damme Aalst Mathieu Manset Antwerp Jo Christiaens ASV Geel Kenneth Kerckhofs ASV Geel Lilian Bochet Boussu Dour Jean-François Christophe Boussu Dour Rachid Mourabit Boussu Dour Prince Asubonteng Dessel Sport Zico Gielis Dessel Sport Roy Meeus Dessel Sport Samuel Asamoah Eupen Bram Criel Heist Jonas Vandermarliere Heist Roy Van der Linden Hoogstraten Jentl Gaethofs Lommel United Thomas Jutten Lommel United Yohan Brouckaert Mouscron-Péruwelz Jean-François Mbuba Roeselare Nils Sarrazyn Roeselare Tortol Lembi Sint-Truiden Rob Schoofs Sint-Truiden Jonathan Heris Tubize Dugary Ndabashinze Tubize Hervé Onana Tubize David Vandenbroeck Tubize Jarno Molenberghs Westerlo Kenneth Schuermans Westerlo Leandro Trossard Westerlo Roméo Debefve WS Brussels Yannick Loemba WS Brussels 2 goals 36 players Steve Bael Aalst Jonas Bogaerts Aalst Kevin Janssens Aalst Ben Santermans Aalst Nick Van Belle Aalst Salomon Nirisarike Antwerp Gideon Boateng ASV Geel Thomas Frederix ASV Geel Alexandre Lauriente Boussu Dour Hans Hannes Dessel Sport Dries Van Lommel Dessel Sport Anthony Bassey Eupen Alassane Diallo Eupen Manel Expósito Eupen Christian Kabasele Eupen Nick Van Huffel Hoogstraten Sam Vanaken Lommel United Benjamin Delacourt Mouscron-Péruwelz Abdoulay Diaby Mouscron-Péruwelz Antonio Jakoliš Mouscron-Péruwelz Dimitri Mohamed Mouscron-Péruwelz Petar Bojović Roeselare Yohan Boli Roeselare Marcos Camozzato Roeselare Hakan Bilgiç RWDM Brussels Hamid Bouyfoulkitne RWDM Brussels David Habarugira RWDM Brussels Guy Dufour Sint-Truiden Guillermo Méndez Sint-Truiden Pierre Gevaert Tubize Jonathan Benteke Visé Alessio Cascio Visé Daan De Pever Visé Ioannis Masmanidis Visé Luigi Vaccaro Visé Kevin Geudens Westerlo 1 goal 77 players Armin Čerimagić Aalst Gianni De Neve Aalst Niels Martin Aalst Yves Ngasseu Aalst Mike Smet Aalst Thomas Weydisch Aalst Roy Bakkenes Antwerp John Bostock Antwerp David Iboma Antwerp Kelvin Maynard Antwerp Davide Petrucci Antwerp Christophe Bertjens ASV Geel Hannes Meeus ASV Geel Ken Van Mierlo ASV Geel Stefan Belic Boussu Dour Julien Berthomier Boussu Dour Chemcedine El Araichi Boussu Dour Nassim Saadi Boussu Dour Ivan Mateso Dessel Sport Kurt Remen Dessel Sport Kevin Tapoko Dessel Sport Jonathan D'Ostilio Eupen Raoul Kenne Eupen Mukoni Mata Eupen Lucas Porcar Eupen Ntuthoko Radebe Eupen Jorn Rijmenams Heist Raphaël Thys Heist Jeroen Vanderputte Heist Ivan Yagan Heist Bart Cornelissen Hoogstraten Koen Gommers Hoogstraten Milan Savić Hoogstraten Thijs Schrauwen Hoogstraten Jorne Segers Hoogstraten Glenn Van der Linden Hoogstraten Ken Debauve Lommel United Christopher Verbist Lommel United Sébastien Aliotte Mouscron-Péruwelz Sanaa Altama Mouscron-Péruwelz Anthony Bova Mouscron-Péruwelz Jérémy Huygebaert Mouscron-Péruwelz Thibault Peyre Mouscron-Péruwelz Daniel Ternest Roeselare Bram Vandenbussche Roeselare Geoffrey Cabeke RWDM Brussels Lanfia Camara RWDM Brussels Mahamoudou Kéré RWDM Brussels Kévin Nicaise RWDM Brussels Jérôme Nollevaux RWDM Brussels Naïm Aarab Sint-Truiden Giel Deferm Sint-Truiden Edmilson Sint-Truiden Yvan Erichot Sint-Truiden Alessandro Iandoli Sint-Truiden Mathias Schils Sint-Truiden Olivier Vinamont Tubize Guy Blaise Virton Simon Dupuis Virton Marvin Etienne Virton Valentin Focki Virton Arsène Menessou Virton Jordan Yéyé Virton Pierre-Alain Laloux Visé Philippe Janssens Westerlo Kennedy Nwanganga Westerlo Jeffrey Rentmeister Westerlo Jeroen Vanthournout Westerlo Chakhir Belghazouani WS Brussels Grégory Christ WS Brussels Mehdi Courgnaud WS Brussels Soufiane El Banouhi WS Brussels Michel Goffin WS Brussels Jessim Mahaya WS Brussels Hemza Mihoubi WS Brussels Elhadji Ndoye WS Brussels Noël Soumah WS Brussels 1 Own goal 10 players Stijn Minne ASV Geel, scored for Heist Miguel Dachelet Heist, scored for Tubize Roel Engelen Hoogstraten, scored for Eupen Stéphane Pichot Mouscron-Péruwelz, scored for Visé Bram Vandenbussche Roeselare, scored for Hoogstraten Constant Delsanne Tubize, scored for Lommel United Philippe Liard Tubize, scored for Eupen Yoann Grosperrin Virton, scored for Aalst Luigi Vaccaro Visé, scored for Lommel United Elhadji Ndoye WS Brussels, scored for Westerlo References Category:Belgian Second Division seasons Bel Category:201314 in Belgian football

Mount Xiqiao is a 40- to 50-million-year-old extinct volcano situated in the south west of the Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China from Guangzhou. The mountain is an important scenic area and designated as a national forest park and national geological park. Covering an area of , the area features a total of 72 peaks with the highest, Dacheng Peak 大秤峰, rising to . Geology From 4050 million years ago the entire Pearl River Delta was an ancient bay where a volcanic eruption ejected a large quantity of lava into the sea. On cooling, the molten rock formed a conical mountain; the embryonic form of Mount Xiqiao. Thereafter eruptions of lava continued and produced the current 72 peaks. After several million years of erosion by the sea, the area flattened and was gradually colonized by vegetation. Scenery Mount Xiqiao features unusual scenery with strange rock formations and a profusion of fresh water springs as well as 42 natural caves. In total there are 232 springs and 28 waterfalls including the Yunya Feipu , one of the Eight Views of Guangzhou during the 18th-century Qianlong Era. Cultural background As early as 6,000 to 8,000 years ago, human activity in the Mount Xiqiao area created a Twin shoulder stone tool culture 双肩石器文化 that featured delicate stone tools including twin-shouldered stone axes. This greatly influenced development of culture around the Pearl River. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a number of scholars including Zhan Ruoshui and He Baiyun 何白云 lived in seclusion on the mountain where they studied Neo-Confucianism and painting. Amongst the most famous scholars was Chinese nationalist Kang Youwei who began planning the 1898 Hundred Days' Reform movement at Mount Xiqiao. Chinese martial artist Huang Feihong was born in the area, where he developed the Nanquan or southern fist fighting style. Sightseeing areas Today, Xiqiao Mountain is divided into ten major scenic areas including the Nanhai Guanyin Culture Park, which contains a statue of the goddess Guanyin, the Baiyun Caves 白云洞, and the Baofeng Temple 宝峰寺. References External links Official government website Mount Xiqiao Tourism English Xiqiao Category:Landforms of Guangdong Category:Volcanoes of China Category:Tourist attractions in Guangdong Category:Parks in Guangdong

Nicaragua ; , officially the Republic of Nicaragua , is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the northwest, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third-largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Indigenous tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English. Originally inhabited by various indigenous cultures since ancient times, the region was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821. The Mosquito Coast followed a different historical path, being colonized by the English in the 17th century and later coming under British rule. It became an autonomous territory of Nicaragua in 1860 and its northernmost part was transferred to Honduras in 1960. Since its independence, Nicaragua has undergone periods of political unrest, dictatorship, occupation and fiscal crisis, including the Nicaraguan Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the Contra War of the 1980s. The mixture of cultural traditions has generated substantial diversity in folklore, cuisine, music, and literature, particularly the latter, given the literary contributions of Nicaraguan poets and writers such as Rubén Darío. Known as the land of lakes and volcanoes, Nicaragua is also home to the second-largest rainforest of the Americas. The biological diversity, warm tropical climate and active volcanoes make Nicaragua an increasingly popular tourist destination. Etymology There are two prevailing theories on how the name Nicaragua came to be. The first is that the name was coined by Spanish colonists based on the name Nicarao, who was the chieftain or cacique of a powerful indigenous tribe encountered by the Spanish conquistador Gil González Dávila during his entry into southwestern Nicaragua in 1522. This theory holds that the name Nicaragua was formed from Nicarao and agua Spanish for water, to reference the fact that there are two large lakes and several other bodies of water within the country. However, as of 2002, it was determined that the cacique's real name was Macuilmiquiztli, which meant Five Deaths in the Nahuatl language, rather than Nicarao. The second theory is that the country's name comes from any of the following Nahuatl words: nic-anahuac, which meant Anahuac reached this far, or the Nahuas came this far, or those who come from Anahuac came this far; nican-nahua, which meant here are the Nahuas; or nic-atl-nahuac, which meant here by the water or surrounded by water. History Pre-Columbian history Paleo-Americans first inhabited what is now known as Nicaragua as far back as 12,000 BCE. In later pre-Columbian times, Nicaragua's indigenous people were part of the Intermediate Area, between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions, and within the influence of the Isthmo-Colombian area. Nicaragua's central region and its Caribbean coast were inhabited by Macro-Chibchan language ethnic groups. They had coalesced in Central America and migrated also to present-day northern Colombia and nearby areas. They lived a life based primarily on hunting and gathering, as well as fishing, and performing slash-and-burn agriculture. At the end of the 15th century, western Nicaragua was inhabited by several different indigenous peoples related by culture to the Mesoamerican civilizations of the Aztec and Maya, and by language to the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. The Chorotegas were Mangue language ethnic groups who had arrived in Nicaragua from what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas sometime around 800 CE. The Pipil-Nicarao people were a branch of Nahuas who spoke the Nahuat dialect, and like the Chorotegas, they too had come from Chiapas to Nicaragua in approximately 1200 CE. Prior to that, the Pipil-Nicaraos had been associated with the Toltec civilization. Both the Chorotegas and the Pipil-Nicaraos were originally from Mexico's Cholula valley, and had gradually migrated southward. Additionally, there were trade-related colonies in Nicaragua that had been set up by the Aztecs starting in the 14th century. Spanish era 15221821 In 1502, on his fourth voyage, Christopher Columbus became the first European known to have reached what is now Nicaragua as he sailed southeast toward the Isthmus of Panama. Columbus explored the Mosquito Coast on the Atlantic side of Nicaragua but did not encounter any indigenous people. 20 years later, the Spaniards returned to Nicaragua, this time to its southwestern part. The first attempt to conquer Nicaragua was by the conquistador Gil González Dávila, who had arrived in Panama in January 1520. In 1522, González Dávila ventured into the area that later became known as the Rivas Department of Nicaragua. It was there that he encountered an indigenous Nahua tribe led by a chieftain named Macuilmiquiztli, whose name has sometimes been erroneously referred to as Nicarao or Nicaragua. At the time, the tribe's capital city was called Quauhcapolca. González Dávila had brought along two indigenous interpreters who had been taught the Spanish language, and thus he was able to have a discourse with Macuilmiquiztli. After exploring and gathering gold in the fertile western valleys, González Dávila and his men were attacked and driven off by the Chorotega, led by the chieftain Diriangén. The Spanish attempted to convert the tribes to Christianity; the people in Macuilmiquiztli's tribe were baptized, but Diriangén, however, was openly hostile to the Spaniards. The first Spanish permanent settlements were founded in 1524. That year, the conquistador Francisco Hernández de Córdoba founded two of Nicaragua's principal cities: Granada on Lake Nicaragua was the first settlement, followed by León at a location west of Lake Managua. Córdoba soon built defenses for the cities and fought against incursions by other conquistadors. Córdoba was later publicly beheaded as a consequence for having defied the authority of his superior, Pedro Arias Dávila. Córdoba's tomb and remains were discovered in 2000 in the ruins of León Viejo. The clashes among Spanish forces did not impede their destruction of the indigenous people and their culture. The series of battles came to be known as the War of the Captains. Pedro Arias Dávila was a winner; although he had lost control of Panama, he moved to Nicaragua and successfully established his base in León. In 1527, León became the capital of the colony. Through adroit diplomatic machinations, Arias Dávila became the colony's first governor. Without women in their parties, the Spanish conquerors took Nahua and Chorotega wives and partners, beginning the multiethnic mix of indigenous and European stock now known as mestizo, which constitutes the great majority of the population in western Nicaragua. Many indigenous people died as a result of new infectious diseases, compounded by neglect by the Spaniards, who controlled their subsistence. Furthermore, a large number of other indigenous people's were captured and transported to Panama and Peru between 1526 and 1540, where they were forced to perform slave labor. In 1610, the Momotombo volcano erupted, destroying the city of León. The city was rebuilt northwest of the original, which is now known as the ruins of León Viejo. During the American Revolutionary War, Central America was subject to conflict between Britain and Spain. British navy admiral Horatio Nelson led expeditions in the Battle of San Fernando de Omoa in 1779 and on the San Juan River in 1780, the latter of which had temporary success before being abandoned due to disease. Independence 1821 The Captaincy General of Guatemala was dissolved in September 1821 with the Act of Independence of Central America, and Nicaragua soon became part of the First Mexican Empire. After the monarchy of the First Mexican Empire was overthrown in 1823, Nicaragua joined the newly formed United Provinces of Central America, which was later renamed as the Federal Republic of Central America. Nicaragua finally became an independent republic in 1838. Rivalry between the Liberal elite of León and the Conservative elite of Granada characterized the early years of independence and often degenerated into civil war, particularly during the 1840s and 1850s. Managua was chosen as the nation's capital in 1852 to allay the rivalry between the two feuding cities. During the days of the California Gold Rush, Nicaragua provided a route for travelers from the eastern United States to journey to California by sea, via the use of the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua. Invited by the Liberals in 1855 to join their struggle against the Conservatives, a United States adventurer and filibuster named William Walker set himself up as President of Nicaragua, after conducting a farcical election in 1856. Costa Rica, Honduras, and other Central American countries united to drive Walker out of Nicaragua in 1857, after which a period of three decades of Conservative rule ensued. Great Britain, which had claimed the Mosquito Coast as a protectorate since 1655, delegated the area to Honduras in 1859 before transferring it to Nicaragua in 1860. The Mosquito Coast remained an autonomous area until 1894. José Santos Zelaya, President of Nicaragua from 1893 to 1909, negotiated the annexation of the Mosquito Coast to the rest of Nicaragua. In his honor, the region was named Zelaya Department. Throughout the late 19th century, the United States and several European powers considered a scheme to build a canal across Nicaragua, linking the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic. United States occupation 190933 In 1909, the United States supported the conservative-led forces rebelling against President Zelaya. U.S. motives included differences over the proposed Nicaragua Canal, Nicaragua's potential as a destabilizing influence in the region, and Zelaya's attempts to regulate foreign access to Nicaraguan natural resources. On November 18, 1909, U.S. warships were sent to the area after 500 revolutionaries including two Americans were executed by order of Zelaya. The U.S. justified the intervention by claiming to protect U.S. lives and property. Zelaya resigned later that year. In August 1912, the President of Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz, requested the secretary of war, General Luis Mena, to resign for fear he was leading an insurrection. Mena fled Managua with his brother, the chief of police of Managua, to start an insurrection. When the U.S. delegation asked President Díaz to ensure the safety of American citizens and property during the insurrection, he replied he could not, and asked the United States to intervene in the conflict. United States Marines occupied Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933, except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925. In 1914, the BryanChamorro Treaty was signed, giving the U.S. control over a proposed canal through Nicaragua, as well as leases for potential canal defenses. Following the evacuation of U.S. Marines, another violent conflict between Liberals and Conservatives took place in 1926, which resulted in the return of U.S. Marines. From 1927 until 1933, rebel general Augusto César Sandino led a sustained guerrilla war first against the Conservative regime and subsequently against the U.S. Marines, whom he fought for over five years. When the Americans left in 1933, they set up the Guardia Nacional national guard, a combined military and police force trained and equipped by the Americans and designed to be loyal to U.S. interests. After the U.S. Marines withdrew from Nicaragua in January 1933, Sandino and the newly elected administration of President Juan Bautista Sacasa reached an agreement by which Sandino would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty, a grant of land for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year. However, due to a growing hostility between Sandino and National Guard director Anastasio Somoza García and a fear of armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza García decided to order his assassination. Sandino was invited by Sacasa to have dinner and sign a peace treaty at the Presidential House in Managua on the night of February 21, 1934. After leaving the Presidential House, Sandino's car was stopped by soldiers of the National Guard and they kidnapped him. Later that night, Sandino was assassinated by soldiers of the National Guard. Hundreds of men, women, and children from Sandino's agricultural colony were executed later. Somoza dynasty 19271979 Nicaragua has experienced several military dictatorships, the longest being the hereditary dictatorship of the Somoza family, who ruled for 43 nonconsecutive years during the 20th century. The Somoza family came to power as part of a U.S.-engineered pact in 1927 that stipulated the formation of the Guardia Nacional to replace the marines who had long reigned in the country. Somoza García slowly eliminated officers in the national guard who might have stood in his way, and then deposed Sacasa and became president on January 1, 1937, in a rigged election. In 1941, during the Second World War, Nicaragua declared war on Japan 8 December, Germany 11 December, Italy 11 December, Bulgaria 19 December, Hungary 19 December and Romania 19 December. Out of these six Axis countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Nicaragua on the same day 19 December 1941. No soldiers were sent to the war, but Somoza García did seize the occasion to confiscate properties held by German Nicaraguan residents. In 1945, Nicaragua was among the first countries to ratify the United Nations Charter. On September 21, 1956, Somoza García was shot to death by Rigoberto López Pérez, a 27-year-old Liberal Nicaraguan poet. Luis Somoza Debayle, the eldest son of the late president, was appointed president by the congress and officially took charge of the country. He is remembered by some for being moderate, but was in power only for a few years and then died of a heart attack. His successor as president was René Schick Gutiérrez, whom most Nicaraguans viewed as nothing more than a puppet of the Somozas. Somoza García's youngest son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, often referred to simply as Somoza, became president in 1967. An earthquake in 1972 destroyed nearly 90 of Managua, resulting in massive destruction to the city's infrastructure. Instead of helping to rebuild Managua, Somoza siphoned off relief money. The mishandling of relief money also prompted Pittsburgh Pirates star Roberto Clemente to personally fly to Managua on December 31, 1972, but he died en route in an airplane accident. Even the economic elite were reluctant to support Somoza, as he had acquired monopolies in industries that were key to rebuilding the nation. The Somoza family was among a few families or groups of influential firms which reaped most of the benefits of the country's growth from the 1950s to the 1970s. When Somoza was deposed by the Sandinistas in 1979, the family's worth was estimated to be between $500 million and $1.5 billion. Nicaraguan Revolution 1960s1990 In 1961, Carlos Fonseca looked back to the historical figure of Sandino, and along with two other people one of whom was believed to be Casimiro Sotelo, who was later assassinated, founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front FSLN. After the 1972 earthquake and Somoza's apparent corruption, the ranks of the Sandinistas were flooded with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose. In December 1974, a group of the FSLN, in an attempt to kidnap U.S. ambassador Turner Shelton, held some Managuan partygoers hostage after killing the host, former agriculture minister, Jose Maria Castillo, until the Somozan government met their demands for a large ransom and free transport to Cuba. Somoza granted this, then subsequently sent his national guard out into the countryside to look for the perpetrators of the kidnapping, described by opponents of the kidnapping as terrorists. On January 10, 1978, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, the editor of the national newspaper La Prensa and ardent opponent of Somoza, was assassinated. It is alleged that the planners and perpetrators of the murder were at the highest echelons of the Somoza regime. The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in the United States. The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries. Somoza fled the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party. In 1980, the Carter administration provided $60 million in aid to Nicaragua under the Sandinistas, but the aid was suspended when the administration obtained evidence of Nicaraguan shipment of arms to El Salvadoran rebels. In response to the coming to power of the Sandinistas, various rebel groups collectively known as the contras were formed to oppose the new government. The Reagan administration authorized the CIA to help the contra rebels with funding, armaments, and training. The contras operated out of camps in the neighboring countries of Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. They engaged in a systematic campaign of terror amongst the rural Nicaraguan population to disrupt the social reform projects of the Sandinistas. Several historians have criticized the contra campaign and the Reagan administration's support for it, citing the brutality and numerous human rights violations of the contras. LaRamee and Polakoff, for example, describe the destruction of health centers, schools, and cooperatives at the hands of the rebels, and others have contended that murder, rape, and torture occurred on a large scale in contra-dominated areas. The United States also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto, an action condemned by the International Court of Justice as illegal. The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo. The Sandinistas were also accused of human rights abuses. In the Nicaraguan general elections of 1984, which were judged to have been free and fair, the Sandinistas won the parliamentary election and their leader Daniel Ortega won the presidential election. The Reagan administration criticized the elections as a sham based on the charge that Arturo Cruz, the candidate nominated by the Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense, comprising three right wing political parties, did not participate in the elections. However, the administration privately argued against Cruz's participation for fear his involvement would legitimize the elections, and thus weaken the case for American aid to the contras. According to Martin Kriele, the results of the election were rigged. After the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the contras in 1983, the Reagan administration nonetheless illegally continued to back them by covertly selling arms to Iran and channeling the proceeds to the contras the IranContra affair, for which several members of the Reagan administration were convicted of felonies. The International Court of Justice, in regard to the case of Nicaragua v. United States in 1984, found, the United States of America was under an obligation to make reparation to the Republic of Nicaragua for all injury caused to Nicaragua by certain breaches of obligations under customary international law and treaty-law committed by the United States of America. During the war between the contras and the Sandinistas, 30,000 people were killed. Post-war 1990present In the Nicaraguan general election, 1990, a coalition of anti-Sandinista parties from the left and right of the political spectrum led by Violeta Chamorro, the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, defeated the Sandinistas. The defeat shocked the Sandinistas, who had expected to win. Exit polls of Nicaraguans reported Chamorro's victory over Ortega was achieved with a 55 majority. Chamorro was the first woman president of Nicaragua. Ortega vowed he would govern desde abajo from below. Chamorro came to office with an economy in ruins, primarily because of the financial and social costs of the contra war with the Sandinista-led government. In the next election, the Nicaraguan general election, 1996, Daniel Ortega and the Sandinistas of the FSLN were defeated again, this time by Arnoldo Alemán of the Constitutional Liberal Party PLC. In the 2001 elections, the PLC again defeated the FSLN, with Alemán's Vice President Enrique Bolaños succeeding him as President. Subsequently, however, Alemán was convicted and sentenced in 2003 to 20 years in prison for embezzlement, money laundering, and corruption; liberal and Sandinista parliament members subsequently combined to strip the presidential powers of President Bolaños and his ministers, calling for his resignation and threatening impeachment. The Sandinistas said they no longer supported Bolaños after U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell told Bolaños to keep his distance from the FSLN. This slow motion coup d'état was averted partially by pressure from the Central American presidents, who vowed not to recognize any movement that removed Bolaños; the U.S., the OAS, and the European Union also opposed the action. Before the general elections on November 5, 2006, the National Assembly passed a bill further restricting abortion in Nicaragua. As a result, Nicaragua is one of five countries in the world where abortion is illegal with no exceptions. Legislative and presidential elections took place on November 5, 2006. Ortega returned to the presidency with 37.99 of the vote. This percentage was enough to win the presidency outright, because of a change in electoral law which lowered the percentage requiring a runoff election from 45 to 35 with a 5 margin of victory. Nicaragua's 2011 general election resulted in re-election of Ortega, with a landslide victory and 62.46 of the vote. In 2014 the National Assembly approved changes to the constitution allowing Ortega to run for a third successive term. In November 2016, Ortega was elected for his third consecutive term his fourth overall. International monitoring of the elections was initially prohibited, and as a result the validity of the elections has been disputed, but observation by the OAS was announced in October. Ortega was reported by Nicaraguan election officials as having received 72 of the vote. However the Broad Front for Democracy FAD, having promoted boycotts of the elections, claimed that 70 of voters had abstained while election officials claimed 65.8 participation. In April 2018, demonstrations opposed a decree increasing taxes and reducing benefits in the country's pension system. Local independent press organizations had documented at least 19 dead and over 100 missing in the ensuing conflict. A reporter from NPR spoke to protestors who explained that while the initial issue was about the pension reform, the uprisings that spread across the country reflected many grievances about the government's time in office, and that the fight is for President Ortega and his Vice President wife to step down. April 24, 2018 marked the day of the greatest march in opposition of the Sandinista party. On May 2, 2018, university-student leaders publicly announced that they give the government seven days to set a date and time for a dialogue that was promised to the people due to the recent events of repression. The students also scheduled another march on that same day for a peaceful protest. As of May 2018, estimates of the death toll were as high as 63, many of them student protesters, and the wounded totalled more than 400. Following a working visit from May 17 to 21, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights adopted precautionary measures aimed at protecting members of the student movement and their families after testimonies indicated the majority of them had suffered acts of violence and death threats for their participation. In the last week of May, thousands who accuse Mr. Ortega and his wife of acting like dictators joined in resuming anti-government rallies after attempted peace talks have remained unresolved. Geography and climate Nicaragua occupies a landmass of , which makes it slightly larger than England. Nicaragua has three distinct geographical regions: the Pacific lowlands fertile valleys which the Spanish colonists settled, the Amerrisque Mountains North-central highlands, and the Mosquito Coast Atlantic lowlands/Caribbean lowlands. The low plains of the Atlantic Coast are wide in areas. They have long been exploited for their natural resources. On the Pacific side of Nicaragua are the two largest fresh water lakes in Central AmericaLake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along the rift valley of the Gulf of Fonseca are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by ash from nearby volcanoes of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. Nicaragua has made efforts to become less dependent on fossil fuels, and it expects to acquire 90 of its energy from renewable resources by the year 2020. Nearly one fifth of Nicaragua is designated as protected areas like national parks, nature reserves, and biological reserves. Geophysically, Nicaragua is surrounded by the Caribbean Plate, an oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Cocos Plate. Since Central America is a major subduction zone, Nicaragua hosts most of the Central American Volcanic Arc. Pacific lowlands In the west of the country, these lowlands consist of a broad, hot, fertile plain. Punctuating this plain are several large volcanoes of the Cordillera Los Maribios mountain range, including Mombacho just outside Granada, and Momotombo near León. The lowland area runs from the Gulf of Fonseca to Nicaragua's Pacific border with Costa Rica south of Lake Nicaragua. Lake Nicaragua is the largest freshwater lake in Central America 20th largest in the world, and is home to some of the world's rare freshwater sharks Nicaraguan shark. The Pacific lowlands region is the most populous, with over half of the nation's population. The eruptions of western Nicaragua's 40 volcanoes, many of which are still active, have sometimes devastated settlements but also have enriched the land with layers of fertile ash. The geologic activity that produces vulcanism also breeds powerful earthquakes. Tremors occur regularly throughout the Pacific zone, and earthquakes have nearly destroyed the capital city, Managua, more than once. Most of the Pacific zone is tierra caliente, the hot land of tropical Spanish America at elevations under . Temperatures remain virtually constant throughout the year, with highs ranging between . After a dry season lasting from November to April, rains begin in May and continue to October, giving the Pacific lowlands of precipitation. Good soils and a favourable climate combine to make western Nicaragua the country's economic and demographic centre. The southwestern shore of Lake Nicaragua lies within of the Pacific Ocean. Thus the lake and the San Juan River were often proposed in the 19th century as the longest part of a canal route across the Central American isthmus. Canal proposals were periodically revived in the 20th and 21st centuries. Roughly a century after the opening of the Panama Canal, the prospect of a Nicaraguan ecocanal remains a topic of interest. In addition to its beach and resort communities, the Pacific lowlands contains most of Nicaragua's Spanish colonial architecture and artifacts. Cities such as León and Granada abound in colonial architecture; founded in 1524, Granada is the oldest colonial city in the Americas. North central highlands Northern Nicaragua is the most diversified region producing coffee, cattle, milk products, vegetables, wood, gold, and flowers. Its extensive forests, rivers and geography are suited for ecotourism. The central highlands are a significantly less populated and economically developed area in the north, between Lake Nicaragua and the Caribbean. Forming the country's tierra templada, or temperate land, at elevations between , the highlands enjoy mild temperatures with daily highs of . This region has a longer, wetter rainy season than the Pacific lowlands, making erosion a problem on its steep slopes. Rugged terrain, poor soils, and low population density characterize the area as a whole, but the northwestern valleys are fertile and well settled. The area has a cooler climate than the Pacific lowlands. About a quarter of the country's agriculture takes place in this region, with coffee grown on the higher slopes. Oaks, pines, moss, ferns and orchids are abundant in the cloud forests of the region. Bird life in the forests of the central region includes resplendent quetzals, goldfinches, hummingbirds, jays and toucanets. Caribbean lowlands This large rainforest region is irrigated by several large rivers and is sparsely populated. The area has 57 of the territory of the nation and most of its mineral resources. It has been heavily exploited, but much natural diversity remains. The Rio Coco is the largest river in Central America; it forms the border with Honduras. The Caribbean coastline is much more sinuous than its generally straight Pacific counterpart; lagoons and deltas make it very irregular. Nicaragua's Bosawás Biosphere Reserve is in the Atlantic lowlands, part of which is located in the municipality of Siuna; it protects of La Mosquitia forest almost 7 of the country's area making it the largest rainforest north of the Amazon in Brazil. The municipalities of Siuna, Rosita, and Bonanza, known as the Mining Triangle, are located in the region known as the RAAN, in the Caribbean lowlands. Bonanza still contains an active gold mine owned by HEMCO. Siuna and Rosita do not have active mines but panning for gold is still very common in the region. Nicaragua's tropical east coast is very different from the rest of the country. The climate is predominantly tropical, with high temperature and high humidity. Around the area's principal city of Bluefields, English is widely spoken along with the official Spanish. The population more closely resembles that found in many typical Caribbean ports than the rest of Nicaragua. A great variety of birds can be observed including eagles, toucans, parakeets and macaws. Other animal life in the area includes different species of monkeys, anteaters, white-tailed deer and tapirs. Nature and environment Flora and fauna Nicaragua is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. Nicaragua is located in the middle of the Americas and this privileged location has enabled the country to serve as host to a great biodiversity. This factor, along with the weather and light altitudinal variations, allows the country to harbor 248 species of amphibians and reptiles, 183 species of mammals, 705 bird species, 640 fish species, and about 5,796 species of plants. The region of great forests is located on the eastern side of the country. Rainforests are found in the Río San Juan Department and in the autonomous regions of RAAN and RAAS. This biome groups together the greatest biodiversity in the country and is largely protected by the Indio Maíz Biological Reserve in the south and the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve in the north. The Nicaraguan jungles, which represent about , are considered the lungs of Central America and comprise the second largest-sized rainforest of the Americas. There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than , or about 17 of its landmass. These include wildlife refuges and nature reserves that shelter a wide range of ecosystems. There are more than 1,400 animal species classified thus far in Nicaragua. Some 12,000 species of plants have been classified thus far in Nicaragua, with an estimated 5,000 species not yet classified. The bull shark is a species of shark that can survive for an extended period of time in fresh water. It can be found in Lake Nicaragua and the San Juan River, where it is often referred to as the Nicaragua shark. Nicaragua has recently banned freshwater fishing of the Nicaragua shark and the sawfish in response to the declining populations of these animals. Climate change Nicaragua was one of the few countries that did not enter an INDC at COP21. Nicaragua initially chose not to join the Paris Climate Accord because it felt that much more action is required by individual countries on restricting global temperature rise. However, in October 2017, Nicaragua made the decision to join the agreement. It ratified this agreement on November 22, 2017. Government Politics of Nicaragua takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Nicaragua is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the national assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Between 2007 and 2009, Nicaragua's major political parties discussed the possibility of going from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. Their reason: there would be a clear differentiation between the head of government prime minister and the head of state president. Nevertheless, it was later argued that the true reason behind this proposal was to find a legal way for President Ortega to stay in power after January 2012, when his second and last government period was expected to end. Ortega was reelected to a third term in November 2016. Foreign relations Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. Nicaragua is in territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andrés y Providencia and Quita Sueño Bank and with Costa Rica over a boundary dispute involving the San Juan River. The International Court of Justice, in regard to the case of Nicaragua v. United States in 1984, found that the United States was in breach of its obligations under customary international law not to use force against another State, not to intervene in its affairs, not to violate its sovereignty, not to interrupt peaceful maritime commerce. Military The armed forces of Nicaragua consists of various military contingents. Nicaragua has an army, navy and an air force. There are roughly 14,000 active duty personnel, which is much less compared to the numbers seen during the Nicaraguan Revolution. Although the army has had a rough military history, a portion of its forces, which were known as the national guard, became integrated with what is now the National Police of Nicaragua. In essence, the police became a gendarmerie. The National Police of Nicaragua are rarely, if ever, labeled as a gendarmerie. The other elements and manpower that were not devoted to the national police were sent over to cultivate the new Army of Nicaragua. The age to serve in the armed forces is 17 and conscription is not imminent. , the military budget was roughly 0.7 of Nicaragua's expenditures. In 2017, Nicaragua signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Law enforcement The National Police of Nicaragua Force in Spanish: La Policía Nacional Nicaragüense is the national police of Nicaragua. The force is in charge of regular police functions and, at times, works in conjunction with the Nicaraguan military, making it an indirect and rather subtle version of a gendarmerie. However, the Nicaraguan National Police work separately and have a different established set of norms than the nation's military. Nicaragua is the safest country in Central America and one of the safest in Latin America, according to the United Nations Development Program, with a homicide rate of 8.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. Administrative divisions Nicaragua is a unitary republic. For administrative purposes it is divided into 15 departments departamentos and two self-governing regions autonomous communities based on the Spanish model. The departments are then subdivided into 153 municipios municipalities. The two autonomous regions are the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, often referred to as RACCN and RACCS, respectively. Economy Nicaragua is among the poorest countries in the Americas. Its gross domestic product GDP in purchasing power parity PPP in 2008 was estimated at US$17.37 billion. Agriculture represents 15.5 of GDP, the highest percentage in Central America. Remittances account for over 15 of the Nicaraguan GDP. Close to one billion dollars are sent to the country by Nicaraguans living abroad. The economy grew at a rate of about 4 in 2011. According to the United Nations Development Programme, 48 of the population of Nicaragua live below the poverty line, 79.9 of the population live with less than $2 per day, According to UN figures, 80 of the indigenous people who make up 5 of the population live on less than $1 per day. According to the World Bank, Nicaragua ranked as the 123rd out of 190 best economy for starting a business. In 2007, Nicaragua's economy was labelled 62.7 free by the Heritage Foundation, with high levels of fiscal, government, labor, investment, financial, and trade freedom. It ranked as the 61st freest economy, and 14th of 29 in the Americas. In March 2007, Poland and Nicaragua signed an agreement to write off 30.6 million dollars which was borrowed by the Nicaraguan government in the 1980s. Inflation reduced from 33,500 in 1988 to 9.45 in 2006, and the foreign debt was cut in half. Nicaragua is primarily an agricultural country; agriculture constitutes 60 of its total exports which annually yield approximately US$300 million. Nearly two-thirds of the coffee crop comes from the northern part of the central highlands, in the area north and east of the town of Estelí. Tobacco, grown in the same northern highlands region as coffee, has become an increasingly important cash crop since the 1990s, with annual exports of leaf and cigars in the neighborhood of $200 million per year. Soil erosion and pollution from the heavy use of pesticides have become serious concerns in the cotton district. Yields and exports have both been declining since 1985. Today most of Nicaragua's bananas are grown in the northwestern part of the country near the port of Corinto; sugarcane is also grown in the same district. Cassava, a root crop somewhat similar to the potato, is an important food in tropical regions. Cassava is also the main ingredient in tapioca pudding. Nicaragua's agricultural sector has benefited because of the country's strong ties to Venezuela. It is estimated that Venezuela will import approximately $200 million in agricultural goods. In the 1990s, the government initiated efforts to diversify agriculture. Some of the new export-oriented crops were peanuts, sesame, melons, and onions. Fishing boats on the Caribbean side bring shrimp as well as lobsters into processing plants at Puerto Cabezas, Bluefields, and Laguna de Perlas. A turtle fishery thrived on the Caribbean coast before it collapsed from overexploitation. Mining is becoming a major industry in Nicaragua, contributing less than 1 of gross domestic product GDP. Restrictions are being placed on lumbering due to increased environmental concerns about destruction of the rain forests. But lumbering continues despite these obstacles; indeed, a single hardwood tree may be worth thousands of dollars. During the war between the US-backed Contras and the government of the Sandinistas in the 1980s, much of the country's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed. Transportation throughout the nation is often inadequate. For example, it was until recently impossible to travel all the way by highway from Managua to the Caribbean coast. A new road between Nueva Guinea and Bluefields is almost complete February 2019, and already allows a regular bus service to the capital. The Centroamérica power plant on the Tuma River in the Central highlands has been expanded, and other hydroelectric projects have been undertaken to help provide electricity to the nation's newer industries. Nicaragua has long been considered as a possible site for a new sea-level canal that could supplement the Panama Canal. Nicaragua's minimum wage is among the lowest in the Americas and in the world. Remittances are equivalent to roughly 15 of the country's gross domestic product. Growth in the maquila sector slowed in the first decade of the 21st century with rising competition from Asian markets, particularly China. Land is the traditional basis of wealth in Nicaragua, with great fortunes coming from the export of staples such as coffee, cotton, beef, and sugar. Almost all of the upper class and nearly a quarter of the middle class are substantial landowners. A 1985 government study classified 69.4 percent of the population as poor on the basis that they were unable to satisfy one or more of their basic needs in housing, sanitary services water, sewage, and garbage collection, education, and employment. The defining standards for this study were very low; housing was considered substandard if it was constructed of discarded materials with dirt floors or if it was occupied by more than four persons per room. Rural workers are dependent on agricultural wage labor, especially in coffee and cotton. Only a small fraction hold permanent jobs. Most are migrants who follow crops during the harvest period and find other work during the off-season. The lower peasants are typically smallholders without sufficient land to sustain a family; they also join the harvest labor force. The upper peasants have sufficient resources to be economically independent. They produce enough surplus, beyond their personal needs, to allow them to participate in the national and world markets. The urban lower class is characterized by the informal sector of the economy. The informal sector consists of small-scale enterprises that utilize traditional technologies and operate outside the legal regime of labor protections and taxation. Workers in the informal sector are self-employed, unsalaried family workers or employees of small-enterprises, and they are generally poor. Nicaragua's informal sector workers include tinsmiths, mattress makers, seamstresses, bakers, shoemakers, and carpenters; people who take in laundry and ironing or prepare food for sale in the streets; and thousands of peddlers, owners of small businesses often operating out of their own homes, and market stall operators. Some work alone, but others labor in the small talleres workshops/factories that are responsible for a large share of the country's industrial production. Because informal sector earnings are generally very low, few families can subsist on one income. Like most Latin American nations Nicaragua is also characterized by a very small upper-class, roughly 2 of the population, that is very wealthy and wields the political and economic power in the country that is not in the hands of foreign corporations and private industries. These families are oligarchical in nature and have ruled Nicaragua for generations and their wealth is politically and economically horizontally and vertically integrated. Nicaragua is currently a member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, which is also known as ALBA. ALBA has proposed creating a new currency, the Sucre, for use among its members. In essence, this means that the Nicaraguan córdoba will be replaced with the Sucre. Other nations that will follow a similar pattern include: Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Honduras, Cuba, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica and Antigua and Barbuda. Nicaragua is considering construction of a canal linking the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which President Daniel Ortega has said will give Nicaragua its economic independence. Scientists have raised concerns about environmental impacts, but the government has maintained that the canal will benefit the country by creating new jobs and potentially increasing its annual growth to an average of 8 per year. The project was scheduled to begin construction in December 2014, however the Nicaragua Canal has yet to be started. Tourism By 2006, tourism had become the second largest industry in Nicaragua. Previously, tourism had grown about 70 nationwide during a period of 7 years, with rates of 1016 annually. The increase and growth led to the income from tourism to rise more than 300 over a period of 10 years. The growth in tourism has also positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. President Daniel Ortega has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country. The results for Nicaragua's tourism-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010. Every year about 60,000 U.S. citizens visit Nicaragua, primarily business people, tourists, and those visiting relatives. Some 5,300 people from the U.S. reside in Nicaragua. The majority of tourists who visit Nicaragua are from the U.S., Central or South America, and Europe. According to the Ministry of Tourism of Nicaragua INTUR, the colonial cities of León and Granada are the preferred spots for tourists. Also, the cities of Masaya, Rivas and the likes of San Juan del Sur, El Ostional, the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception, Ometepe Island, the Mombacho volcano, and the Corn Islands among other locations are the main tourist attractions. In addition, ecotourism, sport fishing and surfing attract many tourists to Nicaragua. According to the TV Noticias news program, the main attractions in Nicaragua for tourists are the beaches, the scenic routes, the architecture of cities such as León and Granada, ecotourism, and agritourism particularly in northern Nicaragua. As a result of increased tourism, Nicaragua has seen its foreign direct investment increase by 79.1 from 2007 to 2009. Nicaragua is referred to as the land of lakes and volcanoes due to the number of lagoons and lakes, and the chain of volcanoes that runs from the north to the south along the country's Pacific side. Today, only 7 of the 50 volcanoes in Nicaragua are considered active. Many of these volcanoes offer some great possibilities for tourists with activities such as hiking, climbing, camping, and swimming in crater lakes. The Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve was created by the eruption of the Apoyo Volcano about 23,000 years ago, which left a huge 7 km-wide crater that gradually filled with water. It is surrounded by the old crater wall. The rim of the lagoon is lined with restaurants, many of which have kayaks available. Besides exploring the forest around it, many water sports are practiced in the lagoon, most notably kayaking. Sand skiing has become a popular attraction at the Cerro Negro volcano in León. Both dormant and active volcanoes can be climbed. Some of the most visited volcanoes include the Masaya Volcano, Momotombo, Mombacho, Cosigüina and Ometepe's Maderas and Concepción. Ecotourism aims to be ecologically and socially conscious; it focuses on local culture, wilderness, and adventure. Nicaragua's ecotourism is growing with every passing year. It boasts a number of ecotourist tours and perfect places for adventurers. Nicaragua has three eco-regions the Pacific, Central, and Atlantic which contain volcanoes, tropical rainforests, and agricultural land. The majority of the eco-lodges and other environmentally-focused touristic destinations are found on Ometepe Island, located in the middle of Lake Nicaragua just an hour's boat ride from Granada. While some are foreign-owned, others are owned by local families. Demographics According to a 2014 research published in the journal Genetics and Molecular Biology, European ancestry predominates in 69 of Nicaraguans, followed by African ancestry in 20, and lastly indigenous ancestry in 11. A Japanese research of Genomic Components in America's demography demonstrated that, on average, the ancestry of Nicaraguans is 5862 European, 28 Native American, and 14 African, with a very small Near Eastern contribution. Non-genetic data from the CIA World Factbook establish that from Nicaragua's 2016 population of 5,966,798, around 69 are mestizo, 17 white, 5 Native American, and 9 black and other races. This fluctuates with changes in migration patterns. The population is 58 urban . The capital Managua is the biggest city, with an estimated population of 1,042,641 in 2016. In 2005, over 5 million people lived in the Pacific, Central and North regions, and 700,000 in the Caribbean region. There is a growing expatriate community, the majority of whom move for business, investment or retirement from across the world, such as from the US, Canada, Taiwan, and European countries; the majority have settled in Managua, Granada and San Juan del Sur. Many Nicaraguans live abroad, particularly in Costa Rica, the United States, Spain, Canada, and other Central American countries. Nicaragua has a population growth rate of 1.5 . This is the result of one of the highest birth rates in the Western Hemisphere: 17.7 per 1,000 as of 2017. The death rate was 4.7 per 1,000 during the same period according to the United Nations. Ethnic groups The majority of the Nicaraguan population is composed of mestizos, roughly 69. 17 of Nicaragua's population is of unmixed European stock, with the majority of them being of Spanish descent, while others are of German, Italian, English, Turkish, Danish or French ancestry. Black Creoles About 9 of Nicaragua's population is black and mainly resides on the country's Caribbean or Atlantic coast. The black population is mostly composed of black English-speaking Creoles who are the descendants of escaped or shipwrecked slaves; many carry the name of Scottish settlers who brought slaves with them, such as Campbell, Gordon, Downs, and Hodgeson. Although many Creoles supported Somoza because of his close association with the US, they rallied to the Sandinista cause in July 1979 only to reject the revolution soon afterwards in response to a new phase of 'westernization' and imposition of central rule from Managua. There is a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed West African, Carib and Arawak descent. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the Zelaya Department consisting of the eastern half of the country into two autonomous regions and granted the black and indigenous people of this region limited self-rule within the republic. Indigenous population The remaining 5 of Nicaraguans are indigenous, the descendants of the country's original inhabitants. Nicaragua's pre-Columbian population consisted of many indigenous groups. In the western region, the Nahua Pipil-Nicarao people were present along with other groups such as the Chorotega people and the Subtiabas also known as Maribios or Hokan Xiu. The central region and the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua were inhabited by indigenous peoples who were Macro-Chibchan language groups that had migrated to and from South America in ancient times, primarily what is now Colombia and Venezuela. These groups include the present-day Matagalpas, Miskitos, Ramas, as well as Mayangnas and Ulwas who are also known as Sumos. In the 19th century, there was a substantial indigenous minority, but this group was largely assimilated culturally into the mestizo majority. Languages Nicaraguan Spanish has many indigenous influences and several distinguishing characteristics. For example, some Nicaraguans have a tendency to replace /s/ with /h/ when speaking. Although Spanish is spoken throughout, the country has great variety: vocabulary, accents and colloquial language can vary between towns and departments. On the Caribbean coast, indigenous languages, English-based creoles, and Spanish are spoken. The Miskito language, spoken by the Miskito people as a first language and some other indigenous and Afro-descendants people as a second, third, or fourth language, is the most commonly spoken indigenous language. The indigenous Misumalpan languages of Mayangna and Ulwa are spoken by the respective peoples of the same names. Many Miskito, Mayangna, and Ulwa people also speak Miskito Coast Creole, and a large majority also speak Spanish. Fewer than three dozen of nearly 2,000 Rama people speak their Chibchan language fluently, with nearly all Ramas speaking Rama Cay Creole and the vast majority speaking Spanish. Linguists have attempted to document and revitalize the language over the past three decades. The Garifuna people, descendants of indigenous and Afro-descendant people who came to Nicaragua from Honduras in the early twentieth century, have recently attempted to revitalize their Arawakan language. The majority speak Miskito Coast Creole as their first language and Spanish as their second. The Creole or Kriol people, descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the Mosquito Coast during the British colonial period and European, Chinese, Arab, and British West Indian immigrants, also speak Miskito Coast Creole as their first language and Spanish as their second. Largest cities Religion Religion plays a significant part of the culture of Nicaragua and is afforded special protections in the constitution. Religious freedom, which has been guaranteed since 1939, and religious tolerance are promoted by the government and the constitution. Nicaragua has no official religion. Catholic bishops are expected to lend their authority to important state occasions, and their pronouncements on national issues are closely followed. They can be called upon to mediate between contending parties at moments of political crisis. In 1979, Miguel D'Escoto Brockman, a priest who had embraced Liberation Theology, served in the government as foreign minister when the Sandinistas came to power. The largest denomination, and traditionally the religion of the majority, is the Roman Catholic Church. It came to Nicaragua in the 16th century with the Spanish conquest and remained, until 1939, the established faith. The number of practicing Roman Catholics has been declining, while membership of evangelical Protestant groups and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS Church has been growing rapidly since the 1990s. There is a significant LDS missionary effort in Nicaragua. There are two missions and 95,768 members of the LDS Church 1.54 of the population. There are also strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast in what once constituted the sparsely populated Mosquito Coast colony. It was under British influence for nearly three centuries. Protestantism was brought to the Mosquito Coast mainly by British and German colonists in forms of Anglicanism and the Moravian Church. Other kinds of Protestant and other Christian denominations were introduced to the rest of Nicaragua during the 19th century. Popular religion revolves around the saints, who are perceived as intercessors but not mediators between human beings and God. Most localities, from the capital of Managua to small rural communities, honour patron saints, selected from the Roman Catholic calendar, with annual fiestas. In many communities, a rich lore has grown up around the celebrations of patron saints, such as Managua's Saint Dominic Santo Domingo, honoured in August with two colourful, often riotous, day-long processions through the city. The high point of Nicaragua's religious calendar for the masses is neither Christmas nor Easter, but La Purísima, a week of festivities in early December dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, during which elaborate altars to the Virgin Mary are constructed in homes and workplaces. The country's close political ties have encouraged religious ties. Buddhism has increased with a steady influx of immigration. Immigration Relative to its population, Nicaragua has not experienced large waves of immigration. The number of immigrants in Nicaragua, from other Latin American countries or other countries, never surpassed 1 of its total population before 1995. The 2005 census showed the foreign-born population at 1.2, having risen a mere .06 in 10 years. In the 19th century, Nicaragua experienced modest waves of immigration from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, particularly the departments in the Central and Pacific region. Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrians, Armenians, Jewish Nicaraguans, and Lebanese people in Nicaragua. This community numbers about 30,000. There is an East Asian community mostly consisting of Chinese, Taiwanese, and Japanese. The Chinese Nicaraguan population is estimated at around 12,000. The Chinese arrived in the late 19th century but were unsubstantiated until the 1920s. Diaspora The Civil War forced many Nicaraguans to start lives outside of their country. Many people emigrated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century due to the lack of employment opportunities and poverty. The majority of the Nicaraguan Diaspora migrated to the United States and Costa Rica. Today one in six Nicaraguans live in these two countries. The diaspora has seen Nicaraguans settling around in smaller communities in other parts of the world, particularly Western Europe. Small communities of Nicaraguans are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Communities also exist in Australia and New Zealand. Canada, Brazil and Argentina host small groups of these communities. In Asia, Japan hosts a small Nicaraguan community. Due to extreme poverty at home, many Nicaraguans are now living and working in neighboring El Salvador, a country that has the US dollar as currency. Healthcare Although Nicaragua's health outcomes have improved over the past few decades with the efficient utilization of resources relative to other Central American nations, healthcare in Nicaragua still confronts challenges responding to its populations' diverse healthcare needs. The Nicaraguan government guarantees universal free health care for its citizens. However, limitations of current delivery models and unequal distribution of resources and medical personnel contribute to the persistent lack of quality care in more remote areas of Nicaragua, especially amongst rural communities in the Central and Atlantic region. To respond to the dynamic needs of localities, the government has adopted a decentralized model that emphasizes community-based preventive and primary medical care. Education The adult literacy rate in 2005 was 78.0. Primary education is free in Nicaragua. A system of private schools exists, many of which are religiously affiliated and often have more robust English programs. As of 1979, the educational system was one of the poorest in Latin America. One of the first acts of the newly elected Sandinista government in 1980 was an extensive and successful literacy campaign, using secondary school students, university students and teachers as volunteer teachers: it reduced the overall illiteracy rate from 50.3 to 12.9 within only five months. This was one of a number of large-scale programs which received international recognition for their gains in literacy, health care, education, childcare, unions, and land reform. The Sandinistas also added a leftist ideological content to the curriculum, which was removed after 1990. In September 1980, UNESCO awarded Nicaragua the Soviet Union sponsored Nadezhda Krupskaya award for the literacy campaign. Gender equality When it comes to gender equality in Latin America, Nicaragua ranks high among the other countries in the region. When it came to global rankings regarding gender equality, the World Economic Forum ranked Nicaragua at number twelve in 2015, while in 2016 it ranked tenth, and in 2017 the country ranked sixth. Nicaragua was among the many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which aimed to promote women's rights. The Human Development Report ranked Nicaragua 106 out of 160 countries in the Gender Inequality Index GII in 2017. It reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions - reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity. Culture Nicaraguan culture has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by European culture but also including Native American sounds and flavors. Nicaraguan culture can further be defined in several distinct strands. The Pacific coast has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by Europeans. It was colonized by Spain and has a similar culture to other Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. The indigenous groups that historically inhabited the Pacific coast have largely been assimilated into the mestizo culture. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua was once a British protectorate. English is still predominant in this region and spoken domestically along with Spanish and indigenous languages. Its culture is similar to that of Caribbean nations that were or are British possessions, such as Jamaica, Belize, the Cayman Islands, etc. Unlike on the west coast, the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean coast have maintained distinct identities, and some still speak their native languages as first languages. Music Nicaraguan music is a mixture of indigenous and Spanish influences. Musical instruments include the marimba and others common across Central America. The marimba of Nicaragua is played by a sitting performer holding the instrument on his knees. He is usually accompanied by a bass fiddle, guitar and guitarrilla a small guitar like a mandolin. This music is played at social functions as a sort of background music. The marimba is made with hardwood plates placed over bamboo or metal tubes of varying lengths. It is played with two or four hammers. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua is known for a lively, sensual form of dance music called Palo de Mayo which is popular throughout the country. It is especially loud and celebrated during the Palo de Mayo festival in May. The Garifuna community Afro-Native American is known for its popular music called Punta. Nicaragua enjoys a variety of international influence in the music arena. Bachata, Merengue, Salsa and Cumbia have gained prominence in cultural centres such as Managua, Leon and Granada. Cumbia dancing has grown popular with the introduction of Nicaraguan artists, including Gustavo Leyton, on Ometepe Island and in Managua. Salsa dancing has become extremely popular in Managua's nightclubs. With various influences, the form of salsa dancing varies in Nicaragua. New York style and Cuban Salsa Salsa Casino elements have gained popularity across the country. Dance Dance in Nicaragua varies depending upon the region. Rural areas tend to have a stronger focus on movement of the hips and turns. The dance style in cities focuses primarily on more sophisticated footwork in addition to movement and turns. Combinations of styles from the Dominican Republic and the United States can be found throughout Nicaragua. Bachata dancing is popular in Nicaragua. A considerable amount of Bachata dancing influence comes from Nicaraguans living abroad, in cities that include Miami, Los Angeles and, to a much lesser extent, New York City. Tango has also surfaced recently in cultural cities and ballroom dance occasions. Literature The origin of Nicaraguan literature can arguably be traced to pre-Columbian times. The myths and oral literature formed the cosmogenic view of the world of the indigenous people. Some of these stories are still known in Nicaragua. Like many Latin American countries, the Spanish conquerors have had the most effect on both the culture and the literature. Nicaraguan literature has historically been an important source of poetry in the Spanish-speaking world, with internationally renowned contributors such as Rubén Darío who is regarded as the most important literary figure in Nicaragua. He is called the Father of Modernism for leading the modernismo literary movement at the end of the 19th century. Other literary figures include Carlos Martinez Rivas, Pablo Antonio Cuadra, Alberto Cuadra Mejia, Manolo Cuadra, Pablo Alberto Cuadra Arguello, Orlando Cuadra Downing, Alfredo Alegría Rosales, Sergio Ramirez Mercado, Ernesto Cardenal, Gioconda Belli, Claribel Alegría and José Coronel Urtecho, among others. The satirical drama El Güegüense was the first literary work of post-Columbian Nicaragua. Written in both Aztec Nahuatl and Spanish it is regarded as one of Latin America's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece, a work of resistance to Spanish colonialism that combined music, dance and theatre. The theatrical play was written by an anonymous author in the 16th century, making it one of the oldest indigenous theatrical/dance works of the Western Hemisphere. In 2005 it was recognized by UNESCO as a patrimony of humanity. After centuries of popular performance, the play was first published in a book in 1942. Cuisine Nicaraguan cuisine is a mixture of Spanish food and dishes of a pre-Columbian origin. Traditional cuisine changes from the Pacific to the Caribbean coast. The Pacific coast's main staple revolves around local fruits and corn, the Caribbean coast cuisine makes use of seafood and the coconut. As in many other Latin American countries, maize is a staple food and is used in many of the widely consumed dishes, such as the nacatamal, and indio viejo. Maize is also an ingredient for drinks such as pinolillo and chicha as well as sweets and desserts. In addition to corn, rice and beans are eaten very often. Gallo pinto, Nicaragua's national dish, is made with white rice and red beans that are cooked individually and then fried together. The dish has several variations including the addition of coconut milk and/or grated coconut on the Caribbean coast. Most Nicaraguans begin their day with gallo pinto. Gallo pinto is most usually served with carne asada, a salad, fried cheese, plantains or maduros. Many of Nicaragua's dishes include indigenous fruits and vegetables such as jocote, mango, papaya, tamarindo, pipian, banana, avocado, yuca, and herbs such as cilantro, oregano and achiote. Traditional street food snacks found in Nicaragua include quesillo, a thick tortilla with soft cheese and cream, tajadas, deep-fried plantain chips, maduros, sautéed ripe plantain, and fresco, fresh juices such as hibiscus and tamarind commonly served in a plastic bag with a straw. Nicaraguans have been known to eat guinea pigs, known as cuy. Tapirs, iguanas, turtle eggs, armadillos and boas are also sometimes eaten, but because of extinction threats to these wild creatures, there are efforts to curb this custom. Media For most Nicaraguans radio and TV are the main sources of news. There are more than 100 radio stations and several TV networks. Cable TV is available in most urban areas. The Nicaraguan print media are varied and partisan, representing pro and anti-government positions. Publications include La Prensa, El Nuevo Diario, Confidencial, Hoy, and Mercurio. Online news publications include Confidencial and The Nicaragua Dispatch. Sports Baseball is the most popular sport in Nicaragua. Although some professional Nicaraguan baseball teams have recently folded, the country still enjoys a strong tradition of American-style baseball. Baseball was introduced to Nicaragua during the 19th century. In the Caribbean coast, locals from Bluefields were taught how to play baseball in 1888 by Albert Addlesberg, a retailer from the United States. Baseball did not catch on in the Pacific coast until 1891 when a group of mostly college students from the United States formed La Sociedad de Recreo Society of Recreation where they played various sports, baseball being the most popular. Nicaragua has had its share of MLB players, including shortstop Everth Cabrera and pitcher Vicente Padilla, but the most notable is Dennis Martínez, who was the first baseball player from Nicaragua to play in Major League Baseball. He became the first Latin-born pitcher to throw a perfect game, and the 13th in the major league history, when he played with the Montreal Expos against the Dodgers at Dodger Stadium in 1991. Boxing is the second most popular sport in Nicaragua. The country has had world champions such as Alexis Argüello and Ricardo Mayorga as well as Román González. Recently, football has gained popularity. The Dennis Martínez National Stadium has served as a venue for both baseball and football. The first ever national football-only stadium in Managua, the Nicaragua National Football Stadium, was completed in 2011. See also Bibliography of Nicaragua Index of Nicaragua-related articles Outline of Nicaragua References Additional sources External links Visit Nicaragua Teaching Central America Government Chief of State and Cabinet Members General information Nicaragua Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal Nicaragua at UCB Libraries GovPubs Nicaragua profile from the BBC News Maps from WorldAtlas.com Nicaraguaportal: Official information of the Honorary Consulate of Nicaragua Key Development Forecasts for Nicaragua from International Futures Other The State of the World's Midwifery Nicaragua Country Profile Category:1821 establishments in North America Category:Countries in Central America Category:Countries in North America Category:Former Spanish colonies Category:Member states of the United Nations Category:Republics Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories Category:States and territories established in 1821

Alliance 90/The Greens, often simply Greens or ; , is a green political party in Germany that was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party founded in West Germany in 1980 and merged with the East Greens in 1990 and Alliance 90 founded during the Revolution of 19891990 in East Germany. The party focuses on ecological, economic, and social sustainability. Since January 2018 Annalena Baerbock and Robert Habeck have co-led the party. In the 2017 federal elections the Greens came sixth with 8.9 of the votes and 67 out of 709 seats in the Bundestag. Former names and variants in the states The Green Party was initially founded in West Germany as Die Grünen the Greens in January 1980. It rose out of the anti-nuclear energy, environmental, peace, new left, and new social movements of the late 20th century. Grüne Liste Umweltschutz green list for environmental protection were the names of some branches in Lower Saxony and other states in the Federal Republic of Germany. These groups were founded in 1977 and took part in several elections. Most of them merged with The Greens in 1980. The West Berlin state branch of The Greens was founded as Alternative Liste, or precisely, Alternative Liste für Demokratie und Umweltschutz AL; alternative list for democracy and environmental protection in 1978 and became the official West Berlin branch of The Greens in 1980. In 1993 it renamed to Alliance 90/The Greens Berlin after the merger with East Berlin's Greens and Alliance 90. The Hamburg state branch of the Green Party was called Grün-Alternative Liste Hamburg GAL; green-alternative list from its foundation in 1982 until 2012. In 1984 it became the official Hamburg branch of The Greens. History 1213 January 1980: Foundation congress In the 1970s, environmentalists and peace activists politically organised amongst thousands of action groups. The political party The Greens was founded 13 January 1980 in Karlsruhe to give this movement political and parliamentary representation. Opposition to pollution, use of nuclear power, NATO military action, and certain aspects of industrialised society were principal campaign issues. The Greens originated from civil initiatives, new social movements of the protests of 1968, but also from the conservative spectrum. Important figures in the first years were  among others  Petra Kelly, Gert Bastian, , Rudolf Bahro, Joseph Beuys, Antje Vollmer, Joschka Fischer, Herbert Gruhl, August Haußleiter, Luise Rinser, , Brigitte Heinrich, , and . It was at this congress, that the Greens lay their ideological foundations, proclaiming the famous Four Pillars of the Green Party: Social justice Ecological wisdom Grassroots democracy Nonviolence 1980s: Parliamentary representation on the federal level In 1982, the conservative factions of the Greens broke away to form the Ecological Democratic Party ÖDP. Those who remained in the Green party were more strongly pacifist and against restrictions on immigration and reproductive rights, while supporting the legalisation of cannabis use, placing a higher priority on working for LGBT rights, and tending to advocate what they described as anti-authoritarian concepts of education and child-rearing. They also tended to identify more closely with a culture of protest and civil disobedience, frequently clashing with police at demonstrations against nuclear weapons, nuclear energy, and the construction of a new runway Startbahn West at Frankfurt airport. Those who left the party at the time might have felt similarly about some of these issues, but did not identify with the forms of protest that Green party members took part in. After some success at state-level elections, the party won 27 seats with 5.7 of the vote in the Bundestag, the lower house of the German parliament, in the 1983 federal election. Among the important political issues at the time was the deployment of Pershing II IRBMs and nuclear-tipped cruise missiles by the U.S. and NATO on West German soil, generating strong opposition in the general population that found an outlet in mass demonstrations. The newly formed party was able to draw on this popular movement to recruit support. Partly due to the impact of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, and to growing awareness of the threat of air pollution and acid rain to German forests Waldsterben, the Greens increased their share of the vote to 8.3 in the 1987 federal election. Around this time, Joschka Fischer emerged as the unofficial leader of the party, which he remained until resigning all leadership posts following the 2005 federal election. The Greens were the target of attempts by the East German secret police to enlist the cooperation of members who were willing to align the party with the agenda of the German Democratic Republic. The party ranks included several politicians who were later discovered to have been Stasi agents, including Bundestag representative Dirk Schneider, European Parliament representative Brigitte Heinrich, and Red Army Faction defense lawyer Klaus Croissant. Greens politician and Bundestag representative Gert Bastian was also a founding member of , a pacifist group created and funded by the Stasi, the revelation of which may have contributed to the murder-suicide in which he killed his partner and Greens founder Petra Kelly. A study commissioned by the Greens determined that 15 to 20 members intimately cooperated with the Stasi and another 450 to 500 had been informants. Until 1987, the Greens included a faction involved in pedophile activism, the SchwuP short for Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schwule, Päderasten und Transsexuelle approx. working group Gays, Pederasts and Transsexuals. This faction campaigned for repealing § 176 of the German penal code, dealing with child sexual abuse. This group was controversial within the party itself, and was seen as partly responsible for the poor election result of 1985. This controversy re-surfaced in 2013 and chairwoman Claudia Roth stated she welcomed an independent scientific investigation on the extent of influence pedophile activists had on the party in the mid 1980s. In November 2014 the political scientist Franz Walter presented the final report about his research on a press conference. 1990s: German reunification, fall out of parliament for the West, formation of Alliance 90/The Greens In the 1990 federal elections, taking place post-reunified Germany, the Greens in the West did not pass the 5 limit required to win seats in the Bundestag. It was only due to a temporary modification of German election law, applying the five-percent hurdle separately in East and West Germany, that the Greens acquired any parliamentary seats at all. This happened because in the new states of Germany, the Greens, in a joint effort with Alliance 90, a heterogeneous grouping of civil rights activists, were able to gain more than 5 of the vote. Some critics attribute this poor performance to the reluctance of the campaign to cater to the prevalent mood of nationalism, instead focusing on subjects such as global warming. A campaign poster at the time proudly stated, Everyone is talking about Germany; we're talking about the weather!, paraphrasing a popular slogan of Deutsche Bundesbahn, the German national railway. The party also opposed imminent reunification that was in process, instead wanting to initiate debates on ecology and nuclear issues before reunification causing a drop in support in Western Germany. After the 1994 federal election; however, the merged party returned to the Bundestag, and the Greens received 7.3 of the vote nationwide and 49 seats. 19982002: Greens as governing party, first term In the 1998 federal election, despite a slight fall in their percentage of the vote 6.7, the Greens retained 47 seats and joined the federal government for the first time in 'Red-Green' coalition government with the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD. Joschka Fischer became Vice-Chancellor of Germany and foreign minister in the new government, which had two other Green ministers Andrea Fischer, later Renate Künast, and Jürgen Trittin. Almost immediately the party was plunged into a crisis by the question of German participation in the NATO actions in Kosovo. Numerous anti-war party members resigned their party membership when the first post-war deployment of German troops in a military conflict abroad occurred under a Red-Green government, and the party began to experience a long string of defeats in local and state-level elections. Disappointment with the Green participation in government increased when anti-nuclear power activists realised that shutting down the nation's nuclear power stations would not happen as quickly as they wished, and numerous pro-business SPD members of the federal cabinet opposed the environmentalist agenda of the Greens, calling for tacit compromises. In 2001, the party experienced a further crisis as some Green Members of Parliament refused to back the government's plan of sending military personnel to help with the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. Chancellor Gerhard Schröder called a vote of confidence, tying it to his strategy on the war. Four Green MPs and one Social Democrat voted against the government, but Schröder was still able to command a majority. On the other hand, the Greens achieved a major success as a governing party through the 2000 decision to phase out the use of nuclear energy. Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Jürgen Trittin reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual phasing out of the country's nineteen nuclear power plants and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020. This was authorised through the Nuclear Exit Law. Based on an estimate of 32 years as the normal period of operation for a nuclear power plant, the agreement defines precisely how much energy a power plant is allowed to produce before being shut down. This law has since been overturned. 20022005: Greens as governing party, second term Despite the crises of the preceding electoral period, in the 2002 federal election, the Greens increased their total to 55 seats in a smaller parliament and 8.6. This was partly due to the perception that the internal debate over the war in Afghanistan had been more honest and open than in other parties, and one of the MPs who had voted against the Afghanistan deployment, Hans-Christian Ströbele, was directly elected to the Bundestag as a district representative for the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Prenzlauer Berg East constituency in Berlin, becoming the first Green to ever gain a first-past-the-post seat in Germany. The Greens benefited from increased inroads among traditionally left-wing demographics which had benefited from Green-initiated legislation in the 19982002 term, such as environmentalists Renewable Energies Act and LGBT groups Registered Partnership Law. Perhaps most important for determining the success of both the Greens and the SPD was the increasing threat of war in Iraq, which was highly unpopular with the German public, and helped gather votes for the parties which had taken a stand against participation in this war. Despite losses for the SPD, the Red-Green coalition government commanded a very slight majority in the Bundestag and was renewed, with Joschka Fischer as foreign minister, Renate Künast as minister for consumer protection, nutrition and agriculture, and Jürgen Trittin as minister for the environment. One internal issue in 2002 was the failed attempt to settle a long-standing discussion about the question of whether members of parliament should be allowed to become members of the party executive. Two party conventions declined to change the party statute. The necessary majority of two thirds was missed by a small margin. As a result, former party chairpersons Fritz Kuhn and Claudia Roth who had been elected to parliament that year were no longer able to continue in their executive function and were replaced by former party secretary general Reinhard Bütikofer and former Bundestag member Angelika Beer. The party then held a member referendum on this question in the spring of 2003 which changed the party statute. Now members of parliament may be elected for two of the six seats of the party executive, as long as they are not ministers or caucus leaders. 57 of all party members voted in the member referendum, with 67 voting in favor of the change. The referendum was only the second in the history of Alliance 90/The Greens, the first having been held about the merger of the Greens and Alliance 90. In 2004, after Angelika Beer was elected to the European parliament, Claudia Roth was elected to replace her as party chair. The only party convention in 2003 was planned for November 2003, but about 20 of the local organisations forced the federal party to hold a special party convention in Cottbus early to discuss the party position regarding Agenda 2010, a major reform of the German welfare programmes planned by Chancellor Schröder. The November 2003 party convention was held in Dresden and decided the election platform for the 2004 European Parliament elections. The German Green list for these elections was headed by Rebecca Harms then leader of the Green party in Lower Saxony and Daniel Cohn-Bendit, previously Member of the European Parliament for The Greens of France. The November 2003 convention is also noteworthy because it was the first convention of a German political party ever to use an electronic voting system. The Greens gained a record 13 of Germany's 99 seats in these elections, mainly due to the perceived competence of Green ministers in the federal government and the unpopularity of the Social Democratic Party. In early 2005, the Greens were the target of the German Visa Affair 2005, instigated in the media by the Christian Democratic Union CDU. At the end of April 2005, they celebrated the decommissioning of the Obrigheim nuclear power station. They also continue to support a bill for an Anti-Discrimination Law :de: Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz in the Bundestag. In May 2005, the only remaining state-level red-green coalition government lost the vote in the North Rhine-Westphalia state election, leaving only the federal government with participation of the Greens apart from local governments. In the early 2005 federal election the party incurred very small losses and achieved 8.1 of the vote and 51 seats. However, due to larger losses of the SPD, the previous coalition no longer had a majority in the Bundestag. 2005present: Greens back in opposition For almost two years after the federal election in 2005, the Greens were not part of any government at the state or federal level. In June 2007, the Greens in Bremen entered into a coalition with the Social Democratic Party SPD following the 2007 Bremen state election. In April 2008, following the 2008 Hamburg state election, the Green-Alternative List GAL in Hamburg entered into a coalition with the Christian Democratic Union CDU, the first such state-level coalition in Germany. Although the GAL had to agree to the deepening of the Elbe River, the construction of a new coal-fired power station and two road projects they had opposed, they also received some significant concessions from the CDU. These included reforming state schools by increasing the number of primary school educational stages, the restoration of trams as public transportation in the city-state, and more pedestrian-friendly real estate development. On 29 November 2010, the coalition collapsed, resulting in an election that was won by SPD. Following the Saarland state election of August 2009, The Greens held the balance of power after a close election where no two-party coalitions could create a stable majority government. After negotiations, the Saarland Greens rejected the option of a left-wing 'red-red-green' coalition with the SPD and The Left Die Linke in order to form a centre-right state government with the CDU and Free Democratic Party FDP, a historical first time that a Jamaica coalition has formed in German politics. In June 2010, in the first state election following the victory of the CDU/CSU and FDP in the 2009 federal election, the black-yellow CDU-FDP coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia under Jürgen Rüttgers lost its majority. The Greens and the SPD came one seat short of a governing majority, but after multiple negotiations about coalitions of SPD and Greens with either the FDP or The Left, the SPD and Greens decided to form a minority government, which was possible because under the constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia a plurality of seats is sufficient to elect a minister-president. So a red-green government in a state where it was defeated under Peer Steinbrück in 2005 came into office again on 14 June 2010 with the election of Hannelore Kraft as minister-president Cabinet Kraft I. The Greens founded the first international chapter of a German political party in the U.S. on 13 April 2008 at the Goethe-Institut in Washington D.C. Its main goal is to provide a platform for politically active and green-oriented German citizens, in and beyond Washington D.C., to discuss and actively participate in German Green politics. [...] to foster professional and personal exchange, channeling the outcomes towards the political discourse in Germany. In March 2011 two weeks after the Fukushima nuclear disaster had begun, the Greens made large gains in Rhineland-Palatinate and in Baden-Württemberg. In Baden-Württemberg they became the senior partner in a governing coalition for the first time. Winfried Kretschmann is now the first Green to serve as Minister-President of a German State Cabinet Kretschmann I and II. Polling data from August 2011 indicated that one in five Germans supported the Greens. From 4 October 2011 to 4 September 2016, the party was represented in all state parliaments. Like the Social Democrats, the Greens backed Chancellor Angela Merkel on most bailout votes in the German parliament during her second term, saying their pro-European stances overrode party politics. Shortly before the elections, the party plummeted to a four-year low in the polls, undermining efforts by Peer Steinbrück's Social Democrats to unseat Merkel. While being in opposition on the federal level since 2005, the Greens have established themselves as a powerful force in Germany's political system. By 2016, the Greens have joined 11 out of 16 state governments in a variety of coalitions. Over the years, they have built up an informal structure called G-coordination to organize interests between the federal party office, the parliamentary group in the Bundestag, and the Greens governing on the state level. Following the election, the Greens saw a major surge in support, consistently polling between 17 and 20 nationally in October 2018. They achieved record results in the Bavarian and Hessian state elections, becoming the second largest party in the respective Landtags of both states. In the 2019 European Parliament election, the Greens achieved their best ever result in a national election, coming second with 20.5 of the vote and winning 21 seats. The first poll after the election, conducted by Forsa, showed the Greens up nine percentage points, on 27, narrowly ahead of the CDU/CSU. This was the first time the Greens had ever been in first place in a national poll, and the first time in the history of the BRD that any party other than the CDU/CSU or SPD had placed first in a national poll. This trend continued as polls from May to July showed the CDU/CSU and Greens trading first place. The Greens continued to poll in the low 20 range into early 2020. In the 2020 Hamburg state election, the Greens became the second largest party, winning 24.2 of votes cast. This was the party's second-best state election result, behind their 2016 result in Baden-Württemberg, and tying their 2011 result there. Election results Federal Parliament Bundestag Below are charts of the results that Alliance90/The Greens have secured in each election to the federal Bundestag. Timelines showing the number of seats and percentage of party list votes won are on the right. Results of Alliance 90/The Greens East and The Greens West European Parliament {| class=wikitable |- ! Election year ! # ofoverall votes ! ofoverall vote ! # ofoverall seats won ! +/ |- ! 1979 | 893,683 | 3.2 #5 | | |- ! 1984 | 2,025,972 | 8.2 #4 | | 7 |- ! 1989 | 2,382,102 | 8.4 #3 | | 1 |- ! 1994 | 3,563,268 | 10.1 #3 | | 4 |- ! 1999 | 1,741,494 | 6.4 #4 | | 5 |- ! 2004 | 3,078,276 | 11.9 #3 | | 6 |- ! 2009 | 3,193,821 | 12.1 #3 | | 1 |- ! 2014 | 3,138,201 | 10.7 #3 | | 3 |- ! '2019 | 7,675,584 | 20.5 #2 | | 10 |- |} State Parliaments Länder States Länder Policy Energy and nuclear power Ever since the party's inception, The Greens have been concerned with the immediate halt of construction or operation of all nuclear power stations. As an alternative, they promote a shift to alternative energy and a comprehensive program of energy conservation. In 1986, large parts of Germany were covered with radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster and Germans went to great lengths to deal with the contamination. Germany's anti-nuclear stance was strengthened. From the mid-1990s onwards, anti-nuclear protests were primarily directed against transports of radioactive waste in CASTOR containers. After the Chernobyl disaster, the Greens became more radicalised and resisted compromise on the nuclear issue. During the 1990s, a re-orientation towards a moderate program occurred, with concern about global warming and ozone depletion taking a more prominent role. During the federal red-green government 19982005 many people became disappointed with what they saw as excessive compromise on key Greens policies. Energy policy is still the most important cross-cutting issue in climate and economic policies. Implementation of Green Policy would see electricity generation from 100 percent renewable sources as early as 2040. The development of renewable energy and combined heat and power is also a great opportunity for technical and economic innovation. Solar industry and environmental technologies are already a significant part of key industries providing jobs which need to be developed and promoted vigorously. In addition, a priority of green energy policy is increasing the thermal insulation and energy efficiency of homes, the phaseout of all nuclear energy generation with possible high-efficiency gas-fired power plants operational during the transition phase. Environment and climate policy The central idea of green politics is sustainable development. The concept of environmental protection is the cornerstone of Alliance 90/The Greens policy. In particular, the economic, energy and transport policy claims are in close interaction with environmental considerations. The Greens acknowledge the natural environment as a high priority and animal protection should be enshrined as a national objective in constitutional law. An effective environmental policy would be based on a common environmental code, with the urgent integration of a climate change bill. During the red-green coalition 19982005 a policy of agricultural change was launched labeled as a paradigm shift in agricultural policy towards a more ecological friendly agriculture, which needs to continue. Climate change is at the center of all policy considerations. This includes environmental policy and safety and social aspects. The plans of the Alliance 90/The Greens provide a climate change bill laying down binding reductions to greenhouse gas emissions in Germany by 2020 restricting emissions to minus 40 percent compared to 1990. Transport A similarly high priority is given to transport policy. The switch from a traveling allowance to a mobility allowance, which is paid regardless of income to all employees, replacing company car privileges. The truck toll will act as a climate protection instrument internalizing the external costs of transport. Railway should be promoted in order to achieve the desired environmental objectives and the comprehensive care of customers. The railway infrastructure is to remain permanently in the public sector, allowing a reduction in expenditure on road construction infrastructure. The Greens want to control privileges on kerosene and for international flights, introduce an air ticket levy. Restrict speeds nationwide on the highways to 120 km/h and country roads to 80 km/h. The Greens want to create a market incentive and research program of €500 million annually to ensure that by 2020 there are at least two million electric cars on German roads. Welfare, health, family and education For many years, the Green Party has advocated against the Ehegattensplitting policy, under which the incomes of married couples are split for taxation purposes. Furthermore, the Party advocates for a massive increase in federal spending for places in preschools, and for increased investment in education: an additional 1 billion Euros for vocational schools and 200 million Euros more BAföG Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz in German, approximately translated to the Federal Law for the Advancement of Education for adults. In its 2013 platform, the Green Party successfully advocated for a minimum wage of 8.50 Euro per hour, which was implemented on 1 January 2015. It continues to press for higher minimum wages. The Greens want to continue have retirement age start at 67, but with some qualifications, for example, a provision for partial retirement. The Greens advocate decriminalizing marijuana usage and the private growing of plants. Furthermore, the Greens support research on the drug and the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Women and LGBT rights The Green Party supports the implementation of quotas in executive boards, the policy of equal pay for equal work, and continuing the fight against domestic violence. According to its website, the Green Party fights for the acceptance and against the exclusion of homosexuals, bisexuals, transsexuals, intersexuals, and transgender people. In order to recognize the political persecution that LGBT+ people face abroad, the Green Party wants to extend asylum to LGBT people abroad. The policy change was sponsored primarily by Volker Beck, one of the Party's most prominent gay members. Because of the extensive support the Green Party has given the LGBT community since its conception, many gays and lesbians vote for the Green Party even if their political ideology does not quite align otherwise. Electorate The Infratest Dimap political research company has suggested the Green voter demographic includes those on higher incomes e.g. above €2000/month and the party's support is less among households with lower incomes. The same polling research also concluded that the Greens received fewer votes from the unemployed and general working population, with business people favouring the party as well as the centre-right liberal Free Democratic Party. According to Infratest Dimap the Greens received more voters from the age group 3442 than any other age group and that the young were generally more supportive of the party than the old. Source: Intrafest Dimap political research company for the ARD. The Greens have a higher voter demographic in urban areas than rural areas, except for a small number of rural areas with pressing local environmental concerns, such as strip mining or radioactive waste deposits. The cities of Bonn, Cologne, Stuttgart, Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt and Munich have among the highest percentages of Green voters in the country. The towns of Stuttgart, Hanover, Tübingen and Darmstadt have Green mayors. The party has a lower level of support in the states of the former German Democratic Republic East Germany; nonetheless, the party was represented on every state parliament between 2011 and 2016. See also Anti-nuclear movement Green party Green Party faction Bundestag Green Youth Germany List of German Green Party politicians List of political parties in Germany References Further reading Kleinert, Hubert 1992: Aufstieg und Fall der Grünen. Analyse einer alternativen Partei. Bonn: Dietz. Jachnow, Joachim 2013: 'What's become of the German Greens? in: New Left Review 81 MayJune 2013, London. Joachim Jachnow, Whats Become of the German Greens?, NLR 81, MayJune 2013 Frankland, E. Gene / Schoonmaker, Donald 1992: Between Protest & Power: The Green Party in Germany. Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press. Kolinsky, Eva 1989: The Greens In West Germany: Organisation and Policy Making Oxford: Berg. Nishida, Makoto 2005: Strömungen in den Grünen 19802003 : eine Analyse über informell-organisierte Gruppen innerhalb der Grünen Münster: Lit, , Raschke, Joachim 1993: Die Grünen: Wie sie wurden, was sie sind. Köln: Bund-Verlag. Raschke, Joachim 2001: Die Zukunft der Grünen. Frankfurt am Main / New York: Campus. Stifel, Andreas 2018: Vom erfolgreichen Scheitern einer Bewegung Bündnis 90/Die Grünen als politische Partei und soziokulturelles Phänomen. Wiesbaden: VS Springer. Veen, Hans-Joachim / Hoffmann, Jürgen 1992: Die Grünen zu Beginn der neunziger Jahre. Profil und Defizite einer fast etablierten Partei. Bonn / Berlin: Bouvier. Wiesenthal, Helmut 2000: Profilkrise und Funktionswandel. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen auf dem Weg zu einem neuen Selbstverständnis, in Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, B5 2000, S. 2229. External links Official Homepage of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen European Green Party information on Bündnis 90/Die Grünen German Greens and Pax Europa English The Nation article about Green foreign policy The Rise of the Green Party slideshow by Der Spiegel Category:1979 establishments in West Germany Category:1983 in the environment Category:Environmentalism in Germany Category:European Green Party Category:Global Greens member parties Category:Green political parties in Germany Category:Organisations based in Berlin Category:Parties represented in the European Parliament Category:Political parties established in 1979

Zaszków Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Nur, south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and north-east of Warsaw. The village has a population of 70. References Category:Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County

Statistics of Superettan in season 2006. Overview It was contested by 16 teams, and Trelleborgs FF won the championship. League table name Relegation play-offs Sirius and Bunkeflo promoted to Superettan Väsby United and Assyriska relegated to Division 1 Season statistics Top scorers Top assists Top goalkeepers Minimum of 10 games played Footnotes References Sweden - List of final tables Clas Glenning Category:Superettan seasons 2 Sweden Sweden

This is an index of Microsoft Windows games. This list has been split into multiple pages. Please use the Table of Contents to browse it. Windows

Tridrepana brunneilinea is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1998. It is found on Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. References Category:Moths described in 1998 Category:Drepaninae

The presidency of Thomas Jefferson began on March 4, 1801, when he was inaugurated as the third President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1809. Jefferson assumed the office after defeating incumbent President John Adams in the 1800 presidential election. The election was a realigning election in which the Democratic-Republican Party swept the Federalist Party out of power, ushering in a generation of Democratic-Republican dominance in American politics. After serving two terms, Jefferson was succeeded by Secretary of State James Madison, also of the Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson took office determined to roll back the Federalist program of the 1790s. His administration reduced taxes, government spending, and the national debt, and repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts. In foreign affairs, the major developments were the acquisition of the gigantic Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, an embargo against trade with both Great Britain and France, and worsening relations with Britain as the United States tried to remain neutral in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars that engulfed Europe. He established a military academy, used the Navy to protect merchant ships from Barbary pirates in North Africa, and developed a plan to protect U.S. ports from foreign invasion by the use of small gunboats a plan that proved useless when war came in 1812. He also authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. During his second term, Jefferson's attention was focused on the trial of then former Vice President Burr for treason, which resulted in an acquittal, and on the issue of slavery, specifically the importation of slaves from abroad. In 1806, he denounced the international slave trade as a violation of human rights and called upon Congress to criminalize it. Congress responded by approving the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves the following year. Rising tensions between the United States and Britain dominated the final years of Jefferson's second term, as the Royal Navy began impressing sailors from American ships and attacking American shipping. Jefferson rejected war and instead used economic threats and embargoes that ultimately hurt the U.S. more than Britain. The disputes with Britain continued after Jefferson left office, eventually leading to the War of 1812. Despite the economic and political troubles caused by naval tensions with Britain, Jefferson was succeeded by his preferred successor in the form of James Madison. His legacy remained highly influential until the American Civil War, but his reputation has ebbed and flowed since then. Nonetheless, in surveys of academic historians and political scientists, Jefferson is consistently ranked as one of the nation's most esteemed presidents. Election of 1800 Jefferson ran for president in the 1796 election as a Democratic-Republican, but finished second in the electoral vote to Federalist John Adams; under the laws then in place, Jefferson's second-place finish made him the Vice President of the United States. Jefferson strongly opposed the Federalist program, including the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the nation became increasingly polarized. Jefferson and Adams were once again the major presidential candidates of their respective parties in the 1800 presidential election, and Aaron Burr was the Democratic-Republican Party's vice presidential nominee. Adams's campaign was weakened by unpopular taxes and vicious Federalist infighting over his actions in the Quasi-War. The Democratic-Republicans accused the Federalists of being secret monarchists, while the Federalists charged that Jefferson was a godless libertine in thrall to the French. Under the election system in place at the time, the members of the Electoral College were permitted to vote for two names for president; any tie would be decided in a contingent election in the United States House of Representatives. Jefferson and Burr each received 73 electoral votes, while Adams finished in third place with 65 votes. The House of Representatives, still controlled by the Federalists, held a contingent election in February 1801 to decide whether Jefferson or Burr would accede to the presidency. Though some Federalists preferred Burr, Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton strongly preferred Jefferson. On the thirty-sixth ballot of the contingent election, enough Federalists congressmen abstained from the vote to allow Jefferson to win the presidency. Jefferson regarded his victory as America's Second Revolution, and he hoped to transform the country by limiting government and weakening the power of elites. Inauguration Jefferson's first inauguration, on March 4, 1801, was the first to be held in the nation's new capital, Washington, D.C. That morning an artillery company on Capitol Hill had fired shots to welcome the daybreak, and in a first for a newspaper, Jefferson gave a copy of his speech to the National Intelligencer for it to be published and available right after delivery. He delivered a 1721 word speech in the United States Capitol's Senate Chamber. He was not a strong speaker, and the audience could barely catch his words, which called for national unity. The speech was widely reprinted and celebrated by Democratic-Republicans across the country as a clear statement of the party's principles. The presidential oath of office was administered by Chief Justice John Marshall. Outgoing President Adams had left the capital earlier that day, and did not attend the ceremony. Administration Cabinet By July 1801, Jefferson had assembled his cabinet, which consisted of Secretary of State James Madison, Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, Attorney General Levi Lincoln Sr., and Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith. After his decision to pursue the presidency in the contingent election, Burr was excluded from any role in the Jefferson administration. Jefferson sought to make collective decisions with his cabinet, and each member's opinion was elicited before Jefferson made major decisions. Gallatin and Madison were particularly influential within Jefferson's cabinet; they held the two most important cabinet positions and served as Jefferson's key lieutenants. Patronage and the Federalists When Adams took office in 1797, he carried many of outgoing President George Washington's supporters over into his new administration. As a result, there was little change in the federal government during the transition between Washington and Adams, the first presidential transition in U.S. history. With Jefferson's election in 1800, there was a transfer of power between parties, not simply a transition between presidents. As president, Jefferson had the power of appointment to fill many government positions that had long been held by Federalists. Jefferson resisted the calls of his fellow Democratic-Republicans to remove all Federalists from their appointed positions, but he felt that it was his right to replace the top government officials, including the cabinet. He also replaced any lower-ranking Federalist appointees who engaged in misconduct or partisan behavior. Jefferson's refusal to call for a complete replacement of federal appointees under a spoils system was followed by his successors until the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Judiciary In the final days of his presidency, Adams had appointed numerous federal judges to fill positions created by the Judiciary Act of 1801. Democratic-Republicans were outraged by the appointment of these midnight judges, almost all of whom were Federalists. Jefferson and his allies sought to reverse the Judiciary Act of 1801, partly because they did not believe the new judicial positions were necessary, and partly to weaken Federalist influence on the courts. Federalists vehemently opposed this plan, arguing that Congress did not have the power to abolish judicial positions that were occupied. Despite these objections, the Democratic-Republicans passed the Judiciary Act of 1802, which largely restored the judicial structure that had prevailed prior to the Judiciary Act of 1801. The Jefferson administration also refused to deliver judicial commissions to some Adams appointees who had won Senate confirmation but had not yet formally taken office. One such appointee, William Marbury, sued Secretary of State Madison to compel him to deliver the judicial commissions. In the 1803 Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison, the court ruled against Marbury, but also established the precedent of judicial review, thereby strengthening the judicial branch. Still unhappy with Federalist power on the bench even after the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1802, the Democratic-Republicans impeached district court Judge John Pickering and Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. Federalist congressmen strongly opposed both impeachments, criticizing them as attacks on judicial independence. Pickering, who frequently presided over cases while drunk, was convicted by the Senate in 1804. However, the impeachment proceedings of Chase proved more difficult. While serving on the Supreme Court, Chase had frequently expressed his skepticism of democracy, predicting that the nation would sink into mobocracy, but he had not shown himself to be incompetent in the same way that Pickering had. Several Democratic-Republican senators joined the Federalists in opposing Chase's removal, and Chase would remain on the court until his death in 1811. Though Federalists would never regain the political power they had held during the 1790s, the Marshall Court continued to reflect Federalist ideals until the 1830s. Jefferson appointed three people to the Supreme Court during his presidency. The first vacancy of Jefferson's presidency arose due to the resignation of Alfred Moore. Determined to appoint a Democratic-Republican from a state unrepresented on the Court, Jefferson selected William Johnson, a young attorney who had previously served as an appellate judge in South Carolina. After the death of William Paterson in 1806, Jefferson appointed Henry Brockholst Livingston, a justice of the New York Supreme Court. After Congress added another seat to the Supreme Court with the Seventh Circuit Act of 1807, Jefferson asked individual members of Congress for their recommendations on filling the vacancy. Though Representative George W. Campbell of Tennessee emerged as the most popular choice in Congress, Jefferson was unwilling to appoint a sitting member of Congress. Jefferson instead appointed Thomas Todd, another individual popular among members of Congress, and who served as the chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Jefferson hoped that his appointments would weaken Chief Justice Marshall's influence on the Court, but, with the partial exception of Johnson, his Supreme Court appointments tended to support Marshall's decisions. Jefferson also appointed seven United States circuit court judges and nine United States district court judges. Domestic affairs Jeffersonian democracy After the American Revolution, many Federalists hoped that society would remain largely as it had been during the colonial era, but Jefferson wanted to upend the social order. He advocated a philosophy that historians would later call Jeffersonian democracy, which was marked by his belief in agrarianism and strict limits on the national government. In a world in which few believed in democracy or egalitarianism, Jefferson's belief in political equality for white men stood out from many of the other Founding Fathers of the United States, who continued to believe that the rich and powerful should lead society. Under pressure from Jeffersonian Republicans, states achieved universal white manhood suffrage by eliminating property requirements. Expanding suffrage and the mobilization of ordinary people ensured that individuals outside of the elite class had the opportunity to become government officials, especially in the North. Prior to the 1790s, campaigning was considered an interference on each citizen's right to think and vote independently. Without competition for office, voter turnouts were often low, sometimes fewer than 5 percent of eligible men. With the rise of the two-party system, many regions saw voter participation rise to approximately 20 percent in the 1790s and to 80 percent during Jefferson's presidency. Wood writes, by the standards of the early nineteenth century America possessed the most popular electoral politics in the world. The egalitarianism of the age extended beyond voting rights, as the practice of indentured servitude declined and traditional hierarchies in employment and education were challenged. In a reflection of his own belief in egalitarianism, Jefferson broke with many of the precedents set by Adams and Washington. Jefferson accepted visitors without regard to social status, discontinued the practice of delivering speeches to Congress in person, and enforced a less formal protocol at White House events. In reaction to the expansion of the franchise, even Federalists began to adopt partisan techniques, such as party organization, newspapers, and the establishment of auxiliary societies. The Federalists peacefully accepted the transfer of power to the Democratic-Republicans in 1800, but most party leaders hoped that it would be just a temporary anomaly. Many Federalists continued to serve in state or local office, though prominent Federalists like John Jay and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney retired from public life. Reflecting the fears of other ambitious young Federalists, John Quincy Adams wrote that the Federalist Party had been completely and irrevocably abandoned....it never can and never will be revived. As Jefferson's presidency continued, Adams's prediction proved accurate, and the Federalists struggled to compete outside of New England. Fiscal policy Much of Jefferson's early agenda focused on undoing the Federalist program of the 1790s. Upon taking office, he repealed the remaining provisions of the Alien and Sedition Acts and pardoned all ten individuals who had been prosecuted under the acts. He also began dismantling Hamilton's fiscal system with help from Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin. Jefferson's administration eliminated the whiskey excise and other taxes after closing unnecessary offices and cutting useless establishments and expenses. After the repeal of these taxes, over 90 percent of federal revenue came from import duties. Despite Jefferson's earlier opposition to the national bank, Gallatin persuaded Jefferson to retain the First Bank of the United States. With the repeal of the Federalist program, many Americans had little contact with the federal government, with the exception of the postal service. Jefferson's ultimate goal was to abolish the national debt, which he believed to be inherently dangerous and immoral. Though Gallatin and Jefferson did not find as much Federalist governmental waste as they had expected, their fiscal cuts and the benign economic conditions that persisted for much of Jefferson's presidency allowed them to run budget surpluses. Jefferson shrank the army and the navy, deeming them largely unnecessary in peacetime. He transformed the navy into a fleet consisting of inexpensive gunboats used only for defense, with the idea that they would not provoke foreign hostilities. His administration discharged numerous soldiers, leaving the army with 3,350 officers and enlisted men. At the end of his two terms, Jefferson had lowered the national debt from $83 million to $57 million. In 1806, believing that the country would soon abolish its national debt, Jefferson proposed enlarging the army and passing a constitutional amendment to explicitly allow Congress to spend funds on internal improvements and education, but these proposals were not acted on by Congress. That same year, Congress authorized the construction of the National Road, a route designed to connect the East Coast to St. Louis, although construction on the road did not begin until 1811. Yazoo controversy In the early 1800s, much of the American frontier was subject to the competing claims of settlers, land speculators, and Native Americans. The Yazoo lands of western Georgia were no exception, and they emerged as point of major tension during Jefferson's administration. In what became known as the Yazoo land scandal, Georgia had engaged in a massive real estate fraud by selling large tracts of Yazoo land before passing a law retroactively invalidating the grants. With the Compact of 1802, the federal government purchased western Georgia now the states of Alabama and Mississippi, agreed to seek to extinguish all Native American claims in the region, and also agreed to settle all claims against the land from those who had been defrauded in the scandal. In 1804, Jefferson sought to compensate those defrauded in the Yazoo land scandal by giving them some of the lands acquired in the compact, but Congressman John Randolph successfully mobilized opposition to the proposal, castigating it as a giveaway to land speculators. The incident marked the start of a factionalism within the Democratic-Republican Party that would prove problematic for Jefferson and his successors, as Randolph's tertium quids freely criticized presidents of their own party. Controversy over the Yazoo lands would continue until 1814, when Congress finally agreed to compensate the claimants. Lewis and Clark and other expeditions Even before the 1803 purchase of the Louisiana Territory, Jefferson had begun planning for an expedition to the lands west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson considered it important for the United States to establish a claim of discovery to Oregon Country by documenting and establishing an American presence there before Europeans could establish strong claims. Jefferson also hoped the expedition would discover the long-sought-for Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, which would greatly promote commerce and trade for the country. In 1804, he appointed his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis, along with William Clark, as the leaders of a western expedition, dubbing it the Corps of Discovery. Jefferson chose Lewis to lead the expedition rather than someone with only the best scientific credentials because of Lewis' military experience in the woods and familiarity with the Indian manners and character. Jefferson possessed the largest collection of books in the world on the subject of the geography and natural history of the North American continent, and before the expedition he tutored Lewis in the sciences of mapping, botany, natural history, mineralogy, astronomy, and navigation. In May 1804, the Corps of Discovery, consisting of about 40 men, departed from St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri River. Guided by Sacagawea and various Native American tribes along the way, the expedition, traveling on the Columbia River, reached the Pacific Ocean by November 1805. After the winter thaw the expedition began their return trip on March 22, 1806, and returned to St. Louis on September 23 that year, adding a wealth of scientific and geographical knowledge of the vast territory, along with knowledge of the many Indian tribes. Two months after the expedition's end, Jefferson made his first public statement to Congress giving a one sentence summary about its success before asserting the justification for the expenses involved. The American Philosophical Society ultimately became the repository for many of the expedition's findings, including seeds, fossils, plant, and other specimens. In 1808, businessman John Jacob Astor established a transcontinental fur trading company, and in 1811 his company established Fort Astoria, the first American settlement on the Pacific Coast. In addition to the Corps of Discovery, Jefferson organized other western exploration expeditions, some of which traveled through Spanish territory. William Dunbar and George Hunter led an expedition on the Ouachita River, Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis led the Red River Expedition, and Zebulon Pike led the Pike Expedition into the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest. All of the exploration expeditions sent out under Jefferson's presidency produced valuable information about the American frontier. National military academy Jefferson strongly felt the need for a national military university that could produce a competent officer engineering corps that would not have to rely on foreign sources for top grade engineers. An academy would also help to replace many of the Federalist officers who Jefferson dismissed when he took office. Jefferson signed the Military Peace Establishment Act on March 16, 1802, thus founding the United States Military Academy at West Point. The Act documented in 29 sections a new set of laws and limits for the military. Twelfth amendment In reaction to the Electoral College tie between Jefferson and Burr in 1800, Congress approved an amendment to the United States Constitution providing a new procedure for electing the president and vice president, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification in December 1803. The Twelfth Amendment was ratified by the requisite number of states then 13 to become part of the Constitution in June 1804. Admission of Ohio One new state, Ohio, was admitted to the Union while Jefferson was in office. The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear. On April 30, 1802, the 7th Congress had passed an act authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union. On February 19, 1803, the same Congress passed an act providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio. Neither act, however, set a formal date of statehood. An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953, when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, which designated March 1, 1803, as that date. It was the first state created from the Northwest Territory. Foreign affairs Barbary War For decades prior to Jefferson's accession to office, the Barbary Coast pirates of North Africa had been capturing American merchant ships, pillaging valuable cargoes and enslaving crew members, demanding huge ransoms for their release. Before independence, American merchant ships were protected from the Barbary pirates by the naval and diplomatic influence of Great Britain, but that protection came to end after the colonies won their independence. In 1794, in reaction to the attacks, Congress had passed a law to authorize the payment of tribute to the Barbary States. At the same time, Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794, which initiated construction on six frigates that became the foundation of the United States Navy. By the end of the 1790s, the United States had concluded treaties with all of the Barbary States, but weeks before Jefferson took office Tripoli began attacking American merchant ships in an attempt to extract further tribute. Jefferson was reluctant to become involved in any kind of international conflict, but he believed that force would best deter the Barbary States from demanding further tribute. He ordered the U.S. Navy into the Mediterranean Sea to defend against the Barbary Pirates, beginning the First Barbary War. The administration's initial efforts were largely ineffective, and in 1803 the frigate was captured by Tripoli. In February 1804, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a successful raid on Tripoli's harbor that burned the Philadelphia, making Decatur a national hero. Jefferson and the young American navy forced Tunis and Algiers into breaking their alliance with Tripoli which ultimately moved it out of the war. Jefferson also ordered five separate naval bombardments of Tripoli, which restored peace in the Mediterranean for a while, although Jefferson continued to pay the remaining Barbary States until the end of his presidency. Louisiana Purchase Jefferson believed that western expansion played an important role in furthering his vision of a republic of yeoman farmers. By the time Jefferson took office, Americans had settled as far west as the Mississippi River, though vast pockets of land remained vacant or inhabited only by Native Americans. Many in the United States, particularly those in the west, favored further territorial expansion, and especially hoped to annex the Spanish province of Louisiana. Given Spain's sparse presence in Louisiana, Jefferson believed that it was just a matter of time until Louisiana fell to either Britain or the United States. U.S. expansionary hopes were temporarily dashed when Napoleon convinced Spain to transfer the province to France in the 1801 Treaty of Aranjuez. Though French pressure played a role in the conclusion of the treaty, the Spanish also believed that French control of Louisiana would help protect New Spain from American expansion. Napoleon's dreams of a re-established French colonial empire in North America threatened to reignite the tensions of the recently concluded Quasi-War. He initially planned to re-establish a French empire in the Americas centered around New Orleans and Saint-Domingue, a sugar-producing Caribbean island in the midst of a slave revolution. One army was sent to Saint-Domingue, and a second army began preparing to travel to New Orleans. After French forces in Saint-Domingue were defeated by the rebels, Napoleon gave up on his plans for an empire in the Western Hemisphere. In early 1803, Jefferson dispatched James Monroe to France to join ambassador Robert Livingston in purchasing New Orleans, East Florida, and West Florida from France. To the surprise of the American delegation, Napoleon offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million. The Americans also pressed for the acquisition of the Floridas, but under the terms of the Treaty of Aranjuez, Spain retained control of both of those territories. On April 30, the two delegations agreed to the terms of the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave his approval the following day. After Secretary of State James Madison gave his assurances that the purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution, the Senate quickly ratified the treaty, and the House immediately authorized funding. The purchase, concluded in December 1803, marked the end of French ambitions in North America and ensured American control of the Mississippi River. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States, and Treasury Secretary Gallatin was forced to borrow from foreign banks to finance the payment to France. Though the Louisiana Purchase was widely popular, some Federalists criticized it; Congressman Fisher Ames wrote, We are to give money of which we have too little for land of which we already have too much. Burr conspiracy Having been dropped from the 1804 Democratic-Republican ticket, Burr ran for the position of Governor of New York in an April 1804 election, and was defeated. Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton was a key factor in Burr's defeat in running in the 1804 New York gubernatorial election, having made callous remarks regarding Burr. Believing that his honor was offended, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. On July 11, 1804, Burr mortally wounded Hamilton in a duel at Weehawken, New Jersey. Burr was indicted for Hamilton's murder in New York and New Jersey causing him to flee to Georgia, although he remained President of the Senate during Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase's impeachment trial. The two Burr indictments were quietly allowed to die. After Aaron Burr was disgraced in the duel of 1804 and his own presidential ambitions were ended, he was reported by the British ambassador as wanting to effect a separation of the western part of the United States [at the Appalachian Mountains]. Jefferson believed that to be so by November 1806, because Burr had been rumored to be variously plotting with some western states to secede for an independent empire, or to raise a filibuster to conquer Mexico. At the very least, there were reports of Burr's recruiting men, stocking arms, and building boats. New Orleans seemed especially vulnerable, but at some point, the American general there, James Wilkinson, a double agent for the Spanish, decided to turn on Burr. Jefferson issued a proclamation warning that there were U.S. citizens illegally plotting to take over Spanish holdings. Though Burr was nationally discredited, Jefferson feared for the very Union. In a report to Congress January 1807, Jefferson declared Burr's guilt placed beyond question. By March 1807, Burr was arrested in New Orleans and placed on trial for treason in Richmond, Virginia, with Chief Justice John Marshall presiding. On June 13, Jefferson was subpoenaed by Burr to release documents that favored Burr's defense. Jefferson stated he had no loyalty to Burr and only released a few documents Burr had requested having invoked executive privilege. Jefferson refused to appear at Burr's trial. The weak government case led to Burr's acquittal, but with his reputation ruined he was never able to mount another adventure. Burr later died on his Staten Island residence in October 1836. Florida and Haiti After early 1802, when he learned that Napoleon intended to regain a foothold in Saint-Domingue and Louisiana, Jefferson proclaimed neutrality in relation to the Haitian Revolution. The U.S. allowed war contraband to continue to flow to the blacks through usual U.S. merchant channels and the administration would refuse all French requests for assistance, credits, or loans. The geopolitical and commercial implications of Napoleon's plans outweighed Jefferson's fears of a slave-led nation. After the rebels in Saint-Domingue proclaimed independence from France in the new republic of Haiti in 1804, Jefferson refused to recognize Haiti as the second independent republic in the Americas. In part he hoped to win Napoleon's support over the acquisition of Florida. American slaveholders had been frightened and horrified by the slave massacres of the planter class during the rebellion and after, and a southern-dominated Congress was hostile to Haiti. They feared its success would encourage slave revolt in the American South. Historian Tim Matthewson notes that Jefferson acquiesced in southern policy, the embargo of trade and nonrecognition, the defense of slavery internally and the denigration of Haiti abroad. According to the historian George Herring, the Florida diplomacy reveals him [Jefferson] at his worst. His lust for land trumped his concern for principle. Jefferson's non-recognition of Haiti did little to advance his goal of acquiring East Florida and West Florida, which remained under the control of Spain. Jefferson argued that the Louisiana Purchase had extended as far west as the Rio Grande River, and had included West Florida as far east as the Perdido River. He hoped to use that claim, along with French pressure, to force Spain to sell both West Florida and East Florida. In 1806, he won congressional approval of a $2 million appropriation to obtain the Floridas; eager expansionists also contemplated authorizing the president to acquire Canada, by force if necessary. In this case, unlike that of the Louisiana Territory, the dynamics of European politics worked against Jefferson. Napoleon had played Washington against Madrid to see what he could get, but by 1805 Spain was his ally. Spain had no desire to cede Florida, which was part of its leverage against an expanding United States. Revelations of the bribe which Jefferson offered to France over the matter provoked outrage and weakened Jefferson's hand, and he subsequently gave up on Florida. Native American relations In keeping with his Enlightenment thinking, President Jefferson adopted an assimilation policy towards American Indians known as his civilization program which included securing peaceful U.S. Indian treaty alliances and encouraging agriculture. Jefferson advocated that Indian tribes should make federal purchases by credit holding their lands as collateral for repayment. Various tribes accepted Jefferson's policies, including the Shawnees led by Black Hoof and the Creek. However, Jefferson dreamed of a transcontinental nation, and he became increasingly skeptical of assimilation efforts. As his presidency continued, Jefferson prioritized white settlement of the western territories over peaceful assimilation. When Jefferson assumed power, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa were leading raids against American settlements in the Ohio Valley, with munitions provided by British traders in Canada. Attempting to form a confederation of Indian people in the Northwest Territory, the two brothers would be a continual source of irritation to westward settlers. The Indian Nations followed Tenskwatawa who had a vision of purifying his society by expelling American settlers, the children of the Evil Spirit. The success of the Indians gave Britain hope that it could create an Indian satellite nation in parts of the American territory. The raids became a major cause of the later War of 1812. Slave trade In the 1790s, many anti-slavery leaders had come to believe that the institution of slavery would become extinct in the United States in the foreseeable future. These hopes lay in part on the enthusiasm for the abolition of slavery in the North, and in the decline of the importation of slaves throughout the South. The Constitution had included a provision preventing Congress from enacting a law banning the importation of slaves until 1808. In the years before Jefferson took office, the growing fear of slave rebellions led to diminished enthusiasm in the South for the abolition of slavery, and many states began to enact Black Codes designed to restrict the behavior of free blacks. During his presidential term, Jefferson was disappointed that the younger generation was making no move to abolish slavery; he largely avoided the issue until 1806. He did succeed in convincing Congress to block the foreign importation of slaves into the newly purchased Louisiana Territory. Seeing that in 1808 the twenty-year constitutional ban on ending the international slave trade would expire, in December 1806 in his presidential message to Congress, he called for a law to ban it. He denounced the trade as violations of human rights which have been so long continued on the unoffending inhabitants of Africa, in which the morality, the reputation, and the best interests of our country have long been eager to proscribe. Jefferson signed the new law and the international trade became illegal in January 1808. The legal trade had averaged 14,000 slaves a year; illegal smuggling at the rate of about 1000 slaves a year continued for decades. The two major achievements of Jefferson's presidency were the Louisiana Purchase and the abolition of the slave trade, according to historian John Chester Miller. Relations with European Powers and the Embargo Act American trade boomed after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in the early 1790s, in large part because American shipping was allowed to act as neutral carriers with European powers. Though the British sought to restrict trade with the French, they had largely tolerated U.S. trade with mainland France and French colonies after the signing of the Jay Treaty in 1794. Jefferson favored a policy of neutrality in the European wars, and was strongly committed the principle of freedom of navigation for neutral vessels, including American ships. Early in his tenure, Jefferson was able to maintain cordial relations with both France and Britain, but relations with Britain deteriorated after 1805. Needing sailors, the British Royal Navy seized hundreds of American ships and impressed 6,000 sailors from them, angering Americans. The British began to enforce a blockade of Europe, ending their policy of tolerance towards American shipping. Though the British returned many seized American goods that had not been intended for French ports, the British blockade badly affected American commerce and provoked immense anger throughout the nation. Aside from commercial concerns, Americans were outraged by what they saw an attack on national honor. In response to the attacks, Jefferson recommended an expansion of the navy, and Congress passed the Non-importation Act, which restricted many, but not all, British imports. To restore peaceful relations with Britain, Monroe negotiated the MonroePinkney Treaty, which would have represented an extension of the Jay Treaty. Jefferson had never favored the Jay Treaty, which had prevented the United States from implementing economic sanctions on Britain, and he rejected the MonroePinkney Treaty. Tensions with Britain heightened due to the ChesapeakeLeopard affair, a June 1807 naval confrontation between an American ship and a British ship that ended in the death or impressment of several American sailors. Beginning with the Napoleon's December 1807 Milan Decree, the French began to seize ships trading with the British, leaving American shipping vulnerable to attacks by both of the major naval powers. In response to attacks on American shipping, Congress passed the Embargo Act in 1807, which was designed to force Britain and France into respecting U.S. neutrality by cutting off all American shipping to Britain or France. Almost immediately the Americans began to turn to smuggling in order to ship goods to Europe. Defying his own limited government principles, Jefferson used the military to enforce the embargo. Imports and exports fell immensely, and the embargo proved to be especially unpopular in New England. In March 1809, Congress replaced the embargo with the Non-Intercourse Act, which allowed trade with nations aside from Britain and France. Most historians consider Jefferson's embargo to have been ineffective and harmful to American interests. Even the top officials of the Jefferson administration viewed the embargo as a flawed policy, but they saw it as preferable to war. Appleby describes the strategy as Jefferson's least effective policy, and Joseph Ellis calls it an unadulterated calamity. Others, however, portray it as an innovative, nonviolent measure which aided France in its war with Britain while preserving American neutrality. Jefferson believed that the failure of the embargo was due to selfish traders and merchants showing a lack of republican virtue. He maintained that, had the embargo been widely observed, it would have avoided war in 1812. Election of 1804 Like both of his predecessors, Jefferson ran for a second term. The election of 1804 was the first to be held after the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, which instituted the current electoral system in which separate electoral votes are cast for the presidency and vice presidency. With Burr having little chance at re-nomination, the party's congressional nominating caucus chose Governor George Clinton of New York as Jefferson's running mate. The Federalists nominated Charles Cotesworth Pinckney for president and Rufus King for vice president. The Federalists made attacks on Jefferson's alleged atheism, his support for democratization, and his affair with Sally Hemings the centerpiece of their campaign, arguing that Jefferson's affair with an enslaved woman was hypocritical given his continuing support for slavery. The Democratic-Republicans enjoyed a marked advantage in party organization, while the Federalists and their ethos of government-by-the-elite were becoming increasingly unpopular. Jefferson won every state except for Connecticut and Delaware, taking 162 of the 174 electoral votes. Election of 1808 Jefferson, who believed that incumbents should not serve indefinitely, followed the two-term tradition precedent established by Washington, and declined to seek a third term. Instead, he endorsed his advisor and friend James Madison for the presidency. Jefferson's assertive foreign policy created intra-party criticism from the tertium quids, led by Randolph. Randolph and other powerful Democratic-Republican leaders opposed to Madison, including Samuel Smith and William Duane, rallied around the potential candidacy of James Monroe. Additionally, Vice President Clinton, who had accepted the vice presidential nomination again, announced his own candidacy for President. It took all of Jefferson's prestige and charm to convince dissident Democratic-Republicans not to bolt from the party out of disdain for Madison. In the end, Madison, headed off the intra-party challenges and defeated Federalist nominee Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, winning 122 of the 176 electoral votes in the 1808 election. Historical reputation Meacham opines that Jefferson was the most influential figure of the democratic republic in its first half century, succeeded by presidential adherents James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren. Jefferson's reputation declined during the Civil War due to his support of states' rights. In the late 19th century, his legacy was widely criticized; conservatives felt his democratic philosophy had led to that era's populist movement, while Progressives sought a more activist federal government than Jefferson's philosophy allowed. Both groups saw Hamilton as vindicated by history, rather than Jefferson, and President Woodrow Wilson even described Jefferson as though a great man, not a great American. In the 1930s, Jefferson was held in higher esteem; President Franklin D. Roosevelt and New Deal Democrats celebrated his struggles for the common man and reclaimed him as their party's founder. Jefferson became a symbol of American democracy in the incipient Cold War, and the 1940s and '50s saw the zenith of his popular reputation. Following the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s, Jefferson's slaveholding came under new scrutiny, particularly after DNA testing in the late 1990s supported allegations he had a relationship with Sally Hemings. Noting the huge output of scholarly books on Jefferson in recent years, historian Gordon Wood summarizes the raging debates about Jefferson's stature: Although many historians and others are embarrassed about his contradictions and have sought to knock him off the democratic pedestal ... his position, though shaky, still seems secure. Polls of historians and political scientists generally rank Jefferson as one of the best presidents, often just outside the top three. The Siena Research Institute poll of presidential scholars, begun in 1982, has consistently ranked Jefferson as one of the five best U.S. presidents, and a 2015 Brookings Institution poll of the American Political Science Association members ranked him as the fifth greatest president. Though historians tend to think highly of Jefferson's overall performance as president, a 2006 poll of historians ranked the Embargo Act of 1807 as the seventh-worst mistake made by a sitting president. References Works cited Further reading Adams, Henry. History of the United States of America during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson. Library of America edition, 1986. Classic in-depth history. Channing, Edward. The Jeffersonian System, 18011811 1906 full text online, older scholarly survey Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations 18011809 1963, highly detailed party history Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. The Process of Government Under Jefferson 1978 Graff, Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History 3rd ed. 2002 pp 39-58. online Malone, Dumas. Jefferson the President: First Term 18011805; v. 5: Jefferson the President: Second term, 18051809; v.6: The Sage of Monticello 194870, the standard scholarly biography; short bio by Malone; a standard scholarly biography Peterson, Merrill D. ed. Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography. 1986, long essays by scholars Smelser, Marshall. The Democratic Republic: 18011815 1968, standard scholarly history of presidencies of Jefferson and Madison Foreign policy Cogliano, Francis D. Emperor of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson's Foreign Policy Yale University Press, 2014. 320 pp. online review Kaplan, Lawrence. Jefferson and France Yale University Press, 1967 Kaplan, Lawrence. Entangling Alliances with None: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson Kent State University Press, 1987. LaFeber, Walter. Jefferson and an American Foreign Policy, in Jeffersonian Legacies, ed. Peter S. Onuf 1993, pp. 37091; Tucker, Robert W. and David C. Hendrickson. Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson 1992, best guide to foreign policy excerpt and text search, diplomatic history External links Thomas Jefferson at Internet Public Library More documents from the Library of Congress http://www.american-presidents.com/thomas-jefferson/ Category:1800s in the United States Presidency Category:1801 establishments in the United States Category:1809 disestablishments in the United States Jefferson, Thomas

The eavesdrop or eavesdrip is the width of ground around a house or building which receives the rain water dropping from the eaves. By an ancient Anglo-Saxon law, a landowner was forbidden to erect any building at less than two feet from the boundary of his land, and was thus prevented from injuring his neighbour's house or property by the dripping of water from his eaves. The law of Eavesdrip had its equivalent in the Roman stillicidium, which prohibited building up to the very edge of an estate. See also Eavesdropping Eaves-drip burial References Category:Architecture

Dmitry Alexeyevich Ivchenko ; born 8 July 1978 is a former Russian professional association football player. Club career He played in the Russian Football National League for FC Metallurg Lipetsk in 2009. References External links Category:1978 births Category:People from Sovetsky District, Stavropol Krai Category:Living people Category:Russian footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:FC Okean Nakhodka players Category:FC Metallurg Lipetsk players Category:FC Sokol Saratov players Category:FC Spartak Tambov players Category:FC Oryol players Category:Sportspeople from Stavropol Krai

Vasily Pavlovich Mishin January 18, 1917 October 10, 2001 was a Soviet engineer and a prominent rocketry pioneer, best remembered for the failures in the Soviet Space program that took place under his leadership. Mishin was born in Buvalyne, Pavlovo-Posadsky District of the Moscow region, Russia, and studied mathematics at the Moscow Aviation Institute. Mishin was a Soviet rocket scientist and one of the first Soviet specialists to see Nazi Germany's V-2 facilities at the end of World War II, along with others such as Sergey Korolev, who preceded him as the OKB-1 design bureau head, and Valentin Glushko, who succeeded him. Mishin worked with Korolev as his deputy in the Experimental Design Bureau working on projects such as the development of the first Soviet ICBM as well in the Sputnik and Vostok programs. He became head of Korolev's OKB-1 design bureau and was the Chief Designer after Korolev's death in 1966, during surgery to remove a tumor from Korolev's colon. He inherited the N1 rocket program, intended to land a man on the Moon, but which turned out to be fatally flawed largely due to lack of adequate funding. N1 development began on September 14, 1956, a decade before Mishin took control. It was selected for a lunar landing mission, which required a design capable of putting ninety-five tons of cargo into orbit, up from fifty and later seventy-five ton requirements earlier in development. Under Korolev, a precedent of forgoing much of the usual ground testing had been begun. According to Korolev, this was because proper facilities would not be funded, and it would also allow for earlier test flights. Some of the failures Mishin faced during his leadership could have been avoided if further testing had been conducted at this stage. To handle engine failures, the KORD system was created under Mishin. To prevent the rocket from having uneven flight that would result from the unbalanced thrust caused by a malfunctioning motor, the faulty motor and the motor opposite it in the rocket base would be turned off. KORD would also make the calculations necessary to compensate for the missing motors, which would allow the same flight path to be maintained. The N1, despite its necessity for planned missions, was never successfully flown. The first test flight, on February 3, 1969, had internal plumbing issues which led to a fire one minute in. It did, however, demonstrate the KORD system working successfully as well as proper deployment of the ejection safety system. The second launch, on July 3, experienced failure seconds after ignition, causing the rocket to fall back on the Launchpad and create significant damage. The third N1 launch occurred on June 22, 1971, after improvements were made to KORD, the cabling, and fuel pumps, and the addition of an extinguishment system and filters. Before the launch, the individual engines were further tested and the Launchpad was repaired. For the first time all thirty engines of the first stage fired successfully, which was the cause of the failure of the flight. When all engines fired together, it created unexpectedly high roll rotation along the axis of thrust, which was beyond the strength of the compensating vernier engines, designed to keep stable flight. This was another failure that might have been prevented with proper ground testing. For the fourth and what would become the final flight of the N1, further refinements were made, including four additional vernier engines, additional heat shielding for internal components, a new digital control system, and additional sensors paired with a high speed relay system. The Soviet Space program was now eyeing creating a base on the Moon, but first needed to finally succeed with this design. The launch was on November 23, 1972, with a Mishin approved flight plan to orbit the Moon forty-two times, with flight activities such as taking pictures of future landing sites, before returning to Earth on December 4. The rocket preceded farther than its predecessors, but shortly before the first stage was to separate one engine caught fire, causing the entire structure to explode, but not before the escape structure again properly deployed. Despite his skills in rocketry, Mishin was not known as an able administrator. He is often blamed for the failure of the program to put a man on the Moon, and faced criticisms for his alcohol consumption. He was described by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev as not [having] the slightest idea how to cope with the many thousands of people, the management of whom had been loaded onto his shoulders, nor make the huge irreversible government machine work for him. In May 1967, Yuri Gagarin and Alexei Leonov criticised Mishin's poor knowledge of the Soyuz spacecraft and the details of its operation, his lack of cooperation in working with the cosmonauts in flight and training activities and asked Nikolai Kamanin for him to be cited in the official report into the Soyuz 1 crash, which killed Vladimir Komarov. Leonov described Mishin as hesitant, uninspiring, poor at making decisions, over-reluctant to take risks and bad at managing the cosmonaut corps Other failures during his term of leadership were the deaths of the Soyuz 11 crew, the loss of three space stations, and computer failures in four probes sent to Mars. On May 15, 1974, while he was in the hospital, Mishin was replaced by a rival, Chief Engine Designer Valentin Glushko, after all four N1 test launches failed. He continued his educational and research works as the head of rocket department of Moscow Aviation Institute. Vasily Mishin was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor for his work with the Soviet space program. He died in Moscow on October 10, 2001 at the age of 84. His diaries, containing information on the program from 1960 to 1974, were purchased by the Perot Foundation in 1993. In 1997 a small part of the collection was donated to the National Air and Space Museum to be put on display, and in 2004 copies were donated to NASA. References Literature Rockets and people B. E. Chertok, M: mechanical engineering, 1999. Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life Events and facts - A.I. Ostashev, Korolyov, 2001.; A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL . Bank of the Universe - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kiev, 2014., publishing house Phoenix, Vasily Mishin //Family history S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014 Russia interrupted flight - Ivanchenko Y. C.,M., 2010 publishing house Restart, We grew hearts in Baikonur - Author: Eliseev V. I. M: publisher OAO MPK in 2018, Space science city Korolev - Author: Posamentir R. D. M: publisher SP Struchenevsky O. V., External links Interview with Vasily Mishin one documentary made by BBC in which his role was shown Category:Russian engineers Category:Russian inventors Category:Russian scientists Category:Soviet scientists Category:Soviet engineers Category:20th-century engineers Category:Soviet space program personnel Category:Heroes of Socialist Labour Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Category:Moscow Aviation Institute faculty Category:Employees of RSC Energia Category:Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery Category:1917 births Category:2001 deaths Category:20th-century inventors

Swissvale is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, east of downtown Pittsburgh. Named for a farmstead owned by James Swisshelm, during the industrial age it was the site of the Union Switch and Signal Company of George Westinghouse. The population was 8,983 at the 2010 census. In 1940, 15,919 people lived there. Geography Swissvale is located at 40.422304, -79.886185. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which is land and , or 4.76, is water. Surrounding and adjacent communities Swissvale has six land borders, including Edgewood to the north, Braddock Hills to the east, North Braddock to the southeast, Rankin to the south, and the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Regent Square and Swisshelm Park to the west. The area known as Regent Square also encompasses portions of Pittsburgh, Wilkinsburg, Edgewood, and Swissvale. Directly across the Monongahela River to the southwest is the borough of Munhall. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 9,653 people, 4,679 households, and 2,390 families residing in the borough. The population density was 8,052.0 people per square mile 3,105.9/km². There were 5,097 housing units at an average density of 4,251.6 per square mile 1,640.0/km². The racial makeup of the borough was 74.45 White, 22.14 African American, 0.11 Native American, 0.91 Asian, 0.06 Pacific Islander, 0.60 from other races, and 1.72 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.06 of the population. There were 4,679 households, out of which 21.2 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.0 were married couples living together, 16.5 had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.9 were non-families. 42.0 of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.85. In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.0 under the age of 18, 8.2 from 18 to 24, 31.7 from 25 to 44, 22.7 from 45 to 64, and 17.4 who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.0 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $31,523, and the median income for a family was $35,929. Males had a median income of $29,333 versus $25,184 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,216. About 14.1 of families and 15.3 of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.2 of those under age 18 and 10.4 of those age 65 or over. Education Swissvale is served by the Woodland Hills School District. Taxes School tax millage rate- The Woodland Hills School District shared with Braddock Borough, Braddock Hills Borough, Chalfant Borough, Churchhill Borough, East Pittsburgh, Edgewood Borough, Forest Hills Borough, North Braddock Borough, Rankin Borough, Turtle Creek Borough and Wilkins Township in 2017 was 25.35. This ranked 7th highest/most expensive out of Allegheny County's 45 school districts [between East Allegheny SD 6th highest and Upper Saint Clair SD 8th highest]. Transportation Swissvale is served by the Roslyn and Swissvale stations on the Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway. Notable people Billy Gardell, actor David Conrad, actor Frank Conrad, creator of KDKA Radio; lived In Swissvale borough 1910-15 conducting transmission experiments William B. Dickson, steel industry executive and labor policy reformer Michael F. Doyle, congressman Dick Groat, baseball player for Pittsburgh Pirates and All-American college basketball player Agnes Christine Johnston, screenwriter Vladimir K. Zworykin, television inventor Government and Politics History Swissvale is named after the Swisshelm family. John Swisshelm 17521838, who owned a farm where the town is located. John Swisshelm served under General George Washington in the Revolutionary War, and camped at Valley Forge. Swisshelm married Mary Elizabeth Miller, and they had many children. Their son, James Swisshelm, married Jane Grey Cannon, noted abolitionist and political activist, Jane Swisshelm named the town Swissvale as the town overlooked the Monongahela River Valley. The Pittsburgh neighborhood of Swisshelm Park, adjacent to Swissvale, is named after John Swisshelm. Since 1874, the Allegheny Car & Transportation Shops had provided well-paying jobs to local citizens and were later purchased by George Westinghouse, the President of Westinghouse Air Brake Company, who formed the Union Switch & Signal company and maintained that facility in Swissvale. Vladimir K. Zworykin, a principal inventor of television, worked for Westinghouse as a fresh immigrant from Russia and lived in Swissvale with his wife and daughter. References Category:Populated places established in 1898 Category:Pittsburgh metropolitan area Category:Boroughs in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Category:Populated places on the Monongahela River Category:1898 establishments in Pennsylvania

Southwest Business Corporation SWBC is a diversified financial services company providing insurance, mortgage, and investment services to financial institutions, businesses, and individuals. Headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, SWBC employs nearly 2,600 people nationwide and is licensed to do business in all 50 U.S. states. SWBC is privately held by co-founders Chairman Charlie Amato and President Gary Dudley. Although privately held, a public accounting firm audits the company's operations and financials on an annual basis. Lines of business SWBC offers insurance and financial products for financial institutions, businesses, and individuals. For financial institutions, SWBC provides auto, mortgage, and commercial loan portfolio management, consumer lending services, fee income generation, real estate lending, insurance programs, and investment services. For businesses, SWBC provides human resource and payroll services, commercial insurance products, employee benefits, investment services, liability insurance, life insurance, employee mortgages, and executive benefits. For individuals, SWBC provides personal property and casualty P&C insurance, including auto, homeowners, flood, excess flood, renters, valuable personal property, watercraft, classic cars, motorcycle, and umbrella liability insurance. SWBC also offers wealth management and home mortgages. Target market SWBC is licensed to market and service in all 50 states. The services for businesses and financial institutions are targeted at any business located in the United States. References External links SWBC home page Category:Financial services companies of the United States Category:Companies based in San Antonio Category:Financial services companies established in 1976 Category:1976 establishments in Texas

This is a summary of the evolution of nicknames of the current professional Major League Baseball teams in the National League organized 1876 and subsequent rival American League established 1901, and also of selected former major and minor league teams whose nicknames were influential, long-lasting, or both. The sources of the nicknames included club names, team colors, and city symbols. The nicknames have sometimes been dubbed by the media, other times through conscious advertising marketing by the team, or sometimes a little of both. Overview See also Team names and colors Athletic teams have long used colors and nicknames as a form of team identity. This echoes the use of colors and nicknames in other activities such as heraldry, the military, and the flags of states, provinces and nations. Baseball teams began to use nicknames early in the development of the sport. Not all teams felt the need for a nickname. The supposed first recorded game of baseball took place between two teams called New York and Knickerbocker, in the mid-1840s. Both teams were actually based in New York City. After the American Civil War 1861-1865, interest in highly skilled games of baseball resulted in many hundreds of local organized clubs springing up, many under the umbrella of the new National Association of Base Ball Players NABBP from 18571870, also sometimes referred to as the amateur association. These were often with names that were the club's official name, now often erroneously retrofitted as the nickname. However, all of these club names had the words Base Ball Club listed after them baseball was often spelled then with two words. Examples: New York Knickerbocker B.B.C. Mutual B.B.C. Brooklyn Atlantic B.B.C. Eckford B.B.C. Philadelphia Athletic B.B.C. Olympic B.B.C. Cleveland Forest City B.B.C. Although many of the players on these clubs were de facto professionals, the first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, an amateur team that turned professional and began a successful barnstorming tour in 1869. The fame of this team spelled the end of the high-level amateur version of the game. It was followed by a second National Association, that of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players NAPBBP during 18711875, with an increasing number of local clubs and for the first time, professional franchises teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings team's newfangled uniform of shortened-at-the- knees pants knickers with bright colored high-topped socks or stockings also inspired the use of team colors serving a dual role as a team nickname for the sportswriters of the day, who could add variety to their prose by referring to, e.g., the Hartford club or Hartfords alternately as the Dark Blues based on their obvious characteristic clothing. None of these early 'color' nicknames were official or used by the teams themselves, however. Examples: Boston Red Stockings / Red Sox and Red Caps Chicago White Stockings and White Sox Cincinnati Red Stockings / Reds Hartford Dark Blues / Blues Louisville Grays Mutuals Green Stockings St. Louis Brown Stockings / Browns St. Louis Red Stockings Suggesting an awareness of the significance of colors, seven seasons after its 1876 founding, the following National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs later known simply as the National League in 1882 passed a rule requiring specific stocking colors for each team: Boston: Red Buffalo: Gray Chicago: White Cleveland: Navy blue Detroit: Old Gold Providence: Light Blue Troy: Green Worcester: Brown While the 1882 rules prescribed stocking colors according to club, they also prescribed jersey and cap colors, but according to player position rather than according to club. Thus, on a single player's uniform, his cap and jersey would designate his position, and only his stockings would designate his club. As the news and developing sports media primarily newspapers and later radio began covering games extensively and assigning specialists to write about them, the inventive scribes might use the established names, or they might invent some new ones. Initially, they often referred to a club in the plural form, either by its city name or by its club name. Examples: Athletics Bostons Chicagos Mutuals As the writers and reporters became more inventive, they began to refer to teams by some characteristic that made the team or the city unique. Examples: Beaneaters Boston Colts Chicago Giants New York Spiders Cleveland Trolley Dodgers Brooklyn When two or more major leagues existed simultaneously in one city, the writers often appended the league name, which occasionally had the chance of evolving also into a team nickname, especially in the then frequent cities of the Northeast with two teams, a representative in each league. The Encyclopedia of Sports, p. 32 Examples: Baltimore Americans later Orioles - also used by previous NL and AA franchises Boston Nationals later Braves, Boston Americans later Red Sox New York Nationals better known as Giants, New York Americans or Highlanders evolved into Yankees In some cases, such as the Cleveland Indians, the team actually solicited help from the media in inventing a new nickname. Some of those nicknames changed over time or died with the team, while some are still in use today. Nearly all of the nicknames of the classic 16 original 8 NL of 1899 and 8 AL teams of 1903 in MLB were originally unofficial. But once an unofficial nickname became popular enough, it might be adopted by the team and become official. Some teams stuck with a nickname for many years and then changed it to something else. Other teams have never changed their nicknames. Some teams have had two popular nicknames simultaneously for many years. Examples: Brooklyn Dodgers/Robins Washington Senators/Nationals In the modern era of sports franchise expansion, nicknames are no longer assigned in a haphazard way by the news media, but rather are chosen by the teams for marketing and advertising purposes. The names are chosen in order to establish a strong team identity, and to have an attractive logo to encourage sales of merchandise to fans, such as caps and shirts. Often the nickname will have some sort of historical, geographical, cultural or economic symbolic connection or representation of the city and more recently, the surrounding state. Nonetheless, fans and media sportswriters may still apply informal tags in the old manner, such as the: Redbirds St Louis Cardinals Birds or the O's Baltimore Orioles Bronx Bombers New York Yankees Halos Los Angeles Angels. Atlanta For years the minor league team in Atlanta was called the Crackers. Atlanta Braves The Braves nickname originated in Boston in 1912. See the Boston, Massachusetts, entry below. The Braves moved from Boston to Milwaukee before the 1953 season and were known as the Milwaukee Braves from 1953 to 1965. The team moved again to Atlanta before the 1966 season, and have been known as the Atlanta Braves since. Baltimore Baltimore Orioles Earliest official adoption: 1901 The team's nickname is taken from the Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula, a small blackbird of the passerine family of fowl in the eastern United States. The bird received its name in about 1808 from the fact that the male's colors resembled those on the coat of arms of Sir George Calvert 1579-1632, the first Lord Baltimore, who was senior of the Calvert family that established the Province of Maryland colony in the 17th century. The Baltimore oriole is also the state bird symbol of modern Maryland. Most of the professional baseball and a few other sports teams in Baltimore have been dubbed the Orioles, with a few exceptions. The earliest Baltimore teams, in the early 1870s, were called the Lord Baltimores and Maryland respectively. These clubs were short-lived. The Lord Baltimores team chose the unusual team color of yellow or a variation of gold, and was often called the Canaries or the Yellow Stockings. The Maryland club was simply called the Marylands, in the pluralized style of the day. The names and colors were also used by other local jurisdictions and schools/colleges/universities. The first club to be called the Baltimore Orioles was a charter member of the old American Association in 1882. When the AA league folded after the 1891 season, four of its teams were brought into the expanded National League organized previously 1876, including the AA Orioles. These Orioles became a dominant team in the older league during the 1890s, in part because of their innovations and their tough, relentless play. The term Old Oriole is sometimes used to describe a player whose aggressive style fits the legacy of those 1890s teams. The competitive famous team's fortunes took a downturn in 1899 when many of its stars were transferred to the Brooklyn Superbas/Dodgers, and Baltimore was one of the four teams / franchises contracted out of existence in 1900, when the NL reduced from 12 franchises to only 8 teams, an arrangement lasting for over a half century. The newly formed American League of 1901 wanted to compete directly with the National League's New York Giants, but the Giants used their political clout to block the American League from placing a club there. Instead, one of its 8 charter member franchise teams was placed in Baltimore in 1901. Their Orioles nickname was acknowledged in an unusual way that year, with an orange letter O on their uniform shirts, probably the only major league team ever to sport a symbol that looked like a zero. The 1902 shirts substituted a more conventional block letter B. In 1903, after the American and National leagues settled their 2 year old baseball war dispute with a peace pact, the National League allowed the American league to have a competing New York club in the nation's largest city and the Baltimore club, which was originally meant to have been located in New York from the beginning was bought by former player/manager, the legendary John McGraw and transferred to New York City and renamed the Highlanders or sometimes the New York Americans and since 1913, now known as the New York Yankees. A top-level minor league version of the Baltimore Orioles replaced the departed major league club, and it would be a force to be reckoned with in the Triple AAA high minors for 50 years, winning a number of International League championships and also providing a famed local boy, George Herman Babe Ruth to the major leagues in 1914. Another Baltimore team was the rival third-party Federal League entry of 19141915, which called itself the Baltimore Terrapins, after the diamondback terrapin, the state reptile of Maryland now primarily associated with the University of Maryland, College Park Maryland Terrapins sports teams. The Federal League Terrapins opened Terrapin Park across the street from the IL minor league and previous AL club's own ballpark, which was acquired by the Orioles after the Fed folded. That began a chain of events which led to Baltimore's return to major league status, a story covered in more detail in the Wiki entry article on Memorial Stadium. In 1954, the St. Louis Browns of the AL, another of the charter original 8, moved to Baltimore, and the team adopted the city's old traditional baseball nickname. Many fans, and the team itself, also refer to the team as the O's or the Birds. Boston Boston Braves Earliest official adoption: 1912 Four players from the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 18691870 regrouped in Boston in 1871 Robert Smith, Baseball in America, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961, p. 36, which they would call home for the next 83 seasons. In the newly formed National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, the Boston Red Stockings would continue to dominate as they had in Cincinnati, winning 4 of the league's 5 pennants and joining the new National League in 1876. Some sources such as BBG say they were renamed the Red Caps, presumably in deference to the revived Red Stockings entry in Cincinnati. In any case, by the 1880s they were called the Beaneaters more often than anything, a term used for Bostonians in general due to the prevalence of the staple dish baked beans. Boston itself is often called Beantown, but generally not by residents. The media-invented nickname Beaneaters was still in use in the early 1900s, and was even applied to the newly formed American League entry from time to time. The National Leaguers continued to include red trim in their uniforms until 1907, when they temporarily switched to an all-white uniform. The press promptly labeled them the Doves, reinforced by their owner being named Dovey. Similarly, they were called the Rustlers in 1911 for new owner William Hepburn Russell baseball. In 1908, the Americans adopted those colors and became the Red Sox. The Nationals reverted to their red trim and slowly looked for a nickname of their own. They found one when James Gaffney bought the club. The nickname of Braves was first given the club at the suggestion of John Montgomery Ward, when James E. Gaffney, from Tammany Hall, became club president in 1912. Previously, the club had been known as the Doves, a name bestowed on the team when George B. and John E. C. Dovey became its owners; and also the Red Caps and Beaneaters. BBG The Tammany Hall political organization was named after an American Indian chief and used an Indian image as its symbol, hence the Braves. Over the years that name has stuck, despite occasional controversy about its stereotyping of Native Americans, and has followed the team through two moves to Milwaukee in 1953, and to Atlanta in 1966. While still in Boston, the Braves fell into severe doldrums in the 1930s, and were looking for ways to reinvent themselves. In 1936, when James A. Robert Quinn became president, the name of Bees was selected by a vote of scribes and fans. However, after a new syndicate, including Quinn, took charge in April, 1941, the stockholders re-adopted the nickname of Braves. BBG The name Bees did nothing to improve the team's fortunes, and was abandoned by the end of World War II. In 1935 the uniform shirts had read BRAVES and in 1936 they merely said BOSTON on the home as well as the road version. They switched to a block B on home shirts the next year, which remained the pattern most years until the block-letter BRAVES reappeared in 1945. At no point did they wear anything on their uniforms which suggested an actual bee other than the homonym of the letter B. In 1946, the script version of Braves, complete with tomahawk, made its first appearance and has been on most of the uniform shirts since then. Okkonen The Washington Redskins of the NFL began in 1932 as the Boston Braves. They renamed themselves the Redskins the next year, having moved from Braves Field to the Red Sox' Fenway Park, serving the dual purpose of sounding similar to their new baseball co-tenants while allowing them to keep the Native American-logoed uniforms they had worn as the Braves, and in 1937 they moved to Washington, D.C., bringing the nickname with them. Boston Red Sox Earliest official adoption: 1912 1908 For years many sources have called the early Boston AL teams Pilgrims or Puritans or Plymouth Rocks or Somersets for owner Charles Somers or even the Speed Boys. Research by SABR writer Bill Nowlin demonstrated that none of those names was used very often and that Pilgrims, the most popular revisionist nickname today, was barely used at all. In 1901, the American League, led by Ban Johnson, declared itself equal to the National League and established a competing club in Boston. For seven seasons, the AL team wore dark blue stockings and had no official nickname. They were simply Boston or the Bostons; or the Americans or Boston Americans as in American Leaguers, Boston being a two-team city. Their 19011907 shirts, both home and road, simply read Boston, except for 1902 when they sported large letters B and A denoting Boston and American. The temporary decision by the Boston National Leaguers to drop the color red from their uniforms led to a history-making decision: Red Stockings had been part of all Boston National League teams up to 1907, but Fred Tenney, manager in that year, told Peter F. Kelley, the Boston Journal's baseball writer, he would abandon the red stockings tradition in favor of white stockings, because of the danger that colored stockings might cause leg injuries to become infected. Kelley wrote a story condemning Tenney for parting with the Boston National League club's tradition. The next day, John Irving Taylor, Boston American League club president, told the Boston Journal writer, 'Here's a scoop for you. I am going to grab the name Red Sox, and the Boston American League club will wear red stockings. BBG The problem with part of that story is that the Doves went through the entire 1907 season wearing white except for a red old-English B on their shirts while the American Leaguers continued to wear their dark blue during the 1907 season. Okkonen On December 18, 1907, owner Taylor announced that the club had officially adopted red as its new team color. The name Red Sox is non-standard English for Red Socks, short for Red Stockings. For the 1908 season, the AL team shirts featured a red stocking across the front labeled BOSTON. They also wore red stockings, along with white caps. Meanwhile, for 1908, the NL team returned to wearing red stockings as well as red caps, while retaining the old-English B. So the primary visual differences between the two teams' uniforms in 1908 were the caps and the shirt fronts. The red stocking on the shirt front was a one-year innovation before returning to the plain BOSTON. The familiar RED SOX first appeared in 1912, coincident with the opening of Fenway Park. Through the years, the Red Sox have continued to wear red somewhere in their uniforms. By the 1930s, the color blue was re-added to the mix. Okkonen Headline writers often call the team Bosox, to contrast with the Chicago White Sox or Chisox. As with Chicago, when the team's fans are talking about their own team, they are apt to call them simply The Sox. The National Football League Boston team, who played their first season at Braves Field and called themselves the Braves after their hosts, moved into Fenway Park in 1933. Since the old name would no longer do, they changed their Indian-inspired name to Redskins to harmonize with Red Sox. Brooklyn Brooklyn Dodgers Earliest official adoption: 1920 The Dodgers have had a number of nicknames through the years. This team began as the Brooklyn Atlantics in the American Association of the 1880s, its name a reference to a once-renowned amateur team of the 1860s, the Atlantic Base Ball Club. Atlantic had turned pro in 1869 and became nationally famous by ending the Cincinnati Red Stockings' winning streak in 1870. Reporters also tagged them the Grays, the typical uniform-color reference of the day. In 1888, six members of the team were married during the season, and the press tagged the club as the Bridegrooms or just the Grooms. BBG In the early 1890s, the club had switched to the National League. The city of Brooklyn installed the transportation innovation called the trolley system. Its citizens thus became trolley dodgers to the newswriters. By association, the team itself acquired that nickname, as the honeymoon for the Grooms was over after several years. BBG Brooklyn was a separate city from New York until 1898, and its teams retained the name Brooklyn. During the late 1890s, when Ned Hanlon was the manager and the Dodgers won the pennant thanks in part to raiding the Baltimore Orioles roster, there happened to be a stage or circus act called Hanlon's Superbas. The New York press, in their usual creative way, began calling Ned Hanlon's Dodgers the Superbas. BBG Around 1910, the club was briefly tagged as the Infants, from a remark by president Charles Ebbets, who had declared in a speech that Baseball is in its infancy. In the words of the BBG, The monicker clung until Thomas J. Lynch, then president of the National League, asked baseball writers to accept waivers on it. Once Wilbert Robinson was well established and beloved as the Dodgers manager, the team was called the Robins as often as anything. The nickname Dodgers continued to be used also. After Robby retired, the team became just the Dodgers again. The club finally acknowledged its informal nickname in 1916, when the home World Series programs were boldly titled Dodgers vs Red Sox; and yet, that same season, the Brooklyn Eagle used Superbas in its box scores, years after Hanlon's retirement, and a cartoon on the record 26-inning game vs Boston that year used a robin to represent the team. In 1933, the team put the word Dodgers on their shirts for the first time, in block letters. The famous script Dodgers first appeared in 1938. Okkonen When the club moved to the west coast in 1958, they brought their nickname with them, although it had no particular meaning in Los Angeles. The Bums nickname arose due to the cartoons of Willard Mullin, characterizing the citizenry of Brooklyn in an unflattering but humorous way. Chicago Chicago is unique in Major League Baseball in that both of its charter member clubs have remained in their original cities. Various other clubs had brief lifespans in the Windy City also. The entry in the one-year wonder called the Union Association was called the Chicago Browns by some writers. The club lasted half a season and then transferred to Pittsburgh where, continuing their color scheme, they were called the Stogies. The Players' League was a one-year rebellion by players. The entry in the Windy City, called the Chicago Pirates, were led by Charles Comiskey, who would return to the South Side nine years later, as an owner, and with a decidedly more conservative attitude toward player salaries. When the Federal League began its two-year experiment, it placed a team in Chicago. Although the Fed was known for colorful nicknames, the best anyone could come up with for the Chicago Federals' first year, 1914, was the Chi-Feds. For the second and final Fed season, which proved to be a pennant winner for the Chi-Feds, the name Chicago Whales was used, despite the lack of any known whales in Lake Michigan. The uniforms featured a whale icon inside a large round C, suggestive of the Cubs' logo of that time, a large round C encircling a bear cub. Okkonen Chicago Cubs First official use: 1907 In 1870, the first openly professional team in Chicago was called the Chicago White Stockings, in reference to the team colors and in contrast to the Cincinnati Red Stockings. The team carried that nickname along to the NA in 1871 and into the NL in 1876. After the team's successes in the first half of the 1880s, the club began trading away its stars, and by the end of the decade the team was populated by young players, with the exception of long-time playermanager Cap Anson. By the late 1880s, local newspapers had started to call the team Anson's Colts, or just Colts. With the advent of the Players' League in 1890, what little talent the club still had was drained away, and the nickname, though never official, became standard. The Golden Era Cubs: 18761940, Eddie Gold and Art Ahrens, Bonus Books, 1985, p. 2 and Charley Hoyt wrote a play for Cap Anson, manager of the team, called 'The Runaway Colt', and subsequently the team was called Anson's Colts.BBG Actually, it was the other way around. The play was written and produced late in 1895, and its name was inspired by the club's nickname. The National Pastime, Number 25, SABR, 2005, Anson on Broadway, p.74-81. In any case, 1890 is the usual date given for the replacement of White Stockings with Colts as the club's predominant nickname. The Colts name would stick around, off and on, for the next 15 years. It was reinforced by a squad of many young players, contrasting with the veteran Anson, who had become known as Pop by the 1890s. Anson left the team after the 1897 season, and the local papers called the team the Orphans for a while, because they had lost their Pop. They apparently still had some pop in their bats, finishing fourth in a twelve-team league. A Chicago newspaper held a contest to select a new name. The term Cubs was chosen, but as other newspapers ignored the name at first, it was some time before the new nickname came into general use. Fred Hayner, sports editor of the Chicago Daily News, was among the first to use the name of Cubs. BBG The 2007 Arcadia book called Chicago Cubs: Tinker to Evers to Chance, by Art Ahrens, contains a series of facts in various places on pages 956 that add up to an explanation of the gradual transition from Colts to Cubs: The newspapers predominantly called the club the Orphans during 18981900. The few promising players on the club jumped to the new American League in 1901, including several to the White Sox. The erstwhile Orphans had so few good players left that the papers called them the Remnants, as the 5386 team's percentage would stand as the club's record low for the next 60 years. When Frank Selee took over the managerial reins in 1902, his youth program revived the older nickname, and the team was again called the Colts in the papers frequently. At that same time, also referencing the team's youthful squad, some writers starting calling the team the Cubs. The Cubs nickname took hold over the next four seasons. Sporting Life leaned toward Cubs, while The Sporting News favored Colts, as did the Chicago Tribune. During 1905, Colts was still more common, as Selee preferred that name. But Selee retired due to ill health in mid-season 1905, and Frank Chance was elevated to the managing job. With new management and an emerging dynasty, by 1906 the old Colts was largely passé and Cubs was the primary nickname. Among various short-lived and little-remembered nicknames laid on the team by the media around 1906, perhaps the funniest was Murphy's Spuds or just Spuds, a reference to Irish-American team owner Charles Murphy, and the stereotype connecting Irish people with potatoes Irish potatoes were colloquially called Murphy spuds or just Murphys. By the time the Chicago National Leaguers played their cross-town World Series with the White Sox in 1906, the Chicago Cubs nickname was well established. An editorial cartoon after the Series showed a cabin with an unknown figure inside, with only his white socks visible, up on a footrest, with the skin of a bear nailed to the wall outside, and six more white socks hanging on a clothesline the Sox had beaten the Cubs in six games. John Devaney and Burt Goldblatt, The World Series: A Complete Pictorial History, Rand McNally, 1975, p. 27 By 1907, the name Cubs was appearing on the team's scorecards. Ahrens The first uniform acknowledgment of the nickname came in 1908, when a bear cub holding a bat was placed inside the round C that was already on the uniform shirt. The familiar C encircling UBS first appeared the following year, on the road shirts. With this official acknowledgment, the old nickname of Colts was gone for good. Either a bear cub symbol or the word CUBS has appeared on home and/or road shirts ever since then. Okkonen Despite the best efforts of the MLB Promotion Corporation, which began in the late 1960s, the Cubs did not trademark this iconic circle-C-UBS logo which has been a steady fixture on uniforms and publications since 1937 until the late 1970s. The nickname Cubbies, a diminutive of something already small or young, gained favor in large part due to Harry Caray's famous rendering of Take Me Out to the Ball Game. Instead of drawing out the single-syllable Cubs into two syllabels in place of home team, Caray used Cubbies to make the line flow better. The Chicago Bears of the National Football League played their games at the Cubs' Wrigley Field from 19211970, and were renamed from Staleys in honor of their hosts. Chicago White Sox First official use: 1906 Stockings; 1912 Sox Anson's National Leaguers had been known as the White Stockings, and when Charles Comiskey brought his St. Paul Saints team into the city of his birth in 1900, Carl Green of Detroit and Irving E. Si Sanborn, covering baseball in the Windy City, revived the name White Stockings. BBG The new American League entry adopted the abandoned colors and nickname of their National League rivals. They were initially called the White Stockings, a nickname quickly shortened to White Sox by the press. In 1912, the team started wearing the first incarnation of its SOX logo on the shirts. Okkonen The team is often called the Chisox by headline writers, to distinguish from Bosox. The synonym Pale Hose is also used. Within the city, as with Boston, the team is often just plain Sox. The Hispanic community of Chicago calls them Las Medias Blancas, Spanish for The White Stockings. Cincinnati Cincinnati Red Stockings The first openly all-professional team was the famous Cincinnati Red Stockings of 18691870. They began as an amateur organization in the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1866, as interest in baseball grew substantially after the American Civil War. Interest in the Red Stockings themselves grew as they compiled an impressive winning streak while mostly on a road tour or barnstorming. The nickname Red Stockings was again a press appellation based on their uniforms; in fact the 1869 Cincinnati club inaugurated the baseball tradition of wearing knickers with knee socks instead of long trousers, a style some contemporary prudes considered shocking and immoral. The Red Stockings went through 1869 and partway into 1870 undefeated, their streak finally ending on June 14, 1870. Interest in the team waned after that, and while the club gained much fame and acclaim, the team's profit margin was slim. The club's executives decided to disband the team for 1871. But the influence of this team was substantial. By 1870, professionalism was wide open, spelling the end of the amateur era, and paving the way to the first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, which began operating in 1871. With the Cincinnati Red Stockings dissolved, four of its players regrouped in Boston to join the new National Association often called the NA for short, by modern historians. Manager Harry Wright and his brother George Wright baseball's version of the Wright brothers brought along Cal McVey and Charlie Gould to form the Boston Red Stockings, which eventually evolved into the Atlanta Braves q.v. Cincinnati Reds First official use: 1911 Due to the influence of the Red Stockings, nearly every professional team in Cincinnati since then has worn red as their primary trim color. The Cincinnati teams have also tended to associate themselves with the 1869-70 club, but there is no direct connection other than the name. When the NA folded, the best teams, and some new ones, regrouped to form the National League in 1876. One of the new teams was called the Cincinnati Red Stockings, reclaiming their old name. The team was expelled from the National League in 1880 for selling beer at games and playing games on Sundays. In 1882 a new league formed to challenge the established NL: The American Association. The AA appealed to a different, rowdier market than the stoic NL, by offering cheaper admission prices as well as alcoholic beverages, which at that time were forbidden in the NL ballparks. Ironically, this AA became known as The Beer and Whisky League, and was criticized by the NL leadership for placing so many of its teams in river towns, characterizing the AA cities as being populated by low-class citizens: Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis. The new version of the Cincinnati Red Stockings later shortened to Cincinnati Reds became prosperous. The team won the first American Association pennant, and survived the first eight of the Association's ten-year existence. In 1890, the Reds were readmitted to the National League, and continue to play in Cincinnati to this day. The team first used the single C on its uniforms in 1905. The word Reds was placed inside the C for the first time in 1911. Variants on that style have been used in most years since then. Okkonen Having shortened their name brought them some trouble in the 1950s, or more accurately the fear of trouble. The term Reds in the political arena had long been a synonym for Communist. During the McCarthy era, even though there was no connection between professional baseball and Communism, the team was concerned that their traditional club nickname would associate them with the Communist Threat and the Cold War, so they officially changed their name to the Cincinnati Redlegs. From 1956 to 1960, the club's logo was altered to remove the term REDS from the inside of the wishbone C symbol. The REDS reappeared on the 1961 uniforms, although habits being what they were, by then they were often called Redlegs, and that name took a few years to totally fade out. Okkonen An NFL entry that played briefly in the early 1930s was called the Cincinnati Reds. The nickname Red Stockings and its descendants reflect one of the oldest nicknames in baseball, topped only by the Athletics, originally of Philadelphia and now in Oakland, and Mets, a variation of Metropolitans, a name that goes back to an amateur baseball club in New York in the 1850s. Cleveland Cleveland is known as The Forest City, and its early-1870s pro team was called the Forest City Base Ball Club or just the Forest Citys, in the style of the day. The National League entry of the 1890s was dubbed the Cleveland Spiders by the press, supposedly because of its long-limbed players. One player during 18971899 was Louis Sockalexis, a Native American. His ballplaying skills caught a great deal of attention, though his career was short. During those three seasons, the team was sometimes called the Cleveland Indians. Cleveland Indians First official use: 1915 After the 1899 debacle of 20 wins and 134 losses, in which the once-proud Spiders were redubbed the Wanderers and the Exiles due to being relegated to a road franchise, the NL contracted the Cleveland club out of existence. A new team formed the very next year in the young American League. The uniforms featured dark blue, and the team was labeled the Blues by the media, among other short-lived nicknames. Once the club began to be led by player and sometimes-manager Nap Lajoie, the team quickly became known as the Cleveland Naps. During the tenure of manager Deacon McGuire, the team was also sometimes facetiously called the Molly Maguires. BBG The team was strong in the early 1900s, but lapsed in the 1910s and Naps began to be taken as a joke equated to sleeping. When Lajoie was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in early January 1915, owner Charles Somers asked the local newspapers to come up with a new name for the team. The fact that he would go to the papers is a reflection of where most of the team nicknames of that era came from. Legend has it that the team specifically honored Louis Sockalexis when it assumed its current name in mid-January 1915. Another version is that the media and the team chose Cleveland Indians as a play on the name of the Boston Braves, then known as the Miracle Braves after going from last place on July 4 to a sweep in the 1914 World Series. The informal Indians name sometimes used during Sockalexis' time with the club reinforced the new name. With the artificial connection to Native Americans, the Cleveland Indians are also often called The Tribe. In the movie Major League, the Cleveland Indians are referred to by many names, including The Erie Warriors, The Sons of Geronimo and The Fighting Braves of the Cuyahoga. DallasFort Worth There have been minor league clubs in the Dallas Fort Worth area since at least 1888. One was the Dallas Rangers of the Pacific Coast League, and the other was the Fort Worth Cats/Panthers of the Texas League. In 1965, the Dallas club left the city, and the Fort Worth club moved to Arlington, a city about halfway in between the two major cities. The renamed Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs operated for seven years in Arlington before the majors came knocking. Texas Rangers First official use: 1972 The 1961 expansion version of the Washington Senators moved to Arlington, Texas, in 1972 and took on the nickname Texas Rangers. The name refers to the famous Texas Ranger Division, the law enforcement agency that was created by Stephen F. Austin in 1823. Up until the end of the 2008 season, the team bore the word RANGERS on their home jerseys and TEXAS on their road jerseys. Since then, the team has worn TEXAS at home and on the road. Denver Colorado Rockies The Colorado Rockies became a new franchise into Major League Baseball in 1993. The nickname Rockies alludes to the Rocky Mountains which cover much of the western half of Colorado. The name Colorado Rockies had been used by a National Hockey League team that lasted from 19761982, before the team relocated and became the New Jersey Devils. Detroit The first major league team in the city was the Detroit Wolverines, who contended in the National League during 18811888. The nickname, which is now primarily associated with the University of Michigan teams, came from Michigan's nickname, the Wolverine State. The Wolverines' ownership spent a great deal of money to bring a championship team to Detroit, and the team won an early World Series in 1887. However, Detroit did not have a large enough population to sustain a major league franchise, and the team folded after one more season. Several minor league clubs came and went over the next few years, most of them called the Wolverines. Detroit Tigers First official use: 1908 The new minor league entry in the Western League was also called the Wolverines. This club came to stay. The league was renamed the American League in 1900, and the Detroit franchise is still in the league, the one Western League franchise still in its original city, nurtured as it was by the growth of the auto industry in the 20th Century. There are various legends about how the Tigers got their nickname. One involves the orange stripes they wore on their black stockings: Philip J. Reid, a Detroit city editor, tagged the players as Tigers before the turn of the century. George Stallings, manager at Detroit during 18991901, always claimed the nickname came after he put striped stockings on his players, but they have always been Tigers in the American League. BBG Another legend concerns a sportswriter equating the 1901 team's opening day victory with the ferocity of his alma mater, the Princeton Tigers. The earliest known use of the name Detroit Tigers in the news was in the Detroit Free Press on April 16, 1895. Richard Bak's 1998 book, A Place for Summer: A Narrative History of Tiger Stadium has the full story. In the 19th century, the city of Detroit had a military unit called the Detroit Light Guard, who were known as The Tigers. They had played significant roles in certain Civil War battles and in the SpanishAmerican War. The baseball team was called both the Wolverines and the Tigers in the newspapers. Upon entry into the major leagues in 1901, the ballclub sought and received formal permission from the Light Guard to use its trademark, and from that day forth the team has been officially the Tigers. In short, the Tigers most likely wore stripes because they were already Tigers, rather than the other way around which was the conventional story. In fact, the Tigers wore a red stripe on their socks in 1901, and generally avoided stripes after that until beginning to wear orange stripes for a while in the 1920s. Okkonen The Detroit Lions of the NFL were named in reference to their then-landlords, the Tigers. The Detroit Red Wings of the NHL were originally called the Cougars, but that referred to their point of origin as the Victoria Cougars. Their early name's apparent relationship to the Tigers and/or Lions was coincidental. Houston The minor league teams of first the Texas League and then the American Association were primarily known as the Houston Buffaloes, or often just Buffs. They were named after Houston's Buffalo Bayou, which has always been a geographic and culturally significant hallmark of the city. Houston Astros Houston joined Major League Baseball in 1962 when the National League expanded and placed a franchise in Texas for the first time. The team's original nickname was the Houston Colt .45s, a reference to the famous Colt firearms company. The team itself used a Colt .45s logo, but was most often called just the Colts, a somewhat ambiguous term as it also applies to young horses and skirted the legal issues that eventually influenced the name's abandonment by the club. In 1965 the team changed its nickname to Houston Astros, a name that had more futuristic overtones astro is Greek for star as since 1961 Houston was the city where NASA trained and continues to train all the American astronauts. The team also used the nickname as part of its new home, the Astrodome, which opened in 1965. This name change was driven in part by legal considerations. The Sporting News Official Baseball Guide for 1965 explained why the team was renamed: Late in the year 1964 the Harris County Domed Stadium was officially named the Astrodome after the Houston club changed its nickname, December 1, from Colt .45s to Astros. The move resulted from objections by the Colt Firearms Company to the club's sales of novelties bearing the old nickname. The nickname 'Stros is often used as a familiar name. Kansas City, Missouri Being at the fringe of the old west, and thus connected with cowboys and cattle, several of Kansas City's teams have had nicknames reflecting that culture. There were three different short-lived major league teams called the Kansas City Cowboys in the 1800s, the Kansas City Cowboys of the Union Association in 1884, the National League Cowboys in 1886, and the American Association Cowboys in 1888 and 1889. The minor league entry in the Western League original in the late 1890s was the first to use the name Kansas City Blues, presumably from their team colors. The Western League became the American League in 1900, still a minor league. When the American went major in 1901, the Kansas City entry was dropped. A revived minor league club also called the Kansas City Blues operated in the American Association during the first half of the 20th Century. The team became a New York Yankees farm team in the 1930s. The team transferred to Denver in 1955 when the Philadelphia Athletics came to town as the Kansas City Athletics. Ironically, that Yankees Kansas City farm club situation continued, as the A's ownership fed numerous quality players to the Yankees until the 1960s when Charles O. Finley acquired the team. Finley soon incurred the wrath of Kansas City fans also, and transferred the team to Oakland in 1968. Perhaps the most famous team in Kansas City was the Kansas City Monarchs, the longest-running of the various Negro league baseball teams that operated as an apartheid culture until major league baseball was integrated in 1947 by one-time Monarch Jackie Robinson. Continuing the dubious Kansas City tradition, the Monarchs effectively served as a farm club for all of the major leagues in their waning years, supplying a number of star black players to the majors before folding in the 1960s. Kansas City Athletics In 1954, the club's last year in Philadelphia, the A was replaced for the first time with the word Athletics, on both home and road shirts. At no time in their 54-year tenure in Philadelphia did the word Philadelphia appear on their shirts. The team transferred to Kansas City in 1955 and continued to wear Athletics on both home and road shirts. The city name finally appeared on road shirts for the first time in 1961, after Charles O. Finley had acquired the team. Finley began a well-documented series of influential uniform innovations that are beyond the scope of this article. He moved the A's to Oakland in 1968, where they have remained to this day. Okkonen In 1972 Finley changed the team's official name to the longstanding nickname A's; Athletics was restored in 1981. Kansas City Royals The American League expanded in 1969, and made good on a pledge to return the majors to Kansas City, by creating the Kansas City Royals. Pharmaceutical executive Ewing Kauffman won the bidding for the new Kansas City team, which was named the Royals after the American Royal Livestock Show held in Kansas City every year since 1899. Some sources have incorrectly reported that the team was named in honor of the Kansas City Monarchs. Apparently it is just a happy coincidence. Also, in an unspoken and possibly coincidental continuation of tradition, the Royals' uniforms carry blue trim. Los Angeles area The minor league teams had been known as the Los Angeles Angels since the founding of the Pacific Coast League in 1903, named after the city itself. That team name contained a built-in redundancy if fully translated into English: The Angels Angels. Los Angeles Dodgers The minor league team and the nickname were displaced when the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League moved from coast-to-coast in 1958. The Los Angeles Dodgers carried their successful ways, and there were no trolleys to be dodged in Los Angeles. Los Angeles Angels When major league baseball expanded in 1961, a new entry in the American League revived the old nickname. The team was renamed the California Angels in 1965, anticipating their move to Anaheim. After 32 years as California, the team became the Anaheim Angels starting with the 1997 season, as a result of a contractual agreement connected with renovations to their stadium. Starting with the 2005 season, the club again changed its name. The ownership wanted to revert to the original name, Los Angeles Angels, for marketing reasons. This caused many legal problems with the city of Anaheim, and the franchise was eventually required to keep Anaheim in the team name. As a result, the official designation became the wordy Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. and the geographic location has been removed from the team's jerseys. Miami Florida / Miami Marlins Minor league teams had been known as the Miami Marlins for several decades, referencing the marlin, a popular sport fish. There were the Miami Marlins of the International League 195660 and the Miami Marlins 196270 and Miami Marlins 198288 of the Florida State League. When the major leagues expanded to the Miami area in 1993, the old nickname was revived, but the team was initially known as the Florida Marlins. By identifying with the entire state instead of the city, the name's alliterative quality was lost. However, the team officially adopted the Miami Marlins name on November 11, 2011. This was part of a funding agreement between the team and the city of Miami for the team's new stadium which opened in 2012. The Marlins are commonly nicknamed the Fish. Milwaukee Milwaukee's various professional teams, going back to the 1870s, had names like the Cream Citys and the Brewers, in reference to the local unique cream brick industry and brewing industry respectively. In particular, some famous breweries included Schlitz The beer that made Milwaukee famous, Blatz, Pabst, and later Miller Beer, which today holds naming rights to the current stadium. There was a short-lived major league entry, sometimes called the Milwaukee Grays, which operated in the National League in 1878. Milwaukee Brewers The Brewers of the minor Western League of the 1890s were retained during the league's inaugural major league season as the American League in 1901, before being moved to become the St. Louis Browns. The revived minor league club in the American Association was then called the Milwaukee Brewers for some 50 years before being displaced by the transplanted Boston Braves in 1953. The major league club retained their traditional nickname as the Milwaukee Braves during their stay in Milwaukee, before moving on to Atlanta in 1966. The city was mostly without professional baseball for a few years. Future team owner and later Commissioner Bud Selig began a lobbying group originally called Team, Inc. and then renamed Milwaukee Brewers Baseball Club, Inc. The Chicago White Sox played some home games in Milwaukee in that interval. The current Milwaukee Brewers began as the Seattle Pilots, a 1969 expansion team in the American League. After one year of significant financial losses, the team was transplanted to Milwaukee, under the new ownership of Selig, whereupon they revived the traditional name Brewers. The team was switched to the National League in 1998 as part of the expansion and reorganization of the major leagues. Minneapolis Saint Paul The two adjacent cities have had a long-standing, mostly-friendly rivalry, and each city had high-level minor league clubs, including teams in the American Association for the better part of five decades. The Minneapolis clubs were usually called the Minneapolis Millers, Minneapolis being known as the Mill City. St. Paul, as the state capital, avoided the usual stereotype of teams called Senators, Solons or Capitals, and instead went for a more direct stereotype. The city's early teams were typically called the St. Paul Saints or Apostles, including the city's short lived Union Association entry in 1884. Later the city's minor league clubs adopted the St. Paul Saints nickname, a self-contained redundancy. The Western League club from the 1890s moved to Chicago in 1900 and became the Chicago White Sox. The revived minor league Saints joined their cross-river rivals in the American Association for much of the first half of the 1900s. The Saints name was revived by an independent minor league club in 1993. Minnesota Twins Minneapolis St. Paul is commonly known as the Twin Cities. The formal name of the team, which transferred from Washington, D.C., in 1961, was initially the Twin Cities Baseball Club, now known as Twins Sports, Inc. The Millers caps had featured an M and the Saints caps an interlaced StP. The newly transferred Minnesota Twins club wore a cap featuring TC for Twin Cities to honor both St. Paul and Minneapolis. The shirts included a sleeve patch with an outline of the state and two ballplayers shaking hands across the Mississippi River. By 1987 the Twins were regionally established, and a cap featuring an M for Minnesota was adopted. The TC logo migrated to the sleeve in place of the previous patch. The team won the World Series that year, so the M cap became a symbol of success and continued to be used exclusively for a number of years afterward. The TC cap reappeared in the late 1990s, and is now switched off with the M cap. Okkonen TC is usually used as the team's home cap, with M as the road cap, though the cap, as with other elements of the team's uniform, is chosen at the whim of the starting pitcher. Another nickname used by fans and writers, but not by the team, is Twinkies, though that name is used more as an insult by the fans of competing teams. Montreal Before Major League Baseball expanded to Montreal in 1969, minor league teams in Montreal were usually named the Royals, in reference to Mount Royal , a volcanic plug immediately west of today's downtown after which the city was named. Montreal Expos The Montreal Expos were named in honor of Expo 67, a World's Fair held two years before the Expos began play. The Expos moved to Washington in 2005, and the Expos name was retired. New York City As the cradle of organized baseball, New York City had many clubs in the amateur era leading up to 18691870, and the professional era after that. The teams called Mutual, Atlantic and Eckford were some of the stronger ones. The short-lived Federal League entry in New York was the Brooklyn Tip-Tops. The Fed teams had some innovative names, and this was probably the only major league team ever named for a loaf of bread. New York Mets The original Metropolitan Baseball Club was a member of the 19th Century American Association, a club which lasted until 1887 but could not compete with the Giants. They were normally listed as Metropolitan in the standings, and writers would sometimes use the pluralized Metropolitans in the style of the day, to distinguish them from the New Yorks, their next-door neighbors. When major league baseball expanded in 1962, the old name was revived in the form of the Metropolitan Baseball Club of New York, otherwise known as the New York Mets. Met is a common short form of Metropolitan, as in The Met for the Metropolitan Opera; MetLife for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; and so on. The New York Jets of the NFL, originally known as the New York Titans, were the first of several New York area teams whose names rhymed with Mets. Others included the New York Nets of the NBA now Brooklyn Nets, and the New York Sets of the short-lived Team Tennis league. New York Giants First official use: 1911 The early entry of this team in 1883 was simply the New Yorks, also sometimes called the Gothams, Gotham being a synonym for New York City. According to legend, manager Jim Mutrie was bragging to newspaper reporters about the stature of his players, My big fellows! My giants! and by about 1885 the name was stuck on the team for good. The club was first called the Giants about 1885. P.J. Donohue, New York World baseball writer, probably picked up a chance to get into a type argument with Harry Palmer of Chicago and Charles F. Mathison of Detroit. All three scribes followed teams that had big men, were proud of that fact, and stressed the poundage and height of their athletes. The New York Nationals, after playing an exhibition game with Newark in 1886, were called Giants; and when they appeared in St. Louis later the same year, Joe Pritchard, Mound City expert at that time, alluded to them as the Gotham Giants. BBG Although the Giants nickname was well established by 1900, the prosaic NEW YORK or simple block letters NY were used on uniform shirts until 1918 when GIANTS first appeared. Okkonen Eventually the alternate nickname Jints rhymes with pints was picked up as a colloquial pronunciation of the team name. It followed them, along with their real nickname Giants, when they moved to the west coast in 1958. The New York Giants of the NFL were named for the baseball team which was once their landlord. Even though the baseball Giants moved in 1958, the NFL team to this day displays a sign at MetLife Stadium proudly indicating that the team's official name remains the New York Football Giants. New York Yankees Modern writers tend to refer to the New York AL club as the Highlanders for its 19031912 era and as the Yankees from 1913 onward. The two nicknames actually developed in parallel starting around 1904, with Highlanders initially more often used, and Yankees becoming the predominant nickname before Highlanders was fully dropped in 1913. Initially the team was simply the Greater New York Baseball Club, a designation imposed on them as part of the deal allowing the Baltimore club to transfer to New York. Giants fans considered them to be Invaders, and publisher William Randolph Hearst's New York Evening Journal initially referred to the new club by that name in 1903. Both Highlanders and Yankees were also initially inventions of the press. The first president of the new New York American League entry was Joseph Gordon, who served from 19031906. There was a noted British military unit called The Gordon Highlanders. The new team built its new ballpark on a high point of Manhattan called The Hilltop hence the informal nickname Hilltop Park for the American League Park, which contrasted especially with the altitude of the Giants, whose Polo Grounds was in the bottomland in the shadow of Coogan's Bluff. Creative members of the press, who liked to make artificial connections between disparate elements of popular culture, dubbed the team Gordon's Highlanders e.g. New York World, April 15, 1903, soon shortened to just Highlanders, and the name stuck with them for the better part of a decade. There is no evidence that Highlanders was ever officially adopted by the team itself. The uniforms only sported a large block N Y, which eventually evolved into the well-known curving NY logo of the Yankees. Okkonen A prophetic letter to the editor of the New York Sun, May 7, 1903, p. 8, raised this question: Name for the American New Yorks. If the new baseball team is to have a name that is in keeping with the 'Giants,' does it not seem reasonable that if they are the 'New York Americans' they might be called the 'Yankees' or 'Yanks'? The alternate nickname Yankees first appeared regularly in the press in 1904. The term Yankee or Yank is a synonym for American. The new team was in the American League, and the papers for cities with two teams such as Boston would often call their teams Nationals or Americans to distinguish them. The term Yankee was also in the news frequently at that time, especially with the success of George M. Cohan's Broadway musical, Little Johnny Jones, and its centerpiece number, Yankee Doodle Dandy. To the creative writers of the New York press, the connection was easy to make. On April 7, , a spring training story from Richmond, Virginia carried the headline Yankees Will Start Home From South To-Day. The New York Evening Journal screamed: YANKEES BEAT BOSTON. The Sporting Life for a game of April 4, 1905, discussing the acquisition of Hal Chase, referred to the team as the Americans and the Highlanders in the same writeup. As the decade progressed, the nickname Yankees began to be used more and more often. The New York Times writeup about Cy Young's no-hitter of June 30, 1908, referred to the club exclusively as Yankees or Yanks throughout the article, with no mention at all of Highlanders. The Times also consistently referred to the Hilltop by its formal name, the American League Park. The Complete Book of Baseball: A New York Times Scrapbook History, Arno Press, Bobbs-Merrill, 1980, p. 8 The Philadelphia Inquirer for a game of April 21, 1912, an exhibition between the two New York clubs, was headlined Giants wallop Yanks, while in the article the teams were referred to as the Nationals and the Giants; and the American League team, Americans, and Highlanders; respectively. The New York Times for opening day 1912 reported that The Yankees presented a natty appearance in their new uniforms of white with black pin stripes. In 1913, the American Leaguers left the Hilltop after ten years, and began what would become a ten-year sub-lease with the Giants at the Polo Grounds. At that point the term Highlanders made no logical sense, and was dropped by the press. The club was exclusively the Yankees from then onward. It is uncertain exactly when the Yankees began referring to themselves by their popular nickname. By the time of Babe Ruth's arrival in 1920, the Yankees nickname was well established, but the name still did not appear on the uniforms. In fact, the Yankees have seldom carried their nickname on their uniforms. The only time was during 19271930, when the word YANKEES first appeared, in lieu of NEW YORK on the road shirts. This was continued through the 1930 season, and then NEW YORK was restored to the road uniforms. Okkonen The name must have been considered 'official' at least by 1923, when the team named its new ballpark Yankee Stadium. The popular and successful Yankees have acquired many other unofficial nicknames through the years, such as the Pinstripers for obvious reasons, and jokingly as the Evil Empire, a term originally applied to the Soviet Union by President Ronald Reagan. Probably the longest-lasting unofficial nickname has been the Bronx Bombers, which was applied many decades ago in reference to the Yankees' power hitting, dating back to the Ruth era. Oakland The Pacific Coast League entry was typically called the Oakland Oaks PCL and sometimes the Acorns as an unofficial variant. Oakland A's The Oakland Athletics, who began in Philadelphia and resided in Kansas City for a few years, settled on the west coast in 1968. The nickname Athletics is the oldest in baseball, dating to the early 1860s. Philadelphia Aside from the enduring teams called the Athletics and the Phillies, other professional teams in Philadelphia over the years included the Philadelphia White Stockings also sometimes called the Pearls or even the Phillies, who played in the National Association in the early 1870s in direct competition with the A's; and the Keystone club of the one-year Union Association experiment in 1884. Philadelphia Athletics First official use: 1901 In the peak of the amateur era of baseball in the 1860s, the strongest team in the Quaker State was the Athletic Base Ball Club of Philadelphia, or just Athletic for short. Prior to the early 1900s, this club was typically always listed in standings as Athletic rather than Philadelphia. When called the Athletics it was the pluralized style of the day, just as the National League entry would have been called the Philadelphias. As early as 1866, the Athletics uniform shirts featured the stylized letter A that is still used by the team's nominal descendants today. The team had turned professional by the late 1860s, and continued playing through the first year of the National League in 1876, before disbanding. The team name Athletic was revived by the American Association, and again by the charter Philadelphia entry in the American League in 1901. The AL team was originally listed in the standings in the traditional way, Athletic, but soon evolved into the Philadelphia Athletics. Another enduring symbol of the team soon emerged: In 1902, John McGraw, then manager of the New York Giants, and bitter enemy of American League president Ban Johnson, gave out an interview belittling the entry of the American League in Philadelphia, and sarcastically referred to Ben Shibe and Connie Mack's club as a 'white elephant'. A Philadelphia newspaperman labeled the Athletics the White Elephants, and they went on to win the first of many flags. BBG That characterization, first written about 1940, was from a time when the A's were still thought of as winners. The team's decline, from the mid-1930s clear into the mid-1960s, would result in the franchise being transferred twice. The elephant logo first appeared on uniforms in 1918, and evolved into a circus elephant of varying colors, depending on the trim chosen for the uniform in a given year. As the team typically wore a stylized A on both their home and road shirts, and eventually on their caps, the nickname A's also arose. The first break with the A tradition came in 1920, when the team featured the elephant logo on shirts for the first time, displacing the A, albeit in a dark blue. The elephant, worn as a badge of defiance following McGraw's remarks, had previously appeared on just the warmup weathers and then on the uniform sleeve. The elephant was changed to its titular white in 1924, and in 1928 the team went back to the traditional A. Okkonen Philadelphia Phillies They've been the Phillies ever since the team entered the National League in 1883. BBG Phillies or Phils is a short form of Philadelphias, in the style of the 19th Century, when a city would be referred to by writers that way Bostons, Chicagos, etc. The city itself is often called Philly for short. Other uses of that term include the Philly Cheesesteak and the popular Phillies Blunt cigar. Bob Carpenter acquired the Phillies in the late fall of 1943. The following spring, a new name, Blue Jays, was selected in a fans' contest. BBG This change never caught on with the general public, especially as the uniform shirts continued to say Phillies, albeit with a blue jay shoulder patch. That experiment was dropped after a couple of years. In 1900, the team's road shirts said PHILA, a common abbreviation of Philadelphia. The Phillies' uniforms otherwise carried only a simple block or stylized letter P for several decades. The first time the word Phillies appeared was 1933, in a script-style that has appeared frequently in the decades since then. 1942, the word Phils appeared on the road shirts and the block letter P re-appeared on the home shirts, just for the one season. The script Phillies continued until 1970 when, in anticipation of the move to Veterans Stadium, the team returned to a stylized letter P on their shirts. In 1992, the script Phillies was restored to the shirts. Okkonen Phoenix Prior to its entrance to the Major Leagues, Phoenix used several different nicknames for its ball clubs. They were first known as the Phoenix Senators, then the Phoenix Giants after their big league affiliate, and lastly the Phoenix Firebirds, for the mythologic bird synonymous with the city's name. Arizona Diamondbacks A Diamondback, specifically Crotalus atrox, is a rattlesnake which is a very common sight in the Arizona desert and a fearsome symbol. The club adopted the symbol upon its formation in 1998. A baseball field is also called a diamond. The team is often called the D-backs for short, and as of 2007 the team is wearing shirts that read D-backs. On the left sleeve is a stylized db which forms the head of a snake. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pirates The original Pittsburgh club, formed in 1882, was in the then-separate city of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, across the Allegheny River northwest of downtown Pittsburgh. Thus the club was called Allegheny in the standings, and in the style of the day, the Alleghenys note that it was not Alleghenies. The Alleghenys played in the American Association during 18821886, then transferred to the National League in 1887. The team restyled itself as Pittsburgh then often spelled Pittsburg around 1890, although Allegheny remained a separate city until it was annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907. The club was accused of pirating Lou Bierbauer in the Players' League settlement following the 1890 season, which led to their nickname. This fact is a detail of the larger story of what was happening in professional baseball around that time. In 1888, baseball owners established rules to categorize players and pay them according to rank. Since the owners set the categories themselves, their new system at first lowered, and then eventually froze players salaries. Shortly before this, in 1885, John Montgomery Ward, a current Major League pitcher and Columbia Law School graduate, had founded the Brotherhood of Base Ball Players an association to protect and promote players interests. Baseball owners had instituted their new rules in the off-season without talking with the players, and this led to a rift between them and the players. Despite yearlong efforts to negotiate with the owners over these new restrictions on players, Ward could not get them to bargain or even recognize the Brotherhood. Players revolted and in 1890 they started a new league called the Players' League. The Players' League was spearheaded by Ward, who not only gained financial backers, but he also solicited star players to jump from the National League and American Association to the new league. With three professional leagues competing, many in the same cities, there was not enough revenue to go around, and each league lost money. Although the Players' League's attendance was the best of the three leagues, it folded after one year. The financially hemorrhaging American Association folded one year later, and the National League absorbed four of its teams. In 1890, Philadelphia Athletics players Lou Bierbauer and Harry Stovey had jumped to the Players' League. After the Players' League collapsed, through a clerical error the Athletics had failed to reserve Bierbauer's and Stovey's services. Pittsburgh signed Bierbauer and Stovey to contracts. The Athletics protested losing these players, and this led to an impartial Arbitration Board, which included American Association President Allan W. Thurman. The board ruled in Pittsburgh's favor. Despite the ruling, the Athletics still grumbled at the decision, and ridiculed their cross-state rivals by calling them Pirates for stealing their players. The Pirates tag stuck and the alliterative name was eventually adopted as Pittsburgh's official team nickname. By the time of the 1903 World Series, the team was commonly known as Pirates, although the club did not acknowledge it on their uniforms until 1912. Alternate nicknames such as Bucs or Buccos, short for buccaneer, have been used through the years. Buccaneer is typically used synonymously with pirate, although historically buccaneer is a more specific term for pirates who operated in the Caribbean, especially along the Spanish Main coast. No Smoky City club ever had a nickname until 1890. Then the team, which lost 113 games while winning only 23, was tagged the Innocents apparently being innocent of victorious aspirations. In 1890, during the off-season, Pittsburgh owners signed second baseman Louis Bierbauer, whom the bankrupt Athletic club of Philadelphia had forgotten to reserve. The Pittsburgh club became known as the Pirates, in reference to so-called pirating of players. BBG The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL began as the Pittsburgh Pirates, in reference to the baseball team from which they rented Forbes Field in their early years. There was also a short-lived NHL entry from 19251930 called the Pittsburgh Pirates. St. Louis In the National Association of 1875, St. Louis fielded two entries, called the St. Louis Brown Stockings or Browns; and the St. Louis Red Stockings, or Reds. The Reds did not survive the season. The Browns were better organized and were carried forward into the new National League in 1876. The club abandoned professional ball after the 1877 season due to a betting scandal. The St. Louis Maroons of the Union Association in 1884, and the NL in 18851886, continued the reddish color scheme during their brief tenure. The St. Louis Terriers of the Federal League of 19141915 were the only major league club in St. Louis that eschewed being named for a color. St. Louis Cardinals A new professional team formed in 1882 and was a charter member of the American Association. The team revived the nickname St. Louis Brown Stockings, which again was soon shortened to St. Louis Browns. The team was one of the most successful in the AA's ten-year existence, under the leadership of Charles Comiskey, and was carried forward into the NL in 1892. In 1899, the club decided it was time for a makeover. They rebuilt the stands at Robison Field after a fire; they stripped the Cleveland Spiders of their star players, hoping to take a major leap in the standings; and, according to most sources, changed their uniform color that year, from brown to red. The refreshed team was labeled the Perfectos by a perhaps over-optimistic press. The team jumped from twelfth to fifth, rather short of its lofty goal. The team was also being called Cardinals by season's end. According to BBG, it was William McHale, baseball writer for the St. Louis Republic, who dubbed the red-trimmed team the St. Louis Cardinals. By 1900, that name was in universal usage, and they have been known by that nickname to this day. The term Cardinal for both the bird and the color originated from the traditional vestments of the Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. The red-trimmed uniforms at first were only labeled ST. LOUIS, on both home and road shirts, later replaced by the familiar interlocking StL logo. The word Cardinals first appeared on both home and road shirts in 1918. The term went from just being a color to also being a symbol in 1922, with the first incarnation of the two Cardinal birds perched on a bat across the word Cardinals. Okkonen The synonym Redbirds and the abbreviation Cards are also in broad usage today. The St. Louis Cardinals of the NFL transferred from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960, and from St. Louis to Phoenix in 1988. The Football Cardinals were not named after the Baseball Cardinals, but for the same reason that the Baseball Cardinals acquired their name from the color of their jerseys, which were originally hand-me-downs from the University of Chicago Maroons. St. Louis Browns The nickname St. Louis Browns was revived in 1902 by the AL entry that transferred from Milwaukee. Moving from one major brewing city to another, they could have retained the nickname Brewers, but for marketing reasons they chose to adopt the recently abandoned colors of their established rival. The Browns were the better team in the Mound City for the first 25 years or so of their co-existence, but the Cardinals returned to winning form in the mid-1920s and the Browns struggled after that. The club was looking for a city to transfer to in the early 1950s. They considered coincidentally returning to their roots in Milwaukee, but the Braves beat them to it. They settled for a move to Baltimore in 1954, where they were renamed the Orioles, ending the life of the Browns nickname. Although known from the beginning as the Browns, and wearing brown trim most of the time except for 1906 when they experimented with all-black trim, the club did not wear the word BROWNS on their shirts until 1934. Okkonen The team had various logos. In the early years they had an interlaced StL, as with the Cardinals. In the 1930s, they began wearing a patch featuring an illustration of the famous statue of the personification of the Saint. In 1952 they began wearing a sleeve patch with a cartoon face of a Brownie. The Cleveland Browns of the NFL have no connection to the St. Louis Browns, although their color scheme orange and brown and their use of a Brownie coincide. San Diego San Diego Padres The minor league team called the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League operated during 19361968. The name Padre was taken from the Spanish word for Father, a term of respect used for Spanish missionaries. When Major League Baseball expanded to San Diego in 1969, the old nickname was retained for the new team. The team is frequently called the Pads or Pods in the media, which rhymes with the first syllable of PAHD-rays. Friars has also been a longtime team nickname. San Francisco The San Francisco Seals operated from the inception of the Pacific Coast League in 1903 through 1957. A second, shorter-lived club was the Mission Reds, who played in San Francisco during 19251937. They were sometimes called the Missions. San Francisco Giants The well-established Seals, which had once been Joe DiMaggio's team, moved after the 1957 season to make way for the arrival of the New York Giants, who followed the Dodgers from the east coast. The San Francisco Giants have lived up to their name, with sluggers like Willie Mays, Willie McCovey and Barry Bonds rocketing baseballs out of the San Francisco ballparks just as Mays and Mel Ott did in New York. Seattle The original Pacific Coast League minor league club in Seattle was initially called the Indians, due to the Native American legacy of the area. The team was later named the Seattle Rainiers, directly in reference to the Rainier Brewing Company, and indirectly in reference to Mount Rainier, for which the brewery was named. The Rainiers operated through 1968, when the major leagues expanded. After the one-year major league experiment, a new Rainiers ball club was formed and played during 19721976, when the majors were ready to try Seattle again. Since 1995, the Rainiers name has been used by the Seattle Mariners' Triple-A affiliate in nearby Tacoma. Seattle Pilots The AL expansion team in 1969 was named in reference to the prominence of marine activities in the Puget Sound area, primarily after ship pilots who guide large ships into the ports of Puget Sound. The caps even featured the scrambled eggs golden-leaf symbol of a ship's captain. The ambitious but underfunded club sank in a sea of red ink, and became the first major league club since the 1901 Milwaukee Brewers to switch cities after one year. Ironically, the Pilots moved to Milwaukee, and became the new Milwaukee Brewers. Seattle Mariners The AL again expanded to Seattle, in 1977, with the formation of the Seattle Mariners. The nickname again alluded to fishing and other marine activities. The Mariners have been in Seattle for over 40 years with no indications of leaving anytime soon. Tampa Bay Area Several minor league teams played in the Tampa Bay area prior to the introduction of the American League ball club in 1998. Named after the local cigar industry, the Tampa Smokers existed in several leagues from 1919 until 1954. Also bearing the Tampa city name were the Tampa Tarpons who existed from 1957 until 1988, and were named after the Atlantic-native fish. The St. Petersburg Saints, who were named as such because of their city name, played mostly in the Florida State League from 1920 until 1928 and again from 1947 until 2000. Other teams still exist in the area including a new iteration of the Tampa Tarpons and the Dunedin Blue Jays named after their MLB affiliate, the Clearwater Threshers after the thresher shark, the Bradenton Marauders a nod to their MLB affiliate, the Pittsburgh Pirates, and the Lakeland Flying Tigers, who similarly named as a nod to their MLB affiliate, the Detroit Tigers. Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays The club was an expansion franchise in the American League in 1998. The team's logo included an illustration of a manta ray, also called a devilfish or devil ray. The team was also called the D-rays or the Rays for short. As of 2007, one version of their home uniforms said Rays, and no version said Devil Rays, although a patch illustrating a manta ray was used. On November 8, 2007, the club announced that they were dropping the Devil part in order to identify themselves primarily with the rays of the sun, Florida being the Sunshine State, and their redesigned logo reflects that theme. As noted in the MLB article the club stated that they would continue using the manta ray patch as an acknowledgment of their previous identity a feature easily visible on their uniforms in the super-closeups used by television in the 2008 World Series, as the former league doormats turned into the American League's champion team in 2008. The club would also retain its furry mascot, called Raymond, strictly for humorous reasons, as that name has no etymological connection to either the old or the new usage of ray. Toronto The original minor league club in Toronto was the Toronto Maple Leafs, which operated from 1896 through 1967 in the International League. The National Hockey League club renamed itself the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1927 and has been known by that name ever since. Toronto Blue Jays By the time the American League expanded to Toronto in 1977, the NHL club's strong identification as the Maple Leafs precluded any chance of reviving that name for the baseball team. The Toronto franchise was originally owned by Labatt Breweries, with Imperial Trust and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce as minority owners. The name Toronto Blue Jays came about when former Ontario Premier John Robarts, a member of the team's board of directors, started talking about a morning routine: I was shaving this morning and I saw a blue jay out my window. Blue was also the top-selling brand of beer sold by Labatt's, providing an on-air opportunity for TV commentators to take a microscopic pause when saying You're watching Labatt's Blue...Jays baseball on CBC. The short form Jays has been used extensively for much of the team's history. Coincidentally, the nickname Blue Jays was used briefly by the Philadelphia Phillies the team that Toronto beat in the 1993 World Series, from 1944 to 1945. Washington, D.C. Baseball clubs in Washington, D.C. have been known by a variety of nicknames since the first professional teams appeared in 1870. One team was called the Olympics, another was called the Nationals. Both of those names persisted through the 1870s. Later teams in the 19th Century were called the Nationals and also obvious other Capital City nicknames such as Statesmen and Senators. By the 1890s, Senators was commonly used in the media for the National League entry. Washington Nationals/Senators The Senators nickname carried over to the new American League entry in 1901. The team was generally called the Senators from 190104, as the old National League club had been. Washington Star newspaper owner Thomas C. Noyes, along with an ownership group of Benjamin Minor, Harry Rapley and others bought the team in 1905. Before the 1905 season, Noyes solicited fans and writers for a new nickname. In an effort to remarket the team Noyes decided to officially name the club the Nationals, reverting to the older nickname. The new owners desire to get as far away as possible from the old regime and start the coming season without any barnacles to hinder its move toward prosperity. With that end in view it is proposed to bury the moss-covered title of Senators and secure a nickname that may be lucky and popular. Tom Noyes, 1905 During 1905 and 1906, the team wore Nationals on their new shirts, the first team to do so. Otherwise, the shirts either read Washington or carried a plain block W. Okkonen Fans, by ballot, decided their club was to be called the Nationals, instead of the Senators. The only trouble with the vote was that its result was not binding on headline writers. Therefore, the Washington club still is often called Senators, as well as the Nats and Griffs, the latter nickname being derived from the name of owner Clark Calvin Griffith. BBG Some reluctance could have been due to the inherent ambiguity of the name. Writers frequently referred to individual major league teams as Americans or Nationals in reference to their league affiliationand the Washington Nationals were in the American League. Newspaper articles for decades used the names Senators and Nationals or Nats interchangeably, often within the same article. Baseball guides even said Nationals or Senators when listing the nickname. This was long before teams made nicknames registered trademarks for marketing purposes. Thus the Washington ballclub was known by two nicknames for most of its history prior to moving to Minnesota. Although there have been other teams with dual nicknames, such as the Brooklyn Robins/Dodgers, or the New York Highlanders/Yankees, the longevity of this dual nickname was unique. The nickname Senators was kept alive especially by out-of-town writers. World Series programs in the same year referred to the team by different names: In 1933, the programs for the games played in New York City advertised Giants vs. Senators, while programs for the games played in Washington included a photo of Washington manager Joe Cronin with the caption Nationals' Manager. Although Nationals or Nats was still used on baseball cards issued by Topps as late as 1956, by the 1950s, the name Nationals was pretty much passé. For example, the popular 1955 Broadway musical Damn Yankees referred to the club primarily, if not exclusively, as the Senators. Following the 1956 season, owner Calvin Griffith decided to officially change the name to Senators, but it wasn't until 1959 that the word Senators finally appeared on their shirts. Okkonen They and their expansion-replacement in 1961 would remain officially the Senators for good, although space-saving headline writers continued to refer to them as Nats frequently. Washington Nationals The Washington Nationals of the National League, transplanted from the Montreal Expos in 2005, revived the old Nationals name, and with modern marketing techniques it appears the name will stick this time. The time-honored headline abbreviation Nats has also been revived. Any possibility of using the name Washington Senators was prohibited by the Texas Rangers still owning the rights to that trademark. Although there was some sentiment to revive the name Senators, political considerations factored into the choice of Nationals, a revival of the first American League franchise's official nickname used from 1905 to 1956. Politicians and others in the District of Columbia objected to the name Senators because the District of Columbia does not have voting representation in Congress. Although the Rangers still owned the rights to the Senators name, the Nationals were able to acquire the rights to the curly W from the Rangers. First official adoption of team names classic 16 General references The Sporting News Baseball Guides through the years, especially during the 1940s when a history of each team's nickname was included. Reference as BBG in this article. Baseball Uniforms of the 20th Century: The Official Major League Baseball Guide, by Marc Okkonen, 1991, Sterling Publishing, Co. Referenced as Okkonen in this article. These books about baseball parks also contain a lot of information about the minor league teams: Green Cathedrals, Philip J. Lowry, 1986, SABR, with revised editions in later years. Ballparks of North America, Michael Benson, 1989, McFarland. Reference books specific to one team's history are embedded. References Category:History of baseball in the United States

Perixera obrinaria is a moth of the family Geometridae. References Category:Moths of Asia Category:Moths described in 1858

Podyvotye is a rural locality a selo in Sevsky District, Bryansk Oblast, Russia. The population was 540 as of 2010. There are 7 streets. Notable citizens Alexander Bolshunov References Category:Rural localities in Bryansk Oblast

Daniel Gwyn Evans born 31 July 1973 is a Welsh actor and director. Background Evans was born in the Rhondda Valley in Wales. Evans started acting early in life, going to the Urdd Eisteddfod, and beginning to compete there from the age of 5 or 6, as well as going to many amateur productions. He realised it was what he wanted to do aged 8, and aged 17, he won the Richard Burton Memorial Prize at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. A year later, he won the Chair at the Urdd Eisteddfod. He attended Ysgol Gyfun Rhydfelen near Pontypridd, a Welsh language secondary school which has nurtured many actors. Career Stage career Evans trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1991 to 1994, but joined the Royal Shakespeare Company before completing his course. With the RSC he had small roles in Coriolanus and Henry V, before playing Lysander when Adrian Noble's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream toured in New York City and on Broadway. He appeared in the controversial play Cardiff East at the Royal National Theatre in 1997, and as the title role in Peter Pan, alongside Ian McKellen and Claudie Blakley. Directed by Trevor Nunn, he appeared in The Merchant of Venice and Troilus and Cressida, and was then cast as the hero in the operetta Candide, which also starred Simon Russell Beale. It was his first singing role, and saw him nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2000. As well as Shakespeare and traditional theatre, Evans had starred in several more experimental plays. At the Royal Court Theatre, he appeared in the débuts of two Sarah Kane plays: Cleansed and 4.48 Psychosis. After the success of Candide, Evans was soon cast in another singing role, this time the Stephen Sondheim musical Merrily We Roll Along, for which he won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical 2001. Returning to Shakespeare, he played Ariel in Michael Grandage's production of The Tempest at the Sheffield Crucible, with Derek Jacobi starring as Prospero. For this, and for his performance in the play Ghosts, he was awarded second prize for the Ian Charleson Award in 2003. With the Royal Shakespeare Company again, he appeared in Measure for Measure and Cymbeline. In November 2005, he starred in another Sondheim musical, Sunday in the Park with George at the Menier Chocolate Factory in the West End, playing the role of French Post-Impressionist painter Georges Seurat, opposite Anna-Jane Casey. It was directed by Sam Buntrock, and was a daring production, using extensive animation and projections to show the creation of Seurat's masterpiece, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte as it was put together over the course of the play. At the end of its short run at the Menier, Sunday transferred to the larger Wyndham's Theatre, where it continued until September 2006. It won five Olivier awards, including Best Actor for Evans, Best Actress for Jenna Russell, who took over Casey's role when the Menier run finished, and Outstanding Musical Production. In January 2008, Sunday started previews at Studio 54, on Broadway, New York, with Evans and Russell reprising their parts, and a new cast from the Roundabout Theatre Company. It opened on 21 February 2008 and closed on 29 June. The revival was nominated for, but failed to win, 9 Tony Awards, including Best Actor in a Musical for Evans, Best Actress in a Musical for Russell, and Best Direction of a Musical for Sam Buntrock. Evans was also nominated for an Outer Critics' Circle Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical, a Drama League Award for a Distinguished Performance, and a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical, although the prizes were taken by Paulo Szot Outer Critics' Circle and Drama Desk, and Patti LuPone, respectively. Television and film career On television, he has worked extensively with the BBC, especially in period dramas, including Great Expectations with Ioan Gruffudd, Daniel Deronda with Hugh Dancy, and The Virgin Queen with Anne-Marie Duff. Evans has also had cameo appearances in the long-running series, Spooks, Dalziel and Pascoe and Midsomer Murders. He starred as Daniel Llewellyn in the 2005 Christmas special of Doctor Who, which introduced David Tennant as the 10th Doctor. He appeared in The Passion in Holy Week, as St Matthew. Evans has appeared in eight films to date: A Midsummer Night's Dream, Cameleon, Be Brave, The Barber of Siberia, Y Mabinogi, Tomorrow La Scala!, The Ramen Girl. and Les Misérables Directing career Evans débuted as a director in 2005 with a double-bill of Peter Gill's plays: Lovely Evening and In the Blue, and a year later directed a Welsh-language production of the play Esther. That year he also directed a reading of Total Eclipse, by Christopher Hampton, for the Royal Court Theatre's 50th Anniversary, a show which he starred in at the Menier Chocolate Factory in 2007. In 2007 Evans returned to Guildhall to direct a student production of Certain Young Men, also by Peter Gill, with a cast of eight final year students. On 8 April 2009, Evans was named as successor to Samuel West as artistic director of Sheffield Theatres. He took up his new role following the refurbishment of the Crucible Theatre, with his first season in February 2010. Evans has stated that he does not plan on giving up acting for directing: I dont intend to give up acting for the immediate future. In 2013, Evans directed the Simon Beaufoy play The Full Monty. In 2013, Evans directed the Lionel Bart musical Oliver Twist at the crucible theatre, Sheffield. Evans directed American Buffalo at Wyndham's Theatre in 2015, and Show Boat at the Crucible Theatre in 2015, and again in 2016 at the New London Theatre following its transfer to the West End. In December 2015, he was appointed the new artistic director at Chichester Festival Theatre and succeeded Jonathan Church in July 2016. Personal life Evans has been openly gay since he became an actor, which he saw as a childhood vocation. Interviewed by The Daily Telegraph in 2014 Evans said things were not easy in his youth and that he was bullied at school, saying: It wasnt allowed when I was growing up. It was very much a macho culture and the feeling of not belonging to that was very difficult. In 2011, in an interview with The Guardian, it was revealed that his adolescence was lived around bus and train trips to Stratford to watch RSC productions. Commenting on his upbringing in south Wales, Evans said, My family still live there. They were very liberal, thank god, and still are. They encouraged me. Filmography External links Daniel Evans at Hamilton Hodell Sunday in the Park with George at Studio 54, Broadway. Interview with Daniel Evans todoMUSICALES.com December 2010 References Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Category:Welsh male stage actors Category:Welsh male television actors Category:Welsh male film actors Category:Welsh male radio actors Category:Welsh male voice actors Category:Welsh male musical theatre actors Category:Welsh male Shakespearean actors Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members Category:British theatre directors Category:Laurence Olivier Award winners Category:Gay actors Category:Academics of the University of Glamorgan Category:People educated at Ysgol Gyfun Garth Olwg Category:Gay musicians Category:LGBT musicians from Wales

Sergelen may refer to: People Sergelen Otgonbaatar born 1989, Mongolian basketball player Places It is the name of two sums districts in Mongolia: Sergelen, Dornod Sergelen, Töv

Haile Gerima born March 4, 1946 is an Ethiopian filmmaker who lives and works in the United States. He is a leading member of the L.A. Rebellion film movement, also known as the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers. His films have received wide international acclaim. Since 1975, Haile has been an influential film professor at Howard University in Washington, D.C. He is best known for Sankofa 1993, which won numerous international awards. Early life Haile Gerima was born and raised in Gondar, Ethiopia. His father was a dramatist and playwright, who traveled across the Ethiopian countryside staging local plays. He was an important early influence. He has discussed the unconscious effect representations of colonialism in film had on him as a child: ...as kids, we tried to act out the things we had seen in the movies. We used to play cowboys and Indians in the mountains around Gondar...We acted out the roles of these heroes, identifying with the cowboys conquering the Indians. We didn't identify with the Indians at all and we never wanted the Indians to win. Even in Tarzan movies, we would become totally galvanized by the activities of the hero and follow the story from his point of view, completely caught up in the structure of the story. Whenever Africans sneaked up behind Tarzan, we would scream our heads off, trying to warn him that 'they' were coming. Gerima emigrated to the United States in 1968 to study theatre. He enrolled in acting classes at the Goodman School of Drama in Chicago. As he stated to Los Angeles Times: When I was growing up, I wanted to work in theaterit never occurred to me I could be a filmmaker because I was raised on Hollywood movies that pacified me to be subservient. Film making isn't encouraged or supported by the Ethiopian government. He felt limited by theater and was resigned, notes Francoise Pfaff, to subservient roles in Western plays. In 1970, he moved to California to attend the University of California where he earned Bachelor's and Master's of Fine Arts degrees in film. He was part of a generation of new black filmmakers who became known as the Los Angeles School of Black filmmakers, along with Charles Burnett Killer of Sheep, Jamaa Fanaka Penitentiary, Ben Caldwell I and I, Larry Clark and Julie Dash Daughters of the Dust. Film career 1970s By the time Haile graduated in 1976, he had made four films: Hour Glass 1972; Child of Resistance 1972; Bush Mama 1976; and Mirt Sost Shi Amit also known as Harvest: 3,000 Years; 1976 Haile's 1976 Bush Mama is the story of Dorothy and her husband T.C., a discharged Vietnam veteran who anticipated a hero's welcome on his return. He is arrested and imprisoned for a crime he did not commit. Theirs is a world of welfare, perennial unemployment, and despair. It addresses issues of institutionalized racism, police brutality, and poverty; themes that remain pertinent today. For the production of Mirt Sost Shi Amit Harvest: 3,000 Years Haile returned to his native Ethiopia. It is an account of a poor peasant family who eke out an existence within a brutal, exploitative, and feudal system of labor. His film Wilmington 10 -- U.S.A. 10,000 1978 explores racism and the shortcomings of the criminal justice system in the United States by examining the history of the nine black men and one white woman who became known as the Wilmington Ten. 1980s The travails of black urban life in the United States are explored in the two-hour Ashes and Embers 1982, the story of a moody and disillusioned black veteran of the Vietnam War. Haile discusses his movie Ashes and Embers in an interview, presented in collaboration with ARRAY, the rebirth of the African American Film Festival Releasing Movement AFFRM at the Schomburg Center. He states that Hollywood has produced an Anglo-Saxon dictatorship and culture housed in the mainstream cinema [that] dictates. Which he responds with responsibility [the filmmakers] have to the language of cinema because [their] language, [their] accent has to come into cinema. [In] African cinema this accent is local Senega, Burkina Faso etc. Haile made these films to honor the struggles of his ancestors and to make names known throughout history. Haile's films show the concept of identity and independence. He wanted to use his work as a critical lens for personal growth and creative development. After Winter: Sterling Brown 1985 is a documentary about the notable black American poet. 1990s Haile is perhaps best known as the writer, producer, and director of Sankofa 1993. This dramatic tale of African resistance to slavery won international acclaim: awarded first prize at the African Film Festival in Milan, Italy; Best Cinematography at Africa's premier Festival of Pan African Countries FESPACO; and nominated for the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. The film presents a brutally realistic portrayal of African slavery. The story is revealed through the eyes of Mona, a modern-day woman who is possessed by spirits and transported to the past as Shola, a house slave on the Lafayette plantation in Louisiana. The savagery and violence of the evil institution are clearly disturbing and go far beyond the safe and conventional images of slavery presented by Hollywood. Some critics panned Haile for excess brutality, but the black community responded positively and enthusiastically. The film was well received and played to full houses for many weeks in major cities. Imperfect Journey 1994, commissioned by the BBC, explores the political and psychic recovery of the Ethiopian people after the political repression or red terror of the military junta of Mengistu Haile Mariam. The filmmaker suggests questions about the direction of the succeeding government and the will of the people in creating institutions guaranteeing their liberation. Adwa: An African Victory 1999 is a documentary drama of the history of the 1896 battle, which concluded the war in which the Ethiopian people united to defeat the Italian army. Teza Haile's most recent film is Teza 2008. Set in Ethiopia and Germany, the film chronicles the return of an Ethiopian intellectual to his country of birth during the repressive Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam and the recognition of his own displacement and powerlessness at the dissolution of his people's humanity and social values. After several years spent studying medicine in Germany, Anberber returns to Ethiopia only to find the country of his youth replaced by turmoil. His dream of using his craft to improve the health of Ethiopians is squashed by a military junta that uses scientists for their own political ends. Seeking the comfort of his countryside home, Anberber finds no refuge from violence. The solace that the memories of his youth provide is quickly replaced by the competing forces of military and rebelling factions. Anberber needs to decide whether he wants to bear the strain or piece together a life from the fragments that lie around him. Business ventures He founded a bookstore, cafe and film center, located in 2714 Georgia Avenue, New York, Washington, D.C. It is directly across the street from Howard University. To gain more independence, Haile and his wife Sirikiana Aina who is also a filmmaker in 1984 established Mypheduh Films Inc., a distribution company for low-budget, independent films. They relied on this for his film Sankofa. Filmography 1972 - Hour Glass Hour Glass 1972 - Child of Resistance 1976 - Bush Mama 1976 - Mirt Sost Shi Amit also known as Harvest: 3,000 Years 1978 - Wilmington 10 -- U.S.A. 10,000 1982 - Ashes and Embers 1985 - After Winter: Sterling Brown 1993 - Sankofa 1994 - Imperfect Journey 1999 - Adwa - An African Victory 2009 - Teza Further reading Cham, Mbye Baboucar 1984. Art and Ideology in the Work of Sembene Ousmane and Haile Gerima. Présence Africaine: Revue Culturelle du Monde Noir/Cultural Review of the Negro World, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 7991. Alexander, George, and Janet Hill, eds. 2003. Why We Make Movies: Black Filmmakers Talk About the Magic of Cinema. New York: Harlem Moon. Awards nominations and distinctions Over the course of his career, Gerima has received numerous awards and distinctions at film festivals. 1976 - Grand prize / Silver Leopard for Harvest: 3,000 Years- Locarno 1982 - Grand Prix Award for Ashes and Embers-Lisbon International Film Festival 1983 - FIPRESCI Film Critics Award for Ashes and Embers-Berlin International Film Festival Outstanding Production Ashes and Embers - London Film Festival 1984 - Tribute Festival De la Rochelle, France 1987 - Long Metrage De Fiction-Prix de la Ville de Alger for Ashes and Embers 1993 - Best Cinematography Award for Sankofa, FESPACO, Burkina Faso 2003 - Lifetime Achievement Award, 4th Annual Independence Film Festival, Washington D.C. 2006 - Festival De Cannes Selection Official Cannes Classic -Harvest: 3,000 Years 2008 - Venice Film Festival Special Jury Prize and Best Screen Play Award - Teza 2009 - Jury Award at the 18th International Film Festival Innsbruck/Austria - Teza 2009 - Golden Stallion of Yennenga at the FESPACO African Film Festival - Teza 2009 - Dioraphte Award Hubert Bals film in highest audience regard at the Rotterdam Film Festival 2009 - Golden Tanit/Best Film Award for its modesty and genius, Best Music Jorga Mesfin Vijay Ayers, Best Cinematography Mario Massini, Best Screenplay Haile Gerima, Best Supporting Actor Abeye Tedla at the Carthage/Tunisia Film Festival for Teza 2009 - Golden Unicorn and Best Feature Film at the Amiens/France International Film Festival France for Teza 2009 - The Human Value's Award at the Thessaloniki Film Festival in Greece for Teza 2009 - Official Selection at the Toronto Film Festival for Teza References External links Sankofa Official Site Biography at blackfilmmakers.net An interview with Haile Gerima, Research Channel Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:People from Gondar Category:American people of Ethiopian descent Category:Howard University faculty Category:DePaul University alumni Category:Ethiopian emigrants to the United States Category:Ethiopian film directors Category:Ethiopian film producers Category:Ethiopian screenwriters Category:Film theorists Category:German-language film directors Category:L.A. Rebellion Category:UCLA Film School alumni

Neita victoriae is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Tanzania the southern shores of Lake Victoria and south-western Kenya. The habitat consists of Brachystegia woodland. References Category:Satyrini Category:Butterflies described in 1899 Category:Butterflies of Africa Category:Taxa named by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius

The Holmenkollen ski festival has taken place on an almost annual basis since 1892. This article presents a list of multiple winners in current and former events. Current events Men's 50 km Debuted 1898 Men's nordic combined Debuted 1892. Sprint event debuted in 1997. 10 km event since 2010, unless else noted. Women's 30 km Debuted 1988 Men's ski jumping Debuted 1933 Women's ski jumping Debuted in 2000. Men's biathlon Debuted 1984 Women's biathlon Debuted 1988 Discontinued events Men's 18 km Competed 193340, 194655. Men's 15 km Competed 195485, 1994. Women's 5 km Competed 196669, 197282, 1991. Women's 10 km Competed 195483, 1986. Women's 20 km Competed 198185, 1987. References Holmenkollen winners since 1892 - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file Skiforeningen - Official site for Holmenkollen Holmenkollen biathlon information * Category:Norway sport-related lists

Sokolniki Arena or Sokolniki Sports Palace is an indoor sporting arena located in Moscow, Russia. It is located in the Sokolniki District of the city, a fifteen-minute walk from Sokolniki metro station, right by Sokolniki Park. Initially it was an outdoor skating rink, roofed in 1973 during the preparations for the 1973 Summer Universiade. The capacity of the arena is 5,000. The Sokolniki Sports Palace was a venue of handball tournament for the 1980 Summer Olympics, including the final. It is the home arena of the HK Lokomotiv Moscow ice hockey team. There is a small practice rink located just to the east of the main arena. Tragedy On March 10, 1975, at a friendly match between Soviet and Canadian youth hockey teams at the Sokolniki Arena, at least twenty people were killed in a stampede after the lights went out. Notes References 1980 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 2. Part 1. pp. 1147. External links Official website of the Sokolniki Sports Palace Category:Kontinental Hockey League venues Category:Indoor arenas built in the Soviet Union Category:Indoor ice hockey venues in Russia Category:Indoor arenas in Russia Category:Handball venues in Russia Category:HC Spartak Moscow Category:Venues of the 1980 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic handball venues

REDIRECT U.S. Route 301 in Virginia

Ion Țurcanu born January 15, 1946 in Găureni, Nisporeni is an author, educator, historian, memoirist, professor, former member of the Parliament 19901994, politician and Romanian writer from Moldova. He is one of the 277 MPs of the first parliament of the former RSS Republic later the Republic of Moldova, who voted for the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova on 27 August 1991. Biography Țurcanu was born on January 15, 1946 in Găurenii de Sus, former Lăpușna County. He graduated from the State University of Moldova in 1969 and obtained his doctorate in history in 1975. He started work as a teacher in the village Bărboieni, Nisporeni District. After getting his PhD, he became a senior lecturer, then lecturer at the Pedagogical Institute Ion Creangă. In the years 1993-1997, he worked at the History Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Since 2001, he returned to his professorial career in higher education, this time at the State University of Moldova. He participated in the creation, in 1988, of the Democratic Movement in Support of the Perestroika, the future Moldovan Popular Front. In the years 19871990 he published a series of articles in the Chișinău press to inform the population on the thorny subjects of the history of Bessarabia, and that of all Romanians. In the same context he initiated a critique of the historiographical Soviet propaganda that falsified the historical themes mentioned above. In the years 1990-1994 he was a Member and Secretary of the Parliament. In 1998, he established the New Moldavian National Party, which participated in the local elections in 1999 and parliamentary ones in 2001, but without obtaining significant results. Țurcanu was the editor of the publishing house Moldovan Book 19891990, and director of the publishing house Universitas 1993-1996. In the 19901993 he published, as editor, the historical journals Patrimoniu Magazine of History of Moldova. He published a number of studies and books on various historical subjects: the political events in Bessarabia in 1917-1918, Bessarabian agrarian relations during the interwar period, the Bessarabian famine of 1946-1947, the resistance movement against Soviet occupation of Bessarabia during 1944-1953, political and ethnic relations east of the Carpathians in the period preceding the founding of the Romanian state of Moldova, the Greco-Roman antiquity on the Lower Dniester and the neighboring territories, the philosophy of history from the perspective of some Romanian thinkers, historical bibliography of Bessarabia and Transnistria, social and political realities in modern Moldova etc. He wrote several syntheses of Romanian history. He also had some literary preoccupations, which occurred occasionally and with great interruptions. Works Развитие материальной базы культуры села Молдавской ССР 1951-1970, Chișinău, 1978. Satul basarabean. Studii social-economice 1918-1940, Chișinău, 1980. Relații agrare din Basarabia în anii 1918-1940, Chișinău, 1991. Foametea din Basarabia în anii 1946-1947. Mecanismul organizării ei, Chișinău, 1993. Creangă în contextul pedagogiei timpului său, Chișinău, 1994. Basarabia din nou în fața opțiunii istorice, Chișinău, 1994. Unirea Basarabiei cu România în anul 1918. Preludii, premise, realizări, Chișinău, 1998. Moldova antisovietică. Aspecte din lupta basarabenilor împotriva ocupației sovietice. 1944-1953, Chișinău, 2000. Republica Moldova independentă 1991-2001, Chișinău, 2001. Istoricitatea istoriografiei. Observații asupra scrisului istoric basarabean, Chișinău, 2004. Bibliografia istorică a Basarabiei și Transnistriei, Chișinău, 2005. Cartea-album Ștefan cel Mare, Chișinău, 2005. Istoria relațiilor internaționale, Chișinău, 2005. Istoria: receptare, cercetare, interpretare, Iași, 2006. Istoria românilor cu o privire mai largă asupra culturii, Brăila, 2007. Istoria ilustrată a românilor. De la origini pînă la Marea Unire, Chișinău/București, 2007. Istoria contemporană ilustrată a românilor, Brăila, 2010. În căutarea originii numelui Basarabia, Chișinău, 2010. Descrierea Basarabiei, Chișinău, 2011. Bessarabiana. Teritoriul dintre Prut și Nistru în cîteva ipostaze istorice și reflecții istoriografice, Chișinău, 2012. Republica Moldova: a fi sau a nu fi, Chișinău, 2012. Istoria istoriilor mele, Chișinău, 2013. Istoria Basarabiei, Vol. 1: Preludii. Din paleolitic până la sfârşitul Antichităţii, Chișinău 2016 from early palaeolithic to late antiquity. References External links Bibliografia istorica a Basarabiei şi Transnistriei. Title in english: Historical Biography of Bessarabia and Transnistria Ion Ţurcanu Valorizarea şi vulgarizarea istoriei FOAMETEA DIN 1946 ŞI 1947 Ion Ţurcanu, Poezia basarabeană din interbelic, in Convorbiri Literare, June 2006. Commemorating the victims of the Great Famine Holodomor in the former USSR Pe culmile disperării istoria arată altfel III Category:1946 births Category:Moldovan activists Category:Moldovan anti-communists Category:People from Nisporeni District Category:Members of the parliament of Moldova Category:Moldovan writers Category:Moldovan male writers Category:Moldova State University Category:Living people Category:Recipients of the Order of Honour Moldova

1036 Ganymed, provisional designation , is a stony asteroid on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group. It was discovered by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg on 23 October 1924, and named after Ganymede from Greek mythology. With a diameter of approximately , Ganymed is the largest of all near-Earth objects. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.3 hours. In October 2024, it will approach Earth at . Orbit and classification Ganymed is an Amor asteroid, a subgroup of the near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.24.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months 1,587 days; semi-major axis of 2.66 AU. Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 27° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory on 24 October 1924, the night after its official discovery observation. Close approaches Ganymed has a minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth of , or 133 lunar distance. Its next pass of the Earth will be at a distance of on 13 October 2024. Due to the high eccentricity of its orbit, Ganymed is also Mars-crosser, intersecting the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66 AU. On 16 December 2176, it will pass at a distance of from Mars. Name This minor planet was named after Ganymede from Greek mythology, using the German spelling. Ganymed was a Trojan prince abducted by Zeus to serve as cupbearer to the Greek gods. The name has also been given to Jupiter's third moon Ganymede discovered 1610 by Galilei. Physical characteristics Owing to its early discovery date, Ganymed has a rich observational history. A 1931 paper published the absolute magnitude, based on observations to date, as 9.24, slightly brighter than the present value of 9.45. Ganymed is a stony S-type asteroid, in the Tholen, SMASS and in the S3OS2 taxonomy. This means that it is relatively reflective and composed of iron and magnesium silicates. Spectral measurements put Ganymed in the S VI spectral subtype, indicating a surface rich in orthopyroxenes, and possibly metals although if metals are present they are covered and not readily apparent in the spectra. Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer WISE, Ganymed measures between 31.66 and 37.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.218 and 0.293. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2809 and a mean-diameter of 31.57 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.50. Carry published a diameter kilometers in 2012. An occultation of a star by Ganymed was observed from California on 22 August 1985. Additional observations in 2011 gave an occultation cross-section with a semi-major and minor axis of 39.3 and 18.9 kilometers, respectively. Rotation and poles A large number of rotational lightcurves of Ganymed have been obtained from photometric observations since 1985. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurves obtained by American photometrist Frederick Pilcher at his Organ Mesa Observatory in New Mexico during 2011 gave a rotation period of 10.297 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.28 and 0.31 magnitude . Three studies using modeled photometric data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, WISE thermal infrared data and other sources, gave a concurring period of 10.313, 10.31284, and 10.31304 hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two spin axes of 214.0°, −73.0°, 190.0°, −78.0°, as well as 198.0°, −79.0° in ecliptic coordinates λ, β; L1/B1, respectively. In 1998, radar observations of Ganymed by the Arecibo radio telescope produced images of the asteroid, revealing a roughly spherical object. Polarimetric observations conducted by Japanese astronomers concluded that there was a weak correlation between the object's light- and polarimetry curve as a function of rotation angle. Because polarization is dependent on surface terrain and composition, rather than the observed size of the object like the lightcurve, this suggests that the surface features of the asteroid are roughly uniform over its observed surface. References Further reading External links Radar Images of 1036 Ganymed, Arecibo Observatory project R1150 Frederick Pilcher lightcurves, Astronomical Society of Las Cruzes Lightcurve Database Query LCDB, at www.minorplanet.info Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets 1-5000 Minor Planet Center 001036 Category:Discoveries by Walter Baade Category:Minor planets named from Greek mythology Category:Named minor planets 001036 001036 19241023

Flatbush Avenue is a major avenue in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn. It runs from the Manhattan Bridge south-southeastward to Jamaica Bay, where it joins the Marine ParkwayGil Hodges Memorial Bridge, which connects Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens. The north end was extended from Fulton Street to the Manhattan Bridge as Flatbush Avenue Extension. Flatbush Avenue, including the extension, is long. The avenue is a four-lane street throughout the majority of its run. North of Atlantic Avenue and south of Utica Avenue, it is a six-lane-wide median-divided street. Effect on street grid The diagonal path of Flatbush Avenue creates a unique street pattern in every neighborhood it touches. It is the central artery of the borough, carrying traffic to and from Manhattan past landmarks such as MetroTech Center, City Point, the Fulton Mall, Junior's, Long Island University Brooklyn, the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Terminal, the Barclays Center, Grand Army Plaza, the Brooklyn Public Library, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Prospect Park, Erasmus Hall High School, Kings Theatre, Brooklyn College, and Floyd Bennett Field. Flatbush Avenue is the border of Prospect Heights/Park Slope and many other neighborhoods. Other main Brooklyn thoroughfares start at Flatbush Avenue, including Ocean Avenue and Empire Boulevard both at Willink Plaza, Linden Boulevard, Eastern Parkway, and Utica Avenue. It was originally a Native American trail, running roughly along what is now the eastern edge of Prospect Park and taking advantage of a low point in the Heights of Guan that form the spine of Long Island. A monument beside the former Flatbush Road, now inside the park, commemorates an attempt to block the road at Battle Pass during the Battle of Long Island. For much of the 19th century, it had a plank road run by a turnpike company. Historic homes line the neighborhoods around the avenue, which in the late 1920s was straightened to its current form. Streets such as Amersfort Place that are remnants of old parts of the avenue remain in the city grid as an echo of the past. Transportation The majority of Flatbush Avenue is served by the route of MTA Regional Bus Operations, though the route also serves Flatbush Avenue south of Nostrand Avenue. Several bus routes also use the avenue for shorter stretches. The New York City Subway's IRT Nostrand Avenue Line has a southern terminus at the Flatbush AvenueBrooklyn College station, while the BMT Brighton Line and IRT Eastern Parkway Line run under the avenue between Prospect Park and DeKalb Avenue, and Grand Army Plaza and Nevins Street, respectively. References Category:Streets in Brooklyn

Plectorhinchus albovittatus, the two-striped sweetlips, is a species of grunt native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. They occur in lagoons, reefs, or around seamounts. Juveniles live in turbid inshore and brackish waters. This species can reach SL. This species can be found in the aquarium trade. References External links Category:Haemulidae Category:Fish described in 1838

Greenwood is an unincorporated community in Doddridge County, West Virginia, United States. Greenwood is located along U.S. Route 50 west-southwest of West Union. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Doddridge County, West Virginia Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

A Chaplet is a form of Christian prayer which uses prayer beads. Some chaplets have a strong Marian element, others focus more directly on Jesus or the Saints. Chaplets are personal devotionals. They have no set form and vary considerably. In the Roman Catholic Church, while the usual five-decade Dominican rosary is a chaplet, often chaplets have fewer beads than a traditional rosary and a different set of prayers. In the Anglican Communion, a chaplet often includes one week of the Anglican rosary. Common chaplets Common Chaplets include: Chaplet of the Divine Mercy, using ordinary rosary beads of five decades. Chaplet of the Five Wounds of Jesus Chaplet of the Holy Wounds, revealed by Jesus to the Venerable Marie Martha Chambon Chaplet of Our Lady of Tears, revealed by Jesus to Sister Amalia of Jesus Flagellated Chaplet Little Crown of the Holy Child Jesus, made up of three and twelve beads. Chaplet of the Sacred Heart, consisting of 33 small beads, 6 large beads, a centerpiece, a Crucifix and a Sacred Heart Medal. Little Chaplet of the Holy Face, to honor the Five Wounds of Jesus Christ, composed of a cross and six large beads and thirty-three small. Chaplet of the Precious Blood, consisting of thirty-three beads in seven groups. Chaplet of Black Madonna of Częstochowa, made up of nine beads with a crucifix and a medal of Our Lady of Czestochowa. Chaplet of Our Lady, Star of the Sea, consisting of a medal of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, three separate beads, and 12 additional beads. Chaplet of the Immaculate Conception, also called the Crown of Stars, consisting of 3 groups of 4 beads, with a medal of the Immaculate Conception. Chaplet or Rosary of the Seven Sorrows of Mary, made up of seven groups of seven beads. Also known as the Dolour beads. Chaplet of Saint Joseph, which is divided into 15 groups of four beads consisting of one white and three purple beads. Chaplet of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha, composed of eight brown, eight red and eight crystal beads. Chaplet of Saint Anthony, made up of thirteen sets of three beads. Chaplet of Saint Patrick, made up of twelve beads symbolizing the twelve perils of St. Patrick Chaplet of Saint Philomena, consisting of three white beads and thirteen red beads. Bridgettine Rosary, consisting of six decades of ten beads each. There are three additional beads at the end. Little Flower Chaplet, made of one large bead and twenty-four smaller beads. Chaplet of the Way of the Cross, made of fifteen groups of three beads, etc. Chaplet in Honor of the Holy Infant of Good Health, said on the standard Dominican Rosary. Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel, comprising nine groups of four beads each, consisting of three Hail Marys and one Our Father in each. Each of the nine groups is said in honor of one of the nine choirs of angels. Chaplet of Saint Anna Schäffer, made of one large bead and twenty-four smaller beads. See also Rosary based prayers References Bibliography My Treasury of Chaplets, by Patricia S. Quintiliani, The Ravengate Press, 1986/99. External links Sisters of Carmel photos of many different chaplets Category:Roman Catholic prayers Category:Prayer beads Category:Rosary

DynaTAC is a series of cellular telephones manufactured by Motorola, Inc. from 1983 to 1994. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X commercial portable cellular phone received approval from the U.S. FCC on September 21, 1983. A full charge took roughly 10 hours, and it offered 30 minutes of talk time. It also offered an LED display for dialing or recall of one of 30 phone numbers. It was priced at $3,995 in 1984, its commercial release year, equivalent to $ in . DynaTAC was an abbreviation of Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage. Several models followed, starting in 1985 with the 8000s, and continuing with periodic updates of increasing frequency until 1993's Classic II. The DynaTAC was replaced in most roles by the much smaller Motorola MicroTAC when it was first introduced in 1989, and by the time of the Motorola StarTAC's release in 1996, it was obsolete. History The first cellular phone was the culmination of efforts begun at Bell Labs, which first proposed the idea of a cellular system in 1947, and continued to petition the Federal Communications Commission FCC for channels through the 1950s and 1960s, and research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, electrical engineer John F. Mitchell became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile communication products. Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors. Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for cars that were large and heavy and consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included Martin Cooper, developed portable cellular telephony, and Mitchell was among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973; the first call on the prototype was completed, reportedly, to a wrong number. While Motorola was developing the cellular phone itself, during 19681983, Bell Labs worked on the system called AMPS, while others designed cell phones for that and other cellular systems. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried, and made the first phone call from it. Martin Cooper was the first person to make an analog cellular mobile phone call on a prototype in 1973. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000x was very large compared to phones today. This first cell phone was very expensive when it was released in the USA in 1984. The DynaTAC's retail price, $3,995 about $ in , ensured that it would not become a mass-market item; by 1998, when Mitchell retired, cellphones and associated services made up two thirds of Motorola's $30 billion in revenue. On October 13, 1983, David D. Meilahn placed the first commercial wireless call on a DynaTAC from his 1983 Mercedes-Benz 380SL to Bob Barnett, former president of Ameritech Mobile Communications, who then placed a call on a DynaTAC from inside a Chrysler convertible to the grandson of Alexander Graham Bell, who was in Germany for the event. The call, made at Soldier Field in Chicago, is considered to be a major turning point in communications. Later, Richard H. Frenkiel, the head of system development at Bell Laboratories, said about the DynaTAC: It was a real triumph; a great breakthrough. Publications U.S. Patent 3,906,166, September 16, 1975 for a Radio Telephone System. the cell phone. Martin Cooper, Richard W. Dronsurth, Albert J. Leitich, Charles N. Lynk, James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangster. N.B. Two names were botched in the original filing; Albert Leitich's surname was erroneously omitted, and Dr. Mikulski's first name was omitted. The original document was refiled by Motorola's legal staff, but has not yet been identified. The seeds of the idea for a portable cell phone can be traced to Dr. James J. Mikulski, which were rejected by Mitchell for lack of sufficient business justifications. It is rumored that when John Mitchell suddenly recognized during an attempted phone call that his 400 MHz phone had inherent limitations, he immediately reversed his previous decision and championed the portable cell phone concept. Description Several prototypes were made between 1973 and 1983. The product accepted by the FCC weighed 28 ounces 790 g and was 10 inches 25 cm high, not including its flexible rubber duck whip antenna. In addition to the typical 12-key telephone keypad, it had nine additional special keys: Rcl recall Clr clear Snd send Sto store Fcn function End Pwr power Lock Vol volume It employed some of the technology previously used in the ALOHAnet system, including metaloxidesemiconductor MOS transceiver and modem technology. The DynaTAC 8 Series, Classic, Classic II, Ultra Classic, and Ultra Classic II had an LED display, with red LEDs; the DynaTAC International Series with green LEDs, and the DynaTAC 6000XL used a vacuum fluorescent display. These displays were severely limited in what information they could show. The battery allowed for a call of up to 60 minutes, after which it was necessary to charge the phone up to 10 hours in a trickle charger or one hour in a fast charger, which was a separate accessory. While still retaining the DynaTAC name, the 6000XL was completely unrelated to the DynaTAC 8000 Series, in that it was a transportable phone meant for installation in a vehicle. The DynaTAC Series was succeeded by the MicroTAC Series in 1989. Legacy With the removal of analog network cells nearly all over the world, the DynaTAC models running on AMPS or other analog networks are mostly obsolete. Thus, they are more collectors' items than usable telephones. The International series, however, will still work, but only on GSM 900 cells. The DynaTac 8000X, due to its resemblance in size and weight to a standard clay-fired brick, was nicknamed the brick phone by users, a term later applied to other brands as a contrast to smaller handsets appearing in the 1990s. Portability While it might be considered extremely unwieldy by modern standards, at the time, it was considered revolutionary because mobile telephones were bulky affairs installed in vehicles or in heavy briefcases. The DynaTAC 8000X was truly the first mobile telephone which could connect to the telephone network without the assistance of a mobile operator and could be carried about by the user. Accessories In certain markets, a brass swivel antenna was one of the aftermarket accessories then available. Motorola also offered a one-hour desktop charger, though the battery could get quite hot while charging at this accelerated rate. In some cases, this could cause major problems with the battery, occasionally short circuiting it and rendering it unusable. Also, charging the battery at a high enough rate to substantially raise its temperature will cause the battery to wear at an accelerated rate, reducing the number of charge-discharge cycles that can be performed before the battery will need to be replaced. However, considering the high cost of the DynaTAC, the cost of battery replacement would not typically be a concern to DynaTAC owners. Available, too, was a snug-fitting zippered leather case which covered the entire body of the phone and had a clear plastic front to make the user interface accessible. It featured a sturdy spring-steel belt clip and a small cutaway at the top to allow the antenna to protrude. Charging could still be performed with the cover on, but change of battery required its removal. Dynatac relates to US phones used on the Dynatac system in the US, not phones in use in the UK. See also AMPS References DynaTAC Category:Mobile phones introduced in 1984 Category:Computer-related introductions in 1984

Guy Salvatore Alitto is an American academic in the History and East Asian Languages and Civilization Departments at the University of Chicago. He is known in China for revitalizing the scholarship on Chinese Confucian scholar Liang Shuming. He is also often quoted in popular Chinese media sources. He is best known in America for his scholarship and for his role as translator for the first official Chinese delegations to the United States after Richard Nixon's first visits to China. Career Alitto received his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1975 in Chinese history. His advisors were Benjamin I. Schwartz and John Fairbank. History of History Tree Alitto did not immediately find a US faculty position, a problem he attributed in 1975 to reverse discrimination caused by the affirmative action efforts of the time. Instead, he took a part-time role in Donghai University in Taiwan. His first book, The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity won the John K. Fairbank Prize. Alitto was one of the first foreign academicians allowed into rural China during the opening of Zouping county in Shandong province between 1987 and 1991. He continued visiting the area throughout the 80s and 90s, and it is reported in China Daily that the academic became a regular figure in the area. Influence Alitto is best known in China, where he was instrumental in revitalizing scholarship into Liang Shuming, one of the last major Confucian scholars. Alitto wrote his book The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity in 1979. Before this book, Shuming had been consigned to the dustbin of history. Alitto was widely popularized in the China Central TV episode The Last Confucian and Me. Alitto is often cited in Chinese national media sources. Examples include Alitto's support of Chinese jurisdiction in the Senkaku Islands dispute, his statement that the Falungong represents more of a rupture than a continuity with Chinese religious traditions, or his interest in rural areas of China. Select publications --, ed. Contemporary Confucianism in Thought and Action. Berlin: Springer Berlin, 2015. Ershiyi shiji de shijiewenhua hui yanhuazhi rujiahua de wenhua ma? Will 21st century culture evolve into a Confucianized culture? in Dushu Beijing 1996. Zhongguo wenhua xingcheng de yaosu ji qi tezheng The essential elements in the formation of Chinese culture and their special features in Guo Tingyi xiansheng jiuzhi danchen jinian lunwenji Taipei 1995. 世界范围内的反现代化思潮 Shijie fanweinei de fanxiandaihua sichao: lun wenhua shouchengzhiyi Anti-modernization thought trends in a world-wide perspective: on cultural conservatism Guiyang: Guizhou Provincial Press 1991. The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1986. References External links Category:Living people Category:Harvard University alumni Category:University of Chicago faculty Category:American sinologists Category:Historians of China Category:American translators Category:ChineseEnglish translators

Shaye Boddington born 20 April 1986 is a New Zealand diver. She competed in the women's 1 metre springboard event at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships. References Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:New Zealand female divers Category:Place of birth missing living people

Charles John MacDonal Fox 5 December 1858 1 April 1901 was an English cricketer. He played 80 first-class matches for Kent and Surrey between 1876 and 1893. See also List of Kent County Cricket Club players References External links Category:1858 births Category:1901 deaths Category:English cricketers Category:Kent cricketers Category:Surrey cricketers Category:Gentlemen of England cricketers Category:North v South cricketers Category:C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers Category:Hurst Park Club cricketers

Einar Magnus Henriksson Stavang 20 November 1898 3 May 1992 was a Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Labour Party. He was born in Bru as a son of teacher Henrik Matias Stavang 18661965 and Jensine Margrete Salomonsdatter 18661938. In 1927 he married Marie Vinje Baugstø 1901. Their sons Per and Mattis Stavang were both jurists. Stavang was deputy mayor of Florø municipality in the periods 19281930 and 19341934, and mayor in 1940 and 19451946. He moved to Førde in 1946. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Sogn og Fjordane in 1945, and was re-elected on five occasions. Having graduated with a cand.jur. degree in 1924, Stavang worked as a journalist, teacher and bank director among others. He was an active participant in Noregs Mållag. References Einar Stavang at NRK Sogn og Fjordane County Encyclopedia Category:1898 births Category:1992 deaths Category:People from Flora, Norway Category:University of Oslo alumni Category:Norwegian lawyers Category:Members of the Storting Category:Mayors of places in Sogn og Fjordane Category:Labour Party Norway politicians Category:20th-century Norwegian politicians

Stigmella freyella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found from the Netherlands to the Baltic region and Russia, southwards to the Mediterranean region. It is also found in North Africa. The wingspan is . In Central Europe there are two generations per year. The larvae feed on Calystegia sepium, Calystegia soldanella, Convolvulus althaeoides, Convolvulus arvensis and Convolvulus elegans. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a full depth, very narrow and often strongly wound corridor. The frass is concentrated in a narrow central line. References Category:Nepticulidae Category:Moths described in 1858 Category:Moths of Europe Category:Moths of Africa

Identity theft is the deliberate use of someone else's identity, usually as a method to gain a financial advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the other person's name, and perhaps to the other person's disadvantage or loss. The person whose identity has been assumed may suffer adverse consequences, especially if they are held responsible for the perpetrator's actions. Identity theft occurs when someone uses another's personally identifying information, like their name, identifying number, or credit card number, without their permission, to commit fraud or other crimes. The term identity theft was coined in 1964. Since that time, the definition of identity theft has been statutorily prescribed throughout both the U.K. and the United States as the theft of personally identifiable information, generally including a person's name, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, bank account or credit card numbers, PIN numbers, electronic signatures, fingerprints, passwords, or any other information that can be used to access a person's financial resources. Determining the link between data breaches and identity theft is challenging, primarily because identity theft victims often do not know how their personal information was obtained, and identity theft is not always detectable by the individual victims, according to a report done for the FTC. Identity fraud is often but not necessarily the consequence of identity theft. Someone can steal or misappropriate personal information without then committing identity theft using the information about every person, such as when a major data breach occurs. A US Government Accountability Office study determined that most breaches have not resulted in detected incidents of identity theft. The report also warned that the full extent is unknown. A later unpublished study by Carnegie Mellon University noted that Most often, the causes of identity theft is not known, but reported that someone else concluded that the probability of becoming a victim to identity theft as a result of a data breach is ... around only 2. More recently, an association of consumer data companies noted that one of the largest data breaches ever, accounting for over four million records, resulted in only about 1,800 instances of identity theft, according to the company whose systems were breached. An October 2010 article entitled Cyber Crime Made Easy explained the level to which hackers are using malicious software. As Gunter Ollmann, Chief Technology Officer of security at Microsoft, said, Interested in credit card theft? There's an app for that. This statement summed up the ease with which these hackers are accessing all kinds of information online. The new program for infecting users' computers was called Zeus; and the program is so hacker-friendly that even an inexperienced hacker can operate it. Although the hacking program is easy to use, that fact does not diminish the devastating effects that Zeus or other software like Zeus can do to a computer and the user. For example, the article stated that programs like Zeus can steal credit card information, important documents, and even documents necessary for homeland security. If the hacker were to gain this information, it would mean identity theft or even a possible terrorist attack. The ITAC says that about 15 million Americans are having their identity stolen, in 2012. Types Sources such as the Non-profit Identity Theft Resource Center sub-divide identity theft into five categories: Criminal identity theft posing as another person when apprehended for a crime Financial identity theft using another's identity to obtain credit, goods and services Identity cloning using another's information to assume his or her identity in daily life Medical identity theft using another's identity to obtain medical care or drugs Child identity theft. Identity theft may be used to facilitate or fund other crimes including Illegal immigration, terrorism, phishing and espionage. There are cases of identity cloning to attack payment systems, including online credit card processing and medical insurance. Identity cloning and concealment In this situation the identity thief impersonates someone else in order to conceal their own true identity. Examples are illegal immigrants hiding their illegal status, people hiding from creditors or other individuals, and those who simply want to become anonymous for personal reasons. Another example is posers, a label given to people who use someone else's photos and information on social networking sites. Posers mostly create believable stories involving friends of the real person they are imitating. Unlike identity theft used to obtain credit which usually comes to light when the debts mount, concealment may continue indefinitely without being detected, particularly if the identity thief is able to obtain false credentials in order to pass various authentication tests in everyday life. Criminal identity theft When a criminal fraudulently identifies themselves to police as another individual at the point of arrest, it is sometimes referred to as Criminal Identity Theft. In some cases, criminals have previously obtained state-issued identity documents using credentials stolen from others, or have simply presented a fake ID. Provided the subterfuge works, charges may be placed under the victim's name, letting the criminal off the hook. Victims might only learn of such incidents by chance, for example by receiving a court summons, discovering their drivers licenses are suspended when stopped for minor traffic violations, or through background checks performed for employment purposes. It can be difficult for the victim of a criminal identity theft to clear their record. The steps required to clear the victim's incorrect criminal record depend in which jurisdiction the crime occurred and whether the true identity of the criminal can be determined. The victim might need to locate the original arresting officers and prove their own identity by some reliable means such as fingerprinting or DNA testing, and may need to go to a court hearing to be cleared of the charges. Obtaining an expungement of court records may also be required. Authorities might permanently maintain the victim's name as an alias for the criminal's true identity in their criminal records databases. One problem that victims of criminal identity theft may encounter is that various data aggregators might still have the incorrect criminal records in their databases even after court and police records are corrected. Thus it is possible that a future background check will return the incorrect criminal records. This is just one example of the kinds of impact that may continue to affect the victims of identity theft for some months or even years after the crime, aside from the psychological trauma that being 'cloned' typically engenders. Synthetic identity theft A variation of identity theft which has recently become more common is synthetic identity theft, in which identities are completely or partially fabricated. The most common technique involves combining a real social security number with a name and birthdate other than the ones associated with the number. Some thieves use social security numbers belonging to people who have been incarcerated for a long period of time, but many begin with a child's social security number that was issued after the year that would make that individual at least 18 years old. Synthetic identity theft is more difficult to track as it doesn't show on either person's credit report directly but may appear as an entirely new file in the credit bureau or as a subfile on one of the victim's credit reports. Synthetic identity theft primarily harms the creditors who unwittingly grant the fraudsters credit. Individual victims can be affected if their names become confused with the synthetic identities, or if negative information in their subfiles impacts their credit ratings. Medical identity theft Privacy researcher Pam Dixon, the founder of the World Privacy Forum, coined the term medical identity theft and released the first major report about this issue in 2006. In the report, she defined the crime for the first time and made the plight of victims public. The report's definition of the crime is that medical identity theft occurs when someone seeks medical care under the identity of another person. Insurance theft is also very common, if a thief has your insurance information and or your insurance card, they can seek medical attention posing as yourself. In addition to risks of financial harm common to all forms of identity theft, the thief's medical history may be added to the victim's medical records. Inaccurate information in the victim's records is difficult to correct and may affect future insurability or cause doctors relying on the misinformation to deliver inappropriate care. After the publication of the report, which contained a recommendation that consumers receive notifications of medical data breach incidents, California passed a law requiring this, and then finally HIPAA was expanded to also require medical breach notification when breaches affect 500 or more people. Data collected and stored by hospitals and other organizations such as medical aid schemes is up to 10 times more valuable to cybercriminals than credit card information. Child identity theft Child identity theft occurs when a minor's identity is used by another person for the impostor's personal gain. The impostor can be a family member, a friend, or even a stranger who targets children. The Social Security numbers of children are valued because they do not have any information associated with them. Thieves can establish lines of credit, obtain driver's licenses, or even buy a house using a child's identity. This fraud can go undetected for years, as most children do not discover the problem until years later. Child identity theft is fairly common, and studies have shown that the problem is growing. The largest study on child identity theft, as reported by Richard Power of the Carnegie Mellon Cylab with data supplied by AllClear ID, found that of 40,000 children, 10.2 were victims of identity theft. The Federal Trade Commission FTC estimates that about nine million people will be victims of identity theft in the United States per year. It was also estimated that in 2008 630,000 people under the age of 19 were victims of theft. This then gave them a debt of about $12,799 which was not theirs. Not only are children in general big targets of identity theft but children who are in foster care are even bigger targets. This is because they are most likely moved around quite frequently and their SSN is being shared with multiple people and agencies. Foster children are even more victims of identity theft within their own family and other relatives. Young people in foster care who are victims of this crime are usually left alone to struggle and figure out how to fix their newly formed bad credit. Financial identity theft The most common type is financial identity theft, where someone wants to gain economical benefits in someone else's name. This includes getting credits, loans, goods and services, claiming to be someone else. Tax identity theft One of the major identity theft categories is tax identity theft. The most common method is to use a person's authentic name, address, and Social Security Number to file a tax return with false information, and have the resulting refund direct-deposited into a bank account controlled by the thief. The thief in this case can also try to get a job and then their employer will report the income of the real taxpayer, this then results in the taxpayer getting in trouble with the IRS. The 14039 Form to the IRS is a form that will help one fight against a theft like tax theft. This form will put the IRS on alert and someone who believed they have been a victim of tax related theft will be given an Identity Protection Personal Identification Number IP PIN, which is a 6 digit code used in replace of a SSN for filing tax returns. Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information Identity thieves typically obtain and exploit personally identifiable information about individuals, or various credentials they use to authenticate themselves, in order to impersonate them. Examples include: Rummaging through rubbish for personal information dumpster diving Retrieving personal data from redundant IT equipment and storage media including PCs, servers, PDAs, mobile phones, USB memory sticks and hard drives that have been disposed of carelessly at public dump sites, given away or sold on without having been properly sanitized Using public records about individual citizens, published in official registers such as electoral rolls Stealing bank or credit cards, identification cards, passports, authentication tokens ... typically by pickpocketing, housebreaking or mail theft Common-knowledge questioning schemes that offer account verification, such as What's your mother's maiden name?, what was your first car model?, or What was your first pet's name?. Skimming information from bank or credit cards using compromised or hand-held card readers, and creating clone cards Using 'contactless' credit card readers to acquire data wirelessly from RFID-enabled passports Shoulder-Surfing, involves an individual who discreetly watches or hears others providing valuable personal information. This is particularly done in crowded places because it is relatively easy to observe someone as they fill out forms, enter PIN numbers on ATMs or even type passwords on smartphones. Stealing personal information from computers using breaches in browser security or malware such as Trojan horse keystroke logging programs or other forms of spyware Hacking computer networks, systems and databases to obtain personal data, often in large quantities Exploiting breaches that result in the publication or more limited disclosure of personal information such as names, addresses, Social Security number or credit card numbers Advertising bogus job offers in order to accumulate resumes and applications typically disclosing applicants' names, home and email addresses, telephone numbers and sometimes their banking details Exploiting insider access and abusing the rights of privileged IT users to access personal data on their employers' systems Infiltrating organizations that store and process large amounts or particularly valuable personal information Impersonating trusted organizations in emails, SMS text messages, phone calls or other forms of communication in order to dupe victims into disclosing their personal information or login credentials, typically on a fake corporate website or data collection form phishing Brute-force attacking weak passwords and using inspired guesswork to compromise weak password reset questions Obtaining castings of fingers for falsifying fingerprint identification. Browsing social networking websites for personal details published by users, often using this information to appear more credible in subsequent social engineering activities Diverting victims' email or post in order to obtain personal information and credentials such as credit cards, billing and bank/credit card statements, or to delay the discovery of new accounts and credit agreements opened by the identity thieves in the victims' names Using false pretenses to trick individuals, customer service representatives and help desk workers into disclosing personal information and login details or changing user passwords/access rights pretexting Stealing cheques checks to acquire banking information, including account numbers and bank codes Guessing Social Security numbers by using information found on Internet social networks such as Facebook and MySpace Low security/privacy protection on photos that are easily clickable and downloaded on social networking sites. Befriending strangers on social networks and taking advantage of their trust until private information is given. Indicators The majority of identity theft victims do not realize that they are a victim until it has negatively impacted their lives. Many people do not find out that their identities have been stolen until they are contacted by financial institutions or discover suspicious activities on their bank accounts. According to an article by Herb Weisbaum, everyone in the US should assume that their personal information has been compromised at one point. It is therefore of great importance to watch out for warning signs that your identity has been compromised. The following are eleven indicators that someone else might be using your identity. Credit or debit card charges for goods or services you are not aware of, including unauthorized withdrawals from your account Receiving calls from credit or debit card fraud control department warning of possible suspicious activity on your credit card account Receiving credit cards that you did not apply for Receiving information that a credit scoring investigation was done. They are often done when a loan or phone subscription was applied for. Checks bouncing for lack of enough money in your account to cover the amount. This might be as a result of unauthorized withdrawals from your account Identity theft criminals may commit crimes with your personal information. You may not realize this until you see the police on your door arresting you for crimes that you did not commit Sudden changes to your credit score may indicate that someone else is using your credit cards Bills for services like gas, water, electricity not arriving in time. This can be an indication that your mail was stolen or redirected Not Being approved for loans because your credit report indicates that you are not credit worthy Receiving notification from your post office informing you that your mails are being forwarded to another unknown address Your yearly tax returns indicating that you have earned more than you have actually earned. This might indicate that someone is using your national identification number e.g. SSN to report their earnings to the tax authorities Individual identity protection The acquisition of personal identifiers is made possible through serious breaches of privacy. For consumers, this is usually a result of them naively providing their personal information or login credentials to the identity thieves e.g., in a phishing attack but identity-related documents such as credit cards, bank statements, utility bills, checkbooks etc. may also be physically stolen from vehicles, homes, offices, and not the least letterboxes, or directly from victims by pickpockets and bag snatchers. Guardianship of personal identifiers by consumers is the most common intervention strategy recommended by the US Federal Trade Commission, Canadian Phone Busters and most sites that address identity theft. Such organizations offer recommendations on how individuals can prevent their information falling into the wrong hands. Identity theft can be partially mitigated by not identifying oneself unnecessarily a form of information security control known as risk avoidance. This implies that organizations, IT systems and procedures should not demand excessive amounts of personal information or credentials for identification and authentication. Requiring, storing and processing personal identifiers such as Social Security number, national identification number, driver's license number, credit card number, etc. increases the risks of identity theft unless this valuable personal information is adequately secured at all times. Committing personal identifiers to memory is a sound practice that can reduce the risks of a would-be identity thief from obtaining these records. To help in remembering numbers such as social security numbers and credit card numbers, it is helpful to consider using mnemonic techniques or memory aids such as the mnemonic Major System. Identity thieves sometimes impersonate dead people, using personal information obtained from death notices, gravestones and other sources to exploit delays between the death and the closure of the person's accounts, the inattentiveness of grieving families and weaknesses in the processes for credit-checking. Such crimes may continue for some time until the deceased's families or the authorities notice and react to anomalies. In recent years, commercial identity theft protection/insurance services have become available in many countries. These services purport to help protect the individual from identity theft or help detect that identity theft has occurred in exchange for a monthly or annual membership fee or premium. The services typically work either by setting fraud alerts on the individual's credit files with the three major credit bureaus or by setting up credit report monitoring with the credit bureaux. While identity theft protection/insurance services have been heavily marketed, their value has been called into question. Potential outcomes Identity theft is a serious problem in the United States. In a 2018 study, it was reported that 60 million Americans identities had been wrongfully acquired. In response, some new bills have been implemented to improve security, under advisement from the Identity Theft Resource Center, such as requiring electronic signatures and social security verification. There are several types of identity theft that are used to gather information, one of the most common types occurs when consumers make online purchases. A study was conducted with 190 people to determine the relationship between the constructs of fear of financial losses and reputational damages. The conclusions of this study revealed that identity theft was a positive correlation with reputable damages. The relationship between perceived risk and online purchase intention were negative. The significance of this study reveals that online companies are more aware of the potential harm that can be done to their consumers, therefore they are searching for ways to reduce the perceived risk of consumers and not lose out on business. Victims of identity theft may face years of effort proving to the legal system that they are the true person, leading to emotional strain and financial losses. Most identity theft is perpetrated by a family member of the victim, and some may not be able to obtain new credit cards or open new bank accounts or loans. Identity protection by organizations In their May 1998 testimony before the United States Senate, the Federal Trade Commission FTC discussed the sale of Social Security numbers and other personal identifiers by credit-raters and data miners. The FTC agreed to the industry's self-regulating principles restricting access to information on credit reports. According to the industry, the restrictions vary according to the category of customer. Credit reporting agencies gather and disclose personal and credit information to a wide business client base. Poor stewardship of personal data by organizations, resulting in unauthorized access to sensitive data, can expose individuals to the risk of identity theft. The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse have documented over 900 individual data breaches by US companies and government agencies since January 2005, which together have involved over 200 million total records containing sensitive personal information, many containing social security numbers. Poor corporate diligence standards which can result in data breaches include: failure to shred confidential information before throwing it into dumpsters failure to ensure adequate network security credit card numbers stolen by call center agents and people with access to call recordings the theft of laptop computers or portable media being carried off-site containing vast amounts of personal information. The use of strong encryption on these devices can reduce the chance of data being misused should a criminal obtain them. the brokerage of personal information to other businesses without ensuring that the purchaser maintains adequate security controls Failure of governments, when registering sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, to determine if the officers listed in the Articles of Incorporation are who they say they are. This potentially allows criminals access to personal information through credit rating and data mining services. The failure of corporate or government organizations to protect consumer privacy, client confidentiality and political privacy has been criticized for facilitating the acquisition of personal identifiers by criminals. Using various types of biometric information, such as fingerprints, for identification and authentication has been cited as a way to thwart identity thieves, however there are technological limitations and privacy concerns associated with these methods as well. Market There is an active market for buying and selling stolen personal information, which occurs mostly in darknet markets but also in other black markets. People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen. Legal responses International In March 2014, after it was learned two passengers with stolen passports were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 which went missing on 8 March 2014, it came to light that Interpol maintains a database of 40 million lost and stolen travel documents from 157 countries which it makes available to governments and the public, including airlines and hotels. The Stolen and Lost Travel Documents SLTD database however is little used. Big News Network which is based in the UAE, observed that Interpol Secretary General Ronald K. Noble told a forum in Abu Dhabi the previous month this was the case. The bad news is that, despite being incredibly cost effective and deployable to virtually anywhere in the world, only a handful of countries are systematically using SLTD to screen travelers. The result is a major gap in our global security apparatus that is left vulnerable to exploitation by criminals and terrorists, Noble is quoted as saying. Australia In Australia, each state has enacted laws that deal with different aspects of identity or fraud issues. Some states have now amended relevant criminal laws to reflect crimes of identity theft, such as the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 SA, Crimes Amendment Fraud, Identity and Forgery Offences Act 2009 and also in Queensland under the Criminal Code 1899 QLD. Other states and territories are in states of development in respect of regulatory frameworks relating to identity theft such as Western Australia in respect of Criminal Code Amendment Identity Crime Bill 2009. At the Commonwealth level, under the Criminal Code Amendment Theft, Fraud, Bribery & Related Offences Act 2000 which amended certain provisions within the Criminal Code Act 1995, Between 2014 and 2015, in Australia there were 133,921 fraud and deception offences, an increase of 6 from previous year. The total cost reported by the Attorney General Department was: There are also high indirect costs associated as a direct result of an incident. For example, the total indirect costs for police recorded fraud is $5,774,081. Likewise, each state has enacted their own privacy laws to prevent misuse of personal information and data. The Commonwealth Privacy Act is applicable only to Commonwealth and territory agencies, and to certain private sector bodies where for example they deal with sensitive records, such as medical records, or they have more than $3 million turnover PA. Canada Under section 402.2 of the Criminal Code, Under section 403 of the Criminal Code, In Canada, Privacy Act federal legislation covers only federal government, agencies and crown corporations. Each province and territory has its own privacy law and privacy commissioners to limit the storage and use of personal data. For the private sector, the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act 2000, c. 5 known as PIPEDA is to establish rules to govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal information; except for the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia where provincial laws have been deemed substantially similar. France In France, a person convicted of identity theft can be sentenced up to five years in prison and fined up to €75,000. Hong Kong Under HK Laws. Chap 210 Theft Ordinance, sec. 16A Fraud Under the Personal Data Privacy Ordinance, it established the post of Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data and mandate how much personal information one can collect, retain and destruction. This legislation also provides citizens the right to request information held by businesses and government to the extent provided by this law. India Under the Information Technology Act 2000 Chapter IX Sec 66C Philippines Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreaders of posers in the online community, giving the users freedom to place any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person. Philippines, which ranks eighth in the numbers of users of Facebook and other social networking sites such as Twitter, Multiply and Tumblr, has been known as source of various identity theft problems. Identities of those people who carelessly put personal information on their profiles can easily be stolen just by simple browsing. There are people who meet online, get to know each other through the free Facebook chat and exchange of messages that then leads to sharing of private information. Others get romantically involved with their online friends that they tend to give too much information such as their social security number, bank account and even personal basic information such as home address and company address. This phenomenon lead to the creation of Senate Bill 52: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010. Section 2 of this bill states that it recognizes the importance of communication and multimedia for the development, exploitation and dissemination of information but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment or a fine upwards of Php200,000, but not exceeding 1 million, or depending on the damage caused, or both Section 7. Sweden Sweden has had relatively few problems with identity theft. This is because only Swedish identity documents have been accepted for identity verification. Stolen documents are traceable by banks and some other institutions. The banks have the duty to check the identity of people withdrawing money or getting loans. If a bank gives money to someone using an identity document reported as stolen, the bank must take the loss. Since 2008, any EU passport is valid in Sweden for identity check, and Swedish passports are valid all over the EU. This makes it harder to detect stolen documents, but still banks in Sweden must ensure that stolen documents are not accepted. Other types of identity theft have become more common in Sweden. One common example is ordering a credit card to someone who has an unlocked letterbox and is not home in the daytime. The thief steals the letter with the credit card and then the letter with the code which typically arrives a few days later. Usage of a stolen credit card is hard in Sweden, since an identity document or a PIN code it is normally demanded. If the shop does not demand that, it must take the loss from stolen credit cards. The method of observing someone using the credit card PIN code, stealing the card or skimming it, and then using the card, has become more common. Legally, Sweden is an open society. The Principle of Public Access says that all information kept by public authorities must be available for anyone except in certain cases. Specifically, anyone's address, income, taxes etc. are available to anyone. This makes fraud easier the address is restricted only for people who needs to hide. There was until 2016 no legal ban specifically against using someone's identity, only on the indirect damage caused. To impersonate someone else for financial gain is a kind of fraud, which is described in the Criminal Code . To impersonate someone else to discredit someone by breaking into social media accounts and provoke, is libel, but that is hard to sentence someone for. A new law was introduced late 2016 which partially banned undetermined identity usage. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom personal data is protected by the Data Protection Act 1998. The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold, including names, birthday and anniversary dates, addresses, telephone numbers, etc. Under English law which extends to Wales but not to Northern Ireland or Scotland, the deception offences under the Theft Act 1968 increasingly contend with identity theft situations. In R v Seward 2005 EWCA Crim 1941 the defendant was acting as the front man in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents to obtain goods. He obtained goods to the value of £10,000 for others who are unlikely ever to be identified. The Court of Appeal considered a sentencing policy for deception offenses involving identity theft and concluded that a prison sentence was required. Henriques J. said at para 14:Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for, in our judgment, deterrent sentences. Statistics released by CIFAS - The UK's Fraud Prevention Service show that there were 89,000 victims of identity theft in the UK 2010. This compared with 2009 where there were 85,000 victims. Men in their 30s and 40s are the most common UK victims and identity fraud now accounts for nearly half of all frauds recorded. United States The increase in crimes of identity theft led to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act. In 1998, The Federal Trade Commission appeared before the United States Senate. The FTC discussed crimes which exploit consumer credit to commit loan fraud, mortgage fraud, lines-of-credit fraud, credit card fraud, commodities and services frauds. The Identity Theft Deterrence Act 2003[ITADA] amended U.S. Code Title 18, § 1028 Fraud related to activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information. The statute now makes the possession of any means of identification to knowingly transfer, possess, or use without lawful authority a federal crime, alongside unlawful possession of identification documents. However, for federal jurisdiction to prosecute, the crime must include an identification document that either: a is purportedly issued by the United States, b is used or intended to defraud the United States, c is sent through the mail, or d is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce. See c. Punishment can be up to 5, 15, 20, or 30 years in federal prison, plus fines, depending on the underlying crime per b. In addition, punishments for the unlawful use of a means of identification were strengthened in § 1028A Aggravated Identity Theft, allowing for a consecutive sentence under specific enumerated felony violations as defined in § 1028Ac1 through 11. The Act also provides the Federal Trade Commission with authority to track the number of incidents and the dollar value of losses. Their figures relate mainly to consumer financial crimes and not the broader range of all identification-based crimes. If charges are brought by state or local law enforcement agencies, different penalties apply depending on the state. Six Federal agencies conducted a joint task force to increase the ability to detect identity theft. Their joint recommendation on red flag guidelines is a set of requirements on financial institutions and other entities which furnish credit data to credit reporting services to develop written plans for detecting identity theft. The FTC has determined that most medical practices are considered creditors and are subject to requirements to develop a plan to prevent and respond to patient identity theft. These plans must be adopted by each organization's Board of Directors and monitored by senior executives. Identity theft complaints as a percentage of all fraud complaints decreased from 2004-2006. The Federal Trade Commission reported that fraud complaints in general were growing faster than ID theft complaints. The findings were similar in two other FTC studies done in 2003 and 2005. In 2003, 4.6 percent of the US population said they were a victim of ID theft. In 2005, that number had dropped to 3.7 percent of the population. The Commission's 2003 estimate was that identity theft accounted for some $52.6 billion of losses in the preceding year alone and affected more than 9.91 million Americans; the figure comprises $47.6 billion lost by businesses and $5 billion lost by consumers. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2010, 7 of US households experienced identity theft - up from 5.5 in 2005 when the figures were first assembled, but broadly flat since 2007. In 2012, approximately 16.6 million persons, or 7 of all U.S. residents age 16 or older, reported being victims of one or more incidents of identity theft. At least two states, California and Wisconsin have created an Office of Privacy Protection to assist their citizens in avoiding and recovering from identity theft. In 2009, Indiana created an Identity Theft Unit within their Office of Attorney General to educate and assist consumers in avoiding and recovering from identity theft as well as assist law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting identity theft crimes. In Massachusetts in 2009-2010, Governor Deval Patrick made a commitment to balance consumer protection with the needs of small business owners. His Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation announced certain adjustments to Massachusetts' identity theft regulations that maintain protections and also allows flexibility in compliance. These updated regulations went into effect on 1 March 2010. The regulations are clear that their approach to data security is a risk-based approach important to small businesses and might not handle a lot of personal information about customers. The IRS has created the IRS Identity Protection Specialized Unit to help taxpayers' who are victims of federal tax-related identity theft. Generally, the identity thief will use a stolen SSN to file a forged tax return and attempt to get a fraudulent refund early in the filing season. A taxpayer will need to fill out Form 14039, Identity Theft Affidavit. As for the future of medical care and Medicaid, people are mostly concerned about cloud computing. The addition of using cloud information within United States medicare system would institute easily accessible health information for individuals, but that also makes it easier for identity theft. Currently, new technology is being produced to help encrypt and protect files, which will create a smooth transition to cloud technology in the healthcare system. Notification Many states followed California's lead and enacted mandatory data breach notification laws. As a result, companies that report a data breach typically report it to all their customers. Spread and impact Surveys in the US from 2003 to 2006 showed a decrease in the total number of victims and a decrease in the total value of identity fraud from US$47.6 billion in 2003 to $15.6 billion in 2006. The average fraud per person decreased from $4,789 in 2003 to $1,882 in 2006. A Microsoft report shows that this drop is due to statistical problems with the methodology, that such survey-based estimates are hopelessly flawed and exaggerate the true losses by orders of magnitude. The 2003 survey from the Identity Theft Resource Center found that: Only 15 of victims find out about the theft through proactive action taken by a business The average time spent by victims resolving the problem is about 330 hours 73 of respondents indicated the crime involved the thief acquiring a credit card In a widely publicized account, Michelle Brown, a victim of identity fraud, testified before a U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on Identity Theft. Ms. Brown testified that: over a year and a half from January 1998 through July 1999, one individual impersonated me to procure over $50,000 in goods and services. Not only did she damage my credit, but she escalated her crimes to a level that I never truly expected: she engaged in drug trafficking. The crime resulted in my erroneous arrest record, a warrant out for my arrest, and eventually, a prison record when she was booked under my name as an inmate in the Chicago Federal Prison. In Australia, identity theft was estimated to be worth between A$1billion and A$4 billion per annum in 2001. In the United Kingdom, the Home Office reported that identity fraud costs the UK economy £1.2 billion annually experts believe that the real figure could be much higher although privacy groups object to the validity of these numbers, arguing that they are being used by the government to push for introduction of national ID cards. Confusion over exactly what constitutes identity theft has led to claims that statistics may be exaggerated. An extensively reported study from Microsoft Research in 2011 finds that estimates of identity theft losses contain enormous exaggerations, writing that surveys are so compromised and biased that no faith whatever can be placed in their findings. See also Types of fraud and theft Organizations U.S. Laws Massachusetts personal information protection law Notable identity thieves and cases References External links Identity theft United States Federal Trade Commission Identity Theft Recovery Plan FTC steps for identity theft victims. The President's Task Force on Identity Theft a government task force established by US President George W. Bush to fight identity theft. Identity Theft Carnegie Mellon University Identity Theft: A Research Review, National Institute of Justice 2007 Identity Theft and Fraud United States Department of Justice Dateline NBC investigation 'To Catch an ID Thief' Scam on the Run - Fugitive Identity Thief Led Global Criminal Enterprise FBI Category:Fraud Category:Identity documents Category:Organized crime activity Category:Security breaches

Haverstock is an area and electoral ward in the London Borough of Camden. Haverstock may also refer to: Haverstock ward, an electoral ward in the London Borough of Camden Haverstock Hill Haverstock Hill railway station, opened by the Midland Railway in 1868 Haverstock School formerly: Haverstock Comprehensive School, a comprehensive school on Haverstock Hill People with the surname Lynda Haverstock born 1948, leader of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party

The Pale-faced Clubskimmer Brechmorhoga mendax is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae. Total length is 52 to 64mm. References External links Brechmorhoga mendax on BugGuide.Net Category:Libellulidae Category:Insects described in 1861

Introducing Joe Gordon is the debut album by American jazz trumpeter Joe Gordon featuring tracks recorded in late 1954 and released on the EmArcy label. Reception Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars stating Most of the tunes are originals based on the chord changes of standards, and Gordon sounds in fine form in this swinging setting. Track listing All compositions by Joe Gordon except as indicated Toll Bridge - 6:30 Lady Bob Quincy Jones - 6:59 Grasshopper Jones - 6:59 Flash Gordon - 7:39 Bous Bier - 6:49 Xochimilco - 6:15 Evening Lights - 4:21 Body And Soul - 4:25 Recorded at Fine Sound Studios in New York City on September 3 tracks 3, 4 & 6 and September 8 tracks 1, 2 & 5, 1954 Personnel Joe Gordon - trumpet Charlie Rouse - tenor saxophone Junior Mance - piano Jimmy Schenck - bass Art Blakey - drums References Category:1955 albums Category:Joe Gordon musician albums Category:EmArcy Records albums

The Taylorstown Historic District comprises the historic core of Taylorstown, Virginia. The community and the historic district are centered on the Taylorstown Mill, a two-story stone structure on the banks of Catoctin Creek. Up the hill from the mill is Hunting Hill, a house built in 1737 for the mill's owner. The district also includes a store built in 1800, adjoined by the 1904 Mann's Store, with the 1900 Mann house across the street. The town center was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 30, 1978. The district was expanded on May 26, 2005. References Category:Historic districts in Loudoun County, Virginia Category:National Register of Historic Places in Loudoun County, Virginia Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia

Chastity Belt is an American rock band formed in Walla Walla, Washington, in 2010. Consisting of Julia Shapiro, Lydia Lund, Annie Truscott and Gretchen Grimm, the band plays a style of alternative rock, rock and roll, noise pop, and pop rock. The group have released four studio albums: No Regerts 2013, Time to Go Home 2015, I Used to Spend So Much Time Alone 2017, and Chastity Belt 2019. History Chastity Belt was formed in Walla Walla, Washington, during 2010 while its members were students at Whitman College. Childbirth frontwoman Julia Shapiro became the band's lead vocalist and guitarist, with fellow lead guitarist Lydia Lund, bassist Annie Truscott, and drummer Gretchen Grimm. They take a humorous approach to feminine stereotypes and customs in their lyrics, challenging gender norms and femininity as a construct. Following the EPs Fuck Chastity Belt and Dude a collaboration with Dude York in 2012, the group released its debut studio album No Regerts on August 13, 2013, on Help Yourself Records. The band's second studio album, Time to Go Home, was released on March 24, 2015, on Hardly Art. It received a positive reception from music critics. The band's third studio album, I Used to Spend So Much Time Alone, was released on June 2, 2017, also on Hardly Art. The album received significant praise from NPR's Mike Katzif, who wrote, I Used To Spend So Much Time Alone is a thoughtful, reflective album, constantly searching for direction to and questioning every solitary, restless feeling, yet it's that intimacy that allows us to know a new, perhaps truer side to the artists. It takes an extraordinary amount of self-confidence to expose that process for all to hear. After a brief hiatus in 2018, the group announced on July 10, 2019, that its fourth LP would be self-tilted as Chastity Belt, and would be released on September 20. The single Ann's Jam was released along with the announcement. Writing for The Fader, Alex Robert Ross called it the indie four-piece's lushest and most mournful-sounding album yet. Upon its release, Pitchforks Abby Jones described the album as their dreamiest and most tranquil. Members Current members Julia Shapiro lead vocals, guitar Lydia Lund lead guitar Annie Truscott bass Gretchen Grimm drums Discography Studio albums No Regerts August 13, 2013, Help Yourself Time to Go Home March 24, 2015, Hardly Art I Used to Spend So Much Time Alone June 2, 2017, Hardly Art Chastity Belt September 20, 2019, Hardly Art References External links Official Facebook page Category:Hardly Art artists Category:All-female bands Category:Rock music groups from Washington state Category:2013 establishments in Washington state Category:Musical groups established in 2010

The Siren's Reign is a 1915 American silent drama film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Alice Hollister, Harry F. Millarde, Anna Q. Nilsson, Robert Walker and Henry Hallam. An upright young man marries a siren, a drunken, unfaithful woman, who mothers his child, and then ruins him financially and morally. Plot Story of a man who disregards the quiet affection of a fine girl to marry a frivolous actress with whom he is infatuated. Several years later, after the woman has wrecked his life, the husband gives up in despair and shoots himself. Not until then does he realize the other woman's affection towards him. When he does he places his little daughter in her care. Cast Alice Hollister as Grace - a Soubrette Harry F. Millarde as Hugh Blake - The Husband Anna Q. Nilsson as Marguerite Morrison - The Other Woman Robert Walker as Morrison - Marguerite's Brother Henry Hallam as Hardy - a Faithful Employee References External links Category:1915 films Category:American films Category:American silent short films Category:American black-and-white films Category:American drama films Category:Silent film stubs

Nyqvist is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Julius Nyqvist born 1992, Finnish ice hockey player Michael Nyqvist 19602017, Swedish actor Per Nyqvist born 1964, Swedish modern pentathlete Vaadjuv Nyqvist 19021961, Norwegian sailor Veikko Nyqvist 19161968, Finnish discus thrower See also Nyquist

Mian Mehmood ur Rashid is a Pakistani politician who is the current Provincial Minister of Punjab for housing, urban development and public health engineering, in office since 27 August 2018. He has been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, since August 2018. Previously he was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from 1988 to 1993 and again from May 2013 to May 2018. He served as Leader of Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from June 2013 to May 2018 Early life and education He was born on 21 April 1954 in Lahore to Arain Family. He received the degree of Bachelor of ArtsHons in 1975 and a degree of Master of Arts in Economics in 1978 from University of the Punjab. Political career He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Islami Jamhoori Ittehad IJI from Constituency PP-127 Lahore in 1988 Pakistani general election. He received 26,729 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party PPP. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of IJI from Constituency PP-127 Lahore in 1990 Pakistani general election. He received 38,022 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Democratic Alliance. He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Islamic Front from Constituency PP-127 Lahore in 1993 Pakistani general election, but was unsuccessful. He received 3,342 votes and lost the seat to a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League N. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf PTI from Constituency PP-151 Lahore-XV in 2013 Pakistani general election. In June 2013, he was elected as the Leader of Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PTI from Constituency PP-160 Lahore-XVII in 2018 Pakistani general election. On 27 August 2018, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister Sardar Usman Buzdar and was appointed as Provincial Minister of Punjab for housing, urban development and public health engineering. References Category:Punjab MPAs 20132018 Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MPAs Punjab Category:Punjabi people Category:Politicians from Lahore Category:Living people Category:1954 births Category:Punjab MPAs 19881990 Category:Punjab MPAs 19901993 Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab Category:Provincial ministers of Punjab

Sir Peter Alexander Clutterbuck 27 March 1897 29 December 1975 was a British diplomat who was high commissioner to Canada and India and ambassador to Ireland. Life and career Alexander's father, Sir Peter Clutterbuck was an Inspector General of Forests in India and Burma. Peter Alexander Clutterbuck was educated at Malvern College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. During World War I he served in the Coldstream Guards and was awarded the Military Cross and a mention in dispatches. After the war he entered the Civil Service, at first in the Post Office, transferring to the Colonial Office in 1922. He was secretary to the Donoughmore Commission 192728 and a member of the UK delegations to the League of Nations General Assembly in 1929, 1930 and 1931. He was secretary to the Newfoundland Royal Commission in 1933. He was High Commissioner to Canada 194652 and to India 195255. His term in India was cut short by ill health: he was advised not to continue to serve in a tropical climate and was appointed ambassador to the Republic of Ireland 195559. Finally he was Permanent Under-Secretary at the Commonwealth Relations Office 195961. Clutterbuck was appointed CMG in the 1943 New Year Honours, knighted KCMG in the New Year Honours of 1946 and raised to GCMG in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1952. Lord Garner, Clutterbuck's successor at the Commonwealth Relations Office, wrote: Clutterbuck's appointment as High Commissioner to Ottawa in 1946 marked the first occasion when a career officer, assigned to a major Commonwealth post, showed that he could hold his own against any appointments from outside the services. Clutterbuck with his wife created an atmosphere of family feeling amongst the staff which radiated far beyond the confines of Earnscliffe and they ended as one of the most popular couples in a long line of successful British High Commissioners in Canada. ...Above all Alec Clutterbuck was a Christian and a gentleman. Such phrases may sound out of fashion today, but there will be many past and present members of the service who will remember him with gratitude and affection and will recall the guiding lights of his life loyalty, devotion to duty, integrity and, supremely, the Christian virtues of humility and charity. References CLUTTERBUCK, Sir Peter Alexander, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 19202008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012 Sir Alexander Clutterbuck obituary, The Times, London, 31 December 1975, page 12 External links Category:1897 births Category:1975 deaths Category:People educated at Malvern College Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge Category:High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Canada Category:High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Ireland Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Category:Recipients of the Military Cross

Brian Albert Gordon Auger born 18 July 1939 is an English jazz rock and rock music keyboardist who specializes in the Hammond organ. Auger has worked with Rod Stewart, Tony Williams, Jimi Hendrix, John McLaughlin, Sonny Boy Williamson, Eric Burdon. He incorporated jazz, early British pop, R&B, soul music, and rock into his sound. He has been nominated for a Grammy Award. Biography In 1965 Auger formed the group The Steampacket with Long John Baldry, Julie Driscoll, Vic Briggs, and Rod Stewart. Due to contractual problems there were no official recordings made by the band; nevertheless, nine tracks were laid down for promotional use in late 1965 and released on a CD by Repertoire Records in 1990 licensed from Charly Records as well as 12 live tracks from Live at the Birmingham Town Hall, February 2, 1964. Soon thereafter the band broke up, then Stewart left in 1966. In 1965, Auger played on For Your Love by The Yardbirds. With Driscoll and the band Trinity, he went on to record a cover version of David Ackles' Road to Cairo and Bob Dylan's This Wheel's on Fire, which appeared on Dylan Covered. In 1969 Auger, Driscoll, and Trinity performed in the United States on the NBC special 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee. In 1970, he formed the jazz fusion ensemble Brian Auger's Oblivion Express shortly after abandoning the abortive Wassenaar Arrangement jazz rock commune in a small suburb of The Hague. Oblivion Express cultivated the talents of several notable musicians, including Average White Band drummers Robbie McIntosh and Steve Ferrone, as well as guitarist Jim Mullen. In 1971 he produced and appeared on Mogul Thrash's only album, Mogul Thrash. Two members of that band, Roger Ball and Malcolm Duncan, would go on to form the Average White Band. Auger toured with Kim Simmonds, Gregg Errico, and Tim Bogert in the mid 1980s in a band they called Maestro. No album resulted from this collaboration and tour. In 1986, he played keyboards for the Italian singer Mango on the album Odissea. In 1989, Auger was musical director for the thirteen-part film retrospective series Villa Fantastica made for German TV. A live recording of the series, Super Jam 1990, features Auger on piano, Pete York on drums, Dick Morrissey on tenor saxophone, Roy Williams on trombone, Harvey Weston on bass guitar, and singers Zoot Money and Maria Muldaur. Auger toured with Eric Burdon in the early 1990s and recorded the live album Access All Areas with him in 1993. Oblivion Express was revived in 2005 with recording and touring. The group featured Brian Auger, his son Karma Auger on drums, his daughter Savannah Auger on vocals, and Derek Frank on bass. In 2012, Auger released Language of the Heart, one of the few solo albums of his career, produced by Tea. It features Jeff Skunk Baxter and Julian Coryell on guitars. In 2014, Auger was invited by producer Gerry Gallagher to record with El Chicano as well as Alphonse Mouzon, David Paich, Alex Ligertwood, Ray Parker Jr., Lenny Castro, Vikki Carr, Pete Escovedo, Peter Michael Escovedo, Jessy J, Salvador Santana, Marcos J. Reyes, Siedah Garrett, Walfredo Reyes Jr., and Spencer Davis. This major recording project is due for release in 2019. In 2014 Brian Auger and Oblivion Express played at the KJAZZ festival in Los Angeles and toured in Japan and Europe with Karma Auger on drums, daughter Ali Auger on vocals, Alex Ligertwood on vocals, Yarone Levy on guitar, Les King on bass, and Travis Carlton on bass. Discography 1965 The Steampacket Featuring Long John Baldry, Rod Stewart, Brian Auger & Julie Driscoll [released 1990] 1965 Attention! Brian Auger! [released 1972] 1967 Open 1968 Definitely What! 1968 Don't Send Me No Flowers Sonny Boy Williamson II with Brian Auger & the Trinity featuring Jimmy Page [recorded January 1965] 1969 Streetnoise 1970 Befour 1971 Brian Auger's Oblivion Express 1971 A Better Land 1972 Second Wind 1973 Closer to It! 1974 Straight Ahead 1974 - Genesis 1974 Live Oblivion, Volume 1 1975 Reinforcements 1976 Live Oblivion, Volume 2 1977 Happiness Heartaches 1978 Encore Brian Auger & Julie Tippetts 1981 Search Party 1982 Here and Now 1987 Keys to the Heart 1990 Super Jam with Zoot Money, Maria Muldaur 1993 Live in Tokyo June 1978 ... Live Under the Sky Jazz Festival 1993 Access All Areas: Live with Eric Burdon 1998 Blue Groove Karma Auger 1999 Voices of Other Times 2002 Soft & Furry Ali Auger 2005 Looking in the Eye of the World 2005 Live at the Baked Potato 2012 Language of the Heart 2013 Mod Party 2015 Live Los Angeles Filmography 1969 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee 2005 Brian Auger: Insights of the Keyboard Master 2005 Live at the Baked Potato References Other sources Daddone, Peter. Brian Auger In Conversation , Jazz Review, 29 March 2012. Interview: BRIAN AUGER. Get Ready to Rock, November 2006. Staczek, Jason. Brian Auger's Oblivion Express. Jelly Music Magazine Further reading Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul by Irwin Stambler Jazz-Rock Fusion: The People, the Music by Julie Coryell & Laura Friedman The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll by Jon Pareles & Patricia Romanowski Bashe Encyclopedia of Rock by Phil Hardy & Dave Laing Urban Spacemen and Wayfaring Strangers: Overlooked Innovators and Eccentric Visionaries of 60s Rock by Richie Unterberger Jimi Hendrix: The Man, the Magic, the Truth by Sharon Lawrence Soul Picnic: The Music and Passion of Laura Nyro by Michele Kort The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music by Colin Larkin The Encyclopedia of Jazz in the Seventies by Leonard Feather & Ira Gitler The New Musical Express Book of Rock, 1975, Star Books Category:1939 births Category:Living people Category:English jazz pianists Category:English keyboardists Category:English record producers Category:British rhythm and blues boom musicians Category:Atco Records artists Category:Steampacket members Category:CAB band members Category:Brian Auger and the Trinity members Category:21st-century pianists Category:Brain Records artists

Floriano Vanzo born 28 April 1994 is an ItalianBelgian footballer who plays for Virton. Biography Born in Maurage, La Louvière, Belgium to Italian parents. Vanzo signed a 1+1 contract with A.F.C. Tubize ca 2011. He made his debut in 201112 Belgian Second Division. In summer 2012 Vanzo was signed by Italian club Parma F.C.. His transfer was documented to Lega Serie A on 4 July 2012, however completed on 18 January 2013. Vanzo made his debut for the reserve team on the next day. Vanzo had 1-year contract left when he joined Parma in summer 2012. An agreement between Tubize and Parma was formed in November 2012. Vanzo was one of the 32 players for the pre-season camp of Parma first team. On 1 July 2013 Vanzo left the reserve team to join Slovenian club Gorica, along with Bright Addae, Daniele Bazzoffia, Uroš Celcer, Massimo Coda, Alex Cordaz, Sebestyén Ihrig-Farkas, Alen Jogan, Gianluca Lapadula and Fabio Lebran Crotone/Parma. The deals were finalized on 12 July. On 8 January 2014 Vanzo returned to Belgium for Club Brugge. He was a test player for the reserve team . The club later offered a 3-year contract to Vanzo. His loan contract with Gorica was terminated in late January. On 22 January 2015 Vanzo was signed by Waasland-Beveren. References External links Belgium profile at Belgian FA Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:Belgian footballers Category:Belgium under-21 international footballers Category:A.F.C. Tubize players Category:Parma Calcio 1913 players Category:ND Gorica players Category:Club Brugge KV players Category:Waasland-Beveren players Category:R.E. Virton players Category:Belgian First Division A players Category:Belgian Second Division/Belgian First Division B players Category:Slovenian PrvaLiga players Category:Association football forwards Category:Belgian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovenia Category:Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia Category:Belgian people of Italian descent Category:People from La Louvière

Miracle City is a musical with book and lyrics by Nick Enright and music by Max Lambert. Synopsis It is conceived as a real time, live-to-air Christian television show Ministry of Miracles hosted by Tennessee evangelical family Ricky and Lora Lee Truswell inspired by Jimmy and Tammy Faye Bakker and their children Loretta and Ricky-Bob. Ex-con turned evangelist Ricky Truswell has a dream is to build Miracle City, a Christian theme park. But behind the wholesome facade is darker problems. While potential salvation arrives in the form of Reverend Millard Sizemore, it comes at a terrible price, with Sizemore asking something awful in return. Productions The Sydney Theatre Company STC debuted Miracle City in a four-week workshop production at its small Wharf 2 theatre in 1996. It featured Tom Burlinson, Genevieve Lemon and Peter Carroll, and was directed by Gale Edwards. The season was supported with funding from producer Cameron Mackintosh for the development of new Australian musicals. While it was highly acclaimed, the musical did not a further life at the time. A small production at the Hayes Theatre in Sydney in 2014 was its first revival since the original STC production, and generated a cast recording. A new production of Miracle City featuring Missy Higgins was performed at the Sydney Opera House's Studio in October 2017. References Category:Australian musicals Category:1996 musicals Category:Original musicals

Carinodrillia cymatoides is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies. J. Gardner was of the opinion that this species was a possible precursor of Compsodrillia eucosmia W.H. Dall, 1889, a Recent species that she thought belonging to Carinodrillia. Description The length of the shell attains 16 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm. Distribution This extinct species occurs in Miocene strata of the Alum Bluff Formation, Florida, USA. References External links Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base : Carinodrillia cymatoides cymatoides Category:Gastropods described in 1938

Hermann Czech born 10 November 1936 is an Austrian architect. He was born and lives in Vienna, where he has a private practice. Education and teaching positions Hermann Czech studied architecture at the Technical University of Vienna and in the master classes of Ernst Plischke at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. In 1958 and 1959 he participated in the seminars of Konrad Wachsmann at the Summer Academy in Salzburg. From 1974 to 1980 he was an assistant to Hans Hollein and Johannes Spalt at the University of Applied Arts Vienna. He has been a guest professor at that university 1985/86 and a visiting professor at Harvard University 1988/89 and 1993/94, ETH Zurich 200407 and the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna 201112. Work Czech has been influenced by the Viennese architects Adolf Loos and Josef Frank, and by the theoretical work of Konrad Wachsmann. His work is noted for a strong emphasis on context, a sophisticated and often ironic use of architectural elements, and an interest in rules and underlying order rather than sculptural form. Selected works Kleines Café, Vienna 1970/7374 Apartment Klemmer, Vienna 197172 Antiquariat Löcker and Wögenstein, Vienna 1973/79 Wunder-Bar, Vienna 197576 M House, Schwechat, Vienna 197781 Interior for M. and H Poeschl, Vienna 1978-80 Addition to Villa Pflaum, Altenberg, Vienna 197779 Art Dealership/Gallery Hummel, Vienna 197880 S House, Vienna 198083 Restaurant Salzamt, Vienna 198183 Underground renovation restaurant, bar, lobby, kitchen, staff rooms, banquet halls in Palais Schwarzenberg, Vienna 198284 Stadtpark footbridge, Vienna 198587 Apartment Building Petrusgasse, Vienna 198589 Antiquitätengeschäft Kaesser, Vienna 198586 Wohnbebauung Brunnergasse/Franz-Kamtner-Weg, Perchtoldsdorf bei Vienna 1989/9094 Arcadia Store in Vienna State Opera, with Stephan Seehof, Vienna 1989 Planning of U3-West subway, Vienna 1990/9297 Winter glazing greenhouse of the loggia of the Vienna State Opera, Vienna 199194 Rosa-Jochmann elementary school, Simmering, Vienna 199194 MAK Café in Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna 1993 Renovation of Bank Austria building, Am Hof, Vienna 1992/9397 Reconstruction and renovation of Liesing Employment Office by Ernst Plischke 1994/9698 Verkaufsfiliale und Zentrallager IKERA/Wein & Co, Vienna 199697 Theatercafé, Vienna 1998/2010 Renovation of Haus Schwarzenberg, Turrach 199899 Furnishing of seminar center and guest house, Swiss Re, with Adolf Krischanitz, Zürich Rüschlikon 19982000 Geblergasse residence, Vienna 19982003 Umbau Oetker, Dachgeschosse und Turm eines Altbaus ab dem 16.Jh., Vienna 19992003 Gasthaus Immervoll, Vienna 2000 Hotel Messe Vienna 2002/0305 Einrichtung Bundestheaterkassen, Vienna 200304 Weinhaus PUNKT, Kaltern/Südtirol 200405 Renovation of Urbani House, Vienna 200407 Mustersiedlung 9=12, Vienna 2007 Generationen-Wohnen am Mühlgrund, Vienna 2011 Notes References External links ETH Zurich profile and CV Czech at nextroom Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:Austrian architects Category:TU Wien alumni

Feliciano Sergio Félix Sabates Jr. born September 9, 1945 is a retired Cuban-born entrepreneur and philanthropist living in the United States. He is currently a partner in Chip Ganassi Racing teams, which fields teams in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series as Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates, IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, World Endurance Championship and the IndyCar Series. Sabates previously owned his own NASCAR team, SABCO Racing, until the end of the 2000 season when Chip Ganassi and Sabates became partners. Early life Felix Sabates was born in Camagüey, Cuba, living there until the age of 15. Sabates is the oldest of seven children three boys Feliciano Felix Jr., Jose, Arturo Art and four girls Silvia, Yoyi, Manty, Rosita of Dr. Feliciano Sabates and Maria Tavio. Sabates' grandfather grew sugar until a fire destroyed the business in the 1930s. Sabates' family then founded a jewelry store in 1936. The family would later found several successful business including import and export, jewelry, optical stores, insurance sales, sugar, cattle, service stations and pharmacies, many of which bore the family name. Sabates attended military school as a teenager, first in Havana, and later in Camagüey. According to Sabates, he was a bunkmate with one of the sons of Fidel Castro. Following the Cuban Revolution, the newly established communist government headed by Fidel Castro proceeded to nationalize many businesses and strip citizens of individual wealth. This included the assets of Sabates' family. After joining anti-Castro forces, in June 1960, at the age of 15, Felix was put on a flight to Miami by his parents. He was the first member of the family to enter the United States of America. Five of his six brothers and sisters would later arrive in the U.S. under Operation Peter Pan, sent to Albuquerque, New Mexico and placed in foster care. Sabates' mother and youngest brother Art fled in 1963, while his father arrived in 1966 after being restricted by the Castro administration. Sabates initially settled in Boston, Massachusetts with his aunt and uncle, before moving to Columbia, Missouri. In between, Sabates lived in motels and worked several odd jobs, including washing pots and pans at a hospital. Eventually, the family would reconvene in Lexington, North Carolina where his mother originally settled, in a resettlement site for Cuban refugees established by an American-based Catholic charity. In Lexington, Sabates began working 12-hour shifts in a furniture factory. One year later in 1964, after an encounter with the Ku Klux Klan, his family moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, and he began working at National Car Rental as a parking lot attendant and washing cars at the Charlotte Airport. Later, Sabates began working at the City Chevrolet car dealership in Downtown Charlotte later purchased by fellow NASCAR owner Rick Hendrick, offering to work for free on the condition that if he outsells the other salesman within a month, that he would be compensated and offered a permanent sales position. Sabates was successful with record car sales. When a local newspaper article had recounted this story about the top salesman, it caught the eye of a local businessman who proceeded to offer him a different sales position with potential growth as a manufacturer's representative. Business success In 1969 at the age of 25, Sabates accepted a position as a salesman for Top Sales Company, Inc. TSC which distributed retail products. Sabates would purchase the company in 1974. Early products distributed by TSC included Atari game consoles and Teddy Ruxpin teddy bears. At its peak, TSC became the largest, most successful manufacturers representative company in the United States with over $12 billion in sales. In 2000, Sabates sold TSC to his employees at what was considered a well below market rate to reward the people that helped him build the business. In 1988, Sabates purchased a Hatteras Yacht dealership in Stuart, Fla. and within two years Sabates had turned it into the largest Hatteras dealership in the world. Sabates, along with his partner John Dane, followed that up with the purchase of the number one custom superyacht builder in the world - Trinity Yachts in 2000. He also owns IYC, one of the largest yacht management, charter, brokerage and new construction yachts companies in the world, with offices in Monaco, the Bahamas, Saint Martin and the U.S. He is also the president and CEO of FSS Holdings, Inc., a North Carolina-based holding company with holdings in several U.S. and international companies. Sabates owns and operates a Mercedes Benz dealership that is a four-time recipient of the Best of the Best Award given to only the top 10 percent of dealers nationwide. He also operates the largest volume Infiniti dealership in North Carolina as well as Hyundai, Mazda, Sprinter and Smart Car auto dealerships. A Sabates owned Bentley dealership closed in 2015. Other ventures Auto racing In 1987, Sabates became a NASCAR team owner with the purchase of a Hendrick Motorsports research and development team from Charlotte businessman Rick Hendrick, who also owns Chevrolet dealerships. The team would be known as SABCO Racing. Sabates' first driver in 1989 was third-generation racer Kyle Petty Sabates was a huge fan of his father, Richard Petty. In 1992, Sabates' team branched out into the Busch Series. Petty found his groove in the Winston Cup circuit, finishing in the top-five in the final point standings for the season. The team fielded both cars in the Winston Cup circuit the following year and Petty again finished top-five in total points. SABCO Racing changed to Team SABCO at the beginning of the 1996 season. Sabates expanded his operation to two teams. Drivers for SABCO included Sterling Marlin, Bobby Hillin, Jr., Tommy Kendall, Kenny Irwin, Jr., Kenny Wallace, Bobby Hamilton, Robby Gordon, Greg Sacks, Wally Dallenbach Jr., Joe Nemechek, Jeff Green, and Ted Musgrave. In 2001 Sabates partnered with Chip Ganassi to become Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates. Ganassi would purchase an 80 percent stake in the team, with Sabates retaining the remaining 20 percent. Later on, he became responsible for hiring the first Latino driver in NASCAR's Sprint Cup Series in 2006, former Indy 500 champion Juan Pablo Montoya. Prior to the 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup season, due to financial woes, the team merged with Dale Earnhardt, Inc. to form Earnhardt Ganassi Racing. The team would revert to the Ganassi Racing name in 2014. As of 2019, the team's drivers include Kurt Busch in the No. 1 car & Kyle Larson in the No. 42. In his nearly 30 seasons in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, Sabates teams have 17 wins, 130 top-five and 352 top-10 finishes as well as 40 poles in nearly 1800 starts. His team made the Chase for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series four times 2009, 2015 & 2016 2, finished in the top five in points in three different seasons and won the 2010 Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400. In addition, Sabates and Ganassi also fielded a Daytona Prototype in the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 13 years, where the team won an unprecedented six Rolex 24 At Daytonas and seven championships. Their No. 01 team is the winningest team in series history with 40 victories. Past drivers include Luis Diaz, Stefan Johansson and Cort Wagner. In 2016 the sports car team began racing the new Ford GT in both IMSA and in the World Endurance Championship and would ultimately go on to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans that year - exactly 50 years after Ford beat Ferrari for the first time in 1966. Charlotte sports In 1988, Sabates became one of the founding owners of the original Charlotte Hornets basketball team. Sabates played an intricate part negotiating with the NBA to grant franchise rights to Charlotte. Sabates sold his interests in 1991. After starting the first professional indoor soccer league in the 1980s, he was one of the first investors in the World Football League. Also in the 1990s, he established The Charlotte Professional Sports Team, Inc, along with Hornets executive Carl Scheer, and his NASCAR driver, Kyle Petty, and his father Richard Petty. The company returned professional hockey to Charlotte for the first time since 1977, when the ECHL placed the Charlotte Checkers expansion franchise in Charlotte for 1993. In 1996, the Checkers won the Jack Riley Cup championship after competing in the ECHL for just three years. Soon after, the team was sold at a then-record price for a minor-league professional franchise, to Tim Braswell, who sold the team in 2000 to George Shinn and Ray Woolridge, the Hornets owners. Sabates and Carl Scheer would buy back the team in 2002. In November 2005, the Checkers hit an all-time attendance record of 10,894. Sabates is also the only person that had ownership in the Hornets in the 1980s/1990s to now also have an ownership stake with Michael Jordan in the Charlotte Hornets franchise in the 2010s. In July 2016, the NBA announced that it was removing the 2017 All-Star game from Charlotte due to North Carolina's controversial Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, also known as House Bill 2 or HB2. The Charlotte Observer obtained a letter from Sabates blaming Charlotte's City Council for losing the game, which was projected to have a $100 million impact on the state. His letter reportedly stated: Our Mayor opened a can of worms, who knows why? One Our city council is the one to blame for our losing the NBA All Star game, none of this would have happened if not for a very few minority forcing our supposed city leaders into creating a problem that never really existed, there will always be another election, they better pray a very few can get them re-elected. What is wrong with a person using a bathroom provided for the sex the sic were born with, if you want to change your gender so be it, we are a free county, but don't force 8 years old children to be exposed to having to share bathroom facilities with people that don't share the organs they were Bourne sic with, this is plain wrong, this could cause irreparable damages to a children's sic that don't understand why they have to see what God did not mean for them to witness, we have some very confused business as well as political humans that frankly have made this a political issue rather then sic moral issues, SHAME ON THEM. Civic leader In addition to his successes in sports, Sabates also focuses much attention on civic activities. Sabates has served on the Board of Directors for Carolinas Health Care Systems for the past 27 years. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the Applica Corporation, Simpson Products, the Charlotte Chamber of Commerce and he also was the co-chair of a North Carolina Institute of Medicine Task Force on Latino Health. Additionally Sabates was appointed to two terms on the North Carolina Banking Commission. In fact, he has been appointed to commissions by three different North Carolina governors, Jim Martin R, Mike Easley D and most recently by Governor Pat McCrory R to vice chairman of the Oversight committee of the Airport Authority of North Carolina which oversees the Charlotte airport, the sixth busiest in the world. Philanthropist Sabates is also well known for his many philanthropic contributions and has received several honors and awards for his work. Belmont Abbey College in North Carolina has named its dining hall after him, Elon College and UNC Charlotte bestowed upon him Honorary Doctorate degrees, and he received a Special Blessing in writing from Pope John Paul II. Sabates became a member of the philanthropic Dream Makers Society of the Boys and Girls Club of Broward County, Fla., in recognition of his 12-year commitment to and support of special fund raising events. In his honor, the Felix Sabates Athletic Center was dedicated in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., in November 2000. The facility is the largest Boys and Girls Club in the state. He is also a large contributor to the North Carolina Health Care System Foundation, the Allegro Foundation to benefit children with special needs, as well as the Levine Children's Hospital that bears a special plaque in his honor is in the main lobby. Political affiliation Felix is a member of the Republican Party. He supports local Republicans, and has supported GOP presidential nominees since the 1970s. Sabates was also appointed by Governor Jim Martin as a commissioner of the North Carolina State Banking Commission. Personal life Sabates has three children and six grandchildren. His daughter Mimi is married to former NHRA driver Doug Herbert On August 2, 2014, Sabates' 18-year-old grandson Feliciano Chany Boy Sabates IV was fatally shot at a party in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. References External links Category:NASCAR team owners Category:American people of Cuban descent Category:Businesspeople from Columbia, Missouri Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:North Carolina Republicans

Mudiyanselage Chandrasena Ratnayake Beligammana 25 October 1920 - ? was a Ceylonese politician Beligammana married the eldest daughter of Don Charles Wijewardene the younger brother of newspaper magnate, Don Richard and Vimala. At the 1st parliamentary election, held between 23 August 1947 and 20 September 1947, Beligammana ran as an Independent in the Mawanella electorate, losing to the United National Party, Harris Leuke Ratwatte, by 2,387 votes. Beligammana re-contested Mawanella at the 2nd parliamentary election, held between 24 May 1952 and 30 May 1952, and was one of nine members of the newly created Sri Lanka Freedom Party elected to parliament. Beligammana received 14,225 votes 54 of the total vote 3,378 votes ahead of the sitting member, Ratwatte. At the next parliamentary election, held between 5 April 1956 and 10 April 1956, he retained the seat and increased his margin, securing 20,125 votes 61 of the total vote. Beligammana was subsequently appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Local Government and Cultural Affairs in the S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike cabinet. In August 1957 Beligammana defiantly voted against the government's Tamil Language Special Provisions Act and was subsequently expelled from cabinet. At the parliamentary election, held on 19 March 1960, Beligammana ran as an independent failing to get re-elected. He polled 5,925 votes 27 of the total votes 1403 votes behind the successful United National Party candidate, P. B. Bandaranayake, who received 33 of the total vote. However as the election left neither of the country's two major parties with a majority, another election was called. At the subsequent parliamentary election, held on 20 July 1960, Beligammana ran again however this time he finished third, receiving 3,955 votes 18 of the total votes. At the 1965 parliamentary election Beligammana again contested the Mawanella electorate, this time as the United National Party candidate, winning the seat with 17,378 votes 58 of the total vote 5,050 votes ahead of the sitting member and Sri Lanka Freedom Party nominee, P. R. Ratnayake. He was then appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Home Affairs in the Third Dudley Senanayake cabinet. He was unable to retain the seat at the 6th parliamentary election, held on 22 March 1965, where he was defeated by 4,738 votes, losing to P. R. Ratnayake. Beligammana was however successful at the 1977 parliamentary election, securing the seat back from his Sri Lanka Freedom Party rival, P. R. Ratnayake, 21,211 votes to 14,632 votes. In August 1977 he was appointed as the Deputy Chairman of Committees at the Second National State Assembly, a position he only retained for a month. References Category:1920 births Category:Sri Lanka Freedom Party politicians Category:Members of the 2nd Parliament of Ceylon Category:Members of the 3rd Parliament of Ceylon Category:United National Party politicians Category:Members of the 6th Parliament of Ceylon Category:Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka Category:Date of death missing

Rudolf Leubuscher 12 December 1822 23 October 1861 was a German physician and psychiatrist who was a native of Breslau. He obtained his medical doctorate in 1844 with the dissertation, De indole hallucinationum in mania religiosa, afterwards serving as an assistant to Heinrich Philipp August Damerow 1798-1866 at the newly constructed provincial mental institution in Halle. In 1848 he became habilitated at Humboldt University of Berlin, and in 1855 was a director at the medical clinic in Jena. He later returned to Berlin as a physician and associate professor at the university. He died in Berlin in 1861 at the age of 39. Leubuscher is remembered for his political views, as well as for his work in medicine. He was a catalyst for health reform in Germany, and also a passionate advocate of social and political change. He argued that economic and social conditions were a major factor concerning health and disease, and believed that the health of the populace was a matter of social concern. With Rudolf Virchow 1821-1902, he was co-founder of a weekly socio-political newspaper on medical reform called Medicinische Reform. The publication of this newspaper was short-lived; it was only in existence from July 1848 to June 29, 1849. He was close to the Lübeck University professor Ernst Freiherr von Blomberg. They both worked in the same fields of expertise and an abundant correspondence between them shows a remarkable kinship. Both published on clinical lycanthropy, Renfield syndrome and other diseases of the brain. Freiherr von Blomberg, an anthrozoologist and theologist, reportedly dedicated his posthumously published Ein seltener fall von Hydrocephalus to Leubuscher, although no mention of Leubuscher appears in the paper. Literary works Among his written works was a German translation of Louis-Florentin Calmeil's landmark work on the history of psychiatry, De la Folie About the delusions. Leubuscher named his translation Der Wahnsinn in den vier letzten Jahrhunderten On madness in the last four centuries. In 1852, he published the late Benno Reinhardt's pathological-anatomical studies. He also published an article on aboulia 'Über Abulie', Zeitschr. für Psychiat. 4, 562-578, 1847, listing a number of disorders of the will, such as weak-willedness. Other literary works by Leubuscher include: Über Wehrwölfe und Thierverwandlungen im Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Psychologie, Berlin 1850 - On werewolves and animal transformations in the Middle Ages. A contribution to the history of psychology. Über die Entstehung der Sinnestäuschung. Ein Beitrag zur Anthropologie, Berlin 1852 - On the origin of illusion. A contribution to anthropology. Die Pathologie und Therapie der Gehirnkrankheiten, Berlin 1854 - The pathology and treatment of brain disease. Die Krankheiten des Nervensystems, Leipzig 1860 - Diseases of the nervous system. References Category:1822 births Category:1861 deaths Category:German psychiatrists Category:People from Wrocław Category:People from the Province of Silesia Category:Humboldt University of Berlin faculty Category:History of psychiatry

Ben Vaeau born 7 January 1982 is a professional rugby league footballer who currently plays for Eastern Suburbs Tigers in the Queensland Cup. His position of preference is at prop. Playing career Vaeau played for the Manukau Magpies in the 2002 Auckland Rugby League competition. Vaeau played for the Brisbane Broncos in 2006 and North Queensland Cowboys from 2007 to 2008 in the National Rugby League. Representative career Vaeau has represented the Cook Islands and was part of their squad at the 2009 Pacific Cup. Statistics Club career References External links North Queensland Cowboys profile https://web.archive.org/web/20070905183724/http://www.cowboys.com.au/gallery.php?gallery=21&image=165 Category:1982 births Category:New Zealand rugby league players Category:New Zealand people of Cook Island descent Category:Cook Islands national rugby league team players Category:Brisbane Broncos players Category:North Queensland Cowboys players Category:Eastern Suburbs Tigers players Category:Manukau Magpies players Category:Rugby league props Category:Rugby league second-rows Category:New Zealand expatriate rugby league players Category:Expatriate rugby league players in Australia Category:New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Australia Category:Living people

Omladinski fudbalski klub Ravan Serbian Cyrillic: Омладински фудбалски клуб Раван, , commonly known as OFK Ravan, is a Bosnian football club from Kozarska Dubica, Republika Srpska, more precisely from a village Međeđa. They have played in the Second League of the Republika Srpska since 2003, but were relegated to the Regional League in 2012. History The club was founded in 1971 under the name Mladost. After the founding of the club competes in the Dubica Municipal League. In 1978 they were promoted to Gradiška District League where they competed until 1992, when the War in Bosnia stopped activities. OFK Ravan renewed its work in 1998, when they joined the Prijedor Regional League. In 2003 they were promoted to Second League of the Republika Srpska, West Division. Club records Best results Second League of the Republika Srpska, West Division 6th place: 200405 Republika Srpska Cup 16th-finals 2: 200203, 200405 RFA Prijedor Cup' Winners 2: 200203, 200405'' External links History of OFK Ravan Category:Football clubs from Dubica, Bosnia-Herzegovina Category:Football clubs in Republika Srpska Category:Football clubs in Bosnia and Herzegovina Category:Association football clubs established in 1971 Category:1971 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina

No Coward Plays Hockey could be called the anthem of ice hockey in the Soviet Union and Russia. The song was composed in 1968 by Aleksandra Pakhmutova music, Sergei Grebennikov and Nikolai Dobronravov lyrics - both. During this period of Soviet history, ice hockey was very popular in the Soviet Union, which is why it was not a big surprise when such a song appeared. Since then, it has been performed by many musicians - and some hockey arenas in Russia use its theme to open the game. The original version of this song was performed in 1968 by Vadim Mulerman. The Canadian distribution rights to the song were owned by Aggie Kukulowicz, who acted as Team Canada's translator during the Summit Series. References External links Official web site of Aleksandra Pahmutova 2001 version by Nikolai Fomenko, Viktor Rybin and Sergey Mazaev YouTube Category:1968 songs Category:1968 in the Soviet Union Category:Russian songs Category:Soviet songs Category:Ice hockey in the Soviet Union Category:1968 in Soviet sport

Frederick Strouts 1834 18 December 1919 was a notable New Zealand architect. He was born in Hothfield, Kent, England in 1834. He arrived in Lyttelton in 1859 and lived in Christchurch. Notable buildings include Ivey Hall at Lincoln University, the Canterbury Club building, the Lyttelton Harbour Board building, the Rhodes Convalescent Home in Cashmere, Strowan House now part of St Andrew's College, and Otahuna homestead on Banks Peninsula. He was supervising architect at the Church of St Michael and All Angels in Christchurch. References Category:1834 births Category:1919 deaths Category:English emigrants to New Zealand Category:People from the Borough of Ashford Category:19th-century New Zealand architects Category:People from Christchurch

Shrek! is a humorous children's book published in 1990 by American book writer and cartoonist William Steig, about a repugnant and monstrous green creature who leaves home to see the world and ends up saving a princess. The name Shrek is the romanization of the Yiddish word שרעק, corresponding to German Schreck and meaning fear or fright. The book served as the basis for the first Shrek movie and the popular Shrek film series over a decade after its publication. Plot Shrek is a repugnant, green-skinned, fire-breathing, seemingly indestructible monster who enjoys causing misery with his repulsiveness. After his parents decide that he has come of age, he is literally kicked out of their swamp. Shrek soon encounters a witch, who, in exchange for his rare specimens of lice, reads his fortune: using the magic words Apple Strudel, he will meet a donkey who will take him to a castle, where he will battle a knight and marry a princess who is even uglier than him. Excitedly on his way, Shrek encounters a scything peasant from whom he steals and eats his pheasant, counters an attack from thunder, lightning and rain by eating lightning's fiercest bolt, and knocks out a dragon with his fiery breath. However, he is disturbed by a dream in which he is helpless to being hugged and kissed by a multitude of children. Awakening, he meets the donkey, who takes him to the Nutty Knight of Crazy Castle. The Nutty Knight is offended by Shrek's demands to enter the castle and attempts to smite him, to which Shrek responds with a fire blast that sends him into the moat. Upon entering the castle, Shrek is at first terrified to be surrounded by an army of similarly hideous creatures, but regains his resolve upon discovering that he is in the hall of mirrors. He finally meets the princess; mutually smitten by their shared ugliness, they marry and live horribly ever after, scaring the socks off all who fell afoul of them. Awards Publishers Weekly Best Children's Books of the Year School Library Journal Best Books of the Year Adaptations Steven Spielberg acquired the rights for the book in 1991, planning to produce a traditionally animated film based on the book. However, around the time DreamWorks was founded, producer John H. Williams brought the book to DreamWorks, and co founder Jeffrey Katzenberg was interested in the concept. As a result, DreamWorks ended up acquiring the rights for the book in 1995, and Katzenberg quickly put the film in active development. Chris Farley was originally cast to voice the titular character, and Janeane Garofalo was cast to voice Princess Fiona. After Farley's death in December 1997, the studio rewrote the script and cast Mike Myers to replace Farley. Garofalo was fired for unknown reasons. Shrek was released on May 18, 2001, starring the voices of Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow. The film was a critical and commercial success and won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. The film's triumph ultimately led to the releases of three sequels: Shrek 2 2004, Shrek the Third 2007, and Shrek Forever After 2010 with a reboot currently in development. The first film was adapted into a Broadway musical called Shrek The Musical in 2008. Spin offs of the Shrek film series include the holiday specials Shrek the Halls November 2007 and Scared Shrekless October 2010; a musical adaptation 2008; and the film Puss in Boots October 2011, a spin off prequel starring the franchise's character of the same name. The new diaries of the author are set to be published in late 2019. These publications go into great detail over the characters' origins. References Category:1990 children's books Category:Shrek media Category:Books adapted into films Category:Books by William Steig Category:American picture books

Rommersheim is a Stadtteil quarter of the town Wörrstadt in Rheinhessen in the German state Rheinland-Pfalz. It lies in a valley south-west of Wörrstadt. History Originally, Rommersheim was called Eichloch. Eichloch is documented the first time 824. January 15, 1931 the village Eichloch has been renamed Rommersheim, after a supposed abandoned nearby village. November 7, 1970 Rommersheim with then 432 inhabitants became a suburb of Wörrstadt. Culture and places of interest The Nachrichtliches Verzeichnis der Kulturdenkmäler Rheinland-Pfalz für den Landkreis Alzey-Worms of Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe list in particular the following heritage sites in Rommersheim Buildings Am Rathaus 4: Protestant Church Rommersheim, built between 1733 and 1751 Am Rathaus 2: former town hall, around 1600, modifications 18th century Hauptstraße 11: Hakenhof; baroque studwork building, around 1700 Hauptstraße 23: baroque half-timbered building, 18th century Mittelgasse 1: half-timbered house, 1584, with half-timbered barn of 1664 Places of interest outside the village Eichlocher Feldkreuz, Auf dem Somborn township: late gothic; three border stones, 1613 former Jewish cemetery heritage site: nine grave stones, 1868 to 1909 Infrastructure Public facilities The Neubornschwimmbad is an open air public swimming pool, located between Rommersheim and Wörrstadt. External links Zur Geschichte von Rommersheim Rummersheim, früher Eichloch on regionalgeschichte.net Rommersheim Ein Weindorf in Rheinhessen. Im Jahr 2004 wurde es 1180 Jahre alt Rommersheim Ein Ortsporträt von Hermann Götz SWR Fernsehen, Landesschau Rheinland-Pfalz of May 16, 2009 incl. film Private Homepage of Rommersheim/Rheinhessen History of the Jewish community in Rommersheim coat of arms of Rommersheim Einzelnachweise Category:Alzey-Worms

Sir John Scott 7 October 1533 was the eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall. He served in King Henry VIII's campaigns in France, and was active in local government in Kent and a Member of Parliament for New Romney. He was the grandfather of both Reginald Scott, author of The Discoverie of Witchcraft, a source for Shakespeare's Macbeth, and Thomas Keyes, who married Lady Mary Grey. Family According to MacMahon, the Scott family, which claimed descent from John Balliol, was among the leading families in Kent during the reign of King Henry VII. John Scott, born about 1484, was the eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall and Sibyl Lewknor d. 1529, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor of Trotton, Sussex. Scott's father, Sir William Scott, had been Comptroller of the Household to King Henry VII, and Scott's grandfather, Sir John Scott, had been Comptroller of the Household to King Edward IV. Both Scott's father and grandfather had held the offices of Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Scott's father had been Marshal of Calais. Scott had a brother, Edward, and three sisters, Anne, who married Sir Edward Boughton; Katherine; and Elizabeth. Career As a young man Scott was knighted by the future Emperor Charles V in 1511 while serving as a senior captain, under his relative Sir Edward Poynings, with the English forces sent by King Henry VIII to aid Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Low Countries, against Charles II, Duke of Guelders. According to MacMahon Henry VIII 'transmuted the honour into a knighthood of the body'. In 1512 he was elected Member of Parliament for New Romney. Scott may have participated in the French campaigns of 1512 and 1513; he was among the forces being marshaled at Calais in 1514 when negotiations for peace between England and France brought the war to a temporary halt. In 1514 and 1515 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Sussex. In June 1520 he attended Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold. In 1522 he was in the service of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny, Constable of Dover Castle, and was placed in charge of transport when the Emperor Charles V landed at Dover on 28 May 1522. In 1523 Scott was with the English forces which invaded northern France under the Duke of Suffolk. In 1523 and 1524 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Kent. He was Sheriff of Kent in 1527 and 1528, and a Justice of the Peace in that county from 1531 until his death. In May 1533 Scott was summoned to be a servitor at the coronation of Anne Boleyn. He died on 7 October 1533. Marriage and issue Scott married, before 22 November 1506, Anne Pympe, daughter and heiress of Reynold Pympe, esquire, of Nettlestead, Kent, by Elizabeth Pashley, the daughter of John Pashley, esquire. Sir John Scott and Anne Pympe had five sons and seven daughters: William Scott, who died in 1536 without issue. Sir Reginald or Reynold Scott 151215 December 1554, Sheriff of Kent in 154142 and Captain of Calais and Sandgate, who married firstly Emeline Kempe, the daughter of Sir William Kempe of Olantigh, Kent, by Eleanor Browne, the daughter of Sir Robert Browne, by whom he was the father of Sir Thomas Scott 153530 December 1594 and two daughters, Katherine Scott, who married John Baker c.15311604×6, by whom she was the mother of Richard Baker, and Anne Scott, who married Walter Mayney. Sir Reginald Scott married secondly Mary Tuke, the daughter of Sir Brian Tuke. Sir John Scott. Richard Scott, esquire, the father of Reginald Scott d. 1599, author of The Discoverie of Witchcraft. George Scott. Mildred Scott, who married firstly, John Digges, esquire, the son of James Digges and half brother of Leonard Digges, and secondly, Richard Keyes, gentleman, by whom she was the mother of Thomas Keyes, who married Lady Mary Grey. Katherine Scott, who married Sir Henry Crispe. Isabel Scott, who married Richard Adams, esquire. Alice Scott. Mary Scott, who married Nicholas Ballard, gentleman. Elizabeth Scott. Sibyl Scott, who married Richard Hynde, esquire. Footnotes References External links Scott, Sir John 1484-1533, History of Parliament Keyes, Thomas by 1524-71, History of Parliament Almond, Philip C., England's first demonologist: Reginald Scot and 'The Discoverie of Witchcraft'. London, England, U.K.: I.B. Tauris, 2011 Retrieved 16 March 2013 findagrave.com memorial record Category:1480s births Category:1533 deaths Category:People of the Tudor period Category:English knights Category:English MPs 15121514

Prince George Winyah Church is an Anglican church in Georgetown, South Carolina. Prince George Winyah is one of the oldest continuous congregations in South Carolina, and the church building is one of the oldest churches in continuous service in South Carolina. Prince George Winyah Anglican and Churchyard was named to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1971. Starting in 1716, Anglican parishes were electoral and administration units in South Carolina government. Therefore, Prince George Parish and Prince George Winyah Parish can also refer to an electoral and administrative district that had the same geographic boundaries as this church. Early history As early colonialist spread across the South Carolina Lowcountry, there was a need of a new parish north of the existing St. James Santee Parish. Prince George Parish was established on March 10, 1721. It was named after the Prince of Wales, who became King George II. There were two potential locations for the church: an inland settlement on the Black River and Winyah on the Sampit River and Winyah Bay at the location of today's Georgetown. In 1726, a wooden church was built inland on a bend of the Black River near Brown's Ferry and twelve miles from the present Georgetown. On April 9, 1734, the parish was divided to form St. Frederick's Parish. The wooden church was transferred to the new parish. Prince George Winyah Church The earliest vestry records for Prince George Winyah are January 13, 1737. A subscription campaign for a new church at Winyah was begun in 1737. This was supplemented by an import tax at the port and £1,000 from the colonial Assembly. Starting in 1740, the bricks were collected. Land was donated by William Screven, who was the first Baptist minister in Carolina, and his son Elisha Screven. Construction was begun in the mid-1750s. The cornerstone was laid in 1745. The church was built of English red bricks with local oyster shell mortar. The cornerstone was laid on October 30, 1745. The nave has a rectangular plan with five bays. The center bays have side doors with fanlights and the others have windows with fanlights. Brick pilasters flank the side doors and are at the corners of the church. The roof is hipped over the sanctuary and has a Jacobean or Dutch gable at the entrance. The nave has a plastered, barrel-vaulted ceiling. The pews are paneled, wooden box pews. There is a center aisle and a cross aisle at the side doors. The floor is flagstone. The first service was held on August 16, 1747. The church was occupied by British troops in the Revolutionary War. During the occupation, the church's interior was burned. Tradition also indicates that the church was used for a stable. A chancel with a semielliptical apse and a gallery was built about 1809. A vestibule entrance with double doors and a tower was constructed in 1824. The brick tower had a square cross section topped with an octangular section with cupola and large cross. A clock and balustraded belfry is in the upper section. A Mohler organ was installed in 1850. In 1823, Francis Huger Rutledge was ordained a deacon. He eventually became bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Florida. In 1828, Anthony Toomer Porter, who founded Porter Military Academy in Charleston, was baptized. On February 25, 1865, the Union Navy occupied Georgetown. The church remained open. In 1871, the chancel furnishings were replaced and the altar was enlarged. In 1874, the church was given a bell and a clock. A stained glass window from St. Mary's Chapel at Hagley on the Waccamaw was installed. Churchyard The churchyard is surrounded by a brick wall and contains the cemetery. In addition to parishioners and clergy of Prince George Winyah, the cemetery has the graves of several notable South Carolinians: Paul Trapier, who was a patriot and was elected to the Second Continental Congress; James H. Trapier, who was a brigadier general in the Confederate Army, Rev. Dr. Anthony T. Porter; Capt. Roger Shackelford, born in North Carolina and among the early Shackelford family of Georgetown; and Governor Robert F. W. Allston. References External links Historic Marker for Prince George Winyah Prince George Winyah Church Episcopal and Cemetery, Georgetown South Carolina - U.S. National Register of Historic Places on Waymarking.com Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in South Carolina Category:National Register of Historic Places in Georgetown County, South Carolina Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina Category:Episcopal churches in South Carolina Category:Churches completed in 1747 Category:18th-century Episcopal church buildings Category:Churches in Georgetown County, South Carolina Category:Buildings and structures in Georgetown, South Carolina

Mavli is a town in Mavli tehsil of Udaipur district in Rajasthan, India. Mavli Junction railway station is an important station under Ajmer railway division of North Western Railway zone of Indian Railways. It connects Marwar Junction , Chittaurgarh junction, Bari Sadri and Udaipur city. New residential colonies have come up around railway station. The town has a Navodaya Vidyalaya. The town has temple of Laxmi Narayan, Shriramji- Seetamata-Laxmanji Akhada, Thirthankar Chanda Prabhu Swamy Jain Temple, lok temples like Adra Bavji, Radaji Bawji and Chamunda Mata. There is a famous bawri step well known as Bai Raj Ki Bawri. Baijiraj Bawri was built by mother and sister of Rana Bhim Singhji between 1772 to 1780. This Bawri is given in dowry to Baijiraj Chandrawatiji. Over the years rainfall has declined and potable water is a big problem. Two ponds near the village namely Naya Talab Hemsagar and Nathela hardly get rainwater. Another big pond meant for irrigation namely Bagolia also remains dry, it was last overflown in 1973. The town is famous for its Sweet Rabdi. During early post-independence time after Udaipur and Dabok, it was Mavli, which had school up to middle level. Political The town is a Tehsil headquarters, having Panchayat Samiti and also subdivision office under Udaipur district. It is a Vidhan Sabha State Legislative Assembly seat and Shanti Lal Chaplot was elected from this seat. This town falls in the Chittaurgarh loksabha constituency. References https://web.archive.org/web/20110726135030/http://www.gwssb.org/impact/vadodara.pdf http://vadodaradp.gujarat.gov.in/vadodara/english/dabhoi.htm https://archive.is/20150118164000/http://mavlijunction.in/ https://udaipurtimes.com/stepwell-in-mavli-a-neglected-testimony-of-the-medieval-era/ MK Kothari Category:Cities and towns in Udaipur district

Dupuk Ansari , also Romanized as Dūpūk Anṣārī; also known as Dapūk Anşārī is a village in Susan-e Gharbi Rural District, Susan District, Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 266, in 50 families. References Category:Populated places in Izeh County