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".",
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"Minsk",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
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"##t",
"'",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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",",
"the",
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"for",
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"had",
"reached",
"over",
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"dollars",
".",
"At",
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"same",
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",",
"Japan",
"'",
"s",
"fifth",
"generation",
"computer",
"project",
"inspired",
"the",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"and",
"British",
"governments",
"to",
"restore",
"funding",
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"academic",
"research",
".",
"However",
",",
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"Li",
"##sp",
"Machine",
"market",
"in",
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",",
"AI",
"once",
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"##s",
"##re",
"##pute",
",",
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"winter",
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",",
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"'",
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",",
"goals",
",",
"beliefs",
",",
"and",
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".",
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",",
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"began",
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"this",
"approach",
"would",
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"##itate",
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",",
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",",
"robotic",
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",",
"learning",
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"pattern",
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",",
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"\"",
"sub",
"-",
"symbolic",
"\"",
"approaches",
".",
"Rodney",
"Brooks",
"rejected",
"\"",
"representation",
"\"",
"in",
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"and",
"focus",
"##sed",
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"on",
"engineering",
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"that",
"move",
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"[",
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"Jude",
"##a",
"Pearl",
",",
"Lo",
"##ft",
"##i",
"Z",
"##ade",
"##h",
"and",
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"developed",
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"that",
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"and",
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"information",
"by",
"making",
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"guess",
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".",
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"\"",
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"##ism",
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",",
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"Le",
"##C",
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".",
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"mind",
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".",
"This",
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"Main",
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"irrelevant",
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":",
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".",
"Russell",
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"##vi",
"##g",
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"\"",
"[",
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"not",
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"\"",
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",",
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".",
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"also",
"typically",
"the",
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"in",
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".",
"David",
"Cha",
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"##s",
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",",
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"\"",
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"\"",
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"\"",
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".",
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"signals",
",",
"makes",
"plans",
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"controls",
"behavior",
".",
"The",
"hard",
"problem",
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"how",
"this",
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"or",
"why",
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"feel",
"like",
"anything",
"at",
"all",
",",
"assuming",
"we",
"are",
"right",
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"thinking",
"that",
"it",
"truly",
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"feel",
"like",
"something",
"(",
"Den",
"##nett",
"'",
"s",
"consciousness",
"illusion",
"##ism",
"says",
"this",
"is",
"an",
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")",
".",
"While",
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"information",
"processing",
"is",
"easy",
"to",
"explain",
",",
"human",
"subjective",
"experience",
"is",
"difficult",
"to",
"explain",
".",
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"example",
",",
"it",
"is",
"easy",
"to",
"imagine",
"a",
"color",
"-",
"blind",
"person",
"who",
"has",
"learned",
"to",
"identify",
"which",
"objects",
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"their",
"field",
"of",
"view",
"are",
"red",
",",
"but",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"clear",
"what",
"would",
"be",
"required",
"for",
"the",
"person",
"to",
"know",
"what",
"red",
"looks",
"like",
".",
"Co",
"##mp",
"##uta",
"##tional",
"##ism",
"is",
"the",
"position",
"in",
"the",
"philosophy",
"of",
"mind",
"that",
"the",
"human",
"mind",
"is",
"an",
"information",
"processing",
"system",
"and",
"that",
"thinking",
"is",
"a",
"form",
"of",
"computing",
".",
"Co",
"##mp",
"##uta",
"##tional",
"##ism",
"argues",
"that",
"the",
"relationship",
"between",
"mind",
"and",
"body",
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"hardware",
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"be",
"a",
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"mind",
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"body",
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".",
"This",
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"researchers",
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"scientists",
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"by",
"philosophers",
"Jerry",
"F",
"##od",
"##or",
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"Hilary",
"Putnam",
".",
"Phil",
"##oso",
"##pher",
"John",
"Sea",
"##rle",
"characterized",
"this",
"position",
"as",
"\"",
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"AI",
"\"",
":",
"\"",
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"##s",
"would",
"thereby",
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".",
"\"",
"[",
"a",
"##b",
"]",
"Sea",
"##rle",
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",",
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",",
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"si",
"##mu",
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",",
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"also",
"has",
"a",
"mind",
".",
"It",
"is",
"difficult",
"or",
"impossible",
"to",
"re",
"##lia",
"##bly",
"evaluate",
"whether",
"an",
"advanced",
"AI",
"is",
"sent",
"##ient",
"(",
"has",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"feel"
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".",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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[
"wife",
"Elsa",
"returned",
"to",
"Europe",
"in",
"March",
",",
"and",
"during",
"the",
"trip",
",",
"they",
"learned",
"that",
"the",
"German",
"Reich",
"##sta",
"##g",
"had",
"passed",
"the",
"En",
"##ab",
"##ling",
"Act",
"on",
"23",
"March",
",",
"transforming",
"Hitler",
"'",
"s",
"government",
"into",
"a",
"de",
"facto",
"legal",
"dictatorship",
",",
"and",
"that",
"they",
"would",
"not",
"be",
"able",
"to",
"proceed",
"to",
"Berlin",
".",
"Later",
"on",
",",
"they",
"heard",
"that",
"their",
"cottage",
"had",
"been",
"raided",
"by",
"the",
"Nazis",
"and",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"personal",
"sail",
"##boat",
"confiscated",
".",
"Upon",
"landing",
"in",
"Antwerp",
",",
"Belgium",
"on",
"28",
"March",
",",
"Einstein",
"immediately",
"went",
"to",
"the",
"German",
"consul",
"##ate",
"and",
"surrendered",
"his",
"passport",
",",
"formally",
"re",
"##no",
"##un",
"##cing",
"his",
"German",
"citizenship",
".",
"The",
"Nazis",
"later",
"sold",
"his",
"boat",
"and",
"converted",
"his",
"cottage",
"into",
"a",
"Hitler",
"Youth",
"camp",
".",
"In",
"April",
"1933",
",",
"Einstein",
"discovered",
"that",
"the",
"new",
"German",
"government",
"had",
"passed",
"laws",
"bar",
"##ring",
"Jews",
"from",
"holding",
"any",
"official",
"positions",
",",
"including",
"teaching",
"at",
"universities",
".",
"Historian",
"Gerald",
"Holt",
"##on",
"describes",
"how",
",",
"with",
"\"",
"virtually",
"no",
"audible",
"protest",
"being",
"raised",
"by",
"their",
"colleagues",
"\"",
",",
"thousands",
"of",
"Jewish",
"scientists",
"were",
"suddenly",
"forced",
"to",
"give",
"up",
"their",
"university",
"positions",
"and",
"their",
"names",
"were",
"removed",
"from",
"the",
"rolls",
"of",
"institutions",
"where",
"they",
"were",
"employed",
".",
"A",
"month",
"later",
",",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"works",
"were",
"among",
"those",
"targeted",
"by",
"the",
"German",
"Student",
"Union",
"in",
"the",
"Nazi",
"book",
"burning",
"##s",
",",
"with",
"Nazi",
"propaganda",
"minister",
"Joseph",
"Go",
"##eb",
"##bel",
"##s",
"pro",
"##claiming",
",",
"\"",
"Jewish",
"intellectual",
"##ism",
"is",
"dead",
".",
"\"",
"One",
"German",
"magazine",
"included",
"him",
"in",
"a",
"list",
"of",
"enemies",
"of",
"the",
"German",
"regime",
"with",
"the",
"phrase",
",",
"\"",
"not",
"yet",
"hanged",
"\"",
",",
"offering",
"a",
"$",
"5",
",",
"000",
"bounty",
"on",
"his",
"head",
".",
"In",
"a",
"subsequent",
"letter",
"to",
"physicist",
"and",
"friend",
"Max",
"Born",
",",
"who",
"had",
"already",
"emigrated",
"from",
"Germany",
"to",
"England",
",",
"Einstein",
"wrote",
",",
"\"",
".",
".",
".",
"I",
"must",
"confess",
"that",
"the",
"degree",
"of",
"their",
"brutality",
"and",
"coward",
"##ice",
"came",
"as",
"something",
"of",
"a",
"surprise",
".",
"\"",
"After",
"moving",
"to",
"the",
"US",
",",
"he",
"described",
"the",
"book",
"burning",
"##s",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"spontaneous",
"emotional",
"out",
"##burst",
"\"",
"by",
"those",
"who",
"\"",
"s",
"##hun",
"popular",
"en",
"##light",
"##en",
"##ment",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"\"",
"more",
"than",
"anything",
"else",
"in",
"the",
"world",
",",
"fear",
"the",
"influence",
"of",
"men",
"of",
"intellectual",
"independence",
"\"",
".",
"Einstein",
"was",
"now",
"without",
"a",
"permanent",
"home",
",",
"unsure",
"where",
"he",
"would",
"live",
"and",
"work",
",",
"and",
"equally",
"worried",
"about",
"the",
"fate",
"of",
"countless",
"other",
"scientists",
"still",
"in",
"Germany",
".",
"Aid",
"##ed",
"by",
"the",
"Academic",
"Assistance",
"Council",
",",
"founded",
"in",
"April",
"1933",
"by",
"British",
"Liberal",
"politician",
"William",
"Be",
"##ver",
"##idge",
"to",
"help",
"academics",
"escape",
"Nazi",
"persecution",
",",
"Einstein",
"was",
"able",
"to",
"leave",
"Germany",
".",
"He",
"rented",
"a",
"house",
"in",
"De",
"Ha",
"##an",
",",
"Belgium",
",",
"where",
"he",
"lived",
"for",
"a",
"few",
"months",
".",
"In",
"late",
"July",
"1933",
",",
"he",
"visited",
"England",
"for",
"about",
"six",
"weeks",
"at",
"the",
"invitation",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Member",
"of",
"Parliament",
"Commander",
"Oliver",
"Locke",
"##r",
"-",
"Lam",
"##ps",
"##on",
",",
"who",
"had",
"become",
"friends",
"with"
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"not",
"intend",
"to",
"be",
"quiet",
"about",
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".",
"\"",
"A",
"resident",
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"recalls",
"that",
"Einstein",
"had",
"once",
"paid",
"the",
"college",
"tuition",
"for",
"a",
"black",
"student",
".",
"Einstein",
"has",
"said",
",",
"\"",
"Being",
"a",
"Jew",
"myself",
",",
"perhaps",
"I",
"can",
"understand",
"and",
"em",
"##path",
"##ize",
"with",
"how",
"black",
"people",
"feel",
"as",
"victims",
"of",
"discrimination",
"\"",
".",
"In",
"1918",
",",
"Einstein",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"##ator",
"##ies",
"of",
"the",
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"proclamation",
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"Democratic",
"Party",
",",
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"party",
".",
"Later",
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"his",
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",",
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"'",
"s",
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"was",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"socialism",
"and",
"critical",
"of",
"capitalism",
",",
"which",
"he",
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"in",
"his",
"essays",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"Why",
"Social",
"##ism",
"?",
"\"",
".",
"His",
"opinions",
"on",
"the",
"Bolshevik",
"##s",
"also",
"changed",
"with",
"time",
".",
"In",
"1925",
",",
"he",
"criticized",
"them",
"for",
"not",
"having",
"a",
"\"",
"well",
"-",
"regulated",
"system",
"of",
"government",
"\"",
"and",
"called",
"their",
"rule",
"a",
"\"",
"regime",
"of",
"terror",
"and",
"a",
"tragedy",
"in",
"human",
"history",
"\"",
".",
"He",
"later",
"adopted",
"a",
"more",
"moderate",
"##d",
"view",
",",
"criticizing",
"their",
"methods",
"but",
"praising",
"them",
",",
"which",
"is",
"shown",
"by",
"his",
"1929",
"remark",
"on",
"Vladimir",
"Lenin",
":",
"In",
"Lenin",
"I",
"honor",
"a",
"man",
",",
"who",
"in",
"total",
"sacrifice",
"of",
"his",
"own",
"person",
"has",
"committed",
"his",
"entire",
"energy",
"to",
"realizing",
"social",
"justice",
".",
"I",
"do",
"not",
"find",
"his",
"methods",
"ad",
"##vis",
"##able",
".",
"One",
"thing",
"is",
"certain",
",",
"however",
":",
"men",
"like",
"him",
"are",
"the",
"guardian",
"##s",
"and",
"renew",
"##ers",
"of",
"mankind",
"'",
"s",
"conscience",
".",
"Einstein",
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"and",
"was",
"called",
"on",
"to",
"give",
"judgment",
"##s",
"and",
"opinions",
"on",
"matters",
"often",
"unrelated",
"to",
"theoretical",
"physics",
"or",
"mathematics",
".",
"He",
"strongly",
"advocated",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"a",
"democratic",
"global",
"government",
"that",
"would",
"check",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"nation",
"-",
"states",
"in",
"the",
"framework",
"of",
"a",
"world",
"federation",
".",
"He",
"wrote",
"\"",
"I",
"advocate",
"world",
"government",
"because",
"I",
"am",
"convinced",
"that",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"other",
"possible",
"way",
"of",
"eliminating",
"the",
"most",
"terrible",
"danger",
"in",
"which",
"man",
"has",
"ever",
"found",
"himself",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"FBI",
"created",
"a",
"secret",
"dos",
"##sie",
"##r",
"on",
"Einstein",
"in",
"1932",
";",
"by",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"his",
"death",
",",
"it",
"was",
"1",
",",
"42",
"##7",
"pages",
"long",
".",
"Einstein",
"was",
"deeply",
"impressed",
"by",
"Ma",
"##hat",
"##ma",
"Gandhi",
",",
"with",
"whom",
"he",
"correspond",
"##ed",
".",
"He",
"described",
"Gandhi",
"as",
"\"",
"a",
"role",
"model",
"for",
"the",
"generations",
"to",
"come",
"\"",
".",
"The",
"initial",
"connection",
"was",
"established",
"on",
"27",
"September",
"1931",
",",
"when",
"W",
"##il",
"##f",
"##rid",
"Israel",
"took",
"his",
"Indian",
"guest",
"V",
".",
"A",
".",
"Sun",
"##dar",
"##am",
"to",
"meet",
"his",
"friend",
"Einstein",
"at",
"his",
"summer",
"home",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"of",
"Cap",
"##uth",
".",
"Sun",
"##dar",
"##am",
"was",
"Gandhi",
"'",
"s",
"disciple",
"and",
"special",
"en",
"##voy",
",",
"whom",
"W",
"##il",
"##f",
"##rid",
"Israel",
"met",
"while",
"visiting",
"India",
"and",
"visiting",
"the",
"Indian",
"leader",
"'",
"s",
"home",
"in",
"1925",
".",
"During",
"the",
"visit",
",",
"Einstein",
"wrote",
"a",
"short",
"letter",
"to",
"Gandhi",
"that",
"was",
"delivered",
"to",
"him",
"through",
"his",
"en",
"##voy",
",",
"and",
"Gandhi",
"responded",
"quickly",
"with",
"his",
"own",
"letter",
".",
"Although",
"in",
"the",
"end"
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",",
"Brown",
"##ian",
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",",
"the",
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",",
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"<",
"i",
">",
"E",
"<",
"/",
"i",
">",
"=",
"<",
"i",
">",
"m",
"##c",
"<",
"/",
"i",
">",
"<",
"su",
"##p",
">",
"2",
"<",
"/",
"su",
"##p",
">",
"that",
"Einstein",
"published",
"in",
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"##len",
"der",
"Ph",
"##ys",
"##ik",
"scientific",
"journal",
"in",
"1905",
".",
"These",
"four",
"works",
"contributed",
"substantially",
"to",
"the",
"foundation",
"of",
"modern",
"physics",
"and",
"changed",
"views",
"on",
"space",
",",
"time",
",",
"and",
"matter",
".",
"The",
"four",
"papers",
"are",
":",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"paper",
"submitted",
"in",
"1900",
"to",
"Anna",
"##len",
"der",
"Ph",
"##ys",
"##ik",
"was",
"on",
"cap",
"##illa",
"##ry",
"attraction",
".",
"It",
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"published",
"in",
"1901",
"with",
"the",
"title",
"\"",
"F",
"##ol",
"##ger",
"##ungen",
"au",
"##s",
"den",
"Cap",
"##illa",
"##rit",
"##ät",
"##ser",
"##sche",
"##in",
"##ungen",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"translates",
"as",
"\"",
"Con",
"##c",
"##lusion",
"##s",
"from",
"the",
"cap",
"##illa",
"##rity",
"phenomena",
"\"",
".",
"Two",
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"he",
"published",
"in",
"1902",
"–",
"1903",
"(",
"the",
"##rm",
"##ody",
"##nam",
"##ics",
")",
"attempted",
"to",
"interpret",
"atomic",
"phenomena",
"from",
"a",
"statistical",
"point",
"of",
"view",
".",
"These",
"papers",
"were",
"the",
"foundation",
"for",
"the",
"1905",
"paper",
"on",
"Brown",
"##ian",
"motion",
",",
"which",
"showed",
"that",
"Brown",
"##ian",
"movement",
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"be",
"con",
"##st",
"##rue",
"##d",
"as",
"firm",
"evidence",
"that",
"molecules",
"exist",
".",
"His",
"research",
"in",
"1903",
"and",
"1904",
"was",
"mainly",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"finite",
"atomic",
"size",
"on",
"diffusion",
"phenomena",
".",
"Einstein",
"returned",
"to",
"the",
"problem",
"of",
"the",
"##rm",
"##ody",
"##nam",
"##ic",
"flu",
"##ct",
"##uations",
",",
"giving",
"a",
"treatment",
"of",
"the",
"density",
"variations",
"in",
"a",
"fluid",
"at",
"its",
"critical",
"point",
".",
"Or",
"##dina",
"##rily",
"the",
"density",
"flu",
"##ct",
"##uations",
"are",
"controlled",
"by",
"the",
"second",
"derivative",
"of",
"the",
"free",
"energy",
"with",
"respect",
"to",
"the",
"density",
".",
"At",
"the",
"critical",
"point",
",",
"this",
"derivative",
"is",
"zero",
",",
"leading",
"to",
"large",
"flu",
"##ct",
"##uations",
".",
"The",
"effect",
"of",
"density",
"flu",
"##ct",
"##uations",
"is",
"that",
"light",
"of",
"all",
"wavelength",
"##s",
"is",
"scattered",
",",
"making",
"the",
"fluid",
"look",
"milk",
"##y",
"white",
".",
"Einstein",
"relates",
"this",
"to",
"Ray",
"##leigh",
"scattering",
",",
"which",
"is",
"what",
"happens",
"when",
"the",
"flu",
"##ct",
"##uation",
"size",
"is",
"much",
"smaller",
"than",
"the",
"wavelength",
",",
"and",
"which",
"explains",
"why",
"the",
"sky",
"is",
"blue",
".",
"Einstein",
"quantitative",
"##ly",
"derived",
"critical",
"op",
"##ales",
"##cence",
"from",
"a",
"treatment",
"of",
"density",
"flu",
"##ct",
"##uations",
",",
"and",
"demonstrated",
"how",
"both",
"the",
"effect",
"and",
"Ray",
"##leigh",
"scattering",
"originate",
"from",
"the",
"atom",
"##istic",
"constitution",
"of",
"matter",
".",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"Z",
"##ur",
"El",
"##ek",
"##tro",
"##dy",
"##nam",
"##ik",
"be",
"##we",
"##gt",
"##er",
"K",
"##ö",
"##rp",
"##er",
"\"",
"(",
"\"",
"On",
"the",
"El",
"##ec",
"##tro",
"##dynamic",
"##s",
"of",
"Moving",
"Bo",
"##dies",
"\"",
")",
"was",
"received",
"on",
"30",
"June",
"1905",
"and",
"published",
"26",
"September",
"of",
"that",
"same",
"year",
".",
"It",
"reconcile",
"##d",
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"between",
"Maxwell",
"'",
"s",
"equations",
"(",
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"magnet",
"##ism",
")",
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"the",
"laws",
"of",
"Newton",
"##ian",
"mechanics",
"by",
"introducing",
"changes",
"to",
"the",
"laws",
"of",
"mechanics",
".",
"O",
"##bs",
"##er",
"##vation",
"##ally",
",",
"the",
"effects",
"of",
"these",
"changes",
"are",
"most",
"apparent",
"at",
"high",
"speeds",
"(",
"where",
"objects",
"are",
"moving"
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":",
"the",
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"could",
"be",
"made",
"to",
"van",
"##ish",
"by",
"a",
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"of",
"coordinates",
".",
"He",
"maintained",
"that",
"the",
"non",
"-",
"co",
"##var",
"##iant",
"energy",
"momentum",
"pseudo",
"##tens",
"##or",
"was",
",",
"in",
"fact",
",",
"the",
"best",
"description",
"of",
"the",
"energy",
"momentum",
"distribution",
"in",
"a",
"gravitational",
"field",
".",
"While",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"non",
"-",
"co",
"##var",
"##iant",
"objects",
"like",
"pseudo",
"##tens",
"##ors",
"was",
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"by",
"Erwin",
"Sc",
"##hr",
"##ö",
"##ding",
"##er",
"and",
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",",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
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"##s",
"including",
"Lev",
"Land",
"##au",
"and",
"E",
"##v",
"##geny",
"Li",
"##fs",
"##hit",
"##z",
".",
"In",
"1935",
",",
"Einstein",
"collaborated",
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"Rosen",
"to",
"produce",
"a",
"model",
"of",
"a",
"worm",
"##hole",
",",
"often",
"called",
"Einstein",
"–",
"Rosen",
"bridges",
".",
"His",
"motivation",
"was",
"to",
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"elementary",
"particles",
"with",
"charge",
"as",
"a",
"solution",
"of",
"gravitational",
"field",
"equations",
",",
"in",
"line",
"with",
"the",
"program",
"outlined",
"in",
"the",
"paper",
"\"",
"Do",
"G",
"##ra",
"##vitation",
"##al",
"Fields",
"play",
"an",
"Important",
"Role",
"in",
"the",
"Constitution",
"of",
"the",
"Elementary",
"Part",
"##icles",
"?",
"\"",
".",
"These",
"solutions",
"cut",
"and",
"paste",
"##d",
"Sc",
"##hwa",
"##rz",
"##sch",
"##il",
"##d",
"black",
"holes",
"to",
"make",
"a",
"bridge",
"between",
"two",
"patches",
".",
"Because",
"these",
"solutions",
"included",
"space",
"##time",
"cu",
"##rva",
"##ture",
"without",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"physical",
"body",
",",
"Einstein",
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"of",
"a",
"theory",
"that",
"avoided",
"the",
"notion",
"of",
"point",
"particles",
".",
"However",
",",
"it",
"was",
"later",
"found",
"that",
"Einstein",
"–",
"Rosen",
"bridges",
"are",
"not",
"stable",
".",
"In",
"order",
"to",
"incorporate",
"spinning",
"point",
"particles",
"into",
"general",
"relativity",
",",
"the",
"a",
"##ffin",
"##e",
"connection",
"needed",
"to",
"be",
"generalized",
"to",
"include",
"an",
"anti",
"##sy",
"##mme",
"##tric",
"part",
",",
"called",
"the",
"to",
"##rs",
"##ion",
".",
"This",
"modification",
"was",
"made",
"by",
"Einstein",
"and",
"Car",
"##tan",
"in",
"the",
"1920s",
".",
"In",
"general",
"relativity",
",",
"gravitational",
"force",
"is",
"re",
"##ima",
"##gin",
"##ed",
"as",
"cu",
"##rva",
"##ture",
"of",
"space",
"##time",
".",
"A",
"curved",
"path",
"like",
"an",
"orbit",
"is",
"not",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"a",
"force",
"def",
"##lect",
"##ing",
"a",
"body",
"from",
"an",
"ideal",
"straight",
"-",
"line",
"path",
",",
"but",
"rather",
"the",
"body",
"'",
"s",
"attempt",
"to",
"fall",
"freely",
"through",
"a",
"background",
"that",
"is",
"itself",
"curved",
"by",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"other",
"masses",
".",
"A",
"remark",
"by",
"John",
"Archibald",
"Wheeler",
"that",
"has",
"become",
"prove",
"##rb",
"##ial",
"among",
"physicist",
"##s",
"sum",
"##mar",
"##izes",
"the",
"theory",
":",
"\"",
"Space",
"##time",
"tells",
"matter",
"how",
"to",
"move",
";",
"matter",
"tells",
"space",
"##time",
"how",
"to",
"curve",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"Einstein",
"field",
"equations",
"cover",
"the",
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"aspect",
"of",
"the",
"theory",
",",
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"cu",
"##rva",
"##ture",
"of",
"space",
"##time",
"to",
"the",
"distribution",
"of",
"matter",
"and",
"energy",
".",
"The",
"g",
"##eo",
"##des",
"##ic",
"equation",
"covers",
"the",
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"aspect",
",",
"stating",
"that",
"freely",
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"follow",
"lines",
"that",
"are",
"as",
"straight",
"as",
"possible",
"in",
"a",
"curved",
"space",
"##time",
".",
"Einstein",
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"this",
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"an",
"\"",
"independent",
"fundamental",
"assumption",
"\"",
"that",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"post",
"##ulated",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"field",
"equations",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"complete",
"the",
"theory",
".",
"Bel",
"##ieving",
"this",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"short",
"##coming",
"in",
"how",
"general",
"relativity",
"was"
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".",
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",",
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"way",
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"the",
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"is",
"if",
"they",
"are",
"\"",
"non",
"##loc",
"##al",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"is",
"to",
"say",
"that",
"somehow",
"the",
"two",
"particles",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"interact",
"instant",
"##aneous",
"##ly",
"no",
"matter",
"how",
"widely",
"they",
"ever",
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".",
"Bell",
"argued",
"that",
"because",
"an",
"explanation",
"of",
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"phenomena",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"hidden",
"variables",
"would",
"require",
"non",
"##loc",
"##ality",
",",
"the",
"EP",
"##R",
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"##dox",
"\"",
"is",
"resolved",
"in",
"the",
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"have",
"liked",
"least",
"\"",
".",
"Despite",
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",",
"and",
"although",
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"personally",
"found",
"the",
"argument",
"in",
"the",
"EP",
"##R",
"paper",
"overly",
"complicated",
",",
"that",
"paper",
"became",
"among",
"the",
"most",
"influential",
"papers",
"published",
"in",
"Physical",
"Review",
".",
"It",
"is",
"considered",
"a",
"center",
"##piece",
"of",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"quantum",
"information",
"theory",
".",
"En",
"##co",
"##urage",
"##d",
"by",
"his",
"success",
"with",
"general",
"relativity",
",",
"Einstein",
"sought",
"an",
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"more",
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"geometric",
"##al",
"theory",
"that",
"would",
"treat",
"g",
"##ra",
"##vitation",
"and",
"electro",
"##ma",
"##gne",
"##tism",
"as",
"aspects",
"of",
"a",
"single",
"entity",
".",
"In",
"1950",
",",
"he",
"described",
"his",
"unified",
"field",
"theory",
"in",
"a",
"Scientific",
"American",
"article",
"titled",
"\"",
"On",
"the",
"General",
"##ized",
"Theory",
"of",
"G",
"##ra",
"##vitation",
"\"",
".",
"His",
"attempt",
"to",
"find",
"the",
"most",
"fundamental",
"laws",
"of",
"nature",
"won",
"him",
"praise",
"but",
"not",
"success",
":",
"a",
"particularly",
"conspicuous",
"b",
"##lem",
"##ish",
"of",
"his",
"model",
"was",
"that",
"it",
"did",
"not",
"accommodate",
"the",
"strong",
"and",
"weak",
"nuclear",
"forces",
",",
"neither",
"of",
"which",
"was",
"well",
"understood",
"until",
"many",
"years",
"after",
"his",
"death",
".",
"Although",
"most",
"researchers",
"now",
"believe",
"that",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"approach",
"to",
"un",
"##ifying",
"physics",
"was",
"mistaken",
",",
"his",
"goal",
"of",
"a",
"theory",
"of",
"everything",
"is",
"one",
"to",
"which",
"his",
"successors",
"still",
"as",
"##pire",
".",
"Einstein",
"conducted",
"other",
"investigations",
"that",
"were",
"unsuccessful",
"and",
"abandoned",
".",
"These",
"per",
"##tain",
"to",
"force",
",",
"super",
"##con",
"##duct",
"##ivity",
",",
"and",
"other",
"research",
".",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"longtime",
"collaborators",
"Leopold",
"In",
"##feld",
",",
"Nathan",
"Rosen",
",",
"Peter",
"Bergman",
"##n",
"and",
"others",
",",
"Einstein",
"also",
"had",
"some",
"one",
"-",
"shot",
"collaborations",
"with",
"various",
"scientists",
".",
"In",
"1908",
",",
"Owen",
"Will",
"##ans",
"Richardson",
"predicted",
"that",
"a",
"change",
"in",
"the",
"magnetic",
"moment",
"of",
"a",
"free",
"body",
"will",
"cause",
"this",
"body",
"to",
"rotate",
".",
"This",
"effect",
"is",
"a",
"consequence",
"of",
"the",
"conservation",
"of",
"angular",
"momentum",
"and",
"is",
"strong",
"enough",
"to",
"be",
"o",
"##bs",
"##er",
"##vable",
"in",
"f",
"##er",
"##roma",
"##gnetic",
"materials",
".",
"Einstein",
"and",
"Wan",
"##der",
"Johannes",
"de",
"Haas",
"published",
"two",
"papers",
"in",
"1915",
"claiming",
"the",
"first",
"experimental",
"observation",
"of",
"the",
"effect",
".",
"Me",
"##as",
"##ure",
"##ments",
"of",
"this",
"kind",
"demonstrate",
"that",
"the",
"phenomenon",
"of",
"magnet",
"##ization",
"is",
"caused",
"by",
"the",
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"(",
"polar",
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")",
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"axis",
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"magnet",
"##ization",
".",
"These",
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"also",
"allow",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
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"the",
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":",
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"associated",
"with",
"the",
"spin",
"and",
"with",
"the",
"orbital",
"motion",
"of",
"the",
"electrons",
".",
"The",
"Einstein",
"-",
"de",
"Haas",
"experiment",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"experiment",
"con",
"##ci",
"##ved",
",",
"realized",
"and",
"published"
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"51",
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"te",
"##le",
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"##mu",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"entertainment",
",",
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".",
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".",
"C",
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"##r",
",",
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"at",
"B",
"##B",
"##N",
",",
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"-",
"Computer",
"S",
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"##bio",
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"A",
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",",
"connected",
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"one",
"another",
"by",
"wide",
"-",
"band",
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"lines",
"[",
".",
".",
".",
"]",
"the",
"functions",
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"present",
"-",
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"together",
"with",
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"storage",
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"re",
"##tri",
"##eval",
"and",
"s",
"##ym",
"##biotic",
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"1962",
",",
"Li",
"##ck",
"##lide",
"##r",
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"-",
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"##ck",
"##lide",
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"##uin",
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",",
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