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Sentence Transformers 766

A compulsory auction is also a sale, so warranty is imposed the same as for an ordinary sale.

Article 568 (1) The successful bidder at an auction based on the provisions of the Civil Execution Act and other laws (hereinafter referred to as an "auction" in this Article) may cancel the contract or demand a reduction of the price against the obligor pursuant to the provisions of Articles 541 and 542 and the provisions of Article 563 (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 565). (2) In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the obligor is insolvent, the successful bidder may demand total or partial reimbursement of the proceeds against the obligees that received the distribution of the proceeds. (3) In the cases set forth in the preceding two paragraphs, if obligors knew of the absence of the object or right and did not disclose the same, or if obligees knew of the absence but demanded an auction, the successful bidder may claim compensation for loss or damage against those persons. (4) The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not apply to the non-conformity with respect to the kind or quality of the subject matter of an auction..

Article 575 (1) If the subject matter of a sale which has not yet been delivered bears fruits, the fruits vest in the seller. (2) The buyer bears the obligation to pay interest on the price beginning from the day of delivery;provided, however, that if a due date is provided for the payment of the price, it is not necessary to pay the interest until that due date arrives..

In cases where a person plans to prevent crime in their own house by fixing the fence of a neighboring house, that person is found as having intent towards the other person.

Article 697 (1) A person that has begun to manage a business for another person without being obligated to do so (hereinafter in this Chapter referred to as a "manager") must manage that business, in accordance with the nature of the business, in the way that best suits the interests of the principal (hereinafter referred to as "benevolent intervention in another's business"). (2) A manager must engage in benevolent intervention in another's business in accordance with the intentions of the principal if the manager knows, or is able to conjecture that intention..

Article 94 (1) A false manifestation of intention that a person makes in collusion with another person is void. (2) The nullity of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith..

In cases where an individual rescues another person from getting hit by a car by pushing that person out of the way, causing the person's luxury kimono to get dirty, the rescuer does not have to compensate damages for the kimono.

Article 698 If a manager engages in benevolent intervention in another's business in order to allow a principal to escape imminent danger to the principal's person, reputation, or property, the manager is not liable to compensate for damage resulting from this unless the manager has acted in bad faith or with gross negligence..

Article 465-2 (1) A guarantor to a guarantee contract under which the principal obligation is one or more unidentified obligations within a certain specified scope (hereinafter referred to as a "contract for revolving guarantee") and the guarantor is not a corporation (hereinafter referred to as a "contract for revolving guarantee by an individual") is liable to perform the obligation in terms of the amounts of the principal of the principal obligation, any interest, penalty and compensation for loss or damage in connection with the principal obligation, and all the other charges secondary to the obligation, as well as the amount of any penalty or compensation for loss or damage which is agreed- upon on with regard to the guarantee obligation, up to a certain maximum amount which pertains to all of these amounts. (2) A contract for revolving guarantee by an individual does not become effective unless it provides for the maximum amount prescribed in the preceding paragraph. (3) The provisions of Article 446, paragraphs (2) and (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions concerning a maximum amount prescribed in paragraph (1) in a contract for revolving guarantee by an individual..

A manager must engage in management exercising care identical to that he/she exercises for his/her own property..

Article 698 If a manager engages in benevolent intervention in another's business in order to allow a principal to escape imminent danger to the principal's person, reputation, or property, the manager is not liable to compensate for damage resulting from this unless the manager has acted in bad faith or with gross negligence..

Article 400 If the subject matter of a claim is the delivery of a specific thing, the obligor must retain the thing with the due care of a prudent manager, which is determined in light of the contract or other sources of claims and the common sense in the transaction, until the delivery..

Even in cases when a parent, based on the authority of parents determined under the law, performs the business of the child as a statutory agent, Management of Business is established.

Article 697 (1) A person that has begun to manage a business for another person without being obligated to do so (hereinafter in this Chapter referred to as a "manager") must manage that business, in accordance with the nature of the business, in the way that best suits the interests of the principal (hereinafter referred to as "benevolent intervention in another's business"). (2) A manager must engage in benevolent intervention in another's business in accordance with the intentions of the principal if the manager knows, or is able to conjecture that intention..

Article 650 (1) If the mandatary has expended costs found to be necessary for the administration of the mandated business, the mandatary may claim reimbursement of those costs from the mandator and any interest on the same from the day the costs were expended. (2) If the mandatary has borne any obligation found to be necessary for the administration of the mandated business, the mandatary may demand that the mandator perform the obligation on the mandatary's behalf. In such cases, if the obligation has not yet fallen due, the mandatary may require the mandator to tender reasonable security. (3) If a mandatary incurs loss or damage that is not due to the negligence of the mandatary in order to administer the mandated business, the mandatary may claim compensation for this from the mandator..

The employer is released from his/her liability in cases when proof is provided that the employer made proper care regarding the appointment and supervision of the employee.

Article 715 (1) A person that employs another person for a business undertaking is liable to compensate for damage inflicted on a third party by that person's employees with respect to the execution of that business;provided, however, that this does not apply if the employer exercised reasonable care in appointing the employee or in supervising the business, or if the damage could not have been avoided even if the employer had exercised reasonable care. (2) A person that supervises a business on behalf of the employer also has the liability referred to in the preceding paragraph. (3) The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude the employer or supervisor from exercising their right to reimbursement against the employee..

Article 186 (1) A possessor is presumed to possess a thing with the intention to own, in good faith peacefully and openly. (2) If there is evidence of possession at two different points in time, it is presumed that possession continued during that interval. Article 188 The possessor is presumed to lawfully have the rights that a possessor exercises with respect to the thing under possession. Article 192 A person that commences the possession of movables peacefully and openly by a transactional act acquires the rights that are exercised with respect to the movables immediately if the person possesses it in good faith and without negligence..

Usufructuary rights are only established for real estate.

Article 175 No real right may be established other than those prescribed by laws including this Code. Article 265 A superficiary has the right to use another person's land in order to own structures, or trees or bamboo, on that land. Article 270 A farming right holder has the right to pay rent and engage in cultivation or livestock farming on another person's land. Article 280 A servitude holder has the right to use another person's land for the convenience of their own lands in accordance with purposes prescribed in the act establishing the servitude;provided, however, that this right must not violate the provisions (limited to those that relate to public policy) under Section 1 of Chapter 3 (Extent of Ownership)..

Article 395 (1) A person that uses or profits from a building subject to a mortgage by virtue of a lease that cannot be duly asserted against the mortgagee, and that is set forth as follows (in the following paragraph referred to as "mortgaged building user") is not required to deliver that building to the purchaser thereof until six months have passed from the time when the purchaser purchased that building at auction: (i) a person that has been using or profiting from the building since prior to the commencement of auction procedures; or (ii) a person that is using or profiting from the building by virtue of a lease given after the commencement of auction procedures by the administrator of compulsory administration or execution against earnings from immovable collateral. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the purchaser, specifying a reasonable period of time, issues a notice to the mortgaged building user demanding payment of consideration for a period of one month or more with respect to the use of the building referred to in that paragraph that has been made after the time of purchase by the purchaser, and no payment is made within that reasonable period of time..

In cases where real rights do not require requirements of perfection, the real rights that formed earlier in time take priority.

Article 329 (1) If there are competing general statutory liens, the order of priority follows the order set forth in each item of Article 306. (2) Ife there are competing a general statutory lien and a special statutory lien, the special statutory lien has priority over the general statutory lien;provided, however, that statutory liens on expenses for the common benefit have priority being effective against all obligees who benefit from the same. Article 306 A person that has a claim arising from the causes set forth below has a statutory lien over the entire assets of the obligor: (i) expenses for the common benefit; (ii) an employer-employee relationship; (iii) funeral expenses; or (iv) the supply of daily necessaries. Article 330 (1) If there are competing special statutory liens against the same movables, the order of priority follows the order set forth below.In this case, if there are two or more preservers with respect to the statutory liens for preservation of movables set forth in item (ii), a new preserver has priority over previous preservers: (i) statutory liens for leases of immovables, lodging at hotels and transportation; (ii) statutory liens for the preservation of movables; and (iii) statutory liens for the sale of movables, the supply of seeds and seedlings or fertilizer, agricultural labor and industrial labor. (2) In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, if a holder of a statutory lien ranked first knew at the time of acquiring the relevant claim of the existence of a holder of a statutory lien of the second or third rank, that holder may not exercise the relevant rights of priority against those persons. The same applies to the exercise against persons that have preserved things on behalf of the holder of a statutory lien of the first rank. (3) Regarding fruits, the first rank belongs to persons who engage in agricultural labor, the second rank belongs to persons that supply seeds and seedlings or fertilizer, and the third rank belongs to lessors of land..

Article 541 If one of the parties does not perform that party's obligation, and the other party demands performance of that obligation, specifying a reasonable period of time, but no performance is completed during that period, the other party may cancel the contract;provided, however, that this does not apply if the non-performance of the obligations upon the passage of the period is minor in light of the contract and the common sense in the transaction. Article 564 The provisions of the preceding two Articles do not preclude the buyer from claiming compensation for loss or damage pursuant to the provisions of Article 415 or exercising the right to cancel pursuant to the provisions of Articles 541 and 542..

If the principal is fixed, the revolving mortgage will be treated the same as an ordinary mortgage, and thus, interests or damages of secured claims secured by the revolving mortgage shall be limited to the amount of the last two years.

Article 398-3 (1) A revolving mortgagee may exercise the relevant revolving mortgage up to the maximum amount with respect to all of crystallized principal as well as periodic payments including interest and compensation for loss or damage resulting from failure to perform obligations. (2) If a claim under a negotiable instrument or check or electronically recorded monetary claim acquired from causes other than the transactions with the obligor is agreed to be treated as a claim to be secured by a revolving mortgage, and any of the following grounds exist, that revolving mortgage may be exercised only with respect to claims acquired before those grounds arose;provided, however, that even with respect to claims acquired after the grounds arose, the exercise of the revolving mortgage is not precluded as far as the claims were acquired without knowledge of those grounds: (i) the suspension of payments by the obligor; (ii) a petition to commence bankruptcy proceeding, the commencement of rehabilitation proceeding, the commencement of reorganization proceeding or the commencement for special liquidation with respect to the obligor; or (iii) a petition for commencement of auction procedure in relation to a mortgaged immovables or attachment for disposition of delinquency..

Article 244 If the distinction of principal and accessory cannot be made between the movables united by accession, the owner of each movable property co-owns the composite thing in proportion to the respective price current at the time of the accession..

Since the limit of performance received in priority by the revolving mortgage is determined by the maximum amount, and lower rank security holders and ordinary obligees do not possess interest in what kind of obligation will be secured, the purpose of the limit of the scope of the secured claim is to protect all mortgagors.

Article 398-2 (1) Mortgages may be created, by an establishing act, in order to secure unspecified claims of a certain scope, up to the limit of a maximum amount. (2) The scope of the unspecified claims to be secured by the mortgage under the provisions of the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to as "revolving mortgage") must be prescribed by limiting the scope to claims arising from specific contracts with the obligor for continuous transactions or other claims arising from certain kinds of transactions with the obligor. (3) Claims that arise continuously with the obligor pursuant to a specific cause, claims under negotiable instruments or checks, or electronically recorded monetary claims (meaning electronically recorded monetary claims prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Electronically Recorded Monetary Claims Act (Act No. 102 of 2007); the same applies in paragraph (2) of the following Article) may be treated as claims that are to be secured by a revolving mortgage, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph..

Article 406 If the subject matter of the claim is to be determined by a choice being made from among more than one performance, the right to choose belongs to the obligor..

When jointly and severally liable guarantor person C acknowledges a claim from person A to person B before the prescription period has elapsed, the effect of interruption of prescription also affects main obligor person B.

Article 152 (1) If a right is acknowledged, a new period of prescription commences to run at the time of the acknowledgment. (2) With respect to the disposition of the right of the other party, an acknowledgment referred to in the preceding paragraph does not require unlimited capacity to act or authority. Article 153 (1) The postponement of the expiry of prescription period or the renewal of prescription period under the provisions of Article 147 or Article 148 is effective only between the parties with respect to whom grounds to postpone the expiry of prescription period or to renew prescription period have arisen and their successors. (2) The postponement of expiry of prescription period under the provisions of Articles 149 through 151 is effective only between the parties with respect to whom grounds to postpone the expiry of prescription period have arisen and their successors. (3) The renewal of prescription period under the provisions of the preceding Article is effective only between the parties with respect to whom grounds to renew prescription period have arisen and their successors. Article 458 The provisions of Article 438, Article 439, paragraph (1), Article 440, and Article 441 apply mutatis mutandis to circumstances which arise with regard to the guarantor that bears the obligation jointly and severally with the principal obligor. Article 441 Except in cases prescribed in Articles 438, Article 439, paragraph (1), and the preceding Article, any circumstances which have arisen with respect to one of the joint and several obligors is not effective in relation to other joint and several obligors;provided, however, that if the obligee and one of the other joint and several obligors manifest a different intention, their intention prevails with respect to the effect in relation to the remaining other joint and several obligees..

Article 166 (1) A claim is extinguished by prescription in the following cases: (i) if the obligee does not exercise the right within five years from the time when the obligee came to know that it was exercisable; or (ii) if the obligee does not exercise the right within 10 years from the time when it became exercisable. (2) A claim or property right other than ownership is extinguished by prescription if not exercised within 20 years from the time when the right became exercisable. (3) The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude the commencement of acquisitive prescription for the benefit of a third party that possesses the subject matter of a right with a time of commencement or a right subject to a condition precedent, at the time of commencing the possession;provided, however, that the holder of the right may demand acknowledgment from the possessor at any time to renew the prescription period. Article 412 (1) If a fixed due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time that due date arrives. (2) If an uncertain due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time when the obligor receives the request for performance after the due date arrives or the time when the obligor becomes aware of the arrival of that due date, whichever comes earlier. (3) If no time limit is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time the obligor receives the request for performance..

In cases where person A and person B co-own building X at a ratio of 1:1, if person A dies and had no heirs or persons with special connection, ownership of building X belongs to person B.

Article 255 If one of co-owners waives interest or dies without an heir, the-waived interest belongs to the other co-owners..

Article 175 No real right may be established other than those prescribed by laws including this Code. Article 265 A superficiary has the right to use another person's land in order to own structures, or trees or bamboo, on that land. Article 270 A farming right holder has the right to pay rent and engage in cultivation or livestock farming on another person's land. Article 280 A servitude holder has the right to use another person's land for the convenience of their own lands in accordance with purposes prescribed in the act establishing the servitude;provided, however, that this right must not violate the provisions (limited to those that relate to public policy) under Section 1 of Chapter 3 (Extent of Ownership)..

In cases where person A pays in advance management fees for a building co-owned by person A and person B, and person C receives the share from person B, person A can demand that person C should pay for person A's payments.

Article 254 A claim that one of the co-owners holds against other co-owners with respect to the property in co-ownership may be exercised against their specific successors..

Article 717 (1) If a defect in the installation or preservation of a structure on land causes damage to another person, the possessor of that structure is liable to the person incurring damage to compensate for the damage;provided, however, that if the possessor has exercised the necessary care to prevent the damage, the owner must compensate for the damage. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if there is a defect in the planting or supporting of bamboo or trees. (3) In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, if there is another person that is liable for the cause of the damage, the possessor or owner may exercise their right to reimbursement against that person. Article 181 Possessory rights may be acquired through an agent..

No contract of joint and several guarantee shall be effective unless it is made in writing, but a contract of guarantee shall be effective even if it is not made in writing.

Article 446 (1) A guarantor has the responsibility to perform the obligation of the principal obligor when the latter fails to perform that obligation. (2) No guarantee contract becomes effective unless it is made in writing. (3) If a guarantee contract is concluded by electronic or magnetic record which records the terms thereof, the guarantee contract is deemed to be made in writing, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph apply..

Article 594 (1) A borrower must make use of and take the profits of the thing in compliance with the method of use specified by the contract or by the nature of the thing which is the subject matter of the contract. (2) A borrower may not allow third parties to make use of or take the profits of the thing without obtaining the approval of the lender. (3) If a borrower has made use of or taken the profits of the thing in violation of the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the lender may cancel the contract. Article 616 The provisions of Article 594, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to leases..

In a demand for compensation based on delayed performance of loan claim, if person Y gives proof that the delayed performance is not based on the reasons attributable to him or herself, person Y shall be relieved of the liability.

Article 419 (1) The amount of the compensation for loss or damage for failure to perform an obligation to deliver money is determined with reference to the statutory interest rate as of the time when the obligor first assumes the responsibility for the delay;provided, however, that if the agreed-upon interest rate exceeds the statutory interest rate, the agreed-upon interest rate prevails. (2) The obligee is not be required to prove loss or damage with respect to the compensation for loss or damage referred to in the preceding paragraph. (3) The obligor may not raise the defense of force majeure with respect to the compensation for loss or damage referred to in paragraph (1)..

Article 648 (1) In the absence of any special agreements, the mandatary may not claim remuneration from the mandator. (2) If a mandatary is to receive remuneration, the mandatary may not claim this until after having performed the mandated business;provided, however, that if the remuneration is specified with reference to period, the provisions of Article 624, paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis. (3) In the following cases, the mandatary may demand remuneration in proportion to the performance already completed: (i) if the mandatary is no longer able to perform the mandated business due to any grounds not attributable to the mandator; or (ii) if the mandate is terminated during the course of performance..

A seller that cancelled a movable sale contract on the basis of duress can demand return of the movable based on its ownership from the person who bought the movable from the buyer prior to the cancellation without knowledge or any negligence.

Article 192 A person that commences the possession of movables peacefully and openly by a transactional act acquires the rights that are exercised with respect to the movables immediately if the person possesses it in good faith and without negligence..

Article 598 (1) In the case prescribed in paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, upon the passage of a period that is sufficient for the borrower to use and make profit from the borrowed thing in line with the purpose referred to in that paragraph, the lender may cancel the contract. (2) If the parties do not specify a period of a loan for use or a purpose of using and making profit from the borrowed thing, the lender may cancel the contract at any time. (3) The borrower may cancel the contract at any time..

A juridical person may not be a partner of a civil law union.

Article 34 An not-for-profit association or foundation that is involved in academic activities, art, charity, worship, religion, or any other matter of public interest may be established as a juridical person with the permission of the competent government agency..

Article 612 (1) A lessee may not assign the lease or sublease a leased thing without obtaining the approval of the lessor. (2) If the lessee allows any third party to make use of or take the profits of a leased thing in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the lessor may cancel the contract..

In cases an agent is entrusted to perform any specific juristic act, if the agent performs such act in accordance with the instructions of the principal, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know a particular circumstance without negligence which the principal did not know due to his/her negligence.

Article 101 (1) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that an agent has made to the other party is to be influenced by the absence of intention; by mistake, fraud, or duress; or by the knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance; whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent. (2) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that the other party has made to the agent is to be influenced by the recipient's knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance, whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent. (3) If an agent who has been entrusted with performing a specific juridical act performs that act, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know of any particular circumstance of which the principal knew. The same applies to any circumstance of which the principal did not know due to the principal's own negligence..

Article 707 (1) If a person that is not an obligor has performed an obligation by mistake and the obligee, acting in good faith, has allowed the instrument to be lost, has damaged the instrument, has waived the security, or has lost the claim by prescription, the person performing the obligation may not demand the return of subject matter of the performance. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude the person performing an obligation from exercising the right to reimbursement against the obligor..

In cases an agent makes a false manifestation of intention on sales contract in collusion with the counterparty, the counterparty may assert the invalidity of the contract regardless of whether the principal knew the false manifestation of intention.

Article 94 (1) A false manifestation of intention that a person makes in collusion with another person is void. (2) The nullity of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith. Article 101 (1) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that an agent has made to the other party is to be influenced by the absence of intention; by mistake, fraud, or duress; or by the knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance; whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent. (2) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that the other party has made to the agent is to be influenced by the recipient's knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance, whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent. (3) If an agent who has been entrusted with performing a specific juridical act performs that act, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know of any particular circumstance of which the principal knew. The same applies to any circumstance of which the principal did not know due to the principal's own negligence..

Article 698 If a manager engages in benevolent intervention in another's business in order to allow a principal to escape imminent danger to the principal's person, reputation, or property, the manager is not liable to compensate for damage resulting from this unless the manager has acted in bad faith or with gross negligence..

Actions for maintenance of possession must be brought during the disturbance.

Article 201 (1) An action for maintenance of possession must be filed during the obstruction or within one year after the obstruction stops;provided, however, that if the possessed thing has been damaged due to construction work and either one year has passed from the time when the construction was started or the construction has been completed, the action may not be filed. (2) An action for preservation of possession may be filed so long as the danger of obstruction exists.In this case, the provisions of the proviso to the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the possessed thing is likely to be damaged by the construction work. (3) An action for recovery of possession must be filed within one year from the time when a possessor was forcibly dispossessed..

Article 397 If a person that is neither an obligor nor a mortgagor has possessed the mortgaged immovables in complete conformity with the requirements for acquisitive prescription, the mortgage is extinguished thereby. Article 162 (1) A person that possesses the property of another for 20 years peacefully and openly with the intention to own it acquires ownership thereof. (2) A person that possesses the property of another for 10 years peacefully and openly with an intention to own it acquires ownership thereof if the person was acting in good faith and was not negligent at the time when the possession started..

Free superficies may not be established.

Article 266 (1) The provisions of Articles 274 through 276 apply mutatis mutandis if the superficiary must pay periodical rent to the owners of the land. (2) Beyond what is provided for in the preceding paragraph, provisions on leasehold apply mutatis mutandis to rent to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same..

Article 175 No real right may be established other than those prescribed by laws including this Code. Article 265 A superficiary has the right to use another person's land in order to own structures, or trees or bamboo, on that land. Article 270 A farming right holder has the right to pay rent and engage in cultivation or livestock farming on another person's land. Article 280 A servitude holder has the right to use another person's land for the convenience of their own lands in accordance with purposes prescribed in the act establishing the servitude;provided, however, that this right must not violate the provisions (limited to those that relate to public policy) under Section 1 of Chapter 3 (Extent of Ownership)..

Superficies may be established without specified duration.

Article 268 (1) If the duration of superficies is not fixed by the act that established the same and there are no relevant customs, the superficiary may waive that right at any time;provided, however, that if rent must be paid, the superficiary must give notice one year or more in advance or pay rent for one year that has not yet become due and payable. (2) If the superficiary does not waive that right pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the court may, at the request of the parties concerned, fix a duration of 20 years or more but not more than 50 years, taking into consideration the kind and status of the structures, or trees or bamboo and other circumstances at the time of the creation of the superficies..

Article 153 (1) The postponement of the expiry of prescription period or the renewal of prescription period under the provisions of Article 147 or Article 148 is effective only between the parties with respect to whom grounds to postpone the expiry of prescription period or to renew prescription period have arisen and their successors. (2) The postponement of expiry of prescription period under the provisions of Articles 149 through 151 is effective only between the parties with respect to whom grounds to postpone the expiry of prescription period have arisen and their successors.

Free emphyteusis may not be established.

Article 270 A farming right holder has the right to pay rent and engage in cultivation or livestock farming on another person's land..

Article 93 (1) The validity of a manifestation of intention is not impaired even if the person making it does so while knowing that it does not reflect that person's true intention;provided, however, that if the other party knew or could have known that the manifestation was not the true intention of the person who made it, that manifestation of intention is void. (2) The nullity of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of the proviso to the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith..

In cases an engine (worth four million yen at that time) owned by B is attached to a ship owned by A (worth six million yen at that time), if they cannot be separated without damage and the distinction between the principal and the accessory cannot be made, A and B shall share the ship with the engine in a ratio of three to two.

Article 244 If the distinction of principal and accessory cannot be made between the movables united by accession, the owner of each movable property co-owns the composite thing in proportion to the respective price current at the time of the accession..

Article 162 (1) A person that possesses the property of another for 20 years peacefully and openly with the intention to own it acquires ownership thereof. (2) A person that possesses the property of another for 10 years peacefully and openly with an intention to own it acquires ownership thereof if the person was acting in good faith and was not negligent at the time when the possession started..

In cases where there is a delivery of building, and all persons holding mortgages give their consent and such consents are registered before the delivery, the building lease, even if not so registered, can be asserted against those mortgagees who gave their consent.

Article 387 (1) A registered lease may be duly asserted against mortgagees that hold mortgages registered prior to the registration of that lease if all mortgagees that hold those mortgages give their consent and those consents are registered. (2) For a mortgagee to give the consent referred to in the preceding paragraph, the approval of the persons that hold rights for which the mortgage is the subject matter and other persons that will suffer detriment as a result of the consent of the mortgagee must be obtained..

Article 302 A right of retention is extinguished if the holder of the right of retention loses possession of the thing retained;provided, however, that this does not apply if the thing retained is leased or it is made the subject of a pledge pursuant to the provisions of Article 298, paragraph (2). Article 298 (1) The holder of a right of retention must possess the thing retained with the due care of a prudent manager. (2) The holder of the right of retention may not use, lease or provide as a security the thing retained unless that holder obtains the consent of the obligor;provided, however, that this does not apply to uses necessary for the preservation of that thing. (3) If the holder of a right of retention violates the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the obligor may demand that the right of retention be terminated..

In cases where a person who purchases Mortgaged Immovable Properties pay for the necessary expenses, and if the Mortgaged Immovable Properties is auctioned by execution of Mortgage, he/she shall be entitled to obtain reimbursement of the same out of the proceeds prior to the first Mortgagee.

Article 196 (1) If a possessor returns a thing in the possession thereof, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for the costs the possessor has paid for its preservation and other necessary expenses;provided, however, that if the possessor has acquired fruits, ordinary and necessary expenses are borne by the possessor. (2) With respect to the costs paid for by a possessor to improve the thing in the possession thereof and other beneficial expenses, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for either the costs the possessor has paid or the amount of the increased value, whichever the person recovering the thing chooses, but only if there is a current increase in value;provided, however, that with regard to a possessor in bad faith, the court may, at the request of the person recovering the thing, grant a reasonable period of time for the same. Article 391 If a third party acquirer of a mortgaged immovables has incurred necessary or beneficial expenses with respect to the mortgaged immovables, that third party may obtain reimbursement of the same out of the proceeds of the mortgaged immovables prior to other obligees, in accordance with the distinctions in Article 196..

Article 633 Remuneration must be paid simultaneously with delivery of the subject matter of work performed;provided, however, that if no delivery of a thing is required, the provisions of Article 624, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis..

A revolving mortgagee may request the fixing of the principal secured at any time if the date on which the principal secured is to be fixed is not prescribed.

Article 398-19 (1) If three years have passed from the time of the creation of a revolving mortgage, the mortgagor of the revolving mortgage may request the crystallizing of the principal secured.In this case, the principal secured is crystallized when two weeks have passed since the time of that request. (2) A revolving mortgagee may request the crystallizing of the principal secured at any time.In this case, the principal secured is crystallized on the request of the same. (3) The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not apply if the date on which the principal secured is to be crystallized is specified..

Article 545 (1) If one of the parties exercises the right to cancel, each party assumes an obligation to restore the other party to that other party's original state;provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of a third party. (2) In the case referred to in the main clause of the preceding paragraph, if any monies are to be refunded, interest must accrue from the time of the receipt of those monies. (3) In the case referred to in the main clause of paragraph (1), if a thing other than money is to be returned, fruits that have accrued on or after the time of the receipt of the thing must also be returned. (4) The exercise of the right to cancel does not preclude claims for compensation for loss or damage..

In cases where a revolving mortgagee executes his/her Revolving Mortgage, he/she may not be distributed the proceeds from the portion that is over the maximum amount with respect to all fixed payments.

Article 398-3 (1) A revolving mortgagee may exercise the relevant revolving mortgage up to the maximum amount with respect to all of crystallized principal as well as periodic payments including interest and compensation for loss or damage resulting from failure to perform obligations. (2) If a claim under a negotiable instrument or check or electronically recorded monetary claim acquired from causes other than the transactions with the obligor is agreed to be treated as a claim to be secured by a revolving mortgage, and any of the following grounds exist, that revolving mortgage may be exercised only with respect to claims acquired before those grounds arose;provided, however, that even with respect to claims acquired after the grounds arose, the exercise of the revolving mortgage is not precluded as far as the claims were acquired without knowledge of those grounds: (i) the suspension of payments by the obligor; (ii) a petition to commence bankruptcy proceeding, the commencement of rehabilitation proceeding, the commencement of reorganization proceeding or the commencement for special liquidation with respect to the obligor; or (iii) a petition for commencement of auction procedure in relation to a mortgaged immovables or attachment for disposition of delinquency..

Article 706 If an obligor has paid money or delivered anything as performance of an obligation that has not yet fallen due, the obligor may not demand the return of the money paid or thing delivered; provided, however, that if the obligor tendered anything by mistake, the obligee must return the benefit gained as a result.

In order to reduce the maximum amount of a Revolving Mortgage, it is not required to obtain the approval of the interested parties.

Article 398-5 Changes in the maximum amount of a revolving mortgage may not be made unless the consent of the interested parties is obtained..

Article 587 A loan for consumption becomes effective when a first party receives money or any other thing from a second party, having promised to return a thing of the same type, quality, and quantity..

A matter that cannot be given an estimated monetary value may not be the subject of a claim.

Article 399 Even something that cannot be given an estimated monetary value may be the subject matter of a claim..

Article 509 The obligor of either of the following obligations may not duly assert a set-off against the obligee; provided, however, that this does not apply if the obligee acquires a claim corresponding to the relevant obligation from another person: (i) an obligation for compensation for loss or damage based on a tort committed in bad faith; or (ii) an obligation for compensation for loss or damage for death or injury to person (excluding the one set forth in the preceding item).

In cases where the claim is alternative obligation, the right to make the choice shall vest in the obligor unless otherwise manifestation of intention provided.

Article 406 If the subject matter of the claim is to be determined by a choice being made from among more than one performance, the right to choose belongs to the obligor..

Article 101 (1) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that an agent has made to the other party is to be influenced by the absence of intention; by mistake, fraud, or duress; or by the knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance; whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent. (2) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that the other party has made to the agent is to be influenced by the recipient's knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance, whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent. (3) If an agent who has been entrusted with performing a specific juridical act performs that act, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know of any particular circumstance of which the principal knew. The same applies to any circumstance of which the principal did not know due to the principal's own negligence. Article 96 (1) A manifestation of intention based on fraud or duress is voidable. (2) If a third party commits a fraud inducing a first party to make a manifestation of intention to a second party, that manifestation of intention is voidable only if the second party knew or could have known that fact. (3) The rescission of a manifestation of intention induced by fraud under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith acting without negligence..

In cases where a minor performed an act to assume an obligation without any consent of his/her statutory agent, if the guarantor of the obligation knew that the minor acted without such consent, and the act was cancelled later because he/she was a minor, it is presumed that the guarantor assumed an independent obligation of the same subject.

Article 449 If a guarantor that guarantees an obligation which may be voidable due to the principal obligor's limited capacity to act, is aware, at the time of entering into a guarantee contract, of the cause for its voidability, that guarantor is presumed to have assumed an independent obligation of the same subject matter in the event of non-performance by the principal obligor or rescission of the obligation..

Article 450 (1) If an obligor has the obligation to provide a guarantor, that guarantor must: (i) be a person with capacity to act; and (ii) have sufficient financial resources to pay the obligation. (2) If the guarantor ceases to meet the requirements set forth in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph, the obligee may demand that some other person meeting the requirements set forth in any item of the same paragraph be substituted for that guarantor. (3) The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not apply if the obligee has designated the guarantor..

Even if the principal obligor has a claim vis-a-vis the obligee, the guarantor must perform his/her guarantee obligations when the obligee demands to do so.

Article 457 (1) The postponement of expiry of prescription period and the renewal of prescription period due to grounds such as a request for performance in relation to the principal obligor are also effective in relation to the guarantor. (2) A guarantor may assert against the obligee a defense that can be raised by the principal obligor. (3) If the principal obligor has a right to set-off, right to rescind or right to cancel against the obligee, the guarantor may refuse to perform the obligation to the obligee to the extent that the principal obligor should have been released from the obligation by exercising these rights..

Article 117 (1) A person who concludes a contract as an agent of another person is liable to the counterparty for the performance of the contract or compensation for loss or damage, as chosen by the counterparty, unless the person proves the authority to represent or the principal ratifies the contract.

A guarantor without the entrustment of the principal obligor may not perform the obligation against the will of him/her.

Article 462 (1) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis if a person, that has given guarantee without the request of the principal obligor, performs an act for extinguishment of obligation. (2) A person that has become a guarantor against the will of the principal obligor has the right to reimbursement only to the extent currently enriched.In this case, if the principal obligor asserts to have grounds for set-off against the obligee prior to the day of the demand for reimbursement, the guarantor may demand that the obligee perform the obligation which would have been extinguished by that set-off. (3) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the exercise of the right to reimbursement if the guarantor referred to in the preceding two paragraphs performs an act for extinguishment of obligation before the due date of the principal obligation..

Article 467 (1) The assignment of a claim (including the assignment of a claim that is yet to arise) may not be duly asserted against the applicable obligor or any other third party, unless the assignor gives notice thereof to the obligor or the obligor has consented to the same. (2) Notice or consent as referred to in the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party other than the obligor unless the notice or the consent is made using an instrument bearing a certified date..

A performance made vis-a-vis a person who has no authority to receive the performance shall have no effect to the obligee even if he/she is enriched as a result thereof.

Article 478 Performance made to a person that does not constitute a person authorized to accept the performance (meaning the obligee or a third party authorized to accept performance based on the provisions of laws and regulations or the manifestation of intention of the parties; the same applies hereinafter) but that appears to be the person authorized to accept the performance in light of common sense in the transaction is effective only if the person effecting performance was acting in good faith and without negligence. Article 479 Except as provided in the preceding Article, any performance made to a person other than the person with right to performance is effective only to the extent that the obligee is enriched as a result thereof..

Article 295 (1) If a possessor of a thing belonging to another person has a claim that has arisen in relation to that thing, that possessor may retain that thing until that claim is satisfied;provided, however, that this does not apply if the relevant claim has not yet fallen due. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if possession commenced by means of a tortious act. Article 303 The holder of a statutory lien has the rights to have that holder's own claim satisfied prior to other obligees out of the assets of the relevant obligor in accordance with the provisions of laws including this Act..

A third party may not perform obligations if the parties made an agreement to prohibit that.

Article 474 (1) A third party may also perform an obligation. (2) A third party that has no legitimate interest in performing an obligation may not perform the obligation against the will of the obligor;provided, however, that this does not apply if the obligee did not know that the performance is against the will of the obligor. (3) The third party prescribed in the preceding paragraph may not perform the obligation against the will of the obligee;provided, however, that this does not apply if the third party performs the obligation as requested by the obligor, and the obligee knew this. (4) The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not apply if the nature of an obligation does not permit the performance by a third party or if a party manifests the intention to prohibit or restrict the performance by a third party..

Article 128 While it is uncertain whether or not a condition will be fulfilled, a party to a juridical act that is subject to a condition may not prejudice the other party's interests that would arise from the juridical act upon fulfillment of the condition..

In cases where any unspecified due date is assigned to the performance of a claim, the obligor shall be responsible for the delay on and after the earlier time when he/she becomes aware of the arrival of such time limit or when he/she is demanded to perform after the arrival of such time limit.

Article 412 (1) If a fixed due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time that due date arrives. (2) If an uncertain due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time when the obligor receives the request for performance after the due date arrives or the time when the obligor becomes aware of the arrival of that due date, whichever comes earlier. (3) If no time limit is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time the obligor receives the request for performance..

Article 496 (1) As long as the obligee does not accept the deposit, or the judgment which pronounces that the deposit is effective does not become final and binding, the performer may recover the deposited thingy. In such case, it is deemed that no deposit has been effected. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply in cases any pledge or mortgage has been extinguished due to the deposit..

In cases where B, C, and D assume obligations amount of 3,000,000 yen to A jointly and severally, and even if A releases C from the joint and several obligations, B and D assume obligations amount of 3,000,000 yen jointly and severally.

Article 445 Even if one of the joint and several obligors is released from the obligation or the prescription period expires for one of the joint and several obligors, other joint and several obligors may exercise the right to reimbursement referred to in Article 442, paragraph (1) against that one joint and several obligor..

Article 494 (1) In the following cases, a performer may deposit the subject matter of the performance with an official depository for the benefit of the obligee. In such a case, the claim is extinguished when the performer makes the deposit: (i) the performer tenders the performance, and the obligee refuses to accept it; or (ii) the obligee is unable to accept the performance. (2) The preceding paragraph also applies if the performer is unable to ascertain the obligee;provided, however, that this does not apply if the performer is negligent in this respect..

In cases where B, C, and D assume obligations amount of 3,000,000 yen jointly and severally, and even if A releases C from the full of obligation, B and D assume obligations amount of 3,000,000 yen jointly and severally.

Article 441 Except in cases prescribed in Articles 438, Article 439, paragraph (1), and the preceding Article, any circumstances which have arisen with respect to one of the joint and several obligors is not effective in relation to other joint and several obligors;provided, however, that if the obligee and one of the other joint and several obligors manifest a different intention, their intention prevails with respect to the effect in relation to the remaining other joint and several obligees..

Article 537 (1) If one of the parties promises in a contract to render a certain performance to a third party, the third party has the right to claim that performance directly from the obligor. Article 538 (1) After rights of the third party have accrued pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the parties may not modify or extinguish those rights. (2) If, after rights of the third party accrue pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the obligor does not perform the obligation to the third party, the other party to the contract referred to in paragraph (1) of that Article may not cancel the contract without the consent of the third party.

In cases where a lender gives money to a third party the borrower designates, a monetary loan for consumption shall be effective.

Article 587 A loan for consumption becomes effective when a first party receives money or any other thing from a second party, having promised to return a thing of the same type, quality, and quantity..

Article 666 (1) If a bailee may consume the bailed thing by contract, the bailee must return the thing that is the same kind, quality and quantity as the bailed thing. (2) The provisions of Articles 591 and 592 apply mutatis mutandis to the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph. (3) The provisions of Article 591, paragraphs (2) and (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the case of a bailment of money by a contract concerning deposits..

In cases where no agreement over the place to perform the obligation is provided in monetary loans for consumption, the obligor must bring the money as a performance of the obligation to the present address of the obligee.

Article 484 (1) Unless a particular intention is manifested with respect to the place where the performance should take place, the delivery of a specific thing must be effected at the place where that thing was located when the relevant claim accrued, and the discharge of any other obligation must be effected at the current domicile of the obligee. (2) If the trading hours are specified by laws and regulations or customs, performance may be made or demanded only within the trading hours..

Article 460 If a guarantor has given a guarantee as requested by the principal obligor, the guarantor may exercise in advance the right to reimbursement against the principal obligor if: (i) the principal obligor is subject to an order commencing bankruptcy proceeding, and the obligee does not participate in the distribution of the bankruptcy estate; (ii) the obligation is due;provided, however, that no extension of time granted by the obligee to the principal obligor after the conclusion of the guarantee contract may be duly asserted against the guarantor; and (iii) the guarantor is, without negligence, rendered a judicial decision ordering the guarantor to perform the obligation to the obligee..

In building loans for use, the lender shall be liable for a defect in the subject building of the loan if the lender is negligent in knowing the defect.

Article 596 The provisions of Article 551 apply mutatis mutandis to loans for use. Article 551 (1) The donor is presumed to have promised to deliver or transfer the thing or right that is the subject matter of the gift, while maintaining its condition as of the time when it is specified as the subject matter of the gift. (2) With respect to gifts with burden, the donor provides the same warranty as that of a seller, to the extent of that burden. Article 415 (1) If an obligor fails to perform consistent with the purpose of the obligation or the performance of an obligation is impossible, the obligee may claim compensation for loss or damage arising from the failure;provided, however, that this does not apply if the failure to perform the obligation is due to grounds not attributable to the obligor in light of the contract or other sources of obligation and the common sense in the transaction. (2) If the obligee is entitled to claim compensation for loss or damage pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, and any of the following cases applies, the obligee may claim compensation for loss or damage in lieu of the performance of the obligation: (i) the performance of the obligation is impossible; (ii) the obligor manifests the intention to refuse to perform the obligation; or (iii) the obligation has arisen from a contract, and the contract is cancelled or the obligee acquires the right to cancel the contract on the ground of the obligor's failure to perform the obligation..

Article 369 (1) A mortgagee has the right to have the mortgagee's claim satisfied prior to other obligees out of the immovables that the obligor or a third party provided to secure the obligation without transferring possession. (2) Superficies and farming rights may be the subject matter of a mortgage.In this case, the provisions of this Chapter apply mutatis mutandis..

In cases where a borrower incurred useful expenses with respect to a leased thing, and there is a current increase in value, it shall be sufficient for the lender to reimburse money the possessor paid or the amount of the increased value at the selection of the lender.

Article 196 (1) If a possessor returns a thing in the possession thereof, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for the costs the possessor has paid for its preservation and other necessary expenses;provided, however, that if the possessor has acquired fruits, ordinary and necessary expenses are borne by the possessor. (2) With respect to the costs paid for by a possessor to improve the thing in the possession thereof and other beneficial expenses, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for either the costs the possessor has paid or the amount of the increased value, whichever the person recovering the thing chooses, but only if there is a current increase in value;provided, however, that with regard to a possessor in bad faith, the court may, at the request of the person recovering the thing, grant a reasonable period of time for the same. Article 583 (1) A seller may not effect redemption unless the seller provides the price and the costs of the contract within the period provided for in Article 580. (2) If a buyer or subsequent acquirer incurs expenses with respect to immovables, the seller must reimburse those expenses in accordance with the provisions of Article 196;provided, however, that with respect to beneficial expenses, the court may, at the seller's request, grant a reasonable period of time for the reimbursement. Article 595 (1) The borrower bears the ordinarily necessary expenses of borrowed thing. (2) The provisions of Article 583, paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis to costs other than the ordinarily necessary expenses referred to in the preceding paragraph..

Article 186 (1) A possessor is presumed to possess a thing with the intention to own, in good faith peacefully and openly. (2) If there is evidence of possession at two different points in time, it is presumed that possession continued during that interval. Article 188 The possessor is presumed to lawfully have the rights that a possessor exercises with respect to the thing under possession. Article 192 A person that commences the possession of movables peacefully and openly by a transactional act acquires the rights that are exercised with respect to the movables immediately if the person possesses it in good faith and without negligence..

In cases where the borrower transferred the subject matter of loan to a third party without any approval of the lender and allowed the third party to use of it, the lender may not cancel the contract before he/she required the performance.

Article 594 (1) A borrower must make use of and take the profits of the thing in compliance with the method of use specified by the contract or by the nature of the thing which is the subject matter of the contract. (2) A borrower may not allow third parties to make use of or take the profits of the thing without obtaining the approval of the lender. (3) If a borrower has made use of or taken the profits of the thing in violation of the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the lender may cancel the contract..

Article 566 If the subject matter delivered by the seller to the buyer does not conform to the terms of the contract with respect to the kind or quality, and the buyer fails to notify the seller of the non-conformity within one year from the time when the buyer becomes aware of it, the buyer may not demand cure of the non-conformity of performance, demand a reduction of the price, claim compensation for loss or damage, or cancel the contract, on the grounds of the non-conformity;provided, however, that this does not apply if the seller knew or did not know due to gross negligence the non-conformity at the time of the delivery..

A leased building D to B at 100,000 yen per month and delivered building D to B. Afterward, B subleased building D to C at 120,000 yen per month and delivered building D to C. If A has approved the sublease between B and C, A may demand that C pay 120,000 yen per month as a rent.

Article 613 (1) If a lessee lawfully subleases a leased thing, the sublessee is liable to perform an obligation based on the sublease directly to the lessor, to the extent of the scope of the lessee's obligation based on the lease between the lessor and the lessee. In such a case, advance payment of rent may not be duly asserted against the lessor. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude the lessor from exercising rights against the lessee. (3) If the lessee lawfully subleases a leased thing, the lessor may not duly assert against the sublessee the cancellation by agreement of the lease with the lessee;provided, however, that this does not apply if, at the time of the cancellation, the lessor has a right to cancel due to non-performance on the part of the lessee..

Article 533 A party to a bilateral contract may refuse to perform that party's own obligation until the other party tenders the performance of that other party's obligation (including the performance of an obligation to compensate for loss or damage in lieu of the performance of an obligation);provided, however, that this does not apply if the obligation of the other party is not yet due..

A gratuitous mandatary shall assume a duty to administer the mandated business with the care of the same care he/she would exercise for him/herself with the main purport of the mandate.

Article 644 A mandatary bears a duty to administer the mandated business with the due care of a prudent manager in compliance with the main purport of the mandate..

Article 369 (1) A mortgagee has the right to have the mortgagee's claim satisfied prior to other obligees out of the immovables that the obligor or a third party provided to secure the obligation without transferring possession. (2) Superficies and farming rights may be the subject matter of a mortgage.In this case, the provisions of this Chapter apply mutatis mutandis..

A mandate shall terminate when the mandatary is subject to an order for the commencement of guardianship.

Article 653 A mandate terminates when: (i) the mandator or mandatary dies; (ii) the mandator or mandatary is subject to an order commencing bankruptcy proceeding; (iii) the mandatary is subject to a decision for the commencement of guardianship..

Article 186 (1) A possessor is presumed to possess a thing with the intention to own, in good faith peacefully and openly. (2) If there is evidence of possession at two different points in time, it is presumed that possession continued during that interval..

When A was on a long-term business trip and was absent, a part of a hedge of A's house collapsed due to a strong wind. Afterward, B who has a house on a land next to A's house performed an act for A without any obligation. If B started repair of the hedge by him/herself but the hedge has all withered because B left it in the middle of the repair, A may not claim the damage of the withered hedge.

Article 698 If a manager engages in benevolent intervention in another's business in order to allow a principal to escape imminent danger to the principal's person, reputation, or property, the manager is not liable to compensate for damage resulting from this unless the manager has acted in bad faith or with gross negligence..

Article 213 (1) If the partition of land creates a parcel of land that has no access to public roads, the owner of that parcel of land may pass to the public roads only through the lands owned by another person that participated in the partition.In this case, it is necessary to pay compensation. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the owner of land transfers part of the land to another person..

If a contractor has inflicted a damage on a third party with respect to his/her work, a party ordering work shall not be liable for the damage unless the party ordering work was negligent in his/her order or instructions.

Article 716 A party ordering work is not liable to compensate for damage a contractor inflicted on a third party with respect to that work;provided, however, that this does not apply if the party ordering work is negligent with regards to the order or instructions..

Article 113 (1) A contract concluded by a person who acts as the agent of another person but has no authority to represent does not bind the principal unless the principal ratifies it. (2) The ratification or refusal to ratify may not be duly asserted against the counterparty unless it is made to that counterparty;provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty has come to know the ratification or refusal to ratify..

If any defect in the installation or preservation of any structure on land causes damages to others and the owner has used necessary care to prevent the damages arising, the possessor shall compensate for the damages.

Article 717 (1) If a defect in the installation or preservation of a structure on land causes damage to another person, the possessor of that structure is liable to the person incurring damage to compensate for the damage;provided, however, that if the possessor has exercised the necessary care to prevent the damage, the owner must compensate for the damage. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if there is a defect in the planting or supporting of bamboo or trees. (3) In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, if there is another person that is liable for the cause of the damage, the possessor or owner may exercise their right to reimbursement against that person..

Article 369 (1) A mortgagee has the right to have the mortgagee's claim satisfied prior to other obligees out of the immovables that the obligor or a third party provided to secure the obligation without transferring possession. (2) Superficies and farming rights may be the subject matter of a mortgage.In this case, the provisions of this Chapter apply mutatis mutandis..

A possessor of an animal shall not be liable to compensate for the damages that the animal has inflicted on others if he/she managed the animal with reasonable care according to the kind and nature of the animal.

Article 718 (1) A possessor of an animal is liable to compensate for damage that the animal inflicts on another person;provided, however, that this does not apply if the possessor managed the animal while exercising reasonable care according to the kind and nature of the animal..

Article 221 (1) A landowner may use a structure installed by the owner of higher or lower land in order to cause water from the landowner's land to pass through that land. (2) In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, the person using the other person's structure must bear the expenses of the installation and preservation of the structure in proportion to the benefit that person enjoys..

If an obligor inherits a claim over which a pledge is created, such claim shall be extinguished.

Article 520 If a claim and obligation becomes vested in the same person, such claim is extinguished;provided, however, that this does not apply if such a claim is the subject matter of the right of a third party..

Article 467 (1) The assignment of a claim (including the assignment of a claim that is yet to arise) may not be duly asserted against the applicable obligor or any other third party, unless the assignor gives notice thereof to the obligor or the obligor has consented to the same. (2) Notice or consent as referred to in the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party other than the obligor unless the notice or the consent is made using an instrument bearing a certified date..

If a guarantor inherits an obligee, the guarantee obligation shall be extinguished.

Article 520 If a claim and obligation becomes vested in the same person, such claim is extinguished;provided, however, that this does not apply if such a claim is the subject matter of the right of a third party..

Article 302 A right of retention is extinguished if the holder of the right of retention loses possession of the thing retained;provided, however, that this does not apply if the thing retained is leased or it is made the subject of a pledge pursuant to the provisions of Article 298, paragraph (2)..

A is a nineteen-year-old male and subject to the parental authority of his parents. In the case where A concluded a contract for sale without the consent of the persons who had parental authority in relation to him after he had been permitted to carry on business by the persons who had parental authority in relation to him, even if the contract for sale is not concerned with such business, A may not rescind the contract for sale.

Article 6 (1) A minor who is permitted to conduct one or multiple types of business has the same capacity to act as an adult as far as that business is concerned. (2) In a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph, if there are grounds that make the minor unable to sustain that business, the legal representative may revoke or limit the permission therefor in accordance with the provisions of Part IV (Relatives). Article 5 (1) A minor must obtain the consent of the minor's legal representative to perform a juridical act;provided, however, that this does not apply to a juridical act for merely acquiring a right or being released from an obligation. (2) A juridical act in contravention of the provisions of the preceding paragraph is voidable. (3) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a minor may freely dispose of property that the legal representative has permitted the minor to dispose of for a specified purpose, to an extent that falls within the scope of that purpose. The same applies if the minor disposes of property that the legal representative has permitted the minor to dispose of without specifying a purpose..

Article 104 An agent appointed by mandate may not appoint a subagent unless the authorization of the principal is obtained or there is a compelling reason to do so..

The person under curatorship A sold A's land "X" to B without the consent of the curator or any permission of the family court in lieu thereof. In the case where B, after A has become a person with capacity, issues to A a notice which demands, by establishing a certain period which is one month, that he/she should give a definite answer on whether or not such person will ratify that contract for sale, if A fails to send any definite answer within such period, it is deemed that he/she has ratified such contract for sale.

Article 20 (1) After a person with qualified legal capacity who is involved in dealings with another party becomes a person with the legal capacity to act (meaning a person whose legal capacity to act is not subject to restrictions; the same applies hereinafter), the other party to those dealings may fix a period of one month or longer and demand that the person give a definite answer within that period of time as to whether the person will ratify an act that the person may rescind. In such a case, if the person fails to send a definite answer within that period of time, the person is deemed to have ratified that act. (2) The second sentence of the preceding paragraph also applies if, before the person with qualified legal capacity becomes a person with the legal capacity to act, the other party to dealings involving the person with qualified legal capacity lodges the demand prescribed in the preceding paragraph with the legal representative, curator, or assistant of that person with respect to an act within the scope of their authority, and they fail to send a definite answer within the fixed period of time referred to in that paragraph. (3) If a person does not send notice within the period of time set forth in the preceding two paragraphs indicating that the person has completed any special formalities that an act requires, the person is deemed to have rescinded that act. (4) The other party to dealings involving a person with qualified legal capacity may lodge a demand with a person under curatorship or with a person under assistance who is subject to a decision as referred to in Article 17, paragraph (1) to demand that the person get the curator or assistant to ratify an act within the fixed period referred to in paragraph (1). In such a case, if the person under curatorship or person under assistance does not send notice within that period indicating that the person has gotten the curator or assistant to ratify the act in question, the person is deemed to have rescinded that act..

Article 717 (1) If a defect in the installation or preservation of a structure on land causes damage to another person, the possessor of that structure is liable to the person incurring damage to compensate for the damage;provided, however, that if the possessor has exercised the necessary care to prevent the damage, the owner must compensate for the damage. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if there is a defect in the planting or supporting of bamboo or trees. (3) In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, if there is another person that is liable for the cause of the damage, the possessor or owner may exercise their right to reimbursement against that person. Article 181 Possessory rights may be acquired through an agent..

If the adjudication of disappearance is made with respect to A, who was aboard a vessel which later sank, A is deemed to have died upon elapse of one year after the sinking accident.

Article 31 A person subject to a declaration of disappearance pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article is deemed to have died when the period of time referred to in that paragraph ended, and a person subject to a declaration of disappearance pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of that Article is deemed to have died when that danger had passed. Article 30 (1) If it has been unclear for seven years whether an absentee is dead or alive, the family court may enter a declaration of disappearance at the request of an interested person. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph also apply if it has been unclear whether a person who has entered a war zone, was aboard a vessel that has sunk, or was otherwise exposed to a danger likely to result in a person's death is dead or alive, for one year after the war has ended, the vessel sank, or such other danger has passed..

Article 120 (1) An act that is voidable on the grounds of the qualified legal capacity to act of the person who did the act may be rescinded only by the person with qualified legal capacity (in the case of an act performed by the person as a legal representative of another person with limited capacity, including that other person with limited capacity), or an agent or successor thereof, or a person who has the authority to give consent thereto. (2) An act that is voidable on the grounds of a mistake, fraud or duress may be rescinded only by the person who made the defective manifestation of intention, or an agent or successor thereof.

If the adjudication of disappearance is made with respect to A because it is not clear whether A is dead or alive for 7 years, A is deemed to have died upon elapse of the period of 7 years.

Article 31 A person subject to a declaration of disappearance pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article is deemed to have died when the period of time referred to in that paragraph ended, and a person subject to a declaration of disappearance pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of that Article is deemed to have died when that danger had passed. Article 30 (1) If it has been unclear for seven years whether an absentee is dead or alive, the family court may enter a declaration of disappearance at the request of an interested person. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph also apply if it has been unclear whether a person who has entered a war zone, was aboard a vessel that has sunk, or was otherwise exposed to a danger likely to result in a person's death is dead or alive, for one year after the war has ended, the vessel sank, or such other danger has passed..

Article 295 (1) If a possessor of a thing belonging to another person has a claim that has arisen in relation to that thing, that possessor may retain that thing until that claim is satisfied;provided, however, that this does not apply if the relevant claim has not yet fallen due. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if possession commenced by means of a tortious act..

In the case where, after the adjudication of disappearance had been made with respect to A and A had been deemed to have died because it had not been clear whether A had been dead or alive for 7 years, A was found to be alive, but the adjudication of disappearance was not rescinded and A died, the adjudication of disappearance may no longer be rescinded.

Article 32 (1) Having received proof that a missing person is alive or that a missing person died at a time different from the time set forth in the preceding Article, the family court, at the request of the missing person or an interested person, must rescind the declaration of that person's disappearance.In this case, the rescission does not affect the validity of any act performed in good faith after the declaration of disappearance but before the rescission thereof. (2) A person who has acquired property due to a declaration of disappearance loses the rights in question due to its rescission;provided, however, that the person has the obligation to return that property only to the extent currently enriched..

Article 166 (1) A claim is extinguished by prescription in the following cases: (i) if the obligee does not exercise the right within five years from the time when the obligee came to know that it was exercisable; or (ii) if the obligee does not exercise the right within 10 years from the time when it became exercisable. (2) A claim or property right other than ownership is extinguished by prescription if not exercised within 20 years from the time when the right became exercisable. (3) The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude the commencement of acquisitive prescription for the benefit of a third party that possesses the subject matter of a right with a time of commencement or a right subject to a condition precedent, at the time of commencing the possession;provided, however, that the holder of the right may demand acknowledgment from the possessor at any time to renew the prescription period. Article 412 (1) If a fixed due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time that due date arrives. (2) If an uncertain due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time when the obligor receives the request for performance after the due date arrives or the time when the obligor becomes aware of the arrival of that due date, whichever comes earlier. (3) If no time limit is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time the obligor receives the request for performance..

In the case where, after A, who owns the land "X", had faked a transfer of the land "X" to B based on collusion with B and the transfer of ownership from A to B had been registered, B's obligee C attached the land "X", if C was without knowledge with respect to the fake transfer at the time of the attachment, A may not assert, against C, that the transfer to B is void.

Article 94 (1) A false manifestation of intention that a person makes in collusion with another person is void. (2) The nullity of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith..

Article 254 A claim that one of the co-owners holds against other co-owners with respect to the property in co-ownership may be exercised against their specific successors..

A person who manifested to third parties that he/she granted certain authority of agency to other person shall be relieved of liability for acts performed within the scope of such authority if the person makes allegations and shows proof that such third parties knew, or were negligent in not knowing, that such other person were not granted the authority of agency.

Article 109 (1) A person who indicates to a third party that the person granted certain authority to represent to another person is liable for an act performed between that other person and that third party within the scope of the authority to represent;provided, however, that this does not apply if the third party knew or did not know due to negligence that the other person has not been granted the authority to represent. (2) If a person who indicates to a third party that the person granted authority to represent to another person is, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, liable for acts performed by that other person in relation to the third party within the scope of the authority to represent, and the other person performs in relation to the third party an act beyond the scope of the authority to represent, the person who makes the indication is liable for that act only if the third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the other person has authority to represent in that act..

Article 97 (1) A manifestation of intention becomes effective at the time notice thereof reaches the other party. (2) If the other party prevents notice of a manifestation of intention from reaching them without a legitimate reason, the notice is deemed to have reached that party at the time it would have normally reached them. (3) The effect of a manifestation of intention is not impaired even if the person making it dies, loses mental capacity, or becomes subject to restrictions on their legal capacity to act after having sent the notice..

Apparent authority of act exceeding authority shall not arise if the principal was not negligent as to the fact that the counterparty believed that the person who acted as an agent had the authority to perform the act.

Article 110 The provisions of the main clause of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis if an agent performs an act exceeding the agent's authority to represent and a third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the agent has the authority as an agent..

Article 104 An agent appointed by mandate may not appoint a subagent unless the authorization of the principal is obtained or there is a compelling reason to do so..

With respect to any inherited property, even if the administrator of the inherited property is appointed, the prescription shall not be completed until the applicable heir is identified.

Article 160 With respect to an estate, the prescription period does not expire until six months have passed from the time when the heir is identified, the administrator is appointed, or commencement of bankruptcy proceeding is ordered..

Article 575 (1) If the subject matter of a sale which has not yet been delivered bears fruits, the fruits vest in the seller. (2) The buyer bears the obligation to pay interest on the price beginning from the day of delivery;provided, however, that if a due date is provided for the payment of the price, it is not necessary to pay the interest until that due date arrives..

If the principal obligor waives the benefit of the prescription with respect to his/her obligation, the waiver shall also be effective vis-a-vis the guarantor.

Article 457 (1) The postponement of expiry of prescription period and the renewal of prescription period due to grounds such as a request for performance in relation to the principal obligor are also effective in relation to the guarantor. (2) A guarantor may assert against the obligee a defense that can be raised by the principal obligor. (3) If the principal obligor has a right to set-off, right to rescind or right to cancel against the obligee, the guarantor may refuse to perform the obligation to the obligee to the extent that the principal obligor should have been released from the obligation by exercising these rights. Article 147 (1) If any of the following grounds exists, the period of prescription does not expire until the ground ceases to exist (if the ground ceases to exist while the right remains undetermined by a final and binding judgment or anything that has the same effect as a final and binding judgment, until six months have passed from the time of cessation): (i) demand by litigation; (ii) demand for payment; (iii) settlement referred to in Article 275, paragraph (1) of the Code of Civil Procedure or mediation under the Civil Conciliation Act (Act No. 222 of 1951) or the Domestic Relations Case Procedure Act (Act No. 52 of 2011); or (iv) participation in bankruptcy proceeding, rehabilitation proceeding or reorganization proceeding. (2) In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if a right is determined by a final and binding judgment or anything that has the same effect as a final and binding judgment, a new period of prescription commences to run at the time when the grounds set forth in the items of that paragraph cease to exist;.

Article 437 Even if there are grounds for the invalidity or rescission of a juridical act with respect to one of the joint and several obligors, the validity of the obligation of other joint and several obligor is not impaired..

In the case where A and B co-own the land "X", if A renounces his/her share, A's share shall vest in B.

Article 255 If one of co-owners waives interest or dies without an heir, the-waived interest belongs to the other co-owners..

Article 186 (1) A possessor is presumed to possess a thing with the intention to own, in good faith peacefully and openly. (2) If there is evidence of possession at two different points in time, it is presumed that possession continued during that interval. Article 188 The possessor is presumed to lawfully have the rights that a possessor exercises with respect to the thing under possession. Article 192 A person that commences the possession of movables peacefully and openly by a transactional act acquires the rights that are exercised with respect to the movables immediately if the person possesses it in good faith and without negligence..

If two buildings are owned by different owners and there is an open lot between them, each owner may install a fence on the boundary, sharing the expenses with the other owner.

Article 225 (1) If two buildings are owned by different owners and there is an open lot between them, each owner may install a fence on the boundary, sharing the expenses with the other owner. (2) If no agreement is reached between the parties, the fence referred to in the preceding paragraph must be a wooden fence, a bamboo fence or a fence made of similar material and must be two meters high..

Article 269-2 (1) An underground space or airspace may be established as the subject matter of superficies for ownership of structures, through the specification of upper and lower extents. In such a case, restrictions on the use of that land may be added in the act that establishes superficies for the purpose of facilitating the exercise of the superficies.

If the principal movable owned by A and the accessory movable owned by B are so joined to each other that they can no longer be separated without damaging the same, ownership of the composite Thing shall vest in A and B may demand compensation against A.

Article 243 If two or more movable properties with different owners can no longer be separated without damage due to accession, the ownership of the composite thing belongs to the owner of the principal movable property. The same applies if excessive expense is required to separate the movables. Article 248 A person that suffers loss because of the application of the provisions of Article 242 through the preceding Article may demand compensation in accordance with the provisions of Article 703 and Article 704..

Article 87 (1) If the owner of a first thing attaches a second thing that the owner owns to the first thing to serve the ordinary use of the first thing, the thing that the owner attaches is an appurtenance. (2) An appurtenance is disposed of together with the principal thing if the principal thing is disposed of..

In the case where A and B co-own a building, if A has paid for B the expenses of management in proportion to B's share and has demanded B to perform the obligation of the reimbursement but B does not perform the obligation within one year, A may acquire B's share by paying reasonable compensation.

Article 253 (1) Each co-owner pays the expenses of management and bears burdens regarding the property in co-ownership, in proportion to each co-owner's interest. (2) If a co-owner does not perform the obligations referred to in the preceding paragraph within one year, other co-owners may acquire that co-owner's interest by paying a reasonable compensation..

Article 196 (1) If a possessor returns a thing in the possession thereof, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for the costs the possessor has paid for its preservation and other necessary expenses;provided, however, that if the possessor has acquired fruits, ordinary and necessary expenses are borne by the possessor. (2) With respect to the costs paid for by a possessor to improve the thing in the possession thereof and other beneficial expenses, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for either the costs the possessor has paid or the amount of the increased value, whichever the person recovering the thing chooses, but only if there is a current increase in value;provided, however, that with regard to a possessor in bad faith, the court may, at the request of the person recovering the thing, grant a reasonable period of time for the same..

Statutory liens on expenses for the common benefit shall prevail over all special statutory liens.

Article 329 (1) If there are competing general statutory liens, the order of priority follows the order set forth in each item of Article 306. (2) Ife there are competing a general statutory lien and a special statutory lien, the special statutory lien has priority over the general statutory lien;provided, however, that statutory liens on expenses for the common benefit have priority being effective against all obligees who benefit from the same..

Article 445 Even if one of the joint and several obligors is released from the obligation or the prescription period expires for one of the joint and several obligors, other joint and several obligors may exercise the right to reimbursement referred to in Article 442, paragraph (1) against that one joint and several obligor..

With respect to natural fruits of agricultural land, statutory liens for agricultural labor shall prevail over statutory liens for leases of immovable properties.

Article 330 (1) If there are competing special statutory liens against the same movables, the order of priority follows the order set forth below.In this case, if there are two or more preservers with respect to the statutory liens for preservation of movables set forth in item (ii), a new preserver has priority over previous preservers: (i) statutory liens for leases of immovables, lodging at hotels and transportation; (ii) statutory liens for the preservation of movables; and (iii) statutory liens for the sale of movables, the supply of seeds and seedlings or fertilizer, agricultural labor and industrial labor. (2) In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, if a holder of a statutory lien ranked first knew at the time of acquiring the relevant claim of the existence of a holder of a statutory lien of the second or third rank, that holder may not exercise the relevant rights of priority against those persons. The same applies to the exercise against persons that have preserved things on behalf of the holder of a statutory lien of the first rank. (3) Regarding fruits, the first rank belongs to persons who engage in agricultural labor, the second rank belongs to persons that supply seeds and seedlings or fertilizer, and the third rank belongs to lessors of land..

Article 213 (1) If the partition of land creates a parcel of land that has no access to public roads, the owner of that parcel of land may pass to the public roads only through the lands owned by another person that participated in the partition.In this case, it is necessary to pay compensation. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the owner of land transfers part of the land to another person..

Statutory liens for construction work for immovable properties whose budgeted expenses were registered prior to the commencement of the same shall prevail over the mortgage whose creation was registered prior to those registrations.

Article 339 Statutory liens registered in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two Articles may be exercised prior to mortgages. Article 338 (1) In order to preserve the effectiveness of statutory liens for construction work for immovables, the budgeted expenses of the construction work must be registered prior to the commencement of the same.In this case, if the expenses of the construction work exceed the budgeted amount, a statutory lien does not exist with respect to the amount in excess of the same. (2) The amount of increase in value of immovables that resulted from construction work must be evaluated by an appraiser appointed by the court at the time of the participation in the distribution..

Article 266 (1) The provisions of Articles 274 through 276 apply mutatis mutandis if the superficiary must pay periodical rent to the owners of the land. (2) Beyond what is provided for in the preceding paragraph, provisions on leasehold apply mutatis mutandis to rent to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same..

In cases where there is conflict between statutory liens for preservation of immovable properties and statutory liens for construction work for immovable properties with respect to the same immovable properties, the order of priority shall be the same.

Article 331 (1) If there is conflict among special statutory liens against the same immovables, the order of priority follows the order set forth in the items of Article 325. (2) If the same immovables are subject to successive sales, the order of priority of the statutory liens for the sale of the immovables among sellers follows the chronological order of the sales. Article 325 A person that has a claim arising from the causes set forth below has a statutory lien over specific immovables of the obligor: (i) the preservation of immovables; (ii) construction work for immovables; or (iii) the sale of immovables..

Article 372 The provisions of Article 296, Article 304 and Article 351 apply mutatis mutandis to mortgages. Article 296 A holder of a right of retention may exercise that holder's rights against the whole of the thing retained until the relevant claim is satisfied in its entirety..

When a pledges is to be created over a claim, and the delivery of an instrument evidencing it is required for its assignment, the creation of the pledge shall take effect by the delivery of such instrument.

Article 520-7 The provisions of Article 520-2 through the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the creation of a pledge on a negotiable instrument payable to order. Article 520-2 Assignment of a negotiable instrument payable to order does not become effective unless the instrument is indorsed and delivered to the assignee..

Article 400 If the subject matter of a claim is the delivery of a specific thing, the obligor must retain the thing with the due care of a prudent manager, which is determined in light of the contract or other sources of claims and the common sense in the transaction, until the delivery..

In the case where a contract for sale was concluded between A and B and A defaults, if, even though A issues a notice of demand to B, specifying a reasonable period, to the effect that B is to give a definite answer as to whether or not the right to cancel the contract will be exercised, B does not give the notice of cancellation within the period, A shall not be liable for the default after that.

Article 547 If no period of time is specified for the exercise of the right to cancel, the other party may issue a notice of demand to the holder of the right to cancel, specifying a reasonable period of time, to the effect that the holder of the right to cancel is to give a definite answer as to whether the holder will cancel or not within that period of time.In this case, if no notice of cancellation is received within that period, the right to cancel is extinguished..

Article 706 If an obligor has paid money or delivered anything as performance of an obligation that has not yet fallen due, the obligor may not demand the return of the money paid or thing delivered;provided, however, that if the obligor tendered anything by mistake, the obligee must return the benefit gained as a result..

If there is any novation between one joint and several obligor and the obligee, other joint and several obligor(s) shall be relieved of the previous obligation and shall not be liable for the obligation which newly arises by novation.

Article 438 If novation takes place between one of the joint and several obligors and the obligee, the claim is extinguished for the benefit of all joint and several obligors..

Article 462 (1) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis if a person, that has given guarantee without the request of the principal obligor, performs an act for extinguishment of obligation. (2) A person that has become a guarantor against the will of the principal obligor has the right to reimbursement only to the extent currently enriched.In this case, if the principal obligor asserts to have grounds for set-off against the obligee prior to the day of the demand for reimbursement, the guarantor may demand that the obligee perform the obligation which would have been extinguished by that set-off. (3) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the exercise of the right to reimbursement if the guarantor referred to in the preceding two paragraphs performs an act for extinguishment of obligation before the due date of the principal obligation..

In the case where, with respect to A's claim against B, B made the performance vis-a-vis C, who had no authority to receive the performance, and A was enriched as a result thereof, even if B knew that C had no authority to receive the performance, the performance shall have the effect to the extent A is enriched.

Article 479 Except as provided in the preceding Article, any performance made to a person other than the person with right to performance is effective only to the extent that the obligee is enriched as a result thereof. Article 478 Performance made to a person that does not constitute a person authorized to accept the performance (meaning the obligee or a third party authorized to accept performance based on the provisions of laws and regulations or the manifestation of intention of the parties; the same applies hereinafter) but that appears to be the person authorized to accept the performance in light of common sense in the transaction is effective only if the person effecting performance was acting in good faith and without negligence..

Article 406 If the subject matter of the claim is to be determined by a choice being made from among more than one performance, the right to choose belongs to the obligor..

In cases where no notice of acceptance is required due to the offeror's manifestation of intention or usage of trade, the contract shall be formed upon the occurrence of any fact which ought to be regarded as a manifestation of intention of acceptance.

Article 526 If an offeror dies, comes to be in a constant state wherein the offeror lacks mental capacity, or becomes subject to restrictions on legal capacity to act after issuing notice of the offer, and the offeror has manifested the intention not to make the offer effective should any of these facts occur, or the other party comes to know that any of these facts has occurred before issuing a notice of acceptance, that offer is not effective..

Article 97 (1) A manifestation of intention becomes effective at the time notice thereof reaches the other party. (2) If the other party prevents notice of a manifestation of intention from reaching them without a legitimate reason, the notice is deemed to have reached that party at the time it would have normally reached them. (3) The effect of a manifestation of intention is not impaired even if the person making it dies, loses mental capacity, or becomes subject to restrictions on their legal capacity to act after having sent the notice..

In cases where the notice of acceptance of an offer that specify period for acceptance was dispatched within the period, the contract shall be formed and become effective even if the notice of acceptance did not arrive at the offeror.

Article 521 (1) Unless otherwise provided for in laws and regulations, any person may freely decide whether or not to conclude a contract. (2) Parties to a contract may freely decide the terms of the contract, subject to the restrictions prescribed by laws and regulations..

Article 541 If one of the parties does not perform that party's obligation, and the other party demands performance of that obligation, specifying a reasonable period of time, but no performance is completed during that period, the other party may cancel the contract;provided, however, that this does not apply if the non-performance of the obligations upon the passage of the period is minor in light of the contract and the common sense in the transaction. Article 564 The provisions of the preceding two Articles do not preclude the buyer from claiming compensation for loss or damage pursuant to the provisions of Article 415 or exercising the right to cancel pursuant to the provisions of Articles 541 and 542..

With respect to gifts, even if they are with burden, the provisions regarding bilateral contracts shall not apply mutatis mutandis.

Article 553 With respect to gifts with burden, beyond what is provided for in this Section, the provisions regarding bilateral contracts apply mutatis mutandis, to the extent those provisions are not inconsistent with the nature of gifts with burden..

Article 706 If an obligor has paid money or delivered anything as performance of an obligation that has not yet fallen due, the obligor may not demand the return of the money paid or thing delivered;provided, however, that if the obligor tendered anything by mistake, the obligee must return the benefit gained as a result..

A contract to the effect that B would sell C a land "X" owned by A (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract for Sale") was concluded. In the case where, at the time when the Contract for Sale was concluded, B did not know that the ownership of the land "X" did not belong to B and C knew that the ownership of the land "X" did not belong to B, if B cannot acquire the ownership of the land "X" and transfer the same to C, B may cancel the Contract for Sale by notifying C to the effect that B cannot transfer the ownership of the land "X".

Article 561 If the subject matter of a sale is another person's right (including a part of a right that belongs to another person), the seller bears an obligation to acquire the right and transfer it to the buyer..

Article 572 Even if the seller makes a special agreement to the effect that the seller does not warrant in the case prescribed in the main clause of Article 562, paragraph (1) or Article 565, the seller may not be released from that responsibility with respect to any fact that the seller knew but did not disclose, and with respect to any right that the seller personally created for or assigned to a third party..

If the delivery of the subject matter of work performed is required, the contractor may not claim the remuneration until and unless he/she has delivered the same.

Article 633 Remuneration must be paid simultaneously with delivery of the subject matter of work performed;provided, however, that if no delivery of a thing is required, the provisions of Article 624, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis..

Article 536 (1) If the performance of an obligation becomes impossible due to grounds not attributable to either party, the obligee may refuse to perform counter-performance. (2) If the performance of an obligation becomes impossible due to grounds attributable to the obligee, the obligee may not refuse to complete counter-performance. In such a case, if the obligor benefits from being released from that obligation, the obligor must reimburse the obligee for the benefit..

In the case where a depositary has undertaken a deposit gratuitously, it shall be sufficient if he/she retains the Thing deposited exercising care identical to that he/she exercises for his/her own property.

Article 659 A gratuitous bailee bears a duty to keep the bailed thing while exercising the same level of care that the bailee would exercise for their own property..

Article 182 (1) The transfer of possessory rights is effected by the delivery of the thing possessed. (2) If a transferee or the agent of a transferee is actually holding the thing under possession, the transfer of possessory rights may be effected by the parties' manifestations of intention alone..

The depositor, regardless of making payment or not, must compensate the depositary for damages that occur due to the nature of or defects in the Thing deposited except when the depositor did not, without negligence, know of such nature or defect, or the depositary knew of the same.

Article 661 The bailor must compensate the bailee for damage that occur due to the nature of or defects in the bailed things;provided, however, that this does not apply if the bailor did not, without negligence, know of such nature or defect, or the bailee knew of the same..

Article 514 (1) A novation by substitution of obligor may be effected by a contract concluded between the obligee and a person that becomes the obligor after the novation. In such a case, the novation becomes effective when the obligee notifies the obligor prior to the novation of the conclusion of the contract. (2) The obligor after the novation by substitution of obligor does not acquire a right to reimbursement from the obligor prior to the novation..

A depositary may not use, or allow third parties to retain, the Thing deposited without obtaining the consent of the depositor.

Article 658 (1) A bailee may not use the bailed thing without obtaining the consent of the bailor. (2) The bailee may not have a third party keep the bailed thing in custody unless the bailee obtains the consent of the bailor or there is a compelling reason to do so. (3) A sub-bailee has the same rights and obligations as those of the bailee in relation to the bailor within the scope of authority thereof..

Article 181 Possessory rights may be acquired through an agent. Article 658 (1) A bailee may not use the bailed thing without obtaining the consent of the bailor. (2) The bailee may not have a third party keep the bailed thing in custody unless the bailee obtains the consent of the bailor or there is a compelling reason to do so. (3) A sub-bailee has the same rights and obligations as those of the bailee in relation to the bailor within the scope of authority thereof..

Even in cases where the timing of the return of the deposited goods is specified, the depositary may return the deposited goods prior to the timing of the return if the reasonable period has elapsed after he/she notified the depositor of the return.

Article 663 (1) If the parties have not specified the timing of the return of the bailed thing, the bailee may return the same at any time. (2) If the timing of the return is specified, the bailee may not return the deposited thing prior to the due date unless there is a compelling reason to do so..

Article 484 (1) Unless a particular intention is manifested with respect to the place where the performance should take place, the delivery of a specific thing must be effected at the place where that thing was located when the relevant claim accrued, and the discharge of any other obligation must be effected at the current domicile of the obligee. (2) If the trading hours are specified by laws and regulations or customs, performance may be made or demanded only within the trading hours..

Even if the timing of the return of the Thing deposited is specified, the depositor in cases of a deposit for consumption may demand the return of the Thing deposited at any time.

Article 666 (1) If a bailee may consume the bailed thing by contract, the bailee must return the thing that is the same kind, quality and quantity as the bailed thing. (2) The provisions of Articles 591 and 592 apply mutatis mutandis to the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph. (3) The provisions of Article 591, paragraphs (2) and (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the case of a bailment of money by a contract concerning deposits..

Article 400 If the subject matter of a claim is the delivery of a specific thing, the obligor must retain the thing with the due care of a prudent manager, which is determined in light of the contract or other sources of claims and the common sense in the transaction, until the delivery..

In cases where a privately appointed agent lawfully appointed its sub-agent, if the sub-agent has received monies and other Things during the course of administering the mandated business, the sub-agent shall assume an obligation to deliver to the principal the received Things.

Article 106 (1) A subagent represents the principal with respect to acts within the scope of the authority thereof. (2) A subagent has the same rights and obligations as an agent in relation to the principal and third parties within the scope of that subagent's authority. Article 646 (1) A mandatary must deliver to the mandator monies and other things received during the course of administering the mandated business. The same applies to fruits the mandatary has reaped. (2) A mandatary must transfer to the mandator rights that the mandatary has acquired in the mandatary's own name on behalf of the mandator..

Article 484 (1) Unless a particular intention is manifested with respect to the place where the performance should take place, the delivery of a specific thing must be effected at the place where that thing was located when the relevant claim accrued, and the discharge of any other obligation must be effected at the current domicile of the obligee.

In cases any third party commits any fraud inducing any person to make a manifestation of intention to the other party, and the other party did not know such fact, if such manifestation of intention meets the requirement for invalid by mistake, the person who made such manifestation of intention may assert nullity.

Article 95 (1) A manifestation of intention is voidable if it is based on either of the following mistakes, and the mistake is material in light of the purpose of the juridical act and the common sense in the transaction: (i) a mistake wherein the person lacks the intention that corresponds to the manifestation of intention; or (ii) a mistake wherein the person making the manifestation of intention holds an understandings that does not correspond to the truth with regard to the circumstances which the person has taken as the basis for the juridical act. (2) A manifestation of intention under the provisions of item (ii) of the preceding paragraph may be rescinded only if it has been indicated that the circumstances in question are being taken as the basis for the juridical act. (3) If a mistake is due to gross negligence on the part of the person making the manifestation of intention, that person may not rescind a manifestation of intention as under paragraph (1), except in the following cases: (i) if the other party knew, or did not know due to gross negligence, of the mistake on the part of the person making the manifestation of intention; or (ii) if the other party was under the same mistake as the person making the manifestation of intention. (4) The rescission of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of paragraph (1) may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith acting without negligence..

Article 555 A sale becomes effective when one of the parties promises to transfer certain property rights to the other party and the other party promises to pay the price for this..

With respect to an act which may be rescinded on the grounds of the limited capacity, the person who is the counterparty to a person with limited capacity may, after such person with limited capacity has become a person with capacity, issue to such person a notice which demands, by establishing a certain period which is one month or more, that he/she should give a definite answer on whether or not such person will ratify such act which may be rescinded within such period. In such case, if such person fails to send any definite answer within such period, he/she is deemed to have ratified such act.

Article 20 (1) After a person with qualified legal capacity who is involved in dealings with another party becomes a person with the legal capacity to act (meaning a person whose legal capacity to act is not subject to restrictions; the same applies hereinafter), the other party to those dealings may fix a period of one month or longer and demand that the person give a definite answer within that period of time as to whether the person will ratify an act that the person may rescind. In such a case, if the person fails to send a definite answer within that period of time, the person is deemed to have ratified that act. (2) The second sentence of the preceding paragraph also applies if, before the person with qualified legal capacity becomes a person with the legal capacity to act, the other party to dealings involving the person with qualified legal capacity lodges the demand prescribed in the preceding paragraph with the legal representative, curator, or assistant of that person with respect to an act within the scope of their authority, and they fail to send a definite answer within the fixed period of time referred to in that paragraph. (3) If a person does not send notice within the period of time set forth in the preceding two paragraphs indicating that the person has completed any special formalities that an act requires, the person is deemed to have rescinded that act. (4) The other party to dealings involving a person with qualified legal capacity may lodge a demand with a person under curatorship or with a person under assistance who is subject to a decision as referred to in Article 17, paragraph (1) to demand that the person get the curator or assistant to ratify an act within the fixed period referred to in paragraph (1). In such a case, if the person under curatorship or person under assistance does not send notice within that period indicating that the person has gotten the curator or assistant to ratify the act in question, the person is deemed to have rescinded that act..

Article 566 If the subject matter delivered by the seller to the buyer does not conform to the terms of the contract with respect to the kind or quality, and the buyer fails to notify the seller of the non-conformity within one year from the time when the buyer becomes aware of it, the buyer may not demand cure of the non-conformity of performance, demand a reduction of the price, claim compensation for loss or damage, or cancel the contract, on the grounds of the non-conformity; provided, however, that this does not apply if the seller knew or did not know due to gross negligence the non-conformity at the time of the delivery.

Even if the statutory agent of a person who made the manifestation of intention ratifies the rescindable act on the grounds of fraud, such person may rescind such act when he/she does not know the ratification.

Article 122 A voidable act may not be rescinded after the person prescribed in Article 120 ratifies it. Article 120 (1) An act that is voidable on the grounds of the qualified legal capacity to act of the person who did the act may be rescinded only by the person with qualified legal capacity (in the case of an act performed by the person as a legal representative of another person with limited capacity, including that other person with limited capacity), or an agent or successor thereof, or a person who has the authority to give consent thereto. (2) An act that is voidable on the grounds of a mistake, fraud or duress may be rescinded only by the person who made the defective manifestation of intention, or an agent or successor thereof..

Article 296 A holder of a right of retention may exercise that holder's rights against the whole of the thing retained until the relevant claim is satisfied in its entirety. Article 301 An obligor may demand that a right of retention be terminated by providing a reasonable security. Article 350 The provisions of Articles 296 through 300 and those of Article 304 apply mutatis mutandis to pledges..

A contract concluded by a person without authority of agency may not be ratified by the principal, after the time when the counterparty rescindes the contract.

Article 115 A counterparty may rescind a contract that a person without the authority to represent has concluded until the principal ratifies it;provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty knew at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the agent had no authority to represent..

Article 612 (1) A lessee may not assign the lease or sublease a leased thing without obtaining the approval of the lessor. (2) If the lessee allows any third party to make use of or take the profits of a leased thing in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the lessor may cancel the contract..

Even if a right to demand compensation for damages due to torts is established in a settlement in a court proceeding, and due date is fixed one year after the settlement, such right shall be extinguished by the operation of prescription if it is not exercised by the victim within ten years from the time when such settlement had been mentioned in the record of settlement.

Article 169 (1) The period of prescription of a right determined by a final and binding judgment or anything that has the same effect as a final and binding judgment is 10 years even if a period of prescription shorter than 10 years is provided for. (2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply to a claim which is not yet due and payable at the time when it is determined..

Article 200 (1) If a possessor is forcibly dispossessed, the possessor may demand the restitution of the thing and compensation for loss or damage by filing an action for recovery of possession. (2) An action for recovery of possession may not be filed against a specific successor of a person that forcibly takes possession;provided, however, that this does not apply if that successor had knowledge of the fact that the person has unlawfully taken the possession..

In the case where a person concluded the sales contract with a minor and bought his/her movable, after that such contract was rescinded on the grounds of the limited capacity to act, even if the person is in good faith and faultless with respect to the fact that the seller is a minor, the person may not acquire the ownership of such movavle on the grounds of the immediate acquisition.

Article 192 A person that commences the possession of movables peacefully and openly by a transactional act acquires the rights that are exercised with respect to the movables immediately if the person possesses it in good faith and without negligence..

Article 378 If a third party that purchases the ownership or superficies of a mortgaged immovables pays the price of the same to a mortgagee at the request of the same mortgagee, that mortgage is terminated for the benefit of that third party..

If a person contributes work to the movables of others, ownership of the Thing so worked up shall vest in the person who is determined pursuant to the provisions in Civil Code. Even if the owner and the processor make other agreement which is different from the provisions in Civil Code, such agreement shall not be take effect.

Article 246 (1) If a person (hereinafter in this Article referred to as "processor") adds labor to another person's movables, the ownership of the processed thing belongs to the owner of the material; provided, however, that if the value derived from the work significantly exceeds the value of the material, the processor acquires ownership of the processed thing. (2) In the cases prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if the processor provides a portion of the materials, the processor acquires ownership of the processed thing only if the value of provided materials added to the value derived from the labor exceeds the value of the other person's materials. Article 91 If a party to a juridical act manifests an intention that is inconsistent with the provisions of laws and regulations that are not related to public policy, that intention prevails..

Article 391 If a third party acquirer of a mortgaged immovables has incurred necessary or beneficial expenses with respect to the mortgaged immovables, that third party may obtain reimbursement of the same out of the proceeds of the mortgaged immovables prior to other obligees, in accordance with the distinctions in Article 196. Article 196 (1) If a possessor returns a thing in the possession thereof, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for the costs the possessor has paid for its preservation and other necessary expenses;provided, however, that if the possessor has acquired fruits, ordinary and necessary expenses are borne by the possessor. (2) With respect to the costs paid for by a possessor to improve the thing in the possession thereof and other beneficial expenses, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for either the costs the possessor has paid or the amount of the increased value, whichever the person recovering the thing chooses, but only if there is a current increase in value;provided, however, that with regard to a possessor in bad faith, the court may, at the request of the person recovering the thing, grant a reasonable period of time for the same..

If one of the co-owners of land acquires a servitude by prescription, the other co-owners shall also acquire the same.

Article 284 (1) If one of the co-owners of land acquires a servitude by prescription, the other co-owners also acquire the same servitude. (2) Renewal of prescription period does not become effective against co-owners unless it is made against each co-owner that exercises the servitude. (3) If there are two or more co-owners that exercise a servitude, even if there is any ground for postponement of expiry of prescription period with respect to one of them, the prescription runs in favor of each co-owner..

Article 249 Each co-owner may use the entire property in co-ownership in proportion to each co-owner's interest..

If two or more movables with different owners are so joined to each other that they can no longer be separated without damaging the same, the owner of secondary movable shall co-own the composite Thing in proportion to the respective price current at the time of the accession.

Article 243 If two or more movable properties with different owners can no longer be separated without damage due to accession, the ownership of the composite thing belongs to the owner of the principal movable property. The same applies if excessive expense is required to separate the movables. Article 244 If the distinction of principal and accessory cannot be made between the movables united by accession, the owner of each movable property co-owns the composite thing in proportion to the respective price current at the time of the accession..

Article 489 (1) If the obligor is liable to pay interest and expenses in addition to principal with respect to one or more obligations (if the obligor bears two or more obligations, limited to when the obligor bears these obligations requiring the same kind of payment or delivery to the same obligee), and the person that performs the obligations makes payment or delivery which is not sufficient to extinguish the obligation in its entirety must be appropriated first to expenses, and then to interest and principal, in this order. (2) The provisions of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis in the case referred to in the preceding paragraph in which the person makes payment or delivery which is not sufficient to extinguish any of expenses, interest or principal in whole..

Superficies may not be the subject matter of a mortgage.

Article 369 (1) A mortgagee has the right to have the mortgagee's claim satisfied prior to other obligees out of the immovables that the obligor or a third party provided to secure the obligation without transferring possession. (2) Superficies and farming rights may be the subject matter of a mortgage.In this case, the provisions of this Chapter apply mutatis mutandis..

Article 467 (1) The assignment of a claim (including the assignment of a claim that is yet to arise) may not be duly asserted against the applicable obligor or any other third party, unless the assignor gives notice thereof to the obligor or the obligor has consented to the same. (2) Notice or consent as referred to in the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party other than the obligor unless the notice or the consent is made using an instrument bearing a certified date..

A servitude holder must pay for benefit to the owner of the servient land.

Article 280 A servitude holder has the right to use another person's land for the convenience of their own lands in accordance with purposes prescribed in the act establishing the servitude;provided, however, that this right must not violate the provisions (limited to those that relate to public policy) under Section 1 of Chapter 3 (Extent of Ownership)..

Article 706 If an obligor has paid money or delivered anything as performance of an obligation that has not yet fallen due, the obligor may not demand the return of the money paid or thing delivered; provided, however, that if the obligor tendered anything by mistake, the obligee must return the benefit gained as a result.

A person who acquires Statutory Superficies need not to pay the rent to the owner of the land.

Article 388 If the land and a building on that land belong to the same owner, a mortgage is created with respect to that land or building, and the enforcement of that mortgage causes them to belong to different owners, it is deemed that a superficies has been created with respect to that building.In this case, the rent is fixed by the court at the request of the parties..

Article 196 (1) If a possessor returns a thing in the possession thereof, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for the costs the possessor has paid for its preservation and other necessary expenses;provided, however, that if the possessor has acquired fruits, ordinary and necessary expenses are borne by the possessor. (2) With respect to the costs paid for by a possessor to improve the thing in the possession thereof and other beneficial expenses, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for either the costs the possessor has paid or the amount of the increased value, whichever the person recovering the thing chooses, but only if there is a current increase in value;provided, however, that with regard to a possessor in bad faith, the court may, at the request of the person recovering the thing, grant a reasonable period of time for the same..

If a superficiary fails to pay the rent for two or more consecutive years, the landowner may demand the extinction of the superficies.

Article 266 (1) The provisions of Articles 274 through 276 apply mutatis mutandis if the superficiary must pay periodical rent to the owners of the land. (2) Beyond what is provided for in the preceding paragraph, provisions on leasehold apply mutatis mutandis to rent to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same. Article 276 If a farming right holder fails to pay the rent for two or more consecutive years, the landowner may demand the extinction of the farming right..

Article 292 If dominant land is co-owned by more than one person, and expiry of prescription period is postponed or prescription period is renewed in favor of one co-owner, the postponement of expiry of prescription period or the renewal of prescription period is also effective for the benefit of other co-owners..

A holder of a right of retention may exercise his/her rights against the whole of the Thing retained until his/her claim is satisfied in its entirety.

Article 296 A holder of a right of retention may exercise that holder's rights against the whole of the thing retained until the relevant claim is satisfied in its entirety..

Article 270 A farming right holder has the right to pay rent and engage in cultivation or livestock farming on another person's land..