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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Links](#links) * [Images](#images) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/basePath.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)basePath basePath ======== To deploy a Next.js application under a sub-path of a domain you can use the `basePath` config option. `basePath` allows you to set a path prefix for the application. For example, to use `/docs` instead of `''` (an empty string, the default), open `next.config.js` and add the `basePath` config: next.config.js module.exports = { basePath: '/docs', } > **Good to know**: This value must be set at build time and cannot be changed without re-building as the value is inlined in the client-side bundles. ### [Links](#links) When linking to other pages using `next/link` and `next/router` the `basePath` will be automatically applied. For example, using `/about` will automatically become `/docs/about` when `basePath` is set to `/docs`. export default function HomePage() { return ( <> <Link href="/about">About Page</Link> </> ) } Output html: <a href="/docs/about">About Page</a> This makes sure that you don't have to change all links in your application when changing the `basePath` value. ### [Images](#images) When using the [`next/image`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) component, you will need to add the `basePath` in front of `src`. For example, using `/docs/me.png` will properly serve your image when `basePath` is set to `/docs`. import Image from 'next/image' function Home() { return ( <> <h1>My Homepage</h1> <Image src="/docs/me.png" alt="Picture of the author" width={500} height={500} /> <p>Welcome to my homepage!</p> </> ) } export default Home [Previous assetPrefix ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) [Next compress ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/devIndicators.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)devIndicators devIndicators ============= When you edit your code, and Next.js is compiling the application, a compilation indicator appears in the bottom right corner of the page. > **Good to know**: This indicator is only present in development mode and will not appear when building and running the app in production mode. In some cases this indicator can be misplaced on your page, for example, when conflicting with a chat launcher. To change its position, open `next.config.js` and set the `buildActivityPosition` in the `devIndicators` object to `bottom-right` (default), `bottom-left`, `top-right` or `top-left`: next.config.js module.exports = { devIndicators: { buildActivityPosition: 'bottom-right', }, } In some cases this indicator might not be useful for you. To remove it, open `next.config.js` and disable the `buildActivity` config in `devIndicators` object: next.config.js module.exports = { devIndicators: { buildActivity: false, }, } [Previous crossOrigin ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) [Next distDir ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [How it Works](#how-it-works) * [Automatically Copying Traced Files](#automatically-copying-traced-files) * [Caveats](#caveats) * [Experimental turbotrace](#experimental-turbotrace) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/output.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)output output ====== During a build, Next.js will automatically trace each page and its dependencies to determine all of the files that are needed for deploying a production version of your application. This feature helps reduce the size of deployments drastically. Previously, when deploying with Docker you would need to have all files from your package's `dependencies` installed to run `next start`. Starting with Next.js 12, you can leverage Output File Tracing in the `.next/` directory to only include the necessary files. Furthermore, this removes the need for the deprecated `serverless` target which can cause various issues and also creates unnecessary duplication. [How it Works](#how-it-works) ----------------------------- During `next build`, Next.js will use [`@vercel/nft`](https://github.com/vercel/nft) to statically analyze `import`, `require`, and `fs` usage to determine all files that a page might load. Next.js' production server is also traced for its needed files and output at `.next/next-server.js.nft.json` which can be leveraged in production. To leverage the `.nft.json` files emitted to the `.next` output directory, you can read the list of files in each trace that are relative to the `.nft.json` file and then copy them to your deployment location. [Automatically Copying Traced Files](#automatically-copying-traced-files) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js can automatically create a `standalone` folder that copies only the necessary files for a production deployment including select files in `node_modules`. To leverage this automatic copying you can enable it in your `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { output: 'standalone', } This will create a folder at `.next/standalone` which can then be deployed on its own without installing `node_modules`. Additionally, a minimal `server.js` file is also output which can be used instead of `next start`. This minimal server does not copy the `public` or `.next/static` folders by default as these should ideally be handled by a CDN instead, although these folders can be copied to the `standalone/public` and `standalone/.next/static` folders manually, after which `server.js` file will serve these automatically. > **Good to know**: > > * If your project needs to listen to a specific port or hostname, you can define `PORT` or `HOSTNAME` environment variables before running `server.js`. For example, run `PORT=8080 HOSTNAME=0.0.0.0 node server.js` to start the server on `http://0.0.0.0:8080`. > * If your project uses [Image Optimization](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) with the default `loader`, you must install `sharp` as a dependency: Terminal npm i sharp Terminal yarn add sharp Terminal pnpm add sharp Terminal bun add sharp [Caveats](#caveats) ------------------- * While tracing in monorepo setups, the project directory is used for tracing by default. For `next build packages/web-app`, `packages/web-app` would be the tracing root and any files outside of that folder will not be included. To include files outside of this folder you can set `experimental.outputFileTracingRoot` in your `next.config.js`. packages/web-app/next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { // this includes files from the monorepo base two directories up outputFileTracingRoot: path.join(__dirname, '../../'), }, } * There are some cases in which Next.js might fail to include required files, or might incorrectly include unused files. In those cases, you can leverage `experimental.outputFileTracingExcludes` and `experimental.outputFileTracingIncludes` respectively in `next.config.js`. Each config accepts an object with [minimatch globs](https://www.npmjs.com/package/minimatch) for the key to match specific pages and a value of an array with globs relative to the project's root to either include or exclude in the trace. next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { outputFileTracingExcludes: { '/api/hello': ['./un-necessary-folder/**/*'], }, outputFileTracingIncludes: { '/api/another': ['./necessary-folder/**/*'], }, }, } * Currently, Next.js does not do anything with the emitted `.nft.json` files. The files must be read by your deployment platform, for example [Vercel](https://vercel.com), to create a minimal deployment. In a future release, a new command is planned to utilize these `.nft.json` files. [Experimental `turbotrace`](#experimental-turbotrace) ----------------------------------------------------- Tracing dependencies can be slow because it requires very complex computations and analysis. We created `turbotrace` in Rust as a faster and smarter alternative to the JavaScript implementation. To enable it, you can add the following configuration to your `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { turbotrace: { // control the log level of the turbotrace, default is `error` logLevel?: | 'bug' | 'fatal' | 'error' | 'warning' | 'hint' | 'note' | 'suggestions' | 'info', // control if the log of turbotrace should contain the details of the analysis, default is `false` logDetail?: boolean // show all log messages without limit // turbotrace only show 1 log message for each categories by default logAll?: boolean // control the context directory of the turbotrace // files outside of the context directory will not be traced // set the `experimental.outputFileTracingRoot` has the same effect // if the `experimental.outputFileTracingRoot` and this option are both set, the `experimental.turbotrace.contextDirectory` will be used contextDirectory?: string // if there is `process.cwd()` expression in your code, you can set this option to tell `turbotrace` the value of `process.cwd()` while tracing. // for example the require(process.cwd() + '/package.json') will be traced as require('/path/to/cwd/package.json') processCwd?: string // control the maximum memory usage of the `turbotrace`, in `MB`, default is `6000`. memoryLimit?: number }, }, } [Previous optimizePackageImports ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) [Next pageExtensions ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Adding a trailing slash](#adding-a-trailing-slash) * [Customizing the output directory](#customizing-the-output-directory) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/exportPathMap.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)exportPathMap exportPathMap (Deprecated) ========================== > This feature is exclusive to `next export` and currently **deprecated** in favor of `getStaticPaths` with `pages` or `generateStaticParams` with `app`. Examples * [Static Export](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-static-export) `exportPathMap` allows you to specify a mapping of request paths to page destinations, to be used during export. Paths defined in `exportPathMap` will also be available when using [`next dev`](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli#development). Let's start with an example, to create a custom `exportPathMap` for an app with the following pages: * `pages/index.js` * `pages/about.js` * `pages/post.js` Open `next.config.js` and add the following `exportPathMap` config: next.config.js module.exports = { exportPathMap: async function ( defaultPathMap, { dev, dir, outDir, distDir, buildId } ) { return { '/': { page: '/' }, '/about': { page: '/about' }, '/p/hello-nextjs': { page: '/post', query: { title: 'hello-nextjs' } }, '/p/learn-nextjs': { page: '/post', query: { title: 'learn-nextjs' } }, '/p/deploy-nextjs': { page: '/post', query: { title: 'deploy-nextjs' } }, } }, } > **Good to know**: the `query` field in `exportPathMap` cannot be used with [automatically statically optimized pages](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) or [`getStaticProps` pages](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) as they are rendered to HTML files at build-time and additional query information cannot be provided during `next export`. The pages will then be exported as HTML files, for example, `/about` will become `/about.html`. `exportPathMap` is an `async` function that receives 2 arguments: the first one is `defaultPathMap`, which is the default map used by Next.js. The second argument is an object with: * `dev` - `true` when `exportPathMap` is being called in development. `false` when running `next export`. In development `exportPathMap` is used to define routes. * `dir` - Absolute path to the project directory * `outDir` - Absolute path to the `out/` directory ([configurable with `-o`](#customizing-the-output-directory)). When `dev` is `true` the value of `outDir` will be `null`. * `distDir` - Absolute path to the `.next/` directory (configurable with the [`distDir`](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) config) * `buildId` - The generated build id The returned object is a map of pages where the `key` is the `pathname` and the `value` is an object that accepts the following fields: * `page`: `String` - the page inside the `pages` directory to render * `query`: `Object` - the `query` object passed to `getInitialProps` when prerendering. Defaults to `{}` > The exported `pathname` can also be a filename (for example, `/readme.md`), but you may need to set the `Content-Type` header to `text/html` when serving its content if it is different than `.html`. [Adding a trailing slash](#adding-a-trailing-slash) --------------------------------------------------- It is possible to configure Next.js to export pages as `index.html` files and require trailing slashes, `/about` becomes `/about/index.html` and is routable via `/about/`. This was the default behavior prior to Next.js 9. To switch back and add a trailing slash, open `next.config.js` and enable the `trailingSlash` config: next.config.js module.exports = { trailingSlash: true, } [Customizing the output directory](#customizing-the-output-directory) --------------------------------------------------------------------- [`next export`](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) will use `out` as the default output directory, you can customize this using the `-o` argument, like so: Terminal next export -o outdir > **Warning**: Using `exportPathMap` is deprecated and is overridden by `getStaticPaths` inside `pages`. We don't recommend using them together. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Index routes](#index-routes) * [Nested routes](#nested-routes) * [Pages with Dynamic Routes](#pages-with-dynamic-routes) * [Layout Pattern](#layout-pattern) * [Examples](#examples) * [Single Shared Layout with Custom App](#single-shared-layout-with-custom-app) * [Per-Page Layouts](#per-page-layouts) * [With TypeScript](#with-typescript) * [Data Fetching](#data-fetching) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/01-pages-and-layouts.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Pages and Layouts Pages and Layouts ================= The Pages Router has a file-system based router built on the concept of pages. When a file is added to the `pages` directory, it's automatically available as a route. In Next.js, a **page** is a [React Component](https://react.dev/learn/your-first-component) exported from a `.js`, `.jsx`, `.ts`, or `.tsx` file in the `pages` directory. Each page is associated with a route based on its file name. **Example**: If you create `pages/about.js` that exports a React component like below, it will be accessible at `/about`. export default function About() { return <div>About</div> } [Index routes](#index-routes) ----------------------------- The router will automatically route files named `index` to the root of the directory. * `pages/index.js` → `/` * `pages/blog/index.js` → `/blog` [Nested routes](#nested-routes) ------------------------------- The router supports nested files. If you create a nested folder structure, files will automatically be routed in the same way still. * `pages/blog/first-post.js` → `/blog/first-post` * `pages/dashboard/settings/username.js` → `/dashboard/settings/username` [Pages with Dynamic Routes](#pages-with-dynamic-routes) ------------------------------------------------------- Next.js supports pages with dynamic routes. For example, if you create a file called `pages/posts/[id].js`, then it will be accessible at `posts/1`, `posts/2`, etc. > To learn more about dynamic routing, check the [Dynamic Routing documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). [Layout Pattern](#layout-pattern) --------------------------------- The React model allows us to deconstruct a [page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) into a series of components. Many of these components are often reused between pages. For example, you might have the same navigation bar and footer on every page. components/layout.js import Navbar from './navbar' import Footer from './footer' export default function Layout({ children }) { return ( <> <Navbar /> <main>{children}</main> <Footer /> </> ) } [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Single Shared Layout with Custom App](#single-shared-layout-with-custom-app) If you only have one layout for your entire application, you can create a [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) and wrap your application with the layout. Since the `<Layout />` component is re-used when changing pages, its component state will be preserved (e.g. input values). pages/\_app.js import Layout from '../components/layout' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <Layout> <Component {...pageProps} /> </Layout> ) } ### [Per-Page Layouts](#per-page-layouts) If you need multiple layouts, you can add a property `getLayout` to your page, allowing you to return a React component for the layout. This allows you to define the layout on a _per-page basis_. Since we're returning a function, we can have complex nested layouts if desired. pages/index.js import Layout from '../components/layout' import NestedLayout from '../components/nested-layout' export default function Page() { return ( /** Your content */ ) } Page.getLayout = function getLayout(page) { return ( <Layout> <NestedLayout>{page}</NestedLayout> </Layout> ) } pages/\_app.js export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { // Use the layout defined at the page level, if available const getLayout = Component.getLayout ?? ((page) => page) return getLayout(<Component {...pageProps} />) } When navigating between pages, we want to _persist_ page state (input values, scroll position, etc.) for a Single-Page Application (SPA) experience. This layout pattern enables state persistence because the React component tree is maintained between page transitions. With the component tree, React can understand which elements have changed to preserve state. > **Good to know**: This process is called [reconciliation](https://react.dev/learn/preserving-and-resetting-state), which is how React understands which elements have changed. ### [With TypeScript](#with-typescript) When using TypeScript, you must first create a new type for your pages which includes a `getLayout` function. Then, you must create a new type for your `AppProps` which overrides the `Component` property to use the previously created type. pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { ReactElement } from 'react' import Layout from '../components/layout' import NestedLayout from '../components/nested-layout' import type { NextPageWithLayout } from './_app' const Page: NextPageWithLayout = () => { return <p>hello world</p> } Page.getLayout = function getLayout(page: ReactElement) { return ( <Layout> <NestedLayout>{page}</NestedLayout> </Layout> ) } export default Page pages/\_app.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { ReactElement, ReactNode } from 'react' import type { NextPage } from 'next' import type { AppProps } from 'next/app' export type NextPageWithLayout<P = {}, IP = P> = NextPage<P, IP> & { getLayout?: (page: ReactElement) => ReactNode } type AppPropsWithLayout = AppProps & { Component: NextPageWithLayout } export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }: AppPropsWithLayout) { // Use the layout defined at the page level, if available const getLayout = Component.getLayout ?? ((page) => page) return getLayout(<Component {...pageProps} />) } ### [Data Fetching](#data-fetching) Inside your layout, you can fetch data on the client-side using `useEffect` or a library like [SWR](https://swr.vercel.app/). Because this file is not a [Page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts), you cannot use `getStaticProps` or `getServerSideProps` currently. components/layout.js import useSWR from 'swr' import Navbar from './navbar' import Footer from './footer' export default function Layout({ children }) { const { data, error } = useSWR('/api/navigation', fetcher) if (error) return <div>Failed to load</div> if (!data) return <div>Loading...</div> return ( <> <Navbar links={data.links} /> <main>{children}</main> <Footer /> </> ) } [Previous Routing ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) [Next Dynamic Routes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes

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[generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Convention](#convention) * [Example](#example) * [Catch-all Segments](#catch-all-segments) * [Optional Catch-all Segments](#optional-catch-all-segments) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/02-dynamic-routes.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Dynamic Routes Dynamic Routes ============== When you don't know the exact segment names ahead of time and want to create routes from dynamic data, you can use Dynamic Segments that are filled in at request time or [prerendered](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) at build time. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- A Dynamic Segment can be created by wrapping a file or folder name in square brackets: `[segmentName]`. For example, `[id]` or `[slug]`. Dynamic Segments can be accessed from [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router). [Example](#example) ------------------- For example, a blog could include the following route `pages/blog/[slug].js` where `[slug]` is the Dynamic Segment for blog posts. import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function Page() { const router = useRouter() return <p>Post: {router.query.slug}</p> } Route Example URL `params` `pages/blog/[slug].js` `/blog/a` `{ slug: 'a' }` `pages/blog/[slug].js` `/blog/b` `{ slug: 'b' }` `pages/blog/[slug].js` `/blog/c` `{ slug: 'c' }` [Catch-all Segments](#catch-all-segments) ----------------------------------------- Dynamic Segments can be extended to **catch-all** subsequent segments by adding an ellipsis inside the brackets `[...segmentName]`. For example, `pages/shop/[...slug].js` will match `/shop/clothes`, but also `/shop/clothes/tops`, `/shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts`, and so on. Route Example URL `params` `pages/shop/[...slug].js` `/shop/a` `{ slug: ['a'] }` `pages/shop/[...slug].js` `/shop/a/b` `{ slug: ['a', 'b'] }` `pages/shop/[...slug].js` `/shop/a/b/c` `{ slug: ['a', 'b', 'c'] }` [Optional Catch-all Segments](#optional-catch-all-segments) ----------------------------------------------------------- Catch-all Segments can be made **optional** by including the parameter in double square brackets: `[[...segmentName]]`. For example, `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` will **also** match `/shop`, in addition to `/shop/clothes`, `/shop/clothes/tops`, `/shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts`. The difference between **catch-all** and **optional catch-all** segments is that with optional, the route without the parameter is also matched (`/shop` in the example above). Route Example URL `params` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop` `{ slug: [] }` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop/a` `{ slug: ['a'] }` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop/a/b` `{ slug: ['a', 'b'] }` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop/a/b/c` `{ slug: ['a', 'b', 'c'] }` Next Steps ---------- For more information on what to do next, we recommend the following sections [ Pages Router ... Routing ### Linking and Navigating Learn how navigation works in Next.js, and how to use the Link Component and \`useRouter\` hook. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating)[ Pages Router ... Functions ### useRouter Learn more about the API of the Next.js Router, and access the router instance in your page with the useRouter hook. ](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) [Previous Pages and Layouts ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) [Next Linking and Navigating ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Menu Using Pages Router Features available in /pages * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project Organization](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/colocation) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Parallel Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) * [Intercepting Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/intercepting-routes) * [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) * [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Internationalization](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Data Fetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [Fetching, Caching, and Revalidating](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating) * [Server Actions and Mutations](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) * [Data Fetching Patterns and Best Practices](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/patterns) * [Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) * [Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) * [Composition Patterns](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/composition-patterns) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) * [Styling](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * 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[<Link>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) * [File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) * [default.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) * [error.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) * [instrumentation.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) * [layout.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) * [loading.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) * [middleware.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) * [not-found.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) * [page.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) * [route.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) * [Route Segment Config](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) * [template.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) * [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) * [favicon, 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[useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [ Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [useRouter() hook](#userouter-hook) * [redirects in next.config.js](#redirects-in-nextconfigjs) * [NextResponse.redirect in Middleware](#nextresponseredirect-in-middleware) * [Managing redirects at scale (advanced)](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced) * [1\. Creating and storing a redirect map](#1-creating-and-storing-a-redirect-map) * [2\. Optimizing data lookup performance](#2-optimizing-data-lookup-performance) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/04-redirecting.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Redirecting Redirecting =========== There are a few ways you can handle redirects in Next.js. This page will go through each available option, use cases, and how to manage large numbers of redirects. API Purpose Where Status Code [`useRouter`](#userouter-hook) Perform a client-side navigation Components N/A [`redirects` in `next.config.js`](#redirects-in-nextconfigjs) Redirect an incoming request based on a path `next.config.js` file 307 (Temporary) or 308 (Permanent) [`NextResponse.redirect`](#nextresponseredirect-in-middleware) Redirect an incoming request based on a condition Middleware Any [`useRouter()` hook](#userouter-hook) ------------------------------------- If you need to redirect inside a component, you can use the `push` method from the `useRouter` hook. For example: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function Page() { const router = useRouter() return ( <button type="button" onClick={() => router.push('/dashboard')}> Dashboard </button> ) } > **Good to know**: > > * If you don't need to programmatically navigate a user, you should use a [`<Link>`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) component. See the [`useRouter` API reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) for more information. [`redirects` in `next.config.js`](#redirects-in-nextconfigjs) ------------------------------------------------------------- The `redirects` option in the `next.config.js` file allows you to redirect an incoming request path to a different destination path. This is useful when you change the URL structure of pages or have a list of redirects that are known ahead of time. `redirects` supports [path](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects#path-matching), [header, cookie, and query matching](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects#header-cookie-and-query-matching), giving you the flexibility to redirect users based on an incoming request. To use `redirects`, add the option to your `next.config.js` file: next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ // Basic redirect { source: '/about', destination: '/', permanent: true, }, // Wildcard path matching { source: '/blog/:slug', destination: '/news/:slug', permanent: true, }, ] }, } See the [`redirects` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) for more information. > **Good to know**: > > * `redirects` can return a 307 (Temporary Redirect) or 308 (Permanent Redirect) status code with the `permanent` option. > * `redirects` may have a limit on platforms. For example, on Vercel, there's a limit of 1,024 redirects. To manage a large number of redirects (1000+), consider creating a custom solution using [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware). See [managing redirects at scale](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced) for more. > * `redirects` runs **before** Middleware. [`NextResponse.redirect` in Middleware](#nextresponseredirect-in-middleware) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Middleware allows you to run code before a request is completed. Then, based on the incoming request, redirect to a different URL using `NextResponse.redirect`. This is useful if you want to redirect users based on a condition (e.g. authentication, session management, etc) or have [a large number of redirects](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced). For example, to redirect the user to a `/login` page if they are not authenticated: middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse, NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { authenticate } from 'auth-provider' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const isAuthenticated = authenticate(request) // If the user is authenticated, continue as normal if (isAuthenticated) { return NextResponse.next() } // Redirect to login page if not authenticated return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url)) } export const config = { matcher: '/dashboard/:path*', } > **Good to know**: > > * Middleware runs **after** `redirects` in `next.config.js` and **before** rendering. See the [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) documentation for more information. [Managing redirects at scale (advanced)](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To manage a large number of redirects (1000+), you may consider creating a custom solution using Middleware. This allows you to handle redirects programmatically without having to redeploy your application. To do this, you'll need to consider: 1. Creating and storing a redirect map. 2. Optimizing data lookup performance. > **Next.js Example**: See our [Middleware with Bloom filter](https://redirects-bloom-filter.vercel.app/) example for an implementation of the recommendations below. ### [1\. Creating and storing a redirect map](#1-creating-and-storing-a-redirect-map) A redirect map is a list of redirects that you can store in a database (usually a key-value store) or JSON file. Consider the following data structure: { "/old": { "destination": "/new", "permanent": true }, "/blog/post-old": { "destination": "/blog/post-new", "permanent": true } } In [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware), you can read from a database such as Vercel's [Edge Config](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/edge-config/get-started?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) or [Redis](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-kv?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website), and redirect the user based on the incoming request: middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse, NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { get } from '@vercel/edge-config' type RedirectEntry = { destination: string permanent: boolean } export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const pathname = request.nextUrl.pathname const redirectData = await get(pathname) if (redirectData && typeof redirectData === 'string') { const redirectEntry: RedirectEntry = JSON.parse(redirectData) const statusCode = redirectEntry.permanent ? 308 : 307 return NextResponse.redirect(redirectEntry.destination, statusCode) } // No redirect found, continue without redirecting return NextResponse.next() } ### [2\. Optimizing data lookup performance](#2-optimizing-data-lookup-performance) Reading a large dataset for every incoming request can be slow and expensive. There are two ways you can optimize data lookup performance: * Use a database that is optimized for fast reads, such as [Vercel Edge Config](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/edge-config/get-started?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) or [Redis](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-kv?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website). * Use a data lookup strategy such as a [Bloom filter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter) to efficiently check if a redirect exists **before** reading the larger redirects file or database. Considering the previous example, you can import a generated bloom filter file into Middleware, then, check if the incoming request pathname exists in the bloom filter. If it does, forward the request to a [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) which will check the actual file and redirect the user to the appropriate URL. This avoids importing a large redirects file into Middleware, which can slow down every incoming request. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse, NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { ScalableBloomFilter } from 'bloom-filters' import GeneratedBloomFilter from './redirects/bloom-filter.json' type RedirectEntry = { destination: string permanent: boolean } // Initialize bloom filter from a generated JSON file const bloomFilter = ScalableBloomFilter.fromJSON(GeneratedBloomFilter as any) export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Get the path for the incoming request const pathname = request.nextUrl.pathname // Check if the path is in the bloom filter if (bloomFilter.has(pathname)) { // Forward the pathname to the Route Handler const api = new URL( `/api/redirects?pathname=${encodeURIComponent(request.nextUrl.pathname)}`, request.nextUrl.origin ) try { // Fetch redirect data from the Route Handler const redirectData = await fetch(api) if (redirectData.ok) { const redirectEntry: RedirectEntry | undefined = await redirectData.json() if (redirectEntry) { // Determine the status code const statusCode = redirectEntry.permanent ? 308 : 307 // Redirect to the destination return NextResponse.redirect(redirectEntry.destination, statusCode) } } } catch (error) { console.error(error) } } // No redirect found, continue the request without redirecting return NextResponse.next() } Then, in the API Route: pages/api/redirects.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' import redirects from '@/app/redirects/redirects.json' type RedirectEntry = { destination: string permanent: boolean } export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { const pathname = req.query.pathname if (!pathname) { return res.status(400).json({ message: 'Bad Request' }) } // Get the redirect entry from the redirects.json file const redirect = (redirects as Record<string, RedirectEntry>)[pathname] // Account for bloom filter false positives if (!redirect) { return res.status(400).json({ message: 'No redirect' }) } // Return the redirect entry return res.json(redirect) } > **Good to know:** > > * To generate a bloom filter, you can use a library like [`bloom-filters`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/bloom-filters). > * You should validate requests made to your Route Handler to prevent malicious requests. [Previous Linking and Navigating ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) [Next Custom App ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Linking to dynamic paths](#linking-to-dynamic-paths) * [Injecting the router](#injecting-the-router) * [Imperative Routing](#imperative-routing) * [Shallow Routing](#shallow-routing) * [Caveats](#caveats) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/03-linking-and-navigating.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Linking and Navigating Linking and Navigating ====================== The Next.js router allows you to do client-side route transitions between pages, similar to a single-page application. A React component called `Link` is provided to do this client-side route transition. import Link from 'next/link' function Home() { return ( <ul> <li> <Link href="/">Home</Link> </li> <li> <Link href="/about">About Us</Link> </li> <li> <Link href="/blog/hello-world">Blog Post</Link> </li> </ul> ) } export default Home The example above uses multiple links. Each one maps a path (`href`) to a known page: * `/` → `pages/index.js` * `/about` → `pages/about.js` * `/blog/hello-world` → `pages/blog/[slug].js` Any `<Link />` in the viewport (initially or through scroll) will be prefetched by default (including the corresponding data) for pages using [Static Generation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props). The corresponding data for [server-rendered](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) routes is fetched _only when_ the `<Link />` is clicked. [Linking to dynamic paths](#linking-to-dynamic-paths) ----------------------------------------------------- You can also use interpolation to create the path, which comes in handy for [dynamic route segments](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). For example, to show a list of posts which have been passed to the component as a prop: import Link from 'next/link' function Posts({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}> <Link href={`/blog/${encodeURIComponent(post.slug)}`}> {post.title} </Link> </li> ))} </ul> ) } export default Posts > [`encodeURIComponent`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent) is used in the example to keep the path utf-8 compatible. Alternatively, using a URL Object: import Link from 'next/link' function Posts({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}> <Link href={{ pathname: '/blog/[slug]', query: { slug: post.slug }, }} > {post.title} </Link> </li> ))} </ul> ) } export default Posts Now, instead of using interpolation to create the path, we use a URL object in `href` where: * `pathname` is the name of the page in the `pages` directory. `/blog/[slug]` in this case. * `query` is an object with the dynamic segment. `slug` in this case. [Injecting the router](#injecting-the-router) --------------------------------------------- Examples * [Dynamic Routing](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/dynamic-routing) To access the [`router` object](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-object) in a React component you can use [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) or [`withRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#withrouter). In general we recommend using [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router). [Imperative Routing](#imperative-routing) ----------------------------------------- [`next/link`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) should be able to cover most of your routing needs, but you can also do client-side navigations without it, take a look at the [documentation for `next/router`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router). The following example shows how to do basic page navigations with [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router): import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function ReadMore() { const router = useRouter() return ( <button onClick={() => router.push('/about')}> Click here to read more </button> ) } [Shallow Routing](#shallow-routing) ----------------------------------- Examples * [Shallow Routing](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-shallow-routing) Shallow routing allows you to change the URL without running data fetching methods again, that includes [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props), [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props), and [`getInitialProps`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props). You'll receive the updated `pathname` and the `query` via the [`router` object](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-object) (added by [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) or [`withRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#withrouter)), without losing state. To enable shallow routing, set the `shallow` option to `true`. Consider the following example: import { useEffect } from 'react' import { useRouter } from 'next/router' // Current URL is '/' function Page() { const router = useRouter() useEffect(() => { // Always do navigations after the first render router.push('/?counter=10', undefined, { shallow: true }) }, []) useEffect(() => { // The counter changed! }, [router.query.counter]) } export default Page The URL will get updated to `/?counter=10` and the page won't get replaced, only the state of the route is changed. You can also watch for URL changes via [`componentDidUpdate`](https://react.dev/reference/react/Component#componentdidupdate) as shown below: componentDidUpdate(prevProps) { const { pathname, query } = this.props.router // verify props have changed to avoid an infinite loop if (query.counter !== prevProps.router.query.counter) { // fetch data based on the new query } } ### [Caveats](#caveats) Shallow routing **only** works for URL changes in the current page. For example, let's assume we have another page called `pages/about.js`, and you run this: router.push('/?counter=10', '/about?counter=10', { shallow: true }) Since that's a new page, it'll unload the current page, load the new one and wait for data fetching even though we asked to do shallow routing. When shallow routing is used with middleware it will not ensure the new page matches the current page like previously done without middleware. This is due to middleware being able to rewrite dynamically and can't be verified client-side without a data fetch which is skipped with shallow, so a shallow route change must always be treated as shallow. [Previous Dynamic Routes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) [Next Redirecting ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Usage](#usage) * [getInitialProps with App](#getinitialprops-with-app) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/05-custom-app.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Custom App Custom App ========== Next.js uses the `App` component to initialize pages. You can override it and control the page initialization and: * Create a shared layout between page changes * Inject additional data into pages * [Add global CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) [Usage](#usage) --------------- To override the default `App`, create the file `pages/_app` as shown below: pages/\_app.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { AppProps } from 'next/app' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }: AppProps) { return <Component {...pageProps} /> } The `Component` prop is the active `page`, so whenever you navigate between routes, `Component` will change to the new `page`. Therefore, any props you send to `Component` will be received by the `page`. `pageProps` is an object with the initial props that were preloaded for your page by one of our [data fetching methods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching), otherwise it's an empty object. > **Good to know** > > * If your app is running and you added a custom `App`, you'll need to restart the development server. Only required if `pages/_app.js` didn't exist before. > * `App` does not support Next.js [Data Fetching methods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) like [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) or [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props). [`getInitialProps` with `App`](#getinitialprops-with-app) --------------------------------------------------------- Using [`getInitialProps`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) in `App` will disable [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) for pages without [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props). **We do not recommend using this pattern.** Instead, consider [incrementally adopting](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) the App Router, which allows you to more easily fetch data for [pages and layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts). pages/\_app.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import App, { AppContext, AppInitialProps, AppProps } from 'next/app' type AppOwnProps = { example: string } export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps, example, }: AppProps & AppOwnProps) { return ( <> <p>Data: {example}</p> <Component {...pageProps} /> </> ) } MyApp.getInitialProps = async ( context: AppContext ): Promise<AppOwnProps & AppInitialProps> => { const ctx = await App.getInitialProps(context) return { ...ctx, example: 'data' } } [Previous Redirecting ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) [Next Custom Document ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) Was this helpful? supported. 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[eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [ headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * 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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Header Overriding Behavior](#header-overriding-behavior) * [Path Matching](#path-matching) * [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) * [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) * [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) * [Headers with basePath support](#headers-with-basepath-support) * [Headers with i18n support](#headers-with-i18n-support) * [Cache-Control](#cache-control) * [Options](#options) * [CORS](#cors) * [X-DNS-Prefetch-Control](#x-dns-prefetch-control) * [Strict-Transport-Security](#strict-transport-security) * [X-Frame-Options](#x-frame-options) * [Permissions-Policy](#permissions-policy) * [X-Content-Type-Options](#x-content-type-options) * [Referrer-Policy](#referrer-policy) * [Content-Security-Policy](#content-security-policy) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/headers.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)headers headers ======= Headers allow you to set custom HTTP headers on the response to an incoming request on a given path. To set custom HTTP headers you can use the `headers` key in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/about', headers: [ { key: 'x-custom-header', value: 'my custom header value', }, { key: 'x-another-custom-header', value: 'my other custom header value', }, ], }, ] }, } `headers` is an async function that expects an array to be returned holding objects with `source` and `headers` properties: * `source` is the incoming request path pattern. * `headers` is an array of response header objects, with `key` and `value` properties. * `basePath`: `false` or `undefined` - if false the basePath won't be included when matching, can be used for external rewrites only. * `locale`: `false` or `undefined` - whether the locale should not be included when matching. * `has` is an array of [has objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. * `missing` is an array of [missing objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. Headers are checked before the filesystem which includes pages and `/public` files. [Header Overriding Behavior](#header-overriding-behavior) --------------------------------------------------------- If two headers match the same path and set the same header key, the last header key will override the first. Using the below headers, the path `/hello` will result in the header `x-hello` being `world` due to the last header value set being `world`. next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/:path*', headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'there', }, ], }, { source: '/hello', headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, ] }, } [Path Matching](#path-matching) ------------------------------- Path matches are allowed, for example `/blog/:slug` will match `/blog/hello-world` (no nested paths): next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug', headers: [ { key: 'x-slug', value: ':slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the value }, { key: 'x-slug-:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the key value: 'my other custom header value', }, ], }, ] }, } ### [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) To match a wildcard path you can use `*` after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug*` will match `/blog/a/b/c/d/hello-world`: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug*', headers: [ { key: 'x-slug', value: ':slug*', // Matched parameters can be used in the value }, { key: 'x-slug-:slug*', // Matched parameters can be used in the key value: 'my other custom header value', }, ], }, ] }, } ### [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) To match a regex path you can wrap the regex in parenthesis after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug(\\d{1,})` will match `/blog/123` but not `/blog/abc`: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/blog/:post(\\d{1,})', headers: [ { key: 'x-post', value: ':post', }, ], }, ] }, } The following characters `(`, `)`, `{`, `}`, `:`, `*`, `+`, `?` are used for regex path matching, so when used in the `source` as non-special values they must be escaped by adding `\\` before them: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { // this will match `/english(default)/something` being requested source: '/english\\(default\\)/:slug', headers: [ { key: 'x-header', value: 'value', }, ], }, ] }, } [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To only apply a header when header, cookie, or query values also match the `has` field or don't match the `missing` field can be used. Both the `source` and all `has` items must match and all `missing` items must not match for the header to be applied. `has` and `missing` items can have the following fields: * `type`: `String` - must be either `header`, `cookie`, `host`, or `query`. * `key`: `String` - the key from the selected type to match against. * `value`: `String` or `undefined` - the value to check for, if undefined any value will match. A regex like string can be used to capture a specific part of the value, e.g. if the value `first-(?<paramName>.*)` is used for `first-second` then `second` will be usable in the destination with `:paramName`. next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ // if the header `x-add-header` is present, // the `x-another-header` header will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-add-header', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: 'hello', }, ], }, // if the header `x-no-header` is not present, // the `x-another-header` header will be applied { source: '/:path*', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-no-header', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: 'hello', }, ], }, // if the source, query, and cookie are matched, // the `x-authorized` header will be applied { source: '/specific/:path*', has: [ { type: 'query', key: 'page', // the page value will not be available in the // header key/values since value is provided and // doesn't use a named capture group e.g. (?<page>home) value: 'home', }, { type: 'cookie', key: 'authorized', value: 'true', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-authorized', value: ':authorized', }, ], }, // if the header `x-authorized` is present and // contains a matching value, the `x-another-header` will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-authorized', value: '(?<authorized>yes|true)', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: ':authorized', }, ], }, // if the host is `example.com`, // this header will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'host', value: 'example.com', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: ':authorized', }, ], }, ] }, } [Headers with basePath support](#headers-with-basepath-support) --------------------------------------------------------------- When leveraging [`basePath` support](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) with headers each `source` is automatically prefixed with the `basePath` unless you add `basePath: false` to the header: next.config.js module.exports = { basePath: '/docs', async headers() { return [ { source: '/with-basePath', // becomes /docs/with-basePath headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { source: '/without-basePath', // is not modified since basePath: false is set headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], basePath: false, }, ] }, } [Headers with i18n support](#headers-with-i18n-support) ------------------------------------------------------- When leveraging [`i18n` support](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) with headers each `source` is automatically prefixed to handle the configured `locales` unless you add `locale: false` to the header. If `locale: false` is used you must prefix the `source` with a locale for it to be matched correctly. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['en', 'fr', 'de'], defaultLocale: 'en', }, async headers() { return [ { source: '/with-locale', // automatically handles all locales headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { // does not handle locales automatically since locale: false is set source: '/nl/with-locale-manual', locale: false, headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { // this matches '/' since `en` is the defaultLocale source: '/en', locale: false, headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { // this gets converted to /(en|fr|de)/(.*) so will not match the top-level // `/` or `/fr` routes like /:path* would source: '/(.*)', headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, ] }, } [Cache-Control](#cache-control) ------------------------------- You cannot set `Cache-Control` headers in `next.config.js` for pages or assets, as these headers will be overwritten in production to ensure that responses and static assets are cached effectively. Learn more about [caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) with the App Router. [Options](#options) ------------------- ### [CORS](#cors) [Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS) is a security feature that allows you to control which sites can access your resources. You can set the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` header to allow a specific origin to access your Route Handlers. async headers() { return [ { source: "/api/:path*", headers: [ { key: "Access-Control-Allow-Origin", value: "*", // Set your origin }, { key: "Access-Control-Allow-Methods", value: "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS", }, { key: "Access-Control-Allow-Headers", value: "Content-Type, Authorization", }, ], }, ]; }, ### [X-DNS-Prefetch-Control](#x-dns-prefetch-control) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-DNS-Prefetch-Control) controls DNS prefetching, allowing browsers to proactively perform domain name resolution on external links, images, CSS, JavaScript, and more. This prefetching is performed in the background, so the [DNS](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/DNS) is more likely to be resolved by the time the referenced items are needed. This reduces latency when the user clicks a link. { key: 'X-DNS-Prefetch-Control', value: 'on' } ### [Strict-Transport-Security](#strict-transport-security) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security) informs browsers it should only be accessed using HTTPS, instead of using HTTP. Using the configuration below, all present and future subdomains will use HTTPS for a `max-age` of 2 years. This blocks access to pages or subdomains that can only be served over HTTP. If you're deploying to [Vercel](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/edge-network/headers#strict-transport-security?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website), this header is not necessary as it's automatically added to all deployments unless you declare `headers` in your `next.config.js`. { key: 'Strict-Transport-Security', value: 'max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload' } ### [X-Frame-Options](#x-frame-options) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options) indicates whether the site should be allowed to be displayed within an `iframe`. This can prevent against clickjacking attacks. **This header has been superseded by CSP's `frame-ancestors` option**, which has better support in modern browsers (see [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) for configuration details). { key: 'X-Frame-Options', value: 'SAMEORIGIN' } ### [Permissions-Policy](#permissions-policy) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Permissions-Policy) allows you to control which features and APIs can be used in the browser. It was previously named `Feature-Policy`. { key: 'Permissions-Policy', value: 'camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=(), browsing-topics=()' } ### [X-Content-Type-Options](#x-content-type-options) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Content-Type-Options) prevents the browser from attempting to guess the type of content if the `Content-Type` header is not explicitly set. This can prevent XSS exploits for websites that allow users to upload and share files. For example, a user trying to download an image, but having it treated as a different `Content-Type` like an executable, which could be malicious. This header also applies to downloading browser extensions. The only valid value for this header is `nosniff`. { key: 'X-Content-Type-Options', value: 'nosniff' } ### [Referrer-Policy](#referrer-policy) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referrer-Policy) controls how much information the browser includes when navigating from the current website (origin) to another. { key: 'Referrer-Policy', value: 'origin-when-cross-origin' } ### [Content-Security-Policy](#content-security-policy) Learn more about adding a [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) to your application. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `missing` added. `v10.2.0` `has` added. `v9.5.0` Headers added. [Previous generateEtags ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) [Next httpAgentOptions ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Caveats](#caveats) * [Customizing renderPage](#customizing-renderpage) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/06-custom-document.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Custom Document Custom Document =============== A custom `Document` can update the `<html>` and `<body>` tags used to render a [Page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts). To override the default `Document`, create the file `pages/_document` as shown below: pages/\_document.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Html, Head, Main, NextScript } from 'next/document' export default function Document() { return ( <Html lang="en"> <Head /> <body> <Main /> <NextScript /> </body> </Html> ) } > **Good to know** > > * `_document` is only rendered on the server, so event handlers like `onClick` cannot be used in this file. > * `<Html>`, `<Head />`, `<Main />` and `<NextScript />` are required for the page to be properly rendered. [Caveats](#caveats) ------------------- * The `<Head />` component used in `_document` is not the same as [`next/head`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head). The `<Head />` component used here should only be used for any `<head>` code that is common for all pages. For all other cases, such as `<title>` tags, we recommend using [`next/head`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) in your pages or components. * React components outside of `<Main />` will not be initialized by the browser. Do _not_ add application logic here or custom CSS (like `styled-jsx`). If you need shared components in all your pages (like a menu or a toolbar), read [Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layout-pattern) instead. * `Document` currently does not support Next.js [Data Fetching methods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) like [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) or [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props). [Customizing `renderPage`](#customizing-renderpage) --------------------------------------------------- Customizing `renderPage` is advanced and only needed for libraries like CSS-in-JS to support server-side rendering. This is not needed for built-in `styled-jsx` support. **We do not recommend using this pattern.** Instead, consider [incrementally adopting](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) the App Router, which allows you to more easily fetch data for [pages and layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts). pages/\_document.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Document, { Html, Head, Main, NextScript, DocumentContext, DocumentInitialProps, } from 'next/document' class MyDocument extends Document { static async getInitialProps( ctx: DocumentContext ): Promise<DocumentInitialProps> { const originalRenderPage = ctx.renderPage // Run the React rendering logic synchronously ctx.renderPage = () => originalRenderPage({ // Useful for wrapping the whole react tree enhanceApp: (App) => App, // Useful for wrapping in a per-page basis enhanceComponent: (Component) => Component, }) // Run the parent `getInitialProps`, it now includes the custom `renderPage` const initialProps = await Document.getInitialProps(ctx) return initialProps } render() { return ( <Html lang="en"> <Head /> <body> <Main /> <NextScript /> </body> </Html> ) } } export default MyDocument > **Good to know** > > * `getInitialProps` in `_document` is not called during client-side transitions. > * The `ctx` object for `_document` is equivalent to the one received in [`getInitialProps`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props#context-object), with the addition of `renderPage`. [Previous Custom App ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) [Next API Routes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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behavior in your Next.js application. [`allowedOrigins`](#allowedorigins) ----------------------------------- A list of extra safe origin domains from which Server Actions can be invoked. Next.js compares the origin of a Server Action request with the host domain, ensuring they match to prevent CSRF attacks. If not provided, only the same origin is allowed. next.config.js /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ module.exports = { experimental: { serverActions: { allowedOrigins: ['my-proxy.com', '*.my-proxy.com'], }, }, } [`bodySizeLimit`](#bodysizelimit) --------------------------------- By default, the maximum size of the request body sent to a Server Action is 1MB, to prevent the consumption of excessive server resources in parsing large amounts of data, as well as potential DDoS attacks. However, you can configure this limit using the `serverActions.bodySizeLimit` option. It can take the number of bytes or any string format supported by bytes, for example `1000`, `'500kb'` or `'3mb'`. next.config.js /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ module.exports = { experimental: { serverActions: { bodySizeLimit: '2mb', }, }, } [Enabling Server Actions (v13)](#enabling-server-actions-v13) ------------------------------------------------------------- Server Actions became a stable feature in Next.js 14, and are enabled by default. However, if you are using an earlier version of Next.js, you can enable them by setting `experimental.serverActions` to `true`. next.config.js /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const config = { experimental: { serverActions: true, }, } module.exports = config [Previous rewrites ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) [Next serverComponentsExternalPackages ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Path Matching](#path-matching) * [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) * [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) * [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) * [Redirects with basePath support](#redirects-with-basepath-support) * [Redirects with i18n support](#redirects-with-i18n-support) * [Other Redirects](#other-redirects) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/redirects.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)redirects redirects ========= Redirects allow you to redirect an incoming request path to a different destination path. To use redirects you can use the `redirects` key in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ { source: '/about', destination: '/', permanent: true, }, ] }, } `redirects` is an async function that expects an array to be returned holding objects with `source`, `destination`, and `permanent` properties: * `source` is the incoming request path pattern. * `destination` is the path you want to route to. * `permanent` `true` or `false` - if `true` will use the 308 status code which instructs clients/search engines to cache the redirect forever, if `false` will use the 307 status code which is temporary and is not cached. > **Why does Next.js use 307 and 308?** Traditionally a 302 was used for a temporary redirect, and a 301 for a permanent redirect, but many browsers changed the request method of the redirect to `GET`, regardless of the original method. For example, if the browser made a request to `POST /v1/users` which returned status code `302` with location `/v2/users`, the subsequent request might be `GET /v2/users` instead of the expected `POST /v2/users`. Next.js uses the 307 temporary redirect, and 308 permanent redirect status codes to explicitly preserve the request method used. * `basePath`: `false` or `undefined` - if false the `basePath` won't be included when matching, can be used for external redirects only. * `locale`: `false` or `undefined` - whether the locale should not be included when matching. * `has` is an array of [has objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. * `missing` is an array of [missing objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. Redirects are checked before the filesystem which includes pages and `/public` files. When using the Pages Router, redirects are not applied to client-side routing (`Link`, `router.push`) unless [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) is present and matches the path. When a redirect is applied, any query values provided in the request will be passed through to the redirect destination. For example, see the following redirect configuration: { source: '/old-blog/:path*', destination: '/blog/:path*', permanent: false } When `/old-blog/post-1?hello=world` is requested, the client will be redirected to `/blog/post-1?hello=world`. [Path Matching](#path-matching) ------------------------------- Path matches are allowed, for example `/old-blog/:slug` will match `/old-blog/hello-world` (no nested paths): next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ { source: '/old-blog/:slug', destination: '/news/:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination permanent: true, }, ] }, } ### [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) To match a wildcard path you can use `*` after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug*` will match `/blog/a/b/c/d/hello-world`: next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug*', destination: '/news/:slug*', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination permanent: true, }, ] }, } ### [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) To match a regex path you can wrap the regex in parentheses after a parameter, for example `/post/:slug(\\d{1,})` will match `/post/123` but not `/post/abc`: next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ { source: '/post/:slug(\\d{1,})', destination: '/news/:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination permanent: false, }, ] }, } The following characters `(`, `)`, `{`, `}`, `:`, `*`, `+`, `?` are used for regex path matching, so when used in the `source` as non-special values they must be escaped by adding `\\` before them: next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ { // this will match `/english(default)/something` being requested source: '/english\\(default\\)/:slug', destination: '/en-us/:slug', permanent: false, }, ] }, } [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To only match a redirect when header, cookie, or query values also match the `has` field or don't match the `missing` field can be used. Both the `source` and all `has` items must match and all `missing` items must not match for the redirect to be applied. `has` and `missing` items can have the following fields: * `type`: `String` - must be either `header`, `cookie`, `host`, or `query`. * `key`: `String` - the key from the selected type to match against. * `value`: `String` or `undefined` - the value to check for, if undefined any value will match. A regex like string can be used to capture a specific part of the value, e.g. if the value `first-(?<paramName>.*)` is used for `first-second` then `second` will be usable in the destination with `:paramName`. next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ // if the header `x-redirect-me` is present, // this redirect will be applied { source: '/:path((?!another-page$).*)', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-redirect-me', }, ], permanent: false, destination: '/another-page', }, // if the header `x-dont-redirect` is present, // this redirect will NOT be applied { source: '/:path((?!another-page$).*)', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-do-not-redirect', }, ], permanent: false, destination: '/another-page', }, // if the source, query, and cookie are matched, // this redirect will be applied { source: '/specific/:path*', has: [ { type: 'query', key: 'page', // the page value will not be available in the // destination since value is provided and doesn't // use a named capture group e.g. (?<page>home) value: 'home', }, { type: 'cookie', key: 'authorized', value: 'true', }, ], permanent: false, destination: '/another/:path*', }, // if the header `x-authorized` is present and // contains a matching value, this redirect will be applied { source: '/', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-authorized', value: '(?<authorized>yes|true)', }, ], permanent: false, destination: '/home?authorized=:authorized', }, // if the host is `example.com`, // this redirect will be applied { source: '/:path((?!another-page$).*)', has: [ { type: 'host', value: 'example.com', }, ], permanent: false, destination: '/another-page', }, ] }, } ### [Redirects with basePath support](#redirects-with-basepath-support) When leveraging [`basePath` support](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) with redirects each `source` and `destination` is automatically prefixed with the `basePath` unless you add `basePath: false` to the redirect: next.config.js module.exports = { basePath: '/docs', async redirects() { return [ { source: '/with-basePath', // automatically becomes /docs/with-basePath destination: '/another', // automatically becomes /docs/another permanent: false, }, { // does not add /docs since basePath: false is set source: '/without-basePath', destination: 'https://example.com', basePath: false, permanent: false, }, ] }, } ### [Redirects with i18n support](#redirects-with-i18n-support) When leveraging [`i18n` support](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) with redirects each `source` and `destination` is automatically prefixed to handle the configured `locales` unless you add `locale: false` to the redirect. If `locale: false` is used you must prefix the `source` and `destination` with a locale for it to be matched correctly. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['en', 'fr', 'de'], defaultLocale: 'en', }, async redirects() { return [ { source: '/with-locale', // automatically handles all locales destination: '/another', // automatically passes the locale on permanent: false, }, { // does not handle locales automatically since locale: false is set source: '/nl/with-locale-manual', destination: '/nl/another', locale: false, permanent: false, }, { // this matches '/' since `en` is the defaultLocale source: '/en', destination: '/en/another', locale: false, permanent: false, }, // it's possible to match all locales even when locale: false is set { source: '/:locale/page', destination: '/en/newpage', permanent: false, locale: false, }, { // this gets converted to /(en|fr|de)/(.*) so will not match the top-level // `/` or `/fr` routes like /:path* would source: '/(.*)', destination: '/another', permanent: false, }, ] }, } In some rare cases, you might need to assign a custom status code for older HTTP Clients to properly redirect. In these cases, you can use the `statusCode` property instead of the `permanent` property, but not both. To to ensure IE11 compatibility, a `Refresh` header is automatically added for the 308 status code. [Other Redirects](#other-redirects) ----------------------------------- * Inside [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) and [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers), you can redirect based on the incoming request. * Inside [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) and [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props), you can redirect specific pages at request-time. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `missing` added. `v10.2.0` `has` added. `v9.5.0` `redirects` added. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [API Reference](#api-reference) * [get()](#get) * [set()](#set) * [revalidateTag()](#revalidatetag) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)cacheHandler Custom Next.js Cache Handler ============================ In Next.js, the [default cache handler](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating) for the Pages and App Router uses the filesystem cache. This requires no configuration, however, you can customize the cache handler by using the `cacheHandler` field in `next.config.js`. next.config.js module.exports = { cacheHandler: require.resolve('./cache-handler.js'), cacheMaxMemorySize: 0, // disable default in-memory caching } View an example of a [custom cache handler](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying#configuring-caching) and learn more about implementation. [API Reference](#api-reference) ------------------------------- The cache handler can implement the following methods: `get`, `set`, and `revalidateTag`. ### [`get()`](#get) Parameter Type Description `key` `string` The key to the cached value. Returns the cached value or `null` if not found. ### [`set()`](#set) Parameter Type Description `key` `string` The key to store the data under. `data` Data or `null` The data to be cached. `ctx` `{ tags: [] }` The cache tags provided. Returns `Promise<void>`. ### [`revalidateTag()`](#revalidatetag) Parameter Type Description `tag` `string` The cache tag to revalidate. Returns `Promise<void>`. Learn more about [revalidating data](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating) or the [`revalidateTag()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) function. **Good to know:** * `revalidatePath` is a convenience layer on top of cache tags. Calling `revalidatePath` will call your `revalidateTag` function, which you can then choose if you want to tag cache keys based on the path. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v14.1.0` Renamed `cacheHandler` is stable. `v13.4.0` `incrementalCacheHandlerPath` (experimental) supports `revalidateTag`. `v13.4.0` `incrementalCacheHandlerPath` (experimental) supports standalone output. `v12.2.0` `incrementalCacheHandlerPath` (experimental) is added. 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GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/rewrites.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)rewrites rewrites ======== Rewrites allow you to map an incoming request path to a different destination path. Rewrites act as a URL proxy and mask the destination path, making it appear the user hasn't changed their location on the site. In contrast, [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) will reroute to a new page and show the URL changes. To use rewrites you can use the `rewrites` key in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/about', destination: '/', }, ] }, } Rewrites are applied to client-side routing, a `<Link href="/about">` will have the rewrite applied in the above example. `rewrites` is an async function that expects to return either an array or an object of arrays (see below) holding objects with `source` and `destination` properties: * `source`: `String` - is the incoming request path pattern. * `destination`: `String` is the path you want to route to. * `basePath`: `false` or `undefined` - if false the basePath won't be included when matching, can be used for external rewrites only. * `locale`: `false` or `undefined` - whether the locale should not be included when matching. * `has` is an array of [has objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. * `missing` is an array of [missing objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. When the `rewrites` function returns an array, rewrites are applied after checking the filesystem (pages and `/public` files) and before dynamic routes. When the `rewrites` function returns an object of arrays with a specific shape, this behavior can be changed and more finely controlled, as of `v10.1` of Next.js: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return { beforeFiles: [ // These rewrites are checked after headers/redirects // and before all files including _next/public files which // allows overriding page files { source: '/some-page', destination: '/somewhere-else', has: [{ type: 'query', key: 'overrideMe' }], }, ], afterFiles: [ // These rewrites are checked after pages/public files // are checked but before dynamic routes { source: '/non-existent', destination: '/somewhere-else', }, ], fallback: [ // These rewrites are checked after both pages/public files // and dynamic routes are checked { source: '/:path*', destination: `https://my-old-site.com/:path*`, }, ], } }, } > **Good to know**: rewrites in `beforeFiles` do not check the filesystem/dynamic routes immediately after matching a source, they continue until all `beforeFiles` have been checked. The order Next.js routes are checked is: 1. [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) are checked/applied 2. [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) are checked/applied 3. `beforeFiles` rewrites are checked/applied 4. static files from the [public directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets), `_next/static` files, and non-dynamic pages are checked/served 5. `afterFiles` rewrites are checked/applied, if one of these rewrites is matched we check dynamic routes/static files after each match 6. `fallback` rewrites are checked/applied, these are applied before rendering the 404 page and after dynamic routes/all static assets have been checked. If you use [fallback: true/'blocking'](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths#fallback-true) in `getStaticPaths`, the fallback `rewrites` defined in your `next.config.js` will _not_ be run. [Rewrite parameters](#rewrite-parameters) ----------------------------------------- When using parameters in a rewrite the parameters will be passed in the query by default when none of the parameters are used in the `destination`. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/old-about/:path*', destination: '/about', // The :path parameter isn't used here so will be automatically passed in the query }, ] }, } If a parameter is used in the destination none of the parameters will be automatically passed in the query. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/docs/:path*', destination: '/:path*', // The :path parameter is used here so will not be automatically passed in the query }, ] }, } You can still pass the parameters manually in the query if one is already used in the destination by specifying the query in the `destination`. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/:first/:second', destination: '/:first?second=:second', // Since the :first parameter is used in the destination the :second parameter // will not automatically be added in the query although we can manually add it // as shown above }, ] }, } > **Good to know**: Static pages from [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) or [prerendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) params from rewrites will be parsed on the client after hydration and provided in the query. [Path Matching](#path-matching) ------------------------------- Path matches are allowed, for example `/blog/:slug` will match `/blog/hello-world` (no nested paths): next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug', destination: '/news/:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } ### [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) To match a wildcard path you can use `*` after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug*` will match `/blog/a/b/c/d/hello-world`: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug*', destination: '/news/:slug*', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } ### [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) To match a regex path you can wrap the regex in parenthesis after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug(\\d{1,})` will match `/blog/123` but not `/blog/abc`: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/old-blog/:post(\\d{1,})', destination: '/blog/:post', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } The following characters `(`, `)`, `{`, `}`, `[`, `]`, `|`, `\`, `^`, `.`, `:`, `*`, `+`, `-`, `?`, `$` are used for regex path matching, so when used in the `source` as non-special values they must be escaped by adding `\\` before them: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { // this will match `/english(default)/something` being requested source: '/english\\(default\\)/:slug', destination: '/en-us/:slug', }, ] }, } [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To only match a rewrite when header, cookie, or query values also match the `has` field or don't match the `missing` field can be used. Both the `source` and all `has` items must match and all `missing` items must not match for the rewrite to be applied. `has` and `missing` items can have the following fields: * `type`: `String` - must be either `header`, `cookie`, `host`, or `query`. * `key`: `String` - the key from the selected type to match against. * `value`: `String` or `undefined` - the value to check for, if undefined any value will match. A regex like string can be used to capture a specific part of the value, e.g. if the value `first-(?<paramName>.*)` is used for `first-second` then `second` will be usable in the destination with `:paramName`. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ // if the header `x-rewrite-me` is present, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-rewrite-me', }, ], destination: '/another-page', }, // if the header `x-rewrite-me` is not present, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-rewrite-me', }, ], destination: '/another-page', }, // if the source, query, and cookie are matched, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/specific/:path*', has: [ { type: 'query', key: 'page', // the page value will not be available in the // destination since value is provided and doesn't // use a named capture group e.g. (?<page>home) value: 'home', }, { type: 'cookie', key: 'authorized', value: 'true', }, ], destination: '/:path*/home', }, // if the header `x-authorized` is present and // contains a matching value, this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-authorized', value: '(?<authorized>yes|true)', }, ], destination: '/home?authorized=:authorized', }, // if the host is `example.com`, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'host', value: 'example.com', }, ], destination: '/another-page', }, ] }, } [Rewriting to an external URL](#rewriting-to-an-external-url) ------------------------------------------------------------- Examples * [Incremental adoption of Next.js](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/custom-routes-proxying) * [Using Multiple Zones](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-zones) Rewrites allow you to rewrite to an external url. This is especially useful for incrementally adopting Next.js. The following is an example rewrite for redirecting the `/blog` route of your main app to an external site. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog', destination: 'https://example.com/blog', }, { source: '/blog/:slug', destination: 'https://example.com/blog/:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } If you're using `trailingSlash: true`, you also need to insert a trailing slash in the `source` parameter. If the destination server is also expecting a trailing slash it should be included in the `destination` parameter as well. next.config.js module.exports = { trailingSlash: true, async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog/', destination: 'https://example.com/blog/', }, { source: '/blog/:path*/', destination: 'https://example.com/blog/:path*/', }, ] }, } ### [Incremental adoption of Next.js](#incremental-adoption-of-nextjs) You can also have Next.js fall back to proxying to an existing website after checking all Next.js routes. This way you don't have to change the rewrites configuration when migrating more pages to Next.js next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return { fallback: [ { source: '/:path*', destination: `https://custom-routes-proxying-endpoint.vercel.app/:path*`, }, ], } }, } ### [Rewrites with basePath support](#rewrites-with-basepath-support) When leveraging [`basePath` support](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) with rewrites each `source` and `destination` is automatically prefixed with the `basePath` unless you add `basePath: false` to the rewrite: next.config.js module.exports = { basePath: '/docs', async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/with-basePath', // automatically becomes /docs/with-basePath destination: '/another', // automatically becomes /docs/another }, { // does not add /docs to /without-basePath since basePath: false is set // Note: this can not be used for internal rewrites e.g. `destination: '/another'` source: '/without-basePath', destination: 'https://example.com', basePath: false, }, ] }, } ### [Rewrites with i18n support](#rewrites-with-i18n-support) When leveraging [`i18n` support](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) with rewrites each `source` and `destination` is automatically prefixed to handle the configured `locales` unless you add `locale: false` to the rewrite. If `locale: false` is used you must prefix the `source` and `destination` with a locale for it to be matched correctly. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['en', 'fr', 'de'], defaultLocale: 'en', }, async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/with-locale', // automatically handles all locales destination: '/another', // automatically passes the locale on }, { // does not handle locales automatically since locale: false is set source: '/nl/with-locale-manual', destination: '/nl/another', locale: false, }, { // this matches '/' since `en` is the defaultLocale source: '/en', destination: '/en/another', locale: false, }, { // it's possible to match all locales even when locale: false is set source: '/:locale/api-alias/:path*', destination: '/api/:path*', locale: false, }, { // this gets converted to /(en|fr|de)/(.*) so will not match the top-level // `/` or `/fr` routes like /:path* would source: '/(.*)', destination: '/another', }, ] }, } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `missing` added. `v10.2.0` `has` added. `v9.5.0` Headers added. [Previous redirects ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) [Next serverActions ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [HTTP Methods](#http-methods) * [Request Helpers](#request-helpers) * [Custom config](#custom-config) * [Response Helpers](#response-helpers) * [Setting the status code of a response](#setting-the-status-code-of-a-response) * [Sending a JSON response](#sending-a-json-response) * [Sending a HTTP response](#sending-a-http-response) * [Redirects to a specified path or URL](#redirects-to-a-specified-path-or-url) * [Adding TypeScript types](#adding-typescript-types) * [Dynamic API Routes](#dynamic-api-routes) * [Catch all API routes](#catch-all-api-routes) * [Optional catch all API routes](#optional-catch-all-api-routes) * [Caveats](#caveats) * [Edge API Routes](#edge-api-routes) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/07-api-routes.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)API Routes API Routes ========== Examples * [Basic API Routes](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/api-routes) * [API Routes Request Helpers](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/api-routes-middleware) * [API Routes with GraphQL](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/api-routes-graphql) * [API Routes with REST](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/api-routes-rest) * [API Routes with CORS](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/api-routes-cors) > **Good to know**: If you are using the App Router, you can use [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating) or [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) instead of API Routes. API routes provide a solution to build a **public API** with Next.js. Any file inside the folder `pages/api` is mapped to `/api/*` and will be treated as an API endpoint instead of a `page`. They are server-side only bundles and won't increase your client-side bundle size. For example, the following API route returns a JSON response with a status code of `200`: pages/api/hello.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' type ResponseData = { message: string } export default function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse<ResponseData> ) { res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello from Next.js!' }) } > **Good to know**: > > * API Routes [do not specify CORS headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS), meaning they are **same-origin only** by default. You can customize such behavior by wrapping the request handler with the [CORS request helpers](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/api-routes-cors). * API Routes can't be used with [static exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports). However, [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) in the App Router can. > * API Routes will be affected by [`pageExtensions` configuration](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) in `next.config.js`. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { // ... } * `req`: An instance of [http.IncomingMessage](https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#class-httpincomingmessage) * `res`: An instance of [http.ServerResponse](https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#class-httpserverresponse) [HTTP Methods](#http-methods) ----------------------------- To handle different HTTP methods in an API route, you can use `req.method` in your request handler, like so: pages/api/hello.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { if (req.method === 'POST') { // Process a POST request } else { // Handle any other HTTP method } } [Request Helpers](#request-helpers) ----------------------------------- API Routes provide built-in request helpers which parse the incoming request (`req`): * `req.cookies` - An object containing the cookies sent by the request. Defaults to `{}` * `req.query` - An object containing the [query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string). Defaults to `{}` * `req.body` - An object containing the body parsed by `content-type`, or `null` if no body was sent ### [Custom config](#custom-config) Every API Route can export a `config` object to change the default configuration, which is the following: export const config = { api: { bodyParser: { sizeLimit: '1mb', }, }, // Specifies the maximum allowed duration for this function to execute (in seconds) maxDuration: 5, } `bodyParser` is automatically enabled. If you want to consume the body as a `Stream` or with [`raw-body`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/raw-body), you can set this to `false`. One use case for disabling the automatic `bodyParsing` is to allow you to verify the raw body of a **webhook** request, for example [from GitHub](https://docs.github.com/en/developers/webhooks-and-events/webhooks/securing-your-webhooks#validating-payloads-from-github). export const config = { api: { bodyParser: false, }, } `bodyParser.sizeLimit` is the maximum size allowed for the parsed body, in any format supported by [bytes](https://github.com/visionmedia/bytes.js), like so: export const config = { api: { bodyParser: { sizeLimit: '500kb', }, }, } `externalResolver` is an explicit flag that tells the server that this route is being handled by an external resolver like _express_ or _connect_. Enabling this option disables warnings for unresolved requests. export const config = { api: { externalResolver: true, }, } `responseLimit` is automatically enabled, warning when an API Routes' response body is over 4MB. If you are not using Next.js in a serverless environment, and understand the performance implications of not using a CDN or dedicated media host, you can set this limit to `false`. export const config = { api: { responseLimit: false, }, } `responseLimit` can also take the number of bytes or any string format supported by `bytes`, for example `1000`, `'500kb'` or `'3mb'`. This value will be the maximum response size before a warning is displayed. Default is 4MB. (see above) export const config = { api: { responseLimit: '8mb', }, } [Response Helpers](#response-helpers) ------------------------------------- The [Server Response object](https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_class_http_serverresponse), (often abbreviated as `res`) includes a set of Express.js-like helper methods to improve the developer experience and increase the speed of creating new API endpoints. The included helpers are: * `res.status(code)` - A function to set the status code. `code` must be a valid [HTTP status code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes) * `res.json(body)` - Sends a JSON response. `body` must be a [serializable object](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Serialization) * `res.send(body)` - Sends the HTTP response. `body` can be a `string`, an `object` or a `Buffer` * `res.redirect([status,] path)` - Redirects to a specified path or URL. `status` must be a valid [HTTP status code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes). If not specified, `status` defaults to "307" "Temporary redirect". * `res.revalidate(urlPath)` - [Revalidate a page on demand](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration#on-demand-revalidation) using `getStaticProps`. `urlPath` must be a `string`. ### [Setting the status code of a response](#setting-the-status-code-of-a-response) When sending a response back to the client, you can set the status code of the response. The following example sets the status code of the response to `200` (`OK`) and returns a `message` property with the value of `Hello from Next.js!` as a JSON response: pages/api/hello.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' type ResponseData = { message: string } export default function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse<ResponseData> ) { res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello from Next.js!' }) } ### [Sending a JSON response](#sending-a-json-response) When sending a response back to the client you can send a JSON response, this must be a [serializable object](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Serialization). In a real world application you might want to let the client know the status of the request depending on the result of the requested endpoint. The following example sends a JSON response with the status code `200` (`OK`) and the result of the async operation. It's contained in a try catch block to handle any errors that may occur, with the appropriate status code and error message caught and sent back to the client: pages/api/hello.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { try { const result = await someAsyncOperation() res.status(200).json({ result }) } catch (err) { res.status(500).json({ error: 'failed to load data' }) } } ### [Sending a HTTP response](#sending-a-http-response) Sending an HTTP response works the same way as when sending a JSON response. The only difference is that the response body can be a `string`, an `object` or a `Buffer`. The following example sends a HTTP response with the status code `200` (`OK`) and the result of the async operation. pages/api/hello.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { try { const result = await someAsyncOperation() res.status(200).send({ result }) } catch (err) { res.status(500).send({ error: 'failed to fetch data' }) } } ### [Redirects to a specified path or URL](#redirects-to-a-specified-path-or-url) Taking a form as an example, you may want to redirect your client to a specified path or URL once they have submitted the form. The following example redirects the client to the `/` path if the form is successfully submitted: pages/api/hello.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { const { name, message } = req.body try { await handleFormInputAsync({ name, message }) res.redirect(307, '/') } catch (err) { res.status(500).send({ error: 'Failed to fetch data' }) } } ### [Adding TypeScript types](#adding-typescript-types) You can make your API Routes more type-safe by importing the `NextApiRequest` and `NextApiResponse` types from `next`, in addition to those, you can also type your response data: import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' type ResponseData = { message: string } export default function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse<ResponseData> ) { res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello from Next.js!' }) } > **Good to know**: The body of `NextApiRequest` is `any` because the client may include any payload. You should validate the type/shape of the body at runtime before using it. [Dynamic API Routes](#dynamic-api-routes) ----------------------------------------- API Routes support [dynamic routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes), and follow the same file naming rules used for `pages/`. pages/api/post/\[pid\].ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { const { pid } = req.query res.end(`Post: ${pid}`) } Now, a request to `/api/post/abc` will respond with the text: `Post: abc`. ### [Catch all API routes](#catch-all-api-routes) API Routes can be extended to catch all paths by adding three dots (`...`) inside the brackets. For example: * `pages/api/post/[...slug].js` matches `/api/post/a`, but also `/api/post/a/b`, `/api/post/a/b/c` and so on. > **Good to know**: You can use names other than `slug`, such as: `[...param]` Matched parameters will be sent as a query parameter (`slug` in the example) to the page, and it will always be an array, so, the path `/api/post/a` will have the following `query` object: { "slug": ["a"] } And in the case of `/api/post/a/b`, and any other matching path, new parameters will be added to the array, like so: { "slug": ["a", "b"] } For example: pages/api/post/\[...slug\].ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { const { slug } = req.query res.end(`Post: ${slug.join(', ')}`) } Now, a request to `/api/post/a/b/c` will respond with the text: `Post: a, b, c`. ### [Optional catch all API routes](#optional-catch-all-api-routes) Catch all routes can be made optional by including the parameter in double brackets (`[[...slug]]`). For example, `pages/api/post/[[...slug]].js` will match `/api/post`, `/api/post/a`, `/api/post/a/b`, and so on. The main difference between catch all and optional catch all routes is that with optional, the route without the parameter is also matched (`/api/post` in the example above). The `query` objects are as follows: { } // GET `/api/post` (empty object) { "slug": ["a"] } // `GET /api/post/a` (single-element array) { "slug": ["a", "b"] } // `GET /api/post/a/b` (multi-element array) ### [Caveats](#caveats) * Predefined API routes take precedence over dynamic API routes, and dynamic API routes over catch all API routes. Take a look at the following examples: * `pages/api/post/create.js` - Will match `/api/post/create` * `pages/api/post/[pid].js` - Will match `/api/post/1`, `/api/post/abc`, etc. But not `/api/post/create` * `pages/api/post/[...slug].js` - Will match `/api/post/1/2`, `/api/post/a/b/c`, etc. But not `/api/post/create`, `/api/post/abc` [Edge API Routes](#edge-api-routes) ----------------------------------- If you would like to use API Routes with the Edge Runtime, we recommend incrementally adopting the App Router and using [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) instead. The Route Handlers function signature is isomorphic, meaning you can use the same function for both Edge and Node.js runtimes. [Previous Custom Document ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) [Next Custom Errors ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Example Loader Configuration](#example-loader-configuration) * [Akamai](#akamai) * [AWS CloudFront](#aws-cloudfront) * [Cloudinary](#cloudinary) * [Cloudflare](#cloudflare) * [Contentful](#contentful) * [Fastly](#fastly) * [Gumlet](#gumlet) * [ImageEngine](#imageengine) * [Imgix](#imgix) * [Thumbor](#thumbor) * [Sanity](#sanity) * [Sirv](#sirv) * [Supabase](#supabase) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/images.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)images images ====== If you want to use a cloud provider to optimize images instead of using the Next.js built-in Image Optimization API, you can configure `next.config.js` with the following: next.config.js module.exports = { images: { loader: 'custom', loaderFile: './my/image/loader.js', }, } This `loaderFile` must point to a file relative to the root of your Next.js application. The file must export a default function that returns a string, for example: my/image/loader.js 'use client' export default function myImageLoader({ src, width, quality }) { return `https://example.com/${src}?w=${width}&q=${quality || 75}` } Alternatively, you can use the [`loader` prop](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#loader) to pass the function to each instance of `next/image`. > **Good to know**: Customizing the image loader file, which accepts a function, requires using [Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) to serialize the provided function. To learn more about configuring the behavior of the built-in [Image Optimization API](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) and the [Image Component](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image), see [Image Configuration Options](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#configuration-options) for available options. [Example Loader Configuration](#example-loader-configuration) ------------------------------------------------------------- * [Akamai](#akamai) * [AWS CloudFront](#aws-cloudfront) * [Cloudinary](#cloudinary) * [Cloudflare](#cloudflare) * [Contentful](#contentful) * [Fastly](#fastly) * [Gumlet](#gumlet) * [ImageEngine](#imageengine) * [Imgix](#imgix) * [Thumbor](#thumbor) * [Sanity](#sanity) * [Sirv](#sirv) * [Supabase](#supabase) ### [Akamai](#akamai) // Docs: https://techdocs.akamai.com/ivm/reference/test-images-on-demand export default function akamaiLoader({ src, width, quality }) { return `https://example.com/${src}?imwidth=${width}` } ### [AWS CloudFront](#aws-cloudfront) // Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/developer/application-security-performance/articles/image-optimization export default function cloudfrontLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const url = new URL(`https://example.com${src}`) url.searchParams.set('format', 'auto') url.searchParams.set('width', width.toString()) url.searchParams.set('quality', (quality || 75).toString()) return url.href ### [Cloudinary](#cloudinary) // Demo: https://res.cloudinary.com/demo/image/upload/w_300,c_limit,q_auto/turtles.jpg export default function cloudinaryLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const params = ['f_auto', 'c_limit', `w_${width}`, `q_${quality || 'auto'}`] return `https://example.com/${params.join(',')}${src}` } ### [Cloudflare](#cloudflare) // Docs: https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/url-format export default function cloudflareLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const params = [`width=${width}`, `quality=${quality || 75}`, 'format=auto'] return `https://example.com/cdn-cgi/image/${params.join(',')}/${src}` } ### [Contentful](#contentful) // Docs: https://www.contentful.com/developers/docs/references/images-api/ export default function contentfulLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const url = new URL(`https://example.com${src}`) url.searchParams.set('fm', 'webp') url.searchParams.set('w', width.toString()) url.searchParams.set('q', (quality || 75).toString()) return url.href } ### [Fastly](#fastly) // Docs: https://developer.fastly.com/reference/io/ export default function fastlyLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const url = new URL(`https://example.com${src}`) url.searchParams.set('auto', 'webp') url.searchParams.set('width', width.toString()) url.searchParams.set('quality', (quality || 75).toString()) return url.href } ### [Gumlet](#gumlet) // Docs: https://docs.gumlet.com/reference/image-transform-size export default function gumletLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const url = new URL(`https://example.com${src}`) url.searchParams.set('format', 'auto') url.searchParams.set('w', width.toString()) url.searchParams.set('q', (quality || 75).toString()) return url.href } ### [ImageEngine](#imageengine) // Docs: https://support.imageengine.io/hc/en-us/articles/360058880672-Directives export default function imageengineLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const compression = 100 - (quality || 50) const params = [`w_${width}`, `cmpr_${compression}`)] return `https://example.com${src}?imgeng=/${params.join('/')` } ### [Imgix](#imgix) // Demo: https://static.imgix.net/daisy.png?format=auto&fit=max&w=300 export default function imgixLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const url = new URL(`https://example.com${src}`) const params = url.searchParams params.set('auto', params.getAll('auto').join(',') || 'format') params.set('fit', params.get('fit') || 'max') params.set('w', params.get('w') || width.toString()) params.set('q', (quality || 50).toString()) return url.href } ### [Thumbor](#thumbor) // Docs: https://thumbor.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ export default function thumborLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const params = [`${width}x0`, `filters:quality(${quality || 75})`] return `https://example.com${params.join('/')}${src}` } ### [Sanity](#sanity) // Docs: https://www.sanity.io/docs/image-urls export default function sanityLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const prj = 'zp7mbokg' const dataset = 'production' const url = new URL(`https://cdn.sanity.io/images/${prj}/${dataset}${src}`) url.searchParams.set('auto', 'format') url.searchParams.set('fit', 'max') url.searchParams.set('w', width.toString()) if (quality) { url.searchParams.set('q', quality.toString()) } return url.href } ### [Sirv](#sirv) // Docs: https://sirv.com/help/articles/dynamic-imaging/ export default function sirvLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const url = new URL(`https://example.com${src}`) const params = url.searchParams params.set('format', params.getAll('format').join(',') || 'optimal') params.set('w', params.get('w') || width.toString()) params.set('q', (quality || 85).toString()) return url.href } ### [Supabase](#supabase) // Docs: https://supabase.com/docs/guides/storage/image-transformations#nextjs-loader export default function supabaseLoader({ src, width, quality }) { const url = new URL(`https://example.com${src}`) url.searchParams.set('width', width.toString()) url.searchParams.set('quality', (quality || 75).toString()) return url.href } [Previous httpAgentOptions ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) [Next cacheHandler ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [404 Page](#404-page) * [Customizing The 404 Page](#customizing-the-404-page) * [500 Page](#500-page) * [Customizing The 500 Page](#customizing-the-500-page) * [More Advanced Error Page Customizing](#more-advanced-error-page-customizing) * [Reusing the built-in error page](#reusing-the-built-in-error-page) * [Caveats](#caveats) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/08-custom-error.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Custom Errors Custom Errors ============= [404 Page](#404-page) --------------------- A 404 page may be accessed very often. Server-rendering an error page for every visit increases the load of the Next.js server. This can result in increased costs and slow experiences. To avoid the above pitfalls, Next.js provides a static 404 page by default without having to add any additional files. ### [Customizing The 404 Page](#customizing-the-404-page) To create a custom 404 page you can create a `pages/404.js` file. This file is statically generated at build time. pages/404.js export default function Custom404() { return <h1>404 - Page Not Found</h1> } > **Good to know**: You can use [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) inside this page if you need to fetch data at build time. [500 Page](#500-page) --------------------- Server-rendering an error page for every visit adds complexity to responding to errors. To help users get responses to errors as fast as possible, Next.js provides a static 500 page by default without having to add any additional files. ### [Customizing The 500 Page](#customizing-the-500-page) To customize the 500 page you can create a `pages/500.js` file. This file is statically generated at build time. pages/500.js export default function Custom500() { return <h1>500 - Server-side error occurred</h1> } > **Good to know**: You can use [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) inside this page if you need to fetch data at build time. ### [More Advanced Error Page Customizing](#more-advanced-error-page-customizing) 500 errors are handled both client-side and server-side by the `Error` component. If you wish to override it, define the file `pages/_error.js` and add the following code: function Error({ statusCode }) { return ( <p> {statusCode ? `An error ${statusCode} occurred on server` : 'An error occurred on client'} </p> ) } Error.getInitialProps = ({ res, err }) => { const statusCode = res ? res.statusCode : err ? err.statusCode : 404 return { statusCode } } export default Error > `pages/_error.js` is only used in production. In development you’ll get an error with the call stack to know where the error originated from. ### [Reusing the built-in error page](#reusing-the-built-in-error-page) If you want to render the built-in error page you can by importing the `Error` component: import Error from 'next/error' export async function getServerSideProps() { const res = await fetch('https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js') const errorCode = res.ok ? false : res.status const json = await res.json() return { props: { errorCode, stars: json.stargazers_count }, } } export default function Page({ errorCode, stars }) { if (errorCode) { return <Error statusCode={errorCode} /> } return <div>Next stars: {stars}</div> } The `Error` component also takes `title` as a property if you want to pass in a text message along with a `statusCode`. If you have a custom `Error` component be sure to import that one instead. `next/error` exports the default component used by Next.js. ### [Caveats](#caveats) * `Error` does not currently support Next.js [Data Fetching methods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) like [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) or [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props). * `_error`, like `_app`, is a reserved pathname. `_error` is used to define the customized layouts and behaviors of the error pages. `/_error` will render 404 when accessed directly via [routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) or rendering in a [custom server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server). [Previous API Routes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) [Next Internationalization ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Use Cases](#use-cases) * [Convention](#convention) * [Example](#example) * [Matching Paths](#matching-paths) * [Matcher](#matcher) * [Conditional Statements](#conditional-statements) * [NextResponse](#nextresponse) * [Using Cookies](#using-cookies) * [Setting Headers](#setting-headers) * [CORS](#cors) * [Producing a Response](#producing-a-response) * [waitUntil and NextFetchEvent](#waituntil-and-nextfetchevent) * [Advanced Middleware Flags](#advanced-middleware-flags) * [Runtime](#runtime) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/11-middleware.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Middleware Middleware ========== Middleware allows you to run code before a request is completed. Then, based on the incoming request, you can modify the response by rewriting, redirecting, modifying the request or response headers, or responding directly. Middleware runs before cached content and routes are matched. See [Matching Paths](#matching-paths) for more details. [Use Cases](#use-cases) ----------------------- Integrating Middleware into your application can lead to significant improvements in performance, security, and user experience. Some common scenarios where Middleware is particularly effective include: * Authentication and Authorization: Ensure user identity and check session cookies before granting access to specific pages or API routes. * Server-Side Redirects: Redirect users at the server level based on certain conditions (e.g., locale, user role). * Path Rewriting: Support A/B testing, feature rollouts, or legacy paths by dynamically rewriting paths to API routes or pages based on request properties. * Bot Detection: Protect your resources by detecting and blocking bot traffic. * Logging and Analytics: Capture and analyze request data for insights before processing by the page or API. * Feature Flagging: Enable or disable features dynamically for seamless feature rollouts or testing. Recognizing situations where middleware may not be the optimal approach is just as crucial. Here are some scenarios to be mindful of: * Complex Data Fetching and Manipulation: Middleware is not designed for direct data fetching or manipulation, this should be done within Route Handlers or server-side utilities instead. * Heavy Computational Tasks: Middleware should be lightweight and respond quickly or it can cause delays in page load. Heavy computational tasks or long-running processes should be done within dedicated Route Handlers. * Extensive Session Management: While Middleware can manage basic session tasks, extensive session management should be managed by dedicated authentication services or within Route Handlers. * Direct Database Operations: Performing direct database operations within Middleware is not recommended. Database interactions should done within Route Handlers or server-side utilities. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- Use the file `middleware.ts` (or `.js`) in the root of your project to define Middleware. For example, at the same level as `pages` or `app`, or inside `src` if applicable. > **Note**: While only one `middleware.ts` file is supported per project, you can still organize your middleware logic modularly. Break out middleware functionalities into separate `.ts` or `.js` files and import them into your main `middleware.ts` file. This allows for cleaner management of route-specific middleware, aggregated in the `middleware.ts` for centralized control. By enforcing a single middleware file, it simplifies configuration, prevents potential conflicts, and optimizes performance by avoiding multiple middleware layers. [Example](#example) ------------------- middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' // This function can be marked `async` if using `await` inside export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/home', request.url)) } // See "Matching Paths" below to learn more export const config = { matcher: '/about/:path*', } [Matching Paths](#matching-paths) --------------------------------- Middleware will be invoked for **every route in your project**. Given this, it's crucial to use matchers to precisely target or exclude specific routes. The following is the execution order: 1. `headers` from `next.config.js` 2. `redirects` from `next.config.js` 3. Middleware (`rewrites`, `redirects`, etc.) 4. `beforeFiles` (`rewrites`) from `next.config.js` 5. Filesystem routes (`public/`, `_next/static/`, `pages/`, `app/`, etc.) 6. `afterFiles` (`rewrites`) from `next.config.js` 7. Dynamic Routes (`/blog/[slug]`) 8. `fallback` (`rewrites`) from `next.config.js` There are two ways to define which paths Middleware will run on: 1. [Custom matcher config](#matcher) 2. [Conditional statements](#conditional-statements) ### [Matcher](#matcher) `matcher` allows you to filter Middleware to run on specific paths. middleware.js export const config = { matcher: '/about/:path*', } You can match a single path or multiple paths with an array syntax: middleware.js export const config = { matcher: ['/about/:path*', '/dashboard/:path*'], } The `matcher` config allows full regex so matching like negative lookaheads or character matching is supported. An example of a negative lookahead to match all except specific paths can be seen here: middleware.js export const config = { matcher: [ /* * Match all request paths except for the ones starting with: * - api (API routes) * - _next/static (static files) * - _next/image (image optimization files) * - favicon.ico (favicon file) */ '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', ], } You can also bypass Middleware for certain requests by using the `missing` or `has` arrays, or a combination of both: middleware.js export const config = { matcher: [ /* * Match all request paths except for the ones starting with: * - api (API routes) * - _next/static (static files) * - _next/image (image optimization files) * - favicon.ico (favicon file) */ { source: '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'next-router-prefetch' }, { type: 'header', key: 'purpose', value: 'prefetch' }, ], }, { source: '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'next-router-prefetch' }, { type: 'header', key: 'purpose', value: 'prefetch' }, ], }, { source: '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', has: [{ type: 'header', key: 'x-present' }], missing: [{ type: 'header', key: 'x-missing', value: 'prefetch' }], }, ], } > **Good to know**: The `matcher` values need to be constants so they can be statically analyzed at build-time. Dynamic values such as variables will be ignored. Configured matchers: 1. MUST start with `/` 2. Can include named parameters: `/about/:path` matches `/about/a` and `/about/b` but not `/about/a/c` 3. Can have modifiers on named parameters (starting with `:`): `/about/:path*` matches `/about/a/b/c` because `*` is _zero or more_. `?` is _zero or one_ and `+` _one or more_ 4. Can use regular expression enclosed in parenthesis: `/about/(.*)` is the same as `/about/:path*` Read more details on [path-to-regexp](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp#path-to-regexp-1) documentation. > **Good to know**: For backward compatibility, Next.js always considers `/public` as `/public/index`. Therefore, a matcher of `/public/:path` will match. ### [Conditional Statements](#conditional-statements) middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { if (request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/about')) { return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/about-2', request.url)) } if (request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) { return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/dashboard/user', request.url)) } } [NextResponse](#nextresponse) ----------------------------- The `NextResponse` API allows you to: * `redirect` the incoming request to a different URL * `rewrite` the response by displaying a given URL * Set request headers for API Routes, `getServerSideProps`, and `rewrite` destinations * Set response cookies * Set response headers To produce a response from Middleware, you can: 1. `rewrite` to a route ([Page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) or [Edge API Route](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes)) that produces a response 2. return a `NextResponse` directly. See [Producing a Response](#producing-a-response) [Using Cookies](#using-cookies) ------------------------------- Cookies are regular headers. On a `Request`, they are stored in the `Cookie` header. On a `Response` they are in the `Set-Cookie` header. Next.js provides a convenient way to access and manipulate these cookies through the `cookies` extension on `NextRequest` and `NextResponse`. 1. For incoming requests, `cookies` comes with the following methods: `get`, `getAll`, `set`, and `delete` cookies. You can check for the existence of a cookie with `has` or remove all cookies with `clear`. 2. For outgoing responses, `cookies` have the following methods `get`, `getAll`, `set`, and `delete`. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Assume a "Cookie:nextjs=fast" header to be present on the incoming request // Getting cookies from the request using the `RequestCookies` API let cookie = request.cookies.get('nextjs') console.log(cookie) // => { name: 'nextjs', value: 'fast', Path: '/' } const allCookies = request.cookies.getAll() console.log(allCookies) // => [{ name: 'nextjs', value: 'fast' }] request.cookies.has('nextjs') // => true request.cookies.delete('nextjs') request.cookies.has('nextjs') // => false // Setting cookies on the response using the `ResponseCookies` API const response = NextResponse.next() response.cookies.set('vercel', 'fast') response.cookies.set({ name: 'vercel', value: 'fast', path: '/', }) cookie = response.cookies.get('vercel') console.log(cookie) // => { name: 'vercel', value: 'fast', Path: '/' } // The outgoing response will have a `Set-Cookie:vercel=fast;path=/` header. return response } [Setting Headers](#setting-headers) ----------------------------------- You can set request and response headers using the `NextResponse` API (setting _request_ headers is available since Next.js v13.0.0). middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Clone the request headers and set a new header `x-hello-from-middleware1` const requestHeaders = new Headers(request.headers) requestHeaders.set('x-hello-from-middleware1', 'hello') // You can also set request headers in NextResponse.rewrite const response = NextResponse.next({ request: { // New request headers headers: requestHeaders, }, }) // Set a new response header `x-hello-from-middleware2` response.headers.set('x-hello-from-middleware2', 'hello') return response } > **Good to know**: Avoid setting large headers as it might cause [431 Request Header Fields Too Large](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/431) error depending on your backend web server configuration. ### [CORS](#cors) You can set CORS headers in Middleware to allow cross-origin requests, including [simple](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS#simple_requests) and [preflighted](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS#preflighted_requests) requests. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server' const allowedOrigins = ['https://acme.com', 'https://my-app.org'] const corsOptions = { 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS', 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, Authorization', } export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Check the origin from the request const origin = request.headers.get('origin') ?? '' const isAllowedOrigin = allowedOrigins.includes(origin) // Handle preflighted requests const isPreflight = request.method === 'OPTIONS' if (isPreflight) { const preflightHeaders = { ...(isAllowedOrigin && { 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': origin }), ...corsOptions, } return NextResponse.json({}, { headers: preflightHeaders }) } // Handle simple requests const response = NextResponse.next() if (isAllowedOrigin) { response.headers.set('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', origin) } Object.entries(corsOptions).forEach(([key, value]) => { response.headers.set(key, value) }) return response } export const config = { matcher: '/api/:path*', } [Producing a Response](#producing-a-response) --------------------------------------------- You can respond from Middleware directly by returning a `Response` or `NextResponse` instance. (This is available since [Next.js v13.1.0](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-13-1#nextjs-advanced-middleware)) middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { isAuthenticated } from '@lib/auth' // Limit the middleware to paths starting with `/api/` export const config = { matcher: '/api/:function*', } export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Call our authentication function to check the request if (!isAuthenticated(request)) { // Respond with JSON indicating an error message return Response.json( { success: false, message: 'authentication failed' }, { status: 401 } ) } } ### [`waitUntil` and `NextFetchEvent`](#waituntil-and-nextfetchevent) The `NextFetchEvent` object extends the native [`FetchEvent`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/FetchEvent) object, and includes the [`waitUntil()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ExtendableEvent/waitUntil) method. The `waitUntil()` method takes a promise as an argument, and extends the lifetime of the Middleware until the promise settles. This is useful for performing work in the background. middleware.ts import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextFetchEvent, NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(req: NextRequest, event: NextFetchEvent) { event.waitUntil( fetch('https://my-analytics-platform.com', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify({ pathname: req.nextUrl.pathname }), }) ) return NextResponse.next() } [Advanced Middleware Flags](#advanced-middleware-flags) ------------------------------------------------------- In `v13.1` of Next.js two additional flags were introduced for middleware, `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` and `skipTrailingSlashRedirect` to handle advanced use cases. `skipTrailingSlashRedirect` disables Next.js redirects for adding or removing trailing slashes. This allows custom handling inside middleware to maintain the trailing slash for some paths but not others, which can make incremental migrations easier. next.config.js module.exports = { skipTrailingSlashRedirect: true, } middleware.js const legacyPrefixes = ['/docs', '/blog'] export default async function middleware(req) { const { pathname } = req.nextUrl if (legacyPrefixes.some((prefix) => pathname.startsWith(prefix))) { return NextResponse.next() } // apply trailing slash handling if ( !pathname.endsWith('/') && !pathname.match(/((?!\.well-known(?:\/.*)?)(?:[^/]+\/)*[^/]+\.\w+)/) ) { req.nextUrl.pathname += '/' return NextResponse.redirect(req.nextUrl) } } `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` allows for disabling the URL normalization in Next.js to make handling direct visits and client-transitions the same. In some advanced cases, this option provides full control by using the original URL. next.config.js module.exports = { skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize: true, } middleware.js export default async function middleware(req) { const { pathname } = req.nextUrl // GET /_next/data/build-id/hello.json console.log(pathname) // with the flag this now /_next/data/build-id/hello.json // without the flag this would be normalized to /hello } [Runtime](#runtime) ------------------- Middleware currently only supports the [Edge runtime](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes). The Node.js runtime can not be used. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.1.0` Advanced Middleware flags added `v13.0.0` Middleware can modify request headers, response headers, and send responses `v12.2.0` Middleware is stable, please see the [upgrade guide](/docs/messages/middleware-upgrade-guide) `v12.0.9` Enforce absolute URLs in Edge Runtime ([PR](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/pull/33410)) `v12.0.0` Middleware (Beta) added [Previous Internationalization ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) [Next Rendering ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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This configuration strategy will likely change in the future. `staleTimes` is an experimental feature that allows configuring the [invalidation period](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#duration-3) of the client router cache. This configuration option is available as of v14.2.0-canary.53. You can enable this experimental feature & provide custom revalidation times by setting the experimental `staleTimes` flag: next.config.js /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { experimental: { staleTimes: { dynamic: 30, static: 180, }, }, } module.exports = nextConfig The `static` and `dynamic` properties correspond with the time period (in seconds) based on different types of [link prefetching](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link#prefetch). * The `dynamic` property is used when the `prefetch` prop on `Link` is left unspecified. * Default: 30 seconds * The `static` property is used when the `prefetch` prop on `Link` is set to `true`, or when calling [`router.prefetch`](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#routerprefetch). * Default: 5 minutes > **Good to know:** > > * [Loading boundaries](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) are considered reusable for the `static` period defined in this configuration. > * This doesn't disable [partial rendering support](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#4-partial-rendering), **meaning shared layouts won't automatically be refetched every navigation, only the new segment data.** > * This doesn't change [back/forward caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#router-cache) behavior to prevent layout shift & to prevent losing the browser scroll position. > * The different properties of this config refer to variable levels of "liveness" and are unrelated to whether the segment itself is opting into static or dynamic rendering. In other words, the current `static` default of 5 minutes suggests that data feels static by virtue of it being revalidated infrequently. You can learn more about the Client Router Cache [here](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#router-cache). [Previous serverComponentsExternalPackages ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) [Next trailingSlash ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Installing Tailwind](#installing-tailwind) ------------------------------------------- Install the Tailwind CSS packages and run the `init` command to generate both the `tailwind.config.js` and `postcss.config.js` files: Terminal npm install -D tailwindcss postcss autoprefixer npx tailwindcss init -p [Configuring Tailwind](#configuring-tailwind) --------------------------------------------- Inside `tailwind.config.js`, add paths to the files that will use Tailwind CSS class names: tailwind.config.js /** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */ module.exports = { content: [ './app/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', // Note the addition of the `app` directory. './pages/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', './components/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', // Or if using `src` directory: './src/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', ], theme: { extend: {}, }, plugins: [], } You do not need to modify `postcss.config.js`. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Getting started](#getting-started) * [Locale Strategies](#locale-strategies) * [Sub-path Routing](#sub-path-routing) * [Domain Routing](#domain-routing) * [Automatic Locale Detection](#automatic-locale-detection) * [Prefixing the Default Locale](#prefixing-the-default-locale) * [Disabling Automatic Locale Detection](#disabling-automatic-locale-detection) * [Accessing the locale information](#accessing-the-locale-information) * [Transition between locales](#transition-between-locales) * [Leveraging the NEXT\_LOCALE cookie](#leveraging-the-next_locale-cookie) * [Search Engine Optimization](#search-engine-optimization) * [How does this work with Static Generation?](#how-does-this-work-with-static-generation) * [Dynamic Routes and getStaticProps Pages](#dynamic-routes-and-getstaticprops-pages) * [Automatically Statically Optimized Pages](#automatically-statically-optimized-pages) * [Non-dynamic getStaticProps Pages](#non-dynamic-getstaticprops-pages) * [Limits for the i18n config](#limits-for-the-i18n-config) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/10-internationalization.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Internationalization Internationalization (i18n) Routing =================================== Examples * [i18n routing](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/i18n-routing) Next.js has built-in support for internationalized ([i18n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization#Naming)) routing since `v10.0.0`. You can provide a list of locales, the default locale, and domain-specific locales and Next.js will automatically handle the routing. The i18n routing support is currently meant to complement existing i18n library solutions like [`react-intl`](https://formatjs.io/docs/getting-started/installation), [`react-i18next`](https://react.i18next.com/), [`lingui`](https://lingui.dev/), [`rosetta`](https://github.com/lukeed/rosetta), [`next-intl`](https://github.com/amannn/next-intl), [`next-translate`](https://github.com/aralroca/next-translate), [`next-multilingual`](https://github.com/Avansai/next-multilingual), [`tolgee`](https://tolgee.io/integrations/next), and others by streamlining the routes and locale parsing. [Getting started](#getting-started) ----------------------------------- To get started, add the `i18n` config to your `next.config.js` file. Locales are [UTS Locale Identifiers](https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-59/tr35.html#Identifiers), a standardized format for defining locales. Generally a Locale Identifier is made up of a language, region, and script separated by a dash: `language-region-script`. The region and script are optional. An example: * `en-US` - English as spoken in the United States * `nl-NL` - Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands * `nl` - Dutch, no specific region If user locale is `nl-BE` and it is not listed in your configuration, they will be redirected to `nl` if available, or to the default locale otherwise. If you don't plan to support all regions of a country, it is therefore a good practice to include country locales that will act as fallbacks. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { // These are all the locales you want to support in // your application locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'], // This is the default locale you want to be used when visiting // a non-locale prefixed path e.g. `/hello` defaultLocale: 'en-US', // This is a list of locale domains and the default locale they // should handle (these are only required when setting up domain routing) // Note: subdomains must be included in the domain value to be matched e.g. "fr.example.com". domains: [ { domain: 'example.com', defaultLocale: 'en-US', }, { domain: 'example.nl', defaultLocale: 'nl-NL', }, { domain: 'example.fr', defaultLocale: 'fr', // an optional http field can also be used to test // locale domains locally with http instead of https http: true, }, ], }, } [Locale Strategies](#locale-strategies) --------------------------------------- There are two locale handling strategies: Sub-path Routing and Domain Routing. ### [Sub-path Routing](#sub-path-routing) Sub-path Routing puts the locale in the url path. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'], defaultLocale: 'en-US', }, } With the above configuration `en-US`, `fr`, and `nl-NL` will be available to be routed to, and `en-US` is the default locale. If you have a `pages/blog.js` the following urls would be available: * `/blog` * `/fr/blog` * `/nl-nl/blog` The default locale does not have a prefix. ### [Domain Routing](#domain-routing) By using domain routing you can configure locales to be served from different domains: next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL', 'nl-BE'], defaultLocale: 'en-US', domains: [ { // Note: subdomains must be included in the domain value to be matched // e.g. www.example.com should be used if that is the expected hostname domain: 'example.com', defaultLocale: 'en-US', }, { domain: 'example.fr', defaultLocale: 'fr', }, { domain: 'example.nl', defaultLocale: 'nl-NL', // specify other locales that should be redirected // to this domain locales: ['nl-BE'], }, ], }, } For example if you have `pages/blog.js` the following urls will be available: * `example.com/blog` * `www.example.com/blog` * `example.fr/blog` * `example.nl/blog` * `example.nl/nl-BE/blog` [Automatic Locale Detection](#automatic-locale-detection) --------------------------------------------------------- When a user visits the application root (generally `/`), Next.js will try to automatically detect which locale the user prefers based on the [`Accept-Language`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Language) header and the current domain. If a locale other than the default locale is detected, the user will be redirected to either: * **When using Sub-path Routing:** The locale prefixed path * **When using Domain Routing:** The domain with that locale specified as the default When using Domain Routing, if a user with the `Accept-Language` header `fr;q=0.9` visits `example.com`, they will be redirected to `example.fr` since that domain handles the `fr` locale by default. When using Sub-path Routing, the user would be redirected to `/fr`. ### [Prefixing the Default Locale](#prefixing-the-default-locale) With Next.js 12 and [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware), we can add a prefix to the default locale with a [workaround](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/18419). For example, here's a `next.config.js` file with support for a few languages. Note the `"default"` locale has been added intentionally. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['default', 'en', 'de', 'fr'], defaultLocale: 'default', localeDetection: false, }, trailingSlash: true, } Next, we can use [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) to add custom routing rules: middleware.ts import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server' const PUBLIC_FILE = /\.(.*)$/ export async function middleware(req: NextRequest) { if ( req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/_next') || req.nextUrl.pathname.includes('/api/') || PUBLIC_FILE.test(req.nextUrl.pathname) ) { return } if (req.nextUrl.locale === 'default') { const locale = req.cookies.get('NEXT_LOCALE')?.value || 'en' return NextResponse.redirect( new URL(`/${locale}${req.nextUrl.pathname}${req.nextUrl.search}`, req.url) ) } } This [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) skips adding the default prefix to [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) and [public](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) files like fonts or images. If a request is made to the default locale, we redirect to our prefix `/en`. ### [Disabling Automatic Locale Detection](#disabling-automatic-locale-detection) The automatic locale detection can be disabled with: next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { localeDetection: false, }, } When `localeDetection` is set to `false` Next.js will no longer automatically redirect based on the user's preferred locale and will only provide locale information detected from either the locale based domain or locale path as described above. [Accessing the locale information](#accessing-the-locale-information) --------------------------------------------------------------------- You can access the locale information via the Next.js router. For example, using the [`useRouter()`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) hook the following properties are available: * `locale` contains the currently active locale. * `locales` contains all configured locales. * `defaultLocale` contains the configured default locale. When [pre-rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) pages with `getStaticProps` or `getServerSideProps`, the locale information is provided in [the context](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) provided to the function. When leveraging `getStaticPaths`, the configured locales are provided in the context parameter of the function under `locales` and the configured defaultLocale under `defaultLocale`. [Transition between locales](#transition-between-locales) --------------------------------------------------------- You can use `next/link` or `next/router` to transition between locales. For `next/link`, a `locale` prop can be provided to transition to a different locale from the currently active one. If no `locale` prop is provided, the currently active `locale` is used during client-transitions. For example: import Link from 'next/link' export default function IndexPage(props) { return ( <Link href="/another" locale="fr"> To /fr/another </Link> ) } When using the `next/router` methods directly, you can specify the `locale` that should be used via the transition options. For example: import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function IndexPage(props) { const router = useRouter() return ( <div onClick={() => { router.push('/another', '/another', { locale: 'fr' }) }} > to /fr/another </div> ) } Note that to handle switching only the `locale` while preserving all routing information such as [dynamic route](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) query values or hidden href query values, you can provide the `href` parameter as an object: import { useRouter } from 'next/router' const router = useRouter() const { pathname, asPath, query } = router // change just the locale and maintain all other route information including href's query router.push({ pathname, query }, asPath, { locale: nextLocale }) See [here](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#with-url-object) for more information on the object structure for `router.push`. If you have a `href` that already includes the locale you can opt-out of automatically handling the locale prefixing: import Link from 'next/link' export default function IndexPage(props) { return ( <Link href="/fr/another" locale={false}> To /fr/another </Link> ) } [Leveraging the `NEXT_LOCALE` cookie](#leveraging-the-next_locale-cookie) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js supports overriding the accept-language header with a `NEXT_LOCALE=the-locale` cookie. This cookie can be set using a language switcher and then when a user comes back to the site it will leverage the locale specified in the cookie when redirecting from `/` to the correct locale location. For example, if a user prefers the locale `fr` in their accept-language header but a `NEXT_LOCALE=en` cookie is set the `en` locale when visiting `/` the user will be redirected to the `en` locale location until the cookie is removed or expired. [Search Engine Optimization](#search-engine-optimization) --------------------------------------------------------- Since Next.js knows what language the user is visiting it will automatically add the `lang` attribute to the `<html>` tag. Next.js doesn't know about variants of a page so it's up to you to add the `hreflang` meta tags using [`next/head`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head). You can learn more about `hreflang` in the [Google Webmasters documentation](https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/189077). [How does this work with Static Generation?](#how-does-this-work-with-static-generation) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Note that Internationalized Routing does not integrate with [`output: 'export'`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) as it does not leverage the Next.js routing layer. Hybrid Next.js applications that do not use `output: 'export'` are fully supported. ### [Dynamic Routes and `getStaticProps` Pages](#dynamic-routes-and-getstaticprops-pages) For pages using `getStaticProps` with [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes), all locale variants of the page desired to be prerendered need to be returned from [`getStaticPaths`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths). Along with the `params` object returned for `paths`, you can also return a `locale` field specifying which locale you want to render. For example: pages/blog/\[slug\].js export const getStaticPaths = ({ locales }) => { return { paths: [ // if no `locale` is provided only the defaultLocale will be generated { params: { slug: 'post-1' }, locale: 'en-US' }, { params: { slug: 'post-1' }, locale: 'fr' }, ], fallback: true, } } For [Automatically Statically Optimized](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) and non-dynamic `getStaticProps` pages, **a version of the page will be generated for each locale**. This is important to consider because it can increase build times depending on how many locales are configured inside `getStaticProps`. For example, if you have 50 locales configured with 10 non-dynamic pages using `getStaticProps`, this means `getStaticProps` will be called 500 times. 50 versions of the 10 pages will be generated during each build. To decrease the build time of dynamic pages with `getStaticProps`, use a [`fallback` mode](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths#fallback-true). This allows you to return only the most popular paths and locales from `getStaticPaths` for prerendering during the build. Then, Next.js will build the remaining pages at runtime as they are requested. ### [Automatically Statically Optimized Pages](#automatically-statically-optimized-pages) For pages that are [automatically statically optimized](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization), a version of the page will be generated for each locale. ### [Non-dynamic getStaticProps Pages](#non-dynamic-getstaticprops-pages) For non-dynamic `getStaticProps` pages, a version is generated for each locale like above. `getStaticProps` is called with each `locale` that is being rendered. If you would like to opt-out of a certain locale from being pre-rendered, you can return `notFound: true` from `getStaticProps` and this variant of the page will not be generated. export async function getStaticProps({ locale }) { // Call an external API endpoint to get posts. // You can use any data fetching library const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts?locale=${locale}`) const posts = await res.json() if (posts.length === 0) { return { notFound: true, } } // By returning { props: posts }, the Blog component // will receive `posts` as a prop at build time return { props: { posts, }, } } [Limits for the i18n config](#limits-for-the-i18n-config) --------------------------------------------------------- * `locales`: 100 total locales * `domains`: 100 total locale domain items > **Good to know**: These limits have been added initially to prevent potential [performance issues at build time](#dynamic-routes-and-getstaticprops-pages). You can workaround these limits with custom routing using [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) in Next.js 12. [Previous Custom Errors ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) [Next Middleware ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Menu Using Pages Router Features available in /pages * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/02-rendering/01-server-side-rendering.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering)Server-side Rendering (SSR) Server-side Rendering (SSR) =========================== > Also referred to as "SSR" or "Dynamic Rendering". If a page uses **Server-side Rendering**, the page HTML is generated on **each request**. To use Server-side Rendering for a page, you need to `export` an `async` function called `getServerSideProps`. This function will be called by the server on every request. For example, suppose that your page needs to pre-render frequently updated data (fetched from an external API). You can write `getServerSideProps` which fetches this data and passes it to `Page` like below: export default function Page({ data }) { // Render data... } // This gets called on every request export async function getServerSideProps() { // Fetch data from external API const res = await fetch(`https://.../data`) const data = await res.json() // Pass data to the page via props return { props: { data } } } As you can see, `getServerSideProps` is similar to `getStaticProps`, but the difference is that `getServerSideProps` is run on every request instead of on build time. To learn more about how `getServerSideProps` works, check out our [Data Fetching documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props). [Previous Rendering ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) [Next Static Site Generation (SSG) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Customizing Sass Options](#customizing-sass-options) * [Sass Variables](#sass-variables) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/04-styling/04-sass.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling)Sass Sass ==== Next.js has built-in support for integrating with Sass after the package is installed using both the `.scss` and `.sass` extensions. You can use component-level Sass via CSS Modules and the `.module.scss`or `.module.sass` extension. First, install [`sass`](https://github.com/sass/sass): Terminal npm install --save-dev sass > **Good to know**: > > Sass supports [two different syntaxes](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/syntax), each with their own extension. The `.scss` extension requires you use the [SCSS syntax](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/syntax#scss), while the `.sass` extension requires you use the [Indented Syntax ("Sass")](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/syntax#the-indented-syntax). > > If you're not sure which to choose, start with the `.scss` extension which is a superset of CSS, and doesn't require you learn the Indented Syntax ("Sass"). ### [Customizing Sass Options](#customizing-sass-options) If you want to configure the Sass compiler, use `sassOptions` in `next.config.js`. next.config.js const path = require('path') module.exports = { sassOptions: { includePaths: [path.join(__dirname, 'styles')], }, } ### [Sass Variables](#sass-variables) Next.js supports Sass variables exported from CSS Module files. For example, using the exported `primaryColor` Sass variable: app/variables.module.scss $primary-color: #64ff00; :export { primaryColor: $primary-color; } pages/\_app.js import variables from '../styles/variables.module.scss' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <Layout color={variables.primaryColor}> <Component {...pageProps} /> </Layout> ) } [Previous CSS-in-JS ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) [Next Optimizing ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Disabling JavaScript](#disabling-javascript) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/04-styling/03-css-in-js.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling)CSS-in-JS CSS-in-JS ========= Examples * [Styled JSX](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-styled-jsx) * [Styled Components](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-styled-components) * [Emotion](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-emotion) * [Linaria](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-linaria) * [Styletron](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-styletron) * [Cxs](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-cxs) * [Fela](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-fela) * [Stitches](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-stitches) It's possible to use any existing CSS-in-JS solution. The simplest one is inline styles: function HiThere() { return <p style={{ color: 'red' }}>hi there</p> } export default HiThere We bundle [styled-jsx](https://github.com/vercel/styled-jsx) to provide support for isolated scoped CSS. The aim is to support "shadow CSS" similar to Web Components, which unfortunately [do not support server-rendering and are JS-only](https://github.com/w3c/webcomponents/issues/71). See the above examples for other popular CSS-in-JS solutions (like Styled Components). A component using `styled-jsx` looks like this: function HelloWorld() { return ( <div> Hello world <p>scoped!</p> <style jsx>{` p { color: blue; } div { background: red; } @media (max-width: 600px) { div { background: blue; } } `}</style> <style global jsx>{` body { background: black; } `}</style> </div> ) } export default HelloWorld Please see the [styled-jsx documentation](https://github.com/vercel/styled-jsx) for more examples. ### [Disabling JavaScript](#disabling-javascript) Yes, if you disable JavaScript the CSS will still be loaded in the production build (`next start`). During development, we require JavaScript to be enabled to provide the best developer experience with [Fast Refresh](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-9-4#fast-refresh). [Previous Tailwind CSS ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) [Next Sass ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Menu Using Pages Router Features available in /pages * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project 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[pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Built-in Components](#built-in-components) * [Metadata](#metadata) * [Static Assets](#static-assets) * [Analytics and Monitoring](#analytics-and-monitoring) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application)Optimizing Optimizations ============= Next.js comes with a variety of built-in optimizations designed to improve your application's speed and [Core Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/). This guide will cover the optimizations you can leverage to enhance your user experience. [Built-in Components](#built-in-components) ------------------------------------------- Built-in components abstract away the complexity of implementing common UI optimizations. These components are: * **Images**: Built on the native `<img>` element. The Image Component optimizes images for performance by lazy loading and automatically resizing images based on device size. * **Link**: Built on the native `<a>` tags. The Link Component prefetches pages in the background, for faster and smoother page transitions. * **Scripts**: Built on the native `<script>` tags. The Script Component gives you control over loading and execution of third-party scripts. [Metadata](#metadata) --------------------- Metadata helps search engines understand your content better (which can result in better SEO), and allows you to customize how your content is presented on social media, helping you create a more engaging and consistent user experience across various platforms. The Head Component in Next.js allows you to modify the `<head>` of a page. Learn more in the [Head Component](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) documentation. [Static Assets](#static-assets) ------------------------------- Next.js `/public` folder can be used to serve static assets like images, fonts, and other files. Files inside `/public` can also be cached by CDN providers so that they are delivered efficiently. [Analytics and Monitoring](#analytics-and-monitoring) ----------------------------------------------------- For large applications, Next.js integrates with popular analytics and monitoring tools to help you understand how your application is performing. Learn more in the [Analytics](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics), [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry), and [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) guides. [ ### Images Optimize your images with the built-in \`next/image\` component. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images)[ ### Fonts Optimize your application's web fonts with the built-in \`next/font\` loaders. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts)[ ### Scripts Optimize 3rd party scripts with the built-in Script component. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts)[ ### Static Assets Next.js allows you to serve static files, like images, in the public directory. You can learn how it works here. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets)[ ### Bundle Analyzer Analyze the size of your JavaScript bundles using the @next/bundle-analyzer plugin. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer)[ ### Analytics Measure and track page performance using Next.js Speed Insights ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics)[ ### Lazy Loading Lazy load imported libraries and React Components to improve your application's loading performance. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading)[ ### Instrumentation Learn how to use instrumentation to run code at server startup in your Next.js app ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation)[ ### OpenTelemetry Learn how to instrument your Next.js app with OpenTelemetry. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry)[ ### Third Party Libraries Optimize the performance of third-party libraries in your application with the \`@next/third-parties\` package. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) [Previous Sass ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) [Next Images ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) Was this helpful? supported. 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customized to transform different files and change how modules are resolved. > **Good to know**: > > * These features are experimental and will only work with `next --turbo`. > * Turbopack for Next.js does not require loaders nor loader configuration for built-in functionality. Turbopack has built-in support for css and compiling modern JavaScript, so there's no need for `css-loader`, `postcss-loader`, or `babel-loader` if you're using `@babel/preset-env`. [webpack loaders](#webpack-loaders) ----------------------------------- If you need loader support beyond what's built in, many webpack loaders already work with Turbopack. There are currently some limitations: * Only a core subset of the webpack loader API is implemented. Currently, there is enough coverage for some popular loaders, and we'll expand our API support in the future. * Only loaders that return JavaScript code are supported. Loaders that transform files like stylesheets or images are not currently supported. * Options passed to webpack loaders must be plain JavaScript primitives, objects, and arrays. For example, it's not possible to pass `require()`d plugin modules as option values. To configure loaders, add the names of the loaders you've installed and any options in `next.config.js`, mapping file extensions to a list of loaders: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { turbo: { rules: { '*.svg': { loaders: ['@svgr/webpack'], as: '*.js', }, }, }, }, } > **Good to know**: Prior to Next.js version 13.4.4, `experimental.turbo.rules` was named `experimental.turbo.loaders` and only accepted file extensions like `.mdx` instead of `*.mdx`. ### [Supported loaders](#supported-loaders) The following loaders have been tested to work with Turbopack's webpack loader implementation: * [`babel-loader`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/babel-loader) * [`@svgr/webpack`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@svgr/webpack) * [`svg-inline-loader`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/svg-inline-loader) * [`yaml-loader`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/yaml-loader) * [`string-replace-loader`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/string-replace-loader) * [`raw-loader`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/raw-loader) * ['sass-loader'](https://www.npmjs.com/package/sass-loader) [Resolve aliases](#resolve-aliases) ----------------------------------- Through `next.config.js`, Turbopack can be configured to modify module resolution through aliases, similar to webpack's [`resolve.alias`](https://webpack.js.org/configuration/resolve/#resolvealias) configuration. To configure resolve aliases, map imported patterns to their new destination in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { turbo: { resolveAlias: { underscore: 'lodash', mocha: { browser: 'mocha/browser-entry.js' }, }, }, }, } This aliases imports of the `underscore` package to the `lodash` package. In other words, `import underscore from 'underscore'` will load the `lodash` module instead of `underscore`. Turbopack also supports conditional aliasing through this field, similar to Node.js's [conditional exports](https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v18.x/api/packages.html#conditional-exports). At the moment only the `browser` condition is supported. In the case above, imports of the `mocha` module will be aliased to `mocha/browser-entry.js` when Turbopack targets browser environments. [Resolve extensions](#resolve-extensions) ----------------------------------------- Through `next.config.js`, Turbopack can be configured to resolve modules with custom extensions, similar to webpack's [`resolve.extensions`](https://webpack.js.org/configuration/resolve/#resolveextensions) configuration. To configure resolve extensions, use the `resolveExtensions` field in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { turbo: { resolveExtensions: [ '.mdx', '.tsx', '.ts', '.jsx', '.js', '.mjs', '.json', ], }, }, } This overwrites the original resolve extensions with the provided list. Make sure to include the default extensions. For more information and guidance for how to migrate your app to Turbopack from webpack, see [Turbopack's documentation on webpack compatibility](https://turbo.build/pack/docs/migrating-from-webpack). 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This means that Next.js generates HTML for each page in advance, instead of having it all done by client-side JavaScript. Pre-rendering can result in better performance and SEO. Each generated HTML is associated with minimal JavaScript code necessary for that page. When a page is loaded by the browser, its JavaScript code runs and makes the page fully interactive (this process is called [hydration](https://react.dev/reference/react-dom/client/hydrateRoot) in React). ### [Pre-rendering](#pre-rendering) Next.js has two forms of pre-rendering: **Static Generation** and **Server-side Rendering**. The difference is in **when** it generates the HTML for a page. * Static Generation: The HTML is generated at **build time** and will be reused on each request. * Server-side Rendering: The HTML is generated on **each request**. Importantly, Next.js lets you choose which pre-rendering form you'd like to use for each page. You can create a "hybrid" Next.js app by using Static Generation for most pages and using Server-side Rendering for others. We recommend using Static Generation over Server-side Rendering for performance reasons. Statically generated pages can be cached by CDN with no extra configuration to boost performance. However, in some cases, Server-side Rendering might be the only option. You can also use client-side data fetching along with Static Generation or Server-side Rendering. That means some parts of a page can be rendered entirely by clientside JavaScript. To learn more, take a look at the [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) documentation. [ ### Server-side Rendering (SSR) Use Server-side Rendering to render pages on each request. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering)[ ### Static Site Generation (SSG) Use Static Site Generation (SSG) to pre-render pages at build time. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation)[ ### Automatic Static Optimization Next.js automatically optimizes your app to be static HTML whenever possible. Learn how it works here. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization)[ ### Client-side Rendering (CSR) Learn how to implement client-side rendering in the Pages Router. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering)[ ### Edge and Node.js Runtimes Learn more about the switchable runtimes (Edge and Node.js) in Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) [Previous Middleware ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) [Next Server-side Rendering (SSR) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Runtime Differences](#runtime-differences) * [Edge Runtime](#edge-runtime) * [Node.js Runtime](#nodejs-runtime) * [Serverless Node.js](#serverless-nodejs) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/02-rendering/06-edge-and-nodejs-runtimes.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering)Edge and Node.js Runtimes Edge and Node.js Runtimes ========================= In the context of Next.js, runtime refers to the set of libraries, APIs, and general functionality available to your code during execution. On the server, there are two runtimes where parts of your application code can be rendered: * The **Node.js Runtime** (default) has access to all Node.js APIs and compatible packages from the ecosystem. * The **Edge Runtime** is based on [Web APIs](/docs/app/api-reference/edge). [Runtime Differences](#runtime-differences) ------------------------------------------- There are many considerations to make when choosing a runtime. This table shows the major differences at a glance. If you want a more in-depth analysis of the differences, check out the sections below. Node Serverless Edge Cold Boot / Normal Low [HTTP Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) Yes Yes Yes IO All All `fetch` Scalability / High Highest Security Normal High High Latency Normal Low Lowest npm Packages All All A smaller subset [Static Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default) Yes Yes No [Dynamic Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering) Yes Yes Yes [Data Revalidation w/ `fetch`](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating#revalidating-data) Yes Yes Yes ### [Edge Runtime](#edge-runtime) In Next.js, the lightweight Edge Runtime is a subset of available Node.js APIs. The Edge Runtime is ideal if you need to deliver dynamic, personalized content at low latency with small, simple functions. The Edge Runtime's speed comes from its minimal use of resources, but that can be limiting in many scenarios. For example, code executed in the Edge Runtime [on Vercel cannot exceed between 1 MB and 4 MB](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/limits/overview#edge-middleware-and-edge-functions-size), this limit includes imported packages, fonts and files, and will vary depending on your deployment infrastructure. In addition, the Edge Runtime does not support all Node.js APIs meaning some `npm` packages may not work. For example, "Module not found: Can't resolve 'fs'" or similar errors. We recommend using the Node.js runtime if you need to use these APIs or packages. ### [Node.js Runtime](#nodejs-runtime) Using the Node.js runtime gives you access to all Node.js APIs, and all npm packages that rely on them. However, it's not as fast to start up as routes using the Edge runtime. Deploying your Next.js application to a Node.js server will require managing, scaling, and configuring your infrastructure. Alternatively, you can consider deploying your Next.js application to a serverless platform like Vercel, which will handle this for you. ### [Serverless Node.js](#serverless-nodejs) Serverless is ideal if you need a scalable solution that can handle more complex computational loads than the Edge Runtime. With Serverless Functions on Vercel, for example, your overall code size is [50MB](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/limits/overview#serverless-function-size) including imported packages, fonts, and files. The downside compared to routes using the [Edge](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/functions/edge-functions) is that it can take hundreds of milliseconds for Serverless Functions to boot up before they begin processing requests. Depending on the amount of traffic your site receives, this could be a frequent occurrence as the functions are not frequently "warm". > Please refer to the [Node.js Docs](https://nodejs.org/docs/latest/api/) and [Edge Docs](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) for the full list of available APIs. Both runtimes can also support [streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) depending on your deployment infrastructure. [Previous Client-side Rendering (CSR) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) [Next Data Fetching ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/02-rendering/05-client-side-rendering.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering)Client-side Rendering (CSR) Client-side Rendering (CSR) =========================== In Client-Side Rendering (CSR) with React, the browser downloads a minimal HTML page and the JavaScript needed for the page. The JavaScript is then used to update the DOM and render the page. When the application is first loaded, the user may notice a slight delay before they can see the full page, this is because the page isn't fully rendered until all the JavaScript is downloaded, parsed, and executed. After the page has been loaded for the first time, navigating to other pages on the same website is typically faster, as only necessary data needs to be fetched, and JavaScript can re-render parts of the page without requiring a full page refresh. In Next.js, there are two ways you can implement client-side rendering: 1. Using React's `useEffect()` hook inside your pages instead of the server-side rendering methods ([`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) and [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props)). 2. Using a data fetching library like [SWR](https://swr.vercel.app/) or [TanStack Query](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/) to fetch data on the client (recommended). Here's an example of using `useEffect()` inside a Next.js page: pages/index.js import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react' export function Page() { const [data, setData] = useState(null) useEffect(() => { const fetchData = async () => { const response = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data') if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`) } const result = await response.json() setData(result) } fetchData().catch((e) => { // handle the error as needed console.error('An error occurred while fetching the data: ', e) }) }, []) return <p>{data ? `Your data: ${data}` : 'Loading...'}</p> } In the example above, the component starts by rendering `Loading...`. Then, once the data is fetched, it re-renders and displays the data. Although fetching data in a `useEffect` is a pattern you may see in older React Applications, we recommend using a data-fetching library for better performance, caching, optimistic updates, and more. Here's a minimum example using [SWR](https://swr.vercel.app/) to fetch data on the client: pages/index.js import useSWR from 'swr' export function Page() { const { data, error, isLoading } = useSWR( 'https://api.example.com/data', fetcher ) if (error) return <p>Failed to load.</p> if (isLoading) return <p>Loading...</p> return <p>Your Data: {data}</p> } > **Good to know**: > > Keep in mind that CSR can impact SEO. Some search engine crawlers might not execute JavaScript and therefore only see the initial empty or loading state of your application. It can also lead to performance issues for users with slower internet connections or devices, as they need to wait for all the JavaScript to load and run before they can see the full page. Next.js promotes a hybrid approach that allows you to use a combination of [server-side rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering), [static site generation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation), and client-side rendering, **depending on the needs of each page** in your application. In the App Router, you can also use [Loading UI with Suspense](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) to show a loading indicator while the page is being rendered. Next Steps ---------- Learn about the alternative rendering methods in Next.js. [ Pages Router ... Rendering ### Server-side Rendering (SSR) Use Server-side Rendering to render pages on each request. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering)[ Pages Router ... Rendering ### Static Site Generation (SSG) Use Static Site Generation (SSG) to pre-render pages at build time. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation)[ Pages Router ... Data Fetching ### Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) Learn how to create or update static pages at runtime with Incremental Static Regeneration. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration)[ App Router ... Routing ### Loading UI and Streaming Built on top of Suspense, Loading UI allows you to create a fallback for specific route segments, and automatically stream content as it becomes ready. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) [Previous Automatic Static Optimization ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) [Next Edge and Node.js Runtimes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [How it works](#how-it-works) * [Caveats](#caveats) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/02-rendering/04-automatic-static-optimization.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering)Automatic Static Optimization Automatic Static Optimization ============================= Next.js automatically determines that a page is static (can be prerendered) if it has no blocking data requirements. This determination is made by the absence of `getServerSideProps` and `getInitialProps` in the page. This feature allows Next.js to emit hybrid applications that contain **both server-rendered and statically generated pages**. > Statically generated pages are still reactive: Next.js will hydrate your application client-side to give it full interactivity. One of the main benefits of this feature is that optimized pages require no server-side computation, and can be instantly streamed to the end-user from multiple CDN locations. The result is an _ultra fast_ loading experience for your users. [How it works](#how-it-works) ----------------------------- If `getServerSideProps` or `getInitialProps` is present in a page, Next.js will switch to render the page on-demand, per-request (meaning [Server-Side Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering)). If the above is not the case, Next.js will **statically optimize** your page automatically by prerendering the page to static HTML. During prerendering, the router's `query` object will be empty since we do not have `query` information to provide during this phase. After hydration, Next.js will trigger an update to your application to provide the route parameters in the `query` object. The cases where the query will be updated after hydration triggering another render are: * The page is a [dynamic-route](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). * The page has query values in the URL. * [Rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) are configured in your `next.config.js` since these can have parameters that may need to be parsed and provided in the `query`. To be able to distinguish if the query is fully updated and ready for use, you can leverage the `isReady` field on [`next/router`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-object). > **Good to know**: Parameters added with [dynamic routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) to a page that's using [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) will always be available inside the `query` object. `next build` will emit `.html` files for statically optimized pages. For example, the result for the page `pages/about.js` would be: Terminal .next/server/pages/about.html And if you add `getServerSideProps` to the page, it will then be JavaScript, like so: Terminal .next/server/pages/about.js [Caveats](#caveats) ------------------- * If you have a [custom `App`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) with `getInitialProps` then this optimization will be turned off in pages without [Static Generation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props). * If you have a [custom `Document`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) with `getInitialProps` be sure you check if `ctx.req` is defined before assuming the page is server-side rendered. `ctx.req` will be `undefined` for pages that are prerendered. * Avoid using the `asPath` value on [`next/router`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-object) in the rendering tree until the router's `isReady` field is `true`. Statically optimized pages only know `asPath` on the client and not the server, so using it as a prop may lead to mismatch errors. The [`active-class-name` example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/active-class-name) demonstrates one way to use `asPath` as a prop. [Previous Static Site Generation (SSG) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) [Next Client-side Rendering (CSR) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Videos](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/videos) * [Fonts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Metadata](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata) * [Scripts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Analytics](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Instrumentation](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Static Assets](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Memory Usage](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/memory-usage) * [Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [App Router Migration](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Version 14](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) * [<Image>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) * [<Link>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) * [File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) * [default.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) * [error.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) * [instrumentation.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) * [layout.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) * [loading.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) * [middleware.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) * [not-found.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) * [page.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) * [route.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) * [Route Segment Config](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) * [template.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) * [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) * [favicon, icon, and apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * [generateViewport](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) * [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) * [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [notFound](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) * [permanentRedirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) * [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) * [revalidatePath](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) * [revalidateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) * [unstable\_cache](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) * [unstable\_noStore](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) * [useParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) * [usePathname](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [ Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Static Generation without data](#static-generation-without-data) * [Static Generation with data](#static-generation-with-data) * [Scenario 1: Your page content depends on external data](#scenario-1-your-page-content-depends-on-external-data) * [Scenario 2: Your page paths depend on external data](#scenario-2-your-page-paths-depend-on-external-data) * [When should I use Static Generation?](#when-should-i-use-static-generation) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/02-rendering/02-static-site-generation.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering)Static Site Generation (SSG) Static Site Generation (SSG) ============================ Examples * [WordPress Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-wordpress)([Demo](https://next-blog-wordpress.vercel.app)) * [Blog Starter using markdown files](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/blog-starter) ([Demo](https://next-blog-starter.vercel.app/)) * [DatoCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-datocms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-datocms.vercel.app/)) * [TakeShape Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-takeshape) ([Demo](https://next-blog-takeshape.vercel.app/)) * [Sanity Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-sanity) ([Demo](https://next-blog-sanity.vercel.app/)) * [Prismic Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-prismic) ([Demo](https://next-blog-prismic.vercel.app/)) * [Contentful Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-contentful) ([Demo](https://next-blog-contentful.vercel.app/)) * [Strapi Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-strapi) ([Demo](https://next-blog-strapi.vercel.app/)) * [Prepr Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-prepr) ([Demo](https://next-blog-prepr.vercel.app/)) * [Agility CMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-agilitycms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-agilitycms.vercel.app/)) * [Cosmic Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-cosmic) ([Demo](https://next-blog-cosmic.vercel.app/)) * [ButterCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-buttercms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-buttercms.vercel.app/)) * [Storyblok Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-storyblok) ([Demo](https://next-blog-storyblok.vercel.app/)) * [GraphCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-graphcms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-graphcms.vercel.app/)) * [Kontent Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-kontent-ai) ([Demo](https://next-blog-kontent.vercel.app/)) * [Builder.io Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-builder-io) ([Demo](https://cms-builder-io.vercel.app/)) * [TinaCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-tina) ([Demo](https://cms-tina-example.vercel.app/)) * [Static Tweet (Demo)](https://static-tweet.vercel.app/) * [Enterspeed Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-enterspeed) ([Demo](https://next-blog-demo.enterspeed.com/)) If a page uses **Static Generation**, the page HTML is generated at **build time**. That means in production, the page HTML is generated when you run `next build`. This HTML will then be reused on each request. It can be cached by a CDN. In Next.js, you can statically generate pages **with or without data**. Let's take a look at each case. ### [Static Generation without data](#static-generation-without-data) By default, Next.js pre-renders pages using Static Generation without fetching data. Here's an example: function About() { return <div>About</div> } export default About Note that this page does not need to fetch any external data to be pre-rendered. In cases like this, Next.js generates a single HTML file per page during build time. ### [Static Generation with data](#static-generation-with-data) Some pages require fetching external data for pre-rendering. There are two scenarios, and one or both might apply. In each case, you can use these functions that Next.js provides: 1. Your page **content** depends on external data: Use `getStaticProps`. 2. Your page **paths** depend on external data: Use `getStaticPaths` (usually in addition to `getStaticProps`). #### [Scenario 1: Your page content depends on external data](#scenario-1-your-page-content-depends-on-external-data) **Example**: Your blog page might need to fetch the list of blog posts from a CMS (content management system). // TODO: Need to fetch `posts` (by calling some API endpoint) // before this page can be pre-rendered. export default function Blog({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li>{post.title}</li> ))} </ul> ) } To fetch this data on pre-render, Next.js allows you to `export` an `async` function called `getStaticProps` from the same file. This function gets called at build time and lets you pass fetched data to the page's `props` on pre-render. export default function Blog({ posts }) { // Render posts... } // This function gets called at build time export async function getStaticProps() { // Call an external API endpoint to get posts const res = await fetch('https://.../posts') const posts = await res.json() // By returning { props: { posts } }, the Blog component // will receive `posts` as a prop at build time return { props: { posts, }, } } To learn more about how `getStaticProps` works, check out the [Data Fetching documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props). #### [Scenario 2: Your page paths depend on external data](#scenario-2-your-page-paths-depend-on-external-data) Next.js allows you to create pages with **dynamic routes**. For example, you can create a file called `pages/posts/[id].js` to show a single blog post based on `id`. This will allow you to show a blog post with `id: 1` when you access `posts/1`. > To learn more about dynamic routing, check the [Dynamic Routing documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). However, which `id` you want to pre-render at build time might depend on external data. **Example**: suppose that you've only added one blog post (with `id: 1`) to the database. In this case, you'd only want to pre-render `posts/1` at build time. Later, you might add the second post with `id: 2`. Then you'd want to pre-render `posts/2` as well. So your page **paths** that are pre-rendered depend on external data. To handle this, Next.js lets you `export` an `async` function called `getStaticPaths` from a dynamic page (`pages/posts/[id].js` in this case). This function gets called at build time and lets you specify which paths you want to pre-render. // This function gets called at build time export async function getStaticPaths() { // Call an external API endpoint to get posts const res = await fetch('https://.../posts') const posts = await res.json() // Get the paths we want to pre-render based on posts const paths = posts.map((post) => ({ params: { id: post.id }, })) // We'll pre-render only these paths at build time. // { fallback: false } means other routes should 404. return { paths, fallback: false } } Also in `pages/posts/[id].js`, you need to export `getStaticProps` so that you can fetch the data about the post with this `id` and use it to pre-render the page: export default function Post({ post }) { // Render post... } export async function getStaticPaths() { // ... } // This also gets called at build time export async function getStaticProps({ params }) { // params contains the post `id`. // If the route is like /posts/1, then params.id is 1 const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts/${params.id}`) const post = await res.json() // Pass post data to the page via props return { props: { post } } } To learn more about how `getStaticPaths` works, check out the [Data Fetching documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths). ### [When should I use Static Generation?](#when-should-i-use-static-generation) We recommend using **Static Generation** (with and without data) whenever possible because your page can be built once and served by CDN, which makes it much faster than having a server render the page on every request. You can use Static Generation for many types of pages, including: * Marketing pages * Blog posts and portfolios * E-commerce product listings * Help and documentation You should ask yourself: "Can I pre-render this page **ahead** of a user's request?" If the answer is yes, then you should choose Static Generation. On the other hand, Static Generation is **not** a good idea if you cannot pre-render a page ahead of a user's request. Maybe your page shows frequently updated data, and the page content changes on every request. In cases like this, you can do one of the following: * Use Static Generation with **Client-side data fetching:** You can skip pre-rendering some parts of a page and then use client-side JavaScript to populate them. To learn more about this approach, check out the [Data Fetching documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side). * Use **Server-Side Rendering:** Next.js pre-renders a page on each request. It will be slower because the page cannot be cached by a CDN, but the pre-rendered page will always be up-to-date. We'll talk about this approach below. [Previous Server-side Rendering (SSR) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) [Next Automatic Static Optimization ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Google Fonts](#google-fonts) * [Apply the font in <head>](#apply-the-font-in-head) * [Single page usage](#single-page-usage) * [Specifying a subset](#specifying-a-subset) * [Using Multiple Fonts](#using-multiple-fonts) * [Local Fonts](#local-fonts) * [With Tailwind CSS](#with-tailwind-css) * [Preloading](#preloading) * [Reusing fonts](#reusing-fonts) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/02-fonts.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)Fonts Font Optimization ================= [**`next/font`**](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) will automatically optimize your fonts (including custom fonts) and remove external network requests for improved privacy and performance. > **🎥 Watch:** Learn more about using `next/font` → [YouTube (6 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8_98i_bMMA). `next/font` includes **built-in automatic self-hosting** for _any_ font file. This means you can optimally load web fonts with zero layout shift, thanks to the underlying CSS `size-adjust` property used. This new font system also allows you to conveniently use all Google Fonts with performance and privacy in mind. CSS and font files are downloaded at build time and self-hosted with the rest of your static assets. **No requests are sent to Google by the browser.** [Google Fonts](#google-fonts) ----------------------------- Automatically self-host any Google Font. Fonts are included in the deployment and served from the same domain as your deployment. **No requests are sent to Google by the browser.** Get started by importing the font you would like to use from `next/font/google` as a function. We recommend using [variable fonts](https://fonts.google.com/variablefonts) for the best performance and flexibility. To use the font in all your pages, add it to [`_app.js` file](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) under `/pages` as shown below: pages/\_app.js import { Inter } from 'next/font/google' // If loading a variable font, you don't need to specify the font weight const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'] }) export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <main className={inter.className}> <Component {...pageProps} /> </main> ) } If you can't use a variable font, you will **need to specify a weight**: pages/\_app.js import { Roboto } from 'next/font/google' const roboto = Roboto({ weight: '400', subsets: ['latin'], }) export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <main className={roboto.className}> <Component {...pageProps} /> </main> ) } You can specify multiple weights and/or styles by using an array: app/layout.js const roboto = Roboto({ weight: ['400', '700'], style: ['normal', 'italic'], subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) > **Good to know**: Use an underscore (\_) for font names with multiple words. E.g. `Roboto Mono` should be imported as `Roboto_Mono`. ### [Apply the font in `<head>`](#apply-the-font-in-head) You can also use the font without a wrapper and `className` by injecting it inside the `<head>` as follows: pages/\_app.js import { Inter } from 'next/font/google' const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'] }) export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <> <style jsx global>{` html { font-family: ${inter.style.fontFamily}; } `}</style> <Component {...pageProps} /> </> ) } ### [Single page usage](#single-page-usage) To use the font on a single page, add it to the specific page as shown below: pages/index.js import { Inter } from 'next/font/google' const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'] }) export default function Home() { return ( <div className={inter.className}> <p>Hello World</p> </div> ) } ### [Specifying a subset](#specifying-a-subset) Google Fonts are automatically [subset](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/subsetting). This reduces the size of the font file and improves performance. You'll need to define which of these subsets you want to preload. Failing to specify any subsets while [`preload`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font#preload) is `true` will result in a warning. This can be done by adding it to the function call: pages/\_app.js const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'] }) View the [Font API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) for more information. ### [Using Multiple Fonts](#using-multiple-fonts) You can import and use multiple fonts in your application. There are two approaches you can take. The first approach is to create a utility function that exports a font, imports it, and applies its `className` where needed. This ensures the font is preloaded only when it's rendered: app/fonts.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Inter, Roboto_Mono } from 'next/font/google' export const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) export const roboto_mono = Roboto_Mono({ subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) In the example above, `Inter` will be applied globally, and `Roboto Mono` can be imported and applied as needed. Alternatively, you can create a [CSS variable](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font#variable) and use it with your preferred CSS solution: app/global.css html { font-family: var(--font-inter); } h1 { font-family: var(--font-roboto-mono); } In the example above, `Inter` will be applied globally, and any `<h1>` tags will be styled with `Roboto Mono`. > **Recommendation**: Use multiple fonts conservatively since each new font is an additional resource the client has to download. [Local Fonts](#local-fonts) --------------------------- Import `next/font/local` and specify the `src` of your local font file. We recommend using [variable fonts](https://fonts.google.com/variablefonts) for the best performance and flexibility. pages/\_app.js import localFont from 'next/font/local' // Font files can be colocated inside of `pages` const myFont = localFont({ src: './my-font.woff2' }) export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <main className={myFont.className}> <Component {...pageProps} /> </main> ) } If you want to use multiple files for a single font family, `src` can be an array: const roboto = localFont({ src: [ { path: './Roboto-Regular.woff2', weight: '400', style: 'normal', }, { path: './Roboto-Italic.woff2', weight: '400', style: 'italic', }, { path: './Roboto-Bold.woff2', weight: '700', style: 'normal', }, { path: './Roboto-BoldItalic.woff2', weight: '700', style: 'italic', }, ], }) View the [Font API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) for more information. [With Tailwind CSS](#with-tailwind-css) --------------------------------------- `next/font` can be used with [Tailwind CSS](https://tailwindcss.com/) through a [CSS variable](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font#css-variables). In the example below, we use the font `Inter` from `next/font/google` (you can use any font from Google or Local Fonts). Load your font with the `variable` option to define your CSS variable name and assign it to `inter`. Then, use `inter.variable` to add the CSS variable to your HTML document. pages/\_app.js import { Inter } from 'next/font/google' const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], variable: '--font-inter', }) export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <main className={`${inter.variable} font-sans`}> <Component {...pageProps} /> </main> ) } Finally, add the CSS variable to your [Tailwind CSS config](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css#configuring-tailwind): tailwind.config.js /** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */ module.exports = { content: [ './pages/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', './components/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', './app/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', ], theme: { extend: { fontFamily: { sans: ['var(--font-inter)'], mono: ['var(--font-roboto-mono)'], }, }, }, plugins: [], } You can now use the `font-sans` and `font-mono` utility classes to apply the font to your elements. [Preloading](#preloading) ------------------------- When a font function is called on a page of your site, it is not globally available and preloaded on all routes. Rather, the font is only preloaded on the related route/s based on the type of file where it is used: * if it's a [unique page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts), it is preloaded on the unique route for that page * if it's in the [custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app), it is preloaded on all the routes of the site under `/pages` [Reusing fonts](#reusing-fonts) ------------------------------- Every time you call the `localFont` or Google font function, that font is hosted as one instance in your application. Therefore, if you load the same font function in multiple files, multiple instances of the same font are hosted. In this situation, it is recommended to do the following: * Call the font loader function in one shared file * Export it as a constant * Import the constant in each file where you would like to use this font [Previous Images ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) [Next Scripts ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Usage](#usage) * [Local Images](#local-images) * [Remote Images](#remote-images) * [Domains](#domains) * [Loaders](#loaders) * [Priority](#priority) * [Image Sizing](#image-sizing) * [Styling](#styling) * [Examples](#examples) * [Responsive](#responsive) * [Fill Container](#fill-container) * [Background Image](#background-image) * [Other Properties](#other-properties) * [Configuration](#configuration) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/01-images.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)Images Image Optimization ================== Examples * [Image Component](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/image-component) According to [Web Almanac](https://almanac.httparchive.org), images account for a huge portion of the typical website’s [page weight](https://almanac.httparchive.org/en/2022/page-weight#content-type-and-file-formats) and can have a sizable impact on your website's [LCP performance](https://almanac.httparchive.org/en/2022/performance#lcp-image-optimization). The Next.js Image component extends the HTML `<img>` element with features for automatic image optimization: * **Size Optimization:** Automatically serve correctly sized images for each device, using modern image formats like WebP and AVIF. * **Visual Stability:** Prevent [layout shift](/learn/seo/web-performance/cls) automatically when images are loading. * **Faster Page Loads:** Images are only loaded when they enter the viewport using native browser lazy loading, with optional blur-up placeholders. * **Asset Flexibility:** On-demand image resizing, even for images stored on remote servers > **🎥 Watch:** Learn more about how to use `next/image` → [YouTube (9 minutes)](https://youtu.be/IU_qq_c_lKA). [Usage](#usage) --------------- import Image from 'next/image' You can then define the `src` for your image (either local or remote). ### [Local Images](#local-images) To use a local image, `import` your `.jpg`, `.png`, or `.webp` image files. Next.js will [automatically determine](#image-sizing) the `width` and `height` of your image based on the imported file. These values are used to prevent [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://nextjs.org/learn/seo/web-performance/cls) while your image is loading. pages/index.js import Image from 'next/image' import profilePic from '../public/me.png' export default function Page() { return ( <Image src={profilePic} alt="Picture of the author" // width={500} automatically provided // height={500} automatically provided // blurDataURL="data:..." automatically provided // placeholder="blur" // Optional blur-up while loading /> ) } > **Warning:** Dynamic `await import()` or `require()` are _not_ supported. The `import` must be static so it can be analyzed at build time. ### [Remote Images](#remote-images) To use a remote image, the `src` property should be a URL string. Since Next.js does not have access to remote files during the build process, you'll need to provide the [`width`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#width), [`height`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#height) and optional [`blurDataURL`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#blurdataurl) props manually. The `width` and `height` attributes are used to infer the correct aspect ratio of image and avoid layout shift from the image loading in. The `width` and `height` do _not_ determine the rendered size of the image file. Learn more about [Image Sizing](#image-sizing). app/page.js import Image from 'next/image' export default function Page() { return ( <Image src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/profile.png" alt="Picture of the author" width={500} height={500} /> ) } To safely allow optimizing images, define a list of supported URL patterns in `next.config.js`. Be as specific as possible to prevent malicious usage. For example, the following configuration will only allow images from a specific AWS S3 bucket: next.config.js module.exports = { images: { remotePatterns: [ { protocol: 'https', hostname: 's3.amazonaws.com', port: '', pathname: '/my-bucket/**', }, ], }, } Learn more about [`remotePatterns`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#remotepatterns) configuration. If you want to use relative URLs for the image `src`, use a [`loader`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#loader). ### [Domains](#domains) Sometimes you may want to optimize a remote image, but still use the built-in Next.js Image Optimization API. To do this, leave the `loader` at its default setting and enter an absolute URL for the Image `src` prop. To protect your application from malicious users, you must define a list of remote hostnames you intend to use with the `next/image` component. > Learn more about [`remotePatterns`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#remotepatterns) configuration. ### [Loaders](#loaders) Note that in the [example earlier](#local-images), a partial URL (`"/me.png"`) is provided for a local image. This is possible because of the loader architecture. A loader is a function that generates the URLs for your image. It modifies the provided `src`, and generates multiple URLs to request the image at different sizes. These multiple URLs are used in the automatic [srcset](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/HTMLImageElement/srcset) generation, so that visitors to your site will be served an image that is the right size for their viewport. The default loader for Next.js applications uses the built-in Image Optimization API, which optimizes images from anywhere on the web, and then serves them directly from the Next.js web server. If you would like to serve your images directly from a CDN or image server, you can write your own loader function with a few lines of JavaScript. You can define a loader per-image with the [`loader` prop](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#loader), or at the application level with the [`loaderFile` configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#loaderfile). [Priority](#priority) --------------------- You should add the `priority` property to the image that will be the [Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) element](https://web.dev/lcp/#what-elements-are-considered) for each page. Doing so allows Next.js to specially prioritize the image for loading (e.g. through preload tags or priority hints), leading to a meaningful boost in LCP. The LCP element is typically the largest image or text block visible within the viewport of the page. When you run `next dev`, you'll see a console warning if the LCP element is an `<Image>` without the `priority` property. Once you've identified the LCP image, you can add the property like this: app/page.js import Image from 'next/image' export default function Home() { return ( <> <h1>My Homepage</h1> <Image src="/me.png" alt="Picture of the author" width={500} height={500} priority /> <p>Welcome to my homepage!</p> </> ) } See more about priority in the [`next/image` component documentation](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#priority). [Image Sizing](#image-sizing) ----------------------------- One of the ways that images most commonly hurt performance is through _layout shift_, where the image pushes other elements around on the page as it loads in. This performance problem is so annoying to users that it has its own Core Web Vital, called [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/). The way to avoid image-based layout shifts is to [always size your images](https://web.dev/optimize-cls/#images-without-dimensions). This allows the browser to reserve precisely enough space for the image before it loads. Because `next/image` is designed to guarantee good performance results, it cannot be used in a way that will contribute to layout shift, and **must** be sized in one of three ways: 1. Automatically, using a [static import](#local-images) 2. Explicitly, by including a [`width`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#width) and [`height`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#height) property 3. Implicitly, by using [fill](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#fill) which causes the image to expand to fill its parent element. > **What if I don't know the size of my images?** > > If you are accessing images from a source without knowledge of the images' sizes, there are several things you can do: > > **Use `fill`** > > The [`fill`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#fill) prop allows your image to be sized by its parent element. Consider using CSS to give the image's parent element space on the page along [`sizes`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#sizes) prop to match any media query break points. You can also use [`object-fit`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/object-fit) with `fill`, `contain`, or `cover`, and [`object-position`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/object-position) to define how the image should occupy that space. > > **Normalize your images** > > If you're serving images from a source that you control, consider modifying your image pipeline to normalize the images to a specific size. > > **Modify your API calls** > > If your application is retrieving image URLs using an API call (such as to a CMS), you may be able to modify the API call to return the image dimensions along with the URL. If none of the suggested methods works for sizing your images, the `next/image` component is designed to work well on a page alongside standard `<img>` elements. [Styling](#styling) ------------------- Styling the Image component is similar to styling a normal `<img>` element, but there are a few guidelines to keep in mind: * Use `className` or `style`, not `styled-jsx`. * In most cases, we recommend using the `className` prop. This can be an imported [CSS Module](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules), a [global stylesheet](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules#global-styles), etc. * You can also use the `style` prop to assign inline styles. * You cannot use [styled-jsx](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) because it's scoped to the current component (unless you mark the style as `global`). * When using `fill`, the parent element must have `position: relative` * This is necessary for the proper rendering of the image element in that layout mode. * When using `fill`, the parent element must have `display: block` * This is the default for `<div>` elements but should be specified otherwise. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Responsive](#responsive)  import Image from 'next/image' import mountains from '../public/mountains.jpg' export default function Responsive() { return ( <div style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column' }}> <Image alt="Mountains" // Importing an image will // automatically set the width and height src={mountains} sizes="100vw" // Make the image display full width style={{ width: '100%', height: 'auto', }} /> </div> ) } ### [Fill Container](#fill-container)  import Image from 'next/image' import mountains from '../public/mountains.jpg' export default function Fill() { return ( <div style={{ display: 'grid', gridGap: '8px', gridTemplateColumns: 'repeat(auto-fit, minmax(400px, auto))', }} > <div style={{ position: 'relative', height: '400px' }}> <Image alt="Mountains" src={mountains} fill sizes="(min-width: 808px) 50vw, 100vw" style={{ objectFit: 'cover', // cover, contain, none }} /> </div> {/* And more images in the grid... */} </div> ) } ### [Background Image](#background-image)  import Image from 'next/image' import mountains from '../public/mountains.jpg' export default function Background() { return ( <Image alt="Mountains" src={mountains} placeholder="blur" quality={100} fill sizes="100vw" style={{ objectFit: 'cover', }} /> ) } For examples of the Image component used with the various styles, see the [Image Component Demo](https://image-component.nextjs.gallery). [Other Properties](#other-properties) ------------------------------------- [**View all properties available to the `next/image` component.**](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) [Configuration](#configuration) ------------------------------- The `next/image` component and Next.js Image Optimization API can be configured in the [`next.config.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js). These configurations allow you to [enable remote images](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#remotepatterns), [define custom image breakpoints](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#devicesizes), [change caching behavior](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#caching-behavior) and more. [**Read the full image configuration documentation for more information.**](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#configuration-options) [Previous Optimizing ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) [Next Fonts ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Security Model](#security-model) * [Lockfile](#lockfile) * [Examples](#examples) * [Skypack](#skypack) * [Static Image Imports](#static-image-imports) * [URLs in CSS](#urls-in-css) * [Asset Imports](#asset-imports) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/urlImports.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)urlImports urlImports ========== URL imports are an experimental feature that allows you to import modules directly from external servers (instead of from the local disk). > **Warning**: This feature is experimental. Only use domains that you trust to download and execute on your machine. Please exercise discretion, and caution until the feature is flagged as stable. To opt-in, add the allowed URL prefixes inside `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { urlImports: ['https://example.com/assets/', 'https://cdn.skypack.dev'], }, } Then, you can import modules directly from URLs: import { a, b, c } from 'https://example.com/assets/some/module.js' URL Imports can be used everywhere normal package imports can be used. [Security Model](#security-model) --------------------------------- This feature is being designed with **security as the top priority**. To start, we added an experimental flag forcing you to explicitly allow the domains you accept URL imports from. We're working to take this further by limiting URL imports to execute in the browser sandbox using the [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge). [Lockfile](#lockfile) --------------------- When using URL imports, Next.js will create a `next.lock` directory containing a lockfile and fetched assets. This directory **must be committed to Git**, not ignored by `.gitignore`. * When running `next dev`, Next.js will download and add all newly discovered URL Imports to your lockfile * When running `next build`, Next.js will use only the lockfile to build the application for production Typically, no network requests are needed and any outdated lockfile will cause the build to fail. One exception is resources that respond with `Cache-Control: no-cache`. These resources will have a `no-cache` entry in the lockfile and will always be fetched from the network on each build. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Skypack](#skypack) import confetti from 'https://cdn.skypack.dev/canvas-confetti' import { useEffect } from 'react' export default () => { useEffect(() => { confetti() }) return <p>Hello</p> } ### [Static Image Imports](#static-image-imports) import Image from 'next/image' import logo from 'https://example.com/assets/logo.png' export default () => ( <div> <Image src={logo} placeholder="blur" /> </div> ) ### [URLs in CSS](#urls-in-css) .className { background: url('https://example.com/assets/hero.jpg'); } ### [Asset Imports](#asset-imports) const logo = new URL('https://example.com/assets/file.txt', import.meta.url) console.log(logo.pathname) // prints "/_next/static/media/file.a9727b5d.txt" [Previous typescript ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) [Next webpack ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Application Scripts](#application-scripts) * [Strategy](#strategy) * [Offloading Scripts To A Web Worker (Experimental)](#offloading-scripts-to-a-web-worker-experimental) * [Inline Scripts](#inline-scripts) * [Executing Additional Code](#executing-additional-code) * [Additional Attributes](#additional-attributes) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/03-scripts.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)Scripts Script Optimization =================== ### [Application Scripts](#application-scripts) To load a third-party script for all routes, import `next/script` and include the script directly in your custom `_app`: pages/\_app.js import Script from 'next/script' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <> <Component {...pageProps} /> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" /> </> ) } This script will load and execute when _any_ route in your application is accessed. Next.js will ensure the script will **only load once**, even if a user navigates between multiple pages. > **Recommendation**: We recommend only including third-party scripts in specific pages or layouts in order to minimize any unnecessary impact to performance. ### [Strategy](#strategy) Although the default behavior of `next/script` allows you to load third-party scripts in any page or layout, you can fine-tune its loading behavior by using the `strategy` property: * `beforeInteractive`: Load the script before any Next.js code and before any page hydration occurs. * `afterInteractive`: (**default**) Load the script early but after some hydration on the page occurs. * `lazyOnload`: Load the script later during browser idle time. * `worker`: (experimental) Load the script in a web worker. Refer to the [`next/script`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script#strategy) API reference documentation to learn more about each strategy and their use cases. ### [Offloading Scripts To A Web Worker (Experimental)](#offloading-scripts-to-a-web-worker-experimental) > **Warning:** The `worker` strategy is not yet stable and does not yet work with the [`app`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) directory. Use with caution. Scripts that use the `worker` strategy are offloaded and executed in a web worker with [Partytown](https://partytown.builder.io/). This can improve the performance of your site by dedicating the main thread to the rest of your application code. This strategy is still experimental and can only be used if the `nextScriptWorkers` flag is enabled in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { nextScriptWorkers: true, }, } Then, run `next` (normally `npm run dev` or `yarn dev`) and Next.js will guide you through the installation of the required packages to finish the setup: Terminal npm run dev You'll see instructions like these: Please install Partytown by running `npm install @builder.io/partytown` Once setup is complete, defining `strategy="worker"` will automatically instantiate Partytown in your application and offload the script to a web worker. pages/home.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function Home() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" strategy="worker" /> </> ) } There are a number of trade-offs that need to be considered when loading a third-party script in a web worker. Please see Partytown's [tradeoffs](https://partytown.builder.io/trade-offs) documentation for more information. ### [Inline Scripts](#inline-scripts) Inline scripts, or scripts not loaded from an external file, are also supported by the Script component. They can be written by placing the JavaScript within curly braces: <Script id="show-banner"> {`document.getElementById('banner').classList.remove('hidden')`} </Script> Or by using the `dangerouslySetInnerHTML` property: <Script id="show-banner" dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: `document.getElementById('banner').classList.remove('hidden')`, }} /> > **Warning**: An `id` property must be assigned for inline scripts in order for Next.js to track and optimize the script. ### [Executing Additional Code](#executing-additional-code) Event handlers can be used with the Script component to execute additional code after a certain event occurs: * `onLoad`: Execute code after the script has finished loading. * `onReady`: Execute code after the script has finished loading and every time the component is mounted. * `onError`: Execute code if the script fails to load. These handlers will only work when `next/script` is imported and used inside of a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) where `"use client"` is defined as the first line of code: pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" onLoad={() => { console.log('Script has loaded') }} /> </> ) } Refer to the [`next/script`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script#onload) API reference to learn more about each event handler and view examples. ### [Additional Attributes](#additional-attributes) There are many DOM attributes that can be assigned to a `<script>` element that are not used by the Script component, like [`nonce`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/nonce) or [custom data attributes](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/data-*). Including any additional attributes will automatically forward it to the final, optimized `<script>` element that is included in the HTML. pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" id="example-script" nonce="XUENAJFW" data-test="script" /> </> ) } [Previous Fonts ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) [Next Static Assets ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Files inside `public` can then be referenced by your code starting from the base URL (`/`). For example, the file `public/avatars/me.png` can be viewed by visiting the `/avatars/me.png` path. The code to display that image might look like: avatar.js import Image from 'next/image' export function Avatar({ id, alt }) { return <Image src={`/avatars/${id}.png`} alt={alt} width="64" height="64" /> } export function AvatarOfMe() { return <Avatar id="me" alt="A portrait of me" /> } [Caching](#caching) ------------------- Next.js cannot safely cache assets in the `public` folder because they may change. The default caching headers applied are: Cache-Control: public, max-age=0 [Robots, Favicons, and others](#robots-favicons-and-others) ----------------------------------------------------------- The folder is also useful for `robots.txt`, `favicon.ico`, Google Site Verification, and any other static files (including `.html`). But make sure to not have a static file with the same name as a file in the `pages/` directory, as this will result in an error. [Read more](/docs/messages/conflicting-public-file-page). > Good to know: > > * The directory must be named `public`. The name cannot be changed and it's the only directory used to serve static assets. > * Only assets that are in the `public` directory at [build time](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli#build) will be served by Next.js. Files added at request time won't be available. We recommend using a third-party service like [Vercel Blob](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-blob?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) for persistent file storage. [Previous Scripts ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) [Next Bundle Analyzer ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [When should I use getStaticPaths?](#when-should-i-use-getstaticpaths) * [When does getStaticPaths run](#when-does-getstaticpaths-run) * [How does getStaticProps run with regards to getStaticPaths](#how-does-getstaticprops-run-with-regards-to-getstaticpaths) * [Where can I use getStaticPaths](#where-can-i-use-getstaticpaths) * [Runs on every request in development](#runs-on-every-request-in-development) * [Generating paths on-demand](#generating-paths-on-demand) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/03-data-fetching/02-get-static-paths.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching)getStaticPaths getStaticPaths ============== If a page has [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) and uses `getStaticProps`, it needs to define a list of paths to be statically generated. When you export a function called `getStaticPaths` (Static Site Generation) from a page that uses dynamic routes, Next.js will statically pre-render all the paths specified by `getStaticPaths`. pages/repo/\[name\].tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { InferGetStaticPropsType, GetStaticProps, GetStaticPaths, } from 'next' type Repo = { name: string stargazers_count: number } export const getStaticPaths = (async () => { return { paths: [ { params: { name: 'next.js', }, }, // See the "paths" section below ], fallback: true, // false or "blocking" } }) satisfies GetStaticPaths export const getStaticProps = (async (context) => { const res = await fetch('https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js') const repo = await res.json() return { props: { repo } } }) satisfies GetStaticProps<{ repo: Repo }> export default function Page({ repo, }: InferGetStaticPropsType<typeof getStaticProps>) { return repo.stargazers_count } The [`getStaticPaths` API reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) covers all parameters and props that can be used with `getStaticPaths`. [When should I use getStaticPaths?](#when-should-i-use-getstaticpaths) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- You should use `getStaticPaths` if you’re statically pre-rendering pages that use dynamic routes and: * The data comes from a headless CMS * The data comes from a database * The data comes from the filesystem * The data can be publicly cached (not user-specific) * The page must be pre-rendered (for SEO) and be very fast — `getStaticProps` generates `HTML` and `JSON` files, both of which can be cached by a CDN for performance [When does getStaticPaths run](#when-does-getstaticpaths-run) ------------------------------------------------------------- `getStaticPaths` will only run during build in production, it will not be called during runtime. You can validate code written inside `getStaticPaths` is removed from the client-side bundle [with this tool](https://next-code-elimination.vercel.app/). ### [How does getStaticProps run with regards to getStaticPaths](#how-does-getstaticprops-run-with-regards-to-getstaticpaths) * `getStaticProps` runs during `next build` for any `paths` returned during build * `getStaticProps` runs in the background when using `fallback: true` * `getStaticProps` is called before initial render when using `fallback: blocking` [Where can I use getStaticPaths](#where-can-i-use-getstaticpaths) ----------------------------------------------------------------- * `getStaticPaths` **must** be used with `getStaticProps` * You **cannot** use `getStaticPaths` with [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * You can export `getStaticPaths` from a [Dynamic Route](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) that also uses `getStaticProps` * You **cannot** export `getStaticPaths` from non-page file (e.g. your `components` folder) * You must export `getStaticPaths` as a standalone function, and not a property of the page component [Runs on every request in development](#runs-on-every-request-in-development) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- In development (`next dev`), `getStaticPaths` will be called on every request. [Generating paths on-demand](#generating-paths-on-demand) --------------------------------------------------------- `getStaticPaths` allows you to control which pages are generated during the build instead of on-demand with [`fallback`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths#fallback-blocking). Generating more pages during a build will cause slower builds. You can defer generating all pages on-demand by returning an empty array for `paths`. This can be especially helpful when deploying your Next.js application to multiple environments. For example, you can have faster builds by generating all pages on-demand for previews (but not production builds). This is helpful for sites with hundreds/thousands of static pages. pages/posts/\[id\].js export async function getStaticPaths() { // When this is true (in preview environments) don't // prerender any static pages // (faster builds, but slower initial page load) if (process.env.SKIP_BUILD_STATIC_GENERATION) { return { paths: [], fallback: 'blocking', } } // Call an external API endpoint to get posts const res = await fetch('https://.../posts') const posts = await res.json() // Get the paths we want to prerender based on posts // In production environments, prerender all pages // (slower builds, but faster initial page load) const paths = posts.map((post) => ({ params: { id: post.id }, })) // { fallback: false } means other routes should 404 return { paths, fallback: false } } [Previous getStaticProps ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) [Next Forms and Mutations ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)webVitalsAttribution webVitalsAttribution ==================== When debugging issues related to Web Vitals, it is often helpful if we can pinpoint the source of the problem. For example, in the case of Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS), we might want to know the first element that shifted when the single largest layout shift occurred. Or, in the case of Largest Contentful Paint (LCP), we might want to identify the element corresponding to the LCP for the page. If the LCP element is an image, knowing the URL of the image resource can help us locate the asset we need to optimize. Pinpointing the biggest contributor to the Web Vitals score, aka [attribution](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals/blob/4ca38ae64b8d1e899028c692f94d4c56acfc996c/README.md#attribution), allows us to obtain more in-depth information like entries for [PerformanceEventTiming](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/PerformanceEventTiming), [PerformanceNavigationTiming](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/PerformanceNavigationTiming) and [PerformanceResourceTiming](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/PerformanceResourceTiming). Attribution is disabled by default in Next.js but can be enabled **per metric** by specifying the following in `next.config.js`. next.config.js experimental: { webVitalsAttribution: ['CLS', 'LCP'] } Valid attribution values are all `web-vitals` metrics specified in the [`NextWebVitalsMetric`](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/442378d21dd56d6e769863eb8c2cb521a463a2e0/packages/next/shared/lib/utils.ts#L43) type. [Previous webpack ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) [Next create-next-app ](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Installation](#installation) * [Analyzing your bundles](#analyzing-your-bundles) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/06-bundle-analyzer.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)Bundle Analyzer Bundle Analyzer =============== [`@next/bundle-analyzer`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/bundle-analyzer) is a plugin for Next.js that helps you manage the size of your JavaScript modules. It generates a visual report of the size of each module and their dependencies. You can use the information to remove large dependencies, split your code, or only load some parts when needed, reducing the amount of data transferred to the client. [Installation](#installation) ----------------------------- Install the plugin by running the following command: npm i @next/bundle-analyzer # or yarn add @next/bundle-analyzer # or pnpm add @next/bundle-analyzer Then, add the bundle analyzer's settings to your `next.config.js`. next.config.js const withBundleAnalyzer = require('@next/bundle-analyzer')({ enabled: process.env.ANALYZE === 'true', }) /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = {} module.exports = withBundleAnalyzer(nextConfig) [Analyzing your bundles](#analyzing-your-bundles) ------------------------------------------------- Run the following command to analyze your bundles: ANALYZE=true npm run build # or ANALYZE=true yarn build # or ANALYZE=true pnpm build The report will open three new tabs in your browser, which you can inspect. Doing this regularly while you develop and before deploying your site can help you identify large bundles earlier, and architect your application to be more performant. Next Steps ---------- Learn more about optimizing your application for production. [ Pages Router ... Deploying ### Production Checklist Recommendations to ensure the best performance and user experience before taking your Next.js application to production. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) [Previous Static Assets ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) [Next Analytics ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [nextRuntime](#nextruntime) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/webpack.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)webpack Custom Webpack Config ===================== > **Good to know**: changes to webpack config are not covered by semver so proceed at your own risk Before continuing to add custom webpack configuration to your application make sure Next.js doesn't already support your use-case: * [CSS imports](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS modules](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Sass/SCSS imports](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Sass/SCSS modules](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/sass) Some commonly asked for features are available as plugins: * [@next/mdx](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/packages/next-mdx) * [@next/bundle-analyzer](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/packages/next-bundle-analyzer) In order to extend our usage of `webpack`, you can define a function that extends its config inside `next.config.js`, like so: next.config.js module.exports = { webpack: ( config, { buildId, dev, isServer, defaultLoaders, nextRuntime, webpack } ) => { // Important: return the modified config return config }, } > The `webpack` function is executed three times, twice for the server (nodejs / edge runtime) and once for the client. This allows you to distinguish between client and server configuration using the `isServer` property. The second argument to the `webpack` function is an object with the following properties: * `buildId`: `String` - The build id, used as a unique identifier between builds * `dev`: `Boolean` - Indicates if the compilation will be done in development * `isServer`: `Boolean` - It's `true` for server-side compilation, and `false` for client-side compilation * `nextRuntime`: `String | undefined` - The target runtime for server-side compilation; either `"edge"` or `"nodejs"`, it's `undefined` for client-side compilation. * `defaultLoaders`: `Object` - Default loaders used internally by Next.js: * `babel`: `Object` - Default `babel-loader` configuration Example usage of `defaultLoaders.babel`: // Example config for adding a loader that depends on babel-loader // This source was taken from the @next/mdx plugin source: // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/packages/next-mdx module.exports = { webpack: (config, options) => { config.module.rules.push({ test: /\.mdx/, use: [ options.defaultLoaders.babel, { loader: '@mdx-js/loader', options: pluginOptions.options, }, ], }) return config }, } #### [`nextRuntime`](#nextruntime) Notice that `isServer` is `true` when `nextRuntime` is `"edge"` or `"nodejs"`, nextRuntime "`edge`" is currently for middleware and Server Components in edge runtime only. 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This CLI tool enables you to quickly start building a new Next.js application, with everything set up for you. You can create a new app using the default Next.js template, or by using one of the [official Next.js examples](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples). ### [Interactive](#interactive) You can create a new project interactively by running: Terminal npx create-next-app@latest Terminal yarn create next-app Terminal pnpm create next-app Terminal bunx create-next-app You will then be asked the following prompts: Terminal What is your project named? my-app Would you like to use TypeScript? No / Yes Would you like to use ESLint? No / Yes Would you like to use Tailwind CSS? No / Yes Would you like to use `src/` directory? No / Yes Would you like to use App Router? (recommended) No / Yes Would you like to customize the default import alias (@/*)? No / Yes Once you've answered the prompts, a new project will be created with the correct configuration depending on your answers. ### [Non-interactive](#non-interactive) You can also pass command line arguments to set up a new project non-interactively. Further, you can negate default options by prefixing them with `--no-` (e.g. `--no-eslint`). See `create-next-app --help`: Terminal Usage: create-next-app <project-directory> [options] Options: -V, --version output the version number --ts, --typescript Initialize as a TypeScript project. (default) --js, --javascript Initialize as a JavaScript project. --tailwind Initialize with Tailwind CSS config. (default) --eslint Initialize with ESLint config. --app Initialize as an App Router project. --src-dir Initialize inside a `src/` directory. --import-alias <alias-to-configure> Specify import alias to use (default "@/*"). --use-npm Explicitly tell the CLI to bootstrap the app using npm --use-pnpm Explicitly tell the CLI to bootstrap the app using pnpm --use-yarn Explicitly tell the CLI to bootstrap the app using Yarn --use-bun Explicitly tell the CLI to bootstrap the app using Bun -e, --example [name]|[github-url] An example to bootstrap the app with. You can use an example name from the official Next.js repo or a public GitHub URL. The URL can use any branch and/or subdirectory --example-path <path-to-example> In a rare case, your GitHub URL might contain a branch name with a slash (e.g. bug/fix-1) and the path to the example (e.g. foo/bar). In this case, you must specify the path to the example separately: --example-path foo/bar --reset-preferences Explicitly tell the CLI to reset any stored preferences -h, --help output usage information ### [Why use Create Next App?](#why-use-create-next-app) `create-next-app` allows you to create a new Next.js app within seconds. It is officially maintained by the creators of Next.js, and includes a number of benefits: * **Interactive Experience**: Running `npx create-next-app@latest` (with no arguments) launches an interactive experience that guides you through setting up a project. * **Zero Dependencies**: Initializing a project is as quick as one second. Create Next App has zero dependencies. * **Offline Support**: Create Next App will automatically detect if you're offline and bootstrap your project using your local package cache. * **Support for Examples**: Create Next App can bootstrap your application using an example from the Next.js examples collection (e.g. `npx create-next-app --example api-routes`) or any public GitHub repository. * **Tested**: The package is part of the Next.js monorepo and tested using the same integration test suite as Next.js itself, ensuring it works as expected with every release. [Previous webVitalsAttribution ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) [Next Edge Runtime ](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [When should I use getStaticProps?](#when-should-i-use-getstaticprops) * [When does getStaticProps run](#when-does-getstaticprops-run) * [Using getStaticProps to fetch data from a CMS](#using-getstaticprops-to-fetch-data-from-a-cms) * [Write server-side code directly](#write-server-side-code-directly) * [Statically generates both HTML and JSON](#statically-generates-both-html-and-json) * [Where can I use getStaticProps](#where-can-i-use-getstaticprops) * [Runs on every request in development](#runs-on-every-request-in-development) * [Preview Mode](#preview-mode) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/03-data-fetching/01-get-static-props.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching)getStaticProps getStaticProps ============== If you export a function called `getStaticProps` (Static Site Generation) from a page, Next.js will pre-render this page at build time using the props returned by `getStaticProps`. pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { InferGetStaticPropsType, GetStaticProps } from 'next' type Repo = { name: string stargazers_count: number } export const getStaticProps = (async (context) => { const res = await fetch('https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js') const repo = await res.json() return { props: { repo } } }) satisfies GetStaticProps<{ repo: Repo }> export default function Page({ repo, }: InferGetStaticPropsType<typeof getStaticProps>) { return repo.stargazers_count } > Note that irrespective of rendering type, any `props` will be passed to the page component and can be viewed on the client-side in the initial HTML. This is to allow the page to be [hydrated](https://react.dev/reference/react-dom/hydrate) correctly. Make sure that you don't pass any sensitive information that shouldn't be available on the client in `props`. The [`getStaticProps` API reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) covers all parameters and props that can be used with `getStaticProps`. [When should I use getStaticProps?](#when-should-i-use-getstaticprops) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- You should use `getStaticProps` if: * The data required to render the page is available at build time ahead of a user’s request * The data comes from a headless CMS * The page must be pre-rendered (for SEO) and be very fast — `getStaticProps` generates `HTML` and `JSON` files, both of which can be cached by a CDN for performance * The data can be publicly cached (not user-specific). This condition can be bypassed in certain specific situation by using a Middleware to rewrite the path. [When does getStaticProps run](#when-does-getstaticprops-run) ------------------------------------------------------------- `getStaticProps` always runs on the server and never on the client. You can validate code written inside `getStaticProps` is removed from the client-side bundle [with this tool](https://next-code-elimination.vercel.app/). * `getStaticProps` always runs during `next build` * `getStaticProps` runs in the background when using [`fallback: true`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths#fallback-true) * `getStaticProps` is called before initial render when using [`fallback: blocking`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths#fallback-blocking) * `getStaticProps` runs in the background when using `revalidate` * `getStaticProps` runs on-demand in the background when using [`revalidate()`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration#on-demand-revalidation) When combined with [Incremental Static Regeneration](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration), `getStaticProps` will run in the background while the stale page is being revalidated, and the fresh page served to the browser. `getStaticProps` does not have access to the incoming request (such as query parameters or HTTP headers) as it generates static HTML. If you need access to the request for your page, consider using [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) in addition to `getStaticProps`. [Using getStaticProps to fetch data from a CMS](#using-getstaticprops-to-fetch-data-from-a-cms) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following example shows how you can fetch a list of blog posts from a CMS. pages/blog.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // posts will be populated at build time by getStaticProps() export default function Blog({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li>{post.title}</li> ))} </ul> ) } // This function gets called at build time on server-side. // It won't be called on client-side, so you can even do // direct database queries. export async function getStaticProps() { // Call an external API endpoint to get posts. // You can use any data fetching library const res = await fetch('https://.../posts') const posts = await res.json() // By returning { props: { posts } }, the Blog component // will receive `posts` as a prop at build time return { props: { posts, }, } } The [`getStaticProps` API reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) covers all parameters and props that can be used with `getStaticProps`. [Write server-side code directly](#write-server-side-code-directly) ------------------------------------------------------------------- As `getStaticProps` runs only on the server-side, it will never run on the client-side. It won’t even be included in the JS bundle for the browser, so you can write direct database queries without them being sent to browsers. This means that instead of fetching an **API route** from `getStaticProps` (that itself fetches data from an external source), you can write the server-side code directly in `getStaticProps`. Take the following example. An API route is used to fetch some data from a CMS. That API route is then called directly from `getStaticProps`. This produces an additional call, reducing performance. Instead, the logic for fetching the data from the CMS can be shared by using a `lib/` directory. Then it can be shared with `getStaticProps`. lib/load-posts.js // The following function is shared // with getStaticProps and API routes // from a `lib/` directory export async function loadPosts() { // Call an external API endpoint to get posts const res = await fetch('https://.../posts/') const data = await res.json() return data } pages/blog.js // pages/blog.js import { loadPosts } from '../lib/load-posts' // This function runs only on the server side export async function getStaticProps() { // Instead of fetching your `/api` route you can call the same // function directly in `getStaticProps` const posts = await loadPosts() // Props returned will be passed to the page component return { props: { posts } } } Alternatively, if you are **not** using API routes to fetch data, then the [`fetch()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API) API _can_ be used directly in `getStaticProps` to fetch data. To verify what Next.js eliminates from the client-side bundle, you can use the [next-code-elimination tool](https://next-code-elimination.vercel.app/). [Statically generates both HTML and JSON](#statically-generates-both-html-and-json) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- When a page with `getStaticProps` is pre-rendered at build time, in addition to the page HTML file, Next.js generates a JSON file holding the result of running `getStaticProps`. This JSON file will be used in client-side routing through [`next/link`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) or [`next/router`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router). When you navigate to a page that’s pre-rendered using `getStaticProps`, Next.js fetches this JSON file (pre-computed at build time) and uses it as the props for the page component. This means that client-side page transitions will **not** call `getStaticProps` as only the exported JSON is used. When using Incremental Static Generation, `getStaticProps` will be executed in the background to generate the JSON needed for client-side navigation. You may see this in the form of multiple requests being made for the same page, however, this is intended and has no impact on end-user performance. [Where can I use getStaticProps](#where-can-i-use-getstaticprops) ----------------------------------------------------------------- `getStaticProps` can only be exported from a **page**. You **cannot** export it from non-page files, `_app`, `_document`, or `_error`. One of the reasons for this restriction is that React needs to have all the required data before the page is rendered. Also, you must use export `getStaticProps` as a standalone function — it will **not** work if you add `getStaticProps` as a property of the page component. > **Good to know**: if you have created a [custom app](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app), ensure you are passing the `pageProps` to the page component as shown in the linked document, otherwise the props will be empty. [Runs on every request in development](#runs-on-every-request-in-development) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- In development (`next dev`), `getStaticProps` will be called on every request. [Preview Mode](#preview-mode) ----------------------------- You can temporarily bypass static generation and render the page at **request time** instead of build time using [**Preview Mode**](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode). For example, you might be using a headless CMS and want to preview drafts before they're published. [Previous Data Fetching ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) [Next getStaticPaths ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Examples](#examples) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/03-data-fetching/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application)Data Fetching Data Fetching ============= Data fetching in Next.js allows you to render your content in different ways, depending on your application's use case. These include pre-rendering with **Server-side Rendering** or **Static Generation**, and updating or creating content at runtime with **Incremental Static Regeneration**. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- * [WordPress Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-wordpress)([Demo](https://next-blog-wordpress.vercel.app)) * [Blog Starter using markdown files](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/blog-starter) ([Demo](https://next-blog-starter.vercel.app/)) * [DatoCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-datocms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-datocms.vercel.app/)) * [TakeShape Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-takeshape) ([Demo](https://next-blog-takeshape.vercel.app/)) * [Sanity Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-sanity) ([Demo](https://next-blog-sanity.vercel.app/)) * [Prismic Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-prismic) ([Demo](https://next-blog-prismic.vercel.app/)) * [Contentful Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-contentful) ([Demo](https://next-blog-contentful.vercel.app/)) * [Strapi Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-strapi) ([Demo](https://next-blog-strapi.vercel.app/)) * [Prepr Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-prepr) ([Demo](https://next-blog-prepr.vercel.app/)) * [Agility CMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-agilitycms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-agilitycms.vercel.app/)) * [Cosmic Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-cosmic) ([Demo](https://next-blog-cosmic.vercel.app/)) * [ButterCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-buttercms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-buttercms.vercel.app/)) * [Storyblok Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-storyblok) ([Demo](https://next-blog-storyblok.vercel.app/)) * [GraphCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-graphcms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-graphcms.vercel.app/)) * [Kontent Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-kontent-ai) ([Demo](https://next-blog-kontent.vercel.app/)) * [Static Tweet Demo](https://static-tweet.vercel.app/) * [Enterspeed Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-enterspeed) ([Demo](https://next-blog-demo.enterspeed.com/)) [ ### getStaticProps Fetch data and generate static pages with \`getStaticProps\`. Learn more about this API for data fetching in Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props)[ ### getStaticPaths Fetch data and generate static pages with \`getStaticPaths\`. Learn more about this API for data fetching in Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths)[ ### Forms and Mutations Learn how to handle form submissions and data mutations with Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations)[ ### getServerSideProps Fetch data on each request with \`getServerSideProps\`. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props)[ ### Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) Learn how to create or update static pages at runtime with Incremental Static Regeneration. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration)[ ### Client-side Fetching Learn about client-side data fetching, and how to use SWR, a data fetching React hook library that handles caching, revalidation, focus tracking, refetching on interval and more. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) [Previous Edge and Node.js Runtimes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) [Next getStaticProps ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) Was this helpful? supported. 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[pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Network APIs](#network-apis) * [Encoding APIs](#encoding-apis) * [Stream APIs](#stream-apis) * [Crypto APIs](#crypto-apis) * [Web Standard APIs](#web-standard-apis) * [Next.js Specific Polyfills](#nextjs-specific-polyfills) * [Environment Variables](#environment-variables) * [Unsupported APIs](#unsupported-apis) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/07-edge.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference)Edge Runtime Edge Runtime ============ The Next.js Edge Runtime is based on standard Web APIs, it supports the following APIs: [Network APIs](#network-apis) ----------------------------- API Description [`Blob`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Blob) Represents a blob [`fetch`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API) Fetches a resource [`FetchEvent`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/FetchEvent) Represents a fetch event [`File`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/File) Represents a file [`FormData`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/FormData) Represents form data [`Headers`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Headers) Represents HTTP headers [`Request`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) Represents an HTTP request [`Response`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response) Represents an HTTP response [`URLSearchParams`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams) Represents URL search parameters [`WebSocket`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/WebSocket) Represents a websocket connection [Encoding APIs](#encoding-apis) ------------------------------- API Description [`atob`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/atob) Decodes a base-64 encoded string [`btoa`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/btoa) Encodes a string in base-64 [`TextDecoder`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/TextDecoder) Decodes a Uint8Array into a string [`TextDecoderStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/TextDecoderStream) Chainable decoder for streams [`TextEncoder`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/TextEncoder) Encodes a string into a Uint8Array [`TextEncoderStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/TextEncoderStream) Chainable encoder for streams [Stream APIs](#stream-apis) --------------------------- API Description [`ReadableStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream) Represents a readable stream [`ReadableStreamBYOBReader`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ReadableStreamBYOBReader) Represents a reader of a ReadableStream [`ReadableStreamDefaultReader`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ReadableStreamDefaultReader) Represents a reader of a ReadableStream [`TransformStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/TransformStream) Represents a transform stream [`WritableStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/WritableStream) Represents a writable stream [`WritableStreamDefaultWriter`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/WritableStreamDefaultWriter) Represents a writer of a WritableStream [Crypto APIs](#crypto-apis) --------------------------- API Description [`crypto`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Window/crypto) Provides access to the cryptographic functionality of the platform [`CryptoKey`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CryptoKey) Represents a cryptographic key [`SubtleCrypto`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/SubtleCrypto) Provides access to common cryptographic primitives, like hashing, signing, encryption or decryption [Web Standard APIs](#web-standard-apis) --------------------------------------- API Description [`AbortController`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/AbortController) Allows you to abort one or more DOM requests as and when desired [`Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array) Represents an array of values [`ArrayBuffer`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer) Represents a generic, fixed-length raw binary data buffer [`Atomics`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Atomics) Provides atomic operations as static methods [`BigInt`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt) Represents a whole number with arbitrary precision [`BigInt64Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt64Array) Represents a typed array of 64-bit signed integers [`BigUint64Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigUint64Array) Represents a typed array of 64-bit unsigned integers [`Boolean`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean) Represents a logical entity and can have two values: `true` and `false` [`clearInterval`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/clearInterval) Cancels a timed, repeating action which was previously established by a call to `setInterval()` [`clearTimeout`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/clearTimeout) Cancels a timed, repeating action which was previously established by a call to `setTimeout()` [`console`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Console) Provides access to the browser's debugging console [`DataView`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView) Represents a generic view of an `ArrayBuffer` [`Date`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date) Represents a single moment in time in a platform-independent format [`decodeURI`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURI) Decodes a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) previously created by `encodeURI` or by a similar routine [`decodeURIComponent`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURIComponent) Decodes a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) component previously created by `encodeURIComponent` or by a similar routine [`DOMException`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/DOMException) Represents an error that occurs in the DOM [`encodeURI`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURI) Encodes a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) by replacing each instance of certain characters by one, two, three, or four escape sequences representing the UTF-8 encoding of the character [`encodeURIComponent`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent) Encodes a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) component by replacing each instance of certain characters by one, two, three, or four escape sequences representing the UTF-8 encoding of the character [`Error`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error) Represents an error when trying to execute a statement or accessing a property [`EvalError`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/EvalError) Represents an error that occurs regarding the global function `eval()` [`Float32Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Float32Array) Represents a typed array of 32-bit floating point numbers [`Float64Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Float64Array) Represents a typed array of 64-bit floating point numbers [`Function`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function) Represents a function [`Infinity`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Infinity) Represents the mathematical Infinity value [`Int8Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int8Array) Represents a typed array of 8-bit signed integers [`Int16Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int16Array) Represents a typed array of 16-bit signed integers [`Int32Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int32Array) Represents a typed array of 32-bit signed integers [`Intl`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl) Provides access to internationalization and localization functionality [`isFinite`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/isFinite) Determines whether a value is a finite number [`isNaN`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/isNaN) Determines whether a value is `NaN` or not [`JSON`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/JSON) Provides functionality to convert JavaScript values to and from the JSON format [`Map`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Map) Represents a collection of values, where each value may occur only once [`Math`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Math) Provides access to mathematical functions and constants [`Number`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number) Represents a numeric value [`Object`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object) Represents the object that is the base of all JavaScript objects [`parseFloat`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/parseFloat) Parses a string argument and returns a floating point number [`parseInt`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/parseInt) Parses a string argument and returns an integer of the specified radix [`Promise`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise) Represents the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation, and its resulting value [`Proxy`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy) Represents an object that is used to define custom behavior for fundamental operations (e.g. property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function invocation, etc) [`queueMicrotask`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/queueMicrotask) Queues a microtask to be executed [`RangeError`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RangeError) Represents an error when a value is not in the set or range of allowed values [`ReferenceError`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ReferenceError) Represents an error when a non-existent variable is referenced [`Reflect`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Reflect) Provides methods for interceptable JavaScript operations [`RegExp`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RegExp) Represents a regular expression, allowing you to match combinations of characters [`Set`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Set) Represents a collection of values, where each value may occur only once [`setInterval`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/setInterval) Repeatedly calls a function, with a fixed time delay between each call [`setTimeout`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/setTimeout) Calls a function or evaluates an expression after a specified number of milliseconds [`SharedArrayBuffer`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer) Represents a generic, fixed-length raw binary data buffer [`String`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String) Represents a sequence of characters [`structuredClone`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Web_Workers_API/Structured_clone_algorithm) Creates a deep copy of a value [`Symbol`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Symbol) Represents a unique and immutable data type that is used as the key of an object property [`SyntaxError`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SyntaxError) Represents an error when trying to interpret syntactically invalid code [`TypeError`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypeError) Represents an error when a value is not of the expected type [`Uint8Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array) Represents a typed array of 8-bit unsigned integers [`Uint8ClampedArray`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8ClampedArray) Represents a typed array of 8-bit unsigned integers clamped to 0-255 [`Uint32Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint32Array) Represents a typed array of 32-bit unsigned integers [`URIError`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/URIError) Represents an error when a global URI handling function was used in a wrong way [`URL`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URL) Represents an object providing static methods used for creating object URLs [`URLPattern`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLPattern) Represents a URL pattern [`URLSearchParams`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams) Represents a collection of key/value pairs [`WeakMap`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WeakMap) Represents a collection of key/value pairs in which the keys are weakly referenced [`WeakSet`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WeakSet) Represents a collection of objects in which each object may occur only once [`WebAssembly`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly) Provides access to WebAssembly [Next.js Specific Polyfills](#nextjs-specific-polyfills) -------------------------------------------------------- * [`AsyncLocalStorage`](https://nodejs.org/api/async_context.html#class-asynclocalstorage) [Environment Variables](#environment-variables) ----------------------------------------------- You can use `process.env` to access [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) for both `next dev` and `next build`. [Unsupported APIs](#unsupported-apis) ------------------------------------- The Edge Runtime has some restrictions including: * Native Node.js APIs **are not supported**. For example, you can't read or write to the filesystem. * `node_modules` _can_ be used, as long as they implement ES Modules and do not use native Node.js APIs. * Calling `require` directly is **not allowed**. Use ES Modules instead. The following JavaScript language features are disabled, and **will not work:** API Description [`eval`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/eval) Evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string [`new Function(evalString)`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function) Creates a new function with the code provided as an argument [`WebAssembly.compile`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/compile) Compiles a WebAssembly module from a buffer source [`WebAssembly.instantiate`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/instantiate) Compiles and instantiates a WebAssembly module from a buffer source In rare cases, your code could contain (or import) some dynamic code evaluation statements which _can not be reached at runtime_ and which can not be removed by treeshaking. You can relax the check to allow specific files with your Middleware or Edge API Route exported configuration: export const config = { runtime: 'edge', // for Edge API Routes only unstable_allowDynamic: [ // allows a single file '/lib/utilities.js', // use a glob to allow anything in the function-bind 3rd party module '/node_modules/function-bind/**', ], } `unstable_allowDynamic` is a [glob](https://github.com/micromatch/micromatch#matching-features), or an array of globs, ignoring dynamic code evaluation for specific files. The globs are relative to your application root folder. Be warned that if these statements are executed on the Edge, _they will throw and cause a runtime error_. [Previous create-next-app ](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) [Next Next.js CLI ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Analytics ========= Next.js has built-in support for measuring and reporting performance metrics. You can either use the `useReportWebVitals` hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you. [Build Your Own](#build-your-own) --------------------------------- pages/\_app.js import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals' function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { useReportWebVitals((metric) => { console.log(metric) }) return <Component {...pageProps} /> } View the [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information. [Web Vitals](#web-vitals) ------------------------- [Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/) are a set of useful metrics that aim to capture the user experience of a web page. The following web vitals are all included: * [Time to First Byte](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Time_to_first_byte) (TTFB) * [First Contentful Paint](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint) (FCP) * [Largest Contentful Paint](https://web.dev/lcp/) (LCP) * [First Input Delay](https://web.dev/fid/) (FID) * [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/) (CLS) * [Interaction to Next Paint](https://web.dev/inp/) (INP) You can handle all the results of these metrics using the `name` property. pages/\_app.js import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals' function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { useReportWebVitals((metric) => { switch (metric.name) { case 'FCP': { // handle FCP results } case 'LCP': { // handle LCP results } // ... } }) return <Component {...pageProps} /> } [Custom Metrics](#custom-metrics) --------------------------------- In addition to the core metrics listed above, there are some additional custom metrics that measure the time it takes for the page to hydrate and render: * `Next.js-hydration`: Length of time it takes for the page to start and finish hydrating (in ms) * `Next.js-route-change-to-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to start rendering after a route change (in ms) * `Next.js-render`: Length of time it takes for a page to finish render after a route change (in ms) You can handle all the results of these metrics separately: export function reportWebVitals(metric) { switch (metric.name) { case 'Next.js-hydration': // handle hydration results break case 'Next.js-route-change-to-render': // handle route-change to render results break case 'Next.js-render': // handle render results break default: break } } These metrics work in all browsers that support the [User Timing API](https://caniuse.com/#feat=user-timing). [Sending results to external systems](#sending-results-to-external-systems) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- You can send results to any endpoint to measure and track real user performance on your site. For example: useReportWebVitals((metric) => { const body = JSON.stringify(metric) const url = 'https://example.com/analytics' // Use `navigator.sendBeacon()` if available, falling back to `fetch()`. if (navigator.sendBeacon) { navigator.sendBeacon(url, body) } else { fetch(url, { body, method: 'POST', keepalive: true }) } }) > **Good to know**: If you use [Google Analytics](https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/), using the `id` value can allow you to construct metric distributions manually (to calculate percentiles, etc.) > useReportWebVitals((metric) => { > // Use `window.gtag` if you initialized Google Analytics as this example: > // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/examples/with-google-analytics/pages/_app.js > window.gtag('event', metric.name, { > value: Math.round( > metric.name === 'CLS' ? metric.value * 1000 : metric.value > ), // values must be integers > event_label: metric.id, // id unique to current page load > non_interaction: true, // avoids affecting bounce rate. > }) > }) > > Read more about [sending results to Google Analytics](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals#send-the-results-to-google-analytics). [Previous Bundle Analyzer ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) [Next Lazy Loading ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Examples](#examples) * [Server-only form](#server-only-form) * [Form validation](#form-validation) * [Error handling](#error-handling) * [Displaying loading state](#displaying-loading-state) * [Redirecting](#redirecting) * [Setting cookies](#setting-cookies) * [Reading cookies](#reading-cookies) * [Deleting cookies](#deleting-cookies) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/03-data-fetching/03-forms-and-mutations.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching)Forms and Mutations Forms and Mutations =================== Forms enable you to create and update data in web applications. Next.js provides a powerful way to handle form submissions and data mutations using **API Routes**. > **Good to know:** > > * We will soon recommend [incrementally adopting](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) the App Router and using [Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) for handling form submissions and data mutations. Server Actions allow you to define asynchronous server functions that can be called directly from your components, without needing to manually create an API Route. > * API Routes [do not specify CORS headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS), meaning they are same-origin only by default. > * Since API Routes run on the server, we're able to use sensitive values (like API keys) through [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) without exposing them to the client. This is critical for the security of your application. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Server-only form](#server-only-form) With the Pages Router, you need to manually create API endpoints to handle securely mutating data on the server. pages/api/submit.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { const data = req.body const id = await createItem(data) res.status(200).json({ id }) } Then, call the API Route from the client with an event handler: pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { FormEvent } from 'react' export default function Page() { async function onSubmit(event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) { event.preventDefault() const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget) const response = await fetch('/api/submit', { method: 'POST', body: formData, }) // Handle response if necessary const data = await response.json() // ... } return ( <form onSubmit={onSubmit}> <input type="text" name="name" /> <button type="submit">Submit</button> </form> ) } [Form validation](#form-validation) ----------------------------------- We recommend using HTML validation like `required` and `type="email"` for basic client-side form validation. For more advanced server-side validation, you can use a schema validation library like [zod](https://zod.dev/) to validate the form fields before mutating the data: pages/api/submit.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' import { z } from 'zod' const schema = z.object({ // ... }) export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { const parsed = schema.parse(req.body) // ... } ### [Error handling](#error-handling) You can use React state to show an error message when a form submission fails: pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import React, { useState, FormEvent } from 'react' export default function Page() { const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState<boolean>(false) const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null) async function onSubmit(event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) { event.preventDefault() setIsLoading(true) setError(null) // Clear previous errors when a new request starts try { const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget) const response = await fetch('/api/submit', { method: 'POST', body: formData, }) if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to submit the data. Please try again.') } // Handle response if necessary const data = await response.json() // ... } catch (error) { // Capture the error message to display to the user setError(error.message) console.error(error) } finally { setIsLoading(false) } } return ( <div> {error && <div style={{ color: 'red' }}>{error}</div>} <form onSubmit={onSubmit}> <input type="text" name="name" /> <button type="submit" disabled={isLoading}> {isLoading ? 'Loading...' : 'Submit'} </button> </form> </div> ) } [Displaying loading state](#displaying-loading-state) ----------------------------------------------------- You can use React state to show a loading state when a form is submitting on the server: pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import React, { useState, FormEvent } from 'react' export default function Page() { const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState<boolean>(false) async function onSubmit(event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) { event.preventDefault() setIsLoading(true) // Set loading to true when the request starts try { const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget) const response = await fetch('/api/submit', { method: 'POST', body: formData, }) // Handle response if necessary const data = await response.json() // ... } catch (error) { // Handle error if necessary console.error(error) } finally { setIsLoading(false) // Set loading to false when the request completes } } return ( <form onSubmit={onSubmit}> <input type="text" name="name" /> <button type="submit" disabled={isLoading}> {isLoading ? 'Loading...' : 'Submit'} </button> </form> ) } ### [Redirecting](#redirecting) If you would like to redirect the user to a different route after a mutation, you can [`redirect`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes#response-helpers) to any absolute or relative URL: pages/api/submit.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { const id = await addPost() res.redirect(307, `/post/${id}`) } ### [Setting cookies](#setting-cookies) You can set cookies inside an API Route using the `setHeader` method on the response: pages/api/cookie.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', 'username=lee; Path=/; HttpOnly') res.status(200).send('Cookie has been set.') } ### [Reading cookies](#reading-cookies) You can read cookies inside an API Route using the [`cookies`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes#request-helpers) request helper: pages/api/cookie.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { const auth = req.cookies.authorization // ... } ### [Deleting cookies](#deleting-cookies) You can delete cookies inside an API Route using the `setHeader` method on the response: pages/api/cookie.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', 'username=; Path=/; HttpOnly; Max-Age=0') res.status(200).send('Cookie has been deleted.') } [Previous getStaticPaths ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) [Next getServerSideProps ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) Was this helpful? supported. 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[generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [On-Demand Revalidation](#on-demand-revalidation) * [Using On-Demand Revalidation](#using-on-demand-revalidation) * [Testing on-Demand ISR during development](#testing-on-demand-isr-during-development) * [Error handling and revalidation](#error-handling-and-revalidation) * [Self-hosting ISR](#self-hosting-isr) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/03-data-fetching/04-incremental-static-regeneration.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching)Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) ===================================== Examples * [Next.js Commerce](https://nextjs.org/commerce) * [GitHub Reactions Demo](https://reactions-demo.vercel.app/) * [Static Tweet Demo](https://static-tweet.vercel.app/) Next.js allows you to create or update static pages _after_ you’ve built your site. Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) enables you to use static-generation on a per-page basis, **without needing to rebuild the entire site**. With ISR, you can retain the benefits of static while scaling to millions of pages. > **Good to know**: The [`edge` runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) is currently not compatible with ISR, although you can leverage `stale-while-revalidate` by setting the `cache-control` header manually. To use ISR, add the `revalidate` prop to `getStaticProps`: function Blog({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li> ))} </ul> ) } // This function gets called at build time on server-side. // It may be called again, on a serverless function, if // revalidation is enabled and a new request comes in export async function getStaticProps() { const res = await fetch('https://.../posts') const posts = await res.json() return { props: { posts, }, // Next.js will attempt to re-generate the page: // - When a request comes in // - At most once every 10 seconds revalidate: 10, // In seconds } } // This function gets called at build time on server-side. // It may be called again, on a serverless function, if // the path has not been generated. export async function getStaticPaths() { const res = await fetch('https://.../posts') const posts = await res.json() // Get the paths we want to pre-render based on posts const paths = posts.map((post) => ({ params: { id: post.id }, })) // We'll pre-render only these paths at build time. // { fallback: 'blocking' } will server-render pages // on-demand if the path doesn't exist. return { paths, fallback: 'blocking' } } export default Blog When a request is made to a page that was pre-rendered at build time, it will initially show the cached page. * Any requests to the page after the initial request and before 10 seconds are also cached and instantaneous. * After the 10-second window, the next request will still show the cached (stale) page * Next.js triggers a regeneration of the page in the background. * Once the page generates successfully, Next.js will invalidate the cache and show the updated page. If the background regeneration fails, the old page would still be unaltered. When a request is made to a path that hasn’t been generated, Next.js will server-render the page on the first request. Future requests will serve the static file from the cache. ISR on Vercel [persists the cache globally and handles rollbacks](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/next.js/incremental-static-regeneration?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website). > **Good to know**: Check if your upstream data provider has caching enabled by default. You might need to disable (e.g. `useCdn: false`), otherwise a revalidation won't be able to pull fresh data to update the ISR cache. Caching can occur at a CDN (for an endpoint being requested) when it returns the `Cache-Control` header. [On-Demand Revalidation](#on-demand-revalidation) ------------------------------------------------- If you set a `revalidate` time of `60`, all visitors will see the same generated version of your site for one minute. The only way to invalidate the cache is from someone visiting that page after the minute has passed. Starting with `v12.2.0`, Next.js supports On-Demand Incremental Static Regeneration to manually purge the Next.js cache for a specific page. This makes it easier to update your site when: * Content from your headless CMS is created or updated * Ecommerce metadata changes (price, description, category, reviews, etc.) Inside `getStaticProps`, you do not need to specify `revalidate` to use on-demand revalidation. If `revalidate` is omitted, Next.js will use the default value of `false` (no revalidation) and only revalidate the page on-demand when `revalidate()` is called. > **Good to know**: [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) won't be executed for On-Demand ISR requests. Instead, call `revalidate()` on the _exact_ path that you want revalidated. For example, if you have `pages/blog/[slug].js` and a rewrite from `/post-1` -> `/blog/post-1`, you would need to call `res.revalidate('/blog/post-1')`. ### [Using On-Demand Revalidation](#using-on-demand-revalidation) First, create a secret token only known by your Next.js app. This secret will be used to prevent unauthorized access to the revalidation API Route. You can access the route (either manually or with a webhook) with the following URL structure: Terminal https://<your-site.com>/api/revalidate?secret=<token> Next, add the secret as an [Environment Variable](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) to your application. Finally, create the revalidation API Route: pages/api/revalidate.js export default async function handler(req, res) { // Check for secret to confirm this is a valid request if (req.query.secret !== process.env.MY_SECRET_TOKEN) { return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid token' }) } try { // this should be the actual path not a rewritten path // e.g. for "/blog/[slug]" this should be "/blog/post-1" await res.revalidate('/path-to-revalidate') return res.json({ revalidated: true }) } catch (err) { // If there was an error, Next.js will continue // to show the last successfully generated page return res.status(500).send('Error revalidating') } } [View our demo](https://on-demand-isr.vercel.app) to see on-demand revalidation in action and provide feedback. ### [Testing on-Demand ISR during development](#testing-on-demand-isr-during-development) When running locally with `next dev`, `getStaticProps` is invoked on every request. To verify your on-demand ISR configuration is correct, you will need to create a [production build](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli#build) and start the [production server](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli#production): Terminal $ next build $ next start Then, you can confirm that static pages have successfully revalidated. [Error handling and revalidation](#error-handling-and-revalidation) ------------------------------------------------------------------- If there is an error inside `getStaticProps` when handling background regeneration, or you manually throw an error, the last successfully generated page will continue to show. On the next subsequent request, Next.js will retry calling `getStaticProps`. export async function getStaticProps() { // If this request throws an uncaught error, Next.js will // not invalidate the currently shown page and // retry getStaticProps on the next request. const res = await fetch('https://.../posts') const posts = await res.json() if (!res.ok) { // If there is a server error, you might want to // throw an error instead of returning so that the cache is not updated // until the next successful request. throw new Error(`Failed to fetch posts, received status ${res.status}`) } // If the request was successful, return the posts // and revalidate every 10 seconds. return { props: { posts, }, revalidate: 10, } } [Self-hosting ISR](#self-hosting-isr) ------------------------------------- Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) works on [self-hosted Next.js sites](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying#self-hosting) out of the box when you use `next start`. Learn more about [self-hosting Next.js](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying#self-hosting). [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v14.1.0` Custom `cacheHandler` is stable. `v12.2.0` On-Demand ISR is stable `v12.1.0` On-Demand ISR added (beta). `v12.0.0` [Bot-aware ISR fallback](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-12#bot-aware-isr-fallback) added. `v9.5.0` Base Path added. [Previous getServerSideProps ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) [Next Client-side Fetching ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Example](#example) * [When should I use getServerSideProps?](#when-should-i-use-getserversideprops) * [Behavior](#behavior) * [Error Handling](#error-handling) * [Edge Cases](#edge-cases) * [Edge Runtime](#edge-runtime) * [Caching with Server-Side Rendering (SSR)](#caching-with-server-side-rendering-ssr) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/03-data-fetching/03-get-server-side-props.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching)getServerSideProps getServerSideProps ================== `getServerSideProps` is a Next.js function that can be used to fetch data and render the contents of a page at request time. [Example](#example) ------------------- You can use `getServerSideProps` by exporting it from a Page Component. The example below shows how you can fetch data from a 3rd party API in `getServerSideProps`, and pass the data to the page as props: pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { InferGetServerSidePropsType, GetServerSideProps } from 'next' type Repo = { name: string stargazers_count: number } export const getServerSideProps = (async () => { // Fetch data from external API const res = await fetch('https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js') const repo: Repo = await res.json() // Pass data to the page via props return { props: { repo } } }) satisfies GetServerSideProps<{ repo: Repo }> export default function Page({ repo, }: InferGetServerSidePropsType<typeof getServerSideProps>) { return ( <main> <p>{repo.stargazers_count}</p> </main> ) } [When should I use `getServerSideProps`?](#when-should-i-use-getserversideprops) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- You should use `getServerSideProps` if you need to render a page that relies on personalized user data, or information that can only be known at request time. For example, `authorization` headers or a geolocation. If you do not need to fetch the data at request time, or would prefer to cache the data and pre-rendered HTML, we recommend using [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props). [Behavior](#behavior) --------------------- * `getServerSideProps` runs on the server. * `getServerSideProps` can only be exported from a **page**. * `getServerSideProps` returns JSON. * When a user visits a page, `getServerSideProps` will be used to fetch data at request time, and the data is used to render the initial HTML of the page. * `props` passed to the page component can be viewed on the client as part of the initial HTML. This is to allow the page to be [hydrated](https://react.dev/reference/react-dom/hydrate) correctly. Make sure that you don't pass any sensitive information that shouldn't be available on the client in `props`. * When a user visits the page through [`next/link`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) or [`next/router`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router), Next.js sends an API request to the server, which runs `getServerSideProps`. * You do not have to call a Next.js [API Route](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) to fetch data when using `getServerSideProps` since the function runs on the server. Instead, you can call a CMS, database, or other third-party APIs directly from inside `getServerSideProps`. > **Good to know:** > > * See [`getServerSideProps` API reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) for parameters and props that can be used with `getServerSideProps`. > * You can use the [next-code-elimination tool](https://next-code-elimination.vercel.app/) to verify what Next.js eliminates from the client-side bundle. [Error Handling](#error-handling) --------------------------------- If an error is thrown inside `getServerSideProps`, it will show the `pages/500.js` file. Check out the documentation for [500 page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error#500-page) to learn more on how to create it. During development, this file will not be used and the development error overlay will be shown instead. [Edge Cases](#edge-cases) ------------------------- ### [Edge Runtime](#edge-runtime) `getServerSideProps` can be used with both [Serverless and Edge Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes), and you can set props in both. However, currently in the Edge Runtime, you do not have access to the response object. This means that you cannot — for example — add cookies in `getServerSideProps`. To have access to the response object, you should **continue to use the Node.js runtime**, which is the default runtime. You can explicitly set the runtime on a per-page basis by modifying the `config`, for example: pages/index.js export const config = { runtime: 'nodejs', // or "edge" } export const getServerSideProps = async () => {} ### [Caching with Server-Side Rendering (SSR)](#caching-with-server-side-rendering-ssr) You can use caching headers (`Cache-Control`) inside `getServerSideProps` to cache dynamic responses. For example, using [`stale-while-revalidate`](https://web.dev/stale-while-revalidate/). // This value is considered fresh for ten seconds (s-maxage=10). // If a request is repeated within the next 10 seconds, the previously // cached value will still be fresh. If the request is repeated before 59 seconds, // the cached value will be stale but still render (stale-while-revalidate=59). // // In the background, a revalidation request will be made to populate the cache // with a fresh value. If you refresh the page, you will see the new value. export async function getServerSideProps({ req, res }) { res.setHeader( 'Cache-Control', 'public, s-maxage=10, stale-while-revalidate=59' ) return { props: {}, } } However, before reaching for `cache-control`, we recommend seeing if [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) with [ISR](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) is a better fit for your use case. [Previous Forms and Mutations ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) [Next Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Client-side data fetching with useEffect](#client-side-data-fetching-with-useeffect) * [Client-side data fetching with SWR](#client-side-data-fetching-with-swr) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/03-data-fetching/05-client-side.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching)Client-side Fetching Client-side Fetching ==================== Client-side data fetching is useful when your page doesn't require SEO indexing, when you don't need to pre-render your data, or when the content of your pages needs to update frequently. Unlike the server-side rendering APIs, you can use client-side data fetching at the component level. If done at the page level, the data is fetched at runtime, and the content of the page is updated as the data changes. When used at the component level, the data is fetched at the time of the component mount, and the content of the component is updated as the data changes. It's important to note that using client-side data fetching can affect the performance of your application and the load speed of your pages. This is because the data fetching is done at the time of the component or pages mount, and the data is not cached. [Client-side data fetching with useEffect](#client-side-data-fetching-with-useeffect) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following example shows how you can fetch data on the client side using the useEffect hook. import { useState, useEffect } from 'react' function Profile() { const [data, setData] = useState(null) const [isLoading, setLoading] = useState(true) useEffect(() => { fetch('/api/profile-data') .then((res) => res.json()) .then((data) => { setData(data) setLoading(false) }) }, []) if (isLoading) return <p>Loading...</p> if (!data) return <p>No profile data</p> return ( <div> <h1>{data.name}</h1> <p>{data.bio}</p> </div> ) } [Client-side data fetching with SWR](#client-side-data-fetching-with-swr) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- The team behind Next.js has created a React hook library for data fetching called [**SWR**](https://swr.vercel.app/). It is **highly recommended** if you are fetching data on the client-side. It handles caching, revalidation, focus tracking, refetching on intervals, and more. Using the same example as above, we can now use SWR to fetch the profile data. SWR will automatically cache the data for us and will revalidate the data if it becomes stale. For more information on using SWR, check out the [SWR docs](https://swr.vercel.app/docs/getting-started). import useSWR from 'swr' const fetcher = (...args) => fetch(...args).then((res) => res.json()) function Profile() { const { data, error } = useSWR('/api/profile-data', fetcher) if (error) return <div>Failed to load</div> if (!data) return <div>Loading...</div> return ( <div> <h1>{data.name}</h1> <p>{data.bio}</p> </div> ) } [Previous Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) [Next Styling ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)Building Your Application Building Your Application ========================= Next.js provides the building blocks to create flexible, full-stack web applications. The guides in **Building Your Application** explain how to use these features and how to customize your application's behavior. The sections and pages are organized sequentially, from basic to advanced, so you can follow them step-by-step when building your Next.js application. However, you can read them in any order or skip to the pages that apply to your use case. If you're new to Next.js, we recommend starting with the [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing), [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering), [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) and [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) sections, as they introduce the fundamental Next.js and web concepts to help you get started. Then, you can dive deeper into the other sections such as [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) and [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring). Finally, once you're ready, checkout the [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) and [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) sections. [ ### Routing Learn the fundamentals of routing for front-end applications with the Pages Router. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)[ ### Rendering Learn the fundamentals of rendering in React and Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering)[ ### Data Fetching Next.js allows you to fetch data in multiple ways, with pre-rendering, server-side rendering or static-site generation, and incremental static regeneration. Learn how to manage your application data in Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching)[ ### Styling Learn the different ways you can style your Next.js application. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling)[ ### Optimizing Optimize your Next.js application for best performance and user experience. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)[ ### Configuring Learn how to configure your Next.js application. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)[ ### Testing Learn how to set up Next.js with three commonly used testing tools — Cypress, Playwright, Vitest, and Jest. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing)[ ### Authentication Learn how to implement authentication in Next.js, covering best practices, securing routes, authorization techniques, and session management. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication)[ ### Deploying Learn how to deploy your Next.js app to production, either managed or self-hosted. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying)[ ### Upgrading Learn how to upgrade to the latest versions of Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) [Previous Pages Router ](/docs/pages) [Next Routing ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [ Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Convention](#convention) * [Examples](#examples) * [Importing files with side effects](#importing-files-with-side-effects) * [Importing runtime-specific code](#importing-runtime-specific-code) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/09-instrumentation.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)Instrumentation Instrumentation =============== Instrumentation is the process of using code to integrate monitoring and logging tools into your application. This allows you to track the performance and behavior of your application, and to debug issues in production. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- To set up instrumentation, create `instrumentation.ts|js` file in the **root directory** of your project (or inside the [`src`](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) folder if using one). Then, export a `register` function in the file. This function will be called **once** when a new Next.js server instance is initiated. For example, to use Next.js with [OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io/) and [@vercel/otel](https://vercel.com/docs/observability/otel-overview): instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { registerOTel } from '@vercel/otel' export function register() { registerOTel('next-app') } See the [Next.js with OpenTelemetry example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-opentelemetry) for a complete implementation. > **Good to know** > > * This feature is **experimental**. To use it, you must explicitly opt in by defining [`experimental.instrumentationHook = true;`](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) in your `next.config.js`. > * The `instrumentation` file should be in the root of your project and not inside the `app` or `pages` directory. If you're using the `src` folder, then place the file inside `src` alongside `pages` and `app`. > * If you use the [`pageExtensions` config option](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) to add a suffix, you will also need to update the `instrumentation` filename to match. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Importing files with side effects](#importing-files-with-side-effects) Sometimes, it may be useful to import a file in your code because of the side effects it will cause. For example, you might import a file that defines a set of global variables, but never explicitly use the imported file in your code. You would still have access to the global variables the package has declared. We recommend importing files using JavaScript `import` syntax within your `register` function. The following example demonstrates a basic usage of `import` in a `register` function: instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function register() { await import('package-with-side-effect') } > **Good to know:** > > We recommend importing the file from within the `register` function, rather than at the top of the file. By doing this, you can colocate all of your side effects in one place in your code, and avoid any unintended consequences from importing globally at the top of the file. ### [Importing runtime-specific code](#importing-runtime-specific-code) Next.js calls `register` in all environments, so it's important to conditionally import any code that doesn't support specific runtimes (e.g. [Edge](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes#edge-runtime) or [Node.js](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes#nodejs-runtime)). You can use the `NEXT_RUNTIME` environment variable to get the current environment: instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function register() { if (process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'nodejs') { await import('./instrumentation-node') } if (process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'edge') { await import('./instrumentation-edge') } } [Previous Lazy Loading ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) [Next OpenTelemetry ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application)Routing Routing ======= The Pages Router has a file-system based router built on concepts of pages. When a file is added to the `pages` directory it's automatically available as a route. Learn more about routing in the Pages Router: [ ### Pages and Layouts Create your first page and shared layout with the Pages Router. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts)[ ### Dynamic Routes Dynamic Routes are pages that allow you to add custom params to your URLs. Start creating Dynamic Routes and learn more here. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes)[ ### Linking and Navigating Learn how navigation works in Next.js, and how to use the Link Component and \`useRouter\` hook. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating)[ ### Redirecting Learn the different ways to handle redirects in Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting)[ ### Custom App Control page initialization and add a layout that persists for all pages by overriding the default App component used by Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app)[ ### Custom Document Extend the default document markup added by Next.js. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document)[ ### API Routes Next.js supports API Routes, which allow you to build your API without leaving your Next.js app. Learn how it works here. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes)[ ### Custom Errors Override and extend the built-in Error page to handle custom errors. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error)[ ### Internationalization Next.js has built-in support for internationalized routing and language detection. Learn more here. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization)[ ### Middleware Learn how to use Middleware to run code before a request is completed. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) [Previous Building Your Application ](/docs/pages/building-your-application) [Next Pages and Layouts ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [next/dynamic](#nextdynamic) * [Examples](#examples) * [With named exports](#with-named-exports) * [With no SSR](#with-no-ssr) * [With external libraries](#with-external-libraries) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/08-lazy-loading.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)Lazy Loading Lazy Loading ============ [Lazy loading](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Performance/Lazy_loading) in Next.js helps improve the initial loading performance of an application by decreasing the amount of JavaScript needed to render a route. It allows you to defer loading of **Client Components** and imported libraries, and only include them in the client bundle when they're needed. For example, you might want to defer loading a modal until a user clicks to open it. There are two ways you can implement lazy loading in Next.js: 1. Using [Dynamic Imports](#nextdynamic) with `next/dynamic` 2. Using [`React.lazy()`](https://react.dev/reference/react/lazy) with [Suspense](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) By default, Server Components are automatically [code split](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Code_splitting), and you can use [streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) to progressively send pieces of UI from the server to the client. Lazy loading applies to Client Components. [`next/dynamic`](#nextdynamic) ------------------------------ `next/dynamic` is a composite of [`React.lazy()`](https://react.dev/reference/react/lazy) and [Suspense](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense). It behaves the same way in the `app` and `pages` directories to allow for incremental migration. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- By using `next/dynamic`, the header component will not be included in the page's initial JavaScript bundle. The page will render the Suspense `fallback` first, followed by the `Header` component when the `Suspense` boundary is resolved. import dynamic from 'next/dynamic' const DynamicHeader = dynamic(() => import('../components/header'), { loading: () => <p>Loading...</p>, }) export default function Home() { return <DynamicHeader /> } > **Good to know**: In `import('path/to/component')`, the path must be explicitly written. It can't be a template string nor a variable. Furthermore the `import()` has to be inside the `dynamic()` call for Next.js to be able to match webpack bundles / module ids to the specific `dynamic()` call and preload them before rendering. `dynamic()` can't be used inside of React rendering as it needs to be marked in the top level of the module for preloading to work, similar to `React.lazy`. [With named exports](#with-named-exports) ----------------------------------------- To dynamically import a named export, you can return it from the [Promise](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise) returned by [`import()`](https://github.com/tc39/proposal-dynamic-import#example): components/hello.js export function Hello() { return <p>Hello!</p> } // pages/index.js import dynamic from 'next/dynamic' const DynamicComponent = dynamic(() => import('../components/hello').then((mod) => mod.Hello) ) [With no SSR](#with-no-ssr) --------------------------- To dynamically load a component on the client side, you can use the `ssr` option to disable server-rendering. This is useful if an external dependency or component relies on browser APIs like `window`. import dynamic from 'next/dynamic' const DynamicHeader = dynamic(() => import('../components/header'), { ssr: false, }) [With external libraries](#with-external-libraries) --------------------------------------------------- This example uses the external library `fuse.js` for fuzzy search. The module is only loaded in the browser after the user types in the search input. import { useState } from 'react' const names = ['Tim', 'Joe', 'Bel', 'Lee'] export default function Page() { const [results, setResults] = useState() return ( <div> <input type="text" placeholder="Search" onChange={async (e) => { const { value } = e.currentTarget // Dynamically load fuse.js const Fuse = (await import('fuse.js')).default const fuse = new Fuse(names) setResults(fuse.search(value)) }} /> <pre>Results: {JSON.stringify(results, null, 2)}</pre> </div> ) } [Previous Analytics ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) [Next Instrumentation ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * 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[useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Development](#development) * [Turbopack](#turbopack) * [HTTPS for Local Development](#https-for-local-development) * [Build](#build) * [Debug](#debug) * [Linting](#linting) * [Mangling](#mangling) * [Profiling](#profiling) * [Production](#production) * [Keep Alive Timeout](#keep-alive-timeout) * [Info](#info) * [Lint](#lint) * [Telemetry](#telemetry) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/08-next-cli.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference)Next.js CLI Next.js CLI =========== The Next.js CLI allows you to develop, build, start your application, and more. To get a list of the available CLI commands, run the following command inside your project directory: Terminal next -h The output should look like this: Terminal Usage next [options] [command] The Next.js CLI allows you to develop, build, start your application, and more. Options: -v, --version Outputs the Next.js version. -h, --help Displays this message. Commands: build [directory] [options] Creates an optimized production build of your application. The output displays information about each route. dev [directory] [options] Starts Next.js in development mode with hot-code reloading, error reporting, and more. info [options] Prints relevant details about the current system which can be used to report Next.js bugs. lint [directory] [options] Runs ESLint for all files in the `/src`, `/app`, `/pages`, `/components`, and `/lib` directories. It also provides a guided setup to install any required dependencies if ESLint is not already configured in your application. start [directory] [options] Starts Next.js in production mode. The application should be compiled with `next build` first. telemetry [options] Allows you to enable or disable Next.js' completely anonymous telemetry collection. You can pass any [node arguments](https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html#cli_node_options_options) to `next` commands: Terminal NODE_OPTIONS='--throw-deprecation' next NODE_OPTIONS='-r esm' next NODE_OPTIONS='--inspect' next > **Good to know**: Running `next` without a command is the same as running `next dev` [Development](#development) --------------------------- `next dev` starts the application in development mode with hot-code reloading, error reporting, and more. To get a list of the available options with `next dev`, run the following command inside your project directory: Terminal next dev -h The output should look like this: Terminal Usage: next dev [directory] [options] Starts Next.js in development mode with hot-code reloading, error reporting, and more. Arguments: [directory] A directory on which to build the application. If no directory is provided, the current directory will be used. Options: --turbo Starts development mode using Turbopack (beta). -p, --port <port> Specify a port number on which to start the application. (default: 3000, env: PORT) -H, --hostname <hostname> Specify a hostname on which to start the application (default: 0.0.0.0). --experimental-https Starts the server with HTTPS and generates a self-signed certificate. --experimental-https-key, <path> Path to a HTTPS key file. --experimental-https-cert, <path> Path to a HTTPS certificate file. --experimental-https-ca, <path> Path to a HTTPS certificate authority file. --experimental-upload-trace, <traceUrl> Reports a subset of the debugging trace to a remote HTTP URL. Includes sensitive data. -h, --help Displays this message. The application will start at `http://localhost:3000` by default. The default port can be changed with `-p`, like so: Terminal next dev -p 4000 Or using the `PORT` environment variable: Terminal PORT=4000 next dev > **Good to know**: > > * `PORT` cannot be set in `.env` as booting up the HTTP server happens before any other code is initialized. > * Next.js will automatically retry with another port until a port is available if a port is not specified with the CLI option `--port` or the `PORT` environment variable. You can also set the hostname to be different from the default of `0.0.0.0`, this can be useful for making the application available for other devices on the network. The default hostname can be changed with `-H`, like so: Terminal next dev -H 192.168.1.2 ### [Turbopack](#turbopack) [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) (beta), our new bundler, which is being tested and stabilized in Next.js, helps speed up local iterations while working on your application. To use Turbopack in development mode, add the `--turbo` option: Terminal next dev --turbo ### [HTTPS for Local Development](#https-for-local-development) For certain use cases like webhooks or authentication, it may be required to use HTTPS to have a secure environment on `localhost`. Next.js can generate a self-signed certificate with `next dev` as follows: Terminal next dev --experimental-https You can also provide a custom certificate and key with `--experimental-https-key` and `--experimental-https-cert`. Optionally, you can provide a custom CA certificate with `--experimental-https-ca` as well. Terminal next dev --experimental-https --experimental-https-key ./certificates/localhost-key.pem --experimental-https-cert ./certificates/localhost.pem `next dev --experimental-https` is only intended for development and creates a locally-trusted certificate with `mkcert`. In production, use properly issued certificates from trusted authorities. When deploying to Vercel, HTTPS is [automatically configured](https://vercel.com/docs/security/encryption) for your Next.js application. [Build](#build) --------------- `next build` creates an optimized production build of your application. The output displays information about each route: Terminal Route (app) Size First Load JS ┌ ○ / 5.3 kB 89.5 kB ├ ○ /_not-found 885 B 85.1 kB └ ○ /about 137 B 84.4 kB + First Load JS shared by all 84.2 kB ├ chunks/184-d3bb186aac44da98.js 28.9 kB ├ chunks/30b509c0-f3503c24f98f3936.js 53.4 kB └ other shared chunks (total) ○ (Static) prerendered as static content * **Size**: The number of assets downloaded when navigating to the page client-side. The size for each route only includes its dependencies. * **First Load JS**: The number of assets downloaded when visiting the page from the server. The amount of JS shared by all is shown as a separate metric. Both of these values are [**compressed with gzip**](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress). The first load is indicated by green, yellow, or red. Aim for green for performant applications. To get a list of the available options with `next build`, run the following command inside your project directory: Terminal next build -h The output should look like this: Terminal Usage: next build [directory] [options] Creates an optimized production build of your application. The output displays information about each route. Arguments: [directory] A directory on which to build the application. If no provided, the current directory will be used. Options: -d, --debug Enables a more verbose build output. --profile Enables production profiling for React. --no-lint Disables linting. --no-mangling Disables mangling. --experimental-app-only Builds only App Router routes. --experimental-build-mode [mode] Uses an experimental build mode. (choices: "compile" "generate", default: "default") -h, --help Displays this message. ### [Debug](#debug) You can enable more verbose build output with the `--debug` flag in `next build`. Terminal next build --debug With this flag enabled additional build output like rewrites, redirects, and headers will be shown. ### [Linting](#linting) You can disable linting for builds like so: Terminal next build --no-lint ### [Mangling](#mangling) You can disable [mangling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_mangling) for builds like so: Terminal next build --no-mangling > **Good to know**: This may affect performance and should only be used for debugging purposes. ### [Profiling](#profiling) You can enable production profiling for React with the `--profile` flag in `next build`. Terminal next build --profile After that, you can use the profiler in the same way as you would in development. [Production](#production) ------------------------- `next start` starts the application in production mode. The application should be compiled with [`next build`](#build) first. To get a list of the available options with `next start`, run the follow command inside your project directory: Terminal next start -h The output should look like this: Terminal Usage: next start [directory] [options] Starts Next.js in production mode. The application should be compiled with `next build` first. Arguments: [directory] A directory on which to start the application. If not directory is provided, the current directory will be used. Options: -p, --port <port> Specify a port number on which to start the application. (default: 3000, env: PORT) -H, --hostname <hostname> Specify a hostname on which to start the application (default: 0.0.0.0). --keepAliveTimeout <keepAliveTimeout> Specify the maximum amount of milliseconds to wait before closing the inactive connections. -h, --help Displays this message. The application will start at `http://localhost:3000` by default. The default port can be changed with `-p`, like so: Terminal next start -p 4000 Or using the `PORT` environment variable: Terminal PORT=4000 next start > **Good to know**: > > * `PORT` cannot be set in `.env` as booting up the HTTP server happens before any other code is initialized. > * `next start` cannot be used with `output: 'standalone'` or `output: 'export'`. ### [Keep Alive Timeout](#keep-alive-timeout) When deploying Next.js behind a downstream proxy (e.g. a load-balancer like AWS ELB/ALB) it's important to configure Next's underlying HTTP server with [keep-alive timeouts](https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_server_keepalivetimeout) that are _larger_ than the downstream proxy's timeouts. Otherwise, once a keep-alive timeout is reached for a given TCP connection, Node.js will immediately terminate that connection without notifying the downstream proxy. This results in a proxy error whenever it attempts to reuse a connection that Node.js has already terminated. To configure the timeout values for the production Next.js server, pass `--keepAliveTimeout` (in milliseconds) to `next start`, like so: Terminal next start --keepAliveTimeout 70000 [Info](#info) ------------- `next info` prints relevant details about the current system which can be used to report Next.js bugs. This information includes Operating System platform/arch/version, Binaries (Node.js, npm, Yarn, pnpm) and npm package versions (`next`, `react`, `react-dom`). To get a list of the available options with `next info`, run the following command inside your project directory: Terminal next info -h The output should look like this: Terminal Usage: next info [options] Prints relevant details about the current system which can be used to report Next.js bugs. Options: --verbose Collections additional information for debugging. -h, --help Displays this message. Running `next info` will give you information like this example: Terminal Operating System: Platform: linux Arch: x64 Version: #22-Ubuntu SMP Fri Nov 5 13:21:36 UTC 2021 Available memory (MB): 31795 Available CPU cores: 16 Binaries: Node: 16.13.0 npm: 8.1.0 Yarn: 1.22.17 pnpm: 6.24.2 Relevant Packages: next: 14.1.1-canary.61 // Latest available version is detected (14.1.1-canary.61). react: 18.2.0 react-dom: 18.2.0 Next.js Config: output: N/A This information should then be pasted into GitHub Issues. You can also run `next info --verbose` which will print additional information about the system and the installation of packages related to `next`. [Lint](#lint) ------------- `next lint` runs ESLint for all files in the `pages/`, `app/`, `components/`, `lib/`, and `src/` directories. It also provides a guided setup to install any required dependencies if ESLint is not already configured in your application. To get a list of the available options with `next lint`, run the following command inside your project directory: Terminal next lint -h The output should look like this: Terminal Usage: next lint [directory] [options] Runs ESLint for all files in the `/src`, `/app`, `/pages`, `/components`, and `/lib` directories. It also provides a guided setup to install any required dependencies if ESLint is not already configured in your application. Arguments: [directory] A base directory on which to lint the application. If no directory is provided, the current directory will be used. Options: -d, --dir, <dirs...> Include directory, or directories, to run ESLint. --file, <files...> Include file, or files, to run ESLint. --ext, [exts...] Specify JavaScript file extensions. (default: [".js", ".mjs", ".cjs", ".jsx", ".ts", ".mts", ".cts", ".tsx"]) -c, --config, <config> Uses this configuration file, overriding all other configuration options. --resolve-plugins-relative-to, <rprt> Specify a directory where plugins should be resolved from. --strict Creates a `.eslintrc.json` file using the Next.js strict configuration. --rulesdir, <rulesdir...> Uses additional rules from this directory(s). --fix Automatically fix linting issues. --fix-type <fixType> Specify the types of fixes to apply (e.g., problem, suggestion, layout). --ignore-path <path> Specify a file to ignore. --no-ignore <path> Disables the `--ignore-path` option. --quiet Reports errors only. --max-warnings [maxWarnings] Specify the number of warnings before triggering a non-zero exit code. (default: -1) -o, --output-file, <outputFile> Specify a file to write report to. -f, --format, <format> Uses a specifc output format. --no-inline-config Prevents comments from changing config or rules. --report-unused-disable-directives-severity <level> Specify severity level for unused eslint-disable directives. (choices: "error", "off", "warn") --no-cache Disables caching. --cache-location, <cacheLocation> Specify a location for cache. --cache-strategy, [cacheStrategy] Specify a strategy to use for detecting changed files in the cache. (default: "metadata") --error-on-unmatched-pattern Reports errors when any file patterns are unmatched. -h, --help Displays this message. If you have other directories that you would like to lint, you can specify them using the `--dir` flag: Terminal next lint --dir utils For more information on the other options, check out our [ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) configuration documentation. [Telemetry](#telemetry) ----------------------- Next.js collects **completely anonymous** telemetry data about general usage. Participation in this anonymous program is optional, and you may opt-out if you'd not like to share any information. To get a list of the available options with `next telemetry`, run the following command in your project directory: Terminal next telemetry -h The output should look like this: Terminal Usage: next telemetry [options] Allows you to enable or disable Next.js' completely anonymous telemetry collection. Options: --enable Eanbles Next.js' telemetry collection. --disable Disables Next.js' telemetry collection. -h, --help Displays this message. Learn more: https://nextjs.org/telemetry Learn more about [Telemetry](/telemetry). [Previous Edge Runtime ](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) [Next Architecture ](/docs/architecture) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Getting Started](#getting-started) * [Google Third-Parties](#google-third-parties) * [Google Tag Manager](#google-tag-manager) * [Sending Events](#sending-events) * [Options](#options) * [Google Analytics](#google-analytics) * [Sending Events](#sending-events-1) * [Tracking Pageviews](#tracking-pageviews) * [Options](#options-1) * [Google Maps Embed](#google-maps-embed) * [Options](#options-2) * [YouTube Embed](#youtube-embed) * [Options](#options-3) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/11-third-party-libraries.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)Third Party Libraries Third Party Libraries ===================== **`@next/third-parties`** is a library that provides a collection of components and utilities that improve the performance and developer experience of loading popular third-party libraries in your Next.js application. All third-party integrations provided by `@next/third-parties` have been optimized for performance and ease of use. [Getting Started](#getting-started) ----------------------------------- To get started, install the `@next/third-parties` library: Terminal npm install @next/third-parties@latest next@latest `@next/third-parties` is currently an **experimental** library under active development. We recommend installing it with the **latest** or **canary** flags while we work on adding more third-party integrations. [Google Third-Parties](#google-third-parties) --------------------------------------------- All supported third-party libraries from Google can be imported from `@next/third-parties/google`. ### [Google Tag Manager](#google-tag-manager) The `GoogleTagManager` component can be used to instantiate a [Google Tag Manager](https://developers.google.com/tag-platform/tag-manager) container to your page. By default, it fetches the original inline script after hydration occurs on the page. To load Google Tag Manager for all routes, include the component directly in your custom `_app` and pass in your GTM container ID: pages/\_app.js import { GoogleTagManager } from '@next/third-parties/google' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <> <Component {...pageProps} /> <GoogleTagManager gtmId="GTM-XYZ" /> </> ) } To load Google Tag Manager for a single route, include the component in your page file: pages/index.js import { GoogleTagManager } from '@next/third-parties/google' export default function Page() { return <GoogleTagManager gtmId="GTM-XYZ" /> } #### [Sending Events](#sending-events) The `sendGTMEvent` function can be used to track user interactions on your page by sending events using the `dataLayer` object. For this function to work, the `<GoogleTagManager />` component must be included in either a parent layout, page, or component, or directly in the same file. pages/index.js import { sendGTMEvent } from '@next/third-parties/google' export function EventButton() { return ( <div> <button onClick={() => sendGTMEvent({ event: 'buttonClicked', value: 'xyz' })} > Send Event </button> </div> ) } Refer to the Tag Manager [developer documentation](https://developers.google.com/tag-platform/tag-manager/datalayer) to learn about the different variables and events that can be passed into the function. #### [Options](#options) Options to pass to the Google Tag Manager. For a full list of options, read the [Google Tag Manager docs](https://developers.google.com/tag-platform/tag-manager/datalayer). Name Type Description `gtmId` Required Your GTM container ID. Usually starts with `GTM-`. `dataLayer` Optional Data layer array to instantiate the container with. Defaults to an empty array. `dataLayerName` Optional Name of the data layer. Defaults to `dataLayer`. `auth` Optional Value of authentication parameter (`gtm_auth`) for environment snippets. `preview` Optional Value of preview parameter (`gtm_preview`) for environment snippets. ### [Google Analytics](#google-analytics) The `GoogleAnalytics` component can be used to include [Google Analytics 4](https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/ga4) to your page via the Google tag (`gtag.js`). By default, it fetches the original scripts after hydration occurs on the page. > **Recommendation**: If Google Tag Manager is already included in your application, you can configure Google Analytics directly using it, rather than including Google Analytics as a separate component. Refer to the [documentation](https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/ga4/tag-options#what-is-gtm) to learn more about the differences between Tag Manager and `gtag.js`. To load Google Analytics for all routes, include the component directly in your custom `_app` and pass in your measurement ID: pages/\_app.js import { GoogleAnalytics } from '@next/third-parties/google' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <> <Component {...pageProps} /> <GoogleAnalytics gaId="G-XYZ" /> </> ) } To load Google Analytics for a single route, include the component in your page file: pages/index.js import { GoogleAnalytics } from '@next/third-parties/google' export default function Page() { return <GoogleAnalytics gaId="G-XYZ" /> } #### [Sending Events](#sending-events-1) The `sendGAEvent` function can be used to measure user interactions on your page by sending events using the `dataLayer` object. For this function to work, the `<GoogleAnalytics />` component must be included in either a parent layout, page, or component, or directly in the same file. pages/index.js import { sendGAEvent } from '@next/third-parties/google' export function EventButton() { return ( <div> <button onClick={() => sendGAEvent({ event: 'buttonClicked', value: 'xyz' })} > Send Event </button> </div> ) } Refer to the Google Analytics [developer documentation](https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/ga4/event-parameters) to learn more about event parameters. #### [Tracking Pageviews](#tracking-pageviews) Google Analytics automatically tracks pageviews when the browser history state changes. This means that client-side navigations between Next.js routes will send pageview data without any configuration. To ensure that client-side navigations are being measured correctly, verify that the [_“Enhanced Measurement”_](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/9216061#enable_disable) property is enabled in your Admin panel and the _“Page changes based on browser history events”_ checkbox is selected. > **Note**: If you decide to manually send pageview events, make sure to disable the default pageview measurement to avoid having duplicate data. Refer to the Google Analytics [developer documentation](https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/ga4/views?client_type=gtag#manual_pageviews) to learn more. #### [Options](#options-1) Options to pass to the `<GoogleAnalytics>` component. Name Type Description `gaId` Required Your [measurement ID](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/12270356). Usually starts with `G-`. `dataLayerName` Optional Name of the data layer. Defaults to `dataLayer`. ### [Google Maps Embed](#google-maps-embed) The `GoogleMapsEmbed` component can be used to add a [Google Maps Embed](https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/embed/embedding-map) to your page. By default, it uses the `loading` attribute to lazy-load the embed below the fold. pages/index.js import { GoogleMapsEmbed } from '@next/third-parties/google' export default function Page() { return ( <GoogleMapsEmbed apiKey="XYZ" height={200} width="100%" mode="place" q="Brooklyn+Bridge,New+York,NY" /> ) } #### [Options](#options-2) Options to pass to the Google Maps Embed. For a full list of options, read the [Google Map Embed docs](https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/embed/embedding-map). Name Type Description `apiKey` Required Your api key. `mode` Required [Map mode](https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/embed/embedding-map#choosing_map_modes) `height` Optional Height of the embed. Defaults to `auto`. `width` Optional Width of the embed. Defaults to `auto`. `style` Optional Pass styles to the iframe. `allowfullscreen` Optional Property to allow certain map parts to go full screen. `loading` Optional Defaults to lazy. Consider changing if you know your embed will be above the fold. `q` Optional Defines map marker location. _This may be required depending on the map mode_. `center` Optional Defines the center of the map view. `zoom` Optional Sets initial zoom level of the map. `maptype` Optional Defines type of map tiles to load. `language` Optional Defines the language to use for UI elements and for the display of labels on map tiles. `region` Optional Defines the appropriate borders and labels to display, based on geo-political sensitivities. ### [YouTube Embed](#youtube-embed) The `YouTubeEmbed` component can be used to load and display a YouTube embed. This component loads faster by using [`lite-youtube-embed`](https://github.com/paulirish/lite-youtube-embed) under the hood. pages/index.js import { YouTubeEmbed } from '@next/third-parties/google' export default function Page() { return <YouTubeEmbed videoid="ogfYd705cRs" height={400} params="controls=0" /> } #### [Options](#options-3) Name Type Description `videoid` Required YouTube video id. `width` Optional Width of the video container. Defaults to `auto` `height` Optional Height of the video container. Defaults to `auto` `playlabel` Optional A visually hidden label for the play button for accessibility. `params` Optional The video player params defined [here](https://developers.google.com/youtube/player_parameters#Parameters). Params are passed as a query param string. Eg: `params="controls=0&start=10&end=30"` `style` Optional Used to apply styles to the video container. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [CSS Modules](#css-modules) * [Example](#example) * [Global Styles](#global-styles) * [External Stylesheets](#external-stylesheets) * [Import styles from node\_modules](#import-styles-from-node_modules) * [Additional Features](#additional-features) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/04-styling/01-css-modules.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling)CSS Modules CSS Modules =========== Examples * [Basic CSS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/basic-css) Next.js supports different types of stylesheets, including: * [CSS Modules](#css-modules) * [Global Styles](#global-styles) * [External Stylesheets](#external-stylesheets) [CSS Modules](#css-modules) --------------------------- Next.js has built-in support for CSS Modules using the `.module.css` extension. CSS Modules locally scope CSS by automatically creating a unique class name. This allows you to use the same class name in different files without worrying about collisions. This behavior makes CSS Modules the ideal way to include component-level CSS. [Example](#example) ------------------- For example, consider a reusable `Button` component in the `components/` folder: First, create `components/Button.module.css` with the following content: Button.module.css /* You do not need to worry about .error {} colliding with any other `.css` or `.module.css` files! */ .error { color: white; background-color: red; } Then, create `components/Button.js`, importing and using the above CSS file: components/Button.js import styles from './Button.module.css' export function Button() { return ( <button type="button" // Note how the "error" class is accessed as a property on the imported // `styles` object. className={styles.error} > Destroy </button> ) } CSS Modules are **only enabled for files with the `.module.css` and `.module.sass` extensions**. In production, all CSS Module files will be automatically concatenated into **many minified and code-split** `.css` files. These `.css` files represent hot execution paths in your application, ensuring the minimal amount of CSS is loaded for your application to paint. [Global Styles](#global-styles) ------------------------------- To add a stylesheet to your application, import the CSS file within `pages/_app.js`. For example, consider the following stylesheet named `styles.css`: styles.css body { font-family: 'SF Pro Text', 'SF Pro Icons', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'Arial', sans-serif; padding: 20px 20px 60px; max-width: 680px; margin: 0 auto; } Create a [`pages/_app.js` file](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) if not already present. Then, [`import`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import) the `styles.css` file. pages/\_app.js import '../styles.css' // This default export is required in a new `pages/_app.js` file. export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return <Component {...pageProps} /> } These styles (`styles.css`) will apply to all pages and components in your application. Due to the global nature of stylesheets, and to avoid conflicts, you may **only import them inside [`pages/_app.js`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app)**. In development, expressing stylesheets this way allows your styles to be hot reloaded as you edit them—meaning you can keep application state. In production, all CSS files will be automatically concatenated into a single minified `.css` file. The order that the CSS is concatenated will match the order the CSS is imported into the `_app.js` file. Pay special attention to imported JS modules that include their own CSS; the JS module's CSS will be concatenated following the same ordering rules as imported CSS files. For example: import '../styles.css' // The CSS in ErrorBoundary depends on the global CSS in styles.css, // so we import it after styles.css. import ErrorBoundary from '../components/ErrorBoundary' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <ErrorBoundary> <Component {...pageProps} /> </ErrorBoundary> ) } [External Stylesheets](#external-stylesheets) --------------------------------------------- Next.js allows you to import CSS files from a JavaScript file. This is possible because Next.js extends the concept of [`import`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import) beyond JavaScript. ### [Import styles from `node_modules`](#import-styles-from-node_modules) Since Next.js **9.5.4**, importing a CSS file from `node_modules` is permitted anywhere in your application. For global stylesheets, like `bootstrap` or `nprogress`, you should import the file inside `pages/_app.js`. For example: pages/\_app.js import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return <Component {...pageProps} /> } For importing CSS required by a third-party component, you can do so in your component. For example: components/example-dialog.js import { useState } from 'react' import { Dialog } from '@reach/dialog' import VisuallyHidden from '@reach/visually-hidden' import '@reach/dialog/styles.css' function ExampleDialog(props) { const [showDialog, setShowDialog] = useState(false) const open = () => setShowDialog(true) const close = () => setShowDialog(false) return ( <div> <button onClick={open}>Open Dialog</button> <Dialog isOpen={showDialog} onDismiss={close}> <button className="close-button" onClick={close}> <VisuallyHidden>Close</VisuallyHidden> <span aria-hidden>×</span> </button> <p>Hello there. I am a dialog</p> </Dialog> </div> ) } [Additional Features](#additional-features) ------------------------------------------- Next.js includes additional features to improve the authoring experience of adding styles: * When running locally with `next dev`, local stylesheets (either global or CSS modules) will take advantage of [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) to instantly reflect changes as edits are saved. * When building for production with `next build`, CSS files will be bundled into fewer minified `.css` files to reduce the number of network requests needed to retrieve styles. * If you disable JavaScript, styles will still be loaded in the production build (`next start`). However, JavaScript is still required for `next dev` to enable [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh). [Previous Styling ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) [Next Tailwind CSS ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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application grows. * **CSS Modules**: Create locally scoped CSS classes to avoid naming conflicts and improve maintainability. * **Tailwind CSS**: A utility-first CSS framework that allows for rapid custom designs by composing utility classes. * **Sass**: A popular CSS preprocessor that extends CSS with features like variables, nested rules, and mixins. * **CSS-in-JS**: Embed CSS directly in your JavaScript components, enabling dynamic and scoped styling. Learn more about each approach by exploring their respective documentation: [ ### CSS Modules Style your Next.js Application using CSS Modules. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules)[ ### Tailwind CSS Style your Next.js Application using Tailwind CSS. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css)[ ### CSS-in-JS Use CSS-in-JS libraries with Next.js ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js)[ ### Sass Learn how to use Sass in your Next.js application. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) [Previous Client-side Fetching ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) [Next CSS Modules ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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icon, and apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * [generateViewport](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) * [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) * [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [notFound](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) * [permanentRedirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) * [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) * [revalidatePath](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) * [revalidateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) * [unstable\_cache](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) * [unstable\_noStore](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) * [useParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) * [usePathname](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [ Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Loading Environment Variables](#loading-environment-variables) * [Referencing Other Variables](#referencing-other-variables) * [Bundling Environment Variables for the Browser](#bundling-environment-variables-for-the-browser) * [Runtime Environment Variables](#runtime-environment-variables) * [Default Environment Variables](#default-environment-variables) * [Environment Variables on Vercel](#environment-variables-on-vercel) * [Test Environment Variables](#test-environment-variables) * [Environment Variable Load Order](#environment-variable-load-order) * [Good to know](#good-to-know) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/03-environment-variables.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)Environment Variables Environment Variables ===================== Examples * [Environment Variables](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/environment-variables) Next.js comes with built-in support for environment variables, which allows you to do the following: * [Use `.env.local` to load environment variables](#loading-environment-variables) * [Bundle environment variables for the browser by prefixing with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`](#bundling-environment-variables-for-the-browser) [Loading Environment Variables](#loading-environment-variables) --------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js has built-in support for loading environment variables from `.env.local` into `process.env`. .env.local DB_HOST=localhost DB_USER=myuser DB_PASS=mypassword This loads `process.env.DB_HOST`, `process.env.DB_USER`, and `process.env.DB_PASS` into the Node.js environment automatically allowing you to use them in [Next.js data fetching methods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) and [API routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes). For example, using [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props): pages/index.js export async function getStaticProps() { const db = await myDB.connect({ host: process.env.DB_HOST, username: process.env.DB_USER, password: process.env.DB_PASS, }) // ... } ### [Referencing Other Variables](#referencing-other-variables) Next.js will automatically expand variables that use `$` to reference other variables e.g. `$VARIABLE` inside of your `.env*` files. This allows you to reference other secrets. For example: .env TWITTER_USER=nextjs TWITTER_URL=https://twitter.com/$TWITTER_USER In the above example, `process.env.TWITTER_URL` would be set to `https://twitter.com/nextjs`. > **Good to know**: If you need to use variable with a `$` in the actual value, it needs to be escaped e.g. `\$`. [Bundling Environment Variables for the Browser](#bundling-environment-variables-for-the-browser) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Non-`NEXT_PUBLIC_` environment variables are only available in the Node.js environment, meaning they aren't accessible to the browser (the client runs in a different _environment_). In order to make the value of an environment variable accessible in the browser, Next.js can "inline" a value, at build time, into the js bundle that is delivered to the client, replacing all references to `process.env.[variable]` with a hard-coded value. To tell it to do this, you just have to prefix the variable with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. For example: Terminal NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID=abcdefghijk This will tell Next.js to replace all references to `process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID` in the Node.js environment with the value from the environment in which you run `next build`, allowing you to use it anywhere in your code. It will be inlined into any JavaScript sent to the browser. > **Note**: After being built, your app will no longer respond to changes to these environment variables. For instance, if you use a Heroku pipeline to promote slugs built in one environment to another environment, or if you build and deploy a single Docker image to multiple environments, all `NEXT_PUBLIC_` variables will be frozen with the value evaluated at build time, so these values need to be set appropriately when the project is built. If you need access to runtime environment values, you'll have to setup your own API to provide them to the client (either on demand or during initialization). pages/index.js import setupAnalyticsService from '../lib/my-analytics-service' // 'NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID' can be used here as it's prefixed by 'NEXT_PUBLIC_'. // It will be transformed at build time to `setupAnalyticsService('abcdefghijk')`. setupAnalyticsService(process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID) function HomePage() { return <h1>Hello World</h1> } export default HomePage Note that dynamic lookups will _not_ be inlined, such as: // This will NOT be inlined, because it uses a variable const varName = 'NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID' setupAnalyticsService(process.env[varName]) // This will NOT be inlined, because it uses a variable const env = process.env setupAnalyticsService(env.NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID) ### [Runtime Environment Variables](#runtime-environment-variables) Next.js can support both build time and runtime environment variables. **By default, environment variables are only available on the server**. To expose an environment variable to the browser, it must be prefixed with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. However, these public environment variables will be inlined into the JavaScript bundle during `next build`. To read runtime environment variables, we recommend using `getServerSideProps` or [incrementally adopting the App Router](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration). With the App Router, we can safely read environment variables on the server during dynamic rendering. This allows you to use a singular Docker image that can be promoted through multiple environments with different values. import { unstable_noStore as noStore } from 'next/cache' export default function Component() { noStore() // cookies(), headers(), and other dynamic functions // will also opt into dynamic rendering, meaning // this env variable is evaluated at runtime const value = process.env.MY_VALUE // ... } **Good to know:** * You can run code on server startup using the [`register` function](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation). * We do not recommend using the [runtimeConfig](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) option, as this does not work with the standalone output mode. Instead, we recommend [incrementally adopting](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) the App Router. [Default Environment Variables](#default-environment-variables) --------------------------------------------------------------- In general only one `.env.local` file is needed. However, sometimes you might want to add some defaults for the `development` (`next dev`) or `production` (`next start`) environment. Next.js allows you to set defaults in `.env` (all environments), `.env.development` (development environment), and `.env.production` (production environment). `.env.local` always overrides the defaults set. > **Good to know**: `.env`, `.env.development`, and `.env.production` files should be included in your repository as they define defaults. **`.env*.local` should be added to `.gitignore`**, as those files are intended to be ignored. `.env.local` is where secrets can be stored. [Environment Variables on Vercel](#environment-variables-on-vercel) ------------------------------------------------------------------- When deploying your Next.js application to [Vercel](https://vercel.com), Environment Variables can be configured [in the Project Settings](https://vercel.com/docs/projects/environment-variables?utm_medium=docs&utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=next-website). All types of Environment Variables should be configured there. Even Environment Variables used in Development – which can be [downloaded onto your local device](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/projects/environment-variables#development-environment-variables?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) afterwards. If you've configured [Development Environment Variables](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/projects/environment-variables#development-environment-variables?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) you can pull them into a `.env.local` for usage on your local machine using the following command: Terminal vercel env pull .env.local > **Good to know**: When deploying your Next.js application to [Vercel](https://vercel.com), your environment variables in `.env*` files will not be made available to Edge Runtime, unless their name are prefixed with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. We strongly recommend managing your environment variables in [Project Settings](https://vercel.com/docs/projects/environment-variables?utm_medium=docs&utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=next-website) instead, from where all environment variables are available. [Test Environment Variables](#test-environment-variables) --------------------------------------------------------- Apart from `development` and `production` environments, there is a 3rd option available: `test`. In the same way you can set defaults for development or production environments, you can do the same with a `.env.test` file for the `testing` environment (though this one is not as common as the previous two). Next.js will not load environment variables from `.env.development` or `.env.production` in the `testing` environment. This one is useful when running tests with tools like `jest` or `cypress` where you need to set specific environment vars only for testing purposes. Test default values will be loaded if `NODE_ENV` is set to `test`, though you usually don't need to do this manually as testing tools will address it for you. There is a small difference between `test` environment, and both `development` and `production` that you need to bear in mind: `.env.local` won't be loaded, as you expect tests to produce the same results for everyone. This way every test execution will use the same env defaults across different executions by ignoring your `.env.local` (which is intended to override the default set). > **Good to know**: similar to Default Environment Variables, `.env.test` file should be included in your repository, but `.env.test.local` shouldn't, as `.env*.local` are intended to be ignored through `.gitignore`. While running unit tests you can make sure to load your environment variables the same way Next.js does by leveraging the `loadEnvConfig` function from the `@next/env` package. // The below can be used in a Jest global setup file or similar for your testing set-up import { loadEnvConfig } from '@next/env' export default async () => { const projectDir = process.cwd() loadEnvConfig(projectDir) } [Environment Variable Load Order](#environment-variable-load-order) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Environment variables are looked up in the following places, in order, stopping once the variable is found. 1. `process.env` 2. `.env.$(NODE_ENV).local` 3. `.env.local` (Not checked when `NODE_ENV` is `test`.) 4. `.env.$(NODE_ENV)` 5. `.env` For example, if `NODE_ENV` is `development` and you define a variable in both `.env.development.local` and `.env`, the value in `.env.development.local` will be used. > **Good to know**: The allowed values for `NODE_ENV` are `production`, `development` and `test`. [Good to know](#good-to-know) ----------------------------- * If you are using a [`/src` directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory), `.env.*` files should remain in the root of your project. * If the environment variable `NODE_ENV` is unassigned, Next.js automatically assigns `development` when running the `next dev` command, or `production` for all other commands. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v9.4.0` Support `.env` and `NEXT_PUBLIC_` introduced. [Previous ESLint ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) [Next Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [New Projects](#new-projects) * [Existing Projects](#existing-projects) * [Minimum TypeScript Version](#minimum-typescript-version) * [Static Generation and Server-side Rendering](#static-generation-and-server-side-rendering) * [API Routes](#api-routes) * [Custom App](#custom-app) * [Path aliases and baseUrl](#path-aliases-and-baseurl) * [Type checking next.config.js](#type-checking-nextconfigjs) * [Incremental type checking](#incremental-type-checking) * [Ignoring TypeScript Errors](#ignoring-typescript-errors) * [Custom Type Declarations](#custom-type-declarations) * [Version Changes](#version-changes) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/01-typescript.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)TypeScript TypeScript ========== Next.js provides a TypeScript-first development experience for building your React application. It comes with built-in TypeScript support for automatically installing the necessary packages and configuring the proper settings. [New Projects](#new-projects) ----------------------------- `create-next-app` now ships with TypeScript by default. Terminal npx create-next-app@latest [Existing Projects](#existing-projects) --------------------------------------- Add TypeScript to your project by renaming a file to `.ts` / `.tsx`. Run `next dev` and `next build` to automatically install the necessary dependencies and add a `tsconfig.json` file with the recommended config options. If you already had a `jsconfig.json` file, copy the `paths` compiler option from the old `jsconfig.json` into the new `tsconfig.json` file, and delete the old `jsconfig.json` file. [Minimum TypeScript Version](#minimum-typescript-version) --------------------------------------------------------- It is highly recommended to be on at least `v4.5.2` of TypeScript to get syntax features such as [type modifiers on import names](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-4-5/#type-on-import-names) and [performance improvements](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-4-5/#real-path-sync-native). [Static Generation and Server-side Rendering](#static-generation-and-server-side-rendering) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props), [`getStaticPaths`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths), and [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props), you can use the `GetStaticProps`, `GetStaticPaths`, and `GetServerSideProps` types respectively: pages/blog/\[slug\].tsx import { GetStaticProps, GetStaticPaths, GetServerSideProps } from 'next' export const getStaticProps = (async (context) => { // ... }) satisfies GetStaticProps export const getStaticPaths = (async () => { // ... }) satisfies GetStaticPaths export const getServerSideProps = (async (context) => { // ... }) satisfies GetServerSideProps > **Good to know:** `satisfies` was added to TypeScript in [4.9](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-4-9.html). We recommend upgrading to the latest version of TypeScript. [API Routes](#api-routes) ------------------------- The following is an example of how to use the built-in types for API routes: import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { res.status(200).json({ name: 'John Doe' }) } You can also type the response data: import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' type Data = { name: string } export default function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse<Data> ) { res.status(200).json({ name: 'John Doe' }) } [Custom `App`](#custom-app) --------------------------- If you have a [custom `App`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app), you can use the built-in type `AppProps` and change file name to `./pages/_app.tsx` like so: import type { AppProps } from 'next/app' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }: AppProps) { return <Component {...pageProps} /> } [Path aliases and baseUrl](#path-aliases-and-baseurl) ----------------------------------------------------- Next.js automatically supports the `tsconfig.json` `"paths"` and `"baseUrl"` options. You can learn more about this feature on the [Module Path aliases documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases). [Type checking next.config.js](#type-checking-nextconfigjs) ----------------------------------------------------------- The `next.config.js` file must be a JavaScript file as it does not get parsed by Babel or TypeScript, however you can add some type checking in your IDE using JSDoc as below: // @ts-check /** * @type {import('next').NextConfig} **/ const nextConfig = { /* config options here */ } module.exports = nextConfig [Incremental type checking](#incremental-type-checking) ------------------------------------------------------- Since `v10.2.1` Next.js supports [incremental type checking](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig#incremental) when enabled in your `tsconfig.json`, this can help speed up type checking in larger applications. [Ignoring TypeScript Errors](#ignoring-typescript-errors) --------------------------------------------------------- Next.js fails your **production build** (`next build`) when TypeScript errors are present in your project. If you'd like Next.js to dangerously produce production code even when your application has errors, you can disable the built-in type checking step. If disabled, be sure you are running type checks as part of your build or deploy process, otherwise this can be very dangerous. Open `next.config.js` and enable the `ignoreBuildErrors` option in the `typescript` config: next.config.js module.exports = { typescript: { // !! WARN !! // Dangerously allow production builds to successfully complete even if // your project has type errors. // !! WARN !! ignoreBuildErrors: true, }, } [Custom Type Declarations](#custom-type-declarations) ----------------------------------------------------- When you need to declare custom types, you might be tempted to modify `next-env.d.ts`. However, this file is automatically generated, so any changes you make will be overwritten. Instead, you should create a new file, let's call it `new-types.d.ts`, and reference it in your `tsconfig.json`: tsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "skipLibCheck": true //...truncated... }, "include": [ "new-types.d.ts", "next-env.d.ts", ".next/types/**/*.ts", "**/*.ts", "**/*.tsx" ], "exclude": ["node_modules"] } [Version Changes](#version-changes) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.2.0` Statically typed links are available in beta. `v12.0.0` [SWC](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) is now used by default to compile TypeScript and TSX for faster builds. `v10.2.1` [Incremental type checking](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig#incremental) support added when enabled in your `tsconfig.json`. [Previous Configuring ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) [Next ESLint ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Getting Started](#getting-started) * [Using @vercel/otel](#using-vercelotel) * [Manual OpenTelemetry configuration](#manual-opentelemetry-configuration) * [Testing your instrumentation](#testing-your-instrumentation) * [Deployment](#deployment) * [Using OpenTelemetry Collector](#using-opentelemetry-collector) * [Deploying on Vercel](#deploying-on-vercel) * [Self-hosting](#self-hosting) * [Custom Exporters](#custom-exporters) * [Custom Spans](#custom-spans) * [Default Spans in Next.js](#default-spans-in-nextjs) * [\[http.method\] \[next.route\]](#httpmethod-nextroute) * [render route (app) \[next.route\]](#render-route-app-nextroute) * [fetch \[http.method\] \[http.url\]](#fetch-httpmethod-httpurl) * [executing api route (app) \[next.route\]](#executing-api-route-app-nextroute) * [getServerSideProps \[next.route\]](#getserversideprops-nextroute) * [getStaticProps \[next.route\]](#getstaticprops-nextroute) * [render route (pages) \[next.route\]](#render-route-pages-nextroute) * [generateMetadata \[next.page\]](#generatemetadata-nextpage) * [resolve page components](#resolve-page-components) * [resolve segment modules](#resolve-segment-modules) * [start response](#start-response) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/05-optimizing/10-open-telemetry.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing)OpenTelemetry OpenTelemetry ============= > **Good to know**: This feature is **experimental**, you need to explicitly opt-in by providing `experimental.instrumentationHook = true;` in your `next.config.js`. Observability is crucial for understanding and optimizing the behavior and performance of your Next.js app. As applications become more complex, it becomes increasingly difficult to identify and diagnose issues that may arise. By leveraging observability tools, such as logging and metrics, developers can gain insights into their application's behavior and identify areas for optimization. With observability, developers can proactively address issues before they become major problems and provide a better user experience. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use observability in your Next.js applications to improve performance, optimize resources, and enhance user experience. We recommend using OpenTelemetry for instrumenting your apps. It's a platform-agnostic way to instrument apps that allows you to change your observability provider without changing your code. Read [Official OpenTelemetry docs](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/) for more information about OpenTelemetry and how it works. This documentation uses terms like _Span_, _Trace_ or _Exporter_ throughout this doc, all of which can be found in [the OpenTelemetry Observability Primer](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/concepts/observability-primer/). Next.js supports OpenTelemetry instrumentation out of the box, which means that we already instrumented Next.js itself. When you enable OpenTelemetry we will automatically wrap all your code like `getStaticProps` in _spans_ with helpful attributes. [Getting Started](#getting-started) ----------------------------------- OpenTelemetry is extensible but setting it up properly can be quite verbose. That's why we prepared a package `@vercel/otel` that helps you get started quickly. ### [Using `@vercel/otel`](#using-vercelotel) To get started, you must install `@vercel/otel`: Terminal npm install @vercel/otel Next, create a custom [`instrumentation.ts`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) (or `.js`) file in the **root directory** of the project (or inside `src` folder if using one): your-project/instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { registerOTel } from '@vercel/otel' export function register() { registerOTel({ serviceName: 'next-app' }) } See the [`@vercel/otel` documentation](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@vercel/otel) for additional configuration options. > **Good to know** > > * The `instrumentation` file should be in the root of your project and not inside the `app` or `pages` directory. If you're using the `src` folder, then place the file inside `src` alongside `pages` and `app`. > * If you use the [`pageExtensions` config option](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) to add a suffix, you will also need to update the `instrumentation` filename to match. > * We have created a basic [with-opentelemetry](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-opentelemetry) example that you can use. ### [Manual OpenTelemetry configuration](#manual-opentelemetry-configuration) The `@vercel/otel` package provides many configuration options and should serve most of common use cases. But if it doesn't suit your needs, you can configure OpenTelemetry manually. Firstly you need to install OpenTelemetry packages: Terminal npm install @opentelemetry/sdk-node @opentelemetry/resources @opentelemetry/semantic-conventions @opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node @opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http Now you can initialize `NodeSDK` in your `instrumentation.ts`. Unlike `@vercel/otel`, `NodeSDK` is not compatible with edge runtime, so you need to make sure that you are importing them only when `process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'nodejs'`. We recommend creating a new file `instrumentation.node.ts` which you conditionally import only when using node: instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function register() { if (process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'nodejs') { await import('./instrumentation.node.ts') } } instrumentation.node.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NodeSDK } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-node' import { OTLPTraceExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http' import { Resource } from '@opentelemetry/resources' import { SEMRESATTRS_SERVICE_NAME } from '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions' import { SimpleSpanProcessor } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node' const sdk = new NodeSDK({ resource: new Resource({ [SEMRESATTRS_SERVICE_NAME]: 'next-app', }), spanProcessor: new SimpleSpanProcessor(new OTLPTraceExporter()), }) sdk.start() Doing this is equivalent to using `@vercel/otel`, but it's possible to modify and extend some features that are not exposed by the `@vercel/otel`. If edge runtime support is necessary, you will have to use `@vercel/otel`. [Testing your instrumentation](#testing-your-instrumentation) ------------------------------------------------------------- You need an OpenTelemetry collector with a compatible backend to test OpenTelemetry traces locally. We recommend using our [OpenTelemetry dev environment](https://github.com/vercel/opentelemetry-collector-dev-setup). If everything works well you should be able to see the root server span labeled as `GET /requested/pathname`. All other spans from that particular trace will be nested under it. Next.js traces more spans than are emitted by default. To see more spans, you must set `NEXT_OTEL_VERBOSE=1`. [Deployment](#deployment) ------------------------- ### [Using OpenTelemetry Collector](#using-opentelemetry-collector) When you are deploying with OpenTelemetry Collector, you can use `@vercel/otel`. It will work both on Vercel and when self-hosted. #### [Deploying on Vercel](#deploying-on-vercel) We made sure that OpenTelemetry works out of the box on Vercel. Follow [Vercel documentation](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/observability/otel-overview/quickstart) to connect your project to an observability provider. #### [Self-hosting](#self-hosting) Deploying to other platforms is also straightforward. You will need to spin up your own OpenTelemetry Collector to receive and process the telemetry data from your Next.js app. To do this, follow the [OpenTelemetry Collector Getting Started guide](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/collector/getting-started/), which will walk you through setting up the collector and configuring it to receive data from your Next.js app. Once you have your collector up and running, you can deploy your Next.js app to your chosen platform following their respective deployment guides. ### [Custom Exporters](#custom-exporters) OpenTelemetry Collector is not necessary. You can use a custom OpenTelemetry exporter with [`@vercel/otel`](#using-vercelotel) or [manual OpenTelemetry configuration](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry#manual-opentelemetry-configuration). [Custom Spans](#custom-spans) ----------------------------- You can add a custom span with [OpenTelemetry APIs](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/instrumentation/js/instrumentation). Terminal npm install @opentelemetry/api The following example demonstrates a function that fetches GitHub stars and adds a custom `fetchGithubStars` span to track the fetch request's result: import { trace } from '@opentelemetry/api' export async function fetchGithubStars() { return await trace .getTracer('nextjs-example') .startActiveSpan('fetchGithubStars', async (span) => { try { return await getValue() } finally { span.end() } }) } The `register` function will execute before your code runs in a new environment. You can start creating new spans, and they should be correctly added to the exported trace. [Default Spans in Next.js](#default-spans-in-nextjs) ---------------------------------------------------- Next.js automatically instruments several spans for you to provide useful insights into your application's performance. Attributes on spans follow [OpenTelemetry semantic conventions](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/). We also add some custom attributes under the `next` namespace: * `next.span_name` - duplicates span name * `next.span_type` - each span type has a unique identifier * `next.route` - The route pattern of the request (e.g., `/[param]/user`). * `next.rsc` (true/false) - Whether the request is an RSC request, such as prefetch. * `next.page` * This is an internal value used by an app router. * You can think about it as a route to a special file (like `page.ts`, `layout.ts`, `loading.ts` and others) * It can be used as a unique identifier only when paired with `next.route` because `/layout` can be used to identify both `/(groupA)/layout.ts` and `/(groupB)/layout.ts` ### [`[http.method] [next.route]`](#httpmethod-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `BaseServer.handleRequest` This span represents the root span for each incoming request to your Next.js application. It tracks the HTTP method, route, target, and status code of the request. Attributes: * [Common HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#common-attributes) * `http.method` * `http.status_code` * [Server HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#http-server-semantic-conventions) * `http.route` * `http.target` * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`render route (app) [next.route]`](#render-route-app-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `AppRender.getBodyResult`. This span represents the process of rendering a route in the app router. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`fetch [http.method] [http.url]`](#fetch-httpmethod-httpurl) * `next.span_type`: `AppRender.fetch` This span represents the fetch request executed in your code. Attributes: * [Common HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#common-attributes) * `http.method` * [Client HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#http-client) * `http.url` * `net.peer.name` * `net.peer.port` (only if specified) * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` This span can be turned off by setting `NEXT_OTEL_FETCH_DISABLED=1` in your environment. This is useful when you want to use a custom fetch instrumentation library. ### [`executing api route (app) [next.route]`](#executing-api-route-app-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `AppRouteRouteHandlers.runHandler`. This span represents the execution of an API route handler in the app router. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`getServerSideProps [next.route]`](#getserversideprops-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `Render.getServerSideProps`. This span represents the execution of `getServerSideProps` for a specific route. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`getStaticProps [next.route]`](#getstaticprops-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `Render.getStaticProps`. This span represents the execution of `getStaticProps` for a specific route. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`render route (pages) [next.route]`](#render-route-pages-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `Render.renderDocument`. This span represents the process of rendering the document for a specific route. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`generateMetadata [next.page]`](#generatemetadata-nextpage) * `next.span_type`: `ResolveMetadata.generateMetadata`. This span represents the process of generating metadata for a specific page (a single route can have multiple of these spans). Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.page` ### [`resolve page components`](#resolve-page-components) * `next.span_type`: `NextNodeServer.findPageComponents`. This span represents the process of resolving page components for a specific page. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`resolve segment modules`](#resolve-segment-modules) * `next.span_type`: `NextNodeServer.getLayoutOrPageModule`. This span represents loading of code modules for a layout or a page. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.segment` ### [`start response`](#start-response) * `next.span_type`: `NextNodeServer.startResponse`. This zero-length span represents the time when the first byte has been sent in the response. [Previous Instrumentation ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) [Next Third Party Libraries ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/05-src-directory.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)src Directory src Directory ============= As an alternative to having the special Next.js `app` or `pages` directories in the root of your project, Next.js also supports the common pattern of placing application code under the `src` directory. This separates application code from project configuration files which mostly live in the root of a project, which is preferred by some individuals and teams. To use the `src` directory, move the `app` Router folder or `pages` Router folder to `src/app` or `src/pages` respectively.  > **Good to know** > > * The `/public` directory should remain in the root of your project. > * Config files like `package.json`, `next.config.js` and `tsconfig.json` should remain in the root of your project. > * `.env.*` files should remain in the root of your project. > * `src/app` or `src/pages` will be ignored if `app` or `pages` are present in the root directory. > * If you're using `src`, you'll probably also move other application folders such as `/components` or `/lib`. > * If you're using Middleware, ensure it is placed inside the `src` directory. > * If you're using Tailwind CSS, you'll need to add the `/src` prefix to the `tailwind.config.js` file in the [content section](https://tailwindcss.com/docs/content-configuration). > * If you are using TypeScript paths for imports such as `@/*`, you should update the `paths` object in `tsconfig.json` to include `src/`. [Previous Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) [Next MDX ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Menu Using Pages Router Features available in /pages * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project 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[Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) * [Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) * [Composition Patterns](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/composition-patterns) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) * [Styling](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Videos](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/videos) * [Fonts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Metadata](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata) * [Scripts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Analytics](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Instrumentation](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Static Assets](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Memory Usage](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/memory-usage) * [Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [App Router Migration](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Version 14](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) * [<Image>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) * [<Link>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) * [File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) * [default.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) * [error.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) * [instrumentation.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) * [layout.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) * [loading.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) * [middleware.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) * [not-found.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) * [page.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) * [route.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) * [Route Segment Config](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) * [template.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) * [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) * [favicon, icon, and apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * [generateViewport](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) * [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) * [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [notFound](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) * [permanentRedirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) * [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) * [revalidatePath](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) * [revalidateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) * [unstable\_cache](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) * [unstable\_noStore](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) * [useParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) * [usePathname](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [ Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Disabling file-system routing](#disabling-file-system-routing) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/10-custom-server.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)Custom Server Custom Server ============= Examples * [Custom Server](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/custom-server) * [SSR Caching](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/ssr-caching) By default, Next.js includes its own server with `next start`. If you have an existing backend, you can still use it with Next.js (this is not a custom server). A custom Next.js server allows you to start a server 100% programmatically in order to use custom server patterns. Most of the time, you will not need this - but it's available for complete customization. > **Good to know**: > > * Before deciding to use a custom server, please keep in mind that it should only be used when the integrated router of Next.js can't meet your app requirements. A custom server will remove important performance optimizations, like **serverless functions** and **[Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization).** > * A custom server **cannot** be deployed on [Vercel](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs). > * Standalone output mode, does not trace custom server files and this mode outputs a separate minimal `server.js` file instead. Take a look at the following example of a custom server: server.js const { createServer } = require('http') const { parse } = require('url') const next = require('next') const dev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' const hostname = 'localhost' const port = 3000 // when using middleware `hostname` and `port` must be provided below const app = next({ dev, hostname, port }) const handle = app.getRequestHandler() app.prepare().then(() => { createServer(async (req, res) => { try { // Be sure to pass `true` as the second argument to `url.parse`. // This tells it to parse the query portion of the URL. const parsedUrl = parse(req.url, true) const { pathname, query } = parsedUrl if (pathname === '/a') { await app.render(req, res, '/a', query) } else if (pathname === '/b') { await app.render(req, res, '/b', query) } else { await handle(req, res, parsedUrl) } } catch (err) { console.error('Error occurred handling', req.url, err) res.statusCode = 500 res.end('internal server error') } }) .once('error', (err) => { console.error(err) process.exit(1) }) .listen(port, () => { console.log(`> Ready on http://${hostname}:${port}`) }) }) > `server.js` doesn't go through babel or webpack. Make sure the syntax and sources this file requires are compatible with the current node version you are running. To run the custom server you'll need to update the `scripts` in `package.json` like so: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "node server.js", "build": "next build", "start": "NODE_ENV=production node server.js" } } * * * The custom server uses the following import to connect the server with the Next.js application: const next = require('next') const app = next({}) The above `next` import is a function that receives an object with the following options: Option Type Description `conf` `Object` The same object you would use in [next.config.js](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js). Defaults to `{}` `customServer` `Boolean` (_Optional_) Set to false when the server was created by Next.js `dev` `Boolean` (_Optional_) Whether or not to launch Next.js in dev mode. Defaults to `false` `dir` `String` (_Optional_) Location of the Next.js project. Defaults to `'.'` `quiet` `Boolean` (_Optional_) Hide error messages containing server information. Defaults to `false` `hostname` `String` (_Optional_) The hostname the server is running behind `port` `Number` (_Optional_) The port the server is running behind `httpServer` `node:http#Server` (_Optional_) The HTTP Server that Next.js is running behind The returned `app` can then be used to let Next.js handle requests as required. [Disabling file-system routing](#disabling-file-system-routing) --------------------------------------------------------------- By default, `Next` will serve each file in the `pages` folder under a pathname matching the filename. If your project uses a custom server, this behavior may result in the same content being served from multiple paths, which can present problems with SEO and UX. To disable this behavior and prevent routing based on files in `pages`, open `next.config.js` and disable the `useFileSystemPublicRoutes` config: next.config.js module.exports = { useFileSystemPublicRoutes: false, } > Note that `useFileSystemPublicRoutes` disables filename routes from SSR; client-side routing may still access those paths. When using this option, you should guard against navigation to routes you do not want programmatically. > You may also wish to configure the client-side router to disallow client-side redirects to filename routes; for that refer to [`router.beforePopState`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#routerbeforepopstate). [Previous PostCSS ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) [Next Draft Mode ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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This includes integrations with TypeScript, ESlint, and more, as well as internal configuration options such as Absolute Imports and Environment Variables. [ ### TypeScript Next.js provides a TypeScript-first development experience for building your React application. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript)[ ### ESLint Next.js reports ESLint errors and warnings during builds by default. Learn how to opt-out of this behavior here. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint)[ ### Environment Variables Learn to add and access environment variables in your Next.js application. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables)[ ### Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases Configure module path aliases that allow you to remap certain import paths. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases)[ ### src Directory Save pages under the \`src\` directory as an alternative to the root \`pages\` directory. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory)[ ### MDX Learn how to configure MDX to write JSX in your markdown files. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx)[ ### AMP With minimal config, and without leaving React, you can start adding AMP and improve the performance and speed of your pages. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp)[ ### Babel Extend the babel preset added by Next.js with your own configs. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel)[ ### PostCSS Extend the PostCSS config and plugins added by Next.js with your own. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css)[ ### Custom Server Start a Next.js app programmatically using a custom server. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server)[ ### Draft Mode Next.js has draft mode to toggle between static and dynamic pages. You can learn how it works with Pages Router. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode)[ ### Error Handling Handle errors in your Next.js app. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling)[ ### Debugging Learn how to debug your Next.js application with VS Code or Chrome DevTools. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging)[ ### Preview Mode Next.js has the preview mode for statically generated pages. You can learn how it works here. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode)[ ### Content Security Policy Learn how to set a Content Security Policy (CSP) for your Next.js application. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) [Previous Third Party Libraries ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) [Next TypeScript ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [ESLint Config](#eslint-config) * [ESLint Plugin](#eslint-plugin) * [Custom Settings](#custom-settings) * [rootDir](#rootdir) * [Linting Custom Directories and Files](#linting-custom-directories-and-files) * [Caching](#caching) * [Disabling Rules](#disabling-rules) * [Core Web Vitals](#core-web-vitals) * [Usage With Other Tools](#usage-with-other-tools) * [Prettier](#prettier) * [lint-staged](#lint-staged) * [Migrating Existing Config](#migrating-existing-config) * [Recommended Plugin Ruleset](#recommended-plugin-ruleset) * [Additional Configurations](#additional-configurations) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/02-eslint.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)ESLint ESLint ====== Next.js provides an integrated [ESLint](https://eslint.org/) experience out of the box. Add `next lint` as a script to `package.json`: package.json { "scripts": { "lint": "next lint" } } Then run `npm run lint` or `yarn lint`: Terminal yarn lint If you don't already have ESLint configured in your application, you will be guided through the installation and configuration process. Terminal yarn lint > You'll see a prompt like this: > > ? How would you like to configure ESLint? > > ❯ Strict (recommended) > Base > Cancel One of the following three options can be selected: * **Strict**: Includes Next.js' base ESLint configuration along with a stricter [Core Web Vitals rule-set](#core-web-vitals). This is the recommended configuration for developers setting up ESLint for the first time. .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next/core-web-vitals" } * **Base**: Includes Next.js' base ESLint configuration. .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next" } * **Cancel**: Does not include any ESLint configuration. Only select this option if you plan on setting up your own custom ESLint configuration. If either of the two configuration options are selected, Next.js will automatically install `eslint` and `eslint-config-next` as dependencies in your application and create an `.eslintrc.json` file in the root of your project that includes your selected configuration. You can now run `next lint` every time you want to run ESLint to catch errors. Once ESLint has been set up, it will also automatically run during every build (`next build`). Errors will fail the build, while warnings will not. > If you do not want ESLint to run during `next build`, refer to the documentation for [Ignoring ESLint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint). We recommend using an appropriate [integration](https://eslint.org/docs/user-guide/integrations#editors) to view warnings and errors directly in your code editor during development. [ESLint Config](#eslint-config) ------------------------------- The default configuration (`eslint-config-next`) includes everything you need to have an optimal out-of-the-box linting experience in Next.js. If you do not have ESLint already configured in your application, we recommend using `next lint` to set up ESLint along with this configuration. > If you would like to use `eslint-config-next` along with other ESLint configurations, refer to the [Additional Configurations](#additional-configurations) section to learn how to do so without causing any conflicts. Recommended rule-sets from the following ESLint plugins are all used within `eslint-config-next`: * [`eslint-plugin-react`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/eslint-plugin-react) * [`eslint-plugin-react-hooks`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/eslint-plugin-react-hooks) * [`eslint-plugin-next`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/eslint-plugin-next) This will take precedence over the configuration from `next.config.js`. [ESLint Plugin](#eslint-plugin) ------------------------------- Next.js provides an ESLint plugin, [`eslint-plugin-next`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/eslint-plugin-next), already bundled within the base configuration that makes it possible to catch common issues and problems in a Next.js application. The full set of rules is as follows: Enabled in the recommended configuration Rule Description [@next/next/google-font-display](/docs/messages/google-font-display) Enforce font-display behavior with Google Fonts. [@next/next/google-font-preconnect](/docs/messages/google-font-preconnect) Ensure `preconnect` is used with Google Fonts. [@next/next/inline-script-id](/docs/messages/inline-script-id) Enforce `id` attribute on `next/script` components with inline content. [@next/next/next-script-for-ga](/docs/messages/next-script-for-ga) Prefer `next/script` component when using the inline script for Google Analytics. [@next/next/no-assign-module-variable](/docs/messages/no-assign-module-variable) Prevent assignment to the `module` variable. [@next/next/no-async-client-component](/docs/messages/no-async-client-component) Prevent client components from being async functions. [@next/next/no-before-interactive-script-outside-document](/docs/messages/no-before-interactive-script-outside-document) Prevent usage of `next/script`'s `beforeInteractive` strategy outside of `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-css-tags](/docs/messages/no-css-tags) Prevent manual stylesheet tags. [@next/next/no-document-import-in-page](/docs/messages/no-document-import-in-page) Prevent importing `next/document` outside of `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-duplicate-head](/docs/messages/no-duplicate-head) Prevent duplicate usage of `<Head>` in `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-head-element](/docs/messages/no-head-element) Prevent usage of `<head>` element. [@next/next/no-head-import-in-document](/docs/messages/no-head-import-in-document) Prevent usage of `next/head` in `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-html-link-for-pages](/docs/messages/no-html-link-for-pages) Prevent usage of `<a>` elements to navigate to internal Next.js pages. [@next/next/no-img-element](/docs/messages/no-img-element) Prevent usage of `<img>` element due to slower LCP and higher bandwidth. [@next/next/no-page-custom-font](/docs/messages/no-page-custom-font) Prevent page-only custom fonts. [@next/next/no-script-component-in-head](/docs/messages/no-script-component-in-head) Prevent usage of `next/script` in `next/head` component. [@next/next/no-styled-jsx-in-document](/docs/messages/no-styled-jsx-in-document) Prevent usage of `styled-jsx` in `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-sync-scripts](/docs/messages/no-sync-scripts) Prevent synchronous scripts. [@next/next/no-title-in-document-head](/docs/messages/no-title-in-document-head) Prevent usage of `<title>` with `Head` component from `next/document`. @next/next/no-typos Prevent common typos in [Next.js's data fetching functions](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) [@next/next/no-unwanted-polyfillio](/docs/messages/no-unwanted-polyfillio) Prevent duplicate polyfills from Polyfill.io. If you already have ESLint configured in your application, we recommend extending from this plugin directly instead of including `eslint-config-next` unless a few conditions are met. Refer to the [Recommended Plugin Ruleset](#recommended-plugin-ruleset) to learn more. ### [Custom Settings](#custom-settings) #### [`rootDir`](#rootdir) If you're using `eslint-plugin-next` in a project where Next.js isn't installed in your root directory (such as a monorepo), you can tell `eslint-plugin-next` where to find your Next.js application using the `settings` property in your `.eslintrc`: .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next", "settings": { "next": { "rootDir": "packages/my-app/" } } } `rootDir` can be a path (relative or absolute), a glob (i.e. `"packages/*/"`), or an array of paths and/or globs. [Linting Custom Directories and Files](#linting-custom-directories-and-files) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- By default, Next.js will run ESLint for all files in the `pages/`, `app/`, `components/`, `lib/`, and `src/` directories. However, you can specify which directories using the `dirs` option in the `eslint` config in `next.config.js` for production builds: next.config.js module.exports = { eslint: { dirs: ['pages', 'utils'], // Only run ESLint on the 'pages' and 'utils' directories during production builds (next build) }, } Similarly, the `--dir` and `--file` flags can be used for `next lint` to lint specific directories and files: Terminal next lint --dir pages --dir utils --file bar.js [Caching](#caching) ------------------- To improve performance, information of files processed by ESLint are cached by default. This is stored in `.next/cache` or in your defined [build directory](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir). If you include any ESLint rules that depend on more than the contents of a single source file and need to disable the cache, use the `--no-cache` flag with `next lint`. Terminal next lint --no-cache [Disabling Rules](#disabling-rules) ----------------------------------- If you would like to modify or disable any rules provided by the supported plugins (`react`, `react-hooks`, `next`), you can directly change them using the `rules` property in your `.eslintrc`: .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next", "rules": { "react/no-unescaped-entities": "off", "@next/next/no-page-custom-font": "off" } } ### [Core Web Vitals](#core-web-vitals) The `next/core-web-vitals` rule set is enabled when `next lint` is run for the first time and the **strict** option is selected. .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next/core-web-vitals" } `next/core-web-vitals` updates `eslint-plugin-next` to error on a number of rules that are warnings by default if they affect [Core Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/). > The `next/core-web-vitals` entry point is automatically included for new applications built with [Create Next App](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app). [Usage With Other Tools](#usage-with-other-tools) ------------------------------------------------- ### [Prettier](#prettier) ESLint also contains code formatting rules, which can conflict with your existing [Prettier](https://prettier.io/) setup. We recommend including [eslint-config-prettier](https://github.com/prettier/eslint-config-prettier) in your ESLint config to make ESLint and Prettier work together. First, install the dependency: Terminal npm install --save-dev eslint-config-prettier yarn add --dev eslint-config-prettier pnpm add --save-dev eslint-config-prettier bun add --dev eslint-config-prettier Then, add `prettier` to your existing ESLint config: .eslintrc.json { "extends": ["next", "prettier"] } ### [lint-staged](#lint-staged) If you would like to use `next lint` with [lint-staged](https://github.com/okonet/lint-staged) to run the linter on staged git files, you'll have to add the following to the `.lintstagedrc.js` file in the root of your project in order to specify usage of the `--file` flag. .lintstagedrc.js const path = require('path') const buildEslintCommand = (filenames) => `next lint --fix --file ${filenames .map((f) => path.relative(process.cwd(), f)) .join(' --file ')}` module.exports = { '*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}': [buildEslintCommand], } [Migrating Existing Config](#migrating-existing-config) ------------------------------------------------------- ### [Recommended Plugin Ruleset](#recommended-plugin-ruleset) If you already have ESLint configured in your application and any of the following conditions are true: * You have one or more of the following plugins already installed (either separately or through a different config such as `airbnb` or `react-app`): * `react` * `react-hooks` * `jsx-a11y` * `import` * You've defined specific `parserOptions` that are different from how Babel is configured within Next.js (this is not recommended unless you have [customized your Babel configuration](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel)) * You have `eslint-plugin-import` installed with Node.js and/or TypeScript [resolvers](https://github.com/benmosher/eslint-plugin-import#resolvers) defined to handle imports Then we recommend either removing these settings if you prefer how these properties have been configured within [`eslint-config-next`](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/packages/eslint-config-next/index.js) or extending directly from the Next.js ESLint plugin instead: module.exports = { extends: [ //... 'plugin:@next/next/recommended', ], } The plugin can be installed normally in your project without needing to run `next lint`: Terminal npm install --save-dev @next/eslint-plugin-next yarn add --dev @next/eslint-plugin-next pnpm add --save-dev @next/eslint-plugin-next bun add --dev @next/eslint-plugin-next This eliminates the risk of collisions or errors that can occur due to importing the same plugin or parser across multiple configurations. ### [Additional Configurations](#additional-configurations) If you already use a separate ESLint configuration and want to include `eslint-config-next`, ensure that it is extended last after other configurations. For example: .eslintrc.json { "extends": ["eslint:recommended", "next"] } The `next` configuration already handles setting default values for the `parser`, `plugins` and `settings` properties. There is no need to manually re-declare any of these properties unless you need a different configuration for your use case. If you include any other shareable configurations, **you will need to make sure that these properties are not overwritten or modified**. Otherwise, we recommend removing any configurations that share behavior with the `next` configuration or extending directly from the Next.js ESLint plugin as mentioned above. [Previous TypeScript ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) [Next Environment Variables ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Absolute Imports](#absolute-imports) * [Module Aliases](#module-aliases) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/04-absolute-imports-and-module-aliases.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases ======================================== Examples * [Absolute Imports and Aliases](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-absolute-imports) Next.js has in-built support for the `"paths"` and `"baseUrl"` options of `tsconfig.json` and `jsconfig.json` files. These options allow you to alias project directories to absolute paths, making it easier to import modules. For example: // before import { Button } from '../../../components/button' // after import { Button } from '@/components/button' > **Good to know**: `create-next-app` will prompt to configure these options for you. [Absolute Imports](#absolute-imports) ------------------------------------- The `baseUrl` configuration option allows you to import directly from the root of the project. An example of this configuration: tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "baseUrl": "." } } components/button.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Button() { return <button>Click me</button> } app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Button from 'components/button' export default function HomePage() { return ( <> <h1>Hello World</h1> <Button /> </> ) } [Module Aliases](#module-aliases) --------------------------------- In addition to configuring the `baseUrl` path, you can use the `"paths"` option to "alias" module paths. For example, the following configuration maps `@/components/*` to `components/*`: tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "baseUrl": ".", "paths": { "@/components/*": ["components/*"] } } } components/button.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Button() { return <button>Click me</button> } app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Button from '@/components/button' export default function HomePage() { return ( <> <h1>Hello World</h1> <Button /> </> ) } Each of the `"paths"` are relative to the `baseUrl` location. For example: // tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "baseUrl": "src/", "paths": { "@/styles/*": ["styles/*"], "@/components/*": ["components/*"] } } } // pages/index.js import Button from '@/components/button' import '@/styles/styles.css' import Helper from 'utils/helper' export default function HomePage() { return ( <Helper> <h1>Hello World</h1> <Button /> </Helper> ) } [Previous Environment Variables ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) [Next src Directory ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Videos](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/videos) * [Fonts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Metadata](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata) * [Scripts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Analytics](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Instrumentation](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Static Assets](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Memory Usage](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/memory-usage) * [Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [App Router Migration](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Version 14](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) * [<Image>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) * [<Link>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) * [File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) * [default.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) * [error.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) * [instrumentation.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) * [layout.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) * [loading.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) * [middleware.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) * [not-found.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) * [page.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) * [route.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) * [Route Segment Config](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) * [template.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) * [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) * [favicon, icon, and apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * [generateViewport](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) * [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) * [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [notFound](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) * [permanentRedirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) * [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) * [revalidatePath](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) * [revalidateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) * [unstable\_cache](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) * [unstable\_noStore](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) * [useParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) * [usePathname](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [ AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Enabling AMP](#enabling-amp) * [Caveats](#caveats) * [Adding AMP Components](#adding-amp-components) * [AMP Validation](#amp-validation) * [Custom Validators](#custom-validators) * [Skip AMP Validation](#skip-amp-validation) * [AMP in Static HTML Export](#amp-in-static-html-export) * [TypeScript](#typescript) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/07-amp.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)AMP AMP === Examples * [AMP](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/amp) With Next.js you can turn any React page into an AMP page, with minimal config, and without leaving React. You can read more about AMP in the official [amp.dev](https://amp.dev/) site. [Enabling AMP](#enabling-amp) ----------------------------- To enable AMP support for a page, and to learn more about the different AMP configs, read the [API documentation for `next/amp`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp). [Caveats](#caveats) ------------------- * Only CSS-in-JS is supported. [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) aren't supported by AMP pages at the moment. You can [contribute CSS Modules support to Next.js](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/10549). [Adding AMP Components](#adding-amp-components) ----------------------------------------------- The AMP community provides [many components](https://amp.dev/documentation/components/) to make AMP pages more interactive. Next.js will automatically import all components used on a page and there is no need to manually import AMP component scripts: export const config = { amp: true } function MyAmpPage() { const date = new Date() return ( <div> <p>Some time: {date.toJSON()}</p> <amp-timeago width="0" height="15" datetime={date.toJSON()} layout="responsive" > . </amp-timeago> </div> ) } export default MyAmpPage The above example uses the [`amp-timeago`](https://amp.dev/documentation/components/amp-timeago/?format=websites) component. By default, the latest version of a component is always imported. If you want to customize the version, you can use `next/head`, as in the following example: import Head from 'next/head' export const config = { amp: true } function MyAmpPage() { const date = new Date() return ( <div> <Head> <script async key="amp-timeago" custom-element="amp-timeago" src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-timeago-0.1.js" /> </Head> <p>Some time: {date.toJSON()}</p> <amp-timeago width="0" height="15" datetime={date.toJSON()} layout="responsive" > . </amp-timeago> </div> ) } export default MyAmpPage [AMP Validation](#amp-validation) --------------------------------- AMP pages are automatically validated with [amphtml-validator](https://www.npmjs.com/package/amphtml-validator) during development. Errors and warnings will appear in the terminal where you started Next.js. Pages are also validated during [Static HTML export](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) and any warnings / errors will be printed to the terminal. Any AMP errors will cause the export to exit with status code `1` because the export is not valid AMP. ### [Custom Validators](#custom-validators) You can set up custom AMP validator in `next.config.js` as shown below: module.exports = { amp: { validator: './custom_validator.js', }, } ### [Skip AMP Validation](#skip-amp-validation) To turn off AMP validation add the following code to `next.config.js` experimental: { amp: { skipValidation: true } } ### [AMP in Static HTML Export](#amp-in-static-html-export) When using [Static HTML export](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) statically prerender pages, Next.js will detect if the page supports AMP and change the exporting behavior based on that. For example, the hybrid AMP page `pages/about.js` would output: * `out/about.html` - HTML page with client-side React runtime * `out/about.amp.html` - AMP page And if `pages/about.js` is an AMP-only page, then it would output: * `out/about.html` - Optimized AMP page Next.js will automatically insert a link to the AMP version of your page in the HTML version, so you don't have to, like so: <link rel="amphtml" href="/about.amp.html" /> And the AMP version of your page will include a link to the HTML page: <link rel="canonical" href="/about" /> When [`trailingSlash`](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) is enabled the exported pages for `pages/about.js` would be: * `out/about/index.html` - HTML page * `out/about.amp/index.html` - AMP page [TypeScript](#typescript) ------------------------- AMP currently doesn't have built-in types for TypeScript, but it's in their roadmap ([#13791](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/issues/13791)). As a workaround you can manually create a file called `amp.d.ts` inside your project and add these [custom types](https://stackoverflow.com/a/50601125). [Previous MDX ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) [Next Babel ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Default Behavior](#default-behavior) * [Customizing Target Browsers](#customizing-target-browsers) * [CSS Modules](#css-modules) * [Customizing Plugins](#customizing-plugins) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/09-post-css.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)PostCSS PostCSS ======= Examples * [Tailwind CSS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-tailwindcss) [Default Behavior](#default-behavior) ------------------------------------- Next.js compiles CSS for its [built-in CSS support](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) using PostCSS. Out of the box, with no configuration, Next.js compiles CSS with the following transformations: * [Autoprefixer](https://github.com/postcss/autoprefixer) automatically adds vendor prefixes to CSS rules (back to IE11). * [Cross-browser Flexbox bugs](https://github.com/philipwalton/flexbugs) are corrected to behave like [the spec](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-flexbox-1/). * New CSS features are automatically compiled for Internet Explorer 11 compatibility: * [`all` Property](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/all) * [Break Properties](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/break-after) * [`font-variant` Property](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/font-variant) * [Gap Properties](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/gap) * [Media Query Ranges](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Media_Queries/Using_media_queries#Syntax_improvements_in_Level_4) By default, [CSS Grid](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-grid-1/) and [Custom Properties](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/var) (CSS variables) are **not compiled** for IE11 support. To compile [CSS Grid Layout](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/grid) for IE11, you can place the following comment at the top of your CSS file: /* autoprefixer grid: autoplace */ You can also enable IE11 support for [CSS Grid Layout](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/grid) in your entire project by configuring autoprefixer with the configuration shown below (collapsed). See ["Customizing Plugins"](#customizing-plugins) below for more information. Click to view the configuration to enable CSS Grid Layout postcss.config.json { "plugins": [ "postcss-flexbugs-fixes", [ "postcss-preset-env", { "autoprefixer": { "flexbox": "no-2009", "grid": "autoplace" }, "stage": 3, "features": { "custom-properties": false } } ] ] } CSS variables are not compiled because it is [not possible to safely do so](https://github.com/MadLittleMods/postcss-css-variables#caveats). If you must use variables, consider using something like [Sass variables](https://sass-lang.com/documentation/variables) which are compiled away by [Sass](https://sass-lang.com/). [Customizing Target Browsers](#customizing-target-browsers) ----------------------------------------------------------- Next.js allows you to configure the target browsers (for [Autoprefixer](https://github.com/postcss/autoprefixer) and compiled css features) through [Browserslist](https://github.com/browserslist/browserslist). To customize browserslist, create a `browserslist` key in your `package.json` like so: package.json { "browserslist": [">0.3%", "not dead", "not op_mini all"] } You can use the [browsersl.ist](https://browsersl.ist/?q=%3E0.3%25%2C+not+ie+11%2C+not+dead%2C+not+op_mini+all) tool to visualize what browsers you are targeting. [CSS Modules](#css-modules) --------------------------- No configuration is needed to support CSS Modules. To enable CSS Modules for a file, rename the file to have the extension `.module.css`. You can learn more about [Next.js' CSS Module support here](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling). [Customizing Plugins](#customizing-plugins) ------------------------------------------- > **Warning**: When you define a custom PostCSS configuration file, Next.js **completely disables** the [default behavior](#default-behavior). Be sure to manually configure all the features you need compiled, including [Autoprefixer](https://github.com/postcss/autoprefixer). You also need to install any plugins included in your custom configuration manually, i.e. `npm install postcss-flexbugs-fixes postcss-preset-env`. To customize the PostCSS configuration, create a `postcss.config.json` file in the root of your project. This is the default configuration used by Next.js: postcss.config.json { "plugins": [ "postcss-flexbugs-fixes", [ "postcss-preset-env", { "autoprefixer": { "flexbox": "no-2009" }, "stage": 3, "features": { "custom-properties": false } } ] ] } > **Good to know**: Next.js also allows the file to be named `.postcssrc.json`, or, to be read from the `postcss` key in `package.json`. It is also possible to configure PostCSS with a `postcss.config.js` file, which is useful when you want to conditionally include plugins based on environment: postcss.config.js module.exports = { plugins: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? [ 'postcss-flexbugs-fixes', [ 'postcss-preset-env', { autoprefixer: { flexbox: 'no-2009', }, stage: 3, features: { 'custom-properties': false, }, }, ], ] : [ // No transformations in development ], } > **Good to know**: Next.js also allows the file to be named `.postcssrc.js`. Do **not use `require()`** to import the PostCSS Plugins. Plugins must be provided as strings. > **Good to know**: If your `postcss.config.js` needs to support other non-Next.js tools in the same project, you must use the interoperable object-based format instead: > > module.exports = { > plugins: { > 'postcss-flexbugs-fixes': {}, > 'postcss-preset-env': { > autoprefixer: { > flexbox: 'no-2009', > }, > stage: 3, > features: { > 'custom-properties': false, > }, > }, > }, > } [Previous Babel ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) [Next Custom Server ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [@next/mdx](#nextmdx) * [Getting Started](#getting-started) * [Remote MDX](#remote-mdx) * [Layouts](#layouts) * [Remark and Rehype Plugins](#remark-and-rehype-plugins) * [Frontmatter](#frontmatter) * [Custom Elements](#custom-elements) * [Deep Dive: How do you transform markdown into HTML?](#deep-dive-how-do-you-transform-markdown-into-html) * [Using the Rust-based MDX compiler (Experimental)](#using-the-rust-based-mdx-compiler-experimental) * [Helpful Links](#helpful-links) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/06-mdx.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)MDX Markdown and MDX ================ [Markdown](https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax) is a lightweight markup language used to format text. It allows you to write using plain text syntax and convert it to structurally valid HTML. It's commonly used for writing content on websites and blogs. You write... I **love** using [Next.js](https://nextjs.org/) Output: <p>I <strong>love</strong> using <a href="https://nextjs.org/">Next.js</a></p> [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/) is a superset of markdown that lets you write [JSX](https://react.dev/learn/writing-markup-with-jsx) directly in your markdown files. It is a powerful way to add dynamic interactivity and embed React components within your content. Next.js can support both local MDX content inside your application, as well as remote MDX files fetched dynamically on the server. The Next.js plugin handles transforming markdown and React components into HTML, including support for usage in Server Components (the default in App Router). [`@next/mdx`](#nextmdx) ----------------------- The `@next/mdx` package is used to configure Next.js so it can process markdown and MDX. **It sources data from local files**, allowing you to create pages with a `.mdx` extension, directly in your `/pages` or `/app` directory. Let's walk through how to configure and use MDX with Next.js. [Getting Started](#getting-started) ----------------------------------- Install packages needed to render MDX: Terminal npm install @next/mdx @mdx-js/loader @mdx-js/react @types/mdx Update the `next.config.js` file at your project's root to configure it to use MDX: next.config.js const withMDX = require('@next/mdx')() /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { // Configure `pageExtensions` to include MDX files pageExtensions: ['js', 'jsx', 'mdx', 'ts', 'tsx'], // Optionally, add any other Next.js config below } module.exports = withMDX(nextConfig) Then, create a new MDX page within the `/pages` directory: your-project ├── pages │ └── my-mdx-page.mdx └── package.json Now you can use markdown and import React components directly inside your MDX page: import { MyComponent } from 'my-components' # Welcome to my MDX page! This is some **bold** and _italics_ text. This is a list in markdown: - One - Two - Three Checkout my React component: <MyComponent /> Navigating to the `/my-mdx-page` route should display your rendered MDX. [Remote MDX](#remote-mdx) ------------------------- If your markdown or MDX files or content lives _somewhere else_, you can fetch it dynamically on the server. This is useful for content stored in a separate local folder, CMS, database, or anywhere else. A popular community package for this use is [`next-mdx-remote`](https://github.com/hashicorp/next-mdx-remote#react-server-components-rsc--nextjs-app-directory-support). > **Good to know**: Please proceed with caution. MDX compiles to JavaScript and is executed on the server. You should only fetch MDX content from a trusted source, otherwise this can lead to remote code execution (RCE). The following example uses `next-mdx-remote`: pages/my-mdx-page-remote.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { serialize } from 'next-mdx-remote/serialize' import { MDXRemote, MDXRemoteSerializeResult } from 'next-mdx-remote' interface Props { mdxSource: MDXRemoteSerializeResult } export default function RemoteMdxPage({ mdxSource }: Props) { return <MDXRemote {...mdxSource} /> } export async function getStaticProps() { // MDX text - can be from a local file, database, CMS, fetch, anywhere... const res = await fetch('https:...') const mdxText = await res.text() const mdxSource = await serialize(mdxText) return { props: { mdxSource } } } Navigating to the `/my-mdx-page-remote` route should display your rendered MDX. [Layouts](#layouts) ------------------- To share a layout around MDX pages, create a layout component: components/mdx-layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function MdxLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { // Create any shared layout or styles here return <div style={{ color: 'blue' }}>{children}</div> } Then, import the layout component into the MDX page, wrap the MDX content in the layout, and export it: import MdxLayout from '../components/mdx-layout' # Welcome to my MDX page! export default function MDXPage({ children }) { return <MdxLayout>{children}</MdxLayout> } [Remark and Rehype Plugins](#remark-and-rehype-plugins) ------------------------------------------------------- You can optionally provide `remark` and `rehype` plugins to transform the MDX content. For example, you can use `remark-gfm` to support GitHub Flavored Markdown. Since the `remark` and `rehype` ecosystem is ESM only, you'll need to use `next.config.mjs` as the configuration file. next.config.mjs import remarkGfm from 'remark-gfm' import createMDX from '@next/mdx' /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { // Configure `pageExtensions`` to include MDX files pageExtensions: ['js', 'jsx', 'mdx', 'ts', 'tsx'], // Optionally, add any other Next.js config below } const withMDX = createMDX({ // Add markdown plugins here, as desired options: { remarkPlugins: [remarkGfm], rehypePlugins: [], }, }) // Wrap MDX and Next.js config with each other export default withMDX(nextConfig) [Frontmatter](#frontmatter) --------------------------- Frontmatter is a YAML like key/value pairing that can be used to store data about a page. `@next/mdx` does **not** support frontmatter by default, though there are many solutions for adding frontmatter to your MDX content, such as: * [remark-frontmatter](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark-frontmatter) * [remark-mdx-frontmatter](https://github.com/remcohaszing/remark-mdx-frontmatter) * [gray-matter](https://github.com/jonschlinkert/gray-matter). To access page metadata with `@next/mdx`, you can export a metadata object from within the `.mdx` file: export const metadata = { author: 'John Doe', } # My MDX page [Custom Elements](#custom-elements) ----------------------------------- One of the pleasant aspects of using markdown, is that it maps to native `HTML` elements, making writing fast, and intuitive: This is a list in markdown: - One - Two - Three The above generates the following `HTML`: <p>This is a list in markdown:</p> <ul> <li>One</li> <li>Two</li> <li>Three</li> </ul> When you want to style your own elements for a custom feel to your website or application, you can pass in shortcodes. These are your own custom components that map to `HTML` elements. To do this, create a `mdx-components.tsx` file at the root of your application (the parent folder of `pages/` or `src/`) and add custom elements: mdx-components.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { MDXComponents } from 'mdx/types' import Image, { ImageProps } from 'next/image' // This file allows you to provide custom React components // to be used in MDX files. You can import and use any // React component you want, including inline styles, // components from other libraries, and more. export function useMDXComponents(components: MDXComponents): MDXComponents { return { // Allows customizing built-in components, e.g. to add styling. h1: ({ children }) => <h1 style={{ fontSize: '100px' }}>{children}</h1>, img: (props) => ( <Image sizes="100vw" style={{ width: '100%', height: 'auto' }} {...(props as ImageProps)} /> ), ...components, } } [Deep Dive: How do you transform markdown into HTML?](#deep-dive-how-do-you-transform-markdown-into-html) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- React does not natively understand markdown. The markdown plaintext needs to first be transformed into HTML. This can be accomplished with `remark` and `rehype`. `remark` is an ecosystem of tools around markdown. `rehype` is the same, but for HTML. For example, the following code snippet transforms markdown into HTML: import { unified } from 'unified' import remarkParse from 'remark-parse' import remarkRehype from 'remark-rehype' import rehypeSanitize from 'rehype-sanitize' import rehypeStringify from 'rehype-stringify' main() async function main() { const file = await unified() .use(remarkParse) // Convert into markdown AST .use(remarkRehype) // Transform to HTML AST .use(rehypeSanitize) // Sanitize HTML input .use(rehypeStringify) // Convert AST into serialized HTML .process('Hello, Next.js!') console.log(String(file)) // <p>Hello, Next.js!</p> } The `remark` and `rehype` ecosystem contains plugins for [syntax highlighting](https://github.com/atomiks/rehype-pretty-code), [linking headings](https://github.com/rehypejs/rehype-autolink-headings), [generating a table of contents](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark-toc), and more. When using `@next/mdx` as shown above, you **do not** need to use `remark` or `rehype` directly, as it is handled for you. We're describing it here for a deeper understanding of what the `@next/mdx` package is doing underneath. [Using the Rust-based MDX compiler (Experimental)](#using-the-rust-based-mdx-compiler-experimental) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js supports a new MDX compiler written in Rust. This compiler is still experimental and is not recommended for production use. To use the new compiler, you need to configure `next.config.js` when you pass it to `withMDX`: next.config.js module.exports = withMDX({ experimental: { mdxRs: true, }, }) [Helpful Links](#helpful-links) ------------------------------- * [MDX](https://mdxjs.com) * [`@next/mdx`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/mdx) * [remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) * [rehype](https://github.com/rehypejs/rehype) * [Markdoc](https://markdoc.dev/docs/nextjs) [Previous src Directory ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) [Next AMP ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party 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Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Step 1: Create and access the API route](#step-1-create-and-access-the-api-route) * [Securely accessing it from your Headless CMS](#securely-accessing-it-from-your-headless-cms) * [Step 2: Update getStaticProps](#step-2-update-getstaticprops) * [Fetch draft data](#fetch-draft-data) * [More Details](#more-details) * [Clear the Draft Mode cookie](#clear-the-draft-mode-cookie) * [Works with getServerSideProps](#works-with-getserversideprops) * [Works with API Routes](#works-with-api-routes) * [Unique per next build](#unique-per-next-build) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/11-draft-mode.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)Draft Mode Draft Mode ========== In the [Pages documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) and the [Data Fetching documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching), we talked about how to pre-render a page at build time (**Static Generation**) using `getStaticProps` and `getStaticPaths`. Static Generation is useful when your pages fetch data from a headless CMS. However, it’s not ideal when you’re writing a draft on your headless CMS and want to view the draft immediately on your page. You’d want Next.js to render these pages at **request time** instead of build time and fetch the draft content instead of the published content. You’d want Next.js to bypass Static Generation only for this specific case. Next.js has a feature called **Draft Mode** which solves this problem. Here are instructions on how to use it. [Step 1: Create and access the API route](#step-1-create-and-access-the-api-route) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Take a look at the [API Routes documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) first if you’re not familiar with Next.js API Routes. First, create the **API route**. It can have any name - e.g. `pages/api/draft.ts` In this API route, you need to call `setDraftMode` on the response object. export default function handler(req, res) { // ... res.setDraftMode({ enable: true }) // ... } This will set a **cookie** to enable draft mode. Subsequent requests containing this cookie will trigger **Draft Mode** changing the behavior for statically generated pages (more on this later). You can test this manually by creating an API route like below and accessing it from your browser manually: pages/api/draft.ts // simple example for testing it manually from your browser. export default function handler(req, res) { res.setDraftMode({ enable: true }) res.end('Draft mode is enabled') } If you open your browser’s developer tools and visit `/api/draft`, you’ll notice a `Set-Cookie` response header with a cookie named `__prerender_bypass`. ### [Securely accessing it from your Headless CMS](#securely-accessing-it-from-your-headless-cms) In practice, you’d want to call this API route _securely_ from your headless CMS. The specific steps will vary depending on which headless CMS you’re using, but here are some common steps you could take. These steps assume that the headless CMS you’re using supports setting **custom draft URLs**. If it doesn’t, you can still use this method to secure your draft URLs, but you’ll need to construct and access the draft URL manually. **First**, you should create a **secret token string** using a token generator of your choice. This secret will only be known by your Next.js app and your headless CMS. This secret prevents people who don’t have access to your CMS from accessing draft URLs. **Second**, if your headless CMS supports setting custom draft URLs, specify the following as the draft URL. This assumes that your draft API route is located at `pages/api/draft.ts`. Terminal https://<your-site>/api/draft?secret=<token>&slug=<path> * `<your-site>` should be your deployment domain. * `<token>` should be replaced with the secret token you generated. * `<path>` should be the path for the page that you want to view. If you want to view `/posts/foo`, then you should use `&slug=/posts/foo`. Your headless CMS might allow you to include a variable in the draft URL so that `<path>` can be set dynamically based on the CMS’s data like so: `&slug=/posts/{entry.fields.slug}` **Finally**, in the draft API route: * Check that the secret matches and that the `slug` parameter exists (if not, the request should fail). * Call `res.setDraftMode`. * Then redirect the browser to the path specified by `slug`. (The following example uses a [307 redirect](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/307)). export default async (req, res) => { // Check the secret and next parameters // This secret should only be known to this API route and the CMS if (req.query.secret !== 'MY_SECRET_TOKEN' || !req.query.slug) { return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid token' }) } // Fetch the headless CMS to check if the provided `slug` exists // getPostBySlug would implement the required fetching logic to the headless CMS const post = await getPostBySlug(req.query.slug) // If the slug doesn't exist prevent draft mode from being enabled if (!post) { return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid slug' }) } // Enable Draft Mode by setting the cookie res.setDraftMode({ enable: true }) // Redirect to the path from the fetched post // We don't redirect to req.query.slug as that might lead to open redirect vulnerabilities res.redirect(post.slug) } If it succeeds, then the browser will be redirected to the path you want to view with the draft mode cookie. [Step 2: Update `getStaticProps`](#step-2-update-getstaticprops) ---------------------------------------------------------------- The next step is to update `getStaticProps` to support draft mode. If you request a page which has `getStaticProps` with the cookie set (via `res.setDraftMode`), then `getStaticProps` will be called at **request time** (instead of at build time). Furthermore, it will be called with a `context` object where `context.draftMode` will be `true`. export async function getStaticProps(context) { if (context.draftMode) { // dynamic data } } We used `res.setDraftMode` in the draft API route, so `context.draftMode` will be `true`. If you’re also using `getStaticPaths`, then `context.params` will also be available. ### [Fetch draft data](#fetch-draft-data) You can update `getStaticProps` to fetch different data based on `context.draftMode`. For example, your headless CMS might have a different API endpoint for draft posts. If so, you can modify the API endpoint URL like below: export async function getStaticProps(context) { const url = context.draftMode ? 'https://draft.example.com' : 'https://production.example.com' const res = await fetch(url) // ... } That’s it! If you access the draft API route (with `secret` and `slug`) from your headless CMS or manually, you should now be able to see the draft content. And if you update your draft without publishing, you should be able to view the draft. Set this as the draft URL on your headless CMS or access manually, and you should be able to see the draft. Terminal https://<your-site>/api/draft?secret=<token>&slug=<path> [More Details](#more-details) ----------------------------- ### [Clear the Draft Mode cookie](#clear-the-draft-mode-cookie) By default, the Draft Mode session ends when the browser is closed. To clear the Draft Mode cookie manually, create an API route that calls `setDraftMode({ enable: false })`: pages/api/disable-draft.ts export default function handler(req, res) { res.setDraftMode({ enable: false }) } Then, send a request to `/api/disable-draft` to invoke the API Route. If calling this route using [`next/link`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link), you must pass `prefetch={false}` to prevent accidentally deleting the cookie on prefetch. ### [Works with `getServerSideProps`](#works-with-getserversideprops) Draft Mode works with `getServerSideProps`, and is available as a `draftMode` key in the [`context`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props#context-parameter) object. > **Good to know**: You shouldn't set the `Cache-Control` header when using Draft Mode because it cannot be bypassed. Instead, we recommend using [ISR](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration). ### [Works with API Routes](#works-with-api-routes) API Routes will have access to `draftMode` on the request object. For example: export default function myApiRoute(req, res) { if (req.draftMode) { // get draft data } } ### [Unique per `next build`](#unique-per-next-build) A new bypass cookie value will be generated each time you run `next build`. This ensures that the bypass cookie can’t be guessed. > **Good to know**: To test Draft Mode locally over HTTP, your browser will need to allow third-party cookies and local storage access. [Previous Custom Server ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) [Next Error Handling ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling

Menu Using Pages Router Features available in /pages * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project 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[TypeScript](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [App Router Migration](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Version 14](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) * [<Image>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) * [<Link>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) * [File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) * [default.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) * [error.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) * [instrumentation.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) * [layout.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) * [loading.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) * [middleware.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) * [not-found.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) * [page.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) * [route.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) * [Route Segment Config](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) * [template.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) * [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) * [favicon, icon, and apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * [generateViewport](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) * [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) * [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [notFound](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) * [permanentRedirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) * [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) * [revalidatePath](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) * [revalidateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) * [unstable\_cache](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) * [unstable\_noStore](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) * [useParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) * [usePathname](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [ Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Handling Errors in Development](#handling-errors-in-development) * [Handling Server Errors](#handling-server-errors) * [Handling Client Errors](#handling-client-errors) * [Reporting Errors](#reporting-errors) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/12-error-handling.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)Error Handling Error Handling ============== This documentation explains how you can handle development, server-side, and client-side errors. [Handling Errors in Development](#handling-errors-in-development) ----------------------------------------------------------------- When there is a runtime error during the development phase of your Next.js application, you will encounter an **overlay**. It is a modal that covers the webpage. It is **only** visible when the development server runs using `next dev` via `pnpm dev`, `npm run dev`, `yarn dev`, or `bun dev` and will not be shown in production. Fixing the error will automatically dismiss the overlay. Here is an example of an overlay:  [Handling Server Errors](#handling-server-errors) ------------------------------------------------- Next.js provides a static 500 page by default to handle server-side errors that occur in your application. You can also [customize this page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error#customizing-the-500-page) by creating a `pages/500.js` file. Having a 500 page in your application does not show specific errors to the app user. You can also use [404 page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error#404-page) to handle specific runtime error like `file not found`. [Handling Client Errors](#handling-client-errors) ------------------------------------------------- React [Error Boundaries](https://react.dev/reference/react/Component#catching-rendering-errors-with-an-error-boundary) is a graceful way to handle a JavaScript error on the client so that the other parts of the application continue working. In addition to preventing the page from crashing, it allows you to provide a custom fallback component and even log error information. To use Error Boundaries for your Next.js application, you must create a class component `ErrorBoundary` and wrap the `Component` prop in the `pages/_app.js` file. This component will be responsible to: * Render a fallback UI after an error is thrown * Provide a way to reset the Application's state * Log error information You can create an `ErrorBoundary` class component by extending `React.Component`. For example: class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props) // Define a state variable to track whether is an error or not this.state = { hasError: false } } static getDerivedStateFromError(error) { // Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI return { hasError: true } } componentDidCatch(error, errorInfo) { // You can use your own error logging service here console.log({ error, errorInfo }) } render() { // Check if the error is thrown if (this.state.hasError) { // You can render any custom fallback UI return ( <div> <h2>Oops, there is an error!</h2> <button type="button" onClick={() => this.setState({ hasError: false })} > Try again? </button> </div> ) } // Return children components in case of no error return this.props.children } } export default ErrorBoundary The `ErrorBoundary` component keeps track of an `hasError` state. The value of this state variable is a boolean. When the value of `hasError` is `true`, then the `ErrorBoundary` component will render a fallback UI. Otherwise, it will render the children components. After creating an `ErrorBoundary` component, import it in the `pages/_app.js` file to wrap the `Component` prop in your Next.js application. // Import the ErrorBoundary component import ErrorBoundary from '../components/ErrorBoundary' function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( // Wrap the Component prop with ErrorBoundary component <ErrorBoundary> <Component {...pageProps} /> </ErrorBoundary> ) } export default MyApp You can learn more about [Error Boundaries](https://react.dev/reference/react/Component#catching-rendering-errors-with-an-error-boundary) in React's documentation. ### [Reporting Errors](#reporting-errors) To monitor client errors, use a service like [Sentry](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-sentry), Bugsnag or Datadog. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Step 1: Create and access a preview API route](#step-1-create-and-access-a-preview-api-route) * [Securely accessing it from your Headless CMS](#securely-accessing-it-from-your-headless-cms) * [Step 2: Update getStaticProps](#step-2-update-getstaticprops) * [Fetch preview data](#fetch-preview-data) * [More Details](#more-details) * [Specify the Preview Mode duration](#specify-the-preview-mode-duration) * [Clear the Preview Mode cookies](#clear-the-preview-mode-cookies) * [previewData size limits](#previewdata-size-limits) * [Works with getServerSideProps](#works-with-getserversideprops) * [Works with API Routes](#works-with-api-routes) * [Unique per next build](#unique-per-next-build) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/14-preview-mode.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)Preview Mode Preview Mode ============ > **Note**: This feature is superseded by [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode). Examples * [WordPress Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-wordpress) ([Demo](https://next-blog-wordpress.vercel.app)) * [DatoCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-datocms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-datocms.vercel.app/)) * [TakeShape Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-takeshape) ([Demo](https://next-blog-takeshape.vercel.app/)) * [Sanity Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-sanity) ([Demo](https://next-blog-sanity.vercel.app/)) * [Prismic Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-prismic) ([Demo](https://next-blog-prismic.vercel.app/)) * [Contentful Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-contentful) ([Demo](https://next-blog-contentful.vercel.app/)) * [Strapi Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-strapi) ([Demo](https://next-blog-strapi.vercel.app/)) * [Prepr Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-prepr) ([Demo](https://next-blog-prepr.vercel.app/)) * [Agility CMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-agilitycms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-agilitycms.vercel.app/)) * [Cosmic Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-cosmic) ([Demo](https://next-blog-cosmic.vercel.app/)) * [ButterCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-buttercms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-buttercms.vercel.app/)) * [Storyblok Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-storyblok) ([Demo](https://next-blog-storyblok.vercel.app/)) * [GraphCMS Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-graphcms) ([Demo](https://next-blog-graphcms.vercel.app/)) * [Kontent Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-kontent-ai) ([Demo](https://next-blog-kontent.vercel.app//)) * [Umbraco Heartcore Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-umbraco-heartcore) ([Demo](https://next-blog-umbraco-heartcore.vercel.app/)) * [Plasmic Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-plasmic) ([Demo](https://nextjs-plasmic-example.vercel.app/)) * [Enterspeed Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-enterspeed) ([Demo](https://next-blog-demo.enterspeed.com/)) * [Makeswift Example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cms-makeswift) ([Demo](https://nextjs-makeswift-example.vercel.app/)) In the [Pages documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) and the [Data Fetching documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching), we talked about how to pre-render a page at build time (**Static Generation**) using `getStaticProps` and `getStaticPaths`. Static Generation is useful when your pages fetch data from a headless CMS. However, it’s not ideal when you’re writing a draft on your headless CMS and want to **preview** the draft immediately on your page. You’d want Next.js to render these pages at **request time** instead of build time and fetch the draft content instead of the published content. You’d want Next.js to bypass Static Generation only for this specific case. Next.js has a feature called **Preview Mode** which solves this problem. Here are instructions on how to use it. [Step 1: Create and access a preview API route](#step-1-create-and-access-a-preview-api-route) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Take a look at the [API Routes documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) first if you’re not familiar with Next.js API Routes. First, create a **preview API route**. It can have any name - e.g. `pages/api/preview.js` (or `.ts` if using TypeScript). In this API route, you need to call `setPreviewData` on the response object. The argument for `setPreviewData` should be an object, and this can be used by `getStaticProps` (more on this later). For now, we’ll use `{}`. export default function handler(req, res) { // ... res.setPreviewData({}) // ... } `res.setPreviewData` sets some **cookies** on the browser which turns on the preview mode. Any requests to Next.js containing these cookies will be considered as the **preview mode**, and the behavior for statically generated pages will change (more on this later). You can test this manually by creating an API route like below and accessing it from your browser manually: pages/api/preview.js // simple example for testing it manually from your browser. export default function handler(req, res) { res.setPreviewData({}) res.end('Preview mode enabled') } If you open your browser’s developer tools and visit `/api/preview`, you’ll notice that the `__prerender_bypass` and `__next_preview_data` cookies will be set on this request. ### [Securely accessing it from your Headless CMS](#securely-accessing-it-from-your-headless-cms) In practice, you’d want to call this API route _securely_ from your headless CMS. The specific steps will vary depending on which headless CMS you’re using, but here are some common steps you could take. These steps assume that the headless CMS you’re using supports setting **custom preview URLs**. If it doesn’t, you can still use this method to secure your preview URLs, but you’ll need to construct and access the preview URL manually. **First**, you should create a **secret token string** using a token generator of your choice. This secret will only be known by your Next.js app and your headless CMS. This secret prevents people who don’t have access to your CMS from accessing preview URLs. **Second**, if your headless CMS supports setting custom preview URLs, specify the following as the preview URL. This assumes that your preview API route is located at `pages/api/preview.js`. Terminal https://<your-site>/api/preview?secret=<token>&slug=<path> * `<your-site>` should be your deployment domain. * `<token>` should be replaced with the secret token you generated. * `<path>` should be the path for the page that you want to preview. If you want to preview `/posts/foo`, then you should use `&slug=/posts/foo`. Your headless CMS might allow you to include a variable in the preview URL so that `<path>` can be set dynamically based on the CMS’s data like so: `&slug=/posts/{entry.fields.slug}` **Finally**, in the preview API route: * Check that the secret matches and that the `slug` parameter exists (if not, the request should fail). * Call `res.setPreviewData`. * Then redirect the browser to the path specified by `slug`. (The following example uses a [307 redirect](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/307)). export default async (req, res) => { // Check the secret and next parameters // This secret should only be known to this API route and the CMS if (req.query.secret !== 'MY_SECRET_TOKEN' || !req.query.slug) { return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid token' }) } // Fetch the headless CMS to check if the provided `slug` exists // getPostBySlug would implement the required fetching logic to the headless CMS const post = await getPostBySlug(req.query.slug) // If the slug doesn't exist prevent preview mode from being enabled if (!post) { return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid slug' }) } // Enable Preview Mode by setting the cookies res.setPreviewData({}) // Redirect to the path from the fetched post // We don't redirect to req.query.slug as that might lead to open redirect vulnerabilities res.redirect(post.slug) } If it succeeds, then the browser will be redirected to the path you want to preview with the preview mode cookies being set. [Step 2: Update `getStaticProps`](#step-2-update-getstaticprops) ---------------------------------------------------------------- The next step is to update `getStaticProps` to support the preview mode. If you request a page which has `getStaticProps` with the preview mode cookies set (via `res.setPreviewData`), then `getStaticProps` will be called at **request time** (instead of at build time). Furthermore, it will be called with a `context` object where: * `context.preview` will be `true`. * `context.previewData` will be the same as the argument used for `setPreviewData`. export async function getStaticProps(context) { // If you request this page with the preview mode cookies set: // // - context.preview will be true // - context.previewData will be the same as // the argument used for `setPreviewData`. } We used `res.setPreviewData({})` in the preview API route, so `context.previewData` will be `{}`. You can use this to pass session information from the preview API route to `getStaticProps` if necessary. If you’re also using `getStaticPaths`, then `context.params` will also be available. ### [Fetch preview data](#fetch-preview-data) You can update `getStaticProps` to fetch different data based on `context.preview` and/or `context.previewData`. For example, your headless CMS might have a different API endpoint for draft posts. If so, you can use `context.preview` to modify the API endpoint URL like below: export async function getStaticProps(context) { // If context.preview is true, append "/preview" to the API endpoint // to request draft data instead of published data. This will vary // based on which headless CMS you're using. const res = await fetch(`https://.../${context.preview ? 'preview' : ''}`) // ... } That’s it! If you access the preview API route (with `secret` and `slug`) from your headless CMS or manually, you should now be able to see the preview content. And if you update your draft without publishing, you should be able to preview the draft. Set this as the preview URL on your headless CMS or access manually, and you should be able to see the preview. Terminal https://<your-site>/api/preview?secret=<token>&slug=<path> [More Details](#more-details) ----------------------------- > **Good to know**: during rendering `next/router` exposes an `isPreview` flag, see the [router object docs](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-object) for more info. ### [Specify the Preview Mode duration](#specify-the-preview-mode-duration) `setPreviewData` takes an optional second parameter which should be an options object. It accepts the following keys: * `maxAge`: Specifies the number (in seconds) for the preview session to last for. * `path`: Specifies the path the cookie should be applied under. Defaults to `/` enabling preview mode for all paths. setPreviewData(data, { maxAge: 60 * 60, // The preview mode cookies expire in 1 hour path: '/about', // The preview mode cookies apply to paths with /about }) ### [Clear the Preview Mode cookies](#clear-the-preview-mode-cookies) By default, no expiration date is set for Preview Mode cookies, so the preview session ends when the browser is closed. To clear the Preview Mode cookies manually, create an API route that calls `clearPreviewData()`: pages/api/clear-preview-mode-cookies.js export default function handler(req, res) { res.clearPreviewData({}) } Then, send a request to `/api/clear-preview-mode-cookies` to invoke the API Route. If calling this route using [`next/link`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link), you must pass `prefetch={false}` to prevent calling `clearPreviewData` during link prefetching. If a path was specified in the `setPreviewData` call, you must pass the same path to `clearPreviewData`: pages/api/clear-preview-mode-cookies.js export default function handler(req, res) { const { path } = req.query res.clearPreviewData({ path }) } ### [`previewData` size limits](#previewdata-size-limits) You can pass an object to `setPreviewData` and have it be available in `getStaticProps`. However, because the data will be stored in a cookie, there’s a size limitation. Currently, preview data is limited to 2KB. ### [Works with `getServerSideProps`](#works-with-getserversideprops) The preview mode works on `getServerSideProps` as well. It will also be available on the `context` object containing `preview` and `previewData`. > **Good to know**: You shouldn't set the `Cache-Control` header when using Preview Mode because it cannot be bypassed. Instead, we recommend using [ISR](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration). ### [Works with API Routes](#works-with-api-routes) API Routes will have access to `preview` and `previewData` under the request object. For example: export default function myApiRoute(req, res) { const isPreview = req.preview const previewData = req.previewData // ... } ### [Unique per `next build`](#unique-per-next-build) Both the bypass cookie value and the private key for encrypting the `previewData` change when `next build` is completed. This ensures that the bypass cookie can’t be guessed. > **Good to know**: To test Preview Mode locally over HTTP your browser will need to allow third-party cookies and local storage access. [Previous Debugging ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) [Next Content Security Policy ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Types of tests](#types-of-tests) * [Guides](#guides) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/07-testing/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application)Testing Testing ======= In React and Next.js, there are a few different types of tests you can write, each with its own purpose and use cases. This page provides an overview of types and commonly used tools you can use to test your application. [Types of tests](#types-of-tests) --------------------------------- * **Unit testing** involves testing individual units (or blocks of code) in isolation. In React, a unit can be a single function, hook, or component. * **Component testing** is a more focused version of unit testing where the primary subject of the tests is React components. This may involve testing how components are rendered, their interaction with props, and their behavior in response to user events. * **Integration testing** involves testing how multiple units work together. This can be a combination of components, hooks, and functions. * **End-to-End (E2E) Testing** involves testing user flows in an environment that simulates real user scenarios, like the browser. This means testing specific tasks (e.g. signup flow) in a production-like environment. * **Snapshot testing** involves capturing the rendered output of a component and saving it to a snapshot file. When tests run, the current rendered output of the component is compared against the saved snapshot. Changes in the snapshot are used to indicate unexpected changes in behavior. [Guides](#guides) ----------------- See the guides below to learn how to set up Next.js with these commonly used testing tools: [ ### Vitest Learn how to set up Next.js with Vitest and React Testing Library - two popular unit testing libraries. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest)[ ### Jest Learn how to set up Next.js with Jest for Unit Testing. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest)[ ### Playwright Learn how to set up Next.js with Playwright for End-to-End (E2E) and Integration testing. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright)[ ### Cypress Learn how to set up Next.js with Cypress for End-to-End (E2E) and Component Testing. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) [Previous Content Security Policy ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) [Next Vitest ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party 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Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [ Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Debugging with VS Code](#debugging-with-vs-code) * [Using the Debugger in Jetbrains WebStorm](#using-the-debugger-in-jetbrains-webstorm) * [Debugging with Chrome DevTools](#debugging-with-chrome-devtools) * [Client-side code](#client-side-code) * [Server-side code](#server-side-code) * [Debugging on Windows](#debugging-on-windows) * [More information](#more-information) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/06-configuring/13-debugging.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring)Debugging Debugging ========= This documentation explains how you can debug your Next.js frontend and backend code with full source maps support using either the [VS Code debugger](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/debugging) or [Chrome DevTools](https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools). Any debugger that can attach to Node.js can also be used to debug a Next.js application. You can find more details in the Node.js [Debugging Guide](https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/debugging-getting-started/). [Debugging with VS Code](#debugging-with-vs-code) ------------------------------------------------- Create a file named `.vscode/launch.json` at the root of your project with the following content: launch.json { "version": "0.2.0", "configurations": [ { "name": "Next.js: debug server-side", "type": "node-terminal", "request": "launch", "command": "npm run dev" }, { "name": "Next.js: debug client-side", "type": "chrome", "request": "launch", "url": "http://localhost:3000" }, { "name": "Next.js: debug full stack", "type": "node-terminal", "request": "launch", "command": "npm run dev", "serverReadyAction": { "pattern": "- Local:.+(https?://.+)", "uriFormat": "%s", "action": "debugWithChrome" } } ] } `npm run dev` can be replaced with `yarn dev` if you're using Yarn or `pnpm dev` if you're using pnpm. If you're [changing the port number](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli#development) your application starts on, replace the `3000` in `http://localhost:3000` with the port you're using instead. If you're running Next.js from a directory other than root (for example, if you're using Turborepo) then you need to add `cwd` to the server-side and full stack debugging tasks. For example, `"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}/apps/web"`. Now go to the Debug panel (`Ctrl+Shift+D` on Windows/Linux, `⇧+⌘+D` on macOS), select a launch configuration, then press `F5` or select **Debug: Start Debugging** from the Command Palette to start your debugging session. [Using the Debugger in Jetbrains WebStorm](#using-the-debugger-in-jetbrains-webstorm) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Click the drop down menu listing the runtime configuration, and click `Edit Configurations...`. Create a `Javascript Debug` debug configuration with `http://localhost:3000` as the URL. Customize to your liking (e.g. Browser for debugging, store as project file), and click `OK`. Run this debug configuration, and the selected browser should automatically open. At this point, you should have 2 applications in debug mode: the NextJS node application, and the client/ browser application. [Debugging with Chrome DevTools](#debugging-with-chrome-devtools) ----------------------------------------------------------------- ### [Client-side code](#client-side-code) Start your development server as usual by running `next dev`, `npm run dev`, or `yarn dev`. Once the server starts, open `http://localhost:3000` (or your alternate URL) in Chrome. Next, open Chrome's Developer Tools (`Ctrl+Shift+J` on Windows/Linux, `⌥+⌘+I` on macOS), then go to the **Sources** tab. Now, any time your client-side code reaches a [`debugger`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/debugger) statement, code execution will pause and that file will appear in the debug area. You can also press `Ctrl+P` on Windows/Linux or `⌘+P` on macOS to search for a file and set breakpoints manually. Note that when searching here, your source files will have paths starting with `webpack://_N_E/./`. ### [Server-side code](#server-side-code) To debug server-side Next.js code with Chrome DevTools, you need to pass the [`--inspect`](https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html#cli_inspect_host_port) flag to the underlying Node.js process: Terminal NODE_OPTIONS='--inspect' next dev If you're using `npm run dev` or `yarn dev` then you should update the `dev` script on your `package.json`: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "NODE_OPTIONS='--inspect' next dev" } } Launching the Next.js dev server with the `--inspect` flag will look something like this: Terminal Debugger listening on ws://127.0.0.1:9229/0cf90313-350d-4466-a748-cd60f4e47c95 For help, see: https://nodejs.org/en/docs/inspector ready - started server on 0.0.0.0:3000, url: http://localhost:3000 > Be aware that running `NODE_OPTIONS='--inspect' npm run dev` or `NODE_OPTIONS='--inspect' yarn dev` won't work. This would try to start multiple debuggers on the same port: one for the npm/yarn process and one for Next.js. You would then get an error like `Starting inspector on 127.0.0.1:9229 failed: address already in use` in your console. Once the server starts, open a new tab in Chrome and visit `chrome://inspect`, where you should see your Next.js application inside the **Remote Target** section. Click **inspect** under your application to open a separate DevTools window, then go to the **Sources** tab. Debugging server-side code here works much like debugging client-side code with Chrome DevTools, except that when you search for files here with `Ctrl+P` or `⌘+P`, your source files will have paths starting with `webpack://{application-name}/./` (where `{application-name}` will be replaced with the name of your application according to your `package.json` file). ### [Debugging on Windows](#debugging-on-windows) Windows users may run into an issue when using `NODE_OPTIONS='--inspect'` as that syntax is not supported on Windows platforms. To get around this, install the [`cross-env`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/cross-env) package as a development dependency (`-D` with `npm` and `yarn`) and replace the `dev` script with the following. package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "cross-env NODE_OPTIONS='--inspect' next dev" } } `cross-env` will set the `NODE_OPTIONS` environment variable regardless of which platform you are on (including Mac, Linux, and Windows) and allow you to debug consistently across devices and operating systems. > **Good to know**: Ensure Windows Defender is disabled on your machine. This external service will check _every file read_, which has been reported to greatly increase Fast Refresh time with `next dev`. This is a known issue, not related to Next.js, but it does affect Next.js development. [More information](#more-information) ------------------------------------- To learn more about how to use a JavaScript debugger, take a look at the following documentation: * [Node.js debugging in VS Code: Breakpoints](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/nodejs/nodejs-debugging#_breakpoints) * [Chrome DevTools: Debug JavaScript](https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/javascript) [Previous Error Handling ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) [Next Preview Mode ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Quickstart](#quickstart) * [Manual setup](#manual-setup) * [Setting up Jest (with Babel)](#setting-up-jest-with-babel) * [Handling stylesheets and image imports](#handling-stylesheets-and-image-imports) * [Handling Fonts](#handling-fonts) * [Optional: Handling Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](#optional-handling-absolute-imports-and-module-path-aliases) * [Optional: Extend Jest with custom matchers](#optional-extend-jest-with-custom-matchers) * [Add a test script to package.json:](#add-a-test-script-to-packagejson) * [Creating your first test:](#creating-your-first-test) * [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) * [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/07-testing/02-jest.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing)Jest Setting up Jest with Next.js ============================ Jest and React Testing Library are frequently used together for **Unit Testing** and **Snapshot Testing**. This guide will show you how to set up Jest with Next.js and write your first tests. > **Good to know:** Since `async` Server Components are new to the React ecosystem, Jest currently does not support them. While you can still run **unit tests** for synchronous Server and Client Components, we recommend using an **E2E tests** for `async` components. [Quickstart](#quickstart) ------------------------- You can use `create-next-app` with the Next.js [with-jest](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-jest) example to quickly get started: Terminal npx create-next-app@latest --example with-jest with-jest-app [Manual setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- Since the release of [Next.js 12](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-12), Next.js now has built-in configuration for Jest. To set up Jest, install `jest` and the following packages as dev dependencies: Terminal npm install -D jest jest-environment-jsdom @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom # or yarn add -D jest jest-environment-jsdom @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom # or pnpm install -D jest jest-environment-jsdom @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom Generate a basic Jest configuration file by running the following command: Terminal npm init jest@latest # or yarn create jest@latest # or pnpm create jest@latest This will take you through a series of prompts to setup Jest for your project, including automatically creating a `jest.config.ts|js` file. Update your config file to use `next/jest`. This transformer has all the necessary configuration options for Jest to work with Next.js: jest.config.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { Config } from 'jest' import nextJest from 'next/jest.js' const createJestConfig = nextJest({ // Provide the path to your Next.js app to load next.config.js and .env files in your test environment dir: './', }) // Add any custom config to be passed to Jest const config: Config = { coverageProvider: 'v8', testEnvironment: 'jsdom', // Add more setup options before each test is run // setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/jest.setup.ts'], } // createJestConfig is exported this way to ensure that next/jest can load the Next.js config which is async export default createJestConfig(config) Under the hood, `next/jest` is automatically configuring Jest for you, including: * Setting up `transform` using the [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * Auto mocking stylesheets (`.css`, `.module.css`, and their scss variants), image imports and [`next/font`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * Loading `.env` (and all variants) into `process.env` * Ignoring `node_modules` from test resolving and transforms * Ignoring `.next` from test resolving * Loading `next.config.js` for flags that enable SWC transforms > **Good to know**: To test environment variables directly, load them manually in a separate setup script or in your `jest.config.ts` file. For more information, please see [Test Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables#test-environment-variables). [Setting up Jest (with Babel)](#setting-up-jest-with-babel) ----------------------------------------------------------- If you opt out of the [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) and use Babel instead, you will need to manually configure Jest and install `babel-jest` and `identity-obj-proxy` in addition to the packages above. Here are the recommended options to configure Jest for Next.js: jest.config.js module.exports = { collectCoverage: true, // on node 14.x coverage provider v8 offers good speed and more or less good report coverageProvider: 'v8', collectCoverageFrom: [ '**/*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}', '!**/*.d.ts', '!**/node_modules/**', '!<rootDir>/out/**', '!<rootDir>/.next/**', '!<rootDir>/*.config.js', '!<rootDir>/coverage/**', ], moduleNameMapper: { // Handle CSS imports (with CSS modules) // https://jestjs.io/docs/webpack#mocking-css-modules '^.+\\.module\\.(css|sass|scss)$': 'identity-obj-proxy', // Handle CSS imports (without CSS modules) '^.+\\.(css|sass|scss)$': '<rootDir>/__mocks__/styleMock.js', // Handle image imports // https://jestjs.io/docs/webpack#handling-static-assets '^.+\\.(png|jpg|jpeg|gif|webp|avif|ico|bmp|svg)$/i': `<rootDir>/__mocks__/fileMock.js`, // Handle module aliases '^@/components/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/components/$1', // Handle @next/font '@next/font/(.*)': `<rootDir>/__mocks__/nextFontMock.js`, // Handle next/font 'next/font/(.*)': `<rootDir>/__mocks__/nextFontMock.js`, // Disable server-only 'server-only': `<rootDir>/__mocks__/empty.js`, }, // Add more setup options before each test is run // setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/jest.setup.js'], testPathIgnorePatterns: ['<rootDir>/node_modules/', '<rootDir>/.next/'], testEnvironment: 'jsdom', transform: { // Use babel-jest to transpile tests with the next/babel preset // https://jestjs.io/docs/configuration#transform-objectstring-pathtotransformer--pathtotransformer-object '^.+\\.(js|jsx|ts|tsx)$': ['babel-jest', { presets: ['next/babel'] }], }, transformIgnorePatterns: [ '/node_modules/', '^.+\\.module\\.(css|sass|scss)$', ], } You can learn more about each configuration option in the [Jest docs](https://jestjs.io/docs/configuration). We also recommend reviewing [`next/jest` configuration](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/e02fe314dcd0ae614c65b505c6daafbdeebb920e/packages/next/src/build/jest/jest.ts) to see how Next.js configures Jest. ### [Handling stylesheets and image imports](#handling-stylesheets-and-image-imports) Stylesheets and images aren't used in the tests but importing them may cause errors, so they will need to be mocked. Create the mock files referenced in the configuration above - `fileMock.js` and `styleMock.js` - inside a `__mocks__` directory: \_\_mocks\_\_/fileMock.js module.exports = 'test-file-stub' \_\_mocks\_\_/styleMock.js module.exports = {} For more information on handling static assets, please refer to the [Jest Docs](https://jestjs.io/docs/webpack#handling-static-assets). [Handling Fonts](#handling-fonts) --------------------------------- To handle fonts, create the `nextFontMock.js` file inside the `__mocks__` directory, and add the following configuration: \_\_mocks\_\_/nextFontMock.js module.exports = new Proxy( {}, { get: function getter() { return () => ({ className: 'className', variable: 'variable', style: { fontFamily: 'fontFamily' }, }) }, } ) [Optional: Handling Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](#optional-handling-absolute-imports-and-module-path-aliases) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- If your project is using [Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases), you will need to configure Jest to resolve the imports by matching the paths option in the `jsconfig.json` file with the `moduleNameMapper` option in the `jest.config.js` file. For example: tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "module": "esnext", "moduleResolution": "bundler", "baseUrl": "./", "paths": { "@/components/*": ["components/*"] } } } jest.config.js moduleNameMapper: { // ... '^@/components/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/components/$1', } [Optional: Extend Jest with custom matchers](#optional-extend-jest-with-custom-matchers) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- `@testing-library/jest-dom` includes a set of convenient [custom matchers](https://github.com/testing-library/jest-dom#custom-matchers) such as `.toBeInTheDocument()` making it easier to write tests. You can import the custom matchers for every test by adding the following option to the Jest configuration file: jest.config.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/jest.setup.ts'] Then, inside `jest.setup.ts`, add the following import: jest.setup.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import '@testing-library/jest-dom' > **Good to know:**[`extend-expect` was removed in `v6.0`](https://github.com/testing-library/jest-dom/releases/tag/v6.0.0), so if you are using `@testing-library/jest-dom` before version 6, you will need to import `@testing-library/jest-dom/extend-expect` instead. If you need to add more setup options before each test, you can add them to the `jest.setup.js` file above. [Add a test script to `package.json`:](#add-a-test-script-to-packagejson) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Finally, add a Jest `test` script to your `package.json` file: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "test": "jest", "test:watch": "jest --watch" } } `jest --watch` will re-run tests when a file is changed. For more Jest CLI options, please refer to the [Jest Docs](https://jestjs.io/docs/cli#reference). ### [Creating your first test:](#creating-your-first-test) Your project is now ready to run tests. Create a folder called `__tests__` in your project's root directory. For example, we can add a test to check if the `<Home />` component successfully renders a heading: export default function Home() { return <h1>Home</h1> } \_\_tests\_\_/index.test.js import '@testing-library/jest-dom' import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react' import Home from '../pages/index' describe('Home', () => { it('renders a heading', () => { render(<Home />) const heading = screen.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 }) expect(heading).toBeInTheDocument() }) }) Optionally, add a [snapshot test](https://jestjs.io/docs/snapshot-testing) to keep track of any unexpected changes in your component: \_\_tests\_\_/snapshot.js import { render } from '@testing-library/react' import Home from '../pages/index' it('renders homepage unchanged', () => { const { container } = render(<Home />) expect(container).toMatchSnapshot() }) > **Good to know**: Test files should not be included inside the Pages Router because any files inside the Pages Router are considered routes. [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) ----------------------------------------- Then, run the following command to run your tests: Terminal npm run test # or yarn test # or pnpm test [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) --------------------------------------------- For further reading, you may find these resources helpful: * [Next.js with Jest example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-jest) * [Jest Docs](https://jestjs.io/docs/getting-started) * [React Testing Library Docs](https://testing-library.com/docs/react-testing-library/intro/) * [Testing Playground](https://testing-playground.com/) - use good testing practices to match elements. [Previous Vitest ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) [Next Playwright ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Manual setup](#manual-setup) * [Creating your first Cypress E2E test](#creating-your-first-cypress-e2e-test) * [Running E2E Tests](#running-e2e-tests) * [Creating your first Cypress component test](#creating-your-first-cypress-component-test) * [Running Component Tests](#running-component-tests) * [Continuous Integration (CI)](#continuous-integration-ci) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/07-testing/04-cypress.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing)Cypress Setting up Cypress with Next.js =============================== [Cypress](https://www.cypress.io/) is a test runner used for **End-to-End (E2E)** and **Component Testing**. This page will show you how to set up Cypress with Next.js and write your first tests. > **Warning:** > > * For **component testing**, Cypress currently does not support [Next.js version 14](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/issues/28185) and `async` Server Components. These issues are being tracked. For now, component testing works with Next.js version 13, and we recommend E2E testing for `async` Server Components. > * Cypress currently does not support [TypeScript version 5](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/issues/27731) with `moduleResolution:"bundler"`. This issue is being tracked. [Manual setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- To manually set up Cypress, install `cypress` as a dev dependency: Terminal npm install -D cypress # or yarn add -D cypress # or pnpm install -D cypress Add the Cypress `open` command to the `package.json` scripts field: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "lint": "next lint", "cypress:open": "cypress open" } } Run Cypress for the first time to open the Cypress testing suite: Terminal npm run cypress:open You can choose to configure **E2E Testing** and/or **Component Testing**. Selecting any of these options will automatically create a `cypress.config.js` file and a `cypress` folder in your project. [Creating your first Cypress E2E test](#creating-your-first-cypress-e2e-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ensure your `cypress.config.js` file has the following configuration: cypress.config.ts import { defineConfig } from 'cypress' export default defineConfig({ e2e: { setupNodeEvents(on, config) {}, }, }) cypress.config.js const { defineConfig } = require('cypress') module.exports = defineConfig({ e2e: { setupNodeEvents(on, config) {}, }, }) Then, create two new Next.js files: pages/index.js import Link from 'next/link' export default function Home() { return ( <div> <h1>Home</h1> <Link href="/about">About</Link> </div> ) } pages/about.js import Link from 'next/link' export default function About() { return ( <div> <h1>About</h1> <Link href="/">Home</Link> </div> ) } Add a test to check your navigation is working correctly: cypress/e2e/app.cy.js describe('Navigation', () => { it('should navigate to the about page', () => { // Start from the index page cy.visit('http://localhost:3000/') // Find a link with an href attribute containing "about" and click it cy.get('a[href*="about"]').click() // The new url should include "/about" cy.url().should('include', '/about') // The new page should contain an h1 with "About" cy.get('h1').contains('About') }) }) ### [Running E2E Tests](#running-e2e-tests) Cypress will simulate a user navigating your application, this requires your Next.js server to be running. We recommend running your tests against your production code to more closely resemble how your application will behave. Run `npm run build && npm run start` to build your Next.js application, then run `npm run cypress:open` in another terminal window to start Cypress and run your E2E testing suite. > **Good to know:** > > * You can use `cy.visit("/")` instead of `cy.visit("http://localhost:3000/")` by adding `baseUrl: 'http://localhost:3000'` to the `cypress.config.js` configuration file. > * Alternatively, you can install the `start-server-and-test` package to run the Next.js production server in conjunction with Cypress. After installation, add `"test": "start-server-and-test start http://localhost:3000 cypress"` to your `package.json` scripts field. Remember to rebuild your application after new changes. [Creating your first Cypress component test](#creating-your-first-cypress-component-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Component tests build and mount a specific component without having to bundle your whole application or start a server. Select **Component Testing** in the Cypress app, then select **Next.js** as your front-end framework. A `cypress/component` folder will be created in your project, and a `cypress.config.js` file will be updated to enable component testing. Ensure your `cypress.config.js` file has the following configuration: cypress.config.ts import { defineConfig } from 'cypress' export default defineConfig({ component: { devServer: { framework: 'next', bundler: 'webpack', }, }, }) cypress.config.js const { defineConfig } = require('cypress') module.exports = defineConfig({ component: { devServer: { framework: 'next', bundler: 'webpack', }, }, }) Assuming the same components from the previous section, add a test to validate a component is rendering the expected output: cypress/component/about.cy.js import AboutPage from '../../pages/about' describe('<AboutPage />', () => { it('should render and display expected content', () => { // Mount the React component for the About page cy.mount(<AboutPage />) // The new page should contain an h1 with "About page" cy.get('h1').contains('About') // Validate that a link with the expected URL is present // *Following* the link is better suited to an E2E test cy.get('a[href="/"]').should('be.visible') }) }) > **Good to know**: > > * Cypress currently doesn't support component testing for `async` Server Components. We recommend using E2E testing. > * Since component tests do not require a Next.js server, features like `<Image />` that rely on a server being available may not function out-of-the-box. ### [Running Component Tests](#running-component-tests) Run `npm run cypress:open` in your terminal to start Cypress and run your component testing suite. [Continuous Integration (CI)](#continuous-integration-ci) --------------------------------------------------------- In addition to interactive testing, you can also run Cypress headlessly using the `cypress run` command, which is better suited for CI environments: package.json { "scripts": { //... "e2e": "start-server-and-test dev http://localhost:3000 \"cypress open --e2e\"", "e2e:headless": "start-server-and-test dev http://localhost:3000 \"cypress run --e2e\"", "component": "cypress open --component", "component:headless": "cypress run --component" } } You can learn more about Cypress and Continuous Integration from these resources: * [Next.js with Cypress example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-cypress) * [Cypress Continuous Integration Docs](https://docs.cypress.io/guides/continuous-integration/introduction) * [Cypress GitHub Actions Guide](https://on.cypress.io/github-actions) * [Official Cypress GitHub Action](https://github.com/cypress-io/github-action) * [Cypress Discord](https://discord.com/invite/cypress) [Previous Playwright ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) [Next Authentication ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing)Playwright Setting up Playwright with Next.js ================================== Playwright is a testing framework that lets you automate Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit with a single API. You can use it to write **End-to-End (E2E)** testing. This guide will show you how to set up Playwright with Next.js and write your first tests. [Quickstart](#quickstart) ------------------------- The fastest way to get started is to use `create-next-app` with the [with-playwright example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-playwright). This will create a Next.js project complete with Playwright configured. Terminal npx create-next-app@latest --example with-playwright with-playwright-app [Manual setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- To install Playwright, run the following command: Terminal npm init playwright # or yarn create playwright # or pnpm create playwright This will take you through a series of prompts to setup and configure Playwright for your project, including adding a `playwright.config.ts` file. Please refer to the [Playwright installation guide](https://playwright.dev/docs/intro#installation) for the step-by-step guide. [Creating your first Playwright E2E test](#creating-your-first-playwright-e2e-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Create two new Next.js pages: pages/index.ts import Link from 'next/link' export default function Home() { return ( <div> <h1>Home</h1> <Link href="/about">About</Link> </div> ) } pages/about.ts import Link from 'next/link' export default function About() { return ( <div> <h1>About</h1> <Link href="/">Home</Link> </div> ) } Then, add a test to verify that your navigation is working correctly: tests/example.spec.ts import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test' test('should navigate to the about page', async ({ page }) => { // Start from the index page (the baseURL is set via the webServer in the playwright.config.ts) await page.goto('http://localhost:3000/') // Find an element with the text 'About' and click on it await page.click('text=About') // The new URL should be "/about" (baseURL is used there) await expect(page).toHaveURL('http://localhost:3000/about') // The new page should contain an h1 with "About" await expect(page.locator('h1')).toContainText('About') }) > **Good to know**: > > You can use `page.goto("/")` instead of `page.goto("http://localhost:3000/")`, if you add [`"baseURL": "http://localhost:3000"`](https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-testoptions#test-options-base-url) to the `playwright.config.ts` [configuration file](https://playwright.dev/docs/test-configuration). ### [Running your Playwright tests](#running-your-playwright-tests) Playwright will simulate a user navigating your application using three browsers: Chromium, Firefox and Webkit, this requires your Next.js server to be running. We recommend running your tests against your production code to more closely resemble how your application will behave. Run `npm run build` and `npm run start`, then run `npx playwright test` in another terminal window to run the Playwright tests. > **Good to know**: Alternatively, you can use the [`webServer`](https://playwright.dev/docs/test-webserver/) feature to let Playwright start the development server and wait until it's fully available. ### [Running Playwright on Continuous Integration (CI)](#running-playwright-on-continuous-integration-ci) Playwright will by default run your tests in the [headless mode](https://playwright.dev/docs/ci#running-headed). To install all the Playwright dependencies, run `npx playwright install-deps`. You can learn more about Playwright and Continuous Integration from these resources: * [Next.js with Playwright example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-playwright) * [Playwright on your CI provider](https://playwright.dev/docs/ci) * [Playwright Discord](https://discord.com/invite/playwright-807756831384403968) [Previous Jest ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) [Next Cypress ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Quickstart](#quickstart) * [Manual Setup](#manual-setup) * [Creating your first Vitest Unit Test](#creating-your-first-vitest-unit-test) * [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) * [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/07-testing/01-vitest.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing)Vitest Setting up Vitest with Next.js ============================== Vite and React Testing Library are frequently used together for **Unit Testing**. This guide will show you how to setup Vitest with Next.js and write your first tests. > **Good to know:** Since `async` Server Components are new to the React ecosystem, Vitest currently does not support them. While you can still run **unit tests** for synchronous Server and Client Components, we recommend using an **E2E tests** for `async` components. [Quickstart](#quickstart) ------------------------- You can use `create-next-app` with the Next.js [with-vitest](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-vitest) example to quickly get started: Terminal npx create-next-app@latest --example with-vitest with-vitest-app [Manual Setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- To manually set up Vitest, install `vitest` and the following packages as dev dependencies: Terminal npm install -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react # or yarn add -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react # or pnpm install -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react # or bun add -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react Create a `vitest.config.ts|js` file in the root of your project, and add the following options: vitest.config.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config' import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react' export default defineConfig({ plugins: [react()], test: { environment: 'jsdom', }, }) For more information on configuring Vitest, please refer to the [Vitest Configuration](https://vitest.dev/config/#configuration) docs. Then, add a `test` script to your `package.json`: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "test": "vitest" } } When you run `npm run test`, Vitest will **watch** for changes in your project by default. [Creating your first Vitest Unit Test](#creating-your-first-vitest-unit-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Check that everything is working by creating a test to check if the `<Page />` component successfully renders a heading: pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <div> <h1>Home</h1> <Link href="/about">About</Link> </div> ) } \_\_tests\_\_/index.test.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { expect, test } from 'vitest' import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react' import Page from '../pages/index' test('Page', () => { render(<Page />) expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { level: 1, name: 'Home' })).toBeDefined() }) [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) ----------------------------------------- Then, run the following command to run your tests: Terminal npm run test # or yarn test # or pnpm test # or bun test [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) --------------------------------------------- You may find these resources helpful: * [Next.js with Vitest example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-vitest) * [Vitest Docs](https://vitest.dev/guide/) * [React Testing Library Docs](https://testing-library.com/docs/react-testing-library/intro/) [Previous Testing ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) [Next Jest ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Videos](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/videos) * [Fonts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Metadata](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata) * [Scripts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Analytics](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Instrumentation](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Static Assets](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Memory Usage](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/memory-usage) * [Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring) * 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[pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Authentication](#authentication) * [Authentication Strategies](#authentication-strategies) * [Implementing Authentication](#implementing-authentication) * [Authorization](#authorization) * [Protecting Routes with Middleware](#protecting-routes-with-middleware) * [Setting Up Middleware:](#setting-up-middleware) * [Defining Protected Routes:](#defining-protected-routes) * [Middleware Logic:](#middleware-logic) * [Handling Unauthorized Access:](#handling-unauthorized-access) * [Protecting API Routes](#protecting-api-routes) * [Best Practices](#best-practices) * [Session Management](#session-management) * [Cookie-Based Sessions](#cookie-based-sessions) * [Database Sessions](#database-sessions) * [Selecting Session Management in Next.js](#selecting-session-management-in-nextjs) * [Examples](#examples) * [Further Reading](#further-reading) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/08-authentication/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application)Authentication Authentication ============== To implement authentication in Next.js, familiarize yourself with three foundational concepts: * **[Authentication](#authentication)** verifies if the user is who they say they are. It requires the user to prove their identity with something they have, such as a username and password. * **[Session Management](#session-management)** tracks the user's state (e.g. logged in) across multiple requests. * **[Authorization](#authorization)** decides what parts of the application the user is allowed to access. This page demonstrates how to use Next.js features to implement common authentication, authorization, and session management patterns so you can choose the best solutions based on your application's needs. [Authentication](#authentication) --------------------------------- Authentication verifies a user's identity. This happens when a user logs in, either with a username and password or through a service like Google. It's all about confirming that users are really who they claim to be, protecting both the user's data and the application from unauthorized access or fraudulent activities. ### [Authentication Strategies](#authentication-strategies) Modern web applications commonly use several authentication strategies: 1. **OAuth/OpenID Connect (OIDC)**: Enable third-party access without sharing user credentials. Ideal for social media logins and Single Sign-On (SSO) solutions. They add an identity layer with OpenID Connect. 2. **Credentials-based login (Email + Password)**: A standard choice for web applications, where users log in with an email and password. Familiar and easy to implement, it requires robust security measures against threats like phishing. 3. **Passwordless/Token-based authentication**: Use email magic links or SMS one-time codes for secure, password-free access. Popular for its convenience and enhanced security, this method helps reduce password fatigue. Its limitation is the dependency on the user's email or phone availability. 4. **Passkeys/WebAuthn**: Use cryptographic credentials unique to each site, offering high security against phishing. Secure but new, this strategy can be difficult to implement. Selecting an authentication strategy should align with your application's specific requirements, user interface considerations, and security objectives. ### [Implementing Authentication](#implementing-authentication) In this section, we'll explore the process of adding basic email-password authentication to a web application. While this method provides a fundamental level of security, it's worth considering more advanced options like OAuth or passwordless logins for enhanced protection against common security threats. The authentication flow we'll discuss is as follows: 1. The user submits their credentials through a login form. 2. The form sends a request that is handled by an API route. 3. Upon successful verification, the process is completed, indicating the user's successful authentication. 4. If verification is unsuccessful, an error message is shown. Consider a login form where users can input their credentials: pages/login.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { FormEvent } from 'react' import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function LoginPage() { const router = useRouter() async function handleSubmit(event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) { event.preventDefault() const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget) const email = formData.get('email') const password = formData.get('password') const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }, body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }), }) if (response.ok) { router.push('/profile') } else { // Handle errors } } return ( <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}> <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email" required /> <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password" required /> <button type="submit">Login</button> </form> ) } The form above has two input fields for capturing the user's email and password. On submission, it triggers a function that sends a POST request to an API route (`/api/auth/login`). You can then call your Authentication Provider's API in the API route to handle authentication: pages/api/auth/login.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' import { signIn } from '@/auth' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { try { const { email, password } = req.body await signIn('credentials', { email, password }) res.status(200).json({ success: true }) } catch (error) { if (error.type === 'CredentialsSignin') { res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials.' }) } else { res.status(500).json({ error: 'Something went wrong.' }) } } } In this code, the `signIn` method checks the credentials against stored user data. After the authentication provider processes the credentials, there are two possible outcomes: * **Successful Authentication**: This outcome implies that the login was successful. Further actions, such as accessing protected routes and fetching user information, can then be initiated. * **Failed Authentication**: In cases where the credentials are incorrect or an error is encountered, the function returns a corresponding error message to indicate the authentication failure. For a more streamlined authentication setup in Next.js projects, especially when offering multiple login methods, consider using a comprehensive [authentication solution](#examples). [Authorization](#authorization) ------------------------------- Once a user is authenticated, you'll need to ensure the user is allowed to visit certain routes, and perform operations such as mutating data with Server Actions and calling Route Handlers. ### [Protecting Routes with Middleware](#protecting-routes-with-middleware) [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) in Next.js helps you control who can access different parts of your website. This is important for keeping areas like the user dashboard protected while having other pages like marketing pages be public. It's recommended to apply Middleware across all routes and specify exclusions for public access. Here's how to implement Middleware for authentication in Next.js: #### [Setting Up Middleware:](#setting-up-middleware) * Create a `middleware.ts` or `.js` file in your project's root directory. * Include logic to authorize user access, such as checking for authentication tokens. #### [Defining Protected Routes:](#defining-protected-routes) * Not all routes require authorization. Use the `matcher` option in your Middleware to specify any routes that do not require authorization checks. #### [Middleware Logic:](#middleware-logic) * Write logic to verify if a user is authenticated. Check user roles or permissions for route authorization. #### [Handling Unauthorized Access:](#handling-unauthorized-access) * Redirect unauthorized users to a login or error page as appropriate. Example Middleware file: middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const currentUser = request.cookies.get('currentUser')?.value if (currentUser && !request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) { return Response.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', request.url)) } if (!currentUser && !request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/login')) { return Response.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url)) } } export const config = { matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\.png$).*)'], } This example uses [`Response.redirect`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/redirect_static) for handling redirects early in the request pipeline, making it efficient and centralizing access control. After successful authentication, it's important to manage user navigation based on their roles. For example, an admin user might be redirected to an admin dashboard, while a regular user is sent to a different page. This is important for role-specific experiences and conditional navigation, such as prompting users to complete their profile if needed. When setting up authorization, it's important to ensure that the main security checks happen where your app accesses or changes data. While Middleware can be useful for initial validation, it should not be the sole line of defense in protecting your data. The bulk of security checks should be performed in the Data Access Layer (DAL). ### [Protecting API Routes](#protecting-api-routes) API Routes in Next.js are essential for handling server-side logic and data management. It's crucial to secure these routes to ensure that only authorized users can access specific functionalities. This typically involves verifying the user's authentication status and their role-based permissions. Here's an example of securing an API Route: pages/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { const session = await getSession(req) // Check if the user is authenticated if (!session) { res.status(401).json({ error: 'User is not authenticated', }) return } // Check if the user has the 'admin' role if (session.user.role !== 'admin') { res.status(401).json({ error: 'Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.', }) return } // Proceed with the route for authorized users // ... implementation of the API Route } This example demonstrates an API Route with a two-tier security check for authentication and authorization. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'. This approach ensures secure access, limited to authenticated and authorized users, maintaining robust security for request processing. ### [Best Practices](#best-practices) * **Secure Session Management**: Prioritize the security of session data to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches. Use encryption and secure storage practices. * **Dynamic Role Management**: Use a flexible system for user roles to easily adjust to changes in permissions and roles, avoiding hardcoded roles. * **Security-First Approach**: In all aspects of authorization logic, prioritize security to safeguard user data and maintain the integrity of your application. This includes thorough testing and considering potential security vulnerabilities. [Session Management](#session-management) ----------------------------------------- Session management involves tracking and managing a user's interaction with the application over time, ensuring that their authenticated state is preserved across different parts of the application. This prevents the need for repeated logins, enhancing both security and user convenience. There are two primary methods used for session management: cookie-based and database sessions. ### [Cookie-Based Sessions](#cookie-based-sessions) > **🎥 Watch:** Learn more about cookie-based sessions and authentication with Next.js → [YouTube (11 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJvM2lSPn6w). Cookie-based sessions manage user data by storing encrypted session information directly in browser cookies. Upon user login, this encrypted data is stored in the cookie. Each subsequent server request includes this cookie, minimizing the need for repeated server queries and enhancing client-side efficiency. However, this method requires careful encryption to protect sensitive data, as cookies are susceptible to client-side security risks. Encrypting session data in cookies is key to safeguarding user information from unauthorized access. It ensures that even if a cookie is stolen, the data inside remains unreadable. Additionally, while individual cookies are limited in size (typically around 4KB), techniques like cookie-chunking can overcome this limitation by dividing large session data into multiple cookies. Setting a cookie in a Next.js project might look something like this: **Setting a cookie on the server:** pages/api/login.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { serialize } from 'cookie' import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { const sessionData = req.body const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData) const cookie = serialize('session', encryptedSessionData, { httpOnly: true, secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production', maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week path: '/', }) res.setHeader('Set-Cookie', cookie) res.status(200).json({ message: 'Successfully set cookie!' }) } ### [Database Sessions](#database-sessions) Database session management involves storing session data on the server, with the user's browser only receiving a session ID. This ID references the session data stored server-side, without containing the data itself. This method enhances security, as it keeps sensitive session data away from the client-side environment, reducing the risk of exposure to client-side attacks. Database sessions are also more scalable, accommodating larger data storage needs. However, this approach has its tradeoffs. It can increase performance overhead due to the need for database lookups at each user interaction. Strategies like session data caching can help mitigate this. Additionally, reliance on the database means that session management is as reliable as the database's performance and availability. Here's a simplified example of implementing database sessions in a Next.js application: **Creating a Session on the Server**: pages/api/create-session.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import db from '../../lib/db' import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' export default async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse ) { try { const user = req.body const sessionId = generateSessionId() await db.insertSession({ sessionId, userId: user.id, createdAt: new Date(), }) res.status(200).json({ sessionId }) } catch (error) { res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' }) } } ### [Selecting Session Management in Next.js](#selecting-session-management-in-nextjs) Deciding between cookie-based and database sessions in Next.js depends on your application's needs. Cookie-based sessions are simpler and suit smaller applications with lower server load but may offer less security. Database sessions, while more complex, provide better security and scalability, ideal for larger, data-sensitive applications. With [authentication solutions](#examples) such as [NextAuth.js](https://authjs.dev/guides/upgrade-to-v5), session management becomes more efficient, using either cookies or database storage. This automation simplifies the development process, but it's important to understand the session management method used by your chosen solution. Ensure it aligns with your application's security and performance requirements. Regardless of your choice, prioritize security in your session management strategy. For cookie-based sessions, using secure and HTTP-only cookies is crucial to protect session data. For database sessions, regular backups and secure handling of session data are essential. Implementing session expiry and cleanup mechanisms is vital in both approaches to prevent unauthorized access and maintain application performance and reliability. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- Here are authentication solutions compatible with Next.js, please refer to the quickstart guides below to learn how to configure them in your Next.js application: * [Auth0](https://auth0.com/docs/quickstart/webapp/nextjs/01-login) * [Clerk](https://clerk.com/docs/quickstarts/nextjs) * [Kinde](https://kinde.com/docs/developer-tools/nextjs-sdk) * [Lucia](https://lucia-auth.com/getting-started/nextjs-app) * [NextAuth.js](https://authjs.dev/guides/upgrade-to-v5) * [Supabase](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/getting-started/quickstarts/nextjs) * [Stytch](https://stytch.com/docs/guides/quickstarts/nextjs) * [Iron Session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session) [Further Reading](#further-reading) ----------------------------------- To continue learning about authentication and security, check out the following resources: * [Understanding XSS Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-xss-attacks) * [Understanding CSRF Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-csrf-attacks) [Previous Cypress ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) [Next Deploying ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) Was this helpful? supported. 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